Architecture Appreciation 1 : MALACCA The Timeless Town by wanahmadfaiz

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

V o l u m e ( S E )

S T U D E N T S ‟ EDITION

COMPENDIUM OF ARCHITECTURAL APPRECIATION



Compendium Cover

– graphic designed by „Adil Farizal - concept designed by +IDRISfikir



Original Cover Page Design

by Researchers / Photpgraphers

Editors Idris Taib Graphic Concept & Design Idris Taib „Adil Farizal Md Rashid Reseachers & Photographers Sulaiman b. Ismail Mustaqim bin Mazlan Nursyakirah bt. Mohd Nor Muhammad Amzar b. Mas‟ud Aatif Idris Ali Mohamed Ahmed Intan Syafinaz bt. Ahmed Sowhini Wan Ahmad Faiz bin Wan Ahmad Saidin

FABE, IUKL 2014 : Architecture Appreciation I MALACCA Copyright©2014 by Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur All rights reserved No parts of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission in writing of the publisher. ISBN xxx – xxxx – xx - x Printed 2015 Published in Malaysia by Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur SERDANG,MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

V o l u m e ( S E )

S T U D E N T S ‟ EDITION

COMPENDIUM OF ARCHITECTURAL APPRECIATION

Foreword

By the Dean, Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL)

Great Wall of China

Photo taken by Fauzie

Editorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Note

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Maritime Musuem | Photo by Faiz

Malacca Malay Sultanate Water Wheel | Photo by Faiz

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

CONTENTS 01 PRELUDE - About The Compendium - The Traveler‟s Journal - About Poster - Collage Poster - Travelogue Poster - Kampung Kling Mosque Poster 02 MALACCA (The Timeless Town) - History of Malacca - Streets & Signage - Culture of Malacca - Connectivity & Transportation - Foods of Malacca - Geography - Architecture

03 MALACCA ARCHITECTURE - Sultanate Palace - Proclamation of Independence Mosque - Christ Church Malacca - Malacca Straits Mosque

- Francis Xavier Church - King‟s Hotel Malacca

04 KAMPONG KLING MOSQUE – SPECIAL TASK

05 RETROSPECTIVE - Architecture - Urban Planning - Built Environment

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Group Photo inside St Paul Church | Photo by Faiz

The Compendium of Architectural Appreciation I - Malacca : The Timeless Town is collection of both primary and secondary study by a group of almost 20 travelers consist of a mentor and students for the purpose of fulfilling the requirement of the course of Architecture Appreciation 1 (one of syllabus in the B.Sc. (Architectural Studies) in the Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This course provides students without of classroom learning experience on traditional and contemporary Asian architecture. This subject point is to give a change for student learning and experience about other country especially in architecture, history, and culture. With experience will produce students with better quality. This compendium is presented with experience from 3 days (5 December - 17 December 2014) traveller in Malacca. Information collected from 3 day travel is compress briefly and some information is then sourced out from the secondary sources available from publication, website, bloggers and other online references. These includes but not limited to matters pertaining to the history, geography, people, art, culture, architecture and technology in the context of built environment. This compendium include some task and research about building and some point must be focusing. This is well-prepared compendium done by a group of seven members in which records of the memberâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;s experience in Malacca appreciating the world of architecture in the form of an Architectural Appreciation Compendium.

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN St Paul Church | Photo by Faiz

15 â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Timeless Town â&#x20AC;&#x153; entails the experienced tour in Malacca which is explore about the Malacca Heritage Town. The magnificient ancient architecture, delectables cuisine, interesting culture, delightful street market & tranquil scenery that reminds us of this place.

Tombstones in St Paul Church | Photo by Faiz

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

- Malacca City Council - River Cruise - Malacca Malay Sultanate Palace

- Malacca Heritage Trails - Kampung Kling Mosque - Baba & Nyonya Heritage Museum - Sultanate Palace

- Klebang Coconut Shake - Klebang Square

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Malacca Islamic Musuem | Photo by Faiz

Architecture Musuem | Photo by Faiz

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

River Cruise Boat | Photo by Faiz

River Cruise | Photo by Faiz

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Izyan infront of Quayside Hotel Malacca | Photo by Faiz

Faรงade Design of Quayside Hotel Malacca | Photo by Faiz

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Malacca Sultanate Palace | Photo by Faiz

Malacca City Council | Photo by Faiz

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Poster 01

Poster 02

Poster 03

The concept of the collage is overlaying pictures with diagonal pattern to portray the amazing pictures and traveller's journey throughout the 3day trip to Malacca, Malaysia. Moreover, the display of terrain and sequence of pictures shows the attractive quality of the photography taken.

The poster displays the day-by-day journey of the traveller's to different prominent places during the three days trip. The pictures are arranged in vertical and horizontal order and looks tidy and grid-like which is required of a poster.

Kampong Kling Mosque is the building that our group has chosen for our special task in this compendium. The mosque is very informative and the conceptual of the architecture is shown in the diagrams.

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

- ADVERTORIAL -

Corporate Office Design

Khalil Asri

Being an architect

Change the landscape with your architectural masterpiece!

What will I do? Architecture is a wide-ranging discipline based on broad skills of technical and professional knowledge dealing with planning, designing and construction. You will be tasked to design both the exterior and interior components of a building that reflect functional, technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic considerations. These include design of the entire construction process. You will also be required to help your client in securing competitive quotes for the work, generating a realistic budget for them, and assist your client in inspecting the construction process to ensure quality finishes. Qualifying as an architect To become a registered professional architect, one must qualified for the Board of Architect Malaysia (LAM)â&#x20AC;&#x;s Part I and Part II qualifications. In general, Bachelor of Science in Architectural Studies (three-year programme) is equivalent to the Part I qualification, while the Bachelor of Architecture (two-year programme) is equivalent to the Part II qualification. It must be noted that in Malaysia, currently, LAM only recognizes a handful of universities from Malaysia, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Graduates who are from non-recognised institutions, they will be required to sit for the Part I and II Examination conducted by LAMâ&#x20AC;&#x;s Architectural Examination Council. To pursue the Professional Architect qualification, one would have to work in the architecture firm for at least two years and have all experience recorded in the Practical Experience Log Book before register for the Part III Professional Examination.

