专题 1：区域空间发展与韧性应对 / Special 1: Regional Spatial Development and Resilience Response
王颜姣，斯特芬·奈豪斯，鲍勃·乌尔森 . 基于森林景观恢复策略的庄园遗产景观设计探寻：以荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地区为例 [J]. 风景园林，2021，28（7）：39-53.
基于森林景观恢复策略的庄园遗产景观设计探寻—以荷兰海德兰省巴 克塞比克地区为例 Forest Landscape Restoration as Design Strategy for Resilient Heritage Estate Landscapes: The Case of the Baakse Beek Region, Gelderland Province, the Netherlands 王颜姣 （荷）斯特芬·奈豪斯 * （荷）鲍勃·乌尔森
开放科学（资源服务）
WANG Yanjiao, (NLD) Steffen Nijhuis*, (NLD) Bob Ursem
中图分类号：TU986 文献标识码：A
标识码（OSID）
摘要：庄园遗产景观是指包含花园和农业用地的历史乡村庄园集群。在气候变化、工业发展和快速城市 化的背景下，庄园遗产景观正面临水生态环境失衡、空间碎片化和文化特征消失等挑战，而这些挑战只
文章编号：1673-1530(2021)07-0039-15
能从区域规划尺度去应对。以荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地区为例，在考虑地方景观异同的同时，以景观
DOI：10.14085/j.fjyl.2021.07.0039.15
自身特性为基底，结合未来发展趋势，进一步诠释了一种旨在提升庄园遗产景观韧性的多尺度景观设计
收稿日期：2021-02-10 修回日期：2021-05-24
方法。发现森林砍伐为地域空间变化的主要因素之一，它对水系统与生态多样性造成了负面影响。基于 在区域尺度上对庄园遗产景观历史发展的分析，森林景观恢复（FLR）作为主要设计策略，旨在从不同 尺度上对“退化的”景观进行生态功能修复并提升人类福祉。这种新的空间设计方法将在不同尺度上促
王颜姣 / 女 / 代尔夫特理工大学风景园林硕士 / 马歇
进文化遗产景观发展。
尔·威姆·凡·东恩工作室初级景观设计师 / 研究方
关键词：多尺度设计；庄园遗产景观；韧性景观；设计方法；森林景观恢复
向为探索一种基于景观体验的可持续性户外环境的 设计方法
基金项目：由海德兰省资助的“海德兰遗产景观设计地图集”项目（2018—2021 年）
WANG Yanjiao gained her master degree in landscape architecture at Delft University of Technology, and is a junior landscape architect at Studio Marchel-Wim van Dongen. Her research
Abstract: Heritage estate landscapes are clusters of historical estates with their gardens and agricultural land. These heritage estate landscapes suffer from climate change (abundance and shortage of water),
focuses on exploring a future-proof design method
spatial fragmentation through urbanization, and loss of identity through economic tendencies. These
for a healthy outdoors environment with landscape-
challenges can only be addressed from a regional point of view that takes local differences into account
based experience.
and takes the landscape as the basis for future strategies for further development. This paper addresses
（荷）斯特芬·奈豪斯 / 男 / 博士 / 代尔夫特理工大学
an adaptive and multi-scale landscape design approach for developing a more resilient heritage
建筑与建成环境学院城市主义研究带头人、风景园林
estate landscape, taking the estate landscape in the Baakse Beek region (a region in the East of the
学科副教授 / 研究方向为基于景观的区域设计、可持
Netherlands) as a case study. Deforestation is identified as one of the critical agents of spatial change
续的城市发展、弹性的沿海景观、设计的遗产景观和 花园、数字风景园林以及视觉景观研究
in the region, causing significant water system problems and loss of biodiversity. Based on a regional
通信作者邮箱（Corresponding author Email）：
analysis of the estate landscape's historical development, forest landscape restoration (FLR) is employed
s.nijhuis@tudelft.nl
as a contextual design strategy to regain ecological functionality and enhance human wellbeing in the
(NLD) Steffen Nijhuis, Ph. D., is a research leader
degraded landscape across scales. This paper showcases a multi-scale spatial design approach for
in the Department of Urbanism and associate professor of landscape architecture at Delft
developing cultural heritage landscapes.
University of Technology. His research focuses on
Keywords: multi-scale design; heritage estate landscape; resilient landscape; design approach; forest
landscape-based regional design, sustainable urban
landscape restoration
development, resilient coastal landscapes, designed
Fund Item: The Project “Design Atlas Heritage Estate Landscapes Gelderland” Financed by the Province
heritage landscapes and gardens, digital landscape architecture, and visual landscape research.
of Gelderland (2018—2021)
（荷）鲍勃·乌尔森 / 男 / 硕士 / 代尔夫特工业大学植 物园科学主管 / 荷兰植物园学会主席与创始人 / 研究 方向为生物学、热带生态学、植物学、木材解剖学、 无机化学、晶体化学和物理 (NLD) Bob Ursem, MSc, is the director of the botanical garden of Delft University of Technology and founder and president of Dutch Society Botanic Gardens. His research focuses on biology, tropical ecology, botany and wood anatomy, and inorganic chemistry, crystal chemistry, and physics.
1 前言 庄园遗产景观（heritage estate landscape）
受，也揭示了当地蕴含的文化背景，对促进 区域发展的新陈代谢起到重要作用。然而，
由历史乡村庄园集群构成，表现了历史进
随着工业化与急剧的城市化，遗产景观面临
程中人文活动规律及人与自然环境的互动
着气候变化与文化特色丧失的威胁 [1]。如今，
（图 1）。庄园遗产景观既给人们带来视觉享
人为干预、气候变化、洪涝与干旱以及土壤
39
Landscape Architecture
2021/07
本研究案例中，FLR 作为多尺度景观设 计策略，通过建立乡村庄园单体之间的系统 性联系，利用本土历史与传统生态智慧，合 理应用旨在对生态、可识别景观、农业 3 个 方面提升生态与文化价值的设计原则，对环 境与空间格局进行积极干预。在研究与设计 过程中，FLR 不仅被用来指导优化树木群落种 1-1
1-2 1
1 庄园遗址景观的历史情况与现状 Typical scene of a heritage estate landscape in history and now
植，同时也促使景观向应对当下和未来挑战的 方向发展。在将长远目标与短期干预措施相结 合的过程中，FLR 能为微观尺度与区域尺度上 的景观提供优质生境与生态功能（图 2）。FLR
功能丧失破坏了生态环境平衡。同时，多元化
质量与社会价值的有效方法，为庄园遗产景观
在本研究案例中的愿景有：1）优质生态环境；
景观也因景观均质化、景观元素消失和空间格
面对来自当下与未来的挑战提供指导。
2）可识别景观；3）多样化用地类型；4）多 方合作；5）可持续发展。
局碎片化带来的负面影响而退化为单一功能的 工业化农业景观。生态多样性的缺失与水土保 持能力的下降给景观的修复与管理带来严峻挑 战。它们不仅影响了庄园遗产景观，也给区域
2 森林景观恢复作为多尺度景观设计 策略 FLR 的 概 念 由 Chazdon 等
[6]
提出并逐渐
FLR 作为系统性方法，被应用于巴克塞 比克地区的庄园集群、梅德勒和维斯庄园联 合体、庄园单体等多个尺度的景观中，促进
景观系统带来压力。为应对挑战以及保护、恢
发展，是指恢复森林砍伐后或退化的景观的
了跨尺度景观间的相互作用。在区域尺度上，
复和进一步发展宝贵的文化历史景观，引入多
生态功能并提升人类福祉的过程。FLR 的提
FLR 促进了庄园遗产景观空间质量的提升。
[7]
尺度的空间规划与设计方法，并结合研究场地
出应基于以下 6 点原则
的景观特性对庄园遗产景观进行进一步探讨。
发展；2）通过景观维护提升自然生态系统；
间干预措施来解决特定场地的问题。例如，
为营建能够积极应对未来挑战的庄园遗
3）促进利益相关者与政府协调方的交流与互
重新引入和演绎历史及相应景观要素，构筑
产景观，基于对景观系统性构架的理解，生
动；4）基于实际情况使用多种方法；5）以多
能提高景观质量的新景观元素，打造智慧农
态视角下的多尺度规划设计将是一个直接有
元化价值为目的的功能多样性恢复；6）因地
场，进行恢复性造林、补充性造林以及加强
制宜式的、具有可持续性韧性的管理措施。
土地利用。针对微观尺度的具体情况，介绍
[2]
效的方法 。它不仅能够保护与发展生态价值 与社会经济价值，还能促进小尺度层面各景 [3]
：1） 着 眼 于 景 观
森林景观恢复一方面注重种树的合理性，
针对不同的情境，提出对应的设计原则和空
了基于设计策略和原则的具体措施方法。为改
观元素的积极互动 。利益相关者在区域构架
另一方面也旨在解决社会需求与提升人类福
