FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
13
V o l u m e ( S E )
S T U D E N T S ’ EDITION
COMPENDIUM OF ARCHITECTURAL APPRECIATION
THE BEATING HEART OF
JAVANESE CULTURE
Compendium Cover
– graphic designed by ‘Adil Farizal - concept designed by +IDRISfikir
Original Cover Page Design
by Researchers / Photpgraphers
Editors Idris Taib Graphic Concept & Design Idris Taib ‘Adil Farizal Md Rashid Reseachers & Photographers Wan Ahmad Faiz bin Wan Ahmad Saidin Mohamad Syahir bin Yahaya Nurul Izzati binti Saiful Rijal Zul Fadzli bin Shafiee Muhammad Zulkhairi bin Zafarisura FABE, IUKL 2013 : Architecture Appreciation I YOGYAKARTA
Copyright©2013 by Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur All rights reserved No parts of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the permission in writing of the publisher. ISBN xxx – xxxx – xx - x Printed 2013 Published in Malaysia by Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur SERDANG,MALAYSIA
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
13
V o l u m e ( S E )
S T U D E N T S ’ EDITION
COMPENDIUM OF ARCHITECTURAL APPRECIATION
THE BEATING HEART OF JAVANESE CULTURE
Foreword
By the Dean, Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL)
Great Wall of China
Photo taken by Fauzie
Editor’s Note
YOGYAKARTA
01 PRELUDE About the Compendium Traveler’s Journal Panoramic Views Collage, Arjuna Temple & Journal Poster
02 YOGYAKARTA About History of Yogyakarta Yogyakarta Heritage Geography & Climate of Yogyakarta Culture of Yogyakarta Cuisine in Yogyakarta Education in Yogyakarta
03 ARCHITECTURE IN YOGYAKARTA Keraton Sultan Palace Prambanan Temple Cepuri Parang Anom Borobudur Temple Universitas Gadjah Mada Mendut Temple Taman Sari Sonobudoyo Museum Sambisari Temple Bank Indonesia Mataram Palace
04 ARJUNA TEMPLE COMPLEX (SPECIAL TASK) About Arjuna Temple Architecture Value Location Candi Complex Surroundings Candi Arjuna History Candi Puntadewa Candi Semar
10
05 RETROSPECTIVE Bibliography
Prambanan Temple | Photo by Faiz
YOGYAKARTA
11
YOGYAKARTA
One can define the word appreciation in terms of recognition of the quality and significance of an object or person. In the perspective of architectural studies, appreciation is not a term to be taken lightly nor does it serve the purpose of recognizing the clearest perceptions of objects or human beauty. Architectural Appreciation goes deeper into an adventure to realize and come to grasp with the most delicate perceptions or aesthetic qualities and values of singular features coming together to form a composition of art.
12
Borobudur Temple | Photo adopted from Travelandescape [G1.1]
YOGYAKARTA
Group photo at Prambanan Temple | Photo by Faiz
The Compendium of Architectural Appreciation I - Yogyakarta : The Beating Heart of Javanese Culture collection of both primary and secondary study by a group of almost 33 travelers consist of a mentor and students for the purpose of fulfilling the requirement of the course of Architecture Appreciation 1 (one of syllabus in the B.Sc. (Architectural Studies) in the Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This course provides students without of classroom learning experience on traditional and contemporary Asian architecture. This subject point is to give a change for student learning and experience about other country especially in architecture, history, and culture. With experience will produce students with better quality. This compendium is presented with experience from 5 days (15 March - 19 March 2014) traveler in Yogyakarta. Information collected from 5 day travel is compress briefly and some information is then sourced out from the secondary sources available from publication, website, bloggers and other online references. These includes but not limited to matters pertaining to the history, geography, people, art, culture, architecture and technology in the context of built environment. This compendium include some task and research about building and some point must be focusing.
13
The Beating Heart of Javanese Culture entails the experienced tour in Yogyakarta which is explore about the javanese culture. The magnificient ancient architecture, delectables cuisine, interesting culture, delightful street market & tranquil scenery that reminds us of this place.
YOGYAKARTA
Airsia Flight to Yogyakarta | Photo by Faiz
DAY 01 / Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT), Kuala Lumpur > Adisucipto International Airport, Yogyakarta> Mosque of University Gadjah Mada > Cepuri Parangkusumo > Parangtritis Beach > Indah Palace Hotel
14 Group photo at Prambanan Temple | Photo by Faiz
DAY 02 / Prambanan Temple > Keraton Ratu Boko > Gua Pindul Cave Tubing
DAY 03 / Dieng Plateau > Telaga Warna > Sikidang Crater > Arjuna Temple > Mendut Temple > Malioboro Street
Group photo at Colour Lake | Photo by Faiz
DAY 04 / University Gadjah Mada > Borobudur Temple > Pawon Temple > Malioboro Street
DAY 05 / Keraton Sultan Palace > Water Castle Palace > Adisucipto Airport, Yogyakarta > Low Cost Carier Terminal (LCCT), Kuala Lumpur
Group photo at Keraton Ratu Boko | Photo by Faiz
YOGYAKARTA
Adisucipto Airport Yogyakarta | Photo by Faiz
15
Group photo at Keraton Ratu Boko | Photo by Faiz
Group photo at Borobudur Temple | Photo by Faiz
YOGYAKARTA
Outside Adisucipto Airport | Photo by Zulkhairi
16
Arriving Hall at Adisucipto Airport | Photo by Zulkhairi
YOGYAKARTA
Architecture Studio in University Gadjah Mada | Photo by Zulkhairi
17
Colour Lake at Dieng Plateau | Photo by Zulkhairi
YOGYAKARTA
Panoramic View at Prambanan Temple | Photo by Faiz
18
YOGYAKARTA
Panoramic View at Borobudur Temple | Photo by Faiz
19
Panoramic View at Parangtritis Beach | Photo by Faiz
YOGYAKARTA
ABOUT POSTER Poster 01
The concept of the collage is overlaying pictures with diagonal pattern to portray the amazing pictures and traveler‘s journey throughout the 6-day trip to Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Moreover, the display of terrain and sequence of pictures shows the attractive quality of the photography taken.
20
Poster 02
The poster displays the day-by-day journey of the traveler‘s to different prominent places during the six days trip. The pictures are arranged in vertical and horizontal order and looks tidy and grid-like which is required of a poster.
Poster 03
Arjuna Temple is the temple that our group has chosen for our special task in this project. The temple is very informative and the conceptual of the architecture is shown in the diagrams.
YOGYAKARTA
21
YOGYAKARTA
22
YOGYAKARTA
23
YOGYAKARTA
24
YOGYAKARTA
25
- ADVERTORIAL -
Corporate Office Design
Khalil Asri
Being an architect
Change the landscape with your architectural masterpiece!
What will I do? Architecture is a wide-ranging discipline based on broad skills of technical and professional knowledge dealing with planning, designing and construction. You will be tasked to design both the exterior and interior components of a building that reflect functional, technical, social, environmental, and aesthetic considerations. These include design of the entire construction process. You will also be required to help your client in securing competitive quotes for the work, generating a realistic budget for them, and assist your client in inspecting the construction process to ensure quality finishes. Qualifying as an architect To become a registered professional architect, one must qualified for the Board of Architect Malaysia (LAM)’s Part I and Part II qualifications. In general, Bachelor of Science in Architectural Studies (three-year programme) is equivalent to the Part I qualification, while the Bachelor of Architecture (two-year programme) is equivalent to the Part II qualification. It must be noted that in Malaysia, currently, LAM only recognizes a handful of universities from Malaysia, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Graduates who are from non-recognised institutions, they will be required to sit for the Part I and II Examination conducted by LAM’s Architectural Examination Council. To pursue the Professional Architect qualification, one would have to work in the architecture firm for at least two years and have all experience recorded in the Practical Experience Log Book before register for the Part III Professional Examination.
- ADVERTORIAL -
Is it for me? Before you decide whether the architecture course is right for you, test yourself with the following questions: Question 1 (art) Are you good at drawing? A.Yes B.No Question 2 (mathematic, art & science) i. (1 + 1 - 1) x 1 / 1 = 1 ii. (1 + 1 - 1) x 1 / 1 = 1 or 2 or 3 or 10 or ‘any numbers’ Which is the correct answer? A. Both i & ii B. i only Question 3 (career) Assuming you start work at 9am, you are willing to work late until… A.3am B.10pm If all your answers are A, perhaps architecture is the best choice for your career. How much will I earn? With a Part I qualification (B.Sc. in Architectural Studies) you can expect to earn in between RM 2,000 to RM 4,000 per month depending on your portfolio. While for graduate with the Part II qualification (Bachelor of Architecture), the starting salary will be in between RM 3,000 to RM 6,000. An average salary for Professional Architect (Part III qualification) is within the range of RM 6,000 to RM 12,000 depending on your work experience. Who will employ me? Below are some of your potential employers from various industries: Architect firms Contractor Developer Government agencies Specialisations Architect may wish to specialise his / her work in the following field; Design Architect – have full control of design team in a firm; Project Architect – have full control of project management team in a the construction site; Other specialization in the built environment industry such as Freelance Building Animator, Sustainable Design Consultants, or further study to specialise in Urban Design / Town Planning, etc. A word of advice Being an architecture student or graduate, you should be excited about studio life. You must learn how to enjoy your work, being an effective team member, receptive to critics, expect the unexpected and deal with pressure of works. Your three to five years of undergraduate study will make you a better person in your career and personal life. Good luck!
