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1 028-1 013 rr. U,APCTBOBAHIIIE CAYnA.

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612 r. HOBASI BABVInOH-

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rPEQIDI 1600-600 u. oo P. X.

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Cnapra. 1000-600 rr. ,qo P.X.

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3AP~ BOEHHOlll V1CTOPV1V1. PAHEE 600 r. AO P. X.

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0Kono 700 r. 3ABEW,AHVIE nVIKYPrA. np1!13TOM nonynemH/l,apHoM

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0Kono 640-620 rr. BTOPASI MECCEHCKASI BOHHA. nocne npo/],on)f(I!ITenbHo£1 6opb6bl CnapTa 8H08b 38X88T/IIna ~ecceHCKY/0 /],0ni!IHY /II o6paT/IIna 8 pa6CT80 8b/)f(/118W/IIX )f(/IITene£1.

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0Kono 700-680 rr. nEPBASI MECCEHCKASI BOHHA. CnapTa

1/IIX ipe'leCK/IIX IOPOJ1.08-IOCYJ1.8PCT8;

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IITA.JIIDIII PIIM

2000-600 u.

P. X.

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768 r.

KanHTonui:icKaH B011'4HI.\3. 0KOIIO

480 r. AO P. X.

anpe-

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0Kono 700 r. OCHOBAH~E P~MA1.Vf3HB4BflbHO PMM MMen or-

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EoJibWHHCTBO y<J:eHblX corJiacHo c TeM,

qro PHM B03HHK rro3JKe 750 r. ){O P.X., Tpa){l!l.liiOHHO C'l:I!TaeMOro ){aTOi't OCHOBaHID! Be'l:HQro ropo){a.

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3AP>l BOEHHOlll V1CTOPV1V1. PAHEE 600 r. AO P. X.

IO)I(HAH A3llll MH,lUUl 2000-600 22. iJo P.X.

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TbJBaeTcR OT npllfXO.tJ.8 apllfi!tCKIIfX 38-

.aonllfHe faHra nocne

1400 r . .ao P.X.

TpanbHoi!t VfH.tJ.IIfllf, XOTR llfX BnllfRH/Ife B

BOeBaTenei/t B.tJ.OfllliHY VfH.tJ.8. 3TO 6blfl

HOBOi!t llfH.tJ.IIfi!tCKOi!t ~llfBIIfflllf38~11fllf.

JO)I(HOi!t VfH.tJ.IIfllf IIi H8 i..lei!tnOHe 6blfl0

1800-1000 rr.

llfH.tJ.oeeponei!tcKIIfi!t Hapo.a, 6nllf3KO

0Ha RB/Iffl8Cb cpOHOM,

H8 KOTOpOM

orpaH/If4eHo. Bo3HIIfKanllf 6ec411fC-

PO.tJ.CTBeHHbli!t no R3biKY, penllfrllfllf IIi

pa3Bopa4/lfBaeTcR .aei!tcTBIIfe eenllf-

neHHbJe ManeHbKIIfe rocy.aapcTBa,

o6bNBRM nepcaM llfnllf lliPBH~aM. Mbl

Koro llfH.tJ.IIfi!tcKoro 9noca -

npe.tJ.8B8BW/IfeCR HenpeKp811.1810-

«PIIfree-

ll.lei!tCR 6opb6e 38 rocno.acTBO.

0Kono 900 r. MOHfOJlbCK~E BTOP)f(EH~SI. 3TIIf KopoTKIIfe Ha6e-

npe.aBell.lanllf 6y.ay11.1ee. CeeepHaR

llfH.tJ.IIfi!tcKaR paBHIIfHa 6bma YR3BIIfMa .anR BTOp)l(eHIIfi!t c ceeepo-3ana.aa.

Xom nno.aopO.tJ.HbJe .tJ.OflllfHbl raHra IIi 6paxManyTpbJ.tJ.OJI)I(HbJ6blflllf K838TbCR TaiOKe npllfBneKaTenbHbJMIIf ceeepo-eocT04HbJM COCe.tJ.RM, O.tJ.H8KO 3H84/IfTeflbHb/X BTOp)l(eHIIfi!t C 9TOIO HanpaeneH/IfR He 38perllfCTPIIiPOB8HO. flliH.ll.YKYW IIi lliPBHCK/Ife Bb/COKOIOPbR XOTR IIi 6blflllf rp03HOi!t nperpa.aoi/t, HO .tJ.OCT8T04HO nerKO nepeceK8flllfCb KpynHb/MIIf BOeHHb/MIIf Cllffl8MIIf, 4ero Heflb3R CK838Tb 0 lllfM8fl8i!tCKOTIIf6eTCKOM KOMnneKCe rop. PaHHSISI liiH.QiiiHCKaSI soeHHaSI opraHH33UiiiSI. Haw/If 3HBHIIfR e o6nacTIIf Be.tJ.eH/IfR BOi!tH IIi BOeHHOi!t npaKTIIfKIIf eo epeMeHa, npe.awecTByIOll.lllfe

600

ro.ay, 6bmllf co6paHbJ no

KYC04KBM llf3 paHHei!t Knacc/lf4ecKoi!t llfH.tJ.IIfi!tCKOi!tflllfTepaTypbl- B OC06eHHOCTIIf «PIIfrBe.tJ.bl» IIi «Maxa6xap8Tbl». ApM/Ifllf n04TIIf nonHOCTb/0 COCTORflllf llf3 neXOTbl, rfl8BHb/M OpJ')KIIfeM KOTOpoi!t 6bm nyK. Kaeanepllfllf, no ecei!t Bllf.ll.llfMOCTIIf, He Cyll.leCTBOBano; flOW8.ll.llf 6bmllf pe.tJ.KIIf IIi no9TOMY npllf6eperanllfcb.anR .ll.BYXMeCTHb/XBOeHHb/X KO-

neCHIIf~ ~apei!t IIi 3H8TIIf. BolliHbJ 6bmllf Hallf6onee no4/lfTaeMbJM IIi ee.ayll.lllfM Kn8CCOM 0611.1eCTB8. )f(ene3HOe opy)1(/lfeHenORBflflflOCbBVfH.tJ.IIfllfnpllfMepHO .ao IX e . .ao P.X -llfcxo.aR llf3 9Toro,

W 11aa-pa3pywHTenb c

ca t<panbH biM opylKHeM.

ApeBHSISI11HA11~CKaSI MI1HI1aTJOpa

MO)I(HO npe.tJ.nOflO)I(IIfTb, 4TO BOeHH8R TeXHIIfKa 3.tJ.eCb 6bma MeHee pa3BIIfTa, 4eM Ha bnllf)I(HeM BocToKe.

BOCTOYHAs:l A3V1s:l

BOCTOqHAH A3IDI 100

KIITAM

1600-600 zz.

P. X

110

0Kono 1600 r. B03HVIKHOBEHVIE KVITASI. 3TO npoiii30Wfl0 B ,aofl/IIHe XyaHX9. fleleH,aa 111 IIICTOPIIIR Tpy,aHO pa3fliii'I/IIMbl nplll6fl/113/11TeflbHO ,ao

900

I. ,ao P.X. 8 OCHOBHOM,

apxeonoi/IIR no.a,aep)f(IIIBaeT Ha/116onee Tpa,a/IILJ,/IIOHHY/0 neleH,ay.

0Kono 1523 r. 5VITBA nPVI MVIH U,3SIO (oKOno cospeMeHHoro l.J)I(aH'--DKOY B npOBL-1HL(L-1L-1 ct>yl(3S1Hb).

nonyneleH,aapHaR ,aMHaCT/IIR CR, nony'IIIIBWaR /IIMR no Ha3BaH/II/O O,aH0/0 /113 npOTOK/IITaMCK/IIX nneMeH, noTepnena nopa)f(eH/IIe 111 6b!na YHIII'ITO)f(eHa ,aMHaCT/IIei!i WaH.

0Kono 1523-1027 rr. .Q,VIHACTVISI WAH. nepab/M/11 RcHo onpe-

1. 11/fU ·nne"R

.aen/IIMbiM/11 npe,aKaM/11 coapeMeHHbiX

2 . X li&3A •

BIVB . AOP.X

c oape.

MeKH bl 8 Ha3 · 1---_.;.2:._----.p~-- npOBHH ·

Da~H'R

qHH

100

HaKoHe4HI1KI1 aHbSIHCKI1X cTpen 11 KOnbSI

K11Tai1cKoe opy)i(11e: KI1H)I(all,

l.tiOH, HaKOHe4HI1K KOnbSI, ra (cneea Hanpaeo)

120

110

K/IITai!fLJ,eB 6blfl/ll Bb/COKOLJ,/IIB/IIfl/1130-

HaCT/11111, HaHec pew/IITenbHoe nopa-

BaHHb/efl/O,a/11, /113BeCTHb/e B /IICTOP/11111

)f(eH/IIe WaH.

no /IIMeH/11 /!IX npaB/IIBWei!f ,aiiiHaCT/11/11. ,llMHaCT/IIR WaH (111n111 lllHb) npaa111na

0Kono 1027 r. OCHOBAHVIE .Q,VIHACTVIVI '"I:>KOY. YaaH YTBep,allln

Ha OTHOC/IITeflbHO 0/paH/II'IeHHOi!f

anacTb lf)f(oy Ha,ao acei!i npe)f(Hei!i

BHYTPeHHei!!TeppiiiTOPIIIIII,CTOn/IILJ,ei!i

TeppiiiTOplllei!f WaH, O,aHaKO BCKOpe

KOTOpoi!f RBflRflCR 10po,a AHbRH

nocne ::JT0/0 yMep. Ha apeMR Heco-

(a ceaepHoi!i 'laCT/11 Hb/HewHei!i npo-

aepweHHoneT/IIR e1o Cb/Ha peleH-

B/IIHLJ,/11111 X::JHaHb). 1/lx IIICTOPIIIR- 9TO

TOM CTafl lf)f(OY KyHI. 0H TBep,ao no-

neTon/llcb aoi!IH, 9KcnaHc/lli!i 111 BHYT-

,aaB/IIfl BOCCTaH/IIe WaH Ill, Ka)f(eTCR,

peHH/IIX 6ecnopR,aKOB, CXO,aHb/X C

co3,aan opmH/113aLJ,/II/O ynpaaneH/IIR,

TeM/11, 'ITO npolllcxo,allln/11 a E1111nTe

cpaBHIIIMY/0 C e//llneTCKOM BpeMeH

Ill.

npMMepHo a 9TO )f(e ape MR. Ha npo-

TYTMOca

TR)f(eH/11111 XII a. nonyaapaapcK/IIi!i Ha-

m,aapR 9TOM Op18H/113aLJ,/II/II,a/IIHaCT/IIR

lnaBHbiM o6pa3oM 6na-

po,a, Ha3b/BaeMbli!i lf)f(OY, Half an npo-

lf)f(oynpocylll,eCTBOBana OKOflO BOCb-

,aBIII)f(eH/IIe Ha BOCTOK /113 pei/IIOHa,

M/IICOT neT, HeCMOTpR Ha cna60CTb /II

6fl/113KO/O K MeCTY Cfl/IIRH/IIR peK Xy-

6ecc/lln/lle LJ,apei!i nocne,aHIIIX ,aayx

aHX9 /II 89MX9.

TpeTei!i ::JT0/0 nep111o,aa.

0KOJ10 1057 r. (B03MO>KHO, 1027 r.) 5VITBA nPVI MY 10 (10)1(-

0Kono 1 000-900 rr. 3KCnAHCVISI '"I:>KOY. npe,aenbl LJ,apcTBa pa3-

Has:J X3HaHb). YBaH, BOeHa'laflbH/IIK

,aBIIIHYfliiiCb Ha BOCTOK ,ao MOPR Ill Ha

lf)f(OY, a anocne,acTB/11111- IIIMnepa-

ceaep,aomnepewHeilllpaH/IILJ,biMaHb-

Top, OCHOBaTeflb O,aHO/IIMeHHOi!f ,alii-

'IJKYPIII/11, a 3aTeM /II Ha 101, B ,aOfl/IIHY

3AP>l BOEHHOlll V1CTOPV1V1. PAHEE 600 r. AO P. X.

KHTai:icKHi:i nexomHe1.4 HM)I(Hero Te'4eHM~ 9H~3b/ BnflOTb ,l10 npYtMOpeKMX paWOHOB.