- ADVERTORIAL -

Is it for me? Before you decide whether the architecture course is right for you, test yourself with the following questions: Question 1 (art) Are you good at drawing? A.Yes B.No Question 2 (mathematic, art & science) i. (1 + 1 - 1) x 1 / 1 = 1 ii. (1 + 1 - 1) x 1 / 1 = 1 or 2 or 3 or 10 or „any numbers‟ Which is the correct answer? A. Both i & ii B. i only Question 3 (career) Assuming you start work at 9am, you are willing to work late until… A.3am B.10pm If all your answers are A, perhaps architecture is the best choice for your career. How much will I earn? With a Part I qualification (B.Sc. in Architectural Studies) you can expect to earn in between RM 2,000 to RM 4,000 per month depending on your portfolio. While for graduate with the Part II qualification (Bachelor of Architecture), the starting salary will be in between RM 3,000 to RM 6,000. An average salary for Professional Architect (Part III qualification) is within the range of RM 6,000 to RM 12,000 depending on your work experience. Who will employ me? Below are some of your potential employers from various industries: Architect firms Contractor Developer Government agencies Specialisations Architect may wish to specialise his / her work in the following field; Design Architect – have full control of design team in a firm; Project Architect – have full control of project management team in a the construction site; Other specialization in the built environment industry such as Freelance Building Animator, Sustainable Design Consultants, or further study to specialise in Urban Design / Town Planning, etc. A word of advice Being an architecture student or graduate, you should be excited about studio life. You must learn how to enjoy your work, being an effective team member, receptive to critics, expect the unexpected and deal with pressure of works. Your three to five years of undergraduate study will make you a better person in your career and personal life. Good luck!

This article is adapted from the original submission for in coursesNOW! Engineering 83 based on interview with Idris Taib (Head of Architecture Department (2013-14), Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur)

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Malacca Sultanate Palace

Malacca Sultanate Entrance Post photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Malacca Sultanate Palace is an exquisite piece of Malay architecture and is a replica of the original 15th century palace of Malacca's extinct Sultanate. The palace is built based on sketches found in the ancient Sejarah Melayu. This wooden replica of the Sultan's palace houses the Malacca Cultural Museum. Facing the palace is the Historic City Memorial Garden. An intriguing monument to commemorate the declaration of Malacca as a Historic City is the showpiece of this garden. The monument is topped with a replica of a Malay royal headdress, a symbol of Malaysians' allegiance. [3.1]

Photo adopted from www.skyscrapercity.com [G3.1]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Malacca Sultanate Facade photo taken by Mustaqim

“The monument is topped with a replica of a Malay royal headdress, a symbol of Malaysians' allegiance to the throne.”

photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

The replica of the palace was built in 1984 and it became the Cultural Museum. The Cultural Museum was officially opened by the Prime Minister of Malaysia on 17th July 1986. The building is made of hardwood while the roof is made of 'belian' wood. An interesting feature of the building is that no nails were used in the construction of the building, only wooden pegs. To preserve the architectural style of the palaces of the Melaka Sultanate era and the various ceremonial and private chambers of the palace, such as the Balairong Seri (the Main Hall cum Throne Room). [3.2]

photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

This replica building is built of only two types of hardwood, „chengal‟ and „rasak‟, whereas the roof is made of „belian‟ wood.

Hall where the Sultan lives doing his duties photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Proclamation Of Independence Memorial Malacca Proclamation Of Independence Memorial building stands as a silent witness to Malaysia's history.

Proclamation Of Independence Memorial photo taken by Mustaqim

photo adopted from www.designboom.com [G3.03]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

62 Malacca Proclamation of Independence Memorial displays records and photographs on the early history of the Malay Sultanate. It's divided into several sections, the memorial also houses an extensive timeline covering the countryâ&#x20AC;&#x;s journey to independence and the development of modern Malaysia. Set up in 1912 in an elegant Dutch colonial mansion that used to house the Malacca Club making it the social centre of British colonial Melaka. The two golden onion domes flanking the top of the Proclamation of Independence Memorialâ&#x20AC;&#x;s portico beautifully embellish the alreadystylish stark white stucco. [3.3]

Entrance of Proclamation Independence Memorial photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

The exhibits here include collection of manuscripts, videotapes and other audio and visual collections. They are displayed in chronological order and are categorised into several sections, from the early Malay Sultanate, the foreign invasion of the Portuguese, Dutch and British colonizers, the short Japanese ruling, the various efforts towards declaration of independence of Malaya and the government formation after the independence of Malaya. [3.4]

Proclamation Of Independence Memorial Facade photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

photo taken by Mustaqim

“The two golden onion domes flanking the top of the Proclamation of Independence Memorial‟s portico beautifully embellish the already-stylish stark white stucco.”

photo adopted from wikimedia.org [G3.2]

“An elegant Dutch colonial mansion that used to house the Malacca Club making it the social centre of British colonial Melaka.”

photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Christ Church Malacca Christ Church is the oldest functioning Protestant church in Malaysia. Construction began in 1741 on the centennial of the Dutch occupation, and it was completed in 1753. Before this date the Dutch used the old Portuguese church atop St. Paul's hill for their religious services. Christ Church bears all the hallmarks of 18th-century Dutch architecture: a rectangular plan, massive walls, red granite plinths, and Dutch roof tiles. The ceiling is 12.2 meters above the floor and the roof beams are each cut from a single tree. The building's footprint is a perfect 2:1 proportion: 27 meters on the long end and 13 meters on the short. The pews are original, and so are the windows, but were reduced in size by the British in the 19th century. [3.5]

photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

photo taken by Mustaqim

The church is notable for some unusual objects in the interior (regrettably, photography is not permitted). The church bell is inscribed with the date 1698, suggesting that it was used for another purpose before the completion of the church. Most bizarre are tombstones incorporated into the floor of the church. The tombstones are written in Portuguese and were originally in St. Paul's Church inside the Portuguese fortress.

photo adopted from oppositehousebeijing.com [G3.08]

photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

The church is built in Dutch Colonial architecture style and is laid out in a simple rectangle of 82 feet (25 m) by 42 feet (13 m). The ceiling rises to 40 feet (12 m) and is spanned by wooden beams, each carved from a single tree. The original Dutch windows were reduced and ornamented after the British takeover of Malacca and the porch and vestry were built only in the mid-19th century. [3.6]

photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

photo taken by Mustaqim

photo adopted from www.malacca.ws [G3.3]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

photo taken by Mustaqim

“The interior of the cathedral has 200 year-old handmade pews, decorative fanlights and plaques that honour Dutch soldiers and locals.”

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Malacca Straits Mosque Melaka Straits Mosque is facing the famous Malacca Strait. It is built on stilts over the water and it looks like a floating structure if the water level is high. This mosque showcase the excellence and glorious modern Islamic architecture. Apart from serving as a place of worship, it has also become a famous destination. [3.7]

Malacca Straits Mosque photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

photo taken by Mustaqim

It was officially opened by Malaysia's King on 24th November 2006. It is constructed with modern Islamic design and craftsmanship. While the main dome is Middle Eastern in appearance, the four corner turrets are topped with typical Malaysian rooflines. The facade of the mosque is decorated with stained glass windows with Islamic motifs. The minaret also has a striking and unusual design. It is an attractive building that has already become popular with photographers.

photo adopted from amazingmelaka.com [G3.4]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

photo taken by Mustaqim

A massive golden dome with blue trims which is visible from a distance sits above its main prayer hall. The building incorporates Middle Eastern architectural style peppered with Malay decorative elements such as the use of bamboo as part of its structure and a beautifully-carved pulpit made out of teak wood. The mosque is quite a spectacular sight at night when the whole building lights up. Masjid Selat Melaka is equipped with various facilities which include a multipurpose hall, a library and a learning centre. [3.8]

photo adopted from www.wallpaperdownloader.com [G3.5]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

The mosque is built on the water facing the Straits of Melaka. When the sea level is high, the mosque will seem to be floating on the water. The impressive modern architecture of the mosque is said to be a combination of Middle Eastern and the Malays craftsmanship. While this mosque become a famous place of worship for Muslims, it has also become a famous tourist attraction for tourists. The mosque looks at its best during evening and night time with the glorious lighting. It is located within the city of Melaka. So, don't miss this tourist attraction if you happen to visit Melaka, the historical state of Malaysia.

photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

photo taken by Mustaqim

“The mosque is a very special because of its architectural beauty.”