This article is adapted from the original submission for in coursesNOW! Engineering 83 based on interview with Idris Taib (Head of Architecture Department (2013-14), Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur)
YOGYAKARTA
30
Borobudur Temple | Photo by Faiz
YOGYAKARTA
02 ABOUT YOGYAKARTA The Beating Heart of Javanese Culture
31
YOGYAKARTA
32
Dieng Plateau | Photo by Nurul Izzati
The city of Yogyakarta is situated on Java Island, about 500 km southeast of Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia. As the capital of Yogyakarta Special Region Province, the city has about 32.5 km2 area with a total population in 2004 of around 398,004 and population density of 12,246.28/km2 (National Socio Economic Survey, 2004). The city of Yogyakarta has a long and rich history, documented in Indonesian literature. It was founded in 1755, when the Sultanate of Mataram, which had been in existence since the 8th century, was divided by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) under the Treaty of Giyanti into two parts: the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, with Yogyakarta as its capital, and Surakarta Hadiningrat, with Surakarta as its capital. During the Indonesian National Revolution (1945-1950) Yogyakarta played an important role in countering the aggression of the Dutch after World War II. [2.1]
HISTORY
YOGYAKARTA
KRATON PALACE As one of the ancient cities in Indonesia, the spatial development of Yogyakarta can be traced from its ancient origins to the most recent developments. Kraton, or the Sultan's palace, is the centre of the citizens’ activities in the social political, spiritual and economical spheres. It has public squares in the North and the South and a mosque in the West (known as Kauman great mosque). There is also a traditional market nearby (later known as Beringharjo market). During its development, the location of the kraton, which is at the centre of Yogyakarta, drove the sprawl of the city in a unique and ordered pattern. The Kraton became the cultural centre and in many ways influenced the values and traditions of the society. [2.2]
33
Statue at Keraton Sultan Palace | Photo by Nurul Izzati
Keraton Sultan Palace| Photo by Nurul Izzati
YOGYAKARTA’S HERITAGE Prambanan Temple Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple of ancient Java, and the construction of this royal temple was probably started by Rakai Pikatan as the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty's answer to the Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty's Borobudur and Sewu temples nearby. A temple was first built at the site around 850 CE and expanded extensively by King Lokapala and Balitung Maha Sambu the Sanjaya king of the Mataram Kingdom. [2.3]
Prambanan Temple | Photo by Nurul Izzati
Arjuna Temple Complex Arjuna Temple is the group of 7th century Hindu temple compound located in Dieng Plateau, near Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. The plateau is home of eight small Hindu temples that are among the oldest surviving religious structure ever built in Java. [2.4]
34 Arjuna Temple Complex | Photo by Nurul Izzati
Mendut Temple Built around early ninth century AD, Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including Pawon and Borobudur. The Karangtengah inscription, the temple was built and finished during the reign of King Indra of Sailendra dynasty. The inscription dated 824 AD mentioned that King Indra of Sailendra has built a sacred building named Venuvana which means "bamboo forest". [2.5]
Mendut Temple | Photo by Nurul Izzati
Taman Sari Underground Mosque During the mid-18th century, the Sultanate of Yogyakarta began work on Taman Sari Water Castle. Comprised of lavish gardens and pools, Taman Sari also featured a bizarre man-made sea, connected beneath the ground with underwater tunnels and small island buildings. One of these island structures was used as a mosque, and was only accessible by underwater passage. [2.6]
Taman Sari or Water Castle | Photo by Nurul Izzati
YOGYAKARTA
35
Parangtritis Beach | Photo by Nurul Izzati
YOGYAKARTA
The area of the city of Yogyakarta is 32.5 square kilometer (12.5 square miles). While the city spreads in all directions from the kraton (the Sultan's palace), the core of the modern city is to the north, centering around Dutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district. Jalan Malioboro, with rows of pavement vendors and nearby market and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north, is a shopping district more frequented by locals. At the southern end of Malioboro, on the east side is the large local market of Beringharjo, not far from Fort Vredeburg a restored Dutch fort. Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta is Mount Merapi. The northern outskirts of the city run up to the southern slopes of the mountain in Sleman Regency (Indonesian language窶適abupaten). Gunung Merapi (literally Mountain of Fire in Indonesian/Javanese), is an active Stratavolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548. The volcano last erupted in November 2010. [2.7]
GEOGRAPHY Yogyakarta features a tropical monsoon climate. The city features a lengthy wet season running from October until June and a short dry season that only covers the months of July, August and September. The city averages roughly 2,200 mm (87 in) of precipitation annually. Yogyakarta experiences particularly heavy rainfall from November through April. Temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the course of the year, with average high temperatures at around 30 degrees Celsius and average lows at around 22 degrees Celsius. [2.8]
CLIMATE 36
Parangtritis Beach | Photo by Nurul Izzati
YOGYAKARTA
Ramayana Wayang Performance | Photo adopted by flickr [G2.1]
37 Some of the famous culture of Yogyakarta are: • Batik fabrics production area, the most famous batik marketplace is in Beringharjo market. • Silverwork, fine filigree jewelry, the production center is in Kotagede area • Traditional Javanese dance performance, especially Ramayana Wayang wong dance performed in Prambanan and Purowisata. Other Javanese court dances are also performed in Kraton Yogyakarta. • Wayang kulit, a traditional Javanese leather puppetry used for shadow plays. • Contemporary puppetry and theatre, for example Papermoon Puppet Theatre • Gamelan music, including the local Gamelan Yogyakarta which was developed in the courts. • Annually held traditional Javanese festival such as Sekaten or Gerebeg Mulud. • Visual artists including Taring Padi community in Bantul. [2.9]
CULTURE
YOGYAKARTA
Wayang Kulit Performance | Photo adopted by flickr [G2.2]
38
Ramayana Wayang Performance | Photo adopted by flickr [G2.3]
Musician for Ramayana Wayang Performance | Photo adopted by flickr [G2.4]
Making music instrument | Photo adopted by flickr [G2.5]
YOGYAKARTA
CUISINE •
• • • • •
•
Gudeg Yogya : a traditional food from Yogyakarta and Central Java which is made from young unripe jack fruit boiled for several hours with palm sugar, and coconut milk. This is usually accompanied by opor ayam (chicken in coconut milk), hard boiled egg stew, and krechek a spicy beef inner skin and tofu stew. This dish has a unique sweet and savory taste. The Yogyakarta gudeg is dryer and have reddish coloring because the addition of Java teak leaf. Ayam goreng Kalasan : chicken, stewed in spices consist of coriander, garlic, candlenut, and coconut water feature strongly, then deep-fried until crispy. Served with sambal and raw vegetable salad. Sego kucing : rice with side dishes in small portion. Bakpia : a sweet pastry filled with sugared mung bean paste. Derived from Chinese pastry. The famous bakpia producing area is pathok area near Malioboro thus the famous bakpia is bakpia pathok. Ronde (wedhang ronde) : a hot Javanese dessert containing glutinous rice balls stuffed with peanut paste, floating in a hot and sweet ginger and lemongrass tea. Angsle (wedhang angsle) : a hot soupy dessert of sago pearls, pre-cooked glutinous rice and mung beans, putu mayang (brightly colored, noodle-shaped flour cakes), fried peanuts all drowned in hot, sweet coconut milk. Kipo : the name derived from Javanese word iki opo? (what is this?), a small sweet snack from Kotagede made of glutinous rice flour and coconut milk dough filled with grated coconut and palm sugar. [2.10]
39
YOGYAKARTA
University Gadjah Mada | Photo by Nurul Izzati
40
Faculty of Architecture Signage | Photo by Nurul Izzati
Yogyakarta is well known as home of University of Gadjah Mada, one of Indonesia's most prominent universities. The others public university in Yogyakarta are Yogyakarta State University, Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University, Indonesia Arts Institute. This city also houses several well-known private universities such as Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, Ahmad Dahlan University, Islamic University of Indonesia, Atma Jaya University and Sanata Dharma University. [2.11]
EDUCATION
AIRPORT Adisucipto International Airport which connects the city with some other major cities in Indonesia, such as Jakarta, Surabaya, Denpasar, Makassar, Balikpapan, Banjarmasin, Pekanbaru, Palembang and Pontianak. It also connects the city with Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.
