Between Chaos and Control The interface between land, sea, infrastructure and life.
Watkin McLennan
Between Chaos and Control: The interface between land, sea, infrastructure and life A design thesis completed for the Masters of Landscape Architecture at The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Design Author: Watkin McLennan Supervisor: Gini Lee October 2018 2
Between Chaos and Control The interface between land, sea, infrastructure and life.
Watkin McLennan
Acknowledgments I would like to recognise the traditional owners of the land that is now the Western Treatment Plant, the Wathaurung people. Secondly, I owe great thanks to Gini for her help throughout this journey. Our chats helped me navigate through the abundant amount of information around this landscape. I would also like to thank my wonderful Claire for her warmth and calm. Also, thank you to my family who have alway been there for support. Finally, thank you to all those that contributed to the project. I was guided by several local experts along the way in this project. Their passion for birds, the farm, the water and the bay had great influence on this project.
4
5
“Vision is not seeing things as they are but as they will be.” — David Holgren, 2002.
6
7
Contents
8
Research Statement A Bird’s Eye View
10 12
The Farm
A Brief History Enriched Intertidal Traditional Response
24 28 30
Bay West Øresund
32 34
The Bay Expanded Coastline Literature Review Alive 29 Mile Rd Cut Stony Creek Backwash
36 38 40 42 44
Cocoroc Bird Park 2068 46 Mapping 50 Master Plan 52 Subtraction 54 Addition 56 Migration 58 Physical Testing 60 Physical Model 62 Terrain Evolution 64 Transverse Section 66
Bibliography
68
9
Research Statement
As the sea rises intertidal zones must migrate landward or be squeezed to extinction. In Port Phillip Bay, a most valuable intertidal zone occurs by the Western Treatment Plant, south of Werribee. Here, the intertidal landscape is the final step in the sewerage treatment train and the underpinning of an internationally recognized bird habitat. Bay West, the proposed container port will bookend this intertidal zone and interfere with fragile coastal dynamics. In this design thesis, I explore alternative responses to sea level rise in the context of Bay West, in an effort to reinforce the qualities of the intertidal zone and infect the immensity of the infrastructure.
10
11
A Bird’s Eye View
12
Image source: www.nearmaps.com.au 13
A Bird’s Eye View
2009
2016
14
2010
2018
Image source: www.nearmaps.com.au
15
A Bird’s Eye View
2010
16
2018
Image source: www.nearmaps.com.au
17
A Bird’s Eye View
2010
2012
18
“The coast is being hammered from the south. When ever there is a southerly, waves wash a bit more of the coast away.” — K evin Gillett Melbourne Water, 40 years
2014
2018
Image source www.nearmaps. com.au
19
A Bird’s Eye View
20
Image source: www.nearmaps.com.au 21
A Bird’s Eye View
22
Image source: www.nearmaps.com.au 23
The Farm
A Brief History The Western Treatment Plant was established in 1897 as the Metropolitan Farm at Werribee, “The Farm.” The Farm’s primary function was the processing of sewerage from a post gold rush Melbourne. The site was chosen because of its proximity to the city and the sea - far enough away to avoid issues around smell and disease but not so far as to require excessive pipes and pumps. The site’s relative low rainfall was also seen as favourable. Sewerage treatment technology in the late 19th century was simple. Paddocks were flooded with raw sewerage and the soil acted as a filter. Lush grass grew, fed by the effluent. Cattle and sheep would then graze the paddocks. This process continued until a lagoon treatment system was introduced in 1936.
24
Today 52% of Melbourne’s sewerage is treated across dozens of lagoons. This equates to 500 ML per day, and the Farm has the capacity to process 2000ML per day. The Farm produces outputs: biogas, biosolids, recycled water (suitable for irrigation) and class C water released into the bay. The bio-processing of sewerage has led to the enrichment of the entire landscape and the evolution of a wetland ecosystem visited by international tourists and Siberian birds alike. The site is a recognized RAMSAR wetland. There have been more bird species recorded in the WTP than Kakadu National Park.
25
The Farm
A Brief History 1000 BP Port Phillip Bay heads are blocked and the bay dries up to form Lake Phillip and the Nepean Bay Bar
1894 Town of Cocoroc Established. Named the Wathaurung word for frog.
The town of Cocoroc with the Bay in the background. Image Source: Victorian State Library
26
1897
1921
The Werribee Farm begins processing Melbourne’s sewerage
1936
The Werribee Farm declared animal sanctuary
First lagoon sewerage treatment takes place
Cocoroc abandoned due to increased mechanisation at the Farm so fewer employees.