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Francis Xavier Church Malacca

photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

This Gothic-styled church is stated close to the Dutch Square and facing the Melaka river. It was built by a French Priest, Reverend Favre and was dedicated to St. Francis Xavier, the great missionary to the East. It was built on the land which once housed a Portuguese Church. Some believed that this church was modelled after the older original structure of Cathedral of St. Peter in Montpellier in Southern France. St. Francis Xavierâ&#x20AC;&#x;s church could be easily recognized by its twin towers, arched doorways and colourful stained glass. [3.9]

photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

photo taken by Mustaqim

This Gothic church was built by the French priest Father P. Fabre. It is dedicated to St. Francis Xavier who was an one of the earliest Catholic missionaries active in southeast Asia. The church sits where an old Portuguese mission once stood. The church is essentially identical to its original construction, except for the portico which was added in 1963. The interior is little changed except for the floor which was cemented in 1920.

photo adopted from www.craigfergusonphotography.com [G3.6]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

photo taken by Mustaqim

“Gothic architecture that used to this church making it the beautiful building .”

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Construction of St Francis Xavier's Church started in 1849, on the site of an earlier Portuguese church. The twinspired Gothic church was named after the famous Catholic missionary who visited Malacca on several occasions from 1545 to 1552, on his way to the Far East. St. Francis Xavier Church was once the largest church built by the Paris Foreign Missionary (also known as Missions ĂŠtrangĂ¨res de Paris or MEP) in the Malay Peninsula. [3.10]

photo adopted from amazingmelaka.com [G3.7]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Kings Hotel Malacca

Kings Hotel Entrance Post photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

The facades of old buildings along Heeren Street in Malacca generally share a number of common features: white lime-washed two-or three-storey structures, each with a gently sloping shed-like roof over a passageway forming either a private veranda or a five-foot passageway. The ancestral home of Tan Cheng Lock is a fine example of such a terrace house. Punctuating this harmonious succession of townhouse is a fanciful three-storey building that is set back from the street with a watchtower-like pinnacle atop it. [3.11]

Photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Kings Hotel Facade photo taken by Mustaqim

“The mansion which has a touch of Dutch architecture is surely a sight to behold.”

photo adopted from www.photoree.com [G3.8]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

This building are build in 18th Century. The Kings Hotel, for example is the testament of the wealth for those who once lived along this street. The mansion which has a touch of Dutch architecture is surely a sight to behold. Kings Hotel commenced business on 23rd March 2005. Kings Hotel is wholly owned by CYC Hotels Sdn Bhd. CYC stands for CHEE YAM CHUAN, the 4th generation Chee in Malacca. [3.12]

photo adopted from www.kingshotel.com.my [G3.9]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

The arched front doorway is emblazoned with four characters indicating the Chee (Xu) Family Ancestral Hall.

photo adopted from singaporegirl.wordpress.com [G3.10]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

4. KAMPUNG KLING MOSQUE The history Kampung Kling Mosque (Masjid Kampung Kling) is located at Jalan Tukang Emas (also known as Harmony Street). Jalan Tukang Emas, Jalan Tukang Besi, Jalan Tokong are collectively known as Harmony Street. These streets are called Harmony Street because it portrays a sense of harmony between the major races in Malaysia and temples of different religions are able to locate in close proximity with each other. The temples here are the Kampung Kling‟s Mosque, the Cheng Hoon Teng Temple and the Sri Poyyatha Vinayagar Moorthi Temple. At the time when the Kampung Kling Mosque was erected, the neighborhood of Kampong Kling, which runs along the coast to the west of the Malacca River, was primarily inhabited by South Indians or „Klings‟. Built by Indian Muslim traders in the year 1748 during the Dutch colonial era, the Kampong Kling Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Malaysia which still retains its original design. [4.01]

Photo taken by Sulaiman Ismaill

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Photo taken by Sulaiman Ismail

Although the road is today lined with Chinese shophouses, the characteristic of the street was very different when the mosque was erected. At that time there was a village called Kampung Kling, which runs along the coast to the west bank of the Malacca River. It was inhabited by Muslim Indians or Klings from South India. The multiple styles on the mosque attest to the synchratic building tradition that flourished in Malacca at that time, as it was a major trading port from the fourteenth through the eighteenth centuries. [4.01]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

Photo taken by Sulaiman Ismail

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

THE USES OF THE BUILDING A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith. Muslims often refer to the mosque by its Arabic name, .The Arabic word masjid means temple or place of worship and comes from the Arabic root sajada (meaning to bow or kneel) which means he worshipped in reference to the prostrations performed during Islamic prayers. The word mosque in English is used to represent all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship, although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller, privately-owned mosque and the larger. The primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place where Muslims can come together for prayer. Men and Women are expected to pray all five daily obligatory prayers in a mosque, in congregation. Nonetheless, Muslims are permitted to pray anywhere, excluding filthy or impure places such as toilets or in graveyards. In addition mosques are also known around the world nowadays for their general importance to the Muslim community as well as their demonstration of Islamic architecture. [4.02]

Photo taken by Sulaiman Ismaill

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

92 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE BUILDING SPACES

Main prayer hall | Photo taken by Faiz

Like most Southeast Asian mosques, Masjid Kampong Kling is built on a square plan rather than the rectangular or hexagonal plan of most Middle Eastern mosques. The concentric squareness of this plan is only disrupted by the extension of the steps to the porch area, or iwan, from which access to the mosque is raised on a low perimeter wall. In every mosque design, orientation of mosques is taken into serious consideration because the prostration activity for Muslims is performed while facing the 'qibla' towards the Ka'bah in Mecca, where the unity of the religion can be seen during the congregational prayers. [4.03] Photo taken by Faiz

The Kampung Kling mosque have a strong spatial arrangement where it can be clearly seen on the axis emerging from two points, the entrance and the mihrab (center of Qibla wall) ensuring clear visibility of the most important component that is the praying area/hall. This type of spatial arrangement designed has a deep consideration on mosque orientation and it will ensure the sense of welcoming to the visitors and users (Salamah 2001). [4.03]

Entrance

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

In some mosques, portal as an entrance plays the role of concealing the interior from the external view, giving the feeling of tranquillity from the hustle and bustle of the outside urban space, and acts as the thres hold. Medieval mosques always have tall and monumental main portal which is in contrast with vernacular Malaysian mosques entrance which looks more humble and open. [4.03]

