CPU-ST3 by Xinbo Wang

A /WE WE/ CITY W - WELLBEING AND AGEING, E - ECOLOGICAL RESILIENCE

CPU & A[i] Studio 03 Haocheng Zhong / Shitian Lin / Tiantian Ge / Xinbo Wang

A /WE WE/ CITY

OVERVIEW In Studio 1 we focused on researching the site and typology of the buildings and different urban design theories in different hierarchies to form our urban design strategy. In Studio 2, we focused on developing our urban spatial strategy , computational experiments and tools to apply the theories learned in Studio 01 on the design of the urban patterns and generation. This portfolio aims to develop an adaptative approach to community design and ecological improvement. We designed a tool for residents to participate in a park design and planners to collect data from residents to design a welcoming river park. And we iterate the urban design of this plot into a planning form that suits our goals. At the same time, we pay attention to the living conditions of the people in the community to generate future architectural possibilities.

CONTENT

01 Introduction

Context

Theory

Strategy

05 Urban Generation

06 Block Generation

07 Final Conclusion

INTRODUCTION This chapter covers the introduction of CPU and the basic information of our whole project. It includes our atelier’s description, challenges explaining, partners from North Gateway urban project and our research process.

EVOLVING EVOLVINGURBAN URBANDATASCAPES DATASCAPES––EXTRAPOLATED EXTRAPOLATEDIOT IOTFUTURES FUTURES2050 2050

A /WE WE/ CITY

EVOLVING EVOLVINGURBAN URBANDATASCAPES DATASCAPES––EXTRAPOLATED EXTRAPOLATEDIOT IOTFUTURES FUTURES2050 2050 Overview: Overview:CPU CPUaamaster’s master’satelier atelierat atthe theManchester ManchesterSchool Schoolof ofArchitecture Architecturedevelops developsnew new

CPU OVERVIEW

theoretical theoretical approaches approaches &&computational computational tools toolsto topositively positively address urban urbantransformation transformation Overview: Overview:CPU CPU aamaster’s master’s atelier atelierat atthe theManchester Manchester School Schooladdress of ofArchitecture Architecture develops developsnew new

The introduction, brief and purpose of CPU.

using using aacomplexity complexity science science framework framework(systems, (systems, self-organisation, self-organisation, emergence, artificial artificial theoretical theoretical approaches approaches &&computational computational tools toolsto topositively positively address addressemergence, urban urbantransformation transformation intelligence, intelligence, resilience, resilience, adaptation, adaptation, evolution). evolution). This This project projectcritically criticallyemergence, investigates investigatesartificial future futureurban urban using usingaacomplexity complexity science science framework framework (systems, (systems, self-organisation, self-organisation, emergence, artificial

INTRODUCTION

scenarios scenarios ininresilience, Manchester Manchester (focusing (focusingevolution). on onthe theManchester Manchester Corridor) Corridor) related related to tourban urbanfuture intelligence, intelligence, resilience, adaptation, adaptation, evolution). This Thisproject project critically critically investigates investigates futureurban urban CPU Overview

transformation transformation and and‘transitions’ ‘transitions’ using using methods of of data data capture, capture,related investigation, investigation, analysis analysisand and scenarios scenariosininManchester Manchester (focusing (focusing on onmethods the theManchester Manchester Corridor) Corridor) related to tourban urban

Complexity, Planning and Urbanism (CPU) is a research laboratory and related Masters Atelier at the Manchester School of Architecture. CPU uses a complexity framework (systems, selforganisation, emergence, intelligence, structural change, adaptation) to develop new digital tools, computational thinking and urban theory addressing future ICT disruptions and spatio-temporal dynamics in urban processes. The research is transdisciplinary and spans Future Cities, Smart Cities, the Internet of Things, agile governance and cities as complex adaptive systems. CPU research engages with planning for evolutionary and emergent city systems, digital participation and inclusion, data platforms for resilient cities and urban simulations for sustainable future scenarios.

visualisation. visualisation. The The main main aim aimof ofthe the project project isisto todevelop develop future scenarios scenarios based basedanalysis on onaa and transformation transformation and and ‘transitions’ ‘transitions’ using using methods methods of of data datafuture capture, capture, investigation, investigation, analysis and

CPU develops new theoretical approaches and computational tools using a complexity science framework for the design, management, governance and understanding of future cities related to climate change, citizen participation, development strategies, resilient interventions, policy making and urban morphology. Computational methods are used to expand the realms of static design methods and theory by enabling a temporal and dynamic process.

Students Students are are working working with with multiple real ‘corridor’ ‘corridor’ stakeholders. stakeholders. conditions conditions will will become become the themultiple ‘setting’ ‘setting’real for forthe the building building projects projectsininthe thefollowing followingtwo twoterms. terms.

Complexity Framework

Future Cities

Computational Thinking

Smart Cities

Intelligence

futures futures will willneed need to tobe bedeveloped developed by bystudents students on ontheir their own owntimelines. timelines. These These future futurescenarios scenarios longitudinal longitudinal understanding understanding of ofhistoric historic and andcurrent current trajectories trajectories of ofchange. change. Extrapolated Extrapolated (negative, (negative, positive, positive, dystopian, inevitable, inevitable, disastrous, disastrous, technological) technological) with with embedded embedded futures futureswill will need needto todystopian, be bedeveloped developed by bystudents students on ontheir their own owntimelines. timelines. These These future futurescenarios scenarios conditions conditions will willbecome become the the‘setting’ ‘setting’ for forthe the building buildingprojects projects ininthe thefollowing following two twoterms. terms. (negative, (negative,positive, positive, dystopian, dystopian, inevitable, inevitable, disastrous, disastrous, technological) technological) with withembedded embedded Students Studentsare areworking workingwith withmultiple multiplereal real‘corridor’ ‘corridor’stakeholders. stakeholders.

Complex Adaptive System

Digital Tools

Urban Theories

longitudinal longitudinal understanding understanding of historic and andis current current trajectories trajectories of ofchange. change. Extrapolated Extrapolated visualisation. visualisation. The Themain mainaim aimof of ofhistoric the theproject project is to todevelop develop future futurescenarios scenarios based based on onaa

The Internet of Things Agile Governance

A /WE WE/ CITY

PROJECT OVERVIEW

Brief

CPU

Project overview, project and clients.

- Urban Theories - Computational Thinking

INTRODUCTION

Project Overview The Northern Gateway is a major regeneration project being undertaken as a joint venture with the Far East Consortium (commercial partner). The project is focused on residential development. The concerns of this partner revolve around the need to address commercial viability and infrastructure provision. The current aim is to provide 15,000 new residential units. The current population of the area is 35,000. The area is being considered an extension to the city centre and will need to function with similar density. The city wishes to ensure a wide range of typologies and a family orientated development looking at long-term sustainability of the population and the legacy of the development project. The initial vision is to create a green suburban feel in a dense urban area. The management of both formal green spaces and the Irk River require management strategies. There is potentially the need for one or more catalysts to drive the development.

Site

Northern Gateway

Clients MANCHESTER City Council

CPU Project Brief We will study the Northern Gateway development as a consultant for MCC. We will examine the development from a future city perspective through understanding some urban theories and using the computational thinking and tools to deal with the challenges in this site. We will address some parts of the identified MCC focus areas above in Studio 1, Studio 2 and Studio 3.

Clients

Approach • Designing future sustainable urbanism(s) • Combine theories and computatinal thinking to inform extrapolated futures. • Sort out a set of design mechanisms and logic to integrate a feasible method for our design.

Far East Consortium

CITY CENTRE

(commercial partner)

CPU Overview

A /WE WE/ CITY

ST1 & ST2 SUMMARY Studio 01

Studio 02

INTRODUCTION

Theories in ST1

A supporting engagement with Manchester City Council and the Strategic Development Team on Manchester’s largest development project.

Analyse and engage with current urban trajectories of change (technological disruptions, futures, environments).

An understanding and creation of residential and commercial architectural typologies as computational types.

Learn about theories for computational process/approach – towards spatial dynamics. Modelling / analysis for design.

Develop your own computational constructs/tools for your own design problems.

Demonstration of the ability to work in teams with a specific key role.

Development of a spatial strategy in response to identified goals. This should be a development from the thesis in Studio 1.

Gain an understanding of generative design and simulation for architectural and urban systems.

An understanding of the complex drivers of change in a major redevelopment project.

Development of an ability to communicate multiple aspects of large urban design proposals.

Understand how to work with urban transformations and different timescales.

A /WE WE/ CITY

MEETING WITH MANCHESTER CITY COUNCIL AND FAR EAST CONSORTIUM CLIENTS

INTRODUCTION

How the MCC and FEC helped us to develop our projects.

First meeting with clients 02/10/2020

Second meeting with clients 12/03/2021

In the future... 04/05/2021

Matt Doran and Tom Fenton from MCC and Fec introduced some basic information and the Strategic Regeneration Framework of the Northern Gateway.

At the beginning of Studio 3, we reported all previous site research, scheme design and project experiments to our clients (FEC and MMC).

The clients will soon receieve a few different tools and strategies to help them to develop the Northern Gateway.

A /WE WE/ CITY

6th Year Northern Gateway Project Presentations at MSA.

MEETING WITH MANCHESTER CITY COUNCIL AND FAR EAST CONSORTIUM CLIENTS

Meeting Minutes

11:04 12/03/2021

Met with our clients: Matthew Doran and Tom Fenton

INTRODUCTION

Presentation At the beginning of Studio 3, we reported all previous site research, scheme design and project experiments to our clients (FEC and MMC). We showed our general work: " Our design process star ts with the interpretation of the project, we analyze the site and study the theory and methodology to partition and design the whole site. Then comes the design at the block and community level. Finally we aim to how to make residents interact with the community better. " Then we introduced each part seperately. In the end, clients gave us their advice. Through the communication with them, our plan has got a clearer direction for deepening.

A /WE WE/ CITY

FEEDBACK FROM CLIENTS

Improve: Urban Partition

Clients' suggestion and our feedback.

Clients' suggestion " ... I get the concept of the plugin, the plugin model. I think it's a in terms of kind of climate resilience and adaptation ...

INTRODUCTION

The kind of the plugin model is probably quite a more departure from the more traditional methods that we follow at the moment, but it's obviously something very interesting.

Matthew Doran The architect from Manchester City Council focusing on residential growth, urban development, place-making and regeneration, housing.

An age friendly and aging is a key priority for Manchester. We are an age friendly city, and we do want to see properly age inclusive developments, age inclusive neighborhoods, and also unable. We want to be low traffic and walkable. I suppose I didn't have an observation on one of the slides about the roads. Generally, strike is being a very urban solution to leave them. My personal view is, I think the days of kind of major highways, projects and schemes within cities are probably coming towards the end... "

"... I really like the idea in the concept around the modularity and the technology that sits underneath that all behind that to support, I think, the possibilities around community creation, cohesion that you can get through Apps, I think. It's something that we're just embarking on that journey of what benefits it could bring.

Tom Fenton The project director of FEC, is responsible for the delivery and coordination of FEC’s Northern Gateway Joint Venture with Manchester City Council.

Re-integrate and combine the road network and green corridors to reduce the sense of boundary of the road and decrease the traffic and walkable.

Improve: Block Generation

Sort out the organization of the modules. In-depth exploration of aging in place and neighborhoods issues and prospects for the development of communities and blocks overtime.

Improve: Interaction & Application

I think, the ability to change the way in which your home responsibility needs as you change over time is really interesting. I don't know a lot about, I believe that. Thank you. See you do something a little bit similar. In terms of, that module and the ability for to be reiterated and understanded. You go back to seek and you get a new part for it and you get different atoms to the module that you bought. So, it can be enhanced and improved over time. So, yeah, I think that. That's really interesting..."

Deepen and improve the interaction and use between residents and communities. Explore more possibilities like gamification or visulization around community creation and cohesion.