善生态环境，修复历史景观，在适合的地方重
内多个层面的沟通也将通过研究、设计、讨
祉。森林景观恢复的不同策略也已通过多个
建历史溪流和沟壑林；在地势较高且干燥的地
实际项目在全球范围内得到实践，例如泰国
区，提出了将传统森林景观类型整合到景观中
[4]
论与想法的可视化等过程得到加强 。 本研究选择荷兰海德兰省巴克塞比克地 区的庄园遗产景观和庄园遗产景观区内的梅 德勒和维斯 2 个庄园单体，从 2 个尺度进行研
[8]
[9]
的都市森林项目 、埃因霍温的湿地森林 、 荷兰高费吕韦国家公园 公园
[11]
[10]
、英国新森林国家
、德国博肯纳天堂自然保护区 [13]
[12]
的发展策略，使森林草甸、篱笆林、分林等 群落形态融于森林公园景观；为提升水质，在
、墨
小溪河岸带建设森林和人工湿地；通过引入
究型设计，旨在强调一种适应性的多尺度景
西哥清风造林项目
等。然而，森林景观恢
观景点、栈道、重要节点的科普标识，合理
观设计方法。对本研究的研究对象而言，森
复目前几乎还未被融入基于景观的区域尺度
梳理道路和河流交叉口的关系。庄园遗产景
林被理解为该庄园遗产景观特性的主要元素，
规划设计的框架中。通过设计进行研究是探
观的可达性和游客的空间体验感得到提升。
而森林砍伐被理解为导致区域空间格局变化、
索景观可能性和确定应对方案的方法之一，该
引发水系统问题以及生物多样性缺失的重要因
方法可以探索设计原则应用的可能性 [14]。通
素 [5]。基于此，森林景观恢复（forest landscape
过这种研究和设计机制，可以揭示区域研究的
3 庄园遗产景观—以巴克塞比克地 区为例
restoration, FLR）作用为一种顺应景观自然发
相关信息，从多个方面探索景观的发展潜力，
3.1 巴克塞比克地区
展规律的设计策略被引用到不同尺度的退化景
整合动态环境与人类活动的联系与发展愿景。
观中，以提升生态功能与人类福祉。本研究
对设计的影响价值进行反思，发现“通过设
片区，隶属于海德兰省的沙质景观区，是一
中，FLR 为基于景观的区域规划设计提供了可
计进行研究”是一种获取关于景观特征、空
条从东向西流淌的溪流（图 3）。这条溪流在
能性，景观设计作为解决区域问题和提升空间
间发展可能性和解决实际挑战的实用方法。
通往艾瑟尔河的途中，会经过多种类型的景
40
巴克塞比克位于荷兰东部的阿赫特虎克
专题 1：区域空间发展与韧性应对 / Special 1: Regional Spatial Development and Resilience Response
• Design tool box on the local scale • 在地尺度视角的具体干预措施
• Design principles on the regional scale • 区域尺度视角的设计原则
• Design strategy • 设计思想
荷兰 the netherlands
• reconstructing former brook • 历史溪流的修复
• adaptive FLR strategy framework • 基于庄园遗产景观的可适 应性森林景观修复设计 策略框架
• Design strategy • 设计思想
• Smart farms • 智能农场
• “rabatten” forest • 湿地森林修复
• Reforestation • 恢复性造林
• mixed forest park • 针阔叶混交森林公园规划
• Afforestation • 补充性造林
• forest meadow • 森林草甸
• Implantation and reinterpretation of the old and lost landscape elements • 历史遗留或已缺失的景观元素的修复与重新演绎
• hedgerows fringed forest • 边界森林
• New structures for enhanced landscape quality • 提升景观价值的新构筑物
阿赫特胡克地区 Achterhoek region 沃尔登片区 Vorden area
• constructing view point • 观景点构造
主要研究区域
• education spot • 教育科普点
• Water management • 水管理
阿赫特胡克地区 Achterhoek region
巴克塞比克地区 Baakse Beek area
• elevated pathway • 步道
• Agroforestry • 农林结合发展 • improved ecology quality • 高生态效应
艾瑟尔河 Ijssel River
3
• appropriate design of roads and stream crossings • 游线、溪流与道路的合理规划
• Leisure and recreation • 民众休闲娱乐
• forest ripairian buffer • 森林修复缓冲带
• collaborative effort • 多方合作
低地溪流 / 庄园景观 lowland brook/ estate landscape
• helofytenfilters • 生态植物过滤器
• sustainable development • 可持续发展
• forest garden • 森林花园
石南溪流 / 石南景观 heath brook / heath landscape
2 2 森林景观恢复框架—庄园遗产景观开发与保护的多尺度景观设计方法 Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) framework as multiscale landscape design strategy in heritage estate landscape development and protection
台地边缘溪流 / 台地边缘景观 terrace edge brook/ terrace edge landscape 缓流溪流 / 东部洪泛景观 slow-flowing brook/ estate flood landscape
3 巴克塞比克地区区位图 The Baakse Beek Region in the Netherlands
临时溪流 / 沙脊景观 temporary brook/ sand ridge landscape
4 巴克塞比克地区的 6 种景观形态 [15]
N
Six landscape typologies in the watershed of the Baakse Beek Region[15]
0
2.5
5
10 km
湿地溪流 / 营地景观 wetland brook/ Kampen landscape
4
观，如东部洪泛景观（缓流溪流区）、庄园遗
活动都具有较高价值的地区。大约 2 000 年
以促进造林，既为保护生态系统，也旨在发
产景观（低地溪流区）、沙脊景观（临时溪流
前，人们沿着溪流进入该地区，开垦农田、
展木材产业、促进经济。“二战”后，景观逐
区）、石南景观（石南溪流区）、“坎彭”景观
渠 化 河 道 并 砍 伐 大 量 树 木 获 取 木 材。18 世
渐进入后现代新景观时代。如此，当前的景
（湿地溪流区）和台地边缘景观（台地溪流区）。
纪中叶，在工业革命开始之前，随着人类活
观是集合了不同发展阶段、显示了人们的景
各区域有着独特的景观要素、地理和生态条
动对自然景观的毁坏加剧，荷兰东部古老森
观态度的复合景观 [16]。
件，构成了该流域丰富的景观类型（图 4）。
林也因过度开发而消失。17—18 世纪，巴克
3.2 设计挑战
遍布巴克塞比克流域的庄园中的别墅与周边
塞比克溪流中段出现了乡村庄园，形成了该
庄园区的历史发展体现了森林景观的重
自然景观融为一体，使该地区景观富有浓厚
地区早期的庄园遗产景观。同时，一系列文
要性。然而，近几十年来，庄园遗产景观的
化运动及其引发的现象，包括启蒙运动、人
森林遭受严重的破坏，面临水文环境、气候
然而，该区域景观因均质化发展正面临
口膨胀、土地改革、世界大战、工业革命和
变化和景观特征 3 方面的问题。
挑战，其主要原因是人类活动和气候变化给
农 业 革 命 等， 推 动 了 城 市 化 进 程， 使 得 对
3.2.1 庄园遗产景观与水文环境
环境造成了不利影响，使土地很难为人、农
运 河 网 络、 航 运 系 统 和 木 材 的 需 求 与 日 俱
受森林砍伐的影响，庄园区的自然植被
作物和动物提供适宜生活与生存的条件。在
增。除此之外，更多的自然用地被开发以用
和作物的生长环境干旱且所处的水生态系统
庄园区的发展历程中，除了巴克塞比克溪流
于农田扩张和速生树种植。伐木不仅降低了
十分脆弱。考虑到土壤功能的退化，以及泥
和庄园本身，森林景观从历史到现在也对该
森林覆盖率，而且对人们的农业活动和生活
炭在经过历史上的开垦活动之后几乎消失，
地区产生了重要影响。森林作为庄园遗产景
环境也有负面影响。19 世纪末，在革命时代
如今土壤的蓄水能力逐渐下降，且土壤类型
观特征的重要组成部分，也是联系生态和社
景观与后现代新景观的过渡时期，环境保护
多为缺乏养分的沙质土壤，人们很难有效利
会文化的纽带。
逐渐引起人们的重视。为抑制森林减少的趋
用土地。
势，小型组织开始成立，如荷兰自然古迹保
3.2.2 庄园遗产景观与气候变化
的历史人文色彩
[15]
。
在末次冰期（约 1 万年以前），该地区的 原有植被主要为沼泽与物种丰富的落叶林，
护 协 会（荷 兰 语：Vereniging tot Behoud van
气温升高是气候变化最重要的表现形
15% 的地区被泥炭覆盖，是对动植物和人文
Natuurmonumenten）。政府也制定了相关条例
式 之 一， 对 该 地 区 产 生 了 重 大 影 响。 根 据
41
Landscape Architecture
2021/07
森林群落 forest communities
主要树种
main species
高地势 / 干旱 high/dry 山毛榉 - 栎树群落 Beech-Oak forest
覆沙山脊 coversand ridge 覆沙丘陵
coversand undulations
Pteridophyta spp. 欧枕 Quercus spp. Padus racemosa 花楸 玉竹 杨树 白桦 稠李 Polygonatum multiflorum Corylus avellana 蕨类 Sorbus pohu- Populus Nigra 栎树类 Betula platyphylla ashanensis
包含平原和洼地的沙丘 land dunes with associated plains and depressions
山毛榉 Fagus sylvatica
桦树 - 栎树群落
有砾石、沙子、黏土洞或 铁坑的废物填埋场 landfills with gravel, sand, clay holes or iron pits
Birch-Oak forest
经挖掘或整平形成的平原 brook valley/ flood plain 无山脊的低地 plain of partially washed up covering sands or loss
苔团花 Carex pilulifera
峡谷状低地 plain created by excavation or leveling
Salix cinerea 花楸 曲芒发草 天蓝麦氏草 灰毛柳 Sorbus pohu杨 桦 辐射松 Deschampsia flexuosa Molinia caerulea ashanensis Populus nigra Betula platyphylla Pinus radiata
桤木 - 白蜡群落 Alder-Ash wood forest
溪谷谷底 low without edge wall
Anemone coronaria Urtica dioica
溪谷 / 洪泛地 valley-shaped low
Prunus spp. 栎树类 欧洲银莲花 常春藤 异株荨麻 欧洲荚蒾 Crataegus spp. 稠李 苔藓 提灯藓 桤木 卫矛 Euonymus alatus Eurhynchium praelongum Mnium hornum Viburnum opulus 山楂属 Padus racemosa 李属 Quercus spp. Alnus glutinosa Hedera helix
部分覆沙被冲走的平原 brook valley bottom
欧洲山毛榉 Fagus sylvatica
沼泽桤木林
低地势 / 潮湿 low/wet