YOGYAKARTA
RAILWAY The city is located on one of the two major railway lines across Java between Jakarta / Bandung and Surabaya. It has two passenger railway stations, Tugu railway station which serves business and executive class trains, and Lempuyangan Station which serves economy class trains. Both stations are located in the heart of the city. Commuter train in Yogyakarta is Prambanan Ekspress, also known as Prameks, this train goes from Lempuyangan Station to Solo Balapan Station at Surakarta (Solo) (East of Yogyakarta), Kutoharjo Station at Kutoharjo (West of Yogyakarta). The other commuter train is Madiun Jaya (Madiun-Lempuyangan), and Joglosemar (Semarang-Lempuyangan). BUSES Starting from early 2008, the city has operated a bus rapid transit system called Trans Jogja, also known as "TJ" (Indonesian), Abbervation from "T" for 'Trans', and "J" for 'Jogja'. This system is modeled after TransJakarta. But unlike Trans Jakarta, there is no particular lane for Trans Jogja buses, they run on main streets. Currently there are six lines of Trans Jogja service, with routes throughout main streets of Yogyakarta, which some overlap one another. The lines extend from Jombor bus station in the north as far as Giwangan main bus terminal in the south and Prambanan bus shelter in the east via Adisucipto International Airport. Trans Jogja has now become a new trademark of Yogyakarta and frequently used by local citizens and tourists alike. [2.12]
41
Adisutjipto Airport | Photo by Panoramio
TRANSPORTATION
YOGYAKARTA
Telaga Warna Signage | Photo by Nurul Izzati
Arjuna Temple Complex Signage | Photo by Nurul Izzati
42
Pradaksina | Photo by Nurul Izzati
Taman Sari Signage | Photo by Nurul Izzati
SIGNAGE
Telaga Warna Signage | Photo by Nurul Izzati
Getting around Yogyakarta was not easy for international travelers who couldn’t read Bahasa Indonesia. Today you can easily goal most anywhere in Yogyakarta, guided by English signs and directions. The signs can be found attourist’s spots such as the Prambanan Temple & Borobudur Temple
YOGYAKARTA
Yogyakarta is small city but with a biggest population in central java. Yogyakarta have a predicated education city and tourism city so that why many people come from around region or country goes to Yogyakarta for study and traveling. Yogyakarta have around 25 university ( more less) and 10 tourism place much important. Yogyakarta is unique city with plural culture and religion but all of them respect each other. People more friendly in every place, always smile with foreign tourist. Good atmosphere with colonial building around city. [2.13]
PEOPLE
43
Rawang Wayang Wong Dancer | Photo adopted by Flickr [G2.6]
Tricycle Ride | Photo adopted by Flickr [G2.7]
YOGYAKARTA
44
Amanjiwo Resort | Photo adopted by Flickr [G3.1]
YOGYAKARTA
03 ARCHITECTURE IN YOGYAKARTA
45
YOGYAKARTA
46
Prambanan Temple | Photo by Muhammad Zulkhairi Zafarisura
YOGYAKARTA
“although building is a not a living creature, it has its own soul”
KERATON SULTAN PALACE
Keraton Sultan Palace | Photo By Muhd Amirul Faiz Alias
From the 17th century to the end of World War II, the Indonesian identity was that of a Dutch colony, an extension of the Netherlands. In fact, the name for Indonesia while under the Dutch administration, Netherlands Indie, translates to "the Netherlands that lies in the Indie.“ Architecturally, Indonesia was not a virgin land when the Dutch came. Its architectural tradition and heritage contrasted greatly with western architecture in general, and Dutch architecture in particular. The Dutch imported their building types and construction methods to Indonesia, and in fact when colonizing bureaucracies matured, the buildings themselves were designed in the Netherlands, materials were shipped to Indonesia, and constructed under Dutch supervision (and probably at the hands of a Dutch or Chinese master mason or master carpenter) This imported architecture was consciously as similar to Neo-Classical architecture built in the Netherlands as possible. (3.1)
47
YOGYAKARTA
By the end of the nineteenth century this imported European style begin to influence Indonesia's traditional architecture. In the Yogyakarta and Surakarta palaces, indigenous architectural forms are juxtaposed against European styles. Still more extreme an example, The Royal Cemetery of Sumenep Sultanate, built in the mid-19th century, was completely European in style. How European architecture entered the center and peak of javanese culture' is still in debate. (3.2)
“They still keep the real building !�
Keraton Sultan Palace | Photo By Muhd Amirul Faiz Alias
48
Keraton Sultan Palace | Photo By Muhd Amirul Faiz Alias
YOGYAKARTA
CEMPURI PARANG ANOM 49
Cempuri Parang Anom | Photo by Muhammad Zulkhairi Zafarisura
YOGYAKARTA
As the copying of European and American modern architecture became the spirit of the age among newly independent nations of the third world, Indonesia saw that its architectural education was the primary vehicle to achieve it. Initially established under Dutch professors, in the mid 1950s they had to leave due to political difficulties between Indonesia and the Netherlands. For a short period some German professors managed the department, but by the end of the 1950s Americans, as well as Indonesian graduates from American universities, took over. Consequently, the graduates of ITB are most influenced by American architecture. Among those graduates who practice in Surabaya are the late Djelantik, Harjono Sigit, Johan Silas and Harry Winarno Kwari. (3.3)
Cempuri Parang Anom | Photo by Muhammad Zulkhairi Zafarisura
50
YOGYAKARTA
Universitas Gadjah Mada | Photo by Muhammad Zulkhairi Zafarisura
51
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
YOGYAKARTA
According to Mangunwijaya (1988), in the early modern time in Indonesia, there was a common thing to adopt architectural elements from Western and traditional form as a copy-cat activity based on individual perception. Mangunwijaya defined this process as an irrational activity of adaptation (eclectic).
Universitas Gadjah Mada | Photo by Muhammad Zulkhairi Zafarisura
52
Modern Architecture in Y O G Y A K A R T A, Indonesia
Indonesian modern architecture is not simplicity or less is more; as character of modern architecture in Western countries, but more on its process. The idea of modern time of the diagram is referring to idea of Jonathan Friedman (1994) and Sidharta and Eko Budihardjo (1989). The process is an acculturation of two cultures as expressions of new pattern of thought and act, which is noted by new meaning of when and why particular architecture start to exist. (3.4)
YOGYAKARTA
PRAMBANAN TEMPLE Prambanan Temple | Photo By Muhd Amirul Faiz Alias
Hinduism culture, such as Angkor, the presence of Prambanan is found as an architectural marvel, particularly after experiencing the Buddhist sacred environment of Borobudur. Thus, it is significant to be aware that that some 60 kilometers from Borobudur travelers could enter another world of gods – the world of Hinduism deities. The complex temple is believed to build in 856 C.E, after a construction period of perhaps twenty-five years. Looking back the historical landscape of central and eastern Java island, the introduction of Prambanan is believe to be a Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty's answer to the Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty's Borobudur and Sewu temples nearby. Historians suggest that the construction of Prambanan probably was meant to mark the return of the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty to power in Central Java after almost a century of Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty domination. [3.5]
53
YOGYAKARTA Prambanan Temple | Photo by Muhammad Zulkhairi Zafarisura
54
In the central square, these three largest temples face the cardinal direction east, feature large stone statues of the Hindu deities Vishnu (north), Shiva (center) and Brahma (south). The centrally-located Shiva temple has a height of 47m and measures 34m x 34m at its base. The Brahma and Vishnu shrines to the south and north of the Shiva temple are 33m in height and measure 20m x 20m at the base. The inside facing walls of the balustrades that surround the central structures of these three shrines are covered with bas-reliefs that present episodes from Vishnu's human incarnations as Krishna (the Vishnu temple) and Rama (the Shiva and Brahma temples). The interior of the Shiva temple is divided into four cellae. The largest one contains an image of Shiva Mahadeva standing on a tall base, the southern cella houses an Agastya, and that on the west, Ganesha, whereas on the north, Durga Mahisasuramardini. [3.6]
Prambanan Temple | Photo by Muhammad Zulkhairi Zafarisura
YOGYAKARTA
“Deserving of its world heritage listing”
Prambanan Temple | Photo by Muhammad Zulkhairi Zafarisura
55
YOGYAKARTA
BOROBUDUR TEMPLE Borobudur Temple | Photo by Muhammad Zulkhairi Zafarisura
56
YOGYAKARTA
Before the Dutch invasion, religious building such as church is unrecognized by the community, only Hindus temple. But after that, church building started to exist. The performance of Puh Sarang church is rich of local content of temple. It can be seen from the altar, building form, and the roof. This building performs a church; as imported function from the Dutch, in a new form. [3.7]
57
Borobudur Temple | Photo by Muhammad Zulkhairi Zafarisura
YOGYAKARTA
58
MENDUT TEMPLE
Photo adopted from http://travelbunny8.blogspot.com (G3.2)
Photo adopted from http://travelbunny8.blogspot.com (G3.1)
YOGYAKARTA
Built for worship, Mendut Temple is dedicated to Buddha Sakyamuni with a pantheon of bodhisattva. Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including Pawon and Borobudur. The Karang Tengah inscription, the temple was built and finished during the reign of King Indra of Sailendra dynasty. The inscription dated 824 AD mentioned that King Indra of Sailendra has built a sacred building named Venuvana which means ''bamboo forest''. Dutch archaeologist JG de Casparis has connected the temple mentioned in Karang Tengah inscription with Mendut temple The temple located about three kilometres east from Borobudur. Mendut, Borobudur and Pawon all of which are Buddhist temples, are located in one straight line. There is a mutual religious relationship between the three temples. Today, during the full moon in May or June, Buddhists in Indonesia observe Vesak annual ritual by walking from Mendut passing through Pawon and ends at Borobudur. [3.8]
59
Photo adopted from http://travelbunny8.blogspot.com (G3.3)
YOGYAKARTA
Keraton Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat or now better known by the name of Yogyakarta Palace is the center of Javanese culture living museum that is in the Special Region Yogykarta (Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta). Not just becomes the place to live for the king and his family, the palace is also a main direction of cultural development of Java, as well as the flame guard of the culture. At this place tourists can learn and see directly on how the Javanese culture continues to live and be preserved. Yogyakarta Palace was built by Pangeran Mangkubumi (Prince Mangkubumi )in 1755, several months after the signing of the Perjanjian Giyanti (the Agreement Giyanti). Banyan forest (Hutan Beringin) was chosen as the place for building the palace because the land was between two rivers that were considered good and protected from possible flooding. Although already hundreds of years old and were damaged by the massive earthquake in 1867, Yogyakarta Palace buildings still stand firmly and well maintained. [3.9]
60
KERATON SULTAN PALACE
Keraton Sultan Palace | Photo By Muhd Amirul Faiz Alias
YOGYAKARTA
Keraton Sultan Palace | Photo By Muhd Amirul Faiz Alias
61
Photo adopted from http://bohemiantraveler.com (G3.4)
Photo adopted from http://www.flickr.com (G3.5)
“Yogyakarta Palace is not only home to the king and his family, but also becomes the flame guard of Javanese culture.�
YOGYAKARTA
“It is the symbol of the king and the sultanate of Yogyakarta, successor of Sultanate of Mataram.”