0Kono 800-600 rr. YnAAOK MOrYI..llECTBA li>KOY. no Mepe oena6neHM~ ~eHTpanbHOW BnaeTM Bee 6onbwa~ ee '4aerb nepexo.aMna K npOBMHI..lMaflbHOW 3HaTM, M Ha HeeKOflbKO eroneTMW MeTOpM~ KMTa~ erana xpoHMKow noero~HHbiX BOWH Me)I(.L1y npMMepHo era eopoKa aeroHOMHbiMM BOeHa'48flbHMKaMM, HaM6onee 3Ha'4MTeflbHb/MM epe,aM KOTOpb!X ~Bfl~flMeb eeMepo: L(M, L(3MHb, L(MHb, Y, 109, CyH M 4y. K KOH/..lY 9Toro nepMo.aa 9KOHOMM'4eeKM 38)1(aTOe ~apeTBO 1../)I(Oy o6na,aano BnaeTb/0 flMWb Ha ManeHbKOW reppMTOPMM, Henoepe,aeTBeHHO npMMb/KaBWeW K JIO~HY. PaHHSISI KHTaHcKaSI aoeHHaSI opraHH3aLtHSI. VfeKyeereo ee.aeHM~ BOeHHb/X ,aeweTBMW B f<Mrae OKOflO 600 r. ,ao P.X. 6blfl0, 0'4eBM,l1HO, eTOflb )l(e eoeepweHHO, KaK Ha bflM)I(HeM BoeroKe. O.aHaKo KMraweKoe op}I)I(Me oreraeano or aeeMpMweKoro. EenM MeTannyprM~ 6pOH3bl HaXO,l1Mnaeb Ha o.aHoM ypoeHe e 6nM)I(Heeoero'4-

How, a Maerepereo M3roroeneHM~ 6pOH30Bb/X M3,aenMW, Bepo~THO, 6bmo ,a8)1(e BbJWe, ro MerannyprM~ )l(ene3a oreraeana Ha HeeKonbKO eroneTMW. C paHHMX BpeMeH KMTaW~bl B Ka'4eeTBe maBHOrO opy)l(l1~ paeeMaTpMBanM MeKfl/0'4MTeflbHO nyK. C.aenaHHbiW M3 .aepeea, pora M eyxO)I(MflMW, OH 6blfl ,afll1HHee l1 MO~ Hee, '4eM 06bNHO Berpe'4aeMb/e Ha 3ana.ae, M, noxo)l(e, M3 eeKa B eeK npaKTM'4eeKM He M3MeH~ne~. Crpeflbl, Bepo~THO, M3rOTaBflMB8flMeb 113 6aM6yKa M OeHa~anMeb MerannM'4eeKMMl1 HaKOHe'4Hl1KaMM. 6pOH30Bb/e I11JieMbl no~BMfll1eb B I<Mrae eo epeMeHa ,aMHaerMM WaH, a 38~MTHOe BOOp}l)l(eHMe, HeeMOTp~ Ha 6onee no3,aHMW erapr, eepo~THO, .aorHano E>nM)I(HMW BoeroK npMMepHO K 600 r. ,ao P.X. KaeanepM~ 3,aeeb He no~en~naeb HeeKOflbKO eroneTMW. npMMeHeHMe )l(e KOneeHMI..l Ha'4anoeb OpMeHTl1pOB0'4HO Me)I(.L1y2f00M f600rr. ,ao P.X., M 3Ha'4eHMe ero noereneHHO B03paerano. Kor.aa waH HaHeenM nopa)l(eHMe e~ B 611ree np11 MMH L(3~o (eM. Bb/We), OHM paenonaranM, no Beew BM,l1MMOeTl1, npMMepHO eeMb/O,aee~ Tb/0 KOneeHM/..laMM. n~Tb/0 BeKaMM no3)1(e, Kor.aa '4)I(OY pa36MnM waH B 6MTBe npM My 10 (eM. Bb/We), OHM paenonaranM y)l(e npM6nM3MrenbHO TpeM~ eOTH~MM KOneeHM~. A B 823 r. .ao P.X. CJOaHb, ~apb 3ana.o.Horo 4y, HaHee nopa)l(eHMe apMMM '4)I(Oy, MMe~ OKOflO Tpex Tb/e~'4 KOneeHM/..l. noH8'4any H8 KOneeHM~BX, KOTOpb!e npMMeH~nMeb, ey.a~ no eeeMy, KaK M06l1flbHb/e KOMaH,l1Hb/e noeTbl, e3,l1l1flM M ep8)1(aflMeb flMWb KpynHb/e BOeH8'48flbHl1Kl1, 06b/'4HO eonpOBO)I(,aaeMble, noMMMO B03HM'4ero, 6apa6aH~l1KaMM-eMrHanb~l1KBMl1 M o,aHl1M MnM 6onee ny'4Hl1KaMM. Ho e Te'4eHl1eM BpeMeHM Oe03HaHl1e 803MO)I(HOeTeW, 3aK!IJ0'4eHHb/X B Menonb30BaHMl1 KOneeHl1/..l B Ka'4eeTBe maeHOW y,aapHOW el1flbl, npeBp8Tl1flO MX B nepeoereneHHb/W MHerpyMeHT BOWHbl. Mo~broey,aaperea erana Ol.leHMearbe~ KOflM'4eeTBOM KOneeHM~, KOTOpoe OHO MOrflO Bb/eTaBMTb B 6MTBe. Kor.aa npMMeHeHMe KoneeHM/..l erano 6onee paenpoerpaHeHHbiM, OHMnpeeparMnMeb B ~eHrpanbHbJe fl.ll.PB Ma-

neHbKMX 6oeBb/X KOMaH.ll. M3 BOMHOB, OeHa~eHHb/X opy)I(MeM pa3flM'4Hb/X Bl1,l10B, - HeKMX aHanorOB eoepeMeHHOrO B3BO,aa, Ha3b/BaeMb/X '''4)1(9H»: Ka)l(,l1a~ eoero~na M3 rpex-n~M '4eflOBeK, no KpawHew Mepe .aeoe M3 KoropbJX 6bml1 ny'4HMKaMM, M eonpoBO)I(,aanaeb npMMepHo .aea.a~aTb/0 neXOTMH~8Ml1, 06bNHO BOOp}l)l(eHHbiMl1 KOnb~Ml1.

3ana.aHa~ 4y eo3,aana xopowo opraHM30B8HHYIO BOeHHY/0 eMeTeMY, npMH~TY/0 M 60flbWMHeTBOM BOeH8'4aflbHMKOB ,apyrMX roey,aapeTB ,lJ,peeHero KMra~. 3ra e11ereMa xapaKrepM30Banaeb 9KBMBaneHT8MM B3BO,l10B, POT, 6aranbOHOB, 6p11ra,a, ,l1MBM3MW, KOpnyeoB M apMMW. Ha npom)l(eHMM VIII-VII BB . .ao P.X. ee.aeHMe BOWH erano HeeKonbKO MeHee ~poeTHb/M M 6onee Pl1Tyafll13MpOBaHHb/M. Bnpo'4eM, 9TOT orHOeMrenbHO M~rKMW xapaKrep npo.aep)l(ane~ He.aonro.

CTPYKTYPA..u_pesHeKHTancKoro soi:tcKa rrepHo..u_a q:>Koy 6hiJia 6oJiee qeTKoi:t, qeM CTPYh."TYpa soi:tcK ..u_pesHei:tumx rocy..u_apcTB ITepe..u_Hen A3HH. bOJibiiie TOro, KHTai:tl.lhl TeOpeTHqecKH o6ocHOBaJIH 6oesoe 3HaqeHHe Ka.J£<,Aoro po..u_a soi:tcK H poJib ero B 6o10. Boeshle KOJieCHHUhl 6hiJIH masHhiM POAOM BOi:tCK. KoJieCHHI.Ihl, rosopHTC.si B OAHOM H3 TpaKTaTOB, 3TO BOHHCKa.si MOIUb apMHH. )J;ec.siTb KOJieCHHI.I pa36HBaIOT ThiC.siqy qeJIOBeK, CTO KOJieCHHU pa36HBaiOT ..u_ec.siTb ThiC.sJq qeJioBeK. B 3TOM :>Ke TpaKTaTe orrpe..u_eneHhl H 6oeBbie 33Jl.a"'H 3TOro po..u_a soi:tcK. «KoJieCHHUbi - 3'!'0 KphiJib.ll apMHH; OHH HHCIIpOBepraiOT KpeiiKHe II03HUHH, IIOpa:>KaiOTCHJibHOro IIpOTHBHHKa, rrperpa:>KAaiOT rryTh 6eryiUHM. KoHHHUa- 3TO pa3BeAKaapMHH; oHa rrpecJie..u_yeT pa36HToro rrpoTHBHHKa, OTpe3aeT eMy IIO.LI_B03 IIpOBHaHTa, pacceHsaeT ero JIY<JIIIHe oTpliAhl». KoJieCHHUbi 6blJIH ..u_syx BHAOB: 6oeBbie, 3arrp.si:>KeHHbie "leTBepKoi:t JIOIIIa..u_eJ:t, H TpaHCIIOpTHbie, T.IDKeJibie, 3aIIpli:>KeHHhle .LI_BeHa,ll.l.laTblO BOJiaMH H rrpe..u_Ha3Ha<JeHHhle He TOJibKO AJIH rrepeso3oK, HO H AJIH ycTPoi:tcTBa o6opoHHTeJibHoro coopy:>KeHHli. ITpH K~OJ:t 6oeBOJ:t KOJieCHHUe H3XO.LI_H-

BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~ JIOCh 75 BOIIHOB, II3 HIIX Tpii T5DKeJIO-

36°

rOCY .llAPCTBO YPAPTY IX-VII BB. ,!lO P .X.

BOOpylKeHHhiX BeJIII 6oil: Ha KOJieCHII120

IIe, a OCTaJihHhie paC'IJieH5IJIIICh Ha

120

240 Kll

TPII rroLJ:pa3LJ:eJieHmr: OLJ:HO pa3MemaJIOCh BrrepeLJ:II KOJieCHIII!hi, a LJ:Ba APYmx -

Ha <lJJiaHrax. EoeBoil: KOJiec-

HIII!e IIpiiLJ:aBaJiaCh TpaHCIIOpTHaH KOJieCHIII!a, KOTOpyiO 06CJIY'lKIIBaJIII 25 BOIIHOB. ALJ:MIIHIICTpaTIIBHo-xo3HHCTBeH-

Hoil: eLJ:IIHIII!eH 6hiJia «COCeLJ:CKaH 06-

p H

IIIIIHa», COCTOHBIIIaH II3 BOChMII iJ:BOpOB. 0Ha IIOJiy'IaJia 3eMJIIO, 3a 'ITO 06H3aHa 6hiJia BhiiiOJIHHTh pa3JIII'IHhie IIOBIIHHOCTII: IIOCTaBJIHTh BOil-

HOB, JIOIIIaLJ:eH II BOJIOB, L\OCTaBJIHTh rrpOL\OBOJihCTBIIe II <lJypa'lK. 0LJ:IIH II3

36°

40°

BOChMII iJ:BOpOB LJ:aBaJI BOIIHa, OC-

Hwn)'HhH

IIOBIIHHOCTII.

Ypapry K 610 r. t ~ PX.

TaKIIM o6pa3oM, 1 00-ThiCH'IHOe

Y papTy s Ha'iall e npaaneHHR

TaJihHhie CeMh BhiiiOJIHHJIII rrpO'IIIe

BOHCKO COLJ:ep'lKaJIII 700 ThiCH'I Kpec-

H u >~ ee u ~

TeppH TOPHI1, npHCOe3 eH H"' ypapraMH a soHue 9 e.HHAO PXe u,._ _ _ _ __

TeppHropH H, npHcoenHHeHH"'e ypapraMH • cepeDHHe 8 s. no PX

ThHHCKIIX LJ:BopoB. Boil:cKo KOMrrJieKTOBaJIOCh II3 KpeCThHH, II KpeCThHHe

- ·- · - · -

4:(

0 _ _ _..;..:._ __ _ _ _ _ _:--"i

r paHHU"' Ypapry npH Pyce II (685- 645 rr.

P.X .l

Crcn Hua Yrapry

'lKe COLJ:ep'lKaJIII ero. qeThipe «COCeLJ:CKIIe 06IIIIIHhi» COCTaBJIHJIII LJ:epeBHIO, 'IeThipe LJ:epeB-

CKIIe I!apii OTMe'IaJIII CBOII rro6eLJ:hi

HIIMaJIII rrJieMeHHhie coi03hi Haiipii,

HII- CeJIO, 'IeThipe CeJia- BOJIOCTh.

HaJJ: 60 «I!apHMII» cTpaHhi Haiipii, BKJIIO'IaH B 3TO 'IIICJIO 37 «I!apeil:» -

6hma 3aiiiiimeHa ropHhiMII xpe6TaMII, 'ITO C03LJ:aBaJio 6JiarorrpiiHTHhie ycJio-

6hiJia LJ:aTh 75 BOIIHOB, OiJ:HY 6oeByiO

coi03HIIKOB 3Toil: cTpaHhi. CoBepiiieH-

BIIH IJ:JIH 060p0Hhi CTpaHhi. Ho COCeLJ:-

KOJieCHIII!y, 'IeThipex KOHeH II IIIeCT-

HO O'IeBIIL\HO, 'ITO 3TII TaK Ha3hiBaeMhie

CTBO aCCIIpiiHCKOH BOeHHO-rrapa3IITII-

HaLJ:IIaTh BOJIOB. 3TII IIOBIIHHOCTII pa-

I!apii Haiipii II IIx coi03HIIKII 6hiJIII

'IeCKOH LJ:eCIIOTIIII, KOTOpaH BeJia

BO'lKLJ:HMII IIJieMeH. ,lJ;JIH 60ph6hi C

HerrpephiBHhie rpa6IITeJihCKIIe BOHHhi,

Bo BpeMH BOHHhi BOJIOCTh LJ:OJI'lKHa

30pHJIII KpeCThHH.

YPAPTY 1 1300-600 u. oo P. X.

MOIIIHOH aCCIIpiiHCKOH LJ:eCIIOTIIeil: B03-

He II03BOJIHJIO IIOJiaraThCH TOJihKO Ha

HIIKaJIII B Ka'IeCTBe BpeMeHHhiX 06b-

TPYAHOLJ:ocryrrHyro MeCTHOCTh. HaLJ:o

eLJ:IIHeHIIH coi03hi rrJieMeH. MHoriie II3

6hiJIO IIMeTh CIIJihHOe BOHCKO. 0LJ:Ha-

3TIIX IIJieMeH 3aHIIMaJIIICh CKOTOBOLJ:-

KO II Boil:cKy He Bcema yLJ:aBaJIOCh OT-

CTBOM II OC06eHHO KOHeBOLJ:CTBOM.

pa'lKaTh BTOp'lKeHIIH aCCIIpiiHI!eB.

HeKOTOphie rrJieMeHa pa3BOLJ:IIJIII crre-

B OLJ:HOil: HaLJ:IIIICII coo6maeTCH o rro-

IIIIaJihHhie rropOLJ:hi JIOIIIaLJ:eil:. Pa3BIITIIe KOHeBO!J:CTBa 6hiJIO 6a30H IJ:JIH

6eLJ:e acciipiiil:cKoro I!apH HaJJ: rrJieMeHaMII Haiipii II HaJio'lKeHIIII Ha HIIx

B 3TOT rrepiiOLJ: B pail:oHe o3epa BaH,

OpraHII3a!IIIII KOHHIII!hl II 60eBhiX KO-

LJ:aHII B 1260 KOHeil: IJ:JIH aCCIIpiiHCKIIX

Ha TeppiiTOpiiii, paCIIOJIO'lKeHHOH

JieCHIIII.

60eBhiX KOJieCHIIII II BCaLJ:HIIKOB.

1300-900 rr. II.JIEMEHHhiE COI03hl CTPAHhl HAIIPII.