Major upgrades to WTP Hastings vs Bay West State Election issue
1973
Ramsar Wetland declared
1983
2004 2014
Infrastructure Victoria release “Securing Victoria’s Ports Capacity” and advocate for Bay West
May 2017
2055 Existing Port of Melbourne forecast to reach capacity.
2100 0.8-1.1 meter sea level rise, 10-15% of WTP at risk of inundation
27
The Farm
Enriched Intertidal Low Tide Treatment Lagoon Freshwater wetland
Road/Seawall
Intertidal Salt Marsh
Tidal Bird Migration
Road provides easy access for birdwatchers
High Tide Treatment Lagoon Freshwater wetland
Shore birds roost during high tide
Road/Seawall
Intertidal Salt Marsh
Tidal Bird Migration
Road acts as final barrier between sea and lagoon
28
Salt marsh brackish water
Foredune
Intertidal Mudflat Birds migrate to the mudflats twice daily at low tide for feeding
Surface muds oxidized Nutrient rich “Class C Water” enriches tidal mudflats, a turbo-charged bird habitat results.
Foredune
Intertidal Mudflat Bioturbation and bioirrigation aid nutrient cycling
Foredune and storm breached overwash Nutrient Infiltration Nutrient rich “Class C Water” discharged from WTP into Port Phillip Bay mixing zone
29
The Farm
Traditional Response The Sea Wall
Disperses energy poorly
Intertidal disappears as seafloor is eroded by ever increasing wave energy
The Groyne
Groynes intercept sediment as its moved up the coast by longshore drift
Accretion occurs on the up current side of the groyne
30
Higher energy waves reach shoreline
Increased suspended sediment in water reduces marine plants’ access to light.
Erosion of the intertidal occurs on the down current side of the groyne
31
Bay West
Background Melbourne’s container ports are forecast to reach capacity by 2055. In May 2017, Infrastructure Victoria released a report, Securing Victoria’s Port Capacity, that recommended transitioning much of Melbourne’s container freight to a new location - Bay West, off shore from the Western Treatment Plant.
Key considerations mentioned by the report include: • Close to existing and future land-based infrastructure. • Shallow basalt less prevalent in Werribee River channel. • Island tethered to land disrupts existing land use less. • Island gives opportunity for dredge material to be repurposed. • Island means less environmental impact. • Location may protect WTP from further wave attack. • Location disrupts WTP mixing zone least.
The container port proposed would be 6 times bigger than Webb Dock with a 4km long quay line on the 600m wide container terminal island. Furthermore, Infrastructure Victoria recommend that the port be built in three stages across a 20 year period.
d an
ay Qu
e ag or St
g in ag st
g in ad Lo
y tr en
0m 67
k uc Tr
m 60 er sf an Tr r ne ai nt Co ne Li
m 30
r ne ai nt Co
0m 24
m 75
k uc Tr
m 55
0m 50
Left: Webb Dock, Melbourne’s most advanced container terminal Right: Infrastructure Victoria’s Bay West Proposal
32
Princes Freeway
Exi sti ng Rai l l ine
Ea st
il Ra
bo un d
d an
ad Ro
ro ad
Submerged Werribee River Channel
co rr id or
or id r r co
1 Rail Sidings 2
Shipping Channel and turning basin
Port services 3 Container Island built in 3 stages (4km x 600m)
Prop o West sed Ou t e Road rn Rin er g
1m
2m
5m
“Australia’s ports are a potential terrorist target given their central role in Australia’s economy. If the Port of Melbourne were put offline due to an attack Melbourne would stop.” Murray Newton Corporate Relations, Port of Melbourne
N 1:100,000
33
Øresund
Peberholm/Saltholm Bridges connect. The Øresund Link is a connection between two countries - Sweden and Denmark. The Link was completed in 2000, but planning begun shortly after Sweden joined the EU. Therefore the link was a physical symbol of their union with Europe. The idea of a bridge across Øresund first came about in 1936. WWII delayed the realization of the idea. It was then brought up again in the 1960s, where the 1973 Oil Crisis foiled the plans once again. These original concepts considered the use of Saltholm as a staging area for a Bridge and Tunnel. Saltholm was also considered a suitable site for an
expanded Copenhagen airport. By the 1990s when the idea became a reality, Saltholm was considered too precious to transform in such a way. The legacy of the original bridge-tunnel concept stuck but an artificial island was built instead. Peberholm compliments Saltholm. In this cute coupling of names, the public perception of the project is influenced and the value of Saltholm elevated. The naming is a way to create compassion and meaning for both Peberholm and Saltholm alike. The naming is an example of inherent aesthetics. Furthermore, the design of Peberholm was done with the creation of an ecology in mind.