Photo adopted from http://4.bp.blogspot.com (G3.6)
62
Photo adopted from www.planetmole.org (G3.7)
YOGYAKARTA
Photo adopted from http://octavia-arsanti.blogspot.com (G3.8)
63
TAMAN SARI
Taman Sari also known as Taman Sari Water Castle is a site of a former royal garden of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta. It is located about 2 km south within the grounds of the Kraton, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Built in mid 18th century, the Taman Sari had multiple functions, such as a resting area, a workshop, a meditation area, a defense area, and a hiding place. Taman Sari consisted of four distinct areas: a large artificial lake with islands and pavilions located in the west, a bathing complex in the centre, a complex of pavilions and pools in the south, and a smaller lake in the east. Today only the central bathing complex is well preserved, while the other areas have been largely occupied by the Kampung Taman settlement. [3.10]
YOGYAKARTA
“The sound of splash water, the beauty of its ancient architecture, and its wonderful view make Taman Sari becomes very enchanting. Its alleys and buildings make Taman Sari has many secrets to reveal.” Photo adopted from http://octavia-arsanti.blogspot.com (G3.9)
“A Water Castle which is Full of Beauty and Secret”
64
Photo adopted from http://octavia-arsanti.blogspot.com (G3.10)
YOGYAKARTA Photo adopted from asiaforvisitors.com (G3.11)
SONOBUDOYO MUSEUM 65 There are seats all around the stage so you can move between watching the shadows of the puppets in performance and watching the musicians, singers and the puppetmaster behind the scenes. This second option also allows you to see the puppets in all their colourful glory and watch the gamelan instruments. Brush up on your Ramayana if you really want to be able to follow the story although the ushers will also answer your questions and explain parts of the tale. They and the performers seemed to really care about the tradition and keen to share it. [3.11]
Photo adopted from krjogja.com (G3.12)
YOGYAKARTA Photo adopted from octavia-arsanti.blogspot.com (G3.13)
66
“Shadow puppets - a fascinating way to spend an evening�
Photo adopted from octavia-arsanti.blogspot.com (G3.14)
Photo adopted from http://octavia-arsanti.blogspot.com (G3.15)
YOGYAKARTA
Sonobudoyo is a local museum in Yogyakarta and very nice to see the wonder of Yogyakarta from their collection. It has plenty of very valuable Pre historic and historical goods found around Yogyakarta. Located at the northempart of Sultan Palace yard, built by the Dutch architect Mr. Kersten in 1935 with traditionally Javanese architecture. The collection inside the museum galleries are : weapons, puppets both made by wood and leathers, mask, statues, textiles, and Javanese Gamelan Orchestra. Sonobudoyo museum also organise a leather puppet show to attract tourist. [3.12]
67
Photo adopted from http://krjogja.com (G.3.16)
YOGYAKARTA Photo adopted from http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com (G.3.17)
68
SAMBISARI TEMPLE
Photo adopted from http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com (G.3.18)
YOGYAKARTA
Sambisari is a 9th-century Hindu temple located at Sambisari hamlet, Purwomartani village, Kalasan, Sleman regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The temple was buried about five metres underground. Parts of the original temple have been excavated. The temple is located about 8 km east of Yogyakarta near Adisucipto International Airport. [3.13]
Photo adopted from http://asiaphotostock.com (G.3.19)
69
YOGYAKARTA
BANK INDONESIA Bank Indonesia | Photo adopted from jogjacityparadise.com (G3.20)
70
Historic buildings, the function of the bank building is up and down from a standing start to the Indonesian government nationalized in 1953. During the Japanese occupation in 1942 halted the operations of banks and Nanpo Kaihatsu Ginko functioned as the circulation in Java. After a period of open and closed as a result of the Dutch military aggression, KC DJB is operating again on March 22, 1950 until nationalized in 1953. Bank Indonesia building looks very sturdy with kahas Dutch architecture which consists of three floors, the entrance is located on the left side of the building. In front of the building there is a large window and high on each wall of the building. In front of the building there is a fence surrounding the building in order to maintain the building well maintained. [3.14]
YOGYAKARTA Bank Indonesia | Photo adopted from static.panoramio.com (G.3.21)
71
YOGYAKARTA
MATARAM PALACE The Hindu-Javanese culture was a result of a meeting of the two civilizations, the indigenous and the Hindu. The influence of Islam, from the 15th century, into the Javanese civilization again produced a mix culture which does exist to present date. The Mataram kingdom I, moved from Central Java to East Java, probably due to destructive eruption of MOUNT Merapi, which had ruined and covered with ash and debris several temples such as Borobudur, Sambisari, etc. Some scientist analyzed that removal of the power center eastward was due to internal wars between the rulers. Although the power center had shifted to East Java, but the rulers were the descendants or families from Mataram Rulers. The first kingdom was established at Brantas river valley where agriculture was also flourishing due to its fertile soil. The king was Mpu Sindok, who had left many records on stone and the king Dharmawangsa. Under his rule, the epic Bharatayudha was translated into old Javanese language (996 AD). From 1019 to 1042, Airlangga was one of the biggest king in East Java. [3.15]
72
Mataram Palace | Photo adopted from homylicious.com (G.3.22)
YOGYAKARTA
73
Matarm Palace | Photo adopted from http://homylicious.com (G.3.23)
YOGYAKARTA
74
Arjuna Temple Complex | Photo by Faiz
YOGYAKARTA
04 ARJUNA TEMPLE COMPLEX
75
YOGYAKARTA
76 Arjuna Temple is the group of 7th century Hindu temple compound located in Dieng Plateau, near Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia. The plateau is home of eight small Hindu temples that are among the oldest surviving religious structure ever built in Java.