Me'lKIJ:y KaBKa3oM, CeBepHoil: Meco-

llJieMeHa, KOTOphie 'lKIIJIII B L\OJIII-

rroTaMIIeil:, CeBepo-3arraLJ:HhiM 11pa-

HaX, 3aHIIMaJIIICh 3eMJieLJ:eJIIIeM, OC-

HOM II MaJioil: A3IIeil:, cymecTBOBaJIII

HOBaHHOM B 3Ha'IIITeJihHOH CBOeil: 'Ia-

60Jihiiiiie IIJieMeHHhie COI03hi CTpaHhi

CTII Ha IICKyCCTBeHHOM OpOIIIeHIIII,

Haiipii, KOTOphie o6IITaJIII 3LJ:eCh c

'ITO Tpe6oBaJIO opraHII3a!IIIII o6me-

2000 r. ITo LJ:aHHhiM, COLJ:ep'lKaiiiiiMCH

CTBeHHhiX pa6oT. Pa3BIIToe 3eMJieLJ:e-

B aCCIIpiiHCKIIX HaLJ:IIIICHX, OTHOCH-

JIIIe II03BOJIHJIO C03LJ:aBaTh 60Jihiiiiie

XII

B., y rrJieMeH, 'lKIIBIIIIIx

3arrachi 3epHa. B ropoLJ:ax pa3BIIBa-

B pail:oHe o3epa BaH, cymecTBOBaJia

JIIICh ToproBJIH II peMecJia. HaJIII'IIIe

IIIIIXCH K

BOeHHaH LJ:eMoKpaTIIH. TaK, acciipiiil:-

B ropax MeTaJIJIOB, oco6eHHO 'lKeJie3a, C03LJ:aBaJIO 6JiarorrpiiHTHhie ycJio-

1Ypapry- accupuilcKoe Ha3BaHHe, ypapTcKoe - EuailHHJIH, 6u6JieilcKoe - L(apcTBO ApapaT.

BIIH LJ:JIH rrpOII3BOLJ:CTBa opy'lKIIH B 60JihiiiOM KOJIII'IeCTBe II XOpOIIIerO Ka'IeCTBa. TeppiiTOpiiH, KOTopyro 3a-

YpapTCKI1e BOI1Hbl Ha KOJleCHI11.1e

3AP~ BOEHHOlll V1CTOPV1V1. PAHEE 600 r. AO P. X. Boil:cKo YpapTCKoro I!apcTBa coCTOHJIO li3 ITOCTOHHHhiX OTpH):(OB ITpli I!ape rr ITprr Ha'IaJihHliKax o6nacTeil: (TypTaHOB) li li3 OITOJI'IeHliH, Ha6rrpaBIIIerOCH ITO Bceil: cTpaHe. Pa6oBJia):(eJih'IeCKaH 3HaTh COCTaBJIHJia OTPHIJ:hi 6oeBhiX KOJieCHliii rr Harr6onee 6oraTO BOOpy'lKeHHYIO KOHHliiiY路 YpapTCKrre I!aprr liHOr):(a ITOCeJIHJili Ha HOBhiX MecTax 'IaCTh ITJieHHliKOB. IIoJIY<J:liBIIIrre 3eMJIIO ITJiaTliJili ITO):(aTh li BhiiiOJIHHJili 06hi'IHhie BOliHCKlie ITOBliHHOCTli. Boil:cKo cocTOHJIO li3 ITexOThl, KOHHlii!hi rr 6oeBhiX KOJieCHliii. KoHHliiia 3aHliMaJia Ba'lKHOe MeCTO B Boil: eKe rr 6hma o6y<J:eHa ):(eil:cTBliHM B rOpHOH MeCTHOCTli.

'IliCJieHHO-

CTli Boil:cKa ypapTOB MO'lKHO cyAHTh ITO O):(HOH COXpaHliBIIIeHCH Ha):(ITliCli, B KOTOpOH CKa3aHO, 'ITO BOHCKO, OTITpaBJIHeMOe Ha CeBep, HaC'IliThiBaJIO

YpapTCKI1e BOI1Hbl. lllao6pa>KeHI1e Ha wneMe Apri1WTI1 I. VIII B. AO P. X.

900-600 rr. rOCY,IJ;APCTBO YPAPTY. MHorO'IliCJieHHhie BOHHhi

66 60eBhiX KOJieCHliii, 4430 BCa):(157 60 ITeXOTliHI!eB. 113

HliKOB li

3TOH Ha):(ITliCli Bli):(HO, 'ITO ITeXOThi

ITepliO):(a pa3JIO'lKeHliH pO):(OBOrO cTpOH ITJieMeH Harrprr Benrr K yBeJirr'IeHrriO 'IliCJia pa6oB. OiJ:HliM li3 cne):(CTBrril: 3TliX BOHH 6hiJIO yKpeiTJieHlie BJiaCTli pO):(OBhiX li ITJieMeHHhiX BO'lK):(eH rr ITpeBpaiiieHrre OiJ:HOro li3 Hrrx B HaCJie):(CTBeHHOrO ITpaBliTeJIH - IIapH, OITlipaBIIIerOCH Ha ITJieMeHHYIO 3HaTh. BMecTo APY'lKliH ITJieMeHHhiX BO'lK):(eH ITOHBliJIOCh BOHCKO, HaXO):(liBIIIeeCH B paciTopH'lKeHrrrr I!apH. TaK, B IX B. AO P.X. B pail:oHe o3epa BaH B03HliKJIO IIeHTpanrr3oBaHHoe pa6oBJia):(eJih'IeCKoe rocyAapcTBO - YpapTy. YpapTy, KaK rr Apyrrre ):(peBHeBOCTO'IHhie CTpaHhi, ITpe):(CTaBJIHJIO co6oil: pa6oBJia):(eJih'IeCKoe rocy):(apCTBO. fJiaBHOH <lJopMOH 3KCITJiyaTaiilili 6hiJIO ITpliMliTliBHOe pa6oBJia):(eHrre. TpyA pa6oB ITprrMeHHJICH B rocy):(apCTBeHHhiX, xpaMOBhiX rr 'IaCTHhiX xo3HHCTBax. Bo rJiaBe rocy):(apCTBa CTOHJI I!aph, KOTOpbiH C'IliTaJICH BepXOBHhiM C06CTBeHHliKOM 3eMJili li BCeX 6oraTCTB. Bee rocyAapcTBO ITOApa3):(eJIHJIOCh Ha o6nacTrr. HaMeCTHliKli I!apH, ITpaBliBIIIrre 06JiaCTHMli, HBJIHJiliCh 06hi'IHO li BOeHa'IaJihHliKaMli BOHCKa 06JiaCTli.

6poH30BbiHL1.111T ypapTcKoro 1..1apS1 Pycbl 113 xpaMa Ha Tonpax-Kane

BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~

B COCTaBe ypapTCKOrO BOHCKa 6hiJIO B Tpii pa3a 60Jihiiie, 'IeM KOHHIII(hl. CJieAOBaTeJihHO, rrexoTa HBJIHJiaCh caMhiM MHOrO'IIICJieHHhiM pO!J:OM BORCK rocyAapcTBa YpapTy. Ha BOopylKeHIIII ypapTbi IIMeJIII KOIIhH, Me'III, KIIHlKaJihi, JIYKII, IIIIIThi. OpylKIIe II3rOTOBJIHJIOCh II3 lKeJie3a II 6pOH3hi (KJIIIHKII, HaKOHe'IHIIKII KOIIIIH II CTpeJI). CBeAeHIIHMII o TaKTIIKe Boil:cKa Ypapry Mhi rroKa He pacrroJiaraeM. 113 OT):(eJihHhiX COXpaHIIBIIIIIXCH Ha):(IIIIceil: MOlKHO 3aKJIIO'IIITh, 'ITO ApeBHIIe ypapThi 6hiDII IICKYCHhiMII BOIIHaMII, OC06eHHO B rOpHbiX yCJIOBIIHX. 3Ha'IIITeJihHaH 'IaCTh rreiiiiiX BOIIHOB IIMeJia JierKoe BoopyMeHIIe. Bo BpeMH rroXO!J:OB IIIIIpOKO rrpaKTIIKOBaJIOCh ycTpOHCTBO IIOJieBhiX Jiarepeil:. 11cKJIIO'IIITeJihHO 60JihiiiOrO TeXHII'IeCKOrO IICKyCCTBa ypapThi !J:OCTIIrJIII B cTpOIITeJihCTBe KperrocTeil:. CoxpaHIIJIOCh OrpOMHOe KperrOCTHOe COOpylKeHIIe Ha BaHcKoil: cKaJie, rrpiiKphiBaBIIIee ypapTceyro CTOJIIIU:Y Tyiiiiiy. BhiCOTa cTeH 3Toil: KperrocTII -

OKO-

JIO 20M.

800-750 rr. IIEPIIO,IJ; HAIIIiO.JihillErO MOrYIIJ;ECTBA YPAPTY. B 3TO BpeMH rrpoiiCXO!J:HT ca-

------e.-

Mhie 60Jihiiiiie II II06e):(OHOCHhie BOeHHhie IIOXO!J:hi, B pe3yJihTaTe KOTOpbiX ypapTCKOe u:apCTBO 3Ha'IIITeJihHO paCIIIIIpHeT CBOII rpaHIII(hi II 3aXBaThiBaeT 60JihiiiOe KOJIII'IeCTBO pa60B. Boil:cKa AOCTIIraJIII EoJihiiiOro KaB-

YpapTcKaSI KpenocTb Ha 6epery oaepa BaH

Ka3cKoro xpe6Ta. BoiOH c Acciipiieil:, IIOCTOHHHhiM rrpOTIIBHIIKOM YpapTCKOrO u:apcTBa, BOHCKO YpapTy coBepiiiiiJIO 14 II06e):(OHOCHhiX IIOXO!J:OB

corroTaMIIII, CeBepHoil: CIIpiiii II o3epa YpMIIH (Hhme Pe3ail:e ).

II AOXO!J:IIJIO AO BaBIIJIOHa. YpapThi

rroJIOBIIHe

VIII B.

rrepBoil:

u:a TIImamaJiacapa III (745-727 rr.) rroJiolKeHIIe II3MeHIIJIOCh. IIpoBeAeH-

rrpii u:apHx Apmiii-

Hhie liM pe<lJopMbi (BMeCTO IICTpe6-

COBepiiiiiJIII TaKlKe HeCKOJihKO IIOXO-

TII (781-760 rr.) II CapAype

JieHIIH IIOKOpeHHhiX HapO!J:OB rrepe-

!J:OB Ha 3aiia):(, 3aBOeBaB HeKOTOphie

(760-730 rr.) ypapThi, IICIIOJih3YH

CeJieHIIe IIX B Apyriie pail:OHhl,

XeTTCKIIe 06JiaCTII.

HacTyrriiBIIIIIil: B Acciipiiii Kpii3IIC

OrpaHII'IeHIIe rrpaB HaMeCTHIIKOB, pa3-

BoeHHOrrJieHHhie, rrpeBpameHHhie

(rpalKAaHCKIIe BOHHhi lKpe<IeCTBa c

yKpyrrHeHIIe HaMeCTHII'IeCTB II AP路) yKperriiJIII AcciipiiiO. nhma C03AaHa

rJiaBHhiM o6pa30M B pa60B, IICIIOJih-

TOprOBOH, CJIYlKIIJIOH II BOeHHOH 3Ha-

30BaJIIICh B CeJihCKOM X03HHCTBe. 11Me-

ThiO, OIIYCTOIIIeHIIe CeJihCKOX03HH-

IIOCTOHHHaH apMIIH, CO):(eplKaiiiaHCH

JIIICh CJIY<Jaii BKJIIO'IeHIIH BOeHHOIIJieH-

CTBeHHhiX pail:oHOB ), 3axBaTIIJIII Ce-

3a C'IeT rocyAapcTBa. AcciipiiH BHOBh

HhiX B ypapTCKOe BOHCKO, KOTOpOe

BepHyiO MecorroTaMIIIO II CeBepHyiO

rreperrma K 3aBOeBaTeJihHOH IIOJIIITII-

COCTOHJIO B OCHOBHOM II3 rreiiiero II

CIIpiiiO, oTpe3aJIII AcciipiiiO OT Ma-

Ke. TIImaTrraJiacap

KOHHOrO OIIOJI'IeHIIH CB060):(HhiX Kpe-

JIOa3IIHCKIIx 6a3 CHa6lKeHIIH MeTaJI-

IIIIIpoKoe HacTyrrJieHIIe Ha CeBep-

CThHH ( 06IIIIIHHIIKOB) II rOpOlKaH.

JiaMII (<I eM ocJia6IIJIII ee eme 6oJiee ),

HYIO CIIpiiiO II IOro-BocTO'IHYIO

800-700 rr. YPAPTO-ACCIIPIIMCKIIE BOMHhl. 0HII BeJIIICh

IIO):('IIIHIIJIII ce6e 06JiaCTII IOlKHee

MaJiyro A3IIIO. Ypapry, C'IIITaBIIIee 3TII TeppiiTOpiiii c<lJepoil: CBOerO BJIII-

MelK!J:y Acciipiieil: II YpapTy 3a o6-

0):(HaKO IIOCJie BCTYIIJieHIIH Ha aCCII-

HHIIH, BCTYIIIIJIO c Acciipiieil: B rrpo-

JiaAaHIIe o6JiaCTHMII CeBepHoil: Me-

piiHCKIIH rrpeCTOJI u:apH II IIOJIKOBO):(-

TIIBo6opcTBO.

o3epa BaH II B pail:oHe o3epa YpMIIH.

III

pa3BepHyJI

743 r. B cpalKeHIIII

3AP>l BOEHHOlll V1CTOPV1V1. PAHEE 600 r. AO P. X. rrpo,qBHJKeHHe B rny61> HerrpHi!TeJiheKoJ;I TeppHTOpHH HJIH rrperpaw,qaBIIIHe rryn HaeryrrasiiieMY rrpoTHBHHKY. B 6op1>6e 3a KperroeTH HerroJih30Banaeh rrpoe'reJ;iiiirui Oea,[{Hrui 'reXHHKa (TapaHhl, JieeTHHI.Ihl H,qp.).