Crescent Coastline
The sleek, constructed crescents of Peberholm are in contrast to Saltholm’s ever changing chaotic coastline.
Dredge utilization Dredge material from the tunnel was used to construct the island.
34
COPENHAGEN
n de og Dr
el nn Tu SALTHOLM
PEBERHOLM
d un es r Ă˜
ge id Br
Image Source: http://krestenhillerup.dk/category/fotografi/page/12/
Successional ecosystem
No planting or seeding was carried out on Peberholm. The designers anticipated an emergent successional ecosystem. This created uncertainty but also flexibility. The topography supported this decision, being inspired by regional topography.
Microtopography Peberholm mirrors a post glacial landform, subtle mounds between wet and dry. This is in contrast to Saltholms edited landform for agriculture, with drainage channels and fence lines.
35
ee ib rr We
The Bay
r ve Ri
Expanded Coastline
Western Treatment Plant
y Ba
st We
Geelong
Corio Bay
Swan Bay
The Rip
This map depicts the expanded coast line. The space between 2100 Projected Sea Level1, 15m water depth, water courses and flood zones. 1
36
Church, John A., Peter U. Clark, Anny Cazenave, Jonathan M. Gregory, Svetlana Jevrejeva, Anders Levermann, Mark A. Merrifield et al. “Sea-level rise by 2100.” Science 342, no. 6165 (2013): 1445-1445.
Melbourne
Yarra
Hobsons Bay
5m
10m 15m
The Great Sands
Mud Island
“Ever since they dredged the heads people have noticed increased water flow, increased erosion and more fish and sea life in the Bay. Its a big place the Bay, but its all connected.” — N ick Loschiavo Senior Precinct Planner, Parks Victoria 37
The Bay
Literature Review As Melbourne grows, the urban fabric wraps around its bay - Port Phillip. 4.5 million people live within the Bay’s 9694km2 and the 333km length of coastline hosts some of the most valued recreational, ecological and commercial land in the city. The Bay has a rich history, but is also relatively young as a body of water. During the last ice age, up to 10,000 years ago, sea levels were 100m below current levels. The Bay was dry, it was apart of a delta system created by Melbourne’s rivers. As sea levels rose the Bay flooded but the river channels remained, submerged. However, 1000 years ago, the Bay once again dried up. This time, the Nepean Bay Bar was responsible. Holdgate1 suggests storms may have blocked the entrance to the Bay. Without the free flow of water between Bass Straight and the Bay, the Bay evaporated into a lake, Lake Nepean. This event ended once again as the Bay Bar broke, flooding the land. Today the Bay continues to flood albeit by a different process. Due to rising temperatures and melting ice the Bay’s water level has risen 20cm in the last 140 years. It is forecast to rise an additional 80-110cm by 21002.
The Bay is alive. Birds, fish, seals, seaweed, sea grass and other sea-creatures live in the Bay’s dynamic waters. Nitrogen and other nutrients are a constant external input to this living system. The organisms and physical dynamics are in a constant dance called the nitrogen cycle. This dance is delicate but vital to the water quality of the Bay. Over half of the Bay’s nutrient loading is from the Western Treatment Plant3. Most of these nutrients are processed within the intertidal and beyond by benthic ecosystems within a few hundred meters of the shore.4 This processing system is inextricably linked to the intertidal. The intertidal locks up sediment and therefore preserves water clarity. This allows for marine vegetation to photosynthesis and therefore cycle the incoming nutrients. Bay West is located off the shore of the Western Treatment Plant, within this most valuable nutrient cycling region and most vulnerable coastline of Port Phillip Bay.
Holdgate, G. R., B. Wagstaff, and S. J. Gallagher. “Did Port Phillip Bay Nearly Dry up between 2800 and 1000 Cal. Yr BP? Bay Floor Channeling Evidence, Seismic and Core Dating.” Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 2 (March 2011): 157–75.
1
Marine & Coastal Environment Group Geoscience Australia, 2011, http://www.ozcoasts. gov.au/climate/Map_images/Melbourne/mapLevel2.jsp
2
Harris, G., G. Batley, D. Fox, D. Hall, P. Jernakoff, R. Molloy, A. Murray, B. Newell, J. Parslow, and G. Skyring. “Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study Final Report,” 1996.