Arjuna Temple Complex | Photo by MS Yahaya
YOGYAKARTA
LOCATION Dieng Plateau Entrance Maingate | Photo by MS Yahaya
Located at Dieng Plateau where is in Indonesia Mountaion area. The Dieng Plateau is a caldera complex formed by the eruption of ancient Mountain Prau. The caldera was once filled up water and then dried up, but volcanic activity continues to this day, with sulphuric fumes and poisonous lakes. Located at an altitude of 2000m, it's also much cooler than the surrounding lowlands. Dieng's misty location almost 2,093 m above sea level, its poisonous effusions and sulphur-coloured lakes make it a particularly auspicious place for religious tribute. The temples are small shrines built as monuments to the god-ancestors and dedicated to Shiva. These attractive small temples are the earliest known in central Java. Stylistically, they resemble some early Pallava temples in Mamallapuram (Shore Temple and Pancha Rathas) and Kanchipuram (Kailasanatha Temple), India, near presentday Madras. From over two dozen original temples, only a handful remain today. [4.1]
77
YOGYAKARTA
78 Central Java Map | Photo adopted by mappery [G4.1]
Stylistically, they resemble some early Pallava temples in Mamallapuram (Shore Temple and Pancha Rathas) and Kanchipuram (Kailasanatha Temple), India, near present-day Madras. From over two dozen original temples, only a handful remain today. They are mostly Shaiva, in keeping with the religious orientation of their Sanjaya builders. As usual, the temples' modern names have no archaeological significance. The Arjuna group is arranged in a north-south line, with their entrances facing west. C. Arjuna, seen here, is the northernmost (closeup), and has given its name to the whole group. A Shiva temple, it is faced on the east by its Nandi temple, C. Semar. The Hindu shrines are miniature cosmic mountains based on plans in Indian religious texts, although Schoppert suggest the design motifs have little connection to India. In 2011, in a review published by Romain, the temple is now believed to be related to Dravida andPallava style temples of South India. The theory that poisonous effusions make it auspicious is now disputed as volcanic activity in this area from 7th to 9th century is yet to established, and records suggest the temple was abandoned after volcanic eruptions became common in central Java. [4.2]
YOGYAKARTA
In 2011, in a review published by Romain, the temple is now believed to be related to Dravida and Pallava style temples of South India. The theory that poisonous effusions make it auspicious is now disputed as volcanic activity in this area from 7th to 9th century is yet to established, and records suggest the temple was abandoned after volcanic eruptions became common in central Java. [4.3]
From Yogyakarta, it may take about 2 hours plus minus driving to Dieng Plateau. It can double your time according to traffic because the size of motorway here is narrow and its hard for you to overtake the slowest such as bus and lorry. And also because of the hiking will make you slower as normal road so time taken will be longer than estimated.
Direction and Distance Dieng Plateau from Yogyakarta | Photo adopted by asienreisender [G 4.2]
DIENG FROM YOGYAKARTA
Public transport: Travel costs Yogyakarta - Dieng: Yogyakarta Wonosobo (by minibus): IDR 40,000 Wonosobo - Dieng (by microbus): IDR 8,000
79
79
YOGYAKARTA
SURROUNDINGS
Telaga Warna at Dieng, Desa Dieng Wetan, Kecamatan Kejajar, Kabupaten Wonosobo. An extraordinary natural and cultural wealth, a beautiful lake with natural forest around it.| Photo adopted by scriptmedia. [4.4] [G4.3]
80
Sikidang Crater, one of many volcanic ponds around on Dieng Plateau. The smell of sulfat is sometimes to smell over longer distances around | Photo adopted by asiaforvisitor. [G4.4]
YOGYAKARTA
Group E photo near Arjuna Temple Complex | Photo taken by our tour guide.
81
Group E photo near Arjuna Temple Complex with our lecturer Sir Idris Taib | Photo taken by our tour guide.
YOGYAKARTA
Farming on Dieng Plateau. The dark green areas are potatoes. In late May and June is the time for harvest. It's remarkable that agriculture streches up to almost the peaks of the surrounding mountains. It's all terraced for cultivation | Photo adopted by beautyofwonosobo [G4.5]
82
Watching the sun rises on the east horizon is something ordinary. But waiting for the sunrise from the top of Mount Sikunir is extraordinary. The extreme road is nothing compares to the beautiful moment of watching the sun from the wonderland of Java.[4.5] | Photo adopted by beautyofwonosobo [G4.6]
HISTORY
Cultural relics as the witnesses of the past greatness scattered in every corners of the archipelago. The example is the Arjuna Temple, one of the oldest temples in Java. In this complex, only five of more than a thousand years old temples that still stand sturdy. The temple was pretty crowded with visitor both domestic and international that evening. They walked around for a closer view of the temple. The atmosphere was relaxing and peaceful. A group of young people took an advantage of terrain on the right temple to play football. These temples were first discovered by a British soldier named Van Kinsbergen in 1814. Unlike the other temples that mostly found buried underneath the land, the temples on Dieng plateau were found on a water swamp. The drying process started more than 40 years later. There is no clue about who named the temples after the puppet characters. The main temple is Arjuna which is facing a smaller temple with an elongated shape that is often called Semar Temple.[4.6]
YOGYAKARTA
83
Arjuna Temple Complex | Photo by MS Yahya
YOGYAKARTA
Srikandi Temple, Puntadewa Temple, and SembadraTemple stood in line on the left of Arjuna. Puntadewa has a shape that is almost similar to the Arjuna, while Srikandi Temple and Sembadra Temple slightly smaller and shorter. Based on the folklore, Puntadewa Temple is in the midst of Srikandi and Sembadra as a mediator for the two sisters who both became the wife of Arjuna. Beautiful gardens with pine trees and flowers around the temple complex presented the beauty in the midst of peace and serenity atmosphere. On the distance, white smoke is billowing endlessly from numerous volcanic craters. [4.7]
Entrance walk-away to main temple (Garden) | Photo adopted by derubirusiti. [G4.7]
84
The hills and mountains surrounding added a peace in to our mind. Many young people took advantages of the beauty and serenity of this temple by spending the times with their spouse or partner. We walked slowly on the grassy land surrounded the temple, while admiring the natural beauty of God's creation and breathe fresh air that is almost impossible to find in the middle of urban areas. The turf felt soft and bouncy. It was bouncy. The complex was once a swamp, so the ground around the temple contained a lot of water. As a result, walking on the ground felt like walking on foam.
ARCHITECHTURE VALUE
YOGYAKARTA
The North Central Javanese temple architecture is noted for its smaller size, simplicity and relatively lack of ornaments compared to richly decorated and massive temples of Southern Central Java, such as Kalasan, Sewu, and Prambanan. The temples of North Central Collapsed assemble area of Arjuna Temple | Photo adopted by indonesia.travel [G4.8]
Java are grouped in irregular clusters, with individual variations of temples styles. This is in contrast to concentric mandala plan of Southern Central Java temples with uniform design of perwara (ancillary) temples. The earliest architectural usage of the Javanese kala demonic masks and makara marine monsters are exhibited along the niches and doorways of the remaining structures.
85
The sub-area of Arjuna Temple, for receiving and serving guest. | Photo adapted by indonesia.travel [G4.9]
The Dieng structures were small and relatively plain, but stone architecture developed substantially in only a matter of decades resulting in masterpieces such as the Prambanan complex and Borobudur. [4.8]
YOGYAKARTA
Dharmasala, This figure where we can see lounge area, semi-private garden, wash room, toilet, kitchen but its all have been collapsed. | Photo adapted indonesia.travel [G4.10]
86
THE CANDI COMPLEX
YOGYAKARTA
This complex is consist of five temples in two rows, on the eastern row facing to the west consist of four temples, there are : Arjuna Temple, Srikandi Temple, Puntadewa Temple, Sembadra Temple. On the west row (facing to the east) are Semar Temple, right in front of Arjuna Temple. Each temple has its own unique and beauty. They were not built in the same time for the purpose of meditation. On the wall of these temples there are images of Siva's main proximate Gods, except one special temple, that is Srikandi Temple, the images on the wall are Hindu's main Gods, Brahma, Siva, and Wishnu. [4.9]
87
87 Arjuna Temple Complex | Photo by MS Yahaya
YOGYAKARTA
CANDI ARJUNA Arjuna Temple is the main temple opposite is the temple Semar with an elongated pyramid roof. Heroine Temple, Temple Puntadewa, and Temple Sembadra are aligned down the left side. The temples are made from andesite rock and do not have a lot of calved reliefs on the walls. There are only three reliefs that depict The Holy Trimurti (Three forms), Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma,but this is carved in Heroine and not in the main temple. Like so many temples in SE Asia, the entrance and niches of Arjuna are framed by a kala-makara arch. The kala is at the top of the arch. The serpents define the body of the arch, which rests on two outward-pointing makara heads. A makara-headed overflow spout exits the temple below the niche. The niche is located on the north face of the temple. [4.10]
Candi Arjuna | Photo adapted by commonwikimedia [G4.11]
88
Kala Makara ach at Arjuna's wall | Adapted by artandarchaeology [G4.12]
YOGYAKARTA
'Kudu' at Candi Arjuna | Photo adopted by mblusuk [G4.13]
'Talang air' | Photo by MS Yahaya [G4.14]
89
Corpses ashes | Photo by MS Yahaya [G4.15]
89
Arjuna Temple Complex by MS Yahaya
YOGYAKARTA
CANDI PUNTADEWA 90
Candi Puntadewa and next to Candi Sembadra | Photo adopted by indonesiainterestingplaces [G4.16]
In 1864 built. This candi is located just south of Candi Srikandi. Approached by a double staircase, it was dedicated to Shiva. The site museum contains several sculptures that museum signage associates with this temple: a lingam and yoni (cella), Durga (N), Ganesha (E), and Agastya (S). Currently Puntadewa Temple familiar sound in our ears. Temple measuring 4.44 x 4.44 meters is a very special place for great ceremonies that Dieng Cultre Festival which is held each year. Puntadewa temple located in Arjuna temple complex is believed by locals and Sang Interpreter Lock as one of the oldest temple among the temples are located in the temple complex where the temple Arjuna Puntadewa as a real witness disposal pesky kids hair Dieng.