750- 600 rr. OC.JIAI)JlEHME M I1fi>EJih YPAPTY. IIoeTerreHHoe

WneM Apn1wn1. VIII B. AO P. X.

rrpH Aprr~e (CHpHi!) aeeHpHlh.lhl o,qepJKaJIH peiiiHTeJihHYIO rro6e,qy. B 735 r. OHH HaHeeJIH ypapTru.t H HX eOI03HHKaM HOBoe, eme 6oJiee TJIJKeJIOe rropaJKeHHe. B pe3yJihTa're 3THX BOJ;iH BoJ;ieKo Ypapry 61>mo Bhl'reeHeHO H3 CeBepHoJ;I MeeorroTaMHH H CerepHoJ;I CHpHH H 3Ha<JH'reJihHO oeJia6JieHo. B 714 r. (B AeeHpHH B 3TO BpeMJI uapeTBOBaJI CaproH II, B Ypapry- Pyea I) paspasHJiaeh BoJ;IHa 3a paJ;IoH o3epa YpMHJI. Coi03HHKOM aeeHpHJ;Il.leB BhieryrrHJIO MaHeJ;IeKoe uapeTBo- MeeTHoe KpyrrHoe rroJIHTH<JeeKoe o6pa3oBaHHe. B 6HTBe Ha rope Yayiii (HhiHe CoxeH,q) CaproH II HaHee eoKpyiiiHTeJihHoe rropaJKeHHe Pyee I, pa3opHJI pi!A o6naeTeJ;I Ypapry. Ypapry rroTepi!JIO 6hiJIOe MorymeeTBO H He peiiiaJIOeh 60Jihiiie Ha OTKphiTOe eTOJIKHOBeHHe e AeeHpHeJ;I. KaJK,LJ,rui BOIOIOIUaJI empoHa HMena 6oJihiiioe H xopoiiio opraHH30BaHHOe BOJ;ieKO, eoeTOJIBIIIee H3 IIeXOThl, KOHHHI.Ihl H 6oeBhiX KoneeHHI.I. B ropax H B 6op1>6e 3a KperroeTH yerreiiiHhiJ;i HeXO,[{ BOJ;iHhi o6eerre<JHBaJia rrexOTa, B,qoJIHHaxBe~HHKH H 6oeBble KOJieeHHI.Ihl. BoJihiiiYIO poJih HrpaJia BHe3arrHoeTh Harr~eHHJI. Oeo6eHHoeniO BOeHHOro HeryeeTBaB Ypapm-aeeHpHJ;IeKHX BOJ;iHax 6hiJIO TO, "'TO IIpOTHB06opeTBYIOIUHe eTOpOHhi BeJIH HaeryrraTeJihHhie H o6opOHH'reJihHhie ,qeJ;IeTBHil, OIIHpai!eh Ha KperroeTH KaK orropHhle rryHf..'Thl, o6eerre<JHBaBIIIHe

B03BhiiiieHHe BOeHHOJ;i 3HaTH, Ha"'aJihHHKOB o6Jiae'reJ;I, Oil HpaBIIIHXeil Ha MeeTHOe BOJ;ieKO, BOeeTaHHil HX IIpOTHB l.leHTpaJihHOJ;i BJiaeTH erroeo6eTBOB3JIH oena6JieHHIO Ypapry. Bo BTopoJ;I rronoBHHe VIII B. aeeHpHJ;il.lhi HaHeeJIH pi!A eoKpyiiiHTeJihHhiX y,qapoB YpapTeKoMy roey,qapeTBy. KpyrrHoe rropa.JKeHHe rro'reprrenH TaKJKe ypapThl B 20-x rr. VIII B. OT BTOpriiiHXeil e eeBepa KHMMepHJ;Il.leB (rrneMeHa CeBepHoro IIpH<IepHOMOphi!). Bee 3TO rrpHreno K rroTepe Ypapry pi!,qa eBoHx BJI~eHHJ;i B CeBepHoJ;I MeeorroTaMHH H eeBepHoJ;I CHpHH. B Ha<Jane VI B. Ypapry 6biJIO pa3rpOMJieHO MH,[{HJ;il.laMH H BKJIIO<JeHo B eoeTaB MH,qHJ;IeKoro uapeTBa.

Ocooemmcru Boesaoro ncKyccma Ypapry. Oeo6eHHoen BOeHHoro HeryeeTBa Ypapry 3aKJIIO<Janaeh B TOM, "'TO OeHOBOJ;i o6opOHhi 6biJIH KperroeTH, a He rroeeJieHHil BOHHOB, KaK B ErnrrTe. KperroeTH 6hiJIH orropHhiMH IIYHKTlUviH B l.leHTpe eTpaHhl H rrperpaJK,qaJIH Bee IIpOXO,[{hi, KOTOphie BeJIH K YpapTY. B 3aBOeBaTeJihHhiX BOJ;iHax K erroeTH TaKJKe iiBJiiiJIHeh IIOpHhiMH rrw aMH Ha 3 Ba<JeH-

'"'

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I* I 100 1!11

~ BOHH

BlOPOH 31Af

HhiX TeppHTOpHi!X H o6eerre<JHBaJIH TlUvl roerro,qeTBO ypapTOB. B rro6e,qax ypapToB 6oJihiiiYIO pOJih Hrpana BHe3aiiHOeTh, "'TO ,[{OeTHranoeh YMeJihiM Bhl6opoM HarrpaBJieHHJI y,qapoB, a TaKJKe HX qepe,qoBaHHeM.

CKH<PbP 800-600 22. oo P. X. 80~ 700 rr. TIEPEMEIUEHME CKM<l>O-CAPMATCKMX IIJIEMEH B IIPMqEPHOMOPhE, B TIPMKACIIM:fiCKMX CTEIISIX M B CEBEPHO:fi qACTM CPE)l;HE:fi A3MM. ITo eBH,[{eTeJiheTBy re-

po,qOTa, eKH<j)hl 3aHHMaJIH 60JihiiiYIO eTpaHy, HMeBIIIYIO BJ:I,}:\ ~ThlpexyroJih HHKa, IOJKHrui empoHa Komporo- 6eper qepHoro MOpi! - 6hiJia o6IUHM IIpOTJIJKeHHeM «B 20 ,[{HeJ;i IIYTH», T. e. oKono 700 KM. Ho 1erreph yeTaHOBJieHo, "110 eKH<J?eKHe IIJie!YteHaJKHJIH B Cpe,qHeJ;i A3HH, Ha 1eppHTopHH eoBpeMeHHoro Ka3axeTaHa, H 61>IJIH H3BeeTHhl ITO,[{ HMeHeM MaeeareTOB; eBporreJ;ieKHe eKH<J?hi JKHJIH B IIpHKaeIIHJ;ieKHX H B IIpH<IepHOMOpeKHX e'reIIJIX H Ha 1eppHTOpHH, KOTopyiO B HaeTOJill{ee BpeMi! 3aHHMaiOT BeHrpHi!, PyMhiHHJI H BonrapHi!. repo,qoT Pa3JIH"'aJI IIJieMeHa eKH<J?oB no erroeo6y HX 3aHJITHJ;i: eKH<J?hlrraxapH JKHJIH B,qoJIHHax ByraM .Il:Herrpa, eKH<J?hi-KO<JeBHHKH- K Boemey oT .1J:Herrpa; KpOMe 3THX IIJieMeH repo,qOT YIIOMHHaeT «eKH<J?OB uapeKHX», HO He IIOJieHJieT, l>.'TO OHH H me JKHJIH. ApxeOJIOrH yeTaHOBHJIH, "'TT «l.lapeKHe eKH<J?bi» KO<JeBaJIH B paJ;IoHe peKH MonoqHoJ;i. Y eKH<J?OB 6hiJIO pa3BHTO eKOTOBO,[{eTBO H oeo6eHHO KOHeBO,[{eTBO, BeJie,qeTBHe qero rJiaBHhiM po1 CKH<j>bt - o6l.l.lee HaJBaHHe poACTBeHHbiX IIJieMeH CeBepoHpaHCKOi'i ll3biKOBOi'i rpynIIbl, Hace.Jil!BWHX B VII B. 11,0 P.X.- III B.OT P.X. CeBepHoe IIpw"epHoMopbe. CKH<j>cKoe rocyAapcTBO rrpocyl.l.leCTBOBano 11,0 BTopoi'i rroJIOBHHbtiii B. oT P.X. 0Ho pacrranocb rro11, yAapaMH roroB, MHrpHpoBaBwHx H3 IIpH6aJITHi'iCKHX JeMe.Jib B CeBepHoe IIpHqepHoMopbe. CKH<j>bt oKoHqaTeJibHO YTPaTHJIH CBOIO caMoCTOJ!Te.JibHOCTb, paCTBOpHBWHCb cpeii,H IIJieMeH Be.JIHKoro rrepece.JieHHll HapoAOB.

BOCTOLJHAs:J A3V1s:J

Ctrncf>bl:

1-5- BOHHbl;

napcf>stHe:

6, 7- npoCT01110AHHbl; 8- 3HaTHbiH napcf>stHHH; 9, 10- BbiCWHe rocyAapCTBeHHble ca HOBHHIG1; 11-13 - ~.tapH

.L\OM BoltcKy HHX 6hl.JiaKOHHHI.Ia. B MOrnJiax CKH<J:>CKHX ITJieMeHHI>IX Bmf9].el:f H3XO.JJ.SIT .Jl.eC.liTKH H .Jl.IDKe COTHH CKeJieTOB JlOllla,LI_el:f, npHHeCeHHblX B :lKepTBy H 33XOpOHeHHhlX BMeCTe C

BO)f(,LJ,.l~MH. K 700 r. AOP.X. CKH<J:>bl BhlTeCHHJIH :lKHBlllHX B CerepHOM flpHqepHOMOphe KHMMepHJ:il.leB H 3aBJia,qeJlH HX 3eMJl.liMH. B

VII BeKe.Jl.OP.X. y

CKH<J:>CKHX UJieMeH HMeJIHCh yA<e opraHbl BOeHHOJ:i.Jl.eMOKpaTHH: co6paHHe UJieMeH,

BO~H

UJieMeH H CO BeT UJie-

MeHHI>IX BO~el:f. 0.Jl.HOJ:i H3 rJiaBHI>IX 3a,qaq TaKOJ:i o6rn:eCTBeHHOJ:i opraHH3al.IHH 6hl.Jio Be.Jl.eHHe BOJ:iHbl. B CB.li3H C 3TIIM y CKH<J:>OB OC06eHHhlM llO'lHTaHHeM ll0Jlh30Ba.JIC.ll 6or BOJ:iHbl, KOTOpOM)' npHHOCHJIHCh 60JihlllHe :lKepTBbl.

KVI B . .Jl.O P .X. BJiacTh CKH<J:>cKHx B())K.LI.elt CTaJia HaCJie.Jl.CTBeHHOJ:i H npeBpaTHJiaCh B uapcey10 BJiacTh. Bo3HHKJIO Morn:Hoe CKH<J:>cKoe rocy.LI.apcTBo, npe.Jl.CTaBJI.liBIIIee co6ott 6oJihlllYIO noJIHTH'leCt..')'IO CHJIY H npocyrn:eCTBOBaBlllee HeCKOJihKO cToJieTHJ:i. CKH<J:>hl B

VII B . .Jl.O P.X.

BeJIH 3aBoeBaTeJihHhle

BOJ:iHbl. 0HH BTOprJIHCh B MaJiyiO A3HIO, rAe rocno.Jl.CTBOBaJIH, no coo6rn:eHHIO repO.Jl.OTa,

28 JleT.

rocy.LI.apCTBO CKH<J:>OB .Jl.eJIHJIOCh Ha o6JiaCTH (HOMbl). Bo mase rocy.LI.apcTBa CTO.liJl 1.1ap1>, BJiaCTh KOTOpOro 61>1J1a orpaHH'leHa COI03HblM CO BeTOM H Hapo.Jl.HblM co6paHHeM. CKH<J:>bl 6hl.JIH CKOTOBO.J1.3MH H 3eMJie.Jl.eJihl.laMH, 3aHHMaJIHCh peMecmrMH, H3roTOBJieHHeM XY.Jl.O:lKeCTBeHHblX H3AeJIHJ:i. CKH<J:>bl HMeJIH CHJlhHYIO BOeHHYIO opraHH3al.IHIO . .lJ:o o6pa30BaHH.ll CKH<J:>CKOro rocy.LI.apcTBa .li.Jl.pOM

CKHcf>CKHH KOHHbiH BOHH.

VII

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547 r. )1.0 p .X. Me)K-

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KOB npi!IWenCR Ha cnapTaHf4eB. Ey/],Ylf/11 yBepeH, 'ITO Te BOT-BOT no6eryT,

BC/0 acjJI!IHCK}'/0 apM/1110 Hei!f Mepe

KaMnaHHIIf 480-479 rr. ,qo P. X.

no Kpai!/-

Map/l,OHI!Ii!i no Ben B HaCTYnneHI!Ie ne-

Tb/CR'I 'lenoBeK. GOTH/II

OT/],enbHb/X pyKonaWHb/X cpaJKeH/IIM pa3bllpanl!lcb Ha nany6ax cTeCHI!IB-

480-479 rr. OnEPAU,VIVI MAPAOHVISI. KoM61!1Haf4/IIRMI!I y1po3

WI!IXCR Kopa6nei!i. B e/],1!1Ho6opcTBe

/II o6ell{aH/IIM OH BOCCTaHOB/IIn nep-

lpe'leCK/IIe IOnni!ITbl HaMH0/0 npe-

C/11/],CKOe Bn/IIRH/IIe /II npeCT/11)(( cpe/],/11

BOCXO/],/IIn/11 CBO/IIX npOT/IIBH/IIKOB.

CeBepHb/XIOCY/l,apcTB, B oco6eHHO-

b/IITBa /],fl/llnacb 6onee CeM/11 'laCOB.

CT/II B C/JI!IBaX. BeCHOi!f, BO maBe npl!l-

nonoBI!IHa

nepc/11/l,CKOIO

¢noTa

6b!na noTonneHa Mn/11 3axBa'leHa, TO//],a KaK lpeK/11 noTepRn/11 TOnbKO

6ni!13/IITenbHO

100 Tb/CR'I 'lenoBeK,

npowen Ha 101 /II CHOBa 3aHRn AcjJ/11Hb/. 0/l,HaKo, Y3HaB

np1!16ni!IJKeHI!II!I

Kopa6nei!i. Y14eneBWI!Ie nepcbl 6eJKa-

nl!l B C/JanepOHCK}'/0 6yXTy, K nl!lpe/0.

m 14apR naBcaHI!IR c maBHoi!i ,-pe'le-

cmpoHbl Kopi!IHcjJa cnapTaHcKo-

To1J1,a ,-pe'leCKI!Ii!i /],ecaHT, B 6onb-

cKoi!i apMI!Iei!i, Map/l,OHI!Ii!i, pa3pywi!IB

WI!IHCTBe CBOeM acjJI!IHRHe,

no/],

AcjJI!IHbl, B 1!1/0He OTCTynMn Ha ceBep,

KOMaH/],OBaH/IIeM Api!ICT/11/],a Bb/Ca-

K C/JI!IBaM. naBCaH/IIM OCTOpOJKHO no-

/1,/llnCR Ha nc/IITanne/0, Ha/OnOBY

cne/],OBan 3a H/IIM, Be/],R MeHee

pa31POM/IIB /1130nl!lpOBaHHb/X TaM

TRCR'I 'lenoBeK, /113 KOTOpbiX ni!IWb

nepcoB.