3
Hirst, Alastair J, Randall Lee, and Douglas Greer. “Developing Tools for the Management of Nutrient and Sediment Interactions with Sea grass Ecosystems in Port Phillip Bay: Broad-Scale Modeling.” Unpublished, 2015. https://doi.org/10.13140/ rg.2.1.4114.5200.
4
38
Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Victorian State Government, “Port Phillip Bay Environmental Management Plan 2017-2027,” 2017
Harris, G., G. Batley, D. Fox, D. Hall, P. Jernakoff, R. Molloy, A. Murray, B. Newell, J. Parslow, and G. Skyring. “Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study Final Report,” 1996.
39
The Bay
Alive
Port Phillip Bays Nutrient processing system
Seagrass Microphyto -benthos
Seaweed
40
Reef
Observations from the Western Treatment Plant. The intertidal is the link from land to the marine.
41
The Bay
29 Mile Rd Cut In 2010, segments of a road were excavated to introduce tidal waters to an old treatment lagoon in the WTP’s south. This was done to create critical habitat for the endangered Orange Bellied Parrot.
Islands were created to isolate the Orange Bellied Parrot from predators.
42
High Tide
Orange Bellied Parrots feeding in a coastal salt marsh. Their vibrant plumage seems to be camouflage amongst the halophytes. The birds are critically endangered with fewer than 200 remaining in the wild. Image source: http://www.birdlife.org.au/ bird-profile/orange-bellied-parrot
43
The Bay
Stony Creek Backwash In 1986 15,000 mangroves were planted in the Stony Creek Backwash.1 The site had never had mangroves growing in it and its muds were polluted. Several of the mangroves dies soon after planting but enough survived. Today, 30 years later, an established mangrove has established. Mangroves, although not currently growing at the WTP are an important intertidal vegetation. They stabilize shorelines by locking in sediment between
their roots. In Western Port Bay mangroves have been measured to accumulate 3mm of sediment per year.2 Furthermore, there is a close relationship between salt marsh and mangroves. Salt marsh consistently grows on the landward side of mangroves above the high tide mark.3 At Stony Creek, salt marsh has established serendipitously.
High Tide
Mangrove roots trap sediment causing accretion of up to 3mm per year.
44
1
“Mangroves.” n.d. Accessed October 27, 2018. https://www.portplaces.com/mangroves/.
2
Kirkman, H, Paul I Boon, and Western Port Seagrass Partnership. 2012. Review of Mangrove Planting Activities in Western Port 2004-2011. Mount Waverley, Vic.: Western Port Seagrass Partnership.
3
Saintilan, Neil, and Robert J. Williams. 1999. “Mangrove Transgression into Saltmarsh Environments in South-East Australia.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 8 (2): 117–24. https:// doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00133.x.
45
Cocoroc Bird Park
2068
46
The year is 2068 The Cocoroc Bird Park - A park for birds, for the intertidal, at the interface between people and nature, land and sea, infrastructure and ecology. At the Cocoroc Bird Park above all else, the intertidal landscape, critical to the wellbeing of hundreds of bird species, is carefully considered.
47
Cocoroc Bird Park
2068
48
“My favourite is the bartailed godwit. It is about the size of a whiteboard eraser and this little guy flies non-stop all the way from Siberia to Summer in Werribee” — N ancy Joyce Birdwatching Enthusiast
49
Cocoroc Bird Park
Mapping
Intertidal Landscape 2068 N 1:175,000
Salt Marsh Mud Flat
Water Qualities Primary Treatment Lagoons Secondary Treatment Lagoons N 1:175,000
50
Ecological Treatment Lagoons Effluent Mixing Area
Access Mixed use trail Road N 1:175,000
Access to water Attraction
Land Use Cocoroc Bird Park Sewerage Treatment N 1:175,000
Container Port Agriculture
51
Cocoroc Bird Park
Master Plan
le tt Li r ve Ri
le t Mi Cu 29 ad Ro
Lake Borrie
The Spit
201 8 C oas tli ne
Treated Sewerage Mixing Zone
Cocoroc Bird Park utilises three strategies for working with and creating the intertidal; subtraction, addition and migration. These strategies are based on observations of the present coastline, how the intertidal operates and the important relationships. SUBTRACTION
N
1000 52metres
ADDITION
MIGRATION
Out e Rin r Metr g R oad opolit an
“How do we protect this marvelous place? We need people to love it and the best way for people to love the place is for them to visit.” — J ohn Barkla Western Treatment Plant Biodiversity Conservation Advisory Committee Chairman
Princes Fr eeway
Cocoroc
Mixed use trail Public Road / Sea Barrier
ee ib r r We
r ve Ri
Werribee South
Sewerage Treatment
Werribee Foreshore Reserve Migration Benches
Cocoroc Spit Park Cocoroc Bay
53
Cocoroc Bird Park
Subtraction Based on an intervention already underway in the western treatment plants south. Roads that currently create a grid network separating treatment lagoons from each other and the Bay are subtracted. Cuts are made to open up the lagoons to the tidal flux of the bay and transform freshwater wetland lagoons into tidal salt marsh.