In the days the tourists are reluctant to just take pictures with the WarangWarang atapun with the dancers unique dibingkis yakso robbed of his clothes and accompanied the white hanoman. They are all ready to entertain you enjoy the beautiful panorama amid Dieng in the Arjuna temple complex.
YOGYAKARTA
Double staircase at Candi Puntadewa | Photo by MS Yahaya [G4.17]
In Candi Puntadewa the stairs at the front entrance guarded by a pair of lion statues. On the roof of the temple there is a niche that used as a place of god statue. [4.10]
91
Lion sculpture describe as guard located at staircase | Photo adopted by travelleratanomy [G4.18]
91
Arjuna Temple Complex by MS Yahaya
YOGYAKARTA
CANDI SRIKANDI
Candi Srikandi | Photo by MS Yahaya
One of the silent witness that Dieng is a place of worship of Lord Civa and its buildings similar to the building of the temple in the temple Dwarawati Designated India. Relief Tri Murti was so impressive that clearly displayed on each side of the temple Dwarawati. The temple overlooking the sunset this is the only temple in Dieng berelief Tri Murti. Relief god Vishnu carved on the north side of the temple, on the south side of the envisaged relief and relief of the god Brahma Civa visible on the eastern side of the Candi Srikandi. Sized of 3.84 m x 3.84 m. In the field there are three reliefs depicting gods in the Hindu religion. Southern fields in the middle there is a relief of Brahma. Fourheaded Brahma described (here only seen three), fourarmed, both hands in front of chest in an attitude of worship. Right hand behind "aksamala", and the left hand holding the "camara". [4.11]
92
Worn reliefs of the Trimurti - Vishnu (N), Shiva (E), and Brahma (S) - decorate the outer walls of C. Srikandi, just to the south of C. Arjuna. The north side with Vishnu is seen here. | Photo adopted by tripadvisor [G4.19]
YOGYAKARTA
93
93 Candi Sembadra | Photo by MS Yahaya
YOGYAKARTA
At some distance by a paved trail the temple of Sembadra | Photo adopted by busaroundglobe [G4.21]
Paved trail above Sembadras front door | Photo adopted by busaroundglobe [G4.20]
94
The shape of this temple is not much different from the others only the smallest size temple temples among others. Even this temple lies the very end, but make no mistake when shooting with the camera lenses Candi Srikandi has a great position with a barrage of spruce and mountain background Sindoro. At the top there is a niche of headwear when the mustachioed and from his mouth come out sepucuk blooming lotus flower flanked by two more pieces each half bloom. Front door of the top there is relief when the head is somewhat larger and makara fish head shaped, winged creatures came out of his mouth. As Sembadra wife has a unique character , one whose patient , good manners , and faithful . So many of the communities that know about Puppet Cultural Goddess Subhadra figure is considered as being the ideal wife who needs to be made as an example of moral education to shape the young generation in the future . So is the building of the temple is a small ( 4.75 x 5.50 m ) located to the south of the temple Puntadewa Dieng also had a very simple ornament in the form of miniature or small decorated with Kala , Makara , Antefiks , statue niches , and Yoni is no longer . However Sembadra temple for spiritual people actually store full of mystical nuances because the temple is in use as a place of worship of Lord Shiva Main . Relics of the ancient Hindu civilization Dieng is still standing strong in Banjarnegara Dieng temple complex in Central Java Arjuna . [4.12]
Double Makara Arch | Photo adopted by artandarchaelogy [G.22]
The entrance to this temple is framed by a well-preserved kala-makara arch. Almost all the entrances and niches of the Arjuna group nare decorated with such arches; this is one of the betterpreserved examples. [4.13]
YOGYAKARTA
CANDI SEMAR
Candi Semar | Photo by djourneyofsilviachou [G4.23]
Candi Semar rectangular shape the size of 3.5 mx 7 m. Foot of the temple consists of a lotus shape arrangement. The shape of the body and the temple at the foot of the temple, just the size is not the same height. Parts of the right and left walls are each 2 pieces (bell-shaped, as a means of ventilation / lighting. 3 pieces back side, front side two. Situated right in front of Arjuna temple. The temple’s plain base is around 50 cm high. Stairs to access the temple’s interior is placed on the east side. The door has no corbelled roof. The doorframe is tiled with patterned pieces of flat stone and a dragon head on its lower end. Above the frame, there is a high-relief sculpture of Kalamakara without its lower jaw.
Above the entrance there is a relief when the makara, being slightly curved shape of the roof like a lotus shape. Shape of the roof is covered with stone chambers rectangular, empty space, and this temple is expected to function as a storage place of the ceremony. Semar Temple was likely copied the form of Mandapa, which became part of a temple in India as a place for the pilgrims and festivals. [4.15]
[G4.25] Candi Sembadra by MS Yahaya
95
YOGYAKARTA
96
Candi Semar in front of Candi Arjuna entrance, there are holes at all its wall for lighting and ventilation | Photo adopted by yogyes [G4.24]
YOGYAKARTA
05 RETROSPECTIVE The Experience
97
YOGYAKARTA
98
Prambanan Temple | Photo by Zulfadzli
Architecture and travelling are my best addiction. When these two are combined I get to enjoy the best of both worlds. When you are travelling, you get to learn the history of the place, culture of the locals and to be able to experience new adventures outside your comfort zones. All of these can be found, seen or learn through architecture. People will vanish but history remains and it remains through architecture. So does the culture. Through architecture the culture of the local will be reflected through the images of the buildings, statues and etc. Yogyakarta, Indonesia was known for its tremendous history back from thousands year. Despite its priceless histories, Yogyakarta is also the place for many outstanding views which you will not be able to get it elsewhere. Since day one, we were not disappointed with what we get to see as we trailed along the local places. Architecture in Yogyakarta were able to be appreciated by anyone even someone who does not have architecture background, but since we are architecture students, we are very sensitive with every details of every structure and elements and we experience more than its aesthetical values.
YOGYAKARTA
99
Keraton Ratu Boko | Photo by Zulfadzli
We finished our first day by enjoying the atmosphere of Yogyakarta. As for the second day, we finally had the opportunity to go to the most famous prambanam temple. Many have said that prambanam temple is indeed the most beautiful Hindu temple in the world. It holds to many histories. Unfortunately, just like any great things, it will come to an end where an eruption of Mount Merapi volcano, located north of Prambanan in central Java, or a power struggle probably caused the shift. That marked the beginning of the decline of the temple. It was soon abandoned and began to deteriorate. The temples themselves collapsed during a major earthquake in the 16th century. Although the temple ceased to be an important center of worship, the ruins scattered around the area were still recognizable and known to the local Javanese people in later times. Until later restoration of the temple is held. Once we have enjoyed and experienced the majestic of prambanan temple, we moved ahead to have a visit to Ratu Boko temple. Despite the large quantity and variety of remains found there, the exact functions of Ratu Boko site is still unknown. Some believe it was the former palace of ancient Mataram Kingdom; other scholars interpret this site as monastery. While third group holds that it was a place for rest and recreation. But whatever the functions of this place are, we are really enjoyed every part of this place.
YOGYAKARTA
100
Telaga Warna Lake | Photo by Zulfadzli
Our trips were continued and entered third day since we have arrived in Yogyakarta. On the third day, our journey was a little fuller on adventure as we strolled along the forest for quite a bit before we reached our journey. It was quite refreshing as the weather was humid yet windy. After a short walking through the forest we managed to reach to the Telaga Warna Lake, Deing. It was a shocking moment for us the place was so beautiful and the telaga or known as the lake looked very green due to effects on the excessive sulphur contain in the telaga. Despite its colour, the telaga has said to keep many legend histories that most of the locals still believe it could be true such as the name of the lake are gotten from the colors that derived from the necklace Princess Rukmini Gilang scattered at the base of the lake.
YOGYAKARTA
101
Silhouette of Borobudur Temple | Photo by Zulfadzli
If you are happen to be in Yogyakarta but you did not spend time to visit this one temple that is the most famous and is world known for its history, art and structure than your visit to Yogyakarta is meaningless. The temple is known as the temple of Borobudur the greatest Buddhist monument in the world ever existed. The monument consists of six square platforms topped by three circular platforms and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues.