OKOnO nonOB/IIHbl 6bln/ll /Onni!ITaM/11.

6oi1 np11 nnaTeSIX B 479 r. AO P.X.

104

BOlllHA CTAHOBII1TC$l lllCKYCCTBOM. 600-400 rr. !J.O P. X.

6oeaaH rpeqecKaH KOIIeCHH"a. Cl>parMeHT

rpeqecKo~

aa3bl

XOTY. 0ti.HaKO OH Heti.OO~eH!IIJI TBep-

r1116 B CXBaTKe CO cnapTaH~aM!II, nep-

4eCK!IItli cpfiOT nOti. KOMaHti.OBaH!IIeM

.ll.OCT!II Ill .ll.IIIC~!IInfi!IIHbl cnapTaH~eB. OHM orpa3unu araK}', 3aTeM KOHTp-

Cbl Ha'lan!ll repRTb My;Kecreo. Korti.a

cnapTaHCKOrO ~apR fleOT!IIX!IItJ.a tJ.et/i-

nOti.OWJI!II C0/03Hb/e nOtJ.KpenneH!IIfl,

CTBOBaJI y !IIOH!IIWCKOrO no6epe)l(bfi.

araKoeanu. nocneti.oBana y)l(aCHaR

cnapTaH~bl

Y.ll.BO!IIJI!II HaT!IICK, Ill BCKO-

nepC!II.ll.CK!IItli cpnoT OTOWeJI K MbiCY

CXBaTKa, B KOTOpot/i Hill Oti.Ha 1113 CTO-

pe nepcb!6e)l(an!lf Ha3a.a, K peKe. lpe-

MuKane, B ceeepHotli 4acru Muner-

pOH He Moma OtJ.ep)l(aTb eepxa. TeM

KM npecneti.OBaJI!II ux, roHR4epe3 pel(}'

cKotli 6yXTbJ B ycrbe peKe MeaHti.P,

BpeMeHeM acp!IIHRHe, HaXO.ll.IIIBW!IIeCR

Ill HaHOCR 60JibW!IIe norep!ll. 4J!IIBbl

rti.e KcepKC OCTaB!IIJI C!llflbHY/0 ap-

BBR3an!llcb B

6biJI!II 06JIO)I(eHbl !114epe3 MeCR~ CtJ.a-

M!II/0. He B COCTORH!II!II Bb!MaH!IITb nep-

ynopHy/0 611fTBY CO CMeWaHHbiM!II C!II-

fi!IICb. /pe'leCK!IIe norepu oKa38JI!IICb

C!II.ll.CK!IItli cpfiOT Ill tJ.aTb Cp8)1(eH!IIe, fle-

JiaM!II nepCOB, cp!IIBRH Ill .ll.PYriiiX npo-

HeBeJI!IIK!II, XOTR, BepORTHO, 60JibWe,

OT!IIXIII.ll. Bb/C8.ll.!IIJI ti.eCaHT Ill aTaKOBan

nepC!II.ll.CK!IIX rpeKoB. Y)l(e ti.OCT!IIrwutli

4eM yKa3aHHb/e nnyrapxoM 13604e-

nepC!II.ll.CK}'/0 apM!II/0 Ha cywe - p!IIC-

6biJIO nnaret/i, C0/03Hb/W KOHT!IIHreHT,

JIOBeK. nepCbl norepRJI!II OKOJIO 50

KOBaHHbiW war, nOCKOJibKY nepCbl

COCTaBJIRBW!IItli npe)l(tJ.e ~eHTp rpe-

Tb/Cf/4 4eJIOBeK. no6eti.a He f!BJIRJiaCb

!IIMeJI!II 3Ha4!11TeflbHOe 4!11CJieHHOe

cneea

cnapraH~eB,

4eCKOtli fi!IIH!II!II, renepb cpa3y )l(e no-

CJietJ.CTB!IIeM nOJIKOBOtJ.'leCKOrO !IIC-

npeBOCXO.ll.CTBO. 0ti.HaKO, KOrti.a6!11T-

wen Ha38ti., Ha BbiPY4KY cnapTaH~aM

K}'CCTBa rpeKOB C T04K!113peH!IIfi TaK-

Ba Ha'laJiaCb, KOHT!IIHreHT !IIOH!IIW-

111 acp!IIHRHaM. Tex, KTO co6upancR no-

T!IIK!II, MaptJ.OH!IItli BblrfiR.ll.IIIT npeeoc-

CK!IIX rpeKOB,

MO% acp!IIHRHaM, aTaKOBana nepC!II.ll.-

COCTaBe nepC!II.ll.CKOtli apM!II!II, nepe-

HaXO.ll.IIIBW!IIWCR B

CKaf! Ill cp!IIBaHCKaf! KaBanep!IIR. /pe-

XO.ll.Rll.l!IIM naecaH!IIfi Ha npOTf/)l(eH!II!II BCetli KaMnaH!II!II. b!IITBa 6b/Jia Bbl!llr-

K!II, XOTR Ill OKa38fl!IICb He B COCTORH!II!II

paHa ny4W!IIM eoopy)l(eH!IIeM 111 6oe-

OtJ.ep)l(aJI!II nOfiHY/0 no6eti.y, 3aXBa-

npOtJ.BIIIHYTbCR, KOCBeHHO cnaCJI!II

Bb/M !IICK}'CCTBOM rpeKOB; 9TO nepBb!tli

T!IIB MuKane 111 nepc!llti.CK!IItli ¢nor.

or oKpy)l(eH!IIR. B pe3yflbTare acp!IIHRHe, 6onee He rpeBO)I(!IIMbJe

T!II Bb/COKOtli .ll.IIIC~!IInfi!IIHbl Ill TpeH!II-

Kaeanepuetli, Ha'lanu no6e)l(tJ.aTb 111

pOBKM.

OT6pOC!IIJI!II nepCOB Ill cp!IIBRH Ha38.ll. K

AaryCT (?) 479 r. CPA>KEHLt1E nPL-1 MLt1KA11E. TeM BpeMeHeM rpe-

acp!IIHRH

Aconycy. nocKOJibK}' MaptJ.OH!IItli no-

Wefl Ha CTOpOHY fleOT!IIX!IItJ.a. /peK!II

RPKO BbJp8)1(eHHb/W np!IIMep ~eHHOC

B BOIO rrpu lliareax rpeqecK'all 4>a.JiaHra CHOBa ITO IOl3a.Jia CBOe IIpeBOCXO.LJ,CTBO Ha.LJ, rrepCH.LJ,CKOit HpperyJiapHOit KOHHHn:e~t H rrexOToit. On:eHHBaa

CPE,[tV13EMHOMOPbE-6Jl Vl>KH V1 V1 BOCTOK OT60pHyiO qacTh nepCHACKO~ apMHH, CJie.IzyeT3aMeTHTh,

MH B 6oeBOM MCh')'CCTBe. IJo6e,.qhl npM

105

3aKJJIO'IHTen&H&Je KaMnaHHH

OHa, KaKM OC-

TIJiaTeHX M MMKaJie B uenoM ynpo-

nepCH,(JCKOM BOMH&I

TaJlhHaJI nepcH,.qCKaJI nexoTa, -repne-

CJMJIM o6merpeqecKH~ COI03, XOTH B

479-448 rr. ,qo P.X.

Jia llOJIHoe noplllireHHe BCHKH~ pa3,

4 78

KOr,.qa e~ npMXOAMJIOCh MMeTh ,.qeJIO

TOB M3 ero COCTaBa BhllllJia CnaPTa C

Aa:>Ke c CaMhlMH HeMHoroqHcJieHHhlMH

COI03Hh1MM e~ neJIOllOHHeCCKHMH ro-

r. ,.qo P. X. nocne pH,.qa KOH<}>JIMK-

477 r.

OTPHAaMH rpeKoB; ee HenoBopoTJIH-

cy,.qapCTBaMH. B

Bhle H 6ecnopH,.qoqHf>Ie TOJillhl 61>1JIM

npaBax paBeHCTBa llOJIMCOB 61>1JI pe-

,.qo P. X. Ha

CllOC06Hhl TOJihKO K naCCMBHOMY CO-

opraHM30BaH MopcKo~ coi03AJIH py-

npOTHBJieHMIO npOTHB 3apow.,.qaiOme~

KOBo,.qcTBa 6oeBhlMH ,.qe~CTBMHMH Ha

CH <}>aJiaHrH CnapThl M A<}>MH;,.qoKa3a-

MOpe, B03HHKlllM~ BO BpeMH BTOp)Ke-

TeJihCTBOM TOMY MoryT cJiy)KHTh

HMH nepCOB llOA KOMaH,.qOBaHMeM

Mapa<}>oH, IJJia-reH, MHKaJie H ep-

KcepKca, a TaK)Ke 6h1JIM onpe,.qeneHhl

MonHJihi. CnapTaHCh'rul<}>aJiaHra cyMe-

06H3aHHOCTH K~OrO llOJIHCa B OT-

Jia ycTOHTh no,.q o6cTpeJioM nepcM,.q-

HOllleHMH CHapH)KeHHH <}>JIOTa M co,.qep-

CKHX JiyqHMKOB, HeCH 3HaqH'reJihHhie

)KaHHH Bo~cKa. PyKoBOACTBO AeJiaMH

llOTepM, a 3aTeM KOHTpaTaKO~ HaKO-

MopcKoro coi03a<}>ah'TH<JecKH OKa3a-

pOTKe onpOKHHyJia MX H o6paTHJia B

JIOCh B pyKax A<}>MH, cTpeMHBlllHXCH

6ercTBO. B 6oiO npH TIJiaTeHX rpeKH

pacrnMpMTh c<}>epy CBoero BJIHHHHH.

cpa)KaJIMCh ABYIVUI KphlJihHMM cBoero

Xapah--repM3YH o6cTaHOBKY 3Toro ne-

6oeBoro nopH,.qKa, HO TaKTMqecKoro

pHo,.qa, I1JiyTapX llHCaJI: «A<}>HHHHe He

B3aMMO,.qe~CTBHH Mew_,.qy HMMH He

61>mo. O,.qHaKo nepc1>1 He cyMeJIM Boc-

paCCTaBaJIHCh C MOpeM: OHM BCer,.qa 6h1JIM Boopy)KeHhi, )KHJIM 3a cqeT co-

noJih30BaThcH 3TIIMAJIH YHM~)freHHH

I03HMKOB H CTaJIM XOpOlllHMH MOpH-

npoTHBHHKa no qacTIIM. B OTJIMCJHe OT

KaMM. YKJioHHBrnHecH )Ke oT BoeHHO~

479 r. 3AXBAT nPA ~

fPEKAM~ K~

B~3AHT~SI. 4Jnor M apMM~

no,a KOM8H,l10B8HMeM naBC8HM~ 38XBBTMflM KMnp, 8 38TeM '4epe3 3rewCKOe Mope M rennecnoHT eepHynMcb, '4T06b! 38XB8TMTb BM38HTMW.

478-470 rr. A~Hbl nPO,O.OIJ)KAJOT BOlilHY. Cnapra M 6onbwa~ '4BCTb ,apyrMx rocy,aapcre eeponewcKow rpe~MM npeKpBTMflM BOWHY, HO AcpMHbl, craHoe~cb e e~e 6onbwy/O 38BMCMMOCTb OT 38MOPCKOW roproenM, oco6eHHO or nocraeoK 3epH8 M3 perMOHOB 1../epHOTO MOp~, npo,aofl)l(anM noMorarb rpe<ieCKMM ropo,aaM e Manow A3MM Bb!pearbc~ M3no.aenacrM nepCMM, 06p830B8BCOI03, H83b/B8BWMWC~ _aenMWCKOW flMTOW. BcKope co103 cran nMWb cpaca,aoM .aewcreMrenbHoro acpMHCKoro rocno.acrea Ha,ao eceMM exo.a~~MMM e Hero rocy,aapcreaMM.

Mapa<}>oHa rpeKH BeJIH 3,.qec1> npecJie-

CJiy)K6bl COI03HMKH Ha<JHHaJIM MX 6o-

,.qoBaHMe nepcoB ,.qo caMoro MX Jiare-

HThCH M JlhCTMTh MM H TaKHM nyTeM

pH, KOTOphl~ llOTOM B3HJIH rnrypMOM.

He3aMeTHO npeBpaTHJIMCh B MX no,.q-

,O.OHTE. KMMOH AcpMHCKMW Bbmrpan KpynHOe MOpCKOe Cp8)KeHMe npOTMB nepcoe y peKM 3epMMe,aoHT, e Manow A3MM, 38KOH'4MB reM C8Mb/M eowHy e perMoHe 3rewcKoro MOP~, xom B ,apyrMx Mecrax or.aenbHb!e CTb/'4KM e~e npo,aomKBflMCb.

6oH

He Be-

,.1\aHHhlX M pa6oB». A<}>MHHHe yKpen-

JIOCh. BI>IHRJIHH npH"lHHhi Tal<'TH<JeCKHX

JIHJIM cBo~ ropo,.q M raBaHh TIMpe~.

ycneXOB rpeKOB, repo,.qOT llHCaJI, ~

B xpa6pocTH H CHJie nepc1>1 He ycryna-

CTpeMHJIMCh pacrnMpMTh c<}>epy CBO-

IJpecJie,.qOBaHMH BHe llOJIH

llOMOll.lhiO CMJlhHOrO <}>JIOTa OHH

466 r.

6~TBA nP~ 3BP~ME

IOT 3JIJIMHaM, HO OHM llJIOXO BOopy)fre-

ero BJIMHHMH B BOCTO"'HO~ <JaCTH

Hhl, HeOllhlTHhl M He MOryT paBHHThCH C

Cpe,.qM3eMHoro MopH, ey,.qa 6h1JI Te-

rpeKaMM B 6oeBOM MCI\')'CCTBe. IJepChl

neph nepeHeceH TeaTp BoeHHhlx,.qe~

He MMeJIH e,.qMH006pa3HOro opy)KHH, y

CTBM~. Tiocne no6e,.q B 479 r.,.qoP. X.

