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ast Month’s winner Top Shot – Mackenzie… hotography Reflections – by Tim Feherty hotography Focus – by Christopher Penning esearch Update – by Erica Murugesh esearch Focus – Elephant identification – by Erica Murugesh esearch Focus – Wild dogs – by Sarah McAuley olunteer Encounter – by Molly Boyd ommunity Focus – by Jen Morgan HAF Update – by Aneesa Browne rom RICHES to RAGS by Stuart Isham Fairbairns he BIG interview with Trico Chiloane arthog Quotes acebook Cover Shot Winner – Mackenzie Calle
ello There, this is Ilse and Philip. This weeks editors of the Warthog Post. Next week will be our final week on the photography project team. The time has just flown by! Three weeks ago we came here, without knowing anybody or anything about the great things Africa has to offer and African Impact is doing for both African nature and community. e will leave with more knowledge and skills, more friends and a bigger family then ever! This latest addition of the Warthog Post contains everything African Impact has been up to in the month of June. Enjoy!
ith all the possibilities in our new location, it’s difficult to know where to start! Thankfully, Sarah has given us the lowdown on (some of) our new partners, and there will be many more to come, I’m sure. I don’t want to come across all new age and mystical, but there’s renewed sense of energy around the lodge and an almost tangible feeling of belonging. For those of you who haven’t experienced the African Impact vibe, this family atmosphere and being part of a greater objective is intrinsic to everything we do.
very well done to Mackenzie Calle (USA), who demonstrates here the literal meaning of photography – “painting with light”.
or those of you that have been with us before, I’m sure you’re keen to dig in and explore where our new projects are taking us. You can find Sarah’s article on our new partners further down our facebook page, but all our regular contributors and favourites are here for your perusal. If there’s anything you wish to see in the future, any back issue requests; if you want to join our mailing list or just to say hello, drop us a line at our email address above. Enjoy! Tim Feherty Photography Coordinator, Greater Kruger
e're over a month in at our new location, and the photographic opportunities abound! From the established locations and overnight stays, we've discovered a plethora of flora, fauna and landscapes to cover - the only difficulty is choosing which ones to pick from. The opportunities to contribute not only photographically, but towards the research and community projects, I find personally very rewarding as well. When we're helping the Classic Wallabies and Children's Eco Training at their new eco-village construction, there's a tangible sense of being part of a massive effort to make the world a better place, in whatever way we can. It's all about looking at the big picture (pun intended). hink about it - here we have like-minded people from all over the world - Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Australia, Asia - if we get the Arctic continents involved somehow, we'll complete the whole set. And all these people are gathered together in a concerted effort to make a difference, make an impact. It may sound as if it's bordering on preaching, but it's more a statement of fact. t's these kind of thoughts that I mull over when we're labouring over the keyholes in the community, or cutting the thatch around the lodge. I find I can achieve a zen-like trance through repetitive physical work like slashing - it becomes so much more than cutting the grass. It's cutting the grass, so it can be tied in to bundles. The bundles are grouped and laid together, one over the other on a trellis roof. The roof then forms the shelter we can use for conservation education, or for eating outside in comfort if the sun's too hot or the rain eventually comes. We're happier for the experience, so then better prepared to go out and cut the grass...
o what has this to do with photography, I hear you ask? In general not a lot, but for our photography team, everything. There's a reason this project is called 'Wildlife Photography and Conservation'. Our photographers are here to work like everyone else. Yes, the images they create are beautiful, but, again, think big picture. We teach them in the first week, so they have the right level of technical ability. They use this knowledge to produce stunning photographs for Research (I.D. kits), Community (reportage) and our database (conservation education). These are then used to allow other volunteers to collect more accurate research, construct other eco-villages or plan their own lessons around the world using our photos. We also use the images in cross promotion with our partners and for our own marketing, which brings us more volunteers. Then we teach them in the first week.....
hese are but a small part of the work the photographers do while they're here, and I'm sure you'll notice from their photography that what they gain, personally and professionally, is hard to put a price on. What percentage of the world's population, do you think, has seen a Rhino in the wild? Camped overnight in a big 5 reserve? (Okay, it's more like glamping (glamorous camping) but it's definitely not 5 star!) Or even watched the sun go down and the stars come out in a completely different hemisphere from where they grew up? ithout a doubt, our volunteers have a fair share of adventure in their souls, and travel can only broaden the mind even more. I think it's more than that though. How many people sit at home, watch the news and think the world is a dreadful place? o matter where they come from, all our volunteers start with an idea in their head of how they can contribute. They gain something, but also give back in return. Mahatma Ghandi, in one of my favourite quotes, said "Be the change you want to see in the world", and our volunteers are doing just that!