54
55
Cocoroc Bird Park
Addition Inspired by beach nourishment of Werribee South Foreshore Reserve. Dredge spoil from maintaining Bay West’s shipping channel is used to create Cocoroc Spit Park. A park where people can swim, walk, ride and experience the immensity of the container port up close.
View Spot
Dredge Spoil from shipping channel maintenance
Swimming Pier
56
Migration Bench
Mainland
Public Marina
57
Cocoroc Bird Park
Migration Migration consists of three habitat benches that slope between the 2m deep marine environment to 4m above mean sea level, the proposed height of the container port.
Cocoroc Spit Park nd sla ras g / nd dla Woo
TR
Cocoroc Marina LS
ve ro ng Ma
t Sal h s r a M
l da ti t r a te In Mudfl
Cocoroc Bridge Section
Cocoroc Bridge Section
58
Western Treatment Plant
Migration Benches
59
Cocoroc Bird Park / Migration
Physical Testing I tested different micro topographies to see how they evolved with inundation and wave attack. I tried several different forms including; linear, concave crescent, convex crescent, serrated, terraced and several staggered variations. These different forms led me to discover that a staggered form with subtle dips and rises choreographed the hypercomplex erosion process. In a similar vain to the River Aire naturalization project in Switzerland, the terrain changed in a predictable yet unknowable way. Small creeks, slacks and dunes began to form analogous to the micro topography found around the spit where 20cm of elevation change has huge implications for the habitats that form.
60
I used a transparent container, sand a water. I was able to add water gently to simulate riseing sea level then add wave energy using a trowel.
Linear
Staggered form #1
Staggered form #2
Convex Crescent
Staggered form #3
Serrated
Terrain evolution observations
One of the staggered forms stood out because it seemed to consistently lead to the formation of small humps and pools connected by creeks. This reminded me of the microtopography observed around the 29 Mile Road cut and The Spit Wildlife Reserve. 61
Cocoroc Bird Park / Migration
Physical Model
62
63
Cocoroc Bird Park / Migration
Terrain Evolution
Instead of the classic conception of the coastline that fusses over length, here the migration bench favours width. This generous 1200m long 1:200 slope gives the intertidal room to migrate landward as the sea rises.
The topography is terraced. This mimics foredunes which create a barrier between twice daily inundation, characteristic of mudflats and mangroves and less frequent inundations required by salt marsh.
Longitudinal Section (LS) The different intertidal habitats are closely linked to the tidal flux and therefore subtle changes in elevation have large implications. The gentle slope of the migration bench allows for these different vegetation communities to find their niche and migrate landward as the sea rises.
Marine (below low tide)
64
Intertidal Mudflat (low tide - mean sea level)
Mangrove (mean sea level - mean high tide)
Salt Marsh (mean high tide highest tide)
A staggered form with subtle dips and rises choreographs the hypercomplex erosion process.
High and low points to create wet and dry areas analogous to the micro topography found around the spit where 20cm of elevation change has significant implications for the habitats that form.
Longitudinal Section 1:1900
Woodland/grassland (terrestrial)
Extruded Longitudinal Section 1:1900 (hor), 1:190 (vert)
Highest tide +0yrs
Highest tide +50yrs
Highest tide +100yrs
Highest tide +150yrs 65
Cocoroc Bird Park / Migration
Transverse Section (TS)
Nankeen Kestrel
Red-necked Stint Welcome Swallows
Rises are dryer and less salty
66
Dips become brackish ponds and slacks
Microtopography erodes and evolves in an predictable but unknowable way.