The Spaces in the mosque Prayer Hall Taken as the basic requirement of mosques, prayer hall is sometimes assumed as the sacred area. A prayer hall which is designated by constitution of rows is the most important space / area that exist in any mosque, even a state mosque. Most of the time the praying area is large and open where the devotees will perform their congregational prayers either during daily five time prayers, festivity prayers or Friday prayers. It is also an area where they gather to listen to sermons or preach. [4.03] Main Entrance | Photo taken by syakirah

Prayer hall | Photo taken by syakirah

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

VERANDAH & COORIDOR This element is one of the extensions from the basic form of mosque resulting from cultural diversity. Verandah always introduced in tropical climate buildings as a shaded space provided to cool off outdoor air before entering the building. In the context of Malaysian climate, verandah and corridor is one of the important components in building design including mosque design. In most of the Malaysian traditional houses, the verandah acts as the transitional space between the public area (entrance) and the private area (living room and other parts of the house).In mosque design, verandah mostly functions as a place for informal religious classes or sometimes used as a meeting place for informal discussion before or after congregational prayers. Verandah will also act as extra praying area and when the need arise, similar to the function of courtyards. In the design of the mosque, the varendah is use to separate the praying are of the women and the men. The women praying area will be in the varendah on the right side of the praying hall while the men praying area will be on the left. [4.03]

Corridor | Photo taken by syakirah

Supported by timber postand-beam construction, Kampong Kling's triple-tiered hipped roof is particularly indicative of a Malaccan mosque. The mosque's flared pyramidal upper roof is raised by four columns (Tiang Seri) placed in the centre of the mosque. These four great central columns are mimicked by two further quartets of columns placed further apart to support each of the two lower and wider roofs. In addition, we can clearly see that Corinthian columns both define the arcaded verandah that wraps around the prayer hall and also separate the minbar space from the central prayer hall within the mosque. Other than that, we can also see that the ablution area is supported by eight Moorish cast-iron lamp posts.

As what was written before, it is said that the building main structure system is post and beam. Since the mosque was built entirely by wood, the best joinery technique during that time was the “Tanggam” technique as the main connection system in the whole mosque. This strength depends on the overall quality of the links of its joints. In addition, the “Tanggam” technique uses no nails and it emphasis on mainly using its joint to support the structure of the building. [4.03] The Joint | Photo taken by syakirah

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

BUILDING STRUCTURE

The main column | Photo taken by syakirah

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

96 BUILDING FEATURE ROOF The roof is a three tiered pyramidal roof that follows the Sino-Eclectic style. The term Sino Eclectic is derived from two aspects of the phrase. The term Sino indicates a Chinese influence and eclectic which denotes a combination of two or more influence of architectural language. This three tiered pyramidal roof form similar proportion to that of the traditional vernacular style. [4.03] The roof | Photo taken by Faiz

The roof structure is made of timber rafter‟s purlins and sometimes simple trusses. The roof materials are made of clay tiles. The whole roof is supported primarily by four central column and nine or twelve perimeter columns. The walls are of masonry with timber door and window frames. Close examination reveal that this particular mosque uses a unique timber space frame structure but known locally as the tiang gantung system. It is a fact that all the traditional Malay construction do not use any form of truss system except the occasional king post which is denoted as the „tiang gantung‟. [4.03]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

The roof | Photo taken by Syakirah

Roof structure | Photo taken by Syakirah

The upper roof is suspended over a second middle roof with a gap left between them to allow for ventilation and subdued natural lighting, particularly suitable for the humid and rainy climate. Each of these two roofs is covered with tiles. The lowest roof has a much more shallow pitch, practically horizontal and is covered by red clay shingles. [4.03]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

98 BUAH BUTON

Buah Buton | Photo taken by Faiz

Other names of Buah Buton are tunjuk langit, buah guntung, buah bubun, tajuk rumah, selembayung, sulo bayung, tanduk buang, silang gunting, mahkota atap,mustika, mustoko, keting belalang, puncak coppo‟, julang ngapak, gonjong. For Masjid Kampong Kling, the buah buton is the floral type. This type can be seen in old mosque around Melaka, Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia and also on the island of Java. Other names for this type are mahkota atap and in Indonesia it is also called mustika or mustoko or mustoka. [4.03]

The “mahkota atap” | Photo taken by Syakirah

Historical findings indicate this type of tunjuk langit has its root from the mainland China and hence, some examples have been found to use the local lotus flower (Nelumbo Nucifera) which also adorns the top of the pagodas. This statement is further supported by Abdullah Bin Mohamed (1978) in his discussion on the domes of mosques in Melaka where he reiterated that the dome is originally thought of as a flower bud that is later adapted and shaped into various permutations. There are basically 4 type of buah buton which are: The rounded type, the floral type, the rod type and the cross type. [4.03]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

TUTUP PERABUNG (SULUR BAYUNG)

The Tutup Perabung can be clearly seen on the third roof of the Masjid Kampung Kling and its design follows the floral motif design. Other names for tutup perabung are sulur bayung, sayap layang-layang, sayap layangan, ekor Itik, anjong balla‟, som. Tutup perabung or sulur bayung refers to a decorative element on the roof. Abdullah Mohamed (1978) suggested this type of decoration in the traditional Malay architecture takes the image of the dragon (naga).Though with the coming of Islam and until recently this form of decoration has taken a less than obvious shape but the evolution from the imagery shape of the “naga” can still be seen on many architectural elements of the Malay culture. The figurative type of sulur bayung often takes the form of the head of the mythical dragon (kepala naga or makara) clearly indicates influence of China and Hindu-Buddha. It is believed that such figurative symbols act as guardians against the evil forces and create fear on the enemies. Abdullah Mohamed (1978) added that the signs of the mythical dragon Or naga as a powerful being also function as a prevention against the act of arrogance (takabbur) of the builders by the constant reminder of its presence. [4.03]

The Tutup Perabung | Photo taken by Syakirah

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

100 TUMPU KASAU

The Single piece of tumpu kasau | Photo taken by Amzar

Other names for tumpu kasau are papan meleh, papan pator, papan cucuran atap, papan kaki atap, kening, andeande, papan cantik. Tumpu kasau is the horizontal decorative timber roof eaves covering the timber rafters (kayu kasau). Tumbu kasau can be clearly seen surrounding the roof of the masjid. This feature clearly indicated the influence of Malay culture into the design. There are at least two types of tumpu kasau which are the jenis sekeping papan (single piece type) with carvings on a single long timber piece and jenis kepingan papan bersusun (multiple pieces) with carvings on multiple timber pieces arranged side by side. The multiple pieces can be seen on the first and second roof while the single piece can be seen on the third and last roof of the mosque. [4.03] The Multiple piece of tumpu kasau | Photo taken by Amzar