Evidence suggests Borobudur was constructed in the 9th century and abandoned following the 14th-century decline of Hindu kingdoms in Java and the Javanese conversion to Islam. To be standing in front of the monument, it was a dramatic moment for us as all this time we were only able to study the Borobudur monument and now we were in front of this priceless history legacy that still remains. We are still wonder, how those people have the power to build something that was so complicated and very detailed even though there were lacking of equipment and materials.
YOGYAKARTA
It has been a tradition for us to pay a visit to local architecture school. It is important for us to develop new connection between architecture students from different regions. Out trip to the local school of architecture also known as Pusat Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada allow us to experience and be able to learn different style of approach in architecture. We were also able to exchange some information regarding our projects back in Malaysia. Besides, we were also able to look around the campus and experiencing their local campus culture. We believed, by visiting architecture schools, we could actually create a better architecture community that will produce many qualities students.
102
Deparment of Architecture UGM | Photo by Zulfadzli
Before we even know it, out trip has come to an end. Despite our main focus of this trip is to study and focus on the value of its architecture but Yogyakarta has offered us more than that. By the day, our trips were filed with much kind of architecture monuments, statues, and unbelievable structure. However, when the sun has fallen, Yogyakarta has taken us away by its breathtaking street art performance, local delicacies, beautiful culture and amazing people who had been greeted us with warmth and love.
YOGYAKARTA
103
Keraton Sultan Palace Mask | Photo by Zulfadzli
Our journey to Yogyakarta was not only about temples or the statues, but for those of you who enjoyed experiencing different cultures; Yogyakarta is a great place to visit. If you are happened to be a big fan of mushrooms, there is one shop that only sells and served many kind of mushrooms. Indonesia is a country that has the most number of volcanoes. If you happened to be at Yogyakarta, you should go and take a long look at the majestic volcano of mount merapi. But be careful because the volcano is still active. But the surrounding view and the fresh air will sink you to its beauty without the feeling of worrying whether or not the volcano could erupt in any time. In a nutshell, the trip to Yogyakarta was a big satisfaction. Every place we went, every place we had visited will be remained in our mind and heart forever. Not only we were able to visit an outstanding place, but to cherish every moment with our friends that is what make it’s a moment to remember.
YOGYAKARTA
BIBLIOGRAPHY Information Chapter 2
104
[2.1] Virtual-Yogyakarta.info, 2000. History of Yogyakarta. [online] Available at: <http://www.site.virtual-yogyakarta.info/extra-credit>[Accessed: 10 Jan 2000]. [2.2] Virtual-Yogyakarta.info, 2000. History of Yogyakarta. [online] Available at: <http://www.site.virtual-yogyakarta.info/extra-credit>[Accessed: 10 Jan 2000]. [2.3] Photodarma.net, 2014. Trimurti Temple Complex at Prambanan, Central Java. [online] Available at : http://www.photodharma.net/Indonesia/26Prambanan/26-Prambanan.htm [ Accessed: 18 Jan 2014] [2.4] Triposo.com, Dieng Temple. [online] Available at : http://www.triposo.com/poi/T__e12ba0ca24dd [2.5] Indonesiatouragency.blogspot, 2014. Candi Mendut. [online] Available at : http://indonesiatouragency.blogspot.com/2012/06/candi-mendut-menduttemple.html [Accessed : 20 May 2014] [2.6] atlasobscura.com, 2013. Taman Sari Underground Mosque. [online] Available at : http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/taman-sari-undergroundmosque [Accessed : 2013] [2.7] adityarentcar.com. About Jogjakarta. [online] Available at : http://www.adityarentcar.com/information.php [2.8] Worldweatheronline, 2014. Yogyakarta Yearly Weather Summary. [online] Available at : http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Yogyakarta-weatheraverages/Yogyakarta/ID.aspx [Accessed : 20 May 2014] [2.9] Artbelieve.blogspot.com, 2014. Yogyakarta (Visit). [online] Available at : http://artbelieve.blogspot.com/2014/03/yogyakarta-visit.html [Accessed : 10 March 2014] [2.10] Artbelieve.blogspot.com, 2014. Yogyakarta (Visit). [online] Available at : http://artbelieve.blogspot.com/2014/03/yogyakarta-visit.html [Accessed : 10 March 2014] [2.11] Journey Of My Life, 2011. Yogyakarta â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Art & Culture, Tourist Attractions. [online] Available at : http://perjalananlifeaku.blogspot.com/2012/10/yogyakarta-arts-and-culturetourist.html [Accessed : 2011] [2.12] Journey Of My Life, 2011. Yogyakarta â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Art & Culture, Tourist Attractions. [online] Available at : http://perjalananlifeaku.blogspot.com/2012/10/yogyakarta-arts-and-culturetourist.html [Accessed : 2011] [2.13] tripadvisormalaysia, 2009. Yogya is beautiful city with friendly people. [online] Available at : http://www.tripadvisor.com.my/ShowUserReviewsg294230-r76888714-Yogyakarta_Jav.html [Accessed : 26 Oct 2009]
Chapter 3 [3.1] Architronic,2014. [online] Available at : http://corbu2.caed.kent.edu/architronic/v5n3/v5n3.04a.html [Accessed : 2014] [3.2] Architronic,2013. [online] Available at : http://corbu2.caed.kent.edu/architronic/v5n3/v5n3.04a.html [Accessed : 2013] [3.3] Architronic,2013. [online] Available at : http://corbu2.caed.kent.edu/architronic/v5n3/v5n3.04g.html [Accessed : 2013] [3.4] Academia. [online] Available at : http://www.academia.edu/1556227/MODERN_ARCHITECTURE_DOCUMENTAT ION_METHOD_IN_INDONESIA_AN_ALTERNATIVE_APPROACH [Accessed : 2013] [3.5] http://navutudreams.com/2014/04/08/beyond-history-beyond-angkorwat/ [Accessed : 2013] [3.6] http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/06-12/features2503.htm [3.7] Modern Architecture [online] Available at :http://fportfolio.petra.ac.id/user_files/85012/MODERN%20ARCHITECTURE%20DOCUMENTATION%20METHOD%20IN %20INDONESIA.pdf [3.8] Tourjogja,2012 [online] Available at : http://www.tourjogja.com/berita178-candi-mendut-the-temple-of-sailendra-painting.html [Accessed : 15 April 2012] [3.9] YOGYES,2012 [online] Available at : http://www.yogyes.com/en/yogyakarta-tourism-object/historic-and-heritagesight/kraton/ [Accessed : 2012] [3.10] Tripadvisor,2011 [online] Available at : http://en.tripadvisor.org/wiki/Taman_Sari_(Yogyakarta) [Accessed 2012] [3.11] Tripadvisor,2011 [online] Available at : http://www.tripadvisor.com.my/Attraction_Review-g294230-d4131228Reviews-Sonobudoyo_Museum-Yogyakarta_Java.html [Accessed : 2011] [3.12] Tourjogja [online] Available at : http://www.tourjogja.com/jogjaevents-6leather-puppet-show-in-sonobudoyo-museum.html [Accessed : 2000] [3.13] Yogyes, 2011 [online] Available at : http://Yogyes.org/Sambisari [Accessed : 2011] [3.14] Jogja City Paradise [online] Available at : http://jogjacityparadise.com/bank-indonesia-yogyakarta-exotic-dutcharchitecture.html [Accessed : 2011] [3.15] Joglosemar,2000 [online] Available at : http://www.joglosemar.co.id/mataramking.html [Accesses : 2000]