黄连花 莎草 黑加仑 花楸 桤木 Lysimachia vulgaris Carex elongata blackcurrant Alnus glutinosa Sorbus pohuashanensis
Quercus spp. 栎树类
白桦 Betula platyphylla
higher ground(dry) 高地势区（干） coversand ridge (little dryer) 覆沙山脊区（中等干） brook valley (low andwet) 溪谷区（低地势且潮湿）
5
5 地质地貌条件与原生森林群落 [20] Geomorphology condition and their natural forest[20]
STOWA[17]， 与 1990 年 相 比，2050 年 荷 兰 的
境、农业活动和基于景观的空间质量的机会。
景观与农业 3 个方面的措施与方针（图 7）。
夏季平均气温将上升 1~2 ℃。近年来的夏季
3.3 森林景观恢复在规划与设计中的应用
3.3.1.1 生态
干旱带来的缺水问题已成为自然保护主义者、 农民和业主必须应对的挑战。冬天，丰富的
为应对上述挑战，设计应用 FLR 作为保
基于该地区的地貌条件以及自然萌发的
护和发展生态环境、恢复文化遗产和增进人
潜在植被作为发展基础，提出了 FLR 框架下
[21]
降水也导致该地区洪水泛滥。同时，由于庄
类福祉的设计策略。基于 FLR 策略框架
园区位于巴克赛比克溪流的中游地段，农业
整合多个关键干预措施，为庄园区构建了规
同的森林群落被合理规划到符合相应生长条
划 愿 景。 例 如： 恢 复 性 造 林、 补 充 性 造 林、
件的区域。在低洼潮湿地区，规划设计适宜
营林生产、农林复合、改良休耕和一些不同
在该生境下生长的、由原生树木和其他植物
形式的干预措施。这些措施将共同塑造更具
多层次组合的植物群落。对于干旱和中度干
韧性的生态环境，并使人们的福祉得到改善。
旱地区，可以发展栎 – 山毛榉群落和桦 – 栎
。本研究对象为位于低
该框架在当前土地利用类型和相应的 FLR 策
群落，并利用自然演替规律保证其持续性；对
地溪流区的庄园遗产景观，包含了丰富的自然
略之间建立了联系。例如，目前的沼泽地是
于较为湿润的地区，桤 – 白蜡群落和湿地桤
和文化资源。庄园遗产景观面临的挑战包括可
林地的一部分，没有树木覆盖。根据该框架，
木群落则作为主要的森林群落被引入。因地
达性低、文化历史景观体验缺失、利益相关者
将在这些沼泽地引入恢复性造林与补充性造
制宜地规划设计森林群落，有助于创造各种
之间缺乏沟通以及地貌条件与自然类型之间的
林（图 6）。
有价值的栖息地，从而提高该地区的生态效
不合理联系（图 5）。上述问题也造成了庄园
3.3.1 区域性框架的建立
益，促进作为“绿色基础设施”的新景观提
产量和景观质量也会因此下降
[18]
。
3.2.3 庄园遗产景观与景观特征 多样化的微地形是巴克塞比克地区的重 要景观特征。这些小幅度的高差变化也带来 了多样的景观类型
[19]
遗产景观场地精神与历史记忆表达不足。
，
FLR 作为设计策略，将包含 11 个庄园单
的生态层面策略。根据植被的生长习性，不
高该地区的蓄水能力、水土保持能力和生物
目前，巴克塞比克地区的庄园遗产景观
体及其附属农场、建成区和自然片区在内的
正面临着生态和景观质量 2 方面的挑战。与此
庄园遗产景观元素整合为全面的区域性景观
此外，FLR 也能促进庄园遗产景观中的
同时，庄园区也为设计师提供了平衡生态环
规划框架。该框架主要包含了生态、可识别
水文循环。基于自然网络中丰富的物种和群
42
多样性。
专题 1：区域空间发展与韧性应对 / Special 1: Regional Spatial Development and Resilience Response
自然用地分类 swamps 沼泽 damp and chopping wood 潮湿的伐木林
FLR 干预措施框架
botanically valuable grassland 高植物学价值的草地 park or stinsenforest 公园
forest land 林地
moist hay field 潮湿的牧草地 moist forest with production 潮湿的产业林 herb and fauna rich grassland 高物种多样性的草地 herbs and fauna-rich field 高物种多样性的牧场
agricultural land 农作用地
rugged field 崎岖多岩的牧场
high and low peat forest 泥炭森林 dry heather 干石南地
填补型植树造林
reforestation
复原型植树造林
silviculture
修复型植树造林
under permanent management 永久性管理
agroforestry
农业林
under intermittent management 间歇性管理
improved fallow
改良休耕地
existing (degraded) forests 退化天然林地
区域性策略
river and stream accompanying forest 临水森林
pine oak and beech forest 松树栎树与山毛榉混合林群落
afforestation
without trees covered 没有树群覆盖的地块
buffer area and protective land 缓冲区和保护区
degraded mangrove 退化红树林
mangrove restoration 红树林复原
other protective land or buffer 其它类别的缓冲区和保护区
riparian tools, e.g. remeandering, rabatten forest restoration, ripairian buffering, etc..
dry barren grassland 干贫瘠草地 crops/farm land 耕地
河 岸 修 复 方 法， 如生态河道形态 修 复、Rabatten 森 林 恢 复、 河 岸 缓冲绿带等
agroforest existing forest hedgerow fringed reforestation riparian buffer afforestation smart farm/ crops field agriculture activity exprience
农业森林 现存森林 边界森林 森林修复 滨岸缓冲带 植树造林 智能农场 农耕体验
0
1 000
2 000
4 000 m
6-1 生态 ecology
tree groups 树群
6-2 6
可识别景观 recognizable landscape
wet forest landscape 潮湿森林景观
riparian buffer 修复缓冲绿带
fringe forest 边界森林
medium moisture forest landscape 中等湿度森林景观
rabatten forest 湿地森林
forest meadow 森林草甸
dry forest landscape 干燥森林景观
agricultural area with water conservation 考虑水保功能的农业用地
horse riding 骑马
N
农业 agriculture
cultural- historical forest landscape park 文化历史森林景观公园
remained crops land 保留耕地
agricultural sightseeing garden 农业观光园
historical attraction 历史景点
garden forest 花园森林
education 教育体验
rural restaurant 农家餐厅
coppice wood in fringe area 边界地带的矮林
walking 步行
waterfront leisure park 滨水休闲公园
biking 骑行
resting point 休憩点
horse riding route 马道
main vehicle roads 主要机动车道
walking & cycling routes 步行 / 骑行线路
existing roads 现有道路
6 森林景观恢复框架（6-1）及其在区域尺度上的应用（6-2）[21]
7 7 适应性森林景观恢复框架的 3 个层面
FLR framework (6-1) and its application at the regional scale (6-2)[21]
Three layers of the adaptive FLR framework
落层次，景观与水系统的关系更加紧密。结
进一步调整。从景观发展史的第二阶段（革命
一步促进稳定、有弹性的生态系统的发展。
合下层的树木和植被在水文循环系统中的重
时代景观）开始，原有的森林群落就已逐渐被
3.3.1.2 可识别景观
要作用，降水量增加时，落叶乔木也可以有
生产林和农田所取代。物种多样性的缺失不
可识别景观是具有明显空间特性和景观
但影响了生态多样性，同时也影响着水文环
特征，并能让游客感知当地历史的景观。基
得到积累和保持。同时，落叶残余和溶解性
境；气候变化也逐渐改变了森林群落的组成、
于自然景观特征，开发新的体验路线和科普
有机物的渗漏有助于增加土壤矿物质。
功能、生产力和生境，并影响着生态系统的
娱乐目的地，从而加强历史森林景观与现代
效阻止水分蒸发
[22]
，土壤水分也可以在地下
充分利用树木生态价值能促进景观质量
平衡
[23]
。而这些原始森林群落中存在的丰富
庄园遗产景观的联系。利用森林资源研究发
的提升。树木的蒸腾作用和其他生理功能驱
物种，经历长期繁衍、适应生境后，往往能
展具有独特空间特征的森林类型，使庄园遗
动自然环境（特别是水文环境）中关键的水分
在不同层次上通过持续的合作为生境带来持续
产景观的历史层面更加清晰，并为人们提供
循环和碳氮循环，合理的植被密度也有助于
的积极影响。基于此，恢复物种多样性后的庄
多样化和有意义的空间体验（图 8、9）。
保证溪流中水质达标，从而为游客提供美丽
园遗产景观将促进景观与生态环境形成更紧密
此外，历史森林类型的修复有助于发展
的景色。基于农业用地的 FLR，通过选择阔
的联系，同时增强人们与自然的互动。通过合
历史景观的空间格局（图 10）。受历史上的土
叶树种和适宜的农作物减少水分流失、积累
理规划森林群落类型，新庄园遗产景观可以向
地复垦的影响，以及对生态环境和未来发展
土壤矿物质，从而促进水文循环。
游客展现景观的历史故事，并更好地提供场
的考虑的缺少，人们很难从目前的网格状空
因为庄园区现有的森林区域的规划侧重
地感观体验。在沃尔登片区的森林景观恢复
间格局和同质化景观中了解庄园背后的故事。
考虑其经济价值，缺乏对植被适应和自然系
工作建设完成后，绿色基础设施将发展成为
通过 FLR 的介入，历史空间格局的有机形态
统保护的关注，所以现存森林群落构成仍需
具有更大生态调控能力的顶级森林，从而进
得以恢复，且更具韧性与表达性。
43
2021/07
Landscape Architecture
Forest meadow in open area 开敞区域的森林草甸
Forest meadow in forest park area 森林公园区的森林草甸
konik horse 柯尼克马
path 步道
休闲 平台 recreation platform
dense trees mixed forest area forest meadow 混交林的密林 mixed forest area 混交林的 森林草甸
Rabatten bos 沟壑林
wooden trail ditch wooden recreation platform 木栈道 水渠 trail 游憩平台 木栈道
smart management 智能管理
path forest dense trees mixed 步道 meadow forest area mixed 混交林的密林 forest area 混交林的 森林草甸
land reclaimation
mixed forest area 混交林
path 步道
Baakse Beek new path 现有河道 stream 步道 新溪流
8
森林景观修复
1849 年
horse riding route 马道
horse riding route 马道
walking & cycling routes 步行 / 骑行线路
walking & cycling routes 步行 / 骑行线路