ver since I can remember I’ve wanted to go on a safari. The experience I’ve had with African Impact was more than I could’ve imagined. I was able to do more than 85 hours of game drives in my four weeks here.
he first week was long with an intense photography course. I’d never taken one before so this was a great learning experience for me. We spent 40 hours doing lectures and critiques learning about the basics of photography from before you take the shot to postproduction. On top of that we spent 20 hours on game drives and many hours editing photos so by the end of the week I was exhausted but in a good way. any of our game drives took place in Buffaloland. Although it’s not a big 5 reserve the animals there have been wonderfully habituated to cars and so we were able to get extremely close to them, sometimes even too close for my long lens to focus on. We even had Cape Buffalo within a foot of our car just casually checking us out. Since we could get so close to the animals it was wonderful for photography. Also since there aren’t many predators in the reserve, it’s been able to gain the nickname “Baby Land”.
ne of my favorite things about my time here was the opportunities to get out on the weekends. I was able to go kloofing, fly in a microlight, go horseback riding through a reserve in Swaziland, hug and stand underneath an elephant, wine festival, do some beautiful hiking and more. he last thing that was so great was the people here. All of the staff were extremely accommodating, working so hard in order to make you as comfortable as possible. The other volunteers were also so much fun to be with. It’s a great feeling to be surrounded by people who are passionate about the same things.
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his month, we’ve had an incredible number of rare sightings. On one afternoon drive, we had a rare sighting of a leopard - our first ever in Buffaloland! Everyone was excited because the sighting lasted for a few minutes (very rare with leopard). She casually strolled out of the bush into clear sight and made her way on to the edge of the dam. Eventually she was scared off by a few buffalo nearby, but we managed to get great side and front profiles to create ID. kits to track her further. We also had news that a female leopard on Buffaloland had been spotted with cubs!
ome of the researchers had a phenomenal sighting of the endangered Wild dogs at Klaserie (more from Sarah on that later). We got news over the radio that these pack animals were around the area, and immediately set off to find them. The pack of four was spotted trotting along the tar road, towards the vehicle. We parked the game viewer and slowly each dog ran by, stopping briefly just to get a quick glance of us. They were interacting with each other and listening out for calls, a clear sign that they were hunting. We followed them by off-roading and got to a massive group of impala chilling in the open area. Jackpot! We knew what was about to come. True enough, the impala started running in all directions and we spotted one wild dog chase an impala in the distance; wild dogs are incredibly stealthy hunters with success rates of up to 80%. hat same week, the second group that went to Klaserie had great luck with sightings as well. They saw the breakaway females of the Ross Pride up and about, with plenty of social interaction. They also saw side-striped jackals and a rare sighting of a caracal! The caracal is a medium sized cat that is sometimes referred to as the desert lynx, often identified by its long black tufts on the back of their ears.
part from epic mammal sightings, we’ve had great luck with birds as well. We’ve managed to see the endangered Southern ground hornbill on several occasions in Klaserie. Because of the ground hornbills’ complex social structure and slow breeding rate, self-reintroduction would be slow, at best. Therefore, reintroduction programmes are imperative to improve the species’ precarious conservation status. Various organisations are working together now to ensure the long-term survival of this species in the wild, and the numbers on Klaserie are closely monitored. s for the usual tasks and projects that volunteers work on, we’ve made huge progress with the ID-kits. We have now had sightings of all the rhino that were necessary to finish kits for them all. As for the elephants we see at Klaserie, we’ve created numerous kits and are now starting to identify different herds. We’re also beginning to start on monthly reports not only for the ellies, but for raptors as well. onservation included a variety of activities this month. Some of the volunteers set out to clear prickly pear around the lodge. Opuntia (named for the ancient Greek city of Opus) is an alien species that are armed with two kinds of spines; large, smooth, fixed spines and small, hair-like prickles called glochids, that easily penetrate skin and detach from the plant. Many types of prickly pears grow into dense, tangled structures. Some of the volunteers had to use tweezers to get them off their clothes after the arduous task. ther physical work included cutting thatch located around the lodge. This is tiring and hard work especially under the blazing sun. This thatch will be used for a roof at the lodge where conservation education can take place and an outside area where volunteers will dine during the summer.