A /WE WE/ CITY

CHALLENGES

Manchester City Council (MCC) list of challenges and opportunities. Challenge 01

Challenge 02

How can a balance between public and private spaces foster a sense of community and belonging in new urban morphology. Ensure public spaces are active throughout the day and evening and do not adversely interfere with a residential setting (in terms of noise, ASB etc.)?

The distribution of facilities, amenities and community spaces is an essential aspect of successful residential development. How do we design to ensure this aspect of sustainability in urban strategy and design.

Challenge 05

Challenge 06

How can you design for sustainable movement and minimise motorised transpor t use? Consider last mile/3 mile responses including transport oriented design, walk-ability, cycling and technological disruptions (CAV).

How to design zero-carbon future cities (is urban morphology adequate). How do you understand the environmental impact of future cities.

MCC Challenges

INTRODUCTION

The Northern Gateway is the single largest and most ambitious regeneration opportunity for Manchester. The area covered by the SRF takes up nearly a third of the size of the extended city centre, and represents a scale of development that warrants a holistic vision that integrates short, medium and long term opportunities.

The Challenges We Picked

Challenge 03

How can a new urban development be designed to change and adapt with its residents (from students to young professionals, families and aging)?

Keywords: Adaptibility, Residential Development

Challenge 04

How can a network of high-quality open and public spaces suppor t well-being and enhanced diversity. Integrating green spaces/public realm towards wellness and mitigation of climate change? Ecologies? How can you integrate green environments and the City River Park ecosystem?

Keywords: Open Space, Public Space, Well-being, Enhanced Diversity, Ecology, City River Park System.

A /WE WE/ CITY

CHALLENGE EXPLAINING

INTRODUCTION

Four main visions raised from the challenges we picked.

1. A new urban system being able to change and adapt to the different age structures.

2. Creating high-quality public spaces support well-being and enhanced diversity.

3. Integrating open space

4. Addressing climate change and ecological diversity.

Study the activities of different age groups and use the big data of the UK to speculate on the changes in the future age structure. These factors may lead to changes in the community structure, including: infrastructure, social activities, economic and consumption levels, and the distribution of social resources. These factors also indirectly affect the changes in the urban form in the future: what is the demand for housing?

High-quality public space means that we need to integrate public space first to avoid form duplication and waste. The public space should maintain the convenience and accessibility of each community. It also needs to comprehensively meet the needs and experiences of different age levels.

Northern Gateway has many green spaces, and some of them have become parks for people to use. But there are still mostly undeveloped green areas and woodlands. How to create a green city requires coordination of the types of green space and the relationship with residents. This will also be our most important attempt.

For the prediction of the future climate of this area, most of them are concerned with the problem of the river in this land during the surge period. Not only the climate issue, but also the ecological issues in this area. How to deal with ecological changes also requires us to look at it from a more macro perspective. The houses near the river need to be treated properly in the future and more compliant with the changes in the ecological structure here.

A /WE WE/ CITY

INTRODUCTION

“Thesis Statement

The problem with the proposed urban development in the Northern Gateway that we are most interested in is the lack of attention to addressing the built environment as an adaptive condition that positively accommodates a changing and ageing residential population. The basis of this design problem is our own analysis of factors related to green and blue structure, well being, ecology and ageing in place. We aim to develop an adaptative approach to community design and ecological improvement with computational tools.

A /WE WE/ CITY

RESEARCH PROCESS

INTRODUCTION

What we study and design through five steps of research process.

Identify the Challenge & Problems

Methods & Theories

Ecological research & Generative computational tools study

Aging in place Mixed-use Community

Precedent study

Computational workflow

Ecological corridors

New urban development

Patch dynamic approach

Ecological typology

Dynamic display process

Ecological resilience

Land use rules

New parametric and prefabricated plug-in residentials

Intergrating green space& Ecological diversity

Prefabricated Plug-in study & Future senario

Measure outcome & Dynamic data

Voxeltools

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, we mainly introduce our designed site. The design results of the first two stages are summarized. At the same time, we reviewed the feedback obtained after the report with the Manchester City Coucil and Far East Consortium clients, then we adjusted and improved the design of the third phase. The challenges faced by our design were explained and explained once again. Present our thesis statement and research process.

CONTEXT

The Chapter 2 mainly introduces the context of our project site and the definition of our own questions. According to the information of the site and problem thinking, we further determine the urban design scale and what will we solve later.

A /WE WE/ CITY

NORTHERN GATEWAY REASEARCH BOOKLET

CONTEXT

CPU students had finished a research document in Studio 01 and it contained a lot of useful information.

‘‘ The purpose of this document is to research, review and analyse the existing site and proposed masterplan for The Northern Gateway. ’’ CPU Students

Link to the file:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aZyrFRukDOb1sJqmg_uNyKO59BnqV2BT/view?usp=sharing 34

Harpurhey

NORTHERN GATEWAY

Timeline 1830-1980

A /WE WE/ CITY

Queen's Park Cheetwood Queens Road

Collyhurst east side terrace in 1830

Monsall ad

Collyhurst

Ro le ch

View across the River Irk in 1898

Lower Irk Vally

Green Quarter View of the SRF area in 1936

1920 Ordnance Survey

The Northern Gateway is a special place, defined by the Irk Valley’s striking landscape, and a variety of character areas, transitioning from the city centre to the existing community of Collyhurst.

Miles Platting

The regeneration of the Northern Gateway has the potential to unlock significant residentialled development that will positively contribute to Manchester’s growth agenda and that of the wider city region.

1848 Ordnance Survey

T h e N o r t h e r n G a t e w ay p ro j e c t i s a u n i q u e opportunity to deliver transformational regeneration on an unprecedented scale in Manchester and help fulfil Manchester’s potential as a truly innovative, sustainable and world-class city. It has the potential to revitalise existing communities and provide a catalyst for the regeneration of neighbourhoods in the north of the city.

CONTEXT

Manchester Fort Shopping Centre

NOMA

Pre-WW2 Collyhurst

New Cross

Victoria Station

Northern Quarter

1950 Ordnance Survey

Ancoats

Etihad Stadium

Post-WW2 Collyhurst

Manchester City Reference: 'The North Gateway Strategy Regeneration Framewaork' (SRF)

1980 Ordnance Survey

Collyhurst in 1966

ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS

CONTEXT

A /WE WE/ CITY

Ground Conditions

Ecology

Archaeology

Ground Conditions within the Northern Gateway reflect a typical Manchester geology of made ground, glacial till and alluvium. A limited number of areas of existing neighbourhoods have high contamination risk and extensive below ground structures which are associated with their industrial past, including the former Gould Street gas works site and areas of historical landfilling at Sand Street and Fitzgeorge Street.

There are no such statutory or non-statutory nature conservation sites in or in close proximity to the Northern Gateway. Natural habitats are largely absent with virtually all habitats a result of human influence. Whilst this could suggest a habitat which has little biodiversity interest, this is not necessarily the case. Whilst the majority of woodland is planted, it is a locally extensive habitat. Non-native species dominate to the detriment of woodland areas, many of which are evenaged and structurally poor.

Most of the Northern Gateway has been subject to successive redevelopment over many years but there remains some potential for localised survival of below-ground remains relating to Post-Medieval and earlier Modern periods. The overall potential for significant archaeological remains within the Northern Gateway is low and the potential for localised survival of below-ground remains pre-dating the Post-Medieval period is also low.

Reference: 'The North Gateway Strategy Regeneration Framewaork' (SRF)

A /WE WE/ CITY

AGE STRUCTURE & ACTIVITIES Age Structure &Daily Activities An article looking at how much leisure time people in the UK take, and how that differs according to various aspects such as age or gender. This analysis gives an insight into the nation’s work-life balance, and also how much people enjoy their leisure time.

CONTEXT

Average minutes per day 800

700

600

500

400

Age Structure in North Gateway

300

The number of younger and older people in Manchester is set to rise substantially, especially the elderly. Estimates suggest that by the year 2036, 14% of the total population living in Greater Manchester will be aged 75+. This is an increase of 75% from 2011, from 221,000 to 387,000. It is important to be attentive to the contrasting needs of different age groups, those with particular physical/mental health needs, and those living in areas affected by high levels of economic and social inequality.

200

100

0 Personal Care /Sleep

Employment

Study

8-14 Reference: Leisure time in the UK: 2015

Household & Family Care

15-24

Vlounteer Work & Meetings

25-34

Social Life Sports & & Entertainment Outdoor Activities

35-44

45-54

55-64

Hobbies & Games

Mass Media

Travel

65-99 Years Old

European Commission, Joint Research Centre; Columbia University, Center for International Earth Science Information Network (2015) GHS-POP R2015A - GHS population grid, derived from GPW4, multitemporal (1975, 1990, 2000, 2015). European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Dataset] PID: http://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-ghsl-ghs_pop_gpw4_globe_r2015a Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., Doelman, J., and Stehfest E. (2017) Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 9, 927–953, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-927-2017

Activities

A /WE WE/ CITY

GREEN SPACE 05

Per Capita Green Area

CONTEXT

Total Area: 1540206 m2

Green Space Required Estimation: 49500-275000m2

UGS:9m2 UGS:50m2 Population Estimation: 5500

Accessible Existing Green Space: 316206m2 Proposed Green Space: 313950m2

Research points to at least 9 m2 of green space per individual with an ideal UGS value of 50 m2 per capita.

Compact City Urban Green Space

The World Health Organization recommended the availability of a minimum of 9 m2 of green space per individual with an ideal UGS value of 50 m2 per capita.

Site Photo by Xinbo Wang

Reference: World Health Organization, 2012

A /WE WE/ CITY

GREEN SPACE CLASSIFICATION Four general natural landscape of the Northern Gateway.

CONTEXT

Four general natural landscape

Green Riverside

Amenlity Greenspace

Grassland

Woodland

The inbalance To the north of Rochdale Road, there are too many green space resources. On the contrary, to the south of Rochdale Road, there are mainly cities and towns, so the current green space resources are not balanced.

Green space and well-being Access to green space improves our mental wellbeing, reducing the need to treat for anxiety and mental health conditions. Depressive disorders are now the foremost cause of disability in middle- and high-income countries and can be precursors for chronic physical health problems. Green areas encourage physical activity by providing a pleasant environment in which to exercise; linear woodland trails encourage walking and cycling, whilst large sport and community parks encourage more formal physical activity. Urban green spaces provide pleasant areas to relax and socialise, promoting greater levels of social activity and stronger neighbourhood relationships. This can be particularly important in maintaining a high quality of life for elderly people.

200

500

Improved Grassland Broadleaved Woodland Suburban Urban

Scale 1:12500 0

Neutral Grassland

1000m

Reference: University of Leeds (2015). A Brief Guide to the Benefits of Urban Green Spaces. Leeds: University of Leeds. pp. 3-10.

A /WE WE/ CITY

GREEN SPACE STRUCTURE

The majority of the residents of the green area are 34 to 65 years old. In the process of social development, it is important to ensure the fairness of urban public space use for different population ages.

Population aged 65+

Accesible Green Space

0.0%- 10.0%

Proposed Green Space

10.1%- 15.0% Neutral Grassland

Population aged 35-65

Improved Grassland

0.0%- 10.0%

CONTEXT

Broadleaved Woodland

15.1%- 20.0% 25.1%- 30.0%

10.1 to 20.0 People Per Hectare

Population aged 16-34

20.1 to 30.0 People Per Hectare

15.1%- 20.0%

40.1 to 50.0 People Per Hectare

25.1%- 30.0% 30.1%- 35.0%

70.1 to 100.0 People Per Hectare

Population aged 0-15 0.0%- 10.0% 10.1%- 15.0% 15.1%- 20.0%

Green Space & Land Cover & Population Density

Green Space & Social Age Structure

Reference: World Health Organization, 2012

A /WE WE/ CITY

Organisms tend to northwards

Species are likely to continue to shift their distribution northwards and to high altitudes in response to increasing temperatures.

CLIMATE CHANGE & SPECIES Changes in the future climate system are variable.

100km N

1°C

Seasonal rainfall is highly variable. There is a trend towards higher winter rainfall, particularly in the west of Britain. Whilst summer rainfall may decline on average, rainstorms may become heavier when they do occur.