cultural- historical forest landscape park 文化历史森林景观公园
agricultural sightseeing garden 农业观光园
historical attraction 历史景点
FLR
土地复垦
Green buffer of the stream remeandering 溪流自然形态河道修复的缓冲绿带
enclosed forest 郁闭型森林（生态修复用）
2019 年
horse riding 马道 walking & cycling routes 步行 / 骑行线路 cultural- historical forest landscape park 文化历史森林景观公园 waterfront leisure park 滨水游乐公园
rural restaurant 农家餐厅
vision
horse riding 马道 walking & cycling routes 步行 / 骑行线路 waterfront leisure park 滨水游乐公园
预期景观格局
10
8 巴克塞比克地区的 4 种历史森林形态 Four historical forest types in the context of the Baakse Beek Region 9 FLR 作为提升空间景观形态的策略 FLR as a means to develop spatial landscape typologies 10 区域尺度上空间格局的恢复 Restoring the spatial pattern at the
9
regional scale
通过森林景观恢复，加强庄园周围的景
智能化。考虑到农业区通常排布有排水沟和
（Salix cinerea）、黑橡树（Quercus velutina）、欧
观与内部独具特色的花园建筑的视觉联系，从
灌溉沟，循环垂直的人工湿地在菜园区的应
榛（Corylus avellana）等饲用树种拟在森林边
而揭示各庄园历代关于自然和文化的故事。另
用则具有一定的潜力。这项技术不仅可以改
缘区种植，根据种植日历合理规划农业活动，
外，乡村别墅的花园与周围森林和农田等用地
善水质，减少卫生问题，还可以提高作物产
为游客提供更多通过农业感知景观的新视角，
[24]
内的新景观元素，如果树、牛和农舍等，相互
量
。另外，该技术也有助于农业区发展成
以维护市场需求，同时保障农民利益。花园
渗透、过渡并融于庄园遗产景观中，这也体
为游客互动与农产品生产相结合的平台。花
森林不仅可以作为游客的休闲目的地，为他
现了与中国园林建筑中相似的“借景”原则。
园还包含不同的蔬果种植模式，以便更好地
们提供食品，还可以支持当地遗产保护项目：
基于生态层面的策略，历史森林景观的
利用有限的土地、土壤营养和阳光
[25]
。例如
“高秆水果方舟” （Achterhoek）：通过在花园森
恢复可以突出森林景观类型与景观体验的联
种植结构下层是浆果灌木和多年生草本植物，
林中种植当地特定品种的苹果树，以保护该
系。通过恢复与更新森林景观，合理规划不
主要用于季节性生产和农家采摘活动，使区
地区的特殊遗产。参照《高秆果树手册》，7
同活动场景下的树木群落，使庄园遗产景观
域获得更大的经济效益和社会效益。对于保
种苹果树①将在研究区进行引种。
的特性可以以更直观的方式被呈现。
留的耕地，智能管理和监测是必要环节。耕
3.3.1.3 农业
地内主要作物种类多为阔叶树种，如玉米，
也是人们休闲娱乐的可食景观体验区。设计将
基于与新的绿色基础设施合作的设计策
配合小乔木或树篱种植，以促进养分和水分
农产品、农场与娱乐活动相结合，缩小农民、
略，农业方面的干预策略以农林结合为主要
循环，有利于提高产量。考虑到木材生产是
当地食品和人们之间的距离，同时也吸引了更
形式、作用于目前碎片化的农业用地，持续
该地区的主要生产活动之一，且有较大的发
多的游客前来参观。在此之前，消费者至少需
地丰富农业活动类型。目前农业用地是该区
展机遇，FLR 策略中的矮林将作为可持续生
要 4 个步骤才能购买到产品，而且由于耗时较
域的主要用地类型，这也使得农业具有巨大
产林的新形式在这里进行引用并发挥潜力。
长，食品的新鲜度会受到影响。然而，FLR 策
的发展潜力，并进一步推动农业发展、使其
44
在农业方面，设计结合农耕活动，灰柳
通 过 运 用 FLR， 农 业 区 不 仅 用 于 生 产，
略下的农林复合经营策略和营销模式使得农
专题 1：区域空间发展与韧性应对 / Special 1: Regional Spatial Development and Resilience Response
1. existing buildings in the estate 庄园现存主要建筑 2. existing estate park and orchard 庄园现存游园与果园 3. trail in forest 森林步道 4. rabatten forest experience 湿地森林体验区 5. forest meadow 森林草甸 6. historic stream 历史溪流 7. agriculture forest 农业森林 8. vegetable garden 农食花园 9. forest park 森林公园 10. existing road towards the castle 现存与庄园连接的道路
1. existing buildings in the estate 庄园现存主要建筑 2. existing road towards the castle 现存与庄园连接的道路 3. estate experience garden 庄园体验花园 4. historic farm house and agriculture garden 历史农舍与农业园 5. estate heritage and agriculture garden 庄园遗址与农业园 6. trails in forest 森林步道 7. forest meadow 森林草甸 8. forest park 森林公园
4 5 1 8
6
2 7
8 7 9 6
1 5
2
10
3
intervention strategy：silviculture 干预策略：修复性植树造林
3
4
11
intervention on site 具体干预形式 walking path 步道
13
rabatten forest area（alder tree） 沟壑林区（桤木树列） trail 栈道
ditch 水渠 未经修剪
刚修剪
新发树枝
成熟矮林 / 灌木
A
A'
uncoppiced
A-A'
newly coppiced
new growth
mature coppice
根据矮林发育不同阶段进行管理 according to different stages of coppice development 5m
5m
3m 0.5 m
11 FLR 干预下的维斯庄园
5m
3m 0.5 m
5m 0.5 m
3m 0.5 m
0.5 m
5m 1.5 m
3m 0.5 m
5m 0.5 m
3m 0.5 m
12 沟壑林作为造林干预维斯庄园的一种形式（12-1）以及 沟壑林的后期管理（12-2）[26]
FLR at De Wiersse 122
12-1
12-2 12
13 FLR 干预下的梅德勒庄园 FLR at Het Medler
“Rabatten” forest as a tool of silviculture at De Wiersse (12-1) and its management (12-2)[26]
产品交易过程既省时又具有娱乐性。
业和补充性造林 3 种形式为主，旨在共同促
的多样性有助于加强庄园的生态和社会价值。
3.3.2 在地尺度上的设计探索
进生态环境和空间体验的发展。在维斯庄园
这也将对位于维斯庄园下游的其他庄园（如梅
的新景观中，历史悠久的溪流和河道可通过
德勒庄园）的景观产生积极影响。
在区域尺度上基于 FLR 的战略规划中， 在地尺度的庄园遗产景观的具体设计任务得
新的河岸缓冲区和巴克塞比克地区沿岸的植
梅德勒庄园（荷兰语：Het Medler）的主
到了进一步确定与阐述，并从生态、可识别
物群落来过滤和调节土壤的蓄水能力并提高
体建筑被护城河环绕，所处地势较高，其附
景观和农业 3 个角度应对各自的挑战，为庄
水质（图 11）； “沟壑林”和“森林草甸”等历
属的农场和储藏室则位于较低的位置。基于
园增添价值。
史森林景观的恢复可以促进该庄园现有森林
庄园内多次的土地交换历史，庄园区内的农
和营林的发展（图 12）。树木不仅能调控二氧
舍具有深厚的文化底蕴，整个庄园与若干农
园和花园是一个以传统风格来设计并与周围景
化碳的循环，而且可以提升该地区的“海绵”
舍点缀组合而成的独特景观也使得景观体验
观紧密融合的集合体。庄园选址靠近水源，同
能力。此外，它还促进人们与历史森林景观的
感更加丰富。但是，由于沟渠干涸、天然林
时片区内包含多样化的土地用途，例如牧场与
共鸣，加强人们对区域特性的辨识度。通过在
工业化带来的物种多样性缺失、庄园和草甸
维斯庄园（荷兰语：De Wiersse）及其游
122
122
农产品种植等。庄园中也富含包括森林（例如
庄园列植树木，强调轴线，从而形成具有视觉
的低可达性，庄园遗产景观的复原力正面临
沟壑林，Rabatten） 、景观视线，房屋和雕像等
价值的景象。功能单一和工业化的农业用地通
挑战。此外，庄园内农业活动的增加也不断
在内的历史遗留的景观元素。但是，水质水量
过合理引入当地果树品种、马匹等转变为多功
损害着植被的多样性，并导致庄园遗产景观
的不足给如今的庄园带来巨大挑战，同时对原
能的森林花园。通过应用农林业结合的市场模
的均质化。在梅德勒庄园采用农林业结合的
始的栖息地与自然环境产生很大的影响。
式，促进生物多样性以及游客与景观的互动。
方式，与农民共同决策土地的多样化合理使
因此，森林景观恢复的森林密度与组成类型
用，推动历史悠久的农舍融于景观，引导游
在 FLR 框架下，干预措施以营林、农林
45
Landscape Architecture
2021/07
estate territory boundary 庄园领域边界
routes in estate 庄园内路径
water 水系 remeandering stream construction 水系自然形态重建
historical stream restoration 历史水系统分布
两个庄园个体空间格局现状 current situation
ecology 生态
water 水文环境修复
afforestation + reforestation + rabatten bos restoration 森林修复与重建 + 湿地森林修复
reforestation/afforestation recreation routes/ agriculture 植树造林 娱乐性游线 / 农业
initial stage 0-5y 第一阶段 0-5 年
intermediate stage 5-50y 第二阶段 5-50 年
final stage >50y 第三阶段 50 年以后 经 FLR 干预后，两个庄园个体空间格局相互融合
recreation routes 娱乐休闲游线 Routes in the existing forest area 森林修复与重建 + 湿地森林修复
vision after FLR
14
managing forest according to historical forest types + forest garden 尊重历史森林形态的森林管理 + 森林花园
Routes in the forest park 森林公园内部游线
agriculture 农业 constructing forest gardens inside and outside the two estates 在庄园內外布置森林花园
14 在地尺度上空间格局的发展
overlapping 综合
The development of spatial patterns at the local scale 15 在地尺度上的庄园遗产景观的不同发展阶段 Development phases of the estate landscape at the local scale
initial stage 0-5y 第一阶段 0~5 年
intermediate stage 5-50y 第二阶段 5~50 年
final stage >50y 第三阶段 50 年后
15
客感知该地区的文化历史（图 13）。此外，这
相关者的利益。特别是在面对与土地所有权
架不仅可以帮助制定区域韧性发展的战略决