t Khamai Reptile Centre, we continued with making bamboo fences. The centre removed the excess bamboo in their crocodile enclosures and are using it to make fences to place around their property. We needed to saw the bamboo into desired lengths and tie them in place with metal wires. Simple, but incredibly therapeutic. The next time we went, we helped with moving bricks that were going to be used to build a room where taxidermized animals would be stored. We also helped with removing the bamboo inside the crocodile enclosure. Volunteers definitely had a tough time doing this as the bamboo was stuck fast in the ground. But it was an interesting experience nonetheless doing conservation about 10m away from two crocodiles. ow that we’ve settled in to our new location, we’ve had time to reflect on how much work we’ve done and how much more we have to do. We’re actually able to validate that the positive impact is imminent. We’re seeing the work we do in the community and the importance of the data we take materialize, and nothing brings more gratification than that.
he researchers have encountered numerous elephants this past month at Klaserie. However, with great sightings, comes great responsibility. Each herd of elephants we see needs to be identified. The researchers spend hours looking for various noticeable differences in the elephant’s ears and tusks, and later create Identification/ID kits for each elephant. This is so that when we see an elephant in the future, we can single out which one it is. We then record the data on it and send it over to Save The Elephants for research purposes. One of the bull elephants we successfully created an ID kit for this month is B5. The experience we had with this bull was truly memorable as he was in musth and wasn't quite as happy to see us as normal. Musth is characterized by highly aggressive behaviour and accompanied by a large rise in reproductive hormones, with elevated testosterone levels as much as 60 times greater than normal.
ften, elephants in musth discharge a thick tarlike secretion called temporin from the temporal ducts on the sides of the head, and we saw this while taking his photographs for identification. Another unforgettable encounter was when we tracked an elephant herd on foot at Klaserie. One of the guides was qualified to take guests on foot, so he gave us a safety briefing and took the lead as we tiptoed through the bushveld to get closer to the herd. Soon, the wind direction changed and was no longer in our favour. This meant that the matriarch had picked up on our scent and came around to get a closer look at us. We froze as the matriarch came within 15 metres and the rest of the herd gathered next to her. We admired this “wall� that the elephants had created while taking pictures that were excellent for creating ID kits. They retreated just as quickly, leaving us with probably the best elephant experience any of the researchers had encountered thus far in the Greater Kruger area.
n our other elephant encounters we have been on truck; usually the elephant herd is not too far away and sometimes gathers around allowing us to get great photos to use. We’ve managed to start on a total of 3 elephant herd ID kits to date. We have also created ID kits for 5 bulls. One picture below shows the Twala herd. They acquired this name by being our first identified herd sighted at the dam they are named after. Coincidentally (or perhaps not), Twala means “to drink” and our first sighting included the herd drinking at the dam. An ID kit typically has the elephants’ tag (i.e. B5 would stand for Bull 5) and any unusual details such as missing tusks, the length, shape and angle of tusks present, or holes in the ears. It would also contain side and front profiles of the individual elephant. This is added to a sheet and all individual sheets are collated to a booklet that we then bring out during game drives.
t is crucial that our identification occurs quickly after sightings (so the individuals are fresh in our minds and photo logs) to ensure accuracy. The multitude of different herds we see means that they must be identified so that we can accurately pick out which herds are present at sightings. This is necessary to track specific elephants’ movements for Save The Elephants and understand what vegetation, habitats and other factors are driving those movements at different times. Although a sometimes large and tedious task, this work is absolutely necessary, feeding into the larger, Greater Kruger picture. It also allows our volunteers to become more familiar with the elephants and the beautiful, individual personalities they present.
don’t think that a human-animal partnership exists that can rival the one we have formed with domestic dogs. Around the world you will find individuals who will care for this four-legged species like it was their own blood. But what about this animal’s more “wild” relatives? Looking beyond our beloved pets, what is fascinating about their unhabituated cousins who survive in remote and sometimes unforgiving landscapes? When we begin to think about dogs in the wild, most of our minds wander to well-known wolf species or perhaps coyotes and jackals.