Er~nTE. B oreer Ha npM3biB o no-

HHX He 6 hlJIO TH)freJIO ro 33ll.IHTH oro BO-

CTpaTerM<JeCKaH MHMUMaTMBa UeJIM-

opy)KeHMH. IJepCMACKMe BOMHhl He

KOM nepernJia K rpeKaM. Bo~Ha npH-

6h1JIM o6y<JeHhl re,.qeHHIO peryJIHpHoro

HHJiaxapah--rep pe,.qKHX MOpCKHX CThl-

MO~M CMflbHb/W8cpMHCKMW cpnoT OTnflblfl e ErMner M noMor M~Te)I(HMKBM 3axeaTMTb cronM~Y, MeMcpMc. O.aHaKo nepcM,aCKMW rapHM30H npo,aep)l(anc~ e KpenocrM no'4TM 4 ro.aa,

6oH. TIOO'rorvty repo,.qOTM OTMe"laJJ, ~

<JeK M OT,.!\eJihHhlX llOXOAOB, MMeBlllHX

nepchl He MOryTpaBHHThCH C 3JIJIHHa-

JIMlllh Tai\'TM<JeCKOe 3Ha<JeHMe.

460-454 rr.

[](3

,ApeaHerpe-cecKOe MeTaTenbHoe opyltme" ero sneMeHTbl:

1, 2-

63J1J11-1CTbl (CKOpnHOH 1-1 03J11-1HTOHOH)j

onEPAU.~~

raCTPOci>eT;

OC3AH3SI 03WHSI

106

BOlllHA CTAHOBII1TC$l lllCKYCCTBOM. 600-400 rr. !J.O P. X. MeHTI>I CTPaTernqecKoro pyKoBo,qcTBa: onpe,qeJieHHe

noHolKH

xapa~>.--repa

CTBHJ:i H MOMeHTa y,qapa. B xo,qe rpe-

no,qro-

KO-nepCHACKHX BOJ:iH neXOTa llOTepH-

TOBKH K BOJ:iHe (cyxonyrHOI'O BOJ:iCKa

Jia CBOIO OAHOpO,qHOCTh: ,qeJ:iCTBHH TII-

HJIH <J:>nOTa); onpe,qeneHHe pernaiOme-

lKeJIOJ:i nexoTI>I CTaJia o6ecneqHBaTI>

ro TeaTPa BOJ:iHI>I (cyrna HJIH Mope) H

JierKaH neXOTa, B3aHMO,qeJ:iCTBOBaB-

ocHOBHoro cnoco6a 6op1>61>I B 3aBH-

lllaH C $aJiaHroJ:t. IJOSIBHJIHCh nepBI>Ie

CHMOCTM OT06CTaHOBKH H COOTHOllle-

TaKTHqecKHe KOM6HHauHH. BI>IHBH-

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naci> noTpe6HOCTh B o6ecneqeHHH

HHe); BI>J6op MOMeHTaAJIH nepexo,qa

<J:>naHroB KaK YH3BHMI>IX MeeT 6oeBoro

B KOHTPHacrynneHHe; Bhl6op HanpaB-

nopH,qKa ny'reM COOTBeTCTBYIOIIlero

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pacnOJIOlKeHHH BOJ:iCK Ha MeCTHOCTII

nepHo,qa BOJ:iHI>I. KaK cTpaTernH nep-

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coB, TaK H CTPa'rerHH rpeKoB HMeJIH

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CBOH OTJIHqH'reJihHI>Ie OC06eHHOCTII.

JIHBllleM co6oit OTAeJII>HI>Ie nneMeH-

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HI>Ie ononqeHHH, He 61>IJIO opraHH3a-

Hhl Ha cyme, CHapHAHB ,lVIH 3TOI'O 60Jih-

UHOHHoro e,qHHCTBa. rpeKH lKe HMeJIH

llloe no TOMY BpeMeHH Bol:tcKo, oco-

CTpOJ:iHyiO BOeHHYIO opraHH3aUHIO,

6eHHO AJIH BToporo noxo,qa, nocne

CBOIO CHCTeM)' BOCllHTaHHH H o6yqe-

mro KaK HX ,qecaHT nepBoro noxo,qa

HHH BOHHOB, CJIOBOM, 3TO 6hiJia ap-

61>IJI pa36HT npH Mapa<J:>oHe. IlepcH,q-

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cKHJ:i $JIOT BhlUOJIHHJI JIHlllh BCllOMO-

cBol:t 6oeBol:t onm. TaKHM o6pa3oM,

ra'reJII>HYIO pOJih, o6ecneqHBM KOM-

B rpeKo-nepCHACKHX BOJ:iHax Mhl Ha-

P.lVl. HOBhlX MOMeHTOB B pa3-

nOK8 HOBBR apMMR, npM6bJBW8R M3

MYHHKaUHIO cyxonyTHOJ:i apMHH.

6JIIO,qaeM

nepCMM, He M3rH8J/8 acpMHRH B 456 r.

Y rpeKOB Mhl Ha6JIIO,qaeM CTpaTernqe-

BHTHH BoeHHOI'O HCKYCCTBa: onpe,qeJieHHe cnoco6a Be,qeHHH BOJ:iHI>I B

Tenepb

}')Ke acpMHRHe M noecraH~bl

CKOe B3aHMO,qeJ:iCTBHe apMHH H $JIOTa:

H8 11.88 ro.aa OK838flMCb 0C8)f(ll.eHHbi-

Kor,qa rpeqecKM apMHH n01epneJia no-

3aBHCHMOCTII OT llOJIHTHqecKOJ:i o6-

MM H8 Oll.HOM M3 HMflbCKMX OCTPOBOB,

piDKeHHe y epMonHJI, rpeqecKHJ:i

CTaHOBKH, opraHH3auHIO CTpa'rernqe-

<IT06bl B KOH~e KOH~OB no.aeeprHyTb-

<J:>noT oTCrynHJI H3 npoJIHBa y ApTe-

CKOrO B3aHMO,qeJ:iCTBHH apMHH H <J:>no-

CR nonHOMY YHM<ITO)I(eHMIO, Kor.aa

MHCHH; no6e,qarpeqecKOJ:i apMHH npH

Ta; B03HHKHOBeHHe TaKTIIKH neXOTI>I,

nepCbl OTBenM BO!l.bl peKM M 8T8KO-

IlnaTeHX 6hJJia 3aKpenneHa no6e,qoJ:t

noHBJieHHe npoc'rel:trnel:t opraHH3auH-

B8flM.

rpeqecKoro <J:>nOTa y MHKaJie; B no-

OHHott <J:>opMhl apMHH, HaJIHqHe CHC-

450 r. 6111TBA nPII1 CAJlAMII1HE

cne,qHHJ:i nepHo,q BOJ:iHI>I ycnexH Ha

TeMI>I BOCllHTaHHH H o6yqeHHH B ap-

(HA Kll1nPE). Acf>uHcKuiii cpnor Kv!Mo-

Mope o6ecneqHBaJIH 6e3onacHOCTh

MHH rpeqecKHX llOJIHCOB.

Ha HaHec nonHoe nopa)l(eHue nep-

rpeqecKHX llOJIHCOB MeTpOUOJIHH.

caM.

rpeqecKHit $JIOTXOTH H npe,qCTaBJIHJI

448 r. KAJ111111EB MII1P.

lpeKo-

nepcu.acKaR BOiiiHB 38KOH'-1Mfl8Cb.

3HaqHTeJII>HYIO CHJIY, HO OAHH He MOr pernHTh Hcxo,qa BOJ:iHI>I. Ycnex onpeAeJIHJICH CTpaTernqecKHM B3aHMO,qeJ;t-

rPEQHH 480-400 22. iJo P. X.

B fPEKO-TIEPCH,Il;CKHX BOJ:i-

CTBHeM apMHH H $JIOTa, B KOTOpOM

CI>OH nenonOHHeCCKHX BOMH

Hax OC06eHHO HpKO npOHBHJiaCh CBH3h

pernaiOIIlYIO poJII> Hrpa.JIH no6e,qi>I cy-

480-460 rr• .qo P. X.

CTpa'renfH C llOJIHTMqecKOJ:i 6op1>60J:t.

xonyTHOJ:i apMHH npH Mapa<J:>oHe H

PerneHHe Bonpoca o cyxonyrHoM H

IJJia'reSIX. rpeKo-nepCHACKHe BOJ:iHI>I

MOpCKOM 'reaTPax BOeHHhlX ,qeJ:iCTBHJ:i

HMeJIH 60Jihllloe 3HaqeHHe B pa3BHTIIH

480-479 rr. EMII1CTOKJ1 BOCCTAHAB11111BAET AII1Hbl.

onpe,qeJIHJIOCh 6opi>6oJ:t noJIHTHqec-

TaKTHKH H opraHH3aUHH apMHH. BMe-

CnapraH~bl, eraiiiHe.aoeonbHbJe e.aea

KHX rpynnHpOBOK B A<J:>HHax (A pHC'I'H,A

cTe C rpeqecKHMH apMHHMH HaqHHa-

flM He nonHb/M YHM<ITO)I(eHMeM conep-

H <l>eMHCTOKJI); Bhi6op rpeK<Th1H cyxo-

eTCH HCTOpHH Tai\'THKH, B OC06eHHOC-

HM'-18BWWX c HMMM AcpMH Map.aoHMeM

nynwJ:t o6opOHH'reJihHOJ:i JIHHHH Ha-

TII Tai\'THKH neXOTI>I. rpeKH C03,q3JIH

B479r., 6e3ycneWHOnpOTMBOCTORflM

XOAHJICH B 3aBHCHMOCTII OT llOJIHTMqe-

$aJiaHry -

nepBI>Iit H3BeCTHI>IJ:i HaM

nnaHBM 4JeMMCTOK!I8 peKOHCTpyupo-

CKOJ:i o6CTaHOBKH- <l>eCCaJIHH MOrJia

6oeBOJ:i nopH,qOK. IJo cpaBHeHHIO C

OKa3aThcH Ha cmpoHe nepcoB, H no-

nepcH,qcKol:t aprvmel:t <J:>anaHra HMeJia

B8Tb ropo.acKue creHbl. KpoMe roro, ct>eMMCTOK!I ycoeepweHcreoean M yK-

3TOMY nepBI>IH o6opOHHTeJihHI>Iit py-

6oJII>lllHe npeHMymecTBa, KoTOpi>Ie

penun raBBHb AcpMH -

6e)K npHlllJIOCh OTHeCTM K <l>epMOllH-

BhlpaJKaJIHCh B CUJioqeHHOCTH, AHC-

C8Mb/M o6ecne<IMB H8,ll.e)I(HYIO CBf/3b

nupeiii, TeM

JiaM; nepexo,q B KOHTPHacrynneHHe H

UHllJIHHe H ynpaBJIHeMOCTII. ,[J;eH'reJih-

AcpMH C MOpeM M CTMMYflMPOBBB TOp-

ero xapa~>.'Tep (Hacyrne H Mope) onpe-

HOCTh llOJIKOBOAUa 'reneph 3aKJIIOqa-

roeoe eenu<~ue ropo.aa.

,qeJIHJICH llOJIHTHqecKOJ:i 6op1>60J:t

JiaCh He TOJihKO B BI>J6ope MeCTa,qJIH

BOJ:iHI>I BI>IHBH-

llOCTPOeHHH 6oeBoro nopH,qKa, HO H B

478-420 rr. PACTYW.EE COnEPHII1YECTBOA<1>!11H 111 CnAPTbl.

JIH, OC06eHHO y rpeKOB, BIDKHI>Ie MO-

onpe,qeneHHH xapaJ..'Tepa 6oeBI>IX,qeJ:t-

CnapTa peBHMBO OTHOCMfl8Cb K poe-

A<J:>HH H CnapTI>I.

3TH

CPE,[tV13EMHOMOPbE-6Jl Vl>KH V1 V1 BOCTOK 7}1npo~eeraHu~uMoumA<f>uH. KaKu .n.pyruM rpeKaM, cnapraH~aM nperuno ece ycunueaFOIJ..teec~ enacrHoe nu.n.epcreo A<f>uH e )J,enuwcKownure. Cronb )l(e cunbHbiM 6bmo u a<f>uHcKoe orepaiJ..teHue K eoeHHow opraHM38~uu cnapTBHCKOrO 06IJ..teCTB8 M K6e3)1(8fl0CTHOMY nOtJ.BBJieHU/0 cnapT8H~8MM MecceHcKux uno roe. OrcFO.n.a napatJ.OKC: tJ.eMOKp8TU4eCKOe rocy.n.apcreo no.n.aen~no ceo6o.n.y CBOMX COI03HMKOB, B TO BpeM~ KBK eoeHHa~ onurapxu~ Bb!C7}1nana ~Pb!M npueep)l(eH~eM caMoonpe.n.eneHu~.

nepsafl nenonOHHeCCKafl BOMHa

460-445 rr• .qo P.X.

B XO.IJ:E soltH c IIepcaMH B 4 78 r. AOP.X. 6hl.J1 opra.HH30BaH A<l>HHCKH!t MOpCKOit COI03, B KOTOpblit BOIIIJIH MHOrHe rocy.LJ,apcTBarpel.IHH. rJiareHCTBO B coi03e IIpHHa,D.Jie)K3Jlo A4> HHaM, HMeBIIIHM 60JibiiiOit <!>JIOT. 3Ta<t>e.LJ,epal.IHSI rpeqecKHx rocy.LJ,apcTB, C03AaHHaa BHaqaJie .LJ,JISI Be.LJ,eHHSI o6opOHH'reJlbHblX H Hacryna'reJibHblX.LJ,eitCTBHit HaMope IIpOTHB IIepcos, BCKope IIpespamaeTca B A<l>HHccyro Mopct.)'IO .LJ,epJKasy. A<!>HHCKoe rocy.LJ,apcTBO CTaHOBHTCSI CaMblM MOll{HblM H 6ora-

THqecKHe: conepHHqecTBO Me)f(,!J,y CIIaPToit H A4> H HaMH Ha IIoqre o6 merpeqecKoH IIOJIHTHKH 3a rereMOHHIO B rpel.IHH.