些干预措施也为生态环境带来了好处。因地
和土地管理机制相关的复杂情况时，只有通
策，也为短期的地方干预和潜在景观开发项
制宜地对本土物种和植物群落进行规划，依
过多方有效沟通才能解决问题。因此，在协
目奠定坚实的基础。例如，恢复历史河道及
靠自然植被的生长过程逐渐解决水质水量的
作过程中应注重有效设计方法的必要性，以
其生态环境将需要很长时间，但可以在短期
问题。此外，通过加强物理和视觉的联系，
增加相互了解，共同制定方案，周全考虑自
内对局部河道实施技术解决方案，为实现长
使得梅德勒庄园与维斯庄园等周边景观的联
然和人类之间的平衡关系。
远目标做准备。此外，应用水处理基础设施
系进一步加深（图 14）。
同时，庄园遗产景观的规划设计过程揭
来改善水质、增强生态价值，如植物过滤器。
示了基于景观的区域韧性发展的广泛可能性。
除了利用恢复性造林和补充性造林等策略优
尺度上庄园个体所面临的个别问题的能力。
不仅限于打造水敏感和生态良好的环境，而
化生态环境与景观体验外，树木生长规律与
同时，通过在各个庄园遗产景观单体之间建
且为景观文化元素的修复提供机会，增强空
自然演替周期也被充分考虑到设计中，以使新
立空间联系，为整个区域提供了可以产生更
间体验、丰富空间特性。
景观长期、动态并可持续地针对生态、可识别
多积极效应的可能性。
4.2 FLR 作为设计策略在庄园遗产景观的
景观和农业 3 方面发挥作用。另外，从空间、
应用
生态和历史的视角来看，2 个孤立的庄园之间
因此，FLR 的设计策略也具有解决微观
4 结论与讨论
区域景观设计方法对于多学科合作至
也通过蓝绿基础设施建立连接（图 15）。
关重要，它能有效从区域和地方尺度上将生
灵活性是空间面向未来发展的重要特征
庄园遗产景观是社会因素与生态环境紧
态、休闲和社会系统的新陈代谢等方面整合
之一。FLR 作为区域视角下的设计策略，结
密联系的复合体。开发和保护此类景观可以
到空间发展。在巴克塞比克地区，市政、设
合策略框架，将不同尺度下的景观整合为一
为地区带来重要的社会和生态价值。例如，
计师和其他利益相关者正在采用这种方法来
个系统，从而使设计师在景观的分析阶段为
通过提升可达性和景观质量，改善水环境质
实现具有气候韧性的庄园遗产景观。本研究
目标地区提供多种解决方案；微观尺度方面，
量，并配置能有效适应环境的各种森林群落
将 FLR 理解为适用于多尺度的潜在设计策略，
遵循区域尺度策略的指导，FLR 为特定地区
等设计策略，促进旅游和娱乐、增加生物多
并对其进行多视角的讨论。
灵活设定的潜在设计任务可以有效应对景观
4.1 庄园遗产景观设计的重要性
样性。除此之外，人类福祉也能通过宜人的
在本研究案例中，FLR 为庄园遗产景观
缺乏文化认同与沟渠的干旱或富营养化的情
自然环境得到促进。考虑到庄园内农业活动
提供了韧性发展的方向。根据水系统管理和
境。简而言之，将系统中每个景观要素作为
会密切影响经济状况，因此景观的长远发展
森林演替发展的不同阶段，遵循区域尺度上
一个整体是一个重要视角。这种看待景观的
应在规划和设计中着重考虑，以确保各利益
指定的战略框架，确定了远期定位。这一框
灵活视角不仅在解决当前问题方面，而且在
46
专题 1：区域空间发展与韧性应对 / Special 1: Regional Spatial Development and Resilience Response
韧性景观规划中都起到关键作用。虽然，FLR 作为一种多尺度设计策略，可以调节生态环 境，文化遗产以及人们的景观体验和景观需 求之间的平衡关系，但是 FLR 也存在局限性。
致谢：
CarboneCapture.pdf.
本文作者在此对本文的写作与发表的过程中给予帮助并提
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① 参照《高秆果树手册》，7 种苹果树分别为‘Bismarck’、
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背景的森林景观恢复应用提供了一种直观的
nieuw%20format/Effecten%20klimaatverandering%20
方法，同时激发 FLR 在不同方面的可能性。
4.3 巴克塞比克案例对当代中国的启示 庄园遗产景观不仅是人类与自然环境互
op%20landbouw%20EN.pdf.
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设计方法。 在当今的中国，为了重建文化自信，承 载文化和精神价值的文化遗产在社会发展中 发挥着日渐重要的作用。然而，随着近年来城 市化和工业化进程的加速，传统景观逐渐被现 代文明所取代。为保护文化遗产，中央政府 在 2020 年新提出了相关文件，例如新的《国
城市景观环境和整体空间格局的有关工作。 巴克塞比克地区的设计方法对当代中国 在应对遗产景观保护和开发方面的类似挑战 时起到借鉴作用。此外，FLR 的应用可以促进 利益相关者之间的协作。基于生态环境保护 的 FLR 策略会是中国遗产景观规划设计的有
projecten/rabattenbos-eindhoven/.
centralcoastwilds.com/news/2019/Fall-Pruning-Tips-and-
用工具。但是，中国目前的协调机制使得不
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Tricks.html.
同利益相关者的参与有所欠缺，这也为 FLR
Cultuurhistorische Visie Het Nationale Park De Hoge
提供了机遇。本研究提出的方法以从多尺度
nl/media/filer_public/34/c9/34c965a0-31ba-4fb7-8513-
视角正确理解景观为基础，其关键在于研究
ba7b0ebb625e/cultuurhistorische_visie_hv_voor_website.
与设计的紧密结合。对于中国历史文化名城
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Veluwe[R/OL]. (2010)[2021-02-10]. http://www.hnsland.
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在不同尺度上的独特性方面，特别是关于如
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nature/biodiversity-action-plan/.
一步研究。鉴于中国文化景观的保护和发展 还处于早期阶段，其他有经验的国家和地区 的案例研究将起到充分的借鉴作用。
https://www.newforestnpa.gov.uk/conservation/protecting[12] HITCHMOUGH J, WERA F. Grazing Ecology and Forest History[J]. Garden History, 2002, 30(2): 263.
图片来源： 图 1-1 引 自 www.dewiersse.com，1-2 由 Hans Hendriksen 拍摄；图 2、7~11、13~15 由作者绘制；图 3 由作者绘制， 数据来源于 ArcGIS；图 4 由作者根据参考文献 [15] 绘制； 图 5 由作者根据参考文献 [20] 绘制；图 6 由作者根据参考 文献 [21] 绘制；图 12 由作者根据参考文献 [26] 绘制。 （编辑 / 王亚莺）
[13] PROTEAK. Fresh Breeze Afforestation Project[EB/ OL]. (2014)[2021-02-10]. http://proteak.com/files/carbone/
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Forest Landscape Restoration as Design Strategy for Resilient Heritage Estate Landscapes: The Case of the Baakse Beek Region, Gelderland Province, the Netherlands WANG Yanjiao, Steffen Nijhuis*, Bob Ursem
1 Introduction
developed systemic and coherent structures, that
in deforested or degraded landscapes. T his
Heritage estate landscapes are clusters
one hand safeguard and develop ecological values
aim is based on the following principles [7] :
of historic countr y estates and express the
socio-cultural values, and at the same time facilitate
1) Focus on landscape development; 2) Maintain
interaction between human activities and the
local interaction and infill. The dialogue between
and enhance the natural ecosystem within
natural environment throughout history (Fig. 1).
the different layers and stakeholders is promoted by
landscapes; 3) Engage stakeholders and support
These historical estates landscapes present visual
a strong connection between research and design,
participatory governance; 4) Tailor to the local
enjoyment, reveal the hidden cultural layer and
[4]
and visual thinking and communication .
context using a variety of approaches; 5) Restore
continuingly function as a structure contributing to
This paper addresses an adaptive and multi-
regional metabolism. However, along with industrial
scale landscape design approach for the development
development and the rapid urbanisation, heritage
of a more resilient heritage estate landscape, taking
FLR is thus not only about intelligently
landscapes are challenged by climate change effects
the Estate landscape in the Baakse Beek Region
planting trees, but also addresses societal needs
and vanishing cultural identity . By recent human
(a region in the East of the Netherlands) as a case
and human wellbeing. FLR also has been widely
intervention, climate change, flooding, drought,
study, in particular focusing on two estates, Het
applied to projects all over the world, such as the
and soil degradation suppress the eco-environment.