5-10%

Spiders

Woodice

Aquatic bugs

Ground beetles

Fish

Butterflies

Dragonflies & damselflies

1-2mm

Birds

Severe wind events have become more frequent in the past few decades. Sea level around the UK rose by about 1-2mm/year during the 20th century.

Expected range shift (km)

Mammals

Humidity: Relative humidity may decrease by up to 5-10% during summer, with the greatest reductions in Southern England and smaller reductions further north.

Mean of observed range shift (km)

Reptiles & amphibians

CONTEXT

Average temperatures have increased by nearly 1°C since the 1980s. All UK regions are expected to warm – more so in summer than in winter.

Reference: Hickling, R., Roy, D. B., Hill, J. K., Fox, R. and Thomas, C. D. (2006) “The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards: TAXONOMIC GROUPS SHIFTING POLEWARDS.” Global change biology, 12(3) pp. 450–455. Living With Environmental Change Network (2015) Biodiversity Climate Change Impacts. [Online] [Accessed February 22nd, 2021] https://nerc.ukri.org/research/partnerships/ride/lwec/report-cards/ Illustration of the range shift of species groups (100km is about 10% of the length of the British mainland from south to north) biodiversity/.

A /WE WE/ CITY

EMERGING PATTERNS

CONTEXT

Studies have shown that under the influence of the urban heat island effect, urban areas have a more significant performance than rural areas.

100km

• Species are likely to continue to shift their distribution northwards and to high altitudes in response to increasing temperatures. • Many animal species, especially those with more southerly distributions, are colonising new areas to the north of their historical range, consistent with recorded increases in temperature; good data are available for a range of groups including birds, butterflies and dragonflies • Species that are unable to shift distribution to keep pace with climate change may experience reduction in their range extent and local extinction. Vulnerable species include those on isolated mountain tops or in fragmented habitats as well as those with slow rates of dispersal and low reproductive rates.

Woodland

Brown hare

Tree Sparrow

Skylark

Song Thrush

Pipistrelle Bat

S Hedgerow

Grassland

Linnet

Spotted Flycatcher Reed Bunting

Bullfinch

Hedgehog

Grey Partridge European Mantid Red-tailed Hawk Short-eared Owl Savannah Sparrow

100km

NG Species

Emerging Patterns

According to Wild about Biodiversity Strategy File, we conclude the priority species in different habitats.

Species are likely to continue to shift their distribution northwards and to high altitudes in response to increasing temperatures.

Reference: Living With Environmental Change Network (2015) Biodiversity Climate Change Impacts. [Online] [Accessed February 22nd, 2021] https://nerc.ukri. org/research/partnerships/ride/lwec/report-cards/biodiversity/.

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

CONTEXT

A /WE WE/ CITY

1. How to generate a balanced relationship between residents, green space and ecosystem? 2. How to generate all-age-friendly community clusters and design suitable public spaces for each community? 3. How to form a sustainable green ecosystem?

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, we extract and summarize from a large number of site analyses in Studio1, combined with the challenges of the MCC we chose, and finally determine the main problems we want to solve: adaptation and green space. After deeper analysis of this chapter, we found that the large amount of green space here has not been well used and developed, and the accessibility of various venues and communities is not very convenient. Finally, there is the problem of regional population growth and aging population. We need to comprehensively create a sense of community happiness and belonging for them. Also, maintaining biodiversity.

THEORY

This chapter includes the theoretical part and the approach of the urban level that we studied. The main theory is Resilience following Complexity Adaptive System (Studio 1). And we will Patch Dynamic as our methodology in ecology. We study if there is a theoretical basis to develop predictions and applications for future urban adaptability.

A /WE WE/ CITY

PATCH DYNAMICS

THEORY

What is Patch Dynamics?

Patch Dynamics Patch dynamics is a conceptual approach to ecosystem and habitat analysis that emphasizes dynamics of heterogeneity within a system (i.e. that each area of an ecosystem is made up of a mosaic of small 'sub-ecosystems').

Photo from: https://freshfarmhouse.tumblr.com/post/164003925066/dominik-sartoriusdoeeme

A /WE WE/ CITY

PATCH DYNAMICS

We use Patch dynamics as our methodology in ecology.

THEORY

Conservation Implications

Individual Forest Patch

First, the prominent role of disturbances in the patch dynamics concept implies that manipulating the disturbance regime (the spatial and temporal patterns of disturbance) can be an effective method of ecosystem management, particularly for conservation and ecological restoration. Second, the concept of patch dynamics suggests that to conserve biodiversity or restore and manage ecosystems successfully, ecological processes (such as nutrient cycling) and ecosystem resilience (the amount of disturbances an ecosystem can absorb without changing its basic structure and function) should take precedence over targeted end points and the preservation of equilibrium states. Third, hierarchical patch dynamics indicates that pattern and process operate on multiple scales and, thus, conservation, ecological restoration, and ecosystem managers must consider factors beyond the target patch, and the landscape context in which the ecosystem resides cannot be ignored. （Jianguo,2019)

Cluster of Forest Patch

Greater Patch Mosiac Scale in Ecological Investigations A forest patch nested within a landscape mosaic. Source from Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Redrawn by ourselves.

Reference: https://www.britannica.com/science/patch-dynamics

A /WE WE/ CITY

LOOP OF URBAN SYSTEM

Land Use Diversity

Proposed Causal Loop: We intervented our approach within the existing systems. +

+ Infrastructure

THEORY

Intervention with the System The new intervention of Patch dynamics and Adaptive approach can have positive effects beyond climate change and pollution and improves infrastructure, biodiversity, green/blue space and health/wellbeing. This intervention creates a more balanced system with benefits to urban development, society and ecology system.

Patch Dynamics and Adaptive Approach

Ecology System

Negative polarity

Cause

+ +

Biodiversity

+ +

Urban Environment

B +

Positive polarity

+ +

Spatial Planning

+ +

Open and Public Space

Density

Urban Development

Population

+ +

Economic Activity

Green/Blue Space

Climate Change and Pollution

+ People's changing requirement

Effect

B + +

Aging Population

Health & W ellbeing

Reference: Anderson, V. and Johnson, L. (2007). Systems thinking basics. 1st ed. Waltham, Mass.: Pegasus Communications.

A /WE WE/ CITY

RESILIENCE & URBAN RESILIENCE

"A Resilience Theory Frame" Source: Reference from [Berkes et al, 2003]

Although the concept of resilience has been applied in a variety of settings (e.g., psychology, psychiatry, ecology, social science, economy, and engineering) for several decades (Renschler et al. 2010, Rose 2009), it has received an increasing amount of attention in the area of risk management over the past several years. In the case of natural and man-made threats, analyses of resilience have focused on critical infrastructures, communities, and regions and on the resilience of various subsystems (e.g., a community’s or region’s economy, governmental units, emergency services sector, the civilian population).

Change/Sress /Shock

Social-ecological System

THEORY

Conservation

(Re)organization

Innovation learning

Memory institutions

Capacity to adapt to change

Growth

Collapse

Exploitation

Release

Sustainability "Resilience" Urban resilience has conventionally been defined as the "measurable ability of any urban system, with its inhabitants, to maintain continuity through all shocks and stresses, while positively adapting and transforming towards sustainability".Therefore, a resilient city is one that assesses, plans and acts to prepare for and respond to hazards - natural and human-made, sudden and slow-onset, expected and unexpected. Resilient Cities are better positioned to protect and enhance people's lives, secure development gains, foster an investible environment, and drive positive change.

Reference: Rundgren,G.(2016) https://www.resilience.org/about-resilience/ Reference from [Berkes et al, 2003]

A /WE WE/ CITY

URBAN ECOLOGY

From the analysis of urban ecology to the decision of the urban scale

Urban Ecology

THEORY

Urban ecology is the scientific study of the relation of living organisms with each other and their surroundings in the context of an urban environment. The urban environment refers to environments d o m i n a t e d by h i g h - d e n s i t y re s i d e n t i a l a n d commercial buildings, paved surfaces, and other urban-related factors that create a unique landscape dissimilar to most previously studied environments in the field of ecology. Thus, we want to make the human, residential environment more adapt to the time changing, simultaneously, satisfy the ecology development and seldom the resource waste.

Micro

Meso

Urban Scale

A /WE WE/ CITY

THEORY LOGIC FRAME Human and Social-ecological

Ecosystem

Challenge 3

Site analysis

Challenge 4

Open Space

Population Distribution

New urban development

High-quality public space

Integration of ecosystem

Park

Activity of different age group

Residents adaptation

Well-being and diversity

Climate and ecology

Ecological Networks

Human and Social-ecological Complexity Adaptive System

Grasshopper: Iterative algorithm

THEORY

Climate

High-quality public spaces

Main Theory

Well-being

Consideration Resilience

Focus

Ecosystem

All-age-friendly

Green space

Ecological Resilience

Suitable public space Proposed Situation

Different Age Structures

Reflection

Greenway

Design system

Climate change and ecological diversity Biodiversity

Sustainable green ecosystem

Model analysis Urban form prediction

Balanced relationship Patch Dynamics Contrast

Existing Problem

Grasshopper: Iterative algorithm

Design Methodology

Existing Situation

Space Type

Land Cover Classification

Scale Application Function

Participatory Design

Computaional thinking

Spatial layout

Construction Concepts

CONCLUSION

I n t h i s c h a p t e r, w e h ave re s e a rc h e d a n d determined the theory and the methodology that are instructive for us, and at the same time sorted out a theoretical logical chain and overall framework of our entire project. We also study how to use these theories in our project. At the same time, we will study how methodologies are applied to the analysis of urban design. And find the methodology-patch dynamics is a suitable method for our future deconstruction of urban deconstruction.

STRATEGY

Here we show our overall design ideas and the use of computer software-aided design.

A /WE WE/ CITY

SCOPE OF CITY RIVER PARK Determine the scope of City River Irk Park.

STRATEGY

Demolish and Transfer

Based on the analysis of building use and height information. The scope of City River Park will be outlined generally. Accordingly, the scope of communities will be decided, too. In order to create a better ecological atmosphere, the more polluting factories on both sides of the river will be removed to reduce the waste of ecological resources. The communities in the north of the river will be transferred to the east for subsequent unified planning and arrangement to provide residents with a better living environment. In order to improve the adaptability of neighbourhood communities, all existing communities in Northern Gateway will be redesigned and laid out. Besides, the commercial office area close to the city center has more diverse functions and more complex business formats. As a transition zone between the city center and NG, it will be retained.

City River Irk Park Demolish

RE - Design/Layout

Demolish

Re-plan Residential Area

Reserve

Reserve Commercial and Office Area Close to Downtown

Demolish & Re-construction

Scope of Construction

In the City River Park, industries along the river will be demolished, and the community in the north of the river will be transferred to the east.

City River Irk Park, re-plan area and reserved area are defined according to the distribution of functions in Northern Gateway and the contour information.

A /WE WE/ CITY

WORKFLOW FOR THEORIES

This diagram shows what we integrate the theories and computational tools we use in the research process.

STRATEGY

Tool: City River Park Designer

Review of the existing topography

Stage-1

Re-planning green Spaces and green corridors Stage-2

Theory: Ecological Resilience

Tool: Distance Decay Model

Define roads and networks

Stage-3

Theory: Patch Dynamics

Land use zoning

Stage-4

Tool: Voxeltools for Grasshopper

Community & Amenities

Stage-5

Theory: Complexity Adaptive System

STRATEGY

A /WE WE/ CITY

DESIGN WORKFLOW

In the early stage, the original green space of the plot was preserved, and the concept of respecting ecology and maintaining ecological balance was used for urban-level design.