TO BpeMa KaK A<t>HHbl

aKTHBHO IIOMepiKHBaJIH .LJ,eMoKpaTHqecKHe rpyiiiiHpOBKH B rpeqecKHX IIOJIH cax, CIIaPTa IIO.MepiKHBaJia apHCTOKpaTHqecKHe H OJIHrapxHqecKHe rpyiinhl B coi03HblX c A<!>HHaMH rpeqeCKHX IIOJIHCax. C pOCTOM 061>e.LJ,HHHTeJibHblX 'reH.LJ,eHI.IHit, BC'I)'IIHBIIIHX B OCTPblit KOH<!>JIHI\'T c IIOJIHCHOH aBTOHOMHeit, o60CTPSIJiaCb 6opb6a 3a IIOJIHTHqecKoe rociiOACTBO Me'A<AY A<t>H-

107

Ma~ cnapraH~aMu apMu~

pa36una e 6uree npu TaHarpe 6nu3 ct>ue. )J,anbHewwee Y4acrue CnapTbl B 6oeBb/XtJ.eWCTBM~X 6b!fl0 BWibiM, M BCKOpe nocne 3TOrO A<f>MHbl H8Hecnu nopa)l(eHue ct>ueaM e 6uree npu 3Ho<f>urax. 457-447 rr. A<WIHCKII'IE YCnEXI!'I. HecMOTP~ H8 or.n.enbHb/e nopa)l(eHU~, a<f>UH~He no.n. BOeHHb/M M nonuru4eCKMM npe.n.eo.n.urenbCTBOM nepUK/18 B ~enOM .fl.OCTMmM 3H84MTeflbHb/X ycnexoe e 6ureax Ha cywe MHBMOpe. a<f>uH~H

HaMH H CIIaPToit. IIEPHKJI -

460 r. BOJiiiHAA<WIH C KOPII'IH<t>OM. HecMorp~ Ha eoene4eHHOCTb e .n.ena Erunra, 3KOHOMM4ecKoe conepHM4ecreo ronKHyno AMHbl HB eowHy c KopuH<f>oM u .n.pyruMu nenonOHHeCCKMMM rocy.n.apCTBBMM. 3ruH8 npucoe.n.uHunacb K KopuH<f>y, HO A<f>uHbl ecKope o.n.ep)l(anu no6e.n.y Ha.n. ee <f>noroM ( 458 r. ), u ropo.n. 6bm OC8)1(.£J.eH MB3~T ( 457 r.). 457 r. CnAPTA BCTYnAET B BOJiiiHY. Pa3opeae co103 c A<f>uHaMM, OH8 ecrynuna B BOWHY, M ee.n.o-

a<l>HHCKH!t soeHa-

qaJihHHK H rocy.LJ,apCTBeHHblH .LJ,eSI'reJlb, KOTOpbllt c

460

r. AO P.X. 6b1Jl IIep-

BbiM JIHI.IOM B A<l>HHax, pyKoBOAHJI IIOJIHTHKO!t A<!>HH B HaqaJie IIenoiioHHeccKoH BOitHbl H BO BpeMa peopraHH3al.IHH COI03a, C03,ll,aHHOro .LJ,JISI 3all{HTbl OT B03MOJKHOrO Hana,n.eHHSI IIepcos. IIepHKJI 6blJI .LJ,eMoKpaToM IIpasoro Kpblna B IIpoTHBonoJioJKHOCTh, HaiipHMep, TaKOMY .LJ,eMOKpa1)'-pa,D.HKaJiy, KaKKJieoH. IIpH orpoMHOM aBTOpH're're H IIOIIyJiapHOCTH y Hero 6hlJIO MHOro BparoB. <f>yKHAHA

TblM rocy.LJ,apcTBOM rpel.IHH. HaHBblCIIIero pacuseTa A<!>HHbl AOCTHraiOT IIpH IIepHKJie.

IIepHOA pacuseTa

A4>HH B rpel.IHH 6hl.J1 H BWpolt l.leHTPCIIapTa, B03rJiaBJiaBIIIM c

B. AO

P. X. IIenoiiOHHeccKH!t coi03. IIoA1>eM 3KOHOJ'v!HqecKOit JKH3HH rpeqecKHX ropO,ll,OB- IIOJIHCOB H pOCTMeJKIIOJIHCHOit TOprOBJIH IIOCJie OKOHqaHHSI rpeKO-IIepCH.LJ,CKHX BOitH o6ocTpHJIH COIIepHH<.IeCTBO MeJK)zy KpyiiHeitiiiHMH TOproBo-peMeCJieHHblMH l.leHTpaMH rpel.IHH: A<t>HHaMH, c OAHO!t CTopoHbl, KopHH<!>oM H Merapolt- c APYrolt. Bopb6a IIIJia maBHblM o6pa3oM 3a 3aiia,D.Hble (lfTanHa, CHI.IHJIHa) H CeBepO-BOCTOqHble (MaKe.LJ,OHHSI, <f>paKHa, IIpHqepHoMopbe) pbiHKH. Oco6eHHO pe3KO HHrepecbl A<l>HH CTaJIKHBaJIHCh c HHTepecaMH KopHH<t>a H Merapbl, paciioJioJKeHHhlX Ha KopHH<!>cKoM IIepeiiieHKe. IIepsocreneHHoe 3HaqeHHe .LJ,JISI o6eHX CTOpOH HMeJIO o6Jia,D.aHHe raBaHSIMH OCTpOBa KepKHpa, pacnoJioJKeHHoro Ha IIYTH H3 rpel.IHH B ilTaJIHIO. KpoMe 3KOHOMHqecKHX IIpHqHH 6hl.J1H IIOJIH-

rpe-.ecKHe HaeMHHKH (cneaa) nepCHACKOH apMHH; KHp MnaAWHH (BC3AHHK) H nepCHACKHH BOHH-TenoxpaHHlenb (KP3HHHH cnpaaa). KoHel.\ VB. AO P. X.

108

BOlllHA CTAHOBII1TC$l lllCKYCCTBOM. 600-400 rr. !J.O P. X. 60flbWOW cf>noT Y1 60flbWYIO apMM/0. KaK M ct>eMMCTOKn, oH c.aenan BbJeo.a, 'lTO cnaea M

npo~eeTaHMe

Ha cyiiie Hal\>teqanucJ> o6opoHMTeJIJ>HJ>Je ,LJ,ej;jcTBHJI. CrrapTa MMeJia 6oJIJ>IIIYIO cyxorryTHyxo apMHIO

(60

Thlc.llq

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BropaR nenonoHHeCCKaR BOHHa 432-404 rr. .qo P. X.

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C MeHbWMM yMeHbeM.

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431-430

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429 r.

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110

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pvrKa MM Ka K 3nOB ei.J..IMM 6 e cnpMH/4MnHbiM H e rOJ].HM , a ,apyrMMIIF KaK npMHOCIIFMbiM B )l(epTBy r epoi1J, B nocne,aHvre rOJ].bl BOMHbl vrrpa n BeJJ.Y/.J..IY/0 ponb. l1MeHHO OH o6paTvrn BHMMaHI!Fe 3eMnHKOBHa Cvrt4vrnvr10, KOTopy10 MHorvre rpeKvr c4vrTanvr cTpaHoiii 6onb11111FX B03MO)I(HOCTei1J IIF BOpOTaMIIF rp e 4e cKoi1I a KcnaHcvrvr. CvrpaKy3bt, caMbtiii 6 ora Tbti1I ropo,a ocTpo aa , 6 btnvr BOBne4eHbl B Me CTHbiM KOH!j)nMKT C OJ].HIIFM IIF3 C0/03HIIFKOB Arj)vrH. AnKvravra,a np e,ano)l(vrn vrcnonb30BaTb 9TO B Ka 4eCTBe npe,ano -

3aTHHyn Ha4ano one pat4vrvr, 4TO cvrp a Ky3/4bt ycnenvr npeKpacHo n o,aroTOBMTbCH. 0paa,aa , arj)MHHHe Bbii!Frp a nvr 6 vr TBY nepe,a cTeHaMvr, H O ropo,acKvr e yKpenneHvrH vrM He ycTynvrnvr, a flaMax 6 btn y 6 vrT. Tor,a a a rj)vrHHHe pacnono)l(vrnvrcb narepeM

ra , 4T06bt pa3,aaavrTb C vrpaKy3 bt vr 3axaaTMTb Cvr14vrnvr10, TeM caMbtM YTBep,avra 6eccnopHoe nvr,aepcTBO Arj)vrH B rpe4eCKOM Mvrpe.

nonKOBOJJ.J4a rvrnvrnna. no,a e ra pyKOBOJJ.CTBOM cvrpa Ky3/4bl He ,aanvr arj)MHHHa M 3aKOH411FTb 3aJ].yMaHHYIO IIFMIIF KOHTpaaannaJ4MOHHYIO nMHIIF/0.

CH/41ffnHHCKafl 3Kcne.QHf4HR

415-413 rr. .qo P.X. 415 r. AHHSIHE nOA CHPAKY3AMH; AJlKHBHAA EiE>KHT B cnAPTY. B onpeKvr COBeTy HvrKMH, arj)vrHcKoe Hapo,aHoe co6paHvr e nporonocoaano 3a nocbtnKynpoTvrB CvrpaKy3 9 Kcne,avrJ4MM no,a o6be,avrHeHHbtM KOMaH,aoaaHvreM HvrKvrH,

vr Ha 4anvr B03BOJJ.MTb oca,aHbte coopy)l(eHvrH BOKpyr cyxonYTHOM CTOpOHbl ropo,aa.

414 r. nOMOW,b CnAPTAHUEB CHPAKY3AM. no cose T}' AnKvravra,aa cnapTaH/4bt nocnanvr Ha BbtPY4Kyoca)l(,aeHHbtX CvrpaKy3 caoero

HeMe,aneHHOe OTCTynneHvre. HMKIIFM, no 06btKHOBeHMIO, Me,anvrn. 0oKa J].Ba nonKOBOJJ.J4a cnopvrnvr, cvrpaKY3J4bl vr vrx co/03HMKvr cHa 4ana 3a6noKvrpoaan vr , a 3aTeM vr yHvr4TO)I(Mnvr a¢vrHcKvri1I ¢noT. ApMvrH HvrKvrH vr )J.eMocrj)eHa o6paTvrnacb B 6ercTBO, 6pocaH 6on bHbiX IIF paHeHbiX. 0o6e,aOHOCHbte cvrpaKY3J4bl npecne,aoaanvr vrx vr BCKOpe 3axaaTvrnvr B nn eH ocTaTKvr arj)vrHCKMX BOMCK. HMKIIFM 11F )J.eMOC!j)eH 6btnllr Ka3HeHbl, Bbf)I(IIF BWI!Fe arj)MHHHe o6pa~.J..~eHbl B pa6CTBO. AHHbi rrocJiaJIII rrpoTIIB CIIpaKY3 cHat:JaJia oKoJio 38 ThiCHt:J qeJioBeK, 3aTeM eiiJ;e

64 TbiCH'I

TbiCH'I, BCero OKOJIO

t:IeJIOBeK. 0L{HaKO, li 3TO He

o6ecrret:fliJio liM ycrrexa. BoeHHaH aBaHTIOpa acpliiDIH rroTeprreJia rro.JIHblli Kpax, 'ITO B KOpHe li3MeHIIJIO COOTHOIIIeHIIe ciiJI . Terrepb IIepciiH <iJIIHaHCIIpoBaJia CTPOIITeJThCTBO 6oJibiiior o <iJJioTa crrap TaHueB, B 3reilcKoe Mope rrpiiiiiJia CIIpaKy3CKaH 3CKa,o:pa, HeKOTOpb!e MaJIOa3IIaTCKIIe rpet:IeCKIIe ropo):la, BOC IIOJib30BaBIIIliCb cJia6ocThiO A<lJIIH, OTOIIIJili OT HliX. TaKOBbl OCHOBHble HTOrn CllpaKy3CKOH KaTaCTPO<lJb! a<lJliiDIH. KoHe'IHafl cJ>a3a

414-404 rr. .qo P.X. 414 r. CnAPTA OEibSI BJlSI ET BO~HY. 0Ha y cTa Hoavrna npaKTvr 4ecKvr nocTOHHHY/0 oca,ay Arj)vrH.

AJIKMBMA)J;, 6emaBIIIliH K crrapTaHu aM, Bbl):laJI liM a <iJIIHCKIIe BOeHHble rrJiaHbl . OH coBeToBaJI Crrap Te HeMe):lJieHHO OKa3aTb IIOMOIIJ;b CIIpaKY3aM, 3aHHTh 6JIII3 A<lJHH o):!Hy II3 aTTIIt:IecKIIX KperrocTeil II orryna T pe BOmiiTh miiTeJieil ATTIIKII, rr pepBaB IIO):!B03 IIpO):lOBOJibCTBliH C OCTp OBa 3B6eii. Bb!IIOJIHHH coBeTbi A JIKIIBIIa-

413 r. PA3rPOM AHHSIH.

n a , crrapTaHUb! 3aHHJIII Kpe rrocTh )J;e -

0btTaHCb onepvrpoaaTb B Y3Kvrx ao,aax a 6nvr3 vr CvrpaKy3, arj)vrHc Kvriii ¢noT noTepnen nopa)l(eHvre aT coaMecTHoro KopvrH¢o-cvrpaKy3cKoro ¢nom. B cKope n ocne aToro M3 Arj)vrH npvr6 btn c no,aKpenneHMHMM )J.eMocrj)eH. 00HMMaH, 4TO rj)M3M4eCKOe IIF MOpanbHOe COCTOHHI!Fe arj)MHCKIIFX 9KCneJ].MJ411FOHHbiX BOMCK OCTaBnHIOT )l(enaTb n y 4wero, o H npe,ano)l(vrn

KeJieiO, BamHb!H IIYHKT K CeBepy OT A<lJIIH, t:JeM rronopBaJIII HopMaJibHYIO X03HHCTBeHeyiO )l(ll3Hb A TTIIKII II Bbl3BaJIII rre p e XOA H a CBOIO CTOp OHY

20 ThiCHt:J a <lJIIHCKIIX pa6oB . Bo eHHoe rropameHIIe o6ocTpiiJIO 6opb6y rpyrrrm poBoK B A<lJIIHax. K pyrrHble pa60BJia):leJibUbl BOCIIOJib30BaJIIICb C03):laBIIIeHCH o6CTaHOBKOH II B 411 r . no

P. X.

3aXBaTIIJIII BJiaCTh II rrorrbl -

CPE)J,V13EMHOMOPbE-6n Vl>KH Vllll BOCTOK

115

TaJIIICh 3aKJIIO'IIITh co CrrapToil: MIIp. CrrapTaHU:hi, He iJ:OBepmr rrpO'IHOCTII OJIIIrapxii'IeCKoro pe'lKIIMa B A<lJIIHax, He TOJihKO OTKa3aJIIICh BeCTII C a<lJIIHHHaMII rreperOBOphi, HO ):(a'lKe C):(eJiaJIII e):(IIHCTBeHHyiD 3a BCIO BOHH)' IIOIIhiTK)' rrnypMoBaTh .lJ:JIIIHHhie CTeHhi, coe):(IIHHBIIIIIe A<lJIIHhi c IliipeeM.