Medler and De Wiersse. Deforestation is identified
Metro-Forest Project in Thailand[8], Rabattenbos
Meanwhile, landscape standardisation, disappearing
as one of the critical agents of spatial change in the
Eindhoven [9] and De Hoge Veluwe nature park
landscape elements and spatial fragmentation,
region, causing significant water system problems
in the Netherlands[10], New Forest National Park
transform the highly diverse landscapes into
and biodiversity loss[5]. Based on a regional analysis
in England[11], Borkener Paradies in Germany[12],
monotone industrial agriculture landscapes,
of the estate landscape’s historical development,
Fresh Breeze Afforestation Project in Mexico[13],
declining biodiversity and lack of sponge capacity.
Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) is employed
and so on. However, FLR is hardly applied in the
This causes problematic situations for individual
as a contextual design strategy to regain ecological
framework of landscape-based regional design.
estates and has significant impacts on the regional
functionality and enhance human wellbeing in
In this paper FLR is employed as a multi-scale
landscape system. Multi-scale spatial planning and
the degraded landscape across different scales.
landscape design strategy to address environmental
design approaches are needed to address these
Here forests are identified as a central element in
and spatial challenges by 1) exploiting systemic
challenges and at the same time, protect, restore
the identity of this estate landscape. FLR offers
relations between country estates, 2) by using local
and develop these valuable landscapes.
excellent potential in landscape-based regional
historical and traditional ecological knowledge,
To achieve future-proof estate heritage
design as a driving force to address the problems
and 3) applying principles that leverage ecological
landscapes, employing ecological thinking in the
the region faces and add new values. In this paper,
and cultural values. In this perspective is FLR not
planning and design process is one of the keys for
FLR is used as a strategy to revitalize the estate
only about planting trees but also on landscape
heritage landscape to meet current and future needs.
development to meet present and future needs
[1]
[2]
successful solutions . Ecological thinking is part of a regional landscape-based design approach in
multiple functions for multiple benefits; 7) Manage adaptively for long-term resilience.
and connect long-term perspective and short-term interventions to provide livelihoods and Ecosystem
complex system in which natural and social-
2 Forest Landscape Restoration as Multi-scale Landscape Design Strategy
cultural processes and structures interact and exert
The concept of FLR is introduced and
(Fig. 2). FLR is here considered as a means to
which the landscape is understood as a dynamic
[3]
[6]
services from a regional scale to a local scale
influence on each other at multiple scale levels . In
developed by Chazdon et al. . FLR is defined
achieve: recognisable landscape; improved ecology
this approach the multi-scale planning and design
as a process that aims to regain ecological
quality; multifunctional land use; collaborative
process offers a powerful method to understand and
functionality and enhance human wellbeing
effort; sustainable development.
48
专题 1：区域空间发展与韧性应对 / Special 1: Regional Spatial Development and Resilience Response
out to be a fertile and attractive area for vegetation’s
scale levels, ranging from the estate zone in BB
3 Heritage Estate Landscape Baakse Beek as Case
region, the De Wiersse-Het Medler cluster to the
3.1 The Baakse Beek Region
years ago, people moved into the region along the
FLR is an approach that addresses multiple
growth, animals and people’s living. About 2,000
individual estate. At the regional scale, FLR helps
The Baakse Beek Region is located the
water stream. They began to cut down trees for
to develop and safeguard the spatial and ecological
province of Gelderland, in the eastern part of the
more agriculture land and more wood materials.
qualities of the estate landscape. Depending on the
Netherlands. The Baakse Beek is a brook (small
Also, more watercourses were excavated and
situation design principles and spatial interventions
water stream) flowing from the east towards the west
extended. Especially before the industrial revolution
are proposed to deal with the site-specific problems
in a sandy landscape (Fig. 3). On the way to the river
started in the mid-18th century, the landscape
and potentials. This entails interpreting landscape
IJssel, the brook passes various types of landscape,
went through accelerated deforestation, and all
history and re-introducing lost landscape elements,
such as eastern flood landscape (slow-flowing
remaining historical forests got disappeared in
illustrated by the reconstruction of the former
brook area), estate landscape (lowland brook area),
Eastern Netherlands as a consequence of over-
brook and “rabatten” forest. The development of
sand ridge landscape (temporary brook area), heath
exploitation. During the 17th century and 18th
a forest park landscape in which traditional forest
landscape (heath brook area), “Kampen”-landscape
century, country estates emerged along the middle
types like forest meadow and hedgerows fringed
(wetland brook area) and terrace edge landscape
part of Baakse Beek stream, which shaped the
forest play an important role, are proposed at
(terrace edge brook area). Each zone has distinctive
estate landscape in this region in the early period.
the higher and dryer parts of the grounds. Water
landscape elements, geographical and ecological
With a series of cultural revolutions, such as the
purification is achieved by the construction of
conditions that characterise distinctive landscape
Age of Enlightenment, demographic changes,
forests in the riparian zone of the brook together
[15]
types in the basin area
(Fig. 4).
land reforms, world wars, industrial processes and
with helophyte filters, recalling the wetlands that used
These estates in the watershed, with their
agriculture revolutions, etc. there was increasing
to grow in this situation. Of course，it also about
identical country houses and various surrounding
demand for wood to develop canal networks,
introducing new landscape structures and functions,
landscapes, make the region under the impact of
shipping systems and boost urbanisation. Apart
by reforestation, afforestation and intensified
history and culture. It is because of the Baakse
from that, more natural land got exploited for more
land use (e.g. smart farming) in a context specific
Beek that estates in the region are where history
farmland and softwood planting. Deforestation
sensitive manner. By introducing viewpoints,
and nature meet and communicate.
had negative impacts not only on the forest cover,
elevated pathways, and designing roads and stream
However, this variation in landscape types is
but also on people’s agricultural activities and
crossings appropriately, estates’ accessibility could
now declining and the region develops into a more
their living environment. In the late 19th century,
be enhanced and visitors’ spatial experience could
homogeneous landscape. The environment suffers
during the transition period between landscape
be enriched.
from adverse impacts from human activities and
of the revolutions age and post-modern new
Research through design is a constituent
climate change, making it challenging to provide
landscape, people were aware the importance of
element of the approach to explore the possibilities
fertile land for crops, places of suitable quality for
environmental preservation. To reverse the trend
and identify solutions . Design experiments are
people’s living, and habitats for animals. As for
of forests’ decline, private societies, like Vereniging
employed to explore the possibilities of applying
estate zone’s development across time, not only the
tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten, were formed
design principles derived from design research .
Baakse Beek stream and estates play an essential
and governments also established regulations
By this research and design mechanism, related
role in this area, but also the forest landscape plays
to contribute to reforestation. Some of these
information of the study area could be exposed,
an significant role in the history as in the situation
regulations were made for promoting ecosystem,
possibilities from multiple aspects can be explored
nowadays (Fig.5). Forests are part of the primary
while some reforestation projects were for wood
to make a holistic vision and connection between
identity of this landscape and are an important
selling to boost the economy. After world war II,
a dynamic environment and human activities. With
condition for the ecological and sociocultural
post-modern new landscapes emerged. As such
the reflection on the design’s values, “research
system in this region.
the current landscape is palimpsest, that showcases
[4]
[14]
through design” is a practical approach to gaining
During the last glacial period (< 10,000 years
knowledge about landscape characters, spatial
B.P.), the landscape was characterised by swampy
people’s attitude towards the landscape[16].
development possibilities, and practical solutions to
grassland, a species-rich deciduous forest and 15%
3.2 Design Challenges
challenges.
of the region was covered with peat, which turned
different stages of its development and display the
The historical development of the estate zone
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Landscape Architecture
2021/07
illustrates the critical role of forests. However, in
and nature type, contribute to the lack of
corresponding conditions as their suitable habits.
recent decades the estate landscape suffered from
connection to the estate landscape from the site
For dry and moderately dry areas, beech-oak forest
severe deforestation and therefore faces three types
spirit, from the past (Fig. 5).
and birch-oak forest can be promoted using natural
of problems
The estate landscape of Baakse Beek basin area
succession. Alder-ash forest and swampy alder grove
3.2.1 Estate Landscape and Hydrology Environment
now is facing challenges from both ecological and
are the main forest communities introduced to the
Negatively impacted by deforestation, natural
landscape quality aspects. Meanwhile, the estate zone
wet area. In this way, the forests would grow well
vegetation and crops in the estate zone live in a dry
also shows designers opportunities in achieving a
and help to create a variety of valuable habitats and
habitat where the aquatic ecosystem is vulnerable.
balance among ecological environment, agricultural
therefore increase the ecological quality of the region.
Because of the degradation of the former forest
activities and landscape-based spatial quality.