Village park

At the same time, we have also preserved the water environment, and in the future, we want to work hard to improve the water environment to bring benefits to residents, regions, and even animals and plants. We mainly use computer-aided tools for the division of plots. In the early stage, we need to analyze the overall data of the surrounding environment and the purpose of using road connections in the future. Parks/green space

Step1

Step2

Step3

Site plan & Geometry

Generate street network

Divide plots

Identify what we reserve in the site

Analyze suitable road connections

According to a certain modulus

STRATEGY

A /WE WE/ CITY

DESIGN WORKFLOW

Define the suitable building typologies for different land use. Study how to adapt them to block divisions and population distribution. According to different data analysis, such as population data, per capita green space occupancy data, analyze the architectural style that adapts to future changes, and whether this style can be changed with the change of data. Create a digital display. Set up adjustable modules. To study the pros and cons of future urban development.

Step4

Step5

Step6

Determine land use zoning

Design building modules

Design ecological and transportation

Iteratively change suitable land use zoning

Place the community unit into the plot

Connect residential units with City River Park

A /WE WE/ CITY

CHALLENGE SOLVING

This page explains how we can address these two challenges in the design process

Challenge 3

Challenge 4

Application

STRATEGY

Urban scale

Block scale

· Diversity public space/Improve well-being

Hybrid community

Education

Water park

Commercial centre

Mixed age entertainment space

Medical treatment

· Preserving Green Space and river · Integrate and disperse green space

Living level Preserve

Hybrid community

Improve

Ecology level Variable service Spaces (together with residential areas)

Living level · Mixed residential and service communities · Variable service units to accommodate changes in the share of each age group

Variable service Spaces (separate from residential area)

CONCLUSION

This chapter mainly introduces how we step by step from the overall design of the city to the building. And how we integrate computer tools and theory into each step. This chapter gives readers a general understanding and introduces detailed urban design and community planning later.

URBAN GENERATION The urban design chapter recreates a brand new north gateway suitable for people's living environment, covering everything from ecological and water analysis to the generative design of plots.

A /WE WE/ CITY

BUILDING USE

River Irk

Residential

Commercial

Utilities

Transport

NG Boundary

Religious

Retail

Storage

Government

Office

Recreation

Industry

Educational

The riverfront is a transition between the work area and the residential area.

As a Bridge

URBAN GENERATIN

Research on the use of existing buildings, the commercial and office areas in the west and south transition to the residential areas in the east through the river irk, so the riverfront can be used as a transition to balance the two. The riverfront area as a bridge connects the different functions of the entire North Gateway area even more than that of the North Gateway area. Among them, the local residents of North Gateway will directly benefit. Therefore, we can use River Irk as the starting point to integrate the waterfront ecology, create a hydrophilic space, and spread to the residential area through the preservation and transformation of green space, thereby forming a complete large-scale ecological residential community.

River Irk Ecosystem

Balance

Working Zone

Residential Zone

Reference: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/geomni

A /WE WE/ CITY

HEIGHT INFORMATION

Height Line

River Irk

Government

Contour Line 50m NG Boundary

The residential area has a higher terrain relative to the River Irk. 50m

50m

URBAN GENERATIN

River Irk Basin In the existing site, the site is separated by a 50-meter contour line. On the left is River Irk and the ecological area, and on the right is the community plot of North Gateway. The river ecological zone transitions to the middle of the urban area in the form of a basin. This can be the starting point for urban design.

50m 45m

45m

A B

45m Ecology

30-35m River Basin Residence

45m

50m

Reference: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/ordnance survey

A /WE WE/ CITY

RIVER IRK BASIN

The higher residential areas on both sides enclose the river ecological area into a mini-basin ecology.

50m Railroad tracks separate the river basin from the city, making the river ecology more isolated. The height difference of the existing site here is small, which can better extend the ecology to the living community. The soil on both sides of the river is more fertile, and more biodiversity can be developed along the river.

45m

URBAN GENERATIN

30m

A-A

The original site here has a large height difference, and the ecological form has transitioned from the river to the community from bottom to top: from low shrubs to small vegetation to broad-leaved vegetation. The fertile soil along the river and 15m height difference are more suitable for the growth of interesting wetland ecology.

50m 45m

30m

B-B

A /WE WE/ CITY

LANDCOVER

River Irk

Broadleaved Woodland

Improved Grassland

NG Boundary

Arable & Horiticulture

Neutral Grassland

The three main types of landcover are Broadleaved woodland, Grassland and Arable land.

Landcover Types

URBAN GENERATIN

There are mainly three types of landcover vegetation on North Gateway's existing site: broadleaved woodland, grassland and cultivated land. We will make ecological creation based on the existing landcover types, and choose planting based on the main vegetation and crops in England.

Broadleaved Woodland

Olk

Ash

Birch

Grassland Neutral Grassland

Improved Grassland

Arable & Horiticulture Wheat

Barley

Oat

Beet

Potato

Reference: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/environment https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/tools-and-resources/statistics/forestry-statistics/forestry-statistics-2018/woodland-areas-and-planting/national-forest-inventory/woodland-area-by-species-broadleaves/

A /WE WE/ CITY

GEOLOGY - PERMEABILITY The permeability of the land on both sides of the river area at different locations directly affects the hydrological ecology of River Irk.

River Irk

Bedrock / Superficial Deposits

Very High

NG Boundary

High

Artificial Deposit

Moderate

Permeability

URBAN GENERATIN

Permeability defines how easily a fluid flows through a porous material. Materials with a high permeability allow easy flow, while materials with a low permeability resist flow. The infiltration process from river to land is also the process of land from wet to dry and vegetation type from aquatic to terrestrial. Bedrocks and soils with different degrees of permeability are suitable for different ecological environments.

Wet

Dry

Hydrophyte

The land contains moderate moisture, which is suitable for the growth and planting of vegetation.

The land contains high water content, which is suitable for the growth of hydrophilic vegetation and wetland environment.

Broadleaved

Reference: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/geology Popham, V (2019). Resin infusion for the manufacture of large composite structures. [Online] [Accessed May 4th, 2021] https://www. sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/permeability.

A /WE WE/ CITY

Rock Type

GEOLOGY - SOIL & ROCK Determine the vegetation attributes at different locations of the river by analyzing the soil and rock types.

Soil Texture "Please click the button to see the change.

River Irk NG Boundary Artificial Ground

Bedrock

Mudstone Sandstone

Superficial Deposits

Mudstone, Siltstone and Sandstone

Sand and Gravel Clay, Silt, Sand and Gravel

Others are Diamicton (DMTN)

URBAN GENERATIN

Soil and Vegetative Cover

Sand

Loam

Clay

Sandy soil refers to soil that is a mixture of more than 80% sand and less than 20% clay. Refers to soil with a lot of sand. This kind of soil is loose and has good water and air permeability, but its ability to retain water and fertilizer is poor, so it needs to be improved when it is cultivated.

Among the soil particles, the soil with moderate content of clay, powder and sand is aerated and permeable, droughttolerant and floodresistant, and has strong resistance to stress. It is easy to cultivate into a high-yield and stableyield soil. It is also an ideal agricultural soil.

Clay soil contains few sand particles, high soil viscosity, it is difficult to disperse, and has a strong ability to store water and fertilizer, and is suitable for the growth of plants with long rhizomes.

Hydrophyte/Shrubs

Agriculture/Foundation

Broadleaved Woodland

Reference: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/geology

A /WE WE/ CITY

CITY RIVER PARK STRATEGY

River Irk

Deluxe Residence

Public Activity Area

Leisure Grassland

NG Boundary

Broadleaved Woodland

Arable & Horiticulture

Broaden River Irk

To analyze the geology of the existing site and figure out the most reasonable river ecosystem of North Gateway. Woodland

According to the distribution of existing vegetation on the site and the soil texture, it is mostly clay. Woodland can also be used as a link between different ecology and a large natural oxygen bar.

URBAN GENERATIN

Urban Farm

Public Activity

According to the land coverage of the existing site and the nature of use, urban arable land can be used as an urban metabolic system by decomposing garbage into nutrients and recycling it. Inclusing picking garden to absorb more people to join nature.

At the intersection of the ecological area and the residential area, it is the center of the entire North Gateway. To activate NG by establishing public open spaces to promote ecological and human communication and attract residents to this activity.

Grassland

According to the land coverage of the existing site and the low permeability of the river, the northern pastures provide residents with a quieter leisure and natural recreation place for sunbathing.

Wetland

RiverIrk's trend here is more winding, and the terrain is the lowest; the soil structure and rock types are more sandy and loam, suitable for the growth of aquatic plants; the river has the highest permeability here. Widening rivers to form small river wetlands can better promote the development of biodiversity and ecosystems, and provide a better green environment for NG. It is also the best leisure place for residents.

100

101

A /WE WE/ CITY

TOOL LOGIC For Residents

Residents

URBAN GENERATIN

Challenge 04

Network

Design Tool

For Planners

City River Park

Site Analysis

102

The tool enables them to design a city river park instructed by some hints from the site analysis. They can choose different typologies to generate a city river park they like.

Ecology Typology

Planners

The tool enables them to gather visions and data from the residents of the city river park. Base on it, they can implement a city river park adaptable for residents.

103

A /WE WE/ CITY

PROGRAMTIC LOGIC

Submit and Generate After the user uploads his/ her design of the river park. The system will then record the information and the designs together as data of the residents.

The process of the program.

Site Analysis

URBAN GENERATIN

Park 1

Park 2

Residents

Design Tool

Water Ecology

Circulation

Greenery

Sport and Recreation

Public Space

Planners

Data Analysis

Park 3 For Residents

Study the Site

5 Typologies

For Planners

A Better Design

The tool enables them to design a city river park instructed by some hints f ro m t h e s i t e a n a l y s i s . They can choose different typologies to generate a city river park they like.

Firstly, a series of analysis was done and put into the program.

The user can choose any element from the 5 typologies to build their favourite river parks. The program will generate what t h e y c h o o s e a c c o rd i n g to the lines or areas they drawn.

The tool enables them to gather visions and data from the residents of the city river park.

Base on the data collected from the residents of the N o r t h e r n G a t e w a y, t h e planners can implement a city river park adaptable for residents.

Users need to type in some basic information about themselves to enter this tool.

104

When the user wants to edit any typo from the 5 typos, there will be hints showing on the model which indicates where is better for this type.

Park 4

105

CITY RIVER PARK ECOSYSTEM

City River Park Ecosystem

Due to the special space in which the waterfront is located, it often functions as a gateway and window to the city. Therefore, it is particularly important to comprehensively and scientifically carry out the function and landscape transformation for the waterfront area of the city center. A City River Park ecosystem helps to guide the development of the human-water relationship in a harmonious direction, helps to enhance the function of the urban natural ecosystem, helps to enhance the urban water conservancy economy, helps to highlight the city's characteristics of the times, and helps improve the city's comprehensive competitiveness. The waterfront landscape design enhances the functions of the urban natural ecosystem through comprehensive and reasonable planning for its functions such as water supply, flood control and drainage, provision of green space, and nature protection.

City

108

River

Reference: https://www.sasaki.com/projects/chicago-riverwalk/ https://jamesriverpark.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/JRPS_Master_Plan-2019_10_16-final.pdf https://www.gooood.cn/hongkou-north-bund-waterfront-masterplan-and-public-realm-hassell.htm https://www.gooood.cn/a-resilient-landscape-jinhua-yanweizhou-park-by-turenscape.htm

Park

Chicago Riverwalk, Chicago Recasting an industrial and underutilized waterfront into a bustling urban destination through a feat of design and engineering. Figure 3.An area of unspoiled natural beauty and adventure recreation

URBAN GENERATIN

Fundamentally, to change the impact of the development of the national economy on the environment, people are increasingly aware of the premise of the transformation of development and construction, and the huge social and economic value of the development and construction of the City River Park.

James River Park System, Richmond Conserve the James River Park System as a sustaining natural counterpoint to urban life, balancing both active recreation and passive enjoyment of the Park while preserving and protecting the natural environment.

Figure 2. Reconnecting Shanghai’s North Bund waterfront

An introduction of the City River Park Ecosystem.