owever, Africa’s lesser-known Wild Dogs are equally as impressive and absolutely deserving of our attention. Wild Dogs, sometimes called painted dogs or wolves, are extraordinary predators that roam the savanna in packs. On average they weigh up to 20-30kg and grow to be around 75cm tall. They are carnivores that live to be 10-12 years of age and are recognizable by large bat-like ears and a colourful coat made of white, brown and black splotches. They are social, living in packs of up to 20 dogs. There is an alpha male and female who breed pups but the pack is quite amicable, displaying less aggressiveness to one another than some other predator species.
aving projects in the Greater Kruger Area means we have the amazing (although rare) opportunity to witness these animals in their natural environment. One such sighting occurred in Klaserie this month, leaving the research team overwhelmed with awe. As we were driving up the tar road we noticed four of the dogs running towards the vehicle. We stopped the land cruiser and watched as the dogs jogged past the vehicle, only looking up at us briefly before continuing on. It was clear the four females were hunting. We did our best to stay with them to see how the hunting would unfold. Wild dogs move quite far quite quickly - they can reach speeds of 70kmph and cover home ranges of 1,500 km2. It was definitely a task to keep visual of them as they turned off the road. We ended up staying with them for an hour and watched them chase impala as well as stop to drink from a large dam during sunset. It was a stunning sighting, definitely making my personal list of memorable moments.
he Wild Dog is cool. I think we can all agree on that. More than that though, there needs to be added attention directed to their conservation. They are the most endangered large predator in South Africa, with research suggesting there are only 5,500 free-ranging individuals left in Africa as a whole. Habitat loss has become a massive threat to the species, as they have lost huge chunks of the large territories that they require. Additionally, wild dogs have often been mistakenly viewed as a danger to livestock and have been killed by humans because of it. Other threats facing current populations include snares, traffic accidents and disease. aving a domestic dog to cuddle up with is nice and all, but seeing a wild dog in its natural environment is unrivaled. Seeing all things canine mixed with wild instinct is beautiful enough to stir the soul. If humans don’t do what they can to protect and conserve this species, we will have only contributed to its endangerment. If that’s the case, I’ll definitely be joining De Gaulle’s camp in preferring the dog to the homo sapiens.
s a rather brief introduction, I am an aspiring field guide on my third trip to South Africa. Over the past three trips, I have certainly learnt a lot about the wildlife here, but for me, the most mesmerising and inspiring part of all of my trips has got to be working with the guides (never, ever call them merely drivers!). They all have a way of making the topic interesting and fun to learn about, whether it be learning about trees, grass or the big 5! omparing all of my trips together and looking at the guides I’ve had, my trip with African Impact has provided me with some of the best field knowledge that I have experienced throughout my time here. Working with over 20 different guides throughout the last year has definitely had an impact on my thoughts of becoming one myself. he most important part of guiding, as I have been told a number of times, is communicating well with the guests (or volunteers, of course!). However, it’s not only communicating but connecting with them, and very few guides that I’ve met are actually good at this. The most inspiring and engaging ones I’ve met so far work at a few different places, for example, a guide I met at my project in 2014, Patrick, was one of the most knowledgeable I’ve met yet.
ne of the more engaging guides I’ve met would have to be Mike, who works at Klaserie Private Game Reserve. We got to go on a bush walk and ended up being surrounded by elephants. He remained completely calm although the animals were incredibly close to us at one stage. The way he handled the situation made the whole group feel quite relaxed and safe. ll of the guides I’ve worked with however are all amazing at what they do and no matter whether they connect with the guests well, their passion and connection with the wildlife and the general nature is outstanding and it makes me feel incredibly privileged that I have been able to work with them and observe the work that they do which, in the end, makes me feel it is necessary to use all I have been taught by them and become one of the future field guides in South Africa.