412 r. 50Pb5A HA MOPE 3A VIOHVIIO VI 3rEHCKOE MOPE. CnapTaHCKI!Ii!t ¢noT oTnnbln a IITOH/1110, 'IT06bl nO/],HRTb MeCTHb/e rpe'leCKI!Ie ropo/],a npoTI!IB AcjJI!IH. AnKI!IB/IIa/1,, Tenepb Jl.OBepeHHbli!t npe/],cTaBI!ITenb CnapTbl, 3aKn/O'II!In /],oroaop c caTpanoM Cap/], Tl!lccacjJepHoM, np1!13HaB nepC/11/],CKOe rocnO/],CTBO Ha/], acjJI!IHCK/IIM/11 KOnOH/IIRM/11 B Manoi!t A31!1/ll. nepCbl comacl!lnl!lcb npeJl.OCTaBI!ITb ace Heo6XOJ1.1!1Moe /l,nR no/1,/],ep)f(K/11 nenonoHHeccKoro ¢nom. AcjJI!IHbl 1!13YMI!ITenbHO 6b/CTpO KOMneHCI!IpOBan/11 noTepl!l ¢noTa a Cl!lpaK}'3ax /II 6pocl!lnl!l Bbi30B nenonoHHeccu,aM Ha ocTpoaax 3rei!tcKoro MOPR /II y 6eperoa Manoi!tA31!11!1.

411 r. AnKVIBVIAA B03BPAW,AETCSI B A<l>VIHbl. Tl!lccacjJepH He cyMen opraH/1130BaTb o6ell{aHHoro CHa6)f(eH/IIR, C03/],aB /],flR CnapTbl TPYJl.HOCT/11 B CO/],ep)f(aH/11/11 ¢noTa. AnKI!IB/IIa/1, BTai!tHe sen neperoaopbl o B03Bpall{eHI!II!I aAcjJI!IHbl /II o6ell{an /1,06/IITbCR TOra, 'ITO nepC/IIR OCTaHeTCR B CTOpOHe OT 6opb6bl. Kor/],a npe/],cTaB/IITen/11 acjJI!IHcKoro npaB/IITenbCTBa Ha'lan/11 ceKpeTHble neperoaopbl co CnapToi!t, naTpi!IOT/II'IeCK/11 HaCTpOeHHb/e acjJI!IHCKI!Ie rpa)f(/],aHe, onl!lpaRcb Ha npOH/IIKHYTbli!t /],eMOKpaT/II'IeCK/IIM Jl.YXOM cjJnoT, CK/IIHyn/11 onl!lrapXOB, np1!13BaB AAK/IIB/IIa/],a /II BBepi!IB eMy KOMaH/],OBaH/IIe MOpCK/IIM/11 C/llnaM/11. OH cpa3y )f(e omnbln Ha ceaep, 'IT0-

CK/IIX 3K/IIna)f(aX /II cnoco6CTBOBaB-

aTaKoaan /II pa3opaan 6noKa/l,y. An-

WaR pOCTY npeCT/II)f(a AAK/IIB/IIa/],a B AcjJI!IHax.

K/IIB/IIa/1, KI!IHyncR o6paTHO, HO 171!1CaH/],p OnRTb OTKa3anCR OT 60R. ll13aecTI!Ie o6 3TOi!t Hey/l,a'le npe/],ocTaBI!Ino B03MO)f(HOCTbn/II'IHb/M spa18M AnKI!IBI!Ia/],a a AcjJI!IHax y6e/1,1!1Tb Hap0/1, OCB060/1,/11Tb e/O OT KOMaH/],OBaH/IIR. KoMaH/l,OBaTb acjJI!IHCKI!IM cjJnOTOM 6bln Ha3Ha'leH KoHOH. no-

410 r. 5VITBA nPVI KVI3VIKE. Y /O)f(HOf"O no6epe)f(bR nponOHT/11/],b/ (MpaMopHoro MOPR) AnKI!IB/IIa/1, o/],ep)f(an noTpRca/Oll.{Y/0 no6e/l,y Ha/1, nenonOHHeCCK/IIM cjJnOTOM /II nepC/11/],CKOi!t apMI!Ief!t B KOM6/IIHI!IpOBaHHOM cyxonyTHO-MOpCKOM cpa)f(eH/11/11. Tenepb CnapTa npeJl.flO)f(l!lna Ml!lp, Ha ocHoae status quo, HO /],eMara/ f<neocjJOH, TOnbKO 'ITO 3aXBaT/IIBWI!Ii!t BnaCTb B AcjJI!IHaX, OTBepl npeJl.flO)f(eHI!Ie.

408 r. AnKVIBVIAA OTBOEBbiBAET BVI3AHTVIH. AcjJI!IHbl BHOBb ycTaHOB/IIn/11 Heocnopi!IMbli!t KOHTponb Ha/1, EoccjJopoM.

408-407 rr. COTPYAHVI~E CTBO CnAPTbl VI nEPCVIVI. OH/11 06be/],/IIH/IInl!lyCI!In/IIRCe/],/IIHCTBeHHOi!t u,enb/0 - He /],onycTI!ITb ycMneHI!IR AcjJI!IH. B 3¢ece Ha /],eHbl/11 /II MaTep/11anbl, npe/],ocTaaneHHble nepcl!lei!t, 6bln noCTpOeH HOBbli!t cnapTaHCKI!Ii!t ¢noT. Ha/1,3/llpan 3a noCTpoi!tKoi!t /II TpeHI!Ipoaan 3KI!Ina)f(l!l cnapTaHCKI!Ii!t

6bl aocnpenRTCTBOBaTb ycl!lni!IRM cnapTaHU,eB B036y/1,/11Tb BOCCTaH/IIe BO cjJpaK/IIMCK/IIX KOnOH/IIRX /II B/],Onb lennecnoHTa, yrpo)f(aBWI!IM )f(/113-

cjJnoTOBO/l,eu, f7McaHJ1.p. HoBbli!t caTpan, Kl!lp, OKa3b/B8fl eMy BCR'IeCK}'/0 noJJ.aep)f(K'f.

HeHHO aa)f(HOMY /l,nR AcjJI!IH nyT/11 CHa6)f(eH/IIR 3epHOM /113 'lepHOMOp-

5nOKI!IPYIOU{I!Ii!t 3cjJeCCKYIO /aBaHb AAK/IIB/IIa/1, HanpaCHO nbiTanCR Bb/Ma-

CK/IIX KOnOHI!Ii!t. np/11 KI!IHOCCeMe 6b!na o/],ep)f(aHa no6e/l,a Ha/1, neno-

H/IITbf71!1CaH/],pa /II BbiHY/1,/IITb era np/11HRTb OTKpb!TOe cpa)f(eH/IIe. Ho KO//],a

noHHeccKI!IM cjJnoTOM, yaen/11'1/IIBWaR yaepeHHOCTb HOB06paHU,eB B acjJI!IH-

AnKI!IB/IIa/1, c 'laCTb/0 caoera ¢noTa oTnnbln 3a npl!lnacaM/11, f7McaHJl.P

406 r. 5VITBA nPVI 3<l>ECE.

CKOnbKY cnapTaHCK/IIe 3aKOHbl no3BOnRn/ll KOMaH/],OBaTb cjJnOTOM TOnbKO 0/],/IIH ra/],, f71!1CaH/],p BCKOpe 6bln 3aMeHeH Kanni!IKpaToM.

406 r. SnOKAAAMVITVInEHbl. Kanni!IKpaT nepexi!ITpl!ln KoHoHa /II 3a6nOKI!IpOBan acjJI!IHCKI!Ii!t cjJnOT B /aBaH/IT MI!ITI!IneHbl. B OT'IaRHHOM /II- a KOTOpbii!t pa3!- 1!13YMI!ITenbHOM yc/11nl!l/11 o6e/l,HeBwl!le AcjJI!IHbl co3/],anl!l HOBbli!t cjJnOT, KOTOpbii!t 6bln ompaBneH CHRTb 6noKa/],y.

AsrycT 406 r. 5VITBA nPVI APrVIHYCAX. Bo3ne 3TOi!t OCTPOBHOi!t 1pynnb1 y 6eperaa Manoa31!1i!tcKoi!t o6nacTI!I 3onl!l/l,bl npoTI!IB ocTpoaa J7ec6oc acjJI!IHRHe o/],ep)f(an/11 6onbwy/O no6e/l,y. Kanni!IKpaT no11!16 a cpa)f(eH/11/11. Ell{e pa3 Cnapm npe/1,no)f(l!lna MI!IP /II BHOBb KneocjJoH no KaKI!IM-TO COBepweHHO HeBepORTHb/M coo6pa)f(eHI!IRM era oTaepl. Eonee TOIO, a AcjJI!IHax no6e/l,OHOCHbiX CTpaTe/OB 06B/IIH/IIn/ll B TOM, 'ITO OH/11 RK06bl 6pOC/IIn/ll Ha np01!13BOn CYJ1.b6bl MOpRKOB noTOnneHHb/X KOpa6nef!t /II He no3a6oTI!Inl!lcb o nolpe6eHI!II!I nom6wl!lx. Ha cy/l,e npoTI!IB cMepTHOIO npi!IIOBOpa Bb/CTynan 0/],/IIH

BOlllHA CTAHOBII1TC$l lllCKYCCTBOM. 600-400 rr. !J.O P. X.

118

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6o.-t npH AprHHyccmx ocTpoaax. 406 r. AO P. X.

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HaC'!HThiBaBIIIej;t MeHee 40 TpHep.

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pa:sHoMepHoro pacnpe.LI.eJieHHJI CHJI no

<l>JIOT, HaC'!HThiBa:BIIIHj;t 140 TpHep.

HYThi B JIHHHIO. KaJKAoe KphJJio 61>mo

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B 3a:B.ll3a:BIIIeMc.a 6oro KoHoH norep.liJI

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30TpHep, ac ocTaJihHhiMH yKphmcJI B

Bmphie JIHHHH KphJJiheB 6oeBoro no-

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PHAKaJIBJI.liJIHCh JIHHHJIMH IIOMepiKeK

l.lhl nhiTaJIHCh KOMIIeHCHpOBaTh aKTHB-

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H o6ecne'!HBaJIH ycTOj;t<JHBOCTh <l>Jia:H-

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405 r. B03BPALUEHVIE Jll-1CAHAPA K KOMAHAOBAHVIIO.

BopBaThCJI B raBaHh. Korga cnapTa:H-

HHKa, HO nocTpOeHHe JIHHHj;t 6hlJIO CO-

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HhiO, KoHoH OTcrynHJI B MaJiyro ra-

cnaPTa:HCKHe TpHephl He MOrJIH npo-

KMp norpe60B8fl BOCCTBHOBJieHMfl

Ba:Hh. OH nocJiaJI sA4>HHhl.Jl.Be1pHephl

pBaThCJl Me)f()J,y TII:>KeJihiMH a<l>HHCKH-

J7MC8HJJ.P8 B ponM rfi8BHOKOM8HJJ.Y-

C npoch6oj;t 0 IIOMOll.IH, O.Jl.Ha H3 HHX

MH Kopa6JIJIMH. CnapTaHCKHj;t <PJioT

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61>ma 3axBa<JeHa npoTHBHHKOM, APY-

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rOBhie OTPHJJ:hi rpe'IeCKoro BorrcKa. KOJIXlliJ:HHe C):(eJiaJill ITOIThiTKY OXBa-

PIIM 600-400 u. oo P. X

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OH BCB-TaK/11 RBflRBT co6oi1 cjJI!IIYPY flB/BH/],apHy/0; B03MO)f(HO, npl!ln/11Cb/B8BMb/e eMy pecjJopMbl 6blfl/ll B /],BMCTB/IITBflbHOCT/11 BBB/],BHbl BBKOM no3-

pa3opBaJirr cBorr 6oeBorr rropHJJ:OK, ocJia6rrB ero u:eHTp.

)f(B, npl!l pecny6ni!1Ke.

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BToporr 3Tarr 6oH- rrpophiB rpe-

OKORO

600-509 rr. ,qo P.X.

KOB B U:eHTpe ll OTCTYITJieHlle KOJIXll-

CEPBI1IO TyJIJirriO rrprrrrrrchmaeT-

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U:APCKI1M rreprroJJ: HBJIHeTCH rre-

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KOTOpaH ITOJIO'lKllJia KOHeU: JJ:peBHeMy

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COBOMY o6rn:ecTBy. B Ha'IaJie ero ern:e

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pBaJI ero rr3aHHJI BeprrrrrHy rophi. Bo3-

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HaceJieHlle COCTOHJIO (ITO rrpe):(aHlllO)

Tll OT rrMyrn:ecTBeHHoro u:eH3a. Ka'lK-

300

eB 6oeBoro rropHJJ:Ka KOJIXlliJ:HH,

rr3

poJJ:OB

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10 6hiJIO 3

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~00

100

6oi1 B Konx11Ae B

400 r.

P.X.

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B Tprr6y. Bcero

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OT JJ:pyrrrx KJiaccoB Tpe6oBaJIOCh

y'IaCTBOBaJill TOJihKO rraTpllU:llll.

MeHhiiie; rpa'lKJJ:aHe rrHToro KJiacca

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rrrrMeJirr 3arrac KaMHerr JJ:JIH MeTaHrrH.

e. orpaHrr'IeHa ceHaTOM rr HapOJJ:HhiM

113 JillU:, 06Jia):(aBIIIllX TaKllM 'lKe U:eH-

C06paHlleM (Ha KOTOphiX u:apll ll36ll-

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paJillCh ). Ilo3'lKe u:aprr CTaJill Ha3