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

101 MAIN PILLAR (Tiang seri) In the construction of a Malay traditional house, there is a main pillar of necessity to set up first (called as a central pillar or tiang seri). But in the construction of traditional mosque, there are four main pillars which also regarded as the backbone of the building. There are two types of tiang seri ornamentation. Mosques in Melaka have a kind of Corinthian looks at the central pillar, while they were refined into geometrical and floral pattern. Kampung Kling Mosque has 4 main tiang seri which are located are the centre of the mosque supporting the main dome roof structure. It is made from robust wood material called â&#x20AC;&#x153;Kayu Belianâ&#x20AC;? and each of the tiang seri is equipped with marble stump to further support the load. The top of the tiang seri is included with floral carving to shows its Malay influence and unity of Islamic thought on the design. [4.04] Photo taken by Sulaiman bin Ismail

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

102

CORINTHIAN PILLAR The Corinthian columns with symmetrical arches in the main prayer hall adorn with the Victorian chandelier are one of the main features that we can see in the interior of the mosque. This unique feature is derived from colonial influence. It separates the â&#x20AC;&#x153;mimbarâ&#x20AC;? space from the central prayer hall within the mosque. In addition to the exterior of the mosque, we can see that the base of the column is decorated with Portuguese- English glazed tiles which are also quite unique and rare. [4.05]

WINDOWS

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

103

As like traditional house, most traditional mosque windows have a wooden lattice at the top or bottom of the window to give optimum air circulation in and out with the work of carvings that‟s rich of floral and geometrical patterns. There are three types of windows ornament which are floral pattern, geometrical pattern and combination of floral and geometry. In the mosque, we can see two obvious types which are the geometrical pattern and combination of floral geometry. The geometrical pattern is located “quibla” wall of the mosque. This type of window is equipped with green tinted glasses which are imported from china. In addition, the other geometrical pattern window is located above the praying hall near the decorated floral ceiling. This window can act as an opening when needed too but usually it functions more as a decoration in the mosque. Other than that, the two combinations of geometrical pattern and floral geometry type can be seen around the mosque. Both types have silver and gold floral carvings carve around it that greatly enhance its beauty. One type of the windows is single frame and has an arch shape of top of it and an Arabic craving in the middle of it while the other one is rectangular in shape with two frame windows connecting with each other. [4.06]

Geometry windows with green tinted glass | Photo taken by Mustaqim

Single window | Photo taken by Mustaqim

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

104

DOORS A door is an opening/closing structure used to block off an entrance, typically consisting of an interior side that faces the inside of a space and an exterior side that faces the outside of that space. Doors are used to screen areas of a building for aesthetics, keeping formal and utility areas separate. Doors also have an aesthetic role in creating an impression of what lies beyond. In the mosque, there are basically 4 types of doors that can be seen, the door from the street into the mosque, the main door into the praying hall, the door to the “azan” room or call for prayer room and the door into the minaret. The three main entrances to the praying hall consist of doors with four panels design whereas the upper two panels have a geometrical pattern with green and white tinted glass detail. These doors also have an arch design with floral pattern and arabic craving on top of it. In addition, the door is also surrounded or encircled by silver floral craving and still uses the lock and key system. The “azan” room on the other hand has a simple four panel design while the minaret has a simple arch door design. [4.06]

Main door | Photo taken by Mustaqim

Arabic craving | Photo taken by Mustaqim

MIMBAR

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

105 Each mosque usually has a “mimbar” which is a place where imam will deliver a speech or “khutbah”. Mimbar ornament in most traditional mosque have full of embellishment with calligraphy and floral pattern that also carried a message through it that gives off a meaning of Islamic thought.

Nowadays, the function of the mimbar is much more specifically concentrated on the Friday prayer, during which where the Imam or the Khatib stands on the mimbar to pronounce the khutbah. Clearly, it is important for the “Khatib” who pronounces the khutbah to be easily visible and audible, hence the location of the mimbar, which is customarily placed to the right of the mihrab. In the old days, the mimbar is usually independent of the structure of the mosques and is built separately from it. The mimbar in kampung kling mosque is especially finely crafted with timber craving from Hindu and Chinese-style carvings. [4.06] Mimbar | Photo taken by Syakirah

Mimbar floral patern | Photo taken by Syakirah

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

MIHRAB (PRAYER NICHE)

106

The mihrab or prayer niche is the “physical expression” of the qibla, and the imam (who leads the prayer) is stationed there. At the point where the qibla axis meets the centre of the front wall of the mosque, an indentation is produced, a directional niche called the “mihrab” which is nothing less than the liturgical axis made visible. Mihrab is the station where the imam recites the ritual prayer in the front of the rows of believers who repeat his gestures. The earliest mosque had no mihrab, and in the Prophets mosque in Madinah a block of stone on the floor served the purpose of indicating the direction.

[4.03]

Being the visual as well as the liturgical climax of the mosque furniture, where the imam stations himself to lead the congregational prayer, the mihrab is usually the object of much lavish ornamentation. The primary function of the mihrab or niche is acoustic, to re-echo the words directed towards it. A lamp is usually hung in front of the niche of prayer. [4.06]

Mihrab | Photo taken by Syakirah

Main prayer hall | Photo taken by Faiz

Photo taken by Sulaiman Ismail

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

107

STAIRCASE A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs is a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles. There are basically 2 types of stairs located in the mosque, the 3 stairs into the mosque praying hall and the stair surrounding the ablution area (further explain in the ablution area section.. The stairs is design with glazed geometrical tile. The designs of the two stairs are basically almost the same except for the tread of the stair whereas the characteristic and uses of the material is different. [4.07]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

108

Photo taken by Sulaiman Ismail

ABLUTIONARY AREA (WUDHU) Ablutions are the ritual cleansing with water required before prayer. Normally these ablutionaries would be located in the transitional area between the entrance and the courtyard (sahn). At times, a fountain is located in the centre of the courtyard to assist in the ablutions. Arrangements have to be made to allow those who have finished their ablutions to reach the courtyard and the prayer hall in a clean passage barefoot. Behind the mosque in the courtyard, there contains a fountain-like pool for ablutions that is raised a few steps above ground level and circumambulated by a similarly raised and covered walkway. The covered walkway is design with square pattern tiles to increase friction and reduced the risked of slipping from the wet area around the ablution area. Moorish cast-iron lamp posts are used as columns to support the place of ablution. At the centre, thereâ&#x20AC;&#x;s a cast-iron Victorian fountain. There are also some floral decoration or carving on top of the Moorish castiron lamp posts. [4.08]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

109 MINARET The minaret was built entirely of masonry in contrast to the accompanying timber mosque. It has an appearance similar to a Chinese pagoda or stupa form, another Malacca characteristic. Renaissance embellishments include the arched windows and piping that traces them. Minarets are not traditional to Malay Islamic architecture, though they have become increasingly more prevalent and are useful in demarcating the mosque in dense urban areas. In 1868 a high wall was erected to protect the mosque from the street. [4.09]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

110

RAILING The mosque is equipped with railing that is design with floral pattern. The railing is painted in silver and gold colour. It is use to block or shield people from overstepping and dropping from the raised mosque around the veranda area. This floral pattern indirectly shows the influence of Malay and Sumatra architecture on the mosque. Seen this mosque while walking towards Jonker Street, one of the oldest mosques in the country portraying a mixture of European and Asian architectural influences. [4.10]