The North Bund Waterfront, Shanghai The North Bund Waterfront masterplan took an effort to open up public access to both visitors and local residents of the district. Figure 4. The aerial view of the park during the dry season

CITY RIVER PARK ECOSYSTEM

Figure 1. Chicago Riverwalk Regeneration

A /WE WE/ CITY

Yanweizhou Wetland, Jinhua Through an experimental project, Yanweizhou Wetland explored how to realize the ecological, social and cultural flexibility of the landscape through design. 109

A /WE WE/ CITY

PRECEDENT STUDIES 1

Typology Study

Design Strategies of Chicago Riverwalk. Introduction

URBAN GENERATIN

The backbone of the Chicago River has a long and rich history, which in many ways presents the development of the city of Chicago itself. The Chicago River used to be a meandering swamp, but it was later hardened and transformed into an engineering channel to support the transformation of the city to an industrial type. In order to improve sanitation, the city reversed the direction of the main river and its branches to the south. After that, architect and urban designer Daniel Burnham proposed a new vision for the riverside promenade and the Wacker Road viaduct. In the past ten years, the role played by the river has been transformed again with the Chicago Riverfront Project-regaining the urban ecology and leisure benefits of the Chicago River.

The River Theater: A sculptural staircase linking Upper Wacker and the Riverwalk offers pedestrian connectivity to the water’s edge and seating, while trees provide greenery and shade.

Staircase

Ramps

The Jetty: A series of piers and floating wetland gardens offers an interactive learning environment about the ecology of the river, including opportunities for fishing and identifying native plants.

Riverside Learning Landscape

Platform with Seats

The Marina Plaza: Restaurants and outdoor seating provide views of vibrant life on the water, including passing barges, patrols, water taxis, and sightseeing boats.

Riverside Seating

Seating Area Under Tree

According to the requirements of the municipal engineering survey, the design team needs to implement the trail reconstruction project in the construction area limited to 7.6 meters wide, and coordinate with a series of areas under the bridge across the street.

Chicago Riverwalk Concept Typologies

Figure 1. Six blocks with six visions of the Chicago Riverwalk.

Reference: Chicago Riverwalk (n.d.) Sasaki.com. [Online] [Accessed May 4th, 2021] https://www.sasaki.com/projects/chicago-riverwalk/.

110

111

A /WE WE/ CITY

PRECEDENT STUDIES 1

Typology Study

Design Strategies of Chicago Riverwalk. Public Space

URBAN GENERATIN

The task at hand was technically challenging. The design team, for instance, needed to work within a tight permit-mandated 25-foot-wide build-out area to expand the pedestrian program spaces and negotiate a series of under-bridge connections between blocks. Further, the design had to account for the river’s annual flood dynamics of nearly seven vertical feet. Rather than a path composed of 90-degree turns, the team reconceived of the path as a more independent system—one that, through changes in its shape and form, would drive a series of new programmatic connections to the river.

The Cove: Kayak rentals and docking for human-powered crafts provide physical connections to the water through recreation.

Seating Area

Kayak Platform

The Water Plaza: A water feature offers an opportunity for children and families to engage with water at the river’s edge.

Artificial Fountain

Waterside Platform

The Boardwalk: An accessible walkway and new marine edge creates continuous access to Lake Street and sets the scene for future development in this critical space at the confluence.

Continuous ramps

Grass Slope

With new connections that enrich and diversify life along the river, each block takes on the form and program of a different river-based typology. These spaces include: The River Theater, The Jetty, The Marina Plaza,The Cove,The Water Plaza, The Boardwalk.

Figure 1. Linear Waterfront Park Plan of the Chicago Riverwalk.

Reference: Chicago Riverwalk (n.d.) Sasaki.com. [Online] [Accessed May 4th, 2021] https://www.sasaki.com/projects/chicago-riverwalk/.

112

113

A /WE WE/ CITY

PRECEDENT STUDIES 2

Typology Study

Design Strategies of The James River Park. Wilderness in the City

URBAN GENERATIN

The James River Park, a unique part of Richmond’s Department of Parks, Recreation and Community Facilities, includes acres of shoreline and islands in the capital of Virginia, extending in 14 sections from the Huguenot Bridge in the west to a half mile beyond the I-95 Bridge in the east. It includes most of the fall line of the James River. Rocks, rapids, meadows, and forests make for an area of unspoiled natural beauty — a little bit of wilderness in the heart of the city. The James River Park’s natural beauty is a welcome oasis for visitors. Celebrated for its wildlife, water access points, multi-use trails, fisheries and birding, the park offers unique adventure opportunities for everyone.

Canoeing/Kayaking/SUP

Jogging/Trail Running/ Hiking/Dog Walking

Rock Climbing

Landscape Trail

Climbing

Swimming/Tubing

Wildlife Researching

Fishing

Original Ecological Forest

Amenity Water

Cycling

Birdwatching

Photographing

Cycling

Woodland

Activity and Park

Well-being

Within the James River Park, opportunities abound for on-your-own active or contemplative activities, or you can join a park sponsored JRPS Adventure Recreation Program or a commercial guided adventures. Of course, as a natural area with twisty trails, rugged rocks, a raging river, and more, the park has dangers within it.

Reference: The James River Park (n.d.) Jamesriverpark.org. [Online] [Accessed May 4th, 2021] https:// jamesriverpark.org/visit-the-park/things-to-do/https://densityatlas.org/measure.

114

115

A /WE WE/ CITY

PRECEDENT STUDIES 3

Typology Study

Resilient Design Strategies of Jinhua Yanweizhou Park. Adapative to floods Through an experimental project, it explored how to realize the ecological, social and cultural resilience of the landscape through design.

URBAN GENERATIN

Water resilient terrain and plantings are designed to adapt to the monsoon floods. A resilient bridge and paths system are designed to adapt to the dynamic water currents and people flows. The bridge and paths connect the city with nature and connect the past to the future. Resilient spaces are created to fulfill the need for temporary, intensive use by the audience from the opera house, yet are adaptable for daily use by people seeking intimate and shaded spaces. The river currents, the flow of people, and the gravity of objects are all woven together to form a dynamic concord. This is achieved through the meandering vegetated terraces, curvilinear paths, a serpentine bridge, circular bio-swales and planting beds, and curved benches. The project has given the city a new identity and is now acclaimed as its most poetic landscape.

Curved Sky Corridor 1

Curved Sky Corridor 2

Curved Sky Corridor3

Sightseeing Platform

The aerial view of the park during the dry season, note the lush tall grasses covering the terraces on the embankment. The terraces are enriched by silt deposit during the flood season (towards the west, photo in November 2014).

High Medium Low Very Low Northern Gateway Irk River Flood Risk

The aerial view of the park during the monsoon season showing a 20-year flood and testifying to the flood resilient design. Note the uninterrupted connection of the city through the bridge (towards the west, photo in May 2014).

Ecological Terraces

Wetland

Reference: A RESILIENT LANDSCAPE: Jinhua Yanweizhou Park by Turenscape (n.d.) Gooood.cn. [Online] [Accessed May 4th, 2021] https://www.gooood.cn/a-resilient-landscape-jinhua-yanweizhou-park-by-turenscape.htm?lang=en.

116

117

A /WE WE/ CITY

PRECEDENTS' TYPOLOGY

Water Ecology(River Ecology)

We defined the different typologie into 5 categories.

Water Ecology

River Ecology is a system comprising of the river itself and the land alongside it. It's the zone where the non-living components of the river like water, rocks, sediment etc are intrinsically connected to living organisms like fish, plants, microbes etc. The river ecology comprises of four dimensions namely the Length, Width, Depth and Time of the river flow.

Circulation

URBAN GENERATIN

Typology

Circulation

Typology is the study of types or the systematic classification of the types of something according to their common characteristics. From studying different River Parks' precedents, we classify the ecological composition of City River Parks into five typologies, they are er ecology, circulation, greenery, sport and recreation and public space. With these five typologies together, a City River Park will benefit not only the ecosystem, but also social and economic of the city.

The circulation system of a City River Park connects the various parts together in different ways, increasing the diversity of the space and facilitating visitors to participate in various activities.

Greenery

Greenery in our living environment benefits more than just our health and well-being. It also facilitates water management and promotes biodiversity in built-up areas, and can help reduce the effects of noise pollution. Greenery also helps to raise the property value of homes and offices. A wide range of different types of vegetation in a city will ensure a high degree of biodiversity. The more varied the greenery, the more life it will attract.

Sport and Recreation

Sport and recreation space in a City River Park provides a bigger space for residents to do sports and recreation, and it helps to build stronger, healthier, happier, and safer communities. Communities that participate in sport and recreation develop strong social bonds, are safer places and the people who live in them are generally healthier and happier than places where physical activity isn’t a priority.

Public Space

Reference: Benefits to the community (n.d.) Gov.au. [Online] [Accessed May 4th, 2021] https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/benefits-to-the-community.

118

Public Space

Public space in a City River Park offers a better environment for people to communicate, have a rest or do some research on the ecology. Public spaces play a vital role in the social and economic life of communities. New kinds of public spaces and meeting places are now being created in City River Parks, which can be an important social and environmental resource.

119

A /WE WE/ CITY

CITY RIVER PARK ECOLOGY TYPOLOGY We defined the different typologies into 5 categories.

URBAN GENERATIN

Water Ecology

120

Circulation

Greenery

Sport and Recreation

Public Space

Lake

River

Continuous Ramp

Ramp

Ecological Terraces

Grass Slope

Kayak Platform

Football Field

Waterside Platform

Riverside Seating

Stream

Pond

Staircase

Landscape Trail

Riverside Learning Landscape

Flat Green

Climbing Wall

Cricket Court

Seating Area

Sightseeing Platform

Island

Waterfall

Bike Path

Curved Sky Corridor Above Ground

Ecological Forest

Grass Field

Badminton Court

Tennis Court

Seating Area Under Tree

Fountain

Wetland

Amenity Water

Curved Sky Corridor Above Water

Corridor Connect Water and Ground

Landscape Forest

Woodland

Skateboard Park

Concert Hall

Platform with Seats

Kids Playground

Rocks in Water

Sand Riverside

Path

Ecological Path

Small Hill

Urban Greenhouse

Basketball Court

Fitness

Waterside Building

Above Water Building

121

A /WE WE/ CITY

AREAS OF 5 TYPOLOGIES

URBAN GENERATIN

When the user wants to edit any typo from the 5 typos, there will be hints showing on the model which indicates where is better for this type.

Reset

"Please click the button to see the change.

122

123

The start page of the 'Designer'.

Please move your mouse on each button, thanks!

"Please click the button to see the change.

124

Video Link

125

A /WE WE/ CITY

Everyone is Planner

SELECTION OF ECO-TYPE

Different people can choose their favourite ecological type based on their own needs.

This page mainly introduces three samples that different people have right to decide their own City River Irk Park. According to their preferences and needs, they can select their favourite types among ecological typology. The generation of City River Irk Park aims to give every resident the opportunity to participate in the design.

Grace (27 years old)

Jamie (75 years old)

She is the student at Abbott community primary school, she wants to participate in some interesting activities or learn some knowledge that she cannot learn in school after class. She prefers to interact with nature and creative spaces.

She is an artist and teaching assistant. She likes to go outside to relax and participate in some ourdoor exercise after busy work. Also she prefers more public spces to meet with her friends and party.

Bereaved, the child does not live nearby, the long-term closed life causes his character to be withdrawn. He eagers to accompany, and more interaction between neighbors. He wants to saunter in the nature everyday.

URBAN GENERATIN

Sally (12 years old)

126

127

A /WE WE/ CITY

RANKING OF ECO-TYPE

The choice of each ecological type among people of different ages dominates City River Park's design tendency and provides data support for the design of City River Park.