t seems like just a blink ago it was January, the start of a new year and the start of my journey in Africa with The Happy Africa Foundation and African Impact. Unfortunately when I pinch myself, I am reminded that I’m not dreaming and it is really July. My internship with THAF has come to an end and it is time for me to return home to the United States. In this bittersweet moment (more bitter than sweet, no offense to loved ones at home), I have been doing a lot of reflecting. And don’t worry we won’t venture too deep, but I will reveal the two main questions floating through my brain: where did the time go? And what I have I accomplished during my time here? efore I came to Africa, I was completely obsessed with time. I was constantly looking at the clock and counting down the time for me to leave for the day. But it always seemed like the time would never move, unless it was in the morning when I had to wake up for work, then it would just speed by. Although I was very successful in my career, I cringed every morning when my alarm clock went off, hit snooze repeatedly until I eventually would roll out of bed...literally roll out of bed. What was missing? My life felt incomplete, unfulfilled. Albert Einstein once said, “Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile.” That is what was missing. I had become a workhorse for a company and my time was consumed with my career. My success was meaningless if I couldn’t help others along the way. So I decided to take a risk to change my life, to find happiness, and make a difference in the world at the same time.
o cut to me now in Africa, fulfilling a lifelong dream, and thoroughly confused about where the time has gone. I mentioned before, your time with AI and THAF flies by so quickly. I cannot express to you how true that statement is. We often say here how privileged we are to call what we do work because we absolutely love doing it. Work for us is so pleasurable because we are dedicated like-minded individuals coming together for the same cause. We encourage each other to think bigger, push harder, and do more. Each morning we wake up eager to lend a helping hand and put our skills to use to accomplish our goals. With this type of drive and atmosphere there never seems to be enough hours in the day. hose days, weeks, and months go by rapidly with a great deal achieved with of the help of the volunteers, community, and staff. In the last 6 months, we have successfully impacted the Thanda area on a grand scale. We have from then moved to the Greater Kruger area where we have familiarized ourselves with the new area including the different surrounding tribes and cultures. We have also partnered with concurring organizations and have started our own initiatives to create an impact but on an even more substantial level. As you can see, my time spent here has been thrilling from beginning to end.
aving this experience has been amazing but even more important is what I am able to take away from this journey. Although my time here has come to an end (temporarily), I leave here with friends from all over the world. I leave more knowledgeable about animals, insects, and plants. I leave with a better understanding of the African culture and I have discovered a deeper connection to my cultural roots. My experience here has taught me to be more open-minded because although people may seem very different, at the end of the day, we have more similarities than differences. Lastly, I am going home, a lot braver and confident in myself because I know that when I step outside of my comfort zone, I can and I WILL survive. For this and so much more I will forever be thankful to my THAF and AI family. I must admit it will be so strange to go back to falling asleep to the sounds of cars and sirens instead lions, leopards, and hyenas. 6 months ago I wouldn’t even have imagined I would be saying those words! will cherish this experience for the rest of my life and cannot wait to return. So until the next time...
*shoots guns with fingers*
We set Maggie’s GPS for Noordhoek, a small town found on the south west side of the Cape Peninsula, also playing host to the head offices of African Impact, a volunteer travel organisation. African Impact had for several previous years been a client of the company that I worked for, I knew the brand well. I shared who they are with Stacey and we felt an affinity and great respect for what they looked to achieve, conservation and education being the name of the game. We arrived in the frosty African morning, the sun beginning to peek out over the dew-heavy leaves and grasses. Myriads of different species hustle and bustle to catch the warm touch of the morning sun. Quickly followed by a chorus of happy voices from those with tails and others with wings heralding in the new day. Stacey and I were both brought up in loving families that worked with and held deep passions for animals and conservation, Stacey’s on African soil and mine on, and in the icy Atlantic Ocean surrounding the Isle of Mull. This was what our hearts yearned for. This is where we are meant to be, it felt right, we were both excited about what may come. We found a wooden bench that too had been enjoying the welcome and drying morning warmth. We sat, held hands, smiled at one another and basked in the golden glow warming our bodies and calming our racing minds. We were soon brought coffee and a wonderful breakfast by a Xhosa man called Sunshine who arrived with a smile that shone brighter than the moon and a warmth that put the morning sun to shame. We were joined by Andrew, the COO of African Impact who also greets us with smiles and hearty handshakes. This was it, brace yourselves folks: life is about to take a new course and it is extremely exciting.