Photo taken by Sulaiman Ismaill

Photo taken by Sulaiman Ismail

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

111

CEILING The ceiling of the mosque is covered by floral pattern design which acts as a shading system and also as a decoration aspect. This floral pattern design can also be seen as a Malay and Sumatra influence. [4.11]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

112

Photo taken by Sulaiman Ismail

Wall details The wall is heavily decorated with tile from either Chinese influence or English-Portuguese influences. Surrounding the mosque, we can see that the wall is all covered by white tile that is without any decorations. These tiles can act as aesthetic value to the mosque and at the same time it can shield the wall from water penetration. [4.12]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

113

Photo taken by Wan Ahmad Faiz

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

114

Photo taken by Wan Ahmad Faiz

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

115

Photo taken by Wenyi Chee

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

116

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

117

[G5.0] Photo adapted from Wikimedia.com

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

118

Architecture Malacca historical buildings deemed worthy of conservation fall into three groups: those buildings with historical significance, architectural significance, and other significant cultural or social values. The father of architectural conservation, Bernard Fielden suggests, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Briefly, an historic building is one that gives us a sense of wonder and makes us want to know more about the people and culture that produced it. It has architectural, aesthetic, historic, documentary, archaeological, economic, social and even political and spiritual or symbolic values, but the first impact is always emotional, for it is a symbol of our cultural identity and continuity â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a part of our heritageâ&#x20AC;?. Historic buildings in Malacca as mentioned before include those connected with historical significant events in multi cultural, political, economical, military and social history. Meanwhile historic buildings of architectural significance are those displaying a particular, or an unusual, style or construction technique. They represent an important work of an architect or craftsman, or are particularly rich in details reflective of their time. For hundred of years, people of completely different races, appearances, cultures, languages and religious have settled and mingled and built their homes and places of worship in peace and harmony. [5.1]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

119 Urban Planning

Built Environment

In Malaysia, awareness, interest and realization among the public towards urban conservation are still few. Recently, it has only become an important agenda in heritage cities of Malacca and Penang that are being listed in the World Heritage List of UNESCO. Government, private and charitable organizations have started taking part in conserving and preserving the heritages. However, conservation guidelines, practices and development planning are mostly being concentrated on the Core Zone, and creating a negligence to the Buffer Zone, bringing issues to the historical environment, heritage buildings and kampung in the city. Realizing this phenomenon, this study has been carried out in order to illustrate the present situation of urban conservation in Malacca City along with the urban morphology, focusing on the Buffer Zone areas.

In Malacca, only a few of the Dutch Houses have survived unchanged due to layers of intervention by later occupants that erased most of their original features. In research conducted by Raja Nafida (2008) it was found that only 112 buildings in the area retain the original faĂ§ade and interior of the earlier Dutch houses. These can be easily recognised due to the lower height and simple facade. The historical residential and commercial quarters are located as it stands today. The survey done in 2003 by Malacca City Council noted that the major land use in the historic city of Malacca was commercial (35.7%) followed by residential or row houses (20.63%). The History and the current use of the buildings within the area shows that they have gone through some places of transformation due to the change of ownership and the changing patterns life. It also indicates that the historic buildings have the ability to adapt to new needs. [5.3]

Kampung Banda Kaba, Kampung Jawa and Kampung Bukit China are chosen as study field representing kampung areas in Buffer Zone. The aim objective of this study is to reveal the historical value of Buffer Zone areas, the heritage buildings within the area, and the survival of Malay community in the city despite the surroundingâ&#x20AC;&#x;s urbanization. By carrying out site investigations, interviews and studying from the old maps and documents, the study aims to find solutions for the urban issues occurring in Buffer Zone, and to provide a greater conservation guideline for the areas. [5.2]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

120

BIBLIOGRAPHY Information Chapter 2 [2.1] Wikipedia.com, 2000. History of Malacca. [online] Available at : <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca> [Accessed: 10 Jan 2000]. [2.2] Melaka.gov.my, 2003. State of Malacca. [online] Available at: <http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/lambang-negeri-melaka >[Accessed: 10 Jan 2003]. [2.3] Wikipedia.com, 2000. Flag of Malacca. [online] Available at: < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Malacca>[Accessed: 10 Jan 2000]. [2.4] Melaka.gov.my, 2003. Flower of Malacca. [online] Available at: < http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/bunga-negeri-melaka >[Accessed: 10 Jan 2003]. [2.5] Melaka.gov.my, 2003. Culture of Malacca. [online] Available at: < http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/kebudayaan>[Accessed: 10 Jan 2003]. [2.6] Melaka.gov.my, 2003. Culture of Malacca. [online] Available at: < http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/kebudayaan>[Accessed: 10 Jan 2003]. [2.7] Geography.howstuffworks.com, 2005. Geography of Malacca. [online] Available at: <http://geography.howstuffworks.com/asia/geography-ofmalacca.htm>[Accessed: 10 Jan 2005]. [2.8] Orientalarchitecture.com, 2009. Architecture of Malacca. [online] Available at: <http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/malaysia/melaka >[Accessed: 10 Jan 2009]. [2.9] Cityturtle.com, 2010. Architecture of Malacca. [online] Available at: <http://www.cityturtle.com/Melaka_architecture.html >[Accessed: 10 Jan 2010]. [2.10] Wikipedia.org, 2000. Malacca Church. [online] Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Malacca>[Accessed: 10 Jan 2000]. [2.11] Wikipedia.org, 2000. Kampung Kling Mosque. [online] Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung_Kling_Mosque>[Accessed: 10 Jan 2000]. [2.12] Virtualtourist.com, 2006. Malacca Transportation. [online] Available at: <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/Malaysia/Negeri_Melaka/Melaka1281809/Transportation-Melaka-TG-C-1.html>[Accessed: 10 Jan 2006].