URBAN GENERATIN

Typology Ranking Top 3 in Different People

128

1st

2nd

3rd

1st

2nd

3rd

1st

2nd

3rd

1st

2nd

3rd

1st

2nd

3rd

Amenity Water

Sand Riverside

Island

Wetland

Waterfall

Island

Lake

Wetland

Lake

Pond

Island

Lake

Stream

Pond

Ecological Path

Curved Sky Corridor above Water

Ecological Path

Bike Path

Curved Connecting Water and Ground

Landscape Trail

Ecological Path

Bike Path

Ramp

Path

Ecological Path

Landscape Forest

Ecological Terraces

Urban Greenhouse

Landscape Forest

Urban Greenhouse

Flat Green

Fitness

Badminton Court

Curved Sky Corridor Curved Connecting above Water Water and Ground

Ecological Forest

Small Hill

Flat Green

Ecological Forest

Flat Slope

Flat Green

Flat Slope

Woodland

Flat Green

Football Field

Kayak Platform

Skateboard Park

Football Field

Kayak Platform

Cricket Court

Football Field

Badminton Court

Tennis Court

Football Field

Badminton Court

Tennis Court

Football Field

Sightseeing Platform

Fountain

Kids Playground

Waterside Platform

Fountain

Above Water Building

Riverside Seating

Waterside Platform

Riverside Seating

Above Water Building

Seating Area

Above Water Building Waterside Platform

Seating Area Under Platform with Seats Trees

Age 0-10

Age 10-20

Age 20-40

Age 40-60

Age 60+

The child has been active. They prefer to explore the world. In contact with the ecological environment, they like more interesting and creative ways. So some fun ecolgical types and spaces are chosen a lot, like amenity water, sky corridor and high sightseeing platform.

Young people are strong and energetic. In addition to enjoying interesting ecological interactions, they also like to participate in vigorous sports. Therefore, the sporty type is chosen by many young people, like bicycle, soccer and cricket. Interesting water space is also their favorite.

The lives of people in the 20 to 40 age group are full of study and work pressure, and they are eager to relax better during their rest time. A more natural ecological type is more suitable for their needs, and the maximized hydrophilic space and woodland make people under pressure feel relaxed.

Older adults are at the peak of their careers, and they want to live more health and leisure. While maximizing the appreciation and experience of natural ecology, it can also participate in more natural activities, such as picking green and harmless food in urban greenhouse farms.

The life of many elderly people in the UK is relatively lonely and boring, and may even be out of touch with society. In the ecological choice, they prefer to hang out in the original ecological nature and do some simple fitness to maintain vitality. In the park, a variety of landscape seating is also essential.

129

A /WE WE/ CITY

400 residents of different ages living in Northern Gateway were randomly selected to vote on all ecological types to select the ecological form they like and their imagination for the future City River Irk Park. The statistical results will help the designer to transform the existing riverside and create a new river ecosystem. Therefore, the new City River Irk Park will meet the needs of all residents for ecological life to the greatest extent.

STATISTICS OF ECO-TYPE

City River Irk Park will be designed according to the preferences of the residents.

URBAN GENERATIN

Lake

375

Rocks in Water

400

380

Amenity Water

200

Stream

400

River

400

363

Sand Riverside

280

Pond 400

400

155

Island

283

Waterfall

400

Wetland

321 400

203 400

369 400

According to statistics, the design of water ecology in the City River Park will use types Lake, Stream, River, Amenity Water, Island and Wetland.

Water Ecology 130

Circulation

Greenery

Sport & Recreation

Public Space

”Please click the bule button to see the change.

131

A /WE WE/ CITY

COMBINATION OF ECO-TYPE 22 The combination of ecological typology: Grassland in City River Park.

Water Ecology

Greenery

URBAN GENERATION

Circulation

Public Space

132

133

A /WE WE/ CITY

COMBINATION OF ECO-TYPE 23

The combination of ecological typology: Woodland and Urban Farm in City River Park.

Water Ecology

Greenery

URBAN GENERATION

Circulation

Sport & Recreation

Public Space

134

135

A /WE WE/ CITY

COMBINATION OF ECO-TYPE 24

The combination of ecological typology: Lake and Public Space in City River Park.

Water Ecology

Greenery

URBAN GENERATION

Circulation

Sport & Recreation

Public Space

136

137

A /WE WE/ CITY

COMBINATION OF ECO-TYPE 25 The combination of ecological typology: Wetland in City River Park.

Water Ecology

Greenery

URBAN GENERATION

Circulation

Sport & Recreation

Public Space

138

139

A /WE WE/ CITY Water Ecology

COMBINATION OF ECO-TYPE 26 The combination of ecological typology: Woodland in City River Park.

Water Ecology

Greenery

URBAN GENERATION

Circulation

Sport & Recreation

Public Space

140

141

STREET NETWORK GENERATION

A /WE WE/ CITY

The link of River Irk Park: Red Bridge; The link of North Gateway: Green Corridor

ECOLOGICAL LINKS Grassland Landscape Entrance

Trend of Green Corridor

Main Entrance

Green Corridor (abstract)

Main Spot of River Irk Park

Main Ecological type of River Irk Park

Red Bridge

URBAN GENERATIN

Woodland + Urban Farm

Wetland

Woodland + Activity Centre

144

Red Bridge

Green Corridor

Red Bridge is the link between each kind of ecology in City River Park, connecting five different ecosystems together. In order to create a resilient city, the red bridge was lifted above the ground to solve sudden problems such as riverside flooding. Meanwhile, it is also an aerial route for residents to play and watch, where people can freely shuttle through it without being hindered by traffic. Besides, several key nodes have been set up on the Red Bridge, which correspond to different ecology, public spaces and the main entrances of the park, making it more convenient for people to move around.

Starting from each node of the Red Bridge, the ecological atmosphere is extended to the east. The spread of the ecological environment is extended in the form of green corridor roads and extends to every urban plot. Therefore, the new urban road network will be constructed in a diffuse manner according to the direction of the green corridor. Green corridors will be graded, the main green corridors form the main road, and the secondary green corridors form the secondary roads. To increase biodiversity and help animals migrate.

145

A /WE WE/ CITY

ROAD NETWORK GENERATION

Road Hierarchy and Hot Spots Researches on the road network of Northern Gateway.

URBAN GENERATIN

Road Hierarchy The roads within the Northern Gateway mainly comprise of: main roads (A roads), secondary roads and local roads. Moreover, based on CIHT, streets hierarchy is also based on the movement and place function. These Place function varies according to the importance of the street and the predominant type of land use. The Movement function’s relative weight is based on the Place status such as social and infrastructural amenities.

High Streets (A Roads) Secondary Roads

Heavier Traffic Access

Residential Streets

Lower Traffic Access

Road Hierarchy

Hot Spots on the edge of the site

The key arterial route is Rochdale Rd, which has the potential to become a key agent in urbanizing the area and developing new key nodes connected to other parts of the site.

These connections with the our urban network should be maintained.

Reference: Manual for Streets 2 (2010), CIHT

146

147

A /WE WE/ CITY

GREEN CORRIDOR GENERATION

URBAN GENERATIN

Maintained roads and added green corridors of Northern Gateway.

Road Structure After we analyzed the centrality and the hierarchy of the origin road network of the Northern Gateway, we extracted the maintained road structure which is highly accessible and important to the surrounded areas.

Green Connection Maintained Roads

148

Added Green Corridors

Maintained Road Structure

Added Green Corridors

The maintained road structure is highly accessible and important to the surrounded areas.

The new main roads are a good connection of the urban area and the City River Park.

149

A /WE WE/ CITY

GREEN CORRIDOR SYSTEM

7.5m

Cycle Lane

Green Belt

Vehicle Lane

3.0m

Cycle Lane

7.5m

Green Belt

Vehicle Lane

3.0m

Primary Green Corridor

2.0m

3.0m

Four - Lane

The green corridor system will be divided into two levels. The primary green corridor is the basic trend of the green corridor system spreading from the ecology to each community. It separates bicycle lanes from motor vehicles and effectively blocks automobile exhaust. Meanwhile, the primary green corridor not only improves biodiversity and helps animals move, but also reduces noise pollution in the living environment on both sides of the road.

Green Belt

30m

Cycle Lane

URBAN GENERATIN

3.0m

Green Belt

In Nor thern Gateway, Roachdale Road is the main road that runs through the north and south of Northern Gateway, so it will be preserved and refurbished. Because this road is between the RCity River Irk Park and the residential area, in order to better extend the green space, the Roachdale Road as the only reserved road will be included in the new green corridor system, which will play an excessive role between nature and the community.

Green Belt

Roachdale Road (Renovation)

Cycle Lane

The renovation of Roachdale Road and the classification of green corridor system.

15m

3.0m

2.0m

Cycle Lane

Green Belt

Cycle Lane

2.0m 2.0m

Vehicle Lane

Secondary Green Corridor

The secondary green corridor is a branch of the primary green corridor, which corresponds to the road between the communities, so the secondary green corridor will be narrower. Similarly, it has the same barrier effect as the primary green corridor. In addition, through the diffusion and extension of secondary green corridors, the ecological environment is brought into every community or building group, which will help the formation of smallscale community ecology.

Green Space in Blocks

25m

2.0m 2.0m

15m

150

151

A /WE WE/ CITY

URBAN GRID RESEARCH

Anchorage

Atlanta

Beaufort

Boston

Chicago

Detroit

Great Falls

Honolulu

Lewiston

Lincoln

New York

Miami

Odessa

Owatonna

Paragonah

Portland

San Francisco

Salt Lake City

St.Louis

Washington

Population:420,000

Population:12,000

Population:620,000

Population:2700,000

Population:710,000

Population:50,000

Population:380,000

Population:37,000

Population:260,000

URBAN GENERATIN

Population:290,000

Population:8200,000

Scale: 0'

Population:400,000

Population:110,000

Population:26,000

Population:488

Population:580,000

Population:800,000

Population:190,000

Population:320,000

Population:600,000

400'

200'(60m)

400'(120m)

600'(180m)

Plot length

For this analysis, we used twenty city grids that range from a mere 150 by 150 feet, （just over one half acre,） to the ten acres of the largest American grid of Salt Lake City (660 by 660 feet). It consequently raises the inevitable question as to which would be a suitable candidate for a contemporary "town", "Planned Unit" or a suburban subdivision, if any at all. However, the range of these side lengths can be used as the basis of certain parameters for our research on the side length of our project, and can even be used for future research on land use rate considerations.

152

153

A /WE WE/ CITY

ROAD NETWORK GENERATION

URBAN GENERATIN

We used a grid system to divide the plots.

Main Road Structure New main streets are set and they build up the green corridor system.

Primary Roads Main Roads

Plot Division Secondary roads are set to form different blocks. Green spaces are plugged in to connect each other.

154

Main Road Structure

Plot Division

The main roads (main green corridors) are 30 meters wide, and the primary roads (primary green corridors) are 25 meters wide.

We use a grid system of 60*60 meters to divide the plots, the direction of the grids are according to the directions of the larger scale of districts.

155

A /WE WE/ CITY

ANGST MODEL- A ACCESSIBLE NATURAL GREENSPACE STANDARDS ANGSt is much more widely used and understood in the concept of planning for green infrastructure, than in determining standards of greenspace provision through the development control planning system.

URBAN GENERATIN

Defination The ANGSt model has its origins in a paper by Box and Harrison(1993), published in Town and Country Planning. In this paper the case for standards was made based on a review of the functions and values of natural greenspace as a provider of experience of the environment and protect its biodiversity. A survey of 20 planning obligation documents (which determined standards for green space provision), and 15 green infrastructure strategies, undertaken as part of this study in December 2009, found that: Out of 20 planning documents, 7 mentioned ANGSt, (35%) and 2 applied it as a standard for provision of green space (10%). Out of 15 Green Infrastructure Strategies, 9 mentioned ANGSt (60%) and 7 applied it (47%).

Requirement · No person should live more than 300m from their nearest area of natural greenspace of at least 2 ha in size. · Provision of at least 2 ha of Local Nature Reserve per 1000 population. · There should be at least one accessible 20 ha site within 2 km from home. · There should be one accessible 100 ha site within 5 km. · There should be one accessible 500 ha site within 10 km.