The new “green infrastructure” would increase water
soils the sponge capacity of the soil is decreasing.
3.3 Planning and Design Application of FLR
storage capacity, water and soil conservation and
This is also related to the fact that the soil in
To address the challenges, FLR is used as
this area is mostly sandy while peat had almost
a design strategy to conserve and develop the
Water circulation in the new estate landscape
disappeared after historical reclamation. Suffering
ecological environment, restoring the cultural
would be reactivated through FLR as well. After
from the sandy soil with little nutrients and poor
heritage, and enhancing human wellbeing. Based on
enriching species and layers in the estate cluster’s
[21]
enrich the biodiversity.
functions, land here is hardly in other good use.
the FLR options framework , the plan proposed for
natural network, the relationship with water flow is
3.2.2 Estate Landscape and Climate Change
the estate zone integrates several critical interventions
enhanced. Since trees and vegetation in lower layers
Temperature rise is one of the most important
that together result in a more resilient ecological
play an essential role in the hydrological circulation
expressions of climate change. According to
environment and appropriates people’s wellbeing:
system, precipitation would increase, and water
STOWA , the Netherlands will face an increase in
such as reforestation, afforestation, silviculture,
evaporation can be blocked effectively by deciduous
average summer temperatures of between 1 and
agroforestry, improved fallow and some riparian
trees with board leaves[22]. Thus, soil moisture can
2 degrees Celsius in 2050 compared to 1990, and
tools in diverse forms. The framework creates links
be accumulated and maintained underground.
will exert a great influence on the region. In the
between current land-use types and corresponding
Besides, leaf residues and dissolved organic matter
summers of previous years, drought manifested
FLR strategies. For example, the current swamps are
percolation help to increase soil minerals.
itself already and became a serious problem for
part of forest land without trees covered. Based on
Affected by trees’ ecological values, landscape
nature conservationists, farmers and estate owners,
the framework, afforestation and reforestation would
quality gets enhanced. The transpiration and other
which had to deal with a shortage of water. In
be introduced to these swamps (Fig. 6).
physiological functions of trees boost the water
winters, there is an abundance of water which
3.3.1 Towards a Regional Framework
cycle and carbon and nitrogen cycle in the nature
[17]
causes flooding in several parts of the region.
The whole estate zone contains 11 different
environment, which are essential in hydrological
Meanwhile, as the middle reaches of the stream, the
estates, farmland, built-up area and nature area. All
environment conservation. Trees’ enclosure also
estate zone area will suffer from yield depression
these elements are united into a coherent regional
contributes to sufficient and clean water in the
and lower quality of the landscape .
landscape framework in which FLR is employed
stream so that visitors can enjoy the nice view.
3.2.3 Estate Landscape and Landscape Characteristics
as a design strategy. The landscape framework
Through FLR in the agriculture area, hydrological
The Baakse Beek basin area is characterised by
addresses three layers: ecology, recognizable
circulation also gets stimulated. Crops and trees
an undulating landscape with subtle, but important
landscape and agriculture (Fig. 7).
with wide leaves are chosen to help to decrease
height differences. These height differences create
3.3.1.1 Ecology
water runoff and increase soil minerals.
[18]
[19]
a diversity of landscape types . Here the focus
The ecology-layer of the framework is based
As for the current situation, forest communities
is on the estate landscape located in the lowland
on the geomorphological conditions of the area.
in the estate zone are not in the most suitable
brook area. Considering that the site contains
The FLR takes the natural potential vegetation as the
condition, since they were planned for wood
rich materials in natural and cultural backgrounds.
basis for its development. In lowlying wet areas you
production and its economic values are the
Challenges the estate landscape faces include
will find different communities, than in higher, dryer
aspect considered at most, instead of vegetation
lack of accessibility, cultural-historical landscape
ones. These forest communities are the combinations
adaptation and nature system preservation. Since
experience, negotiations among stakeholders and
of native trees and other plants at different layers.
the second period of landscape development
the relations between geomorphology condition
Different forest communities rely on the areas of
history (landscape of revolutions age), increasing
50
专题 1：区域空间发展与韧性应对 / Special 1: Regional Spatial Development and Resilience Response
original forest communities had been being
historical estate landscape (Fig. 10). As for the
garden area. The sustainable alternative technology
replaced by production forest and farm land.
current grid-like spatial pattern, it is partly caused by
improves water quality, reduces sanitation problems,
Species diversity is lost to maintain the ecological
the historical land reclamation without considering
and increases crop yields [24] . The agricultural
diversity and also affects the hydrological
eco-environment and future development. The
sightseeing garden is a combination of visitors’
environment. Climate change also changes forests’
homogenised landscape makes the story behind the
interaction and agriculture products producing.
compositions, functioning, productivity, habitats
current estate landscape even harder to be perceived.
The garden also contains diverse layers to use
and affects the de ecosystem’s balance . However,
Through interventions of FLR, the organic spatial
better-limited land, soil nutrition, and daylight for
the abundant species in these original forest
pattern would be restored, which is similar to the
vegetables and fruits growing[25]. Lower layers are
communities used to cooperate sustainably with
historical situation, but with more resilience.
occupied with berry fruit shrubs and perennial herbs.
[23]
each other at different layers after living together
Another distinguished feature is the specific
They are proposed mainly for seasonally producing
harmoniously and adapting to the habitat for long
garden architecture related to the direct environs of
and farm picking activities for tourists to gain more
time. The estate landscape with rich species after
the respective estates. The gardens contain stories
economic and societal benefits. As for the remained
restoration creates a better connection between
on the relation on nature and culture throughout
cropland, smart management and monitoring are
the landscape and the ecology environment.
the ages. While applying the FLR approach the
of necessity. Maincrop species should be broadleaf
Meanwhile, it can enhance people’s interaction with
gardens of the country houses can be developed
crops, like maise, and cooperated with small trees or
nature. Strategically planning forest communities
by strengthening visual relationships with the
hedge planting. The nutrients and water circulation
in appropriate types could show suggestions of
surrounding forests and agriculture field, with
can be stimulated, which is useful for increasing the
landscape history to visitors and offer better site-
pastoral views of grazing animals and farmhouses,
yield. Considering the wooden material production
specific sensory experience. After constructing the
recalling the “borrowing scenery” principle known
is one of the main producing activities in the
forest landscape restoration in Vorden cluster, the
from Chinese garden architecture.
region, this field’s development opportunity should
green infrastructure will gradually develop into a
Based on the ecolog y layer, proposed
be considered. The plan shows the potential of
climax forest with more considerable capabilities
historical forest communities organise these
introducing coppice woodland as a sustainable
than forests at initial development stages to
tree groups to restore the relation between
form of production forest. Interacted with farming
contribute to a stable and resilient ecosystem.
forest landscape typologies and estate landscape
activities, fodder trees, like willow (Salix cinerea ),
3.3.1.2 Recognizable Landscape
experience. More trees of various species are
black oak (Quercus velutina ）and hazelnut (Corylus
To strengthen the connection between the
proposed in different programs for multiple
avellana ), are proposed to be planted in the fringe
historic forest landscape and the modern estate
activities. A new forest landscape could be restored
area. Reasonable planting calendar in agricultural
landscape, FLR is employed to develop forest types
and shaped in the context of estate landscape, to
garden maintains markets’ demanding and farmers’
with particular spatial characteristics (Fig. 8-9).
contribute to a more perceivable way to understand
benefits. Also, it shows more opportunities for
The layer “recognizable landscape” is focussed
the landscape.
visitors engaging with the landscape from the
on reinforcing landscape characteristics based on
3.3.1.3 Agriculture Layer
farming aspect. The garden forest not only can
the natural conditions. This means strengthening
The agriculture layer is to cooperate with the
provide a rural recreational destination for tourists
the landscape identity with landscape elements
new green infrastructure and sustainably enrich
and food production, but it can also help to support
and characteristics that increases or strengthens
agriculture activities, mainly in agroforestry.
the Leader project “Achterhoek”: Ark for high-stem
the legibility of the landscape, helping visitors
The potential of agricultural development is
fruit’. Apple trees of specific local species are planted
to understand the diversity of the landscape and
promising, considering currently it is the primary
in the garden forest to preserve the region’s particular
experience the local history in a meaningful way.
land use of the whole region. However, to enhance
kind of heritage. According to the Handbook of
This layer therefore also addresses optimization
and make it smart, fragmented agriculture lands are
high-stem fruit, seven species of apple trees, are
of the existing accessibility network and the
proposed to be applied with agroforestry strategies.
selected to be introduced in the study area.
development of new recreational routes with new
Typically, the agriculture area has ditches for
By integrating agriculture products, farms with
drainage and irrigation. In this regard, it shows
recreational activities, the gap among farmers, local
Besides, the forest typologies together
good potential for the recirculating vertical flow
food, and people get closed. Meanwhile, it attracts
contribute to restoring the spatial pattern of the
constructed wetland’s application in the vegetable
more tourists to have a visit. At least four steps are
educational and recreational destinations.