Chapter 3 [3.1] Malacca.attractionsinmalaysia.com, 2012. Sultanate-Palace. [online] Available at:<http://malacca.attractionsinmalaysia.com/Sultanate-Palace.php> [Accessed: 10 Jan 2012]. [3.2] Virtualmuseummelaka.com, 2002. Malacca-Sultanate-Palace. [online] Available at:<http://www.virtualmuseummelaka.com/cultural.htm> [Accessed: 1 May 2002]. [3.3] Amazingmelaka.com, 2011. Proclamation-Of-Independence. [online] Available at: <http://amazingmelaka.com/2011/11/proclamation-ofindependence-memorial/> [Accessed: 20 Jun 2011]. [3.4] Malacca.ws.com, 2015. Proclamation-Independence-Malacca. [online] Available at:<http://www.malacca.ws/attractions/proclamation-independencemalacca.htm > [Accessed: 9 Feb 2015]. [3.5] Malacca.ws.com, 2015. Christ-Church-Malacca. [online] Available at: <http://www.malacca.ws/attractions/christ-church-malacca.htm> [Accessed: 3 March 2015]. [3.6] Orientalarchitecture.com, 1998. Christ-Church-Malacca. [online] Available at:<http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/malaysia/melaka/christchurch.php> [Accessed: 6 June 1998]. [3.7] Amazingmelaka.com, 2011. Melaka-Straits-Mosque. [online] Available at: <http://amazingmelaka.com/2011/11/melaka-straits-mosque/> [Accessed: 25 Feb 2011]. [3.8] Malaysia-traveller.com, 2011. Straits-Mosque. [online] Available at: <http://www.malaysia-traveller.com/melaka-straits-mosque.html> [Accessed: 1 July 2011]. [3.9] Amazingmelaka.com, 2011. St-Francis-Xavier-Church. [online] Available at: <http://amazingmelaka.com/2012/01/st-francis-xavier-church/> [Accessed: 11 April 2011]. [3.10] Malacca.ws.com, 2015. St-Francis-Church. [online] Available at: <http://www.malacca.ws/attractions/st-francis-church.htm> [Accessed: 1 Jan 2015]. [3.11] Kingshotel.com, 2015. St-Francis-Church-history. [online] Available at: <http://www.kingshotel.com.my/historycyc.php> [Accessed: 15 Feb 2015]. [3.12] News.google.com, 2009. St-Francis-Church-history. [online] Available at: <http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=20000223&id> [Accessed: 27 Sept 2009].

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

121 Information Chapter 4 [4.01] Virtualtourist.com,2011 Kampung Kling Mosque. [online] Available at: <http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Asia/Malaysia/Negeri_Melaka/Melaka1281809/Things_To_Do-Melaka-Kampung_Kling_Mosque-BR-1.html>[accessed 13 May 2011] [4.02] Asiaexplorers.com,2003 Exploring Kampung Kling Mosque. [online] Available at: <http://www.asiaexplorers.com/malaysia/kampung_kling_mosque .htm>[accessed 13 May 2003] [4.03] Measured Drawing Report, 2014 Kampong Kling Mosque. [book] Available at : IUKL Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment [Accessed 25 April 2014] [4.04] Asiaexplorers.com,2003 Exploring Kampung Kling Mosque. [online] Available at: <http://www.asiaexplorers.com/malaysia/kampung_kling_mosque .htm>[accessed 13 May 2003] [4.05] Wordpress.com, 2000 Kampong Kling Mosque. [online] Available at : <https://kampongkelingmosque.wordpress.com/tag/kampung-kling-mosquemelaka/> [Accessed 20 March 2000]

[4.06] Measured Drawing Report, 2014 Kampong Kling Mosque. [book] Available at : IUKL Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment [Accessed 25 April 2014] [4.07] Jotarofootsteps.com, 2014 Site at Kampong Kling Mosque. [online] Available at :<http://jotarofootsteps.blogspot.com/2014/06/sites-kampungkling-mosque-malacca.html> [Accessed June 2014] [4.08] Itravelkaki.com, 2002 Kampung Kling Mosque. [online] Available at : <http://men.itravelkaki.com/place.php?id=159&name=Kampung-KlingMosque> [Accessed 1 February 2002] [4.09] City Turtle, 2010 Kampung Kling Mosque, [online] Available at : <http://www.cityturtle.com/Kampung_Kling_Mosque.html> [Accessed 17 September 2010] [4.10] Backpacking Malaysia, 2011 Kampung Kling Mosque. [online] Available at : <http://www.backpackingmalaysia.com/things-to-do/kampung-klingmosque/melaka> [Accessed 31 August 2011] [4.11] Jotarofootsteps.com, 2014 Site at Kampong Kling Mosque. [online] Available at :<http://jotarofootsteps.blogspot.com/2014/06/sites-kampungkling-mosque-malacca.html> [Accessed June 2014] [4.12] Asiaexplorers.com,2003 Exploring Kampung Kling Mosque. [online] Available at: <http://www.asiaexplorers.com/malaysia/kampung_kling_mosque .htm>[accessed 13 May 2003]

Chapter 5 [5.1] Cityturtle.com 2008. Malacca-Architecture. [online] Available at: < http://www.cityturtle.com/Melaka_architecture.html > [Accessed: 5 March 2008]. [5.2] Article by Rohaslinda Ramele @ Ramli, Zarina Isnin, Izatul Laili Jabar, 2010. Built Environmental Journal Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, MALAYSIA: University Publication Centre (UPENA) [Book] [5.3] Article, 1996 Sustainability Building in Historic City of Malacca. [online] Available at : <http://fspu.uitm.edu.my/cebs/images/stories/cebs/ajebsv3n10c6p56to69.pdf> [Accessed 1996]