African Impact operate throughout Africa running projects in communities promoting respect for environments and cultures. Supporting individuals and families by working together, learning and teaching all the way along how to provide for themselves and their family. Everything done in such a way to respect their methods and local cultures, not bringing in Western ways and thinking it better but rather bringing global learnings to find a way that works for them, sustainably. They have conservation projects that operate in game reserves protecting ecosystems, animals in them and promoting education around them to all those that surround. The project experience and purpose is shared with community members through physically taking part and in conservation education workshops – all moving to better support and preserve the natural beauty of Africa. It is an organisation that supported much of what we desired to be closer to and did so in a sustainable way. Not to mention there would be fantastic travelling opportunities which is a big passion for both Stacey and I as we had seen many countries individually through our younger years. Needless to say that this is an organisation that we could, on the face of it, invest our time, our hearts and souls, invest our excitement and energy and who knows it may just give us what we are looking for‌ Want to catch up. . . ? If you would like to read the other parts to this story and catch up with past editions of the Warthog post mail us at the following address to subscribe: warthogpost@africanimpact.com
What is your full name? Trico Tumelo Chiloane Where were you born and raised? I was born and raised in Acornhoek Chavela Gaza
What is your cultural background? I am from the Sotho tribe on my dad's side and my mother's side is Tsonga. I was raised with Tsonga cultural beliefs. In your opinion, what makes the Tsonga tribes different from other tribes? We are very unique, we have many similarities but I think what makes us different is that we are the most respectful compared other tribes. It is our tradition to be very respectful to our elders although now the younger people are starting to lose that way because of Western influence. As we all know the local communities are plagued with many issues. What is your greatest concern about the communities? For me it is lack of education. There are a lot of young people that quitting school because a lot of issues such as teenage pregnancy, HIV/AIDS, and they have no guidance to push them to finish school. There is no motivation or inspiration for them to keep going. The children don’t have many role models to look up to.
Can you explain your history with Children Eco’s training and how it has helped you?
I
was introduced to CET by my cousin in 2006 when I was 15 years old. At that time, I didn’t know anything about environmental education. Since I was coming from the village, animals to me were just food and trees were just for fire, I didn’t think anything beyond that. During school holidays, I attended all of the workshops, and it was eye opener for me. Then things started to change when I turned 17, because that was exit age for the program but I still wanted to continue the workshops. I contacted Zani Kunz, who was at that time the CEO of CET. I told her I wanted to continue the program and eventually become student trainer and she agreed. So then I learned from the senior trainers and assisted them. I did this for a year and then after that in 2009, I finished my metric but I did not know what to study. I was torn between info technology and travel tourism. I told Zani about it and then I ended up doing a gap year with CET as the project assistant in the schools that I adopted. CET was great for me because it developed me personally and professionally. When I finished my gap year I went to Mopani South East Fet College studying info technology and computer science. CET mentored me the whole time and helped in picking my courses, they sponsoring me with a laptop which I needed. I wasn’t happy with my info technology courses so I switched my study to tourism and CET mentored me the whole time. Corne Havenga, now CEO of CET is an amazing person. She continued to make sure I finished my studies which I did in 2015 and this was all through the CET. Ever since then I have been helping as trainer, I just never stopped. If it wasn’t for CET I don’t know where I would be now. Growing up in community with so many social issues, it is very hard and they really helped me a lot.
What do you hope to bring to African Impact? For me, seeing the kids growing up in the same environment that I come from, I understand what they are going through. I want to be someone they can look up to and inspire them to do better. And I think African Impact will give me that platform to do so. I grew up going to school sometimes without breakfast, sometimes barefoot...and I just want to be that person to inspire the kids to not give up because of the current situation. Because I am an example that you can get through it - anything is possible. When I was growing up we didn’t have things like reading clubs, libraries and youth group, so to help bring projects like that here will be huge and help the children and their personal development. What do you like to do in your free time? I like to read, playing video games of course. One of my favourite things is DJ-ing. I also like to play football, although I don’t play a lot now because I work. If you could travel anywhere in the world where would be and why? That is a tough one. There are so many places in my head. I think England. Just because of the history that the country has. I would really like to know more about Stonehenge. If you could give one piece of advice to anybody what would be? It would be regardless of the bad situation that you may be in now, just know positivity is power.
“My favourite part of night drive is to just sit there and sMell...”
“He’s quite famous but no-one knows his name.” “That’s why I love cats – they’re so evil...”
Mackenzie Calle again, showing us an imaginative crop to show off these beautiful giraffes. Kudos for spotting the third one before reading this!