<300m 2ha <2km Reference: http://www.ukmaburbanforum.co.uk/docunents/other/nature_nearby.pdf

158

<5km

100ha 20ha 159

A /WE WE/ CITY

THE ANGST MODEL AFFECTS OUR GENERATIVE ATTRIBUTES We use the ANGSt model standard to form some of our generative attributes

<300m 2ha <2km

100ha

<5km

URBAN GENERATIN

20ha Green space walking distance Our project would find out the better solution to make sure people live no more than 300m from their nearest area of natural greenspace of at least 2ha in size.

Green space allocation per person 2ha

160

1000

Our project would provide at least 2ha of local nature reserve per 1000 population, namely green space allocation for per person would be larger than 20.

161

A /WE WE/ CITY

GENERATING DESIGN ITERATIONS

URBAN GENERATIN

Design strateies are turned to changeable parameters in urban scale.

The scale of urban grid determine the basic urban plot dimenstion

Main Road dimension would obey the city existing road's width

Secondary road contains the green corridor and streets

Small scale green space (Dog parks and neighbourhood parks included )

According to the ANGSt Model, No person should live more than 300m from their nearest area of natural greenspace of at least 2 ha in size.

Plot size is going to be made up of different modules

To increase the randomness of plot size

The number of population could be contained in the site

WHO indicates that there should be at least 9m2 per person

Urban Grid

Main Road Offset

Secondary Road Offset

Green space generated

Green space walking distance

Plot size

Plot size shuffle distribution

Population density

Green space allocation per person

80 70

60 50

40 30

162

30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

180

210

30000

160

180

26000

140

150

24000

120

22000

100

18000

16000

12000

34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10

163

A /WE WE/ CITY

Attributes

GENERATING DESIGN RESULT

After we determine the same urban grid, road and plot size, we keep finding out the better results of average green space walking distance and green space allocation per person. Thus, we chose the average green space allocation per peson above 20 and control all different solutions' green space distance under 300m according to ANGSt Model- A Accessible Natural Greenspace Standards.

Results testing and filtering for the outcome.

Urban Grid

Main Road Offset 20

Secondary Road Offset 18

URBAN GENERATIN

80 70

60 50

40 30

Green space generated 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6

Green space walking distance (m)

Plot size

Plot size shuffle distribution

Population density

180

210

30000

160

180

26000

140

150

24000

120

22000

100

18000

16000

12000

Green space allocation per person 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10

Generation2-Iteration03

Generation1-Iteration06 164

165

A /WE WE/ CITY

Evaluation Rule

We put each function different weight and falloff in distance decay model. Green patches values the most among the functions.

GENERATING RESULT VISUALIZATION

Very High

URBAN GENERATIN

We use the distance decay model to find out the effect of distance on interactions among different elements.

Moderate

Why distance decay model?

Small Green Patches

Residence

Commerce

Law of spatial interaction Distance and interaction are inversely proportional The shorter the distance the more likely interaction will occur; the greater the distance the less likely interaction occurs

Weight: 15 Falloff: 0.8

Weight: 10 Falloff: 0.4

Weight: 8 Falloff: 0.6

Slight

Low

Interaction Intensity

Height

Distance small: Interaction Strong

Distance large: Interaction slight

Increasing Distance

166

167

A /WE WE/ CITY

Attributes

Considering the urban interface design, green space quantity, green space area, green space walking distance and per capita green space allocation, we selected Generation1-Iteration15 for the next development.

GENERATING DESIGN RESULT

URBAN GENERATIN

The measurement results are presented.

Generation1-Iteration06

120 168

Generation2-Iteration03

Generation1-Iteration15

120

20500

120

24700

120

Generation2-Iteration20

26000

120

23400

24 169

A /WE WE/ CITY

LAND USE CLASSIFICATION Prefabricated residential design: Mixed function to meet the diverse needs/

URBAN GENERATION

Changing plug-in unit can satisfy ageing in space

Residential Commercial Office Cultural & Art Industry Education local nature reserve

170

Our analysis of land use is mainly based on prefabricated houses, surrounded by parks, commercial areas, and public cultural buildings. The prefabricated residential area is a mixed-type residence. In addition to age, there is a mixture of functions to meet the basic needs of residents. When long-distance shopping cannot be achieved, it can meet the basic living and entertainment needs. Thus we arrange the land use according to our setting rules. Using python script to have research on the relationship between each neighbourhood, and adjusting the land using the map.

171

A /WE WE/ CITY

ROAD NETWORK-GREEN SPACE

New Road Network

Secondary Green Corridor

Primary Green Corridor

River Green Space - Community Green Space

"Please click the blue button to see the change

The whole ecological green space system from City River Park to residential area.

tin

Main Road (New)

URBAN GENERATION

(E x

Ecological Northern Gateway

al e

Northern Gatway planning will have a compeleted ecological green space system from different function points in City River Irk Park to every small green space in each community passing through green corridors, which promotes an ecological Northern Gateway. City River Park has many different ecological functions. In order to attract more residents and increase the ecological potential of Northern Gateway, each ecological function is used as a starting point to extend eastward and spread to every community. This is also the general trend of the green corridor. Therefore, Northern Gateway's new road network is generated based on the direction of the ecological green corridor and the intervention of the existing main traffic. After the new urban road network is generated, primary green corridor roads are formed based on primary roads, and secondary corridors will spread into every plot based on secondary roads. Finally, the small green space ecology in the community is radiated through green corridors. The whole process is the transition from the City River Park's big ecology to the community's small ecology, in which the green corridor is the bridge between them, which is also the process of bringing the natural ecological environment into the humanistic society of Northern Gateway.

Railway Through Manchester Victoria Station (Existing)

ale Road Roachd

) (Existing

Secondary Road (New)

172

173

CONCLUSION

174

This chapter mainly presents our ecological and green areas in the north gateway area, and finally how to plan and design the city as a whole. We designed water parks and urban farms to protect the woodland and vegetation in the city. At the same time, in areas that need to develop housing and commerce, we also used computer-generated logic to calculate the residential population of several different schemes, per capita floor space, etc. to make comparisons, and choose the most suitable scheme we currently have. In the next part, we will use this plan to enter the community, taking into account the living experience of residents in this area more intuitively. This is the main work of our chapter, from the large urban scale to lead to a smaller architectural scale.

BLOCK GENERATION After designing the city, we made an analysis of the development of the community to satisfy the good living environment of the people in this area.

176

A /WE WE/ CITY

MIXED AGE COMMUNITY ANALYSIS

The diagram shows the distance of residents to various facilities and amenities with the development of time, from the street to the city scale.

Urban scales

city

neighbourhood

street

city

neighbourhood

street

Mixed use health play and recreation

BLOCK GENERATION

common study area

nursery school

education

social support

life skill training

community workshop

common study area

university for the elderly comminity health care for the elderly

hospital

community nursery

playgrounds

sport facilities

leisure area

gym

meditation

leisure area

boating

leisure space

daycare

community centre

civic centre

civic center

bar

art center

neighbourhood park

ecologic area

bus stop

rapid transit stop

pocket park

local grocery store

food

library

university

local health centre

bike parking

transport

library

medical practice

courtyards

green

school

compost area

fresh food market

community gardens

Bar

high street

urban agriculture

restaurant

bar

cinema

club

nature

district park

community park

dog park

rapid transit stop

bus stop

bike parking

fresh food market

restaurant

local grocery store

cafe

cookshop

pocket park

community gardens

Public space

15km/h 5-7km/h

35km/h

5km/h

5-7km/h

Proximity

180

2 years 50 meter

20-25km/h

15km/h 10km/h

0km/h

Years (y) Independent mobility 0

5km/h

7km/h

10 years 200 m

20 years

0km/h 10km/h

20-25km/h

30 years

400 m

1200 m

5 min. walking

5 min. biking

40 years 400 m

50 years 200 m

60 years 0m

>70 years 50 m

181

A /WE WE/ CITY

WHY HYBRID RESIDENCE? Adaptation housing strategy to be proposed.

NON HYBRID RESIDENCE

BLOCK GENERATION

The normal situation

182

When a family changes from being a single person to a couple, and then into a three-person family with children, people usually need to change their residences during this period. Because children need children's room, and adults need independent working space. They will go elsewhere to buy a new big house. However, our attempt is to propose an argument to propose a form of housing strategy that can be adapted over time.

183

A /WE WE/ CITY

Adaptive System

WHY HYBRID RESIDENCE?

HYBRID RESIDENCE

Green-type1 roofgarden

Commerce-type Restaurant

Commerce-type Grocery

BLOCK GENERATION

We try to develop an adaptive system to encourage longer duration of stay for communities to form and sense of home ownership to be enhanced.

When a single becomes a couple, and then becomes a family with children, they will need larger space. Therefore, prefabricated houses can generate more space in the assembly mode. In this case, they only need to purchase a few prefabricated residential units, which can reduce their costs. This adaptive system encourages a sense of belonging to the house and a longer stay. The community will also increase clinics and greening units due to the increase of children and the elderly, focusing on providing more leisure and commercial units such as bookstores, gyms, coffees, bars, etc. for more young people.

Clinic-type1 Clinic Entertainment-type Bar&Art&Exhibition

Entertainment-type Children's playroom

184

185

A /WE WE/ CITY

POPULATION DENSITY Population Density in Northern Gateway.

250

150

200

250 300

200

100

100 150

50 0 50

200 150 100

250

300

379

300

200

100

200

300

379

80 97

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 20

Manchester 056B Density: 14021 people/km2

Manchester 054B Density: 6059 people/km2

Manchester 054A Density: 4040 people/km2

100

150

200

250

50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 68

68 60

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 20

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 40

Manchester 056C Density: 2390 people/km2

Manchester 009G Density: 3920 people/km2

Manchester 056D Density: 2230 people/km2

97 80

BLOCK GENERATION

Based on the population pyramid diagram, the majority of the population of the site is 16-64 years old. The average age of the site population is 30.1. From 2018 to 2019, the population of the site increased by one percent.

Population Density 10.1 to 20.0 20.1 to 30.0 30.1 to 40.0 40.1 to 50.0 60.1 to 70.0

Reference: https://buildingheights.emu-analytics.net/?x=-2.2134204763688103&y=53.495195740349544&z=13.59407881581978 (Zoning ordinance for the city of Manchetser, 2020)

186

187

A /WE WE/ CITY

AMENITY RULE SET

Different age people contribubte to different emenities allocation and distribution Com

rcia l Ent

BLOCK GENERATION

ert

Res

tau

ran t

nt Clin

cer

ppi

Glo Sho

ain

Art

Fitn

ess

ildr en

rde n

ibit

ller

Exh

Gla

ion

alth

rse

Ph ork

arm

sta

acy

tion

tdo

Ind

or s

oor

spo

rts

tivi

188

pac

ties

189

A /WE WE/ CITY

Begin

PSEUDOCODE FOR COMMUNITY

Pseudocode to show the logic that the community keeps changing with time (year). Input demographic data

The number of population +/-

yyyy Input

BLOCK GENERATION

Set rule

As a prefabricated building, the height of the residence building has the possibility of increasing or decreasing. Different amenity cubes can also be assembled or dismantled. Therefore, after input different population structures and numbers, as time changes, the population structure and numbers will continue to change, and the community will be adjusted to respond.

Program Runs The number of dwellings +/-

The number of amenities +/-

if demograohic structure changes

Yes Amenities' proportion would be changed

END

190

191

A /WE WE/ CITY

POPULATION PYRAMID AND COMMUNITY

192

250

200

150

100

150

200

250

50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 68

68 60

250 300

200

100 150

50 0 50

200 150 100

250

300

379

300

200

100

200

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

300

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

379

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

80 97

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 40

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0

Manchester 056C Density: 2390 people/km2

Manchester 009G Density: 3920 people/km2

Manchester 056D Density: 2230 people/km2

Manchester 056B Density: 14021 people/km2

Manchester 054B Density: 6059 people/km2

97 80

Manchester 054A Density: 4040 people/km2

BLOCK GENERATION

Four different community was generated with different age structure of the population in the six postal areas

193

A /WE WE/ CITY

RESIDENTIAL BASIC MODULE

BLOCK GENERATION

Different basic modules can be combined into the residential units that people prefer.