200 Orange Bellied Parrots remain outside captivity. Victorian salt marsh is their wintering home.
“I love paddling near a winding coast where there is plenty to look at. The city is completely different from the water. As if you’re looking down from a plane you can get a real sense of how and why the city is laid out the way that it is.” — J ock Gunn Kayak Enthusiast
Brolgas Pied Cormorant Orange Bellied Parrots Pelicans
Fairy Penguins
Pied Oystercatcher Fairy Tern
67
Bibliography
Church, John A., Peter U. Clark, Anny Cazenave, Jonathan M. Gregory, Svetlana Jevrejeva, Anders Levermann, Mark A. Merrifield et al. “Sea-level rise by 2100.” Science 342, no. 6165 (2013): 1445-1445. Clément, G., Morris, S., and Tiberghien, G. A., “The Planetary Garden” and Other Writings. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015. Corner, James. “Terra Fluxus.” In The Landscape Imagination: Collected Essays of James Corner 1990-2010, edited by James Corner and Alison Bick Hirsch, 305–18. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Corner, James. “Ecology and Landscape as Agents of Creativity.” Ecological Design and Planning, 1997, 80–108. Dam, Torben Ebbesen. “Reading Constructed Landscapes.” In The International Symposium on Water Landscapes 2009, 93–104. KIT Scientific Publishing, 2010.
Inaki, Echeverria, and Gutierrez Margarita. “Soft Engineering.” In Design in the Terrain of Water, edited by Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha, 170– 77. University of Pennsylvania: Applied Research+ Design Publishing, 2014. Infrastructure Victoria, Advice on securing Victoria’s Port Capacity, May 2017. Kirkman, H, Paul I Boon, and Western Port Seagrass Partnership. 2012. Review of Mangrove Planting Activities in Western Port 2004-2011. Mount Waverley, Vic.: Western Port Seagrass Partnership. Latz, Tilman. “Engineered Waters.” In Design in the Terrain of Water, edited by Anuradha Mathur and Dilip da Cunha, 178–85. University of Pennsylvania: Applied Research+ Design Publishing, 2014. “Mangroves.” n.d. Accessed October 27, 2018. https://www.portplaces.com/mangroves/.
Gribbin, John. Deep Simplicity: Chaos, Complexity and the Emergence of Life. Penguin UK, 2005.
Marine & Coastal Environment Group Geoscience Australia, 2011, http://www.ozcoasts. gov.au/climate/Map_images/Melbourne/mapLevel2. jsp
Harris, G., G. Batley, D. Fox, D. Hall, P. Jernakoff, R. Molloy, A. Murray, B. Newell, J. Parslow, and G. Skyring. “Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study Final Report,” 1996.
McClosekey, K. “Synthetic patterns: fabricating landscape in the age of ‘green,’” Journal of Landscape Architecture Theme Issue, Spring, pp. 16-27, 2013.
Hill, Kristina. “Shifting Sites.” In Site Matters, edited by Carol Burns and ANDREA KAHN, 130–55. Routledge, 2005.
Prominski, Martin. “Andscapes: Concepts of Nature and Culture for Landscape Architecture in the ‘Anthropocene.’” Journal of Landscape Architecture 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 6–19. https://doi.org/10.10 80/18626033.2014.898819.
Hirst, Alastair J, Randall Lee, and Douglas Greer. “Developing Tools for the Management of Nutrient and Sediment Interactions with Sea grass Ecosystems in Port Phillip Bay: BroadScale Modeling.” Unpublished, 2015. https://doi. org/10.13140/rg.2.1.4114.5200. Holdgate, G. R., B. Wagstaff, and S. J. Gallagher. “Did Port Phillip Bay Nearly Dry up between 2800 and 1000 Cal. Yr BP? Bay Floor Channeling Evidence, Seismic and Core Dating.” Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 58, no. 2 (March 2011): 157–75. Holmgren, David. “Permaculture: principles & pathways beyond sustainability.” 2002.
68
Raxworthy, Julian R., and Jessica Blood. The MESH book: landscape/infrastructure. RMIT Publishing, 2004. Saintilan, Neil, and Robert J. Williams. 1999. “Mangrove Transgression into Saltmarsh Environments in South-East Australia.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 8 (2): 117–24. https://doi. org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00133.x.
69
One should never deny the context of a manmade landscape. If a landscape is manmade, do not try to hide it, but express it. — Roel van Gerwen, 2004
70
71
“Fixed designs are only understood as a necessary means for communication. Just like a photograph of a fire, static images are merely a reference to many processes that change over time.” — Iñaki Echeverria & Margarita Gutiérrez, 2014.
72
73
74
75
76