Chapter 4 [4.2] www.rtandarchaelogy.com,2014 Temple in Central Java. [online] Available at: http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/indonesia/dieng/ar01.html [accessed 13 May 2014] [4.3] www.travelindoglobal.com,2014 . History of Central Java Temple. [online] Available at: http://www.travelindoglobal.com/about-our-trip-content/81travelindo/meet-and-gathering/118-dieng-plateau-complex?start=1 [accessed 13 May 2014] [4.4] Dieng.yogyes.com,2014. Telaga Warna (Colorful Lake). [online] Available at: http://dieng.yogyes.com/en/see-and-do/nature-and-outdoor/telaga-warna/ [accessed 13 May 2014] [4.5] Dieng.yogyes.com,2014. Mount Sikuir. [online] Available at: http://dieng.yogyes.com/en/see-and-do/nature-and-outdoor/gunung-sikunir/ [accessed 13 May 2014] [4.6] Dieng.yogyes.com,2014. History of Arjuna Temple. [online] Available at: http://dieng.yogyes.com/en/see-and-do/archaeological-sight/candi-arjuna/ [accessed 15 May 2014] [4.7] Dieng.yogyes.com,2014. History of Arjuna Temple. [online] Available at: http://dieng.yogyes.com/en/see-and-do/archaeological-sight/candi-arjuna/ [accessed 15 May 2014] [4.8] geocaching,2014 . Sub-area of Arjuna Temple Complex. [online] Available at: http://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC2KK74_arjunatemple?guid=77d8a89c-8186-4af4-afff-20e89ea44e34 [accessed 17 May 2014] [4.9] Javatourism.com,2014. The Temple Complex Description. [online] Available at: http://javatourism.com/index.php?Page=636 [accessed 13 May 2014] [4.10] Wikimapia.org,2014. Arjuna Main Temple. [online] Available at: http://wikimapia.org/14439388/Puntadewa-Temple [accessed 17 May 2014] [4.11] art-and-archaelogy.com,2014 . Srikandi Temple. [online] Available at: http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/indonesia/dieng/ar03.html [accessed 17 May 2014] [4.12] Jagadkejawen.com,2014. Sembadra Temple History. [online] Available at: http://jagadkejawen.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57 &Itemid=71&lang=en [accessed 16 May 2014] [4.13] art-and-archaelogy,2014. Kala-makara at Sembadra's Wall. [online] Available at: http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/indonesia/dieng/ar05.html [accessed 16 May 2014] [4.14] Diengplateau,2014. Semar Temple History. [online] Available at: http://diengplateau.com/candi-dieng-mahakarya-dinasti-sanjaya.html [accessed 18 May 2014]
YOGYAKARTA
Images Chapter 1 [G1.1] Flickr.com, 2010. Borobudur Temple. [online] Available at : http://www.flickr.com/photo/uploads/2012/04/Borobudur-Temple-Indonesia630x372.jpg [Accessed 2010]
Chapter 2 [G2.1] Flickr.com, 2014. Ramayana Wayang Wong. [online] Available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/tjetjep/13557056124 [Accessed: 8 Jan 2014]. [G2.2] Flickr.com, 2013. Wayang Kulit in Yogyakarta. [online] Available at : https://www.flickr.com/photos/tommyajohansson/9667377584 [Accessed : 15 Aug 2013] [G2.3] Flickr.com, 2013. Ramayana Dancer. [online] Available at : https://www.flickr.com/photos/irwansyah25/9667377584 [Accessed : 7 Feb 2013] [G2.4] Flickr.com, 2013. Instrument of Wayang. [online] Available at : https://www.flickr.com/photos/Soekarno/9667377584 [Accessed : 6 Dec 2013] [G2.5] Flickr.com, 2013. Process Instrument. [online] Available at : https://www.flickr.com/photos/tommyiskandar/9667377584 [Accessed : 5 May 2013] [G2.6] Flickr.com, 2013. Grebeng Sekaten 2. [online] Available at : https://www.flickr.com/photos/franciscus_nanang_t/8423434071 [Accessed : 24 Jan 2013] [G2.7] Flickr.com, 2011. Becaks (Cycle Rickshaws). [online] Available at : https://www.flickr.com/photos/loupiote/7156087232 [Accessed : 4 Sept 2011]
Chapter 3
[G3.1] Flickr.com [online] Available at : http://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/primarysources/354 [G3.2] Tourist Place Photo [online] Available at : http://www.touristplacephoto.com/mendut-temple/ [G3.3] Wikimapia, [online] Available at : http://photos.wikimapia.org/p/00/00/23/95/02_big.jpg [G3.6] Bohemian Traveler. [online] Available at : http://bohemiantraveler.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/at-YogyakartaKraton-Sultans-Palace-Indonesia-3.jpg [G3.4] Palm Java Tour Travel, [online] Available at : http://palmjavatourtravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/KERATON.jpg [G3.5] Blog, [online] Available at : http://4.bp.blogspot.com/28RHpC14hR4/Tim6QyxsJqI/AAAAAAAAA4M/ULCWHVFGKbo/s1600/Sultan+P alace-Kraton+Yogyakarta-tour.jpg [G3.7] Panoramio, [online] Available at : http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/49324995.jpg [G3.8] Jogaja City Paradise , [online] Available at : http://jogjacityparadise.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/taman-sari-watercastle-yogyakarta.jpg [G3.9] Blog, [online] Available at : http://4.bp.blogspot.com/d6vwzIPr3Y0/TsCAEcZZFXI/AAAAAAAAAFQ/JSjGzG1zdZ8/s1600/taman+sari+1 .jpg [G3.10] Blog, [online] Available at : http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_zGx3pj-iII/TShAEXUva_I/AAAAAAAAACI/ntAr_2GvFjA/s640/halaman-depan1.jpg [G3.11] Asia For Visitors, [online] Available at : http://asiaforvisitors.com/indonesia/java/central/yogya/IMG_1230.JPG [G3.12] Panoramio , [online] Available at : http://v20.lscache8.c.bigcache.googleapis.com/static.panoramio.com/photos/o riginal/55863789.jpg [G3.13] Indonesia Travel , [online] Available at : http://www.indonesia.travel/public/media/images/upload/article/Museum_Son obudoyo.jpg [G3.14] Budget Jogja, [online] Available at : http://www.indo.com/budgetyogya/sononbudoyo.jpg [G3.15] Sektiadi, [online] Available at : http://sektiadi.staff.ugm.ac.id/wpcontent/uploads/sekti-sonobudoyo-5.jpg [G3.16] http://krjogja.com/photos/727566fbc2c6853fa86f690b170c1f90.jpg [G3.17] Tripadvisor, [online] Available at : http://mediacdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/03/b4/39/a9/the-sambisari-temple.jpg
Chapter 4 [G4.1] mappery.com,2014 Java Centre Map. [online] Available at: http://www.mappery.com/maps/WestJava-map.jpg [accessed 12 May 2014] [G.4.2] Travel Buddy, [online] Available at: http://www.travbuddy.com/ArjunaTemple-v350369 [G4.3] Java Tourism , [online] Available at: http://javatourism.com/index.php?Page=636 [G4.4] Tripadvisor, [online] Available at: http://en.voi.co.id/voi-indonesianwonder/6168-arjuna-temple-the-inheritance-of-hinduism-on-the-top-ondieng-hill [G4.5] Tripadvisor, [online] Available at: http://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourismg1137819-Dieng_Central_Java_Java-Vacations.html [G4.6] Yogyes , [online] Available at: http://dieng.yogyes.com/en/see-anddo/archaeological-sight/candi-arjuna/ [G4.7] Indonesia Travel, [online] Available at: http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/450/diengplateau/article/227/restoring-the-precious-8th-century-dieng-temples [G4.8] Wikitravel, [online] Available at: http://wikitravel.org/en/Dieng_Plateau [G4.9] Yogyes, [online] Available at: http://dieng.yogyes.com/ [G.4.10] Anysomewhere, [online] Available at: http://www.anysomewhere.com/dieng-plateau-dataran-tinggi-dieng-centraljava/ [G4.11] Asienreisender, [online] Available at: http://www.asienreisender.de/landscapes.html [G4.12] Busaroundglobe, [online] Available at: http://www.busaroundglobe.com/globe/country/indonesia_globe/20090710_e n.ht [G4.13] Travel Blog, [online] Available at: http://diengplateau.com/candidieng-mahakarya-dinasti-sanjaya.html http://www.travelblog.org/Photos/6345414 [G4.14] Yogyes , [online] Available at: http://dieng.yogyes.com/en/see-anddo/archaeological-sight/candi-arjuna/ [G4.15] Indonesia Travel, [online] Available at: http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/450/diengplateau/article/227/restoring-the-precious-8th-century-dieng-temples [G4.16] Wikitravel, [online] Available at: http://wikitravel.org/en/Dieng_Plateau [G4.17] Yogyes, [online] Available at: http://dieng.yogyes.com/ [G.4.18] Anysomewhere, [online] Available at: http://www.anysomewhere.com/dieng-plateau-dataran-tinggi-dieng-centraljava/ [G.4.19] Travel Buddy, [online] Available at: http://www.travbuddy.com/ArjunaTemple-v350369 [G4.20] Java Tourism , [online] Available at: http://javatourism.com/index.php?Page=636 [G4.21] Tripadvisor, [online] Available at: http://en.voi.co.id/voi-indonesianwonder/6168-arjuna-temple-the-inheritance-of-hinduism-on-the-top-ondieng-hill [G4.22] Tripadvisor, [online] Available at: http://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourismg1137819-Dieng_Central_Java_Java-Vacations.html [G4.23] Yogyes , [online] Available at: http://dieng.yogyes.com/en/see-anddo/archaeological-sight/candi-arjuna/ [G4.24] Indonesia Travel, [online] Available at: http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/450/diengplateau/article/227/restoring-the-precious-8th-century-dieng-temples
105
Great Wall of China
Photo taken by Fauzie
www.iukl.edu.my INFRASTRUCTURE UNIVERSITY KUALA LUMPUR (IUKL) Unipark Suria, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia GPS Coordinate : 2º58’ 46” N, 101º44/ 24”E Programme Counselling International Student Services Fax Email
: 1-800-88-STUDY (78839) Toll Free : +603-8738 3339 : +603 8926 6993 : +603 8925 9846 : inquiry@iukl.edu.my (Malaysian) international@iukl.edu.my (International)