Bedroom (Study & Cloakroom)

Bedroom (Baturoom & Cloakroom)

Single Bedroom

Single Bedroom (Bathroom)

Bedroom (Study & Cloakroom)

These residential basic modules can form different types of houses according to the needs of residents. For ensuite, three to five people can share a living room and kitchen; studio type can be combined into small studio and single flat; for more complex standard family house, it can be freely combined according to the needs of family population and number of the rooms they need. Modular construction can provide a higher degree of freedom, but also convenient to change with the change of site planning.

Living Room

Kitchen

Living Room & Kitchen

Living Room (Bathroom)

Kitchen (Bathroom)

Living Room & Kitchen (Bathroom)

In each module, the opening on the wall is not fixed. Its position and size depend on the combination of modules.

In each module, the opening on the wall is not fixed. Its position and size depend on the combination of modules. Standard Studio 194

Deluxe Studio

Deluxe Bathroom & Cloakroom 195

Com

mer cial inm

ent erta Ent Gre

en Clin

Commerce-type Grocery

Entertainment-type Children's playroom

Green-type1 roofgarden

Green-type4 roofgarden

Commerce-type Cafe

Entertainment-type Fitness room

Clinic-type1 Clinic

Green-type2 roofgarden

BLOCK GENERATION

AMENITY PLUG IN PROTOTYPES 09

Commerce-type Restaurant

Entertainment-type Bar&Art&Exhibition

Green-type3 roofgarden

Clinic-type2 Clinic

197 196

A /WE WE/ CITY

Plug in dimensions with 12 *12m

12M

A /WE WE/ CITY

RESIDENTIAL SPACE

BLOCK GENERATION

Everyone's Home

198

In addition to the design of urban green spaces, our design also focuses on adaptability and aging in place. Based on the preliminary site analysis and file SRF research, North Gateway aims to develop into a mixed-age community. As can be seen from the previous population distribution map, the community east of RIver Irk is full of people of different ages. Therefore, how to create a community life suitable for everyone is our main consideration next.

199

A /WE WE/ CITY

MANCHESTER 009G 11

The population is evenly distributed, but the majority of the population is between 20 and 60 years old, and the commercial and entertainment modules are more distributed.

Manchester 009G Density: 3920 people/km2

200

BLOCK GENERATION 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 68

68 60

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

201

A /WE WE/ CITY

MANCHESTER 056C 12

77% of the population is between 20 and 40 years old, so businesses are distributed more widely.

Manchester 056C Density: 2390 people/km2

202

250

200

150

100

150

200

250

BLOCK GENERATION

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

203

A /WE WE/ CITY

MANCHESTER 054A 13

More than 60 percent of the population aged 20 to 60 years old, and the elderly population also accounted for more than 20 percent, commerce, entertainment and garden modules are mostly distributed.

Manchester 054A Density: 4040 people/km2

204

BLOCK GENERATION 80 97

97 80

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

205

A /WE WE/ CITY

MANCHESTER 054B 14

With more than 90 percent of the population aged between 20 and 40 years old, a large number of commercial Plugins are distributed in the community.

Manchester 054B Density: 6059 people/km2

206

BLOCK GENERATION 379

300

200

100

200

300

379

90+ 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

207

A /WE WE/ CITY

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS Construction process starts from the core and the steel frame.

208

209

A /WE WE/ CITY

COMMUNITY GROW 009G

BLOCK GENERATION

Community changes at some time in respond to demographic change.

Community Model Generative Grasshopper Model 2019 210

"Please click the button to see the change.

2024

2030

2033

2038

2048

2054 211

COMMUNITY GROW 056C

BLOCK GENERATION

A /WE WE/ CITY

Community Model Generative Grasshopper Model 2019 212

"Please click the button to see the change.

2024

2054

2074

2082

2118 213

COMMUNITY GROW 054A

BLOCK GENERATION

A /WE WE/ CITY

Community Model Generative Grasshopper Model 2019 214

"Please click the button to see the change.

2028

2054

2105 215

COMMUNITY GROW 054B

BLOCK GENERATION

A /WE WE/ CITY

Community Model Generative Grasshopper Model 2019 216

"Please click the button to see the change.

2026

2028

2032

2106 217

A /WE WE/ CITY

AGING IN SPACE STRATEGY

Community plugins will be replaced with public spaces that are more suitable for residents to use over time and the age structure of the community.

BLOCK GENERATION

Recycle

10years 20years

30years Clinic (for old) · Serving the medical environment of the elderly · Care for the physical and mental health of the elderly

218

ainment Children's entert &childcare

· Children's play area/reading · Childcare/Lunch Break

Bar & Art exhibitio

· Young people and middle-aged people gathering

Fitness Room

· The gym adapts to most people

· Community Art Exhibition

219

220

COMMUNITY EVOLUTION

221

CONCLUSION

222

In this chapter, we mainly enter the community and do the design of residential units and community service spaces. We create a prefabricated construction method and introduce a changeable pulgin (community service space) to meet the needs of residents of all ages. So as to adapt to the change of time, make better spatial choices. At the same time, we also pay attention to the green space inside the community, and the vertical greening is close to the living space of the residents.

FINAL CONCLUSION Make a summary of our entire design process and graduation design.

224

CONCLUSION

A /WE WE/ CITY

VIDEO PRESENTATION

This short video shows the process of our design from urban scale to block scale. The urban part shows the overall situation of the site we redesign. In the architectural part, we showed the community form changing and the public space as the plugins in each community.

Please click the link to show the video: https://vimeo.com/544985894

226

227

CONCLUSION

A /WE WE/ CITY

LEARNED & ACHIEVED

The one-year graduation project is finally completed. For the final stage of the design operation, our team completed both the urban part and the building part. Although the design process is not so perfect, each step reflects our thinking and response to how to solve the challenge direction we chose at the beginning. We do want to use a more intelligent way to assist the design, but in the implementation, there are also many independent designs to intervene in the final show. I learned a lot of the application process of software interoperability from this design, and at the same time learned how to incorporate this kind of data-based thinking into the design. Inspired his enthusiasm for exploring the field of future architecture.

Lin Shitian

228

In ST1, we learned how to establish a theoretical framework and methodology to research our directions. In ST2, we learned how to use grasshopper and python skills to design and generate. In ST3, we learned how to complete the design and show our narrative through different visualization methods. This year we learned how to make a highly completed design, step by step from theory to narrative. For me, what I think is the most impressive is the community could grow by itself. Although it takes us a lot of time, it is very challenging and rewarding to enter population data and design a community that can adapt to population changes.

Ge Tiantian

The two-year postgraduate study is coming to an end. I am very grateful for the teaching and guidance of several CPU tutors, Sol and Ulysses, and lecture guests in the UK, the participation of MCC and FEC clients, and the help and support of my teammates, family and friends. Although I have only studied in CPU for one year, this experience is still extraordinary for me. From the immature when I first joined this studio, now I have a deeper understanding of the concept and research theme of CPU, which will help me to work and study in the future. For this year's study, there are many things worthy of reflection, such as teamwork, application of programming software, etc., but I believe that this year will be the most important one in my student career.

Zhong Haocheng

The graduation project design for nearly a year has come to an end. While learning more professional digital skills, it also better cultivated the ability of teamwork. T h ro u g h t h e s t u d y o f t h e N o r t h e r n Gateway project, I realized the importance of design logic and digital thinking. We start thinking from the needs of residents, and step by step designing urban ecology and communities from the perspective of "personality". In ecological design, the method of assembling type modules is used to make every resident become a designer; in community design, adjustable public function plug-ins can be installed and changed according to the needs of residents. Although there are many more detailed and interesting content that we have not shown yet, our exploration of the connection between architecture, city, ecology and people will not stop. Wang Xinbo

229

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A /WE WE/ CITY

3. THEORY Jianguo, W. (2021) Patch dynamics.[Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] https://www.britannica.com/science/patch-dynamics

1. INTRODUCTION

Resilience. (2021) About Resilience - Resilience. [Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] https://www.resilience.org/about-resilience/

Manchester School of Architecture. (No date) Complexity, Planning & Urbanism. Mnachester School of Architecture. [Online] [Accessed February 22nd, 2021] https://www.msa.ac.uk/study/march/cpu/.

Sartorius, D. （2017）Fresh Farmhouse [Online Photo] [Accessed:21 February 2021] https://freshfarmhouse.tumblr.com/post/164003925066/dominik-sartoriusdoeeme

2. CONTEXT

4. STRATEGY

Manchester City Council. (2019) The North Gateway Strategy Regeneration Framewaork. Manchester: Manchester City Council [Online] [Accessed on 10th February 2021] http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/framework/

Friedman， Y. (2011) Spatial Strategies. [Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] http://annawallmann2b.blogspot.com/2011/04/yona-friedman.html

Manchester City Council. (2015) Manchester Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy. Manchester: Manchester City Council. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd December 2020] https://www.manchester.gov.uk/downloads/download/6314/manchester_green_and_blue_strategy

5. URBAN GENERATION

Payne, C. S. (2017) Leisure time in the UK - Office for National Statistics. Gov.uk. Office for National Statistics. [Online] [Accessed February 22nd, 2021] https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/satelliteaccounts/articles/leisuretimeintheuk/2015. European Commission, Joint Research Centre; Columbia University, Center for International Earth Science Information Network (2015) GHS-POP R2015A - GHS population grid, derived from GPW4, multitemporal (1975, 1990, 2000, 2015). European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC) [Online] [Accessed February 22nd, 2021] http://data.europa.eu/89h/jrc-ghsl-ghs_pop_gpw4_globe_r2015a Klein Goldewijk, K., Beusen, A., Doelman, J. and Stehfest, E. (2017) “Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2.” Earth system science data, 9(2) pp. 927–953. University of Leeds (2015). A Brief Guide to the Benefits of Urban Green Spaces. Leeds: University of Leeds. pp. 3-10. Pandit, S. (n.d.) Urban Density. Niua.org. [Online] [Accessed February 22nd, 2021] https://niua.org/cidco/urban-density/. Density Atlas (n.d.) Density. [Online] [Accessed February 22nd, 2021] https://densityatlas.org/measure. Living With Environmental Change Network (2015) Biodiversity Climate Change Impacts. [Online] [Accessed February 22nd, 2021] https://nerc.ukri.org/research/partnerships/ride/lwec/report-cards/biodiversity/. Hickling, R., Roy, D. B., Hill, J. K., Fox, R. and Thomas, C. D. (2006) “The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding polewards: TAXONOMIC GROUPS SHIFTING POLEWARDS.” Global change biology, 12(3) pp. 450–455. Manchester City Council (2005). Wild about Manchester Biodiversity Strategy 2005. pp.1-49.

EMU Analytics. (2021) Building Heights in England. [Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] https://buildingheights.emu-analytics.net/?x=2.2134204763688103&y=53.495195740349544&z=13.59407881581978 Density Atlas. (2021) Urban density can be understood by comparing different metrics at the same scale. [Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] https://densityatlas.org/measure NIUA. (2016) Urban Density. Cidco Smartcity. [Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] https://niua.org/cidco/urban-density/ Manchester Northern Gateway. (2019) Strategic Regeneration Framework. [Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/ 6. BLOCK GENERATION AIAU. (2021) Fabulous Pre-fab: Applying Modular Construction to Multifamily Residential Projects. [Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] https://aiau.aia.org/courses/fabulous-pre-fab-applying-modular-construction-multifamily-residential-projects SHoP. (2021) Botswana Innovation Hub.[Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] https://www.shoparc.com/projects/b2/ Density Atlas. (2021) Urban density can be understood by comparing different metrics at the same scale. [Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] https://densityatlas.org/measure KPF. (2021) CASE STUDY: Ideal Block & Master Plan LONDON. [Online] [Accessed:21 February 2021] https://ui.kpf.com/london-block

Anderson, V. and Johnson, L. (2007). Systems thinking basics. 1st ed. Waltham, Mass.: Pegasus Communications. pp. 5-10. 230

231