51
Landscape Architecture
2021/07
needed before consumers getting products, and
agricultural land is transformed into multifunctional
4 Discussion and Conclusion
the freshness of foods will be affected due to the
forest gardens. Through applying agroforestry
4.1 The Significance of Designing Resilient
time-consuming procedure. However, agroforestry
tools, biodiversity and the visitors’ engagement with
Heritage Estate Landscapes
strategies and marketing model make the products
the landscape is stimulated. Thus, with restoring
Heritage estate landscapes are complex
exchange procedure time-saving and recreational at
forest landscape consisting of different forest
systems in which society and ecology are closely
the same time. The agricultural area is a place for
densities and various types, the estate’s ecological
connected. The development and protection of
producing and a recreational and edible landscape
and societal values will be strengthened. It will also
these landscapes can provide important societal and
for people’s engaging.
make a positive impact on other estates’ landscape,
ecological values. For instance, by boosting tourism
3.3.2 Design Elaborations at the Local Scale
i.e. Het Melder, which is in the downstream of De
and recreation through increased accessibility and
Wiersse.
stunning views, improving the aquatic environment
The design assignment at the local scale has been indicated in the strategic plan at the regional
Surrounded by a moat, the main house of
quality, and increasing biodiversity by developing a
scale. Within the FLR framework, the design
Het Medler is located in higher ground, while farms
variety of forest communities based on the natural
approach also helps individual estate combat its
and storage houses are located in the lower ground.
conditions and succession. Apart from that, people’s
site-specific challenges and generated added values.
The history of exchanging land to farmers makes
wellbeing is promoted through an enjoyable
De Wiersse, together with its park and gardens,
farmer houses within the estate area containing the
natural environment. Since economic conditions
is an estate designed in a formal style and integrated
rich historical value. Experienced from the roads the
get closely affected by agricultural activities in
into its surrounding landscape. Like farming and
characteristic views with sometimes farm houses
estates’ territories, ensuring various stakeholders’
crops planting, various land utilities are involved
make the whole estate more attractive in a unique
benefits through long-term landscape development
within the estate’s territory, considering that the
landscape scene. However, insufficient water in
are considered in the landscape planning and
location is ideally close to water. Historical landscape
ditches, industrial forests, lacking access to the estate
design. Especially the complex situation of land
compositions, such as “Rabatten”-forest (groove
and meadow, are challenging the estate’s resilience.
ownership and land management mechanism can
forest), landscape sightline, the house and statues,
Besides, increasing agricultural activities on the estate
only be addressed by involving the land owners,
also survive from a long time ago. Nowadays,
gradually eradicated the diversity of vegetation and
estate managers, etc. Therefore, a practical design
water shortage and low water quality are the main
contributed to the homogenization of the estate
approach is inevitable in a collaborative process to
challenges the estate is facing. This has a great impact
landscape. For Het Medler, we provided possibilities
increase mutual understanding and develop joint
on the original habitats and related vegetation.
for exchanging land with farmers by introducing
solutions that carefully considers the precious
Three primary interventions promote the eco-
agroforestry programs in such a way that the historic
balance between nature and humans.
environment and spatial experience in forms of
farmhouses become part of the scenery. This will
Meanwhile, designing resilient heritage estate
silviculture, agroforestry and afforestation. The new
help visitors to become more aware of the cultural-
landscapes reveals a wide range of possibilities
estate landscape of the De Wiersse includes a new
historical clues in the area (Fig. 13). Moreover, these
for context sensitive landscape development.
riparian buffer zone and helophyte filters along the
interventions also bring benefit to the ecological
Creating resilient heritage landscapes is not
Baakse Beek. The historic stream and watercourse
environment. According to local conditions, water
exclusively focused on creating a water sensitive
near the estate can easily increase the water
quality and quantity issues are addressed by planting
and ecological sound environment, but also offers
storage capacity and enhances water quality by its
trees and stimulating natural growth with native
opportunities to restore cultural elements of and in
riparian zones (Fig. 11). Historical forest types,
species and plant communities. The relation with De
the landscape, as well provides means to enhance
such as “Rabatten”-forest and “forest meadow”,
Wiersse and surrounding landscape is strengthened
spatial experience and identity.
are proposed to promote the development of
by establishing physical and visual links (Fig. 14).
4.2 The Applicability of FLR as Design Strategy for Heritage Estate Landscapes
the existing forest and silviculture at the estate
Thus, design strategy of FLR also has the
(Fig. 12). More trees will enhance carbon dioxide
capacity to address specific issues in the estate
Comprehensive spatial development that
sequestration and increase the “sponge” capacity
landscape at the local scale. Moreover, it presents
integrates ecological, recreational, and societal
of the area. Besides, it will remind people of the
the possibility to generate overall impacts to the
metabolism aspects at the regional and local scale
historical forest landscape, as a signifier of regional
region by creating spatial connections between
level, a regional landscape design approach is vital
identity. Also, mono-functional and industrial
individual estates.
to cooperate knowledge from multiple disciplines.
52
专题 1：区域空间发展与韧性应对 / Special 1: Regional Spatial Development and Resilience Response
In Baakse Beek region, municipalities, designers,
also in resilient landscape planning.
the preservation and development of heritage
and many other stakeholders are employing such
FLR, as a multi-scale design strategy, can be
landscapes. FLR could be a useful tool for heritage
an approach to achieve a climate-resilient heritage
charge with the role of a connector to obtain balance
landscapes’ planning and design in China when
estate landscape. Here FLR is explored as potential
among ecological environment, cultural heritage, and
the ecological environment preservation is kept
design strategy at different scales.
people’s landscape experience and needs from the
in mind. In addition, FLR application process can
In this case, FLR contributed to a long-term
landscape. Meanwhile, FLR still exists limitations.
contribute to collaboration among stakeholders.
perspective for a resilient estate heritage landscape.
For instance, FLR might lack its flexibility in the
However, the mostly-seen top-down coordination
Based on different stages of the development of the
application at the regional scale, considering that the
mechanism in China make the involvement from
water management system and forest succession,
framework closely depends on land use types.
different stakeholders lacking, which also shows
a long term vision was developed in the form of
The design presents an intuitive way to
opportunities to FLR. The proposed approach relies
a regional framework. This framework can inform
experiment with FLR’s applicability in the context
on the proper understanding of the landscape and
strategic decisions, but also provide a solid basis
of heritage estate landscape. It also helps to arouse
a multi-scale perspective, in which research and
for short term local interventions and projects. For
different possibilities of FLR from various aspects
design are strongly interconnected. Further studies
instance, the restoration of the historical stream and
by developing different types of intervention tools.
on the uniqueness of Chinese historical and cultural
its ecological environment will take a long time, but
4.3 Inspiration from the Case of Baakse Beek
cities at different scale are needed; especially on how
creating technical solutions that create conditions for
to Contemporary China
to protect through development. Given that the
that can be done tomorrow. Also, water treatment
Heritage estate landscape are an expression
protection and development of cultural landscape
infrastructure, like helophyte filters, can be introduced
of interaction between humankind and the natural
in China are still at an early stage, it is useful to study
to improve the water quality. To strengthen ecological
environment. Nowadays, it is also charged with
cases from other experienced countries and regions.
value and improve visiting experience, afforestation
being resilient to future challenges, which is of vital
and reforestation played a key role. Forests’ habits
importance in contemporary regional development. In
and succession cycle are considered in the design so
this paper, the multi-scale spatial approach elaborated
Acknowledgments:
that heritage estate landscape could achieve dynamic
in the resilient estate landscape design reveals its
constructive comments. We also appreciate the help of
balance from ecology, recognizable landscape and
landscape-based inclusive way to strengthen landscape
Guo Wei, Lei Yun and Song Yan with the Chinese version of
agriculture aspects. In the meantime, a green and blue
resilience and engage cultural heritage.
help and input in the initial stages of this work.
link between the two isolated estates from spatial,
In today’s China, to rebuild cultural confidence,
ecological and historical aspects is generated (Fig. 15).
cultural heritage, which contains cultural and
FLR as a design strategy from a regional
spiritual values, has an increasingly important
perspective, generates robust impacts on multiple
role in societal development. However, with the
We would like to thank the reviewers for their help and
the publication. We also acknowledge Bieke Cattoor for her
Notes:
① According to the Handbook of High-Stem Fruit , seven species of apple trees are Malus domestica ‘Bismarck’,
scales, and they compose systems to complement each
rapid growth of urbanisation and industrialisation
M. domestica ‘Brabantse Bellefleur’, M. domestica
other. On the regional scale, FLR provides an adaptive
these years, the traditional view is gradually
M. domestica ‘Keulema’, M. domestica ‘Koningszuur’,
landscape-based developing framework to different
replaced by the modern civilisation landscape. In
M. domestica ‘Notarisappel’, M. domestica ‘Zoete
zones. Thus, with clear guidance to diagnose the
2020, to preserve valuable heritage, the national
landscape, problematic situations could be addressed
government has come up with documents, like
by multiple solutions. Moreover, the flexibility for
new Administrative Measures for Declaration of
Sources of Figures:
future development is considered as an essential
National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities
Fig.1-1 © www.dewiersse.com; Fig. 1-2 © Hans Hendriksen;
feature. As for the local design, following the guidance
(trial implementation version), to strengthen
draw based on maps from www.ArcGIS.com; Fig.4 ©
from the regional scale, potential design assignments
general survey of historical and cultural resources,
Wang Yanjiao draw based on reference [15]; Fig. 5 © Wang
with design tools can address a lack of cultural identity
and to drive the protection of urban landscape
Yanjiao draw based on the reference [21]; Fig. 12 © Wang
and specific water issues like drought or eutrophication
environment and overall spatial pattern.
in the moat. In short, seeing every single landscape
The design approach introduced in the case
element together as a whole in a system is a practical
of Baakse Beek can be of inspiration to similar
cut-in point not only in tackling current problems but
challenges in contemporary China regarding
‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’× M. domestica ‘Cox’s Pomona’,
Bloemee’.
Fig. 2, 7-11, 13-15 © Wang Yanjiao; Fig. 3 © Wang Yanjiao
Yanjiao draw based on the reference [20] ; Fig. 6 © Wang Yanjiao draw based on reference [26]. (Editor / WANG Yaying)
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