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

122 Image Chapter 2 [G2.00] Flickr.com, 2010. Malacca River. [online] Available at: <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/__U49roqbhZE/S96G3ZPB1OI/AAAAAAAAAL8/Qu B0JWuJdU4/s1600/old+melaka.jpg>[Accessed 2010] [G2.01] www.melaka.gov.my, 2004. Flag of Malacca. [online] Available at: <http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/lambang-negeri-melaka >[Accessed 2004]. [G2.02] www.melaka.gov.my, 2004. Flag of Malacca. [online] Available at: <http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/bendera-negerimelaka#sthash.2SIPEv4b.dpuf>[Accessed 2004]. [G2.03] www.melaka.gov.my, 2004. Flag of Malacca. [online] Available at: <http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/bunga-negeri-melaka >[Accessed 2004]. [G2.04] www.great-railway-journeys-malaysia.com, 2005. Flag of Malacca. [online] Available at: <http://www.great-railway-journeysmalaysia.com/uploads/1/6/9/5/16955858/9559163_orig.jpg>[Accessed 2004]. [G2.05] english1.cari.com.my, 2000. Malacca Sultanate. [online] Available at: <http://english1.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=804886 >[Accessed 2000]. [G2.06] english1.cari.com.my, 2000. Malacca Sultanate. [online] Available at: <http://english1.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=804886 >[Accessed 2000]. [G2.07] english1.cari.com.my, 2000. Malacca Sultanate. [online] Available at: <http://english1.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=804886>[Acce ssed 2000]. [G2.08] english1.cari.com.my, 2000. Malacca Sultanate. [online] Available at: <http://english1.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=804886>[Acce ssed 2000]. [G2.09] english1.cari.com.my, 2000. Malacca Sultanate. [online] Available at: <http://english1.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=804886 >[Accessed 2000]. [G2.10] english1.cari.com.my, 2000. Malacca Sultanate. [online] Available at: <http://english1.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=804886 >[Accessed 2000]. [G2.11] english1.cari.com.my, 2000. Malacca Sultanate. [online] Available at: <http://english1.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=804886 >[Accessed 2000]. [G2.12] english1.cari.com.my, 2000. Malacca Sultanate. [online] Available at: <http://english1.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=804886 >[Accessed 2000]. [G2.13] english1.cari.com.my, 2000. Malacca Sultanate. [online] Available at: <http://english1.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=804886 >[Accessed 2000]. [G2.14] english1.cari.com.my, 2000. Malacca Sultanate. [online] Available at: <http://english1.cari.com.my/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=804886 >[Accessed 2000]. [G2.15] synapticism.com, 2007. Malacca River. [online] Available at: <http://synapticism.com/x/malaysia-malacca-river-vista.jpg >[Accessed 2007]. [G2.16] whatsupmelaka.blogspot.com synapticism.com, 2008.Malacca Culture. [online] Available at: <http://whatsupmelaka.blogspot.com/2012/09/mixculture-that-makes-malacca-colourful.html >[Accessed 2007]. [G2.17] whatsupmelaka.blogspot.com, 2005.Malacca Culture. [online] Available at: <http://whatsupmelaka.blogspot.com/2012/09/mix-culture-thatmakesmalacca-colourful.html>[Accessed 2005]. [G2.18] static.deal.com.sg, 2001.Christ Churst Malacca. [online] Available at: <http://static.deal.com.sg/sites/default/files/malacca2_0.jpg >[Accessed 2001]. [G2.19] www.gomelaka.my, 2001.Malacca foods. [online] Available at: <http://www.gomelaka.my/top-food-in-melaka/ >[Accessed 2001]. [G2.20] www.gomelaka.my, 2001.Malacca foods. [online] Available at: <http://www.gomelaka.my/top-food-in-melaka/ >[Accessed 2001]. [G2.21] www.gomelaka.my, 2001.Malacca foods. [online] Available at: <http://www.gomelaka.my/top-food-in-melaka/ >[Accessed 2001]. [G2.22] www.gomelaka.my, 2001.Malacca foods. [online] Available at: <http://www.gomelaka.my/top-food-in-melaka/ >[Accessed 2001]. [G2.23] www.gomelaka.my, 2001.Malacca foods. [online] Available at: <http://www.gomelaka.my/top-food-in-melaka/ >[Accessed 2001]. [G2.24] www.gomelaka.my, 2001.Malacca foods. [online] Available at: <http://www.gomelaka.my/top-food-in-melaka/ >[Accessed 2001]. [G2.25] www.gomelaka.my, 2001.Malacca foods. [online] Available at: <http://www.gomelaka.my/top-food-in-melaka/ >[Accessed 2001]. [G2.26] wikipedia.org, 2000.Malacca Geography. [online] Available at: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacca_Strait_Bridge#mediaviewer/File:Map_of_ the_Strait_of_Malacca-de.jpg >[Accessed 2000]. [G2.27] mithunonthe.net, 2005.Malacca Geography. [online] Available at: <http://mithunonthe.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/malacca-strait-seamalaysia-from-sky.jpg >[Accessed 2005]. [G2.28] www.flickr.com, 2010.Dragon Gate Malacca. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/stuckincustoms/2926112838 >[Accessed 2010]. [G2.29] www.flickr.com, 2010.Chinese Burial Chambers. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/stuckincustoms/2351246463 >[Accessed 2010]. [G2.30] www.flickr.com, 2010.Porthole. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/jonsiegel/15497244607 >[Accessed 2010]. [G2.31] www.flickr.com, 2010.Porthole. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/adforce1/14458688941 >[Accessed 2010].

MALACCA : THE TIMELESS TOWN

123 Images Chapter 2 [G2.32] www.flickr.com, 2010.Malacca River. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/54346769@N03/8874069268 >[Accessed 2010]. [G2.33] www.flickr.com, 2010.Christ Churst Malacca. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/veera_kaila/7273388758>[Accessed 2010]. [G2.34] www.flickr.com, 2010.Signage. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/aroundtheworldin480days/4661499446 >[Accessed 2010]. [G2.35] www.flickr.com, 2010.Malacca Street. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/31587438@N08/3521681502>[Accessed 2010]. [G2.36] www.flickr.com, 2010.Traditional Trishaw. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/johnragai/15874036674>[Accessed 2010]. [G2.37] www.flickr.com, 2010.Old School Commuter Train. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/adforce1/2431184054>[Accessed 2010]. [G2.38] www.flickr.com, 2010.Horse Guard. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/e-wander/3941438152>[Accessed 2010]. [G2.39] www.flickr.com, 2010.Trishaw. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/neyzhar/5049625105>[Accessed 2010]. [G2.40] www.flickr.com, 2010.Hometown Street. [online] Available at: <https://www.flickr.com/photos/jonathanhui/8899132744>[Accessed 2010].

Chapter 3 [G3.1] Skyscrapercity.com, 2003. Sultanate-Palace. [online] Available at: <http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=512710>[Accessed: 8 Jan 2003]. [G3.2] Wikipedia.com, 2014. Proclamation-Of-Independence-Memorial. [online] Available at:<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_Memorial> [Accessed: 13 Jan 2014]. [G3.3] Malacca.ws.com, 2014. Christ-Church-Malacca. [online] Available at:<http://www.malacca.ws/attractions/christ-church-malacca.htm> [Accessed: 29 Dec 2014]. [G3.4] Amazingmelaka.com, 2011. Melaka-Straits-Mosque. [online] Available at:<http://amazingmelaka.com/2011/11/melaka-straits-mosque/> [Accessed: 23 Oct 2011]. [G3.5] Wallpaperdownloader.com, 2012. Straits-Mosque. [online] Available at:<http://www.wallpaperdownloader.com/bing-wallpaper/archive/all/zhcn/41/> [Accessed: 8 Dec 2012]. [G3.6] Craigfergusonphotography.com, 2014. Churches-Of-Malaysia. [online] Available at : <http://www.craigfergusonphotography.com/2014/01/churchesof-malaysia/> [Accessed: 28 May 2014]. [G3.7] Amazingmelaka.com, 2011. St-Francis-Xavier-Church. [online] Available at:<http://amazingmelaka.com/2012/01/st-francis-xavier-church/> [Accessed: 2 Aug 2011]. [G3.8] Photoree.com, 2010. King-Hotel. [online] Available at: <http://www.photoree.com/photos/permalink/9330362-67664335@N00> [Accessed: 10 Aug 2010]. [G3.9] Kingshotel.com, 2015. King-Hotel-History. [online] Available at: <http://www.kingshotel.com.my/historycyc.php> [Accessed: 1 March 2015]. [G3.10] Wordpress.com, 2011. King-Hotel-Malacca-History. [online] Available at:<https://singaporegirl.wordpress.com/2011/07/31/best-value-179-melakatrip/> [Accessed: 31 July 2011].

Chapter 5 [G5.0] Wikimedia.com, 2012 Malacca River Walk. [online] Available at : <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Malacca_River_Walk_2 012.JPG> [Accessed 2012]

Great Wall of China

Photo taken by Fauzie

www.iukl.edu.my INFRASTRUCTURE UNIVERSITY KUALA LUMPUR (IUKL) Unipark Suria, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia GPS Coordinate : 2º58’ 46” N, 101º44/ 24”E Programme Counselling International Student Services Fax Email

: 1-800-88-STUDY (78839) Toll Free : +603-8738 3339 : +603 8926 6993 : +603 8925 9846 : inquiry@iukl.edu.my (Malaysian) international@iukl.edu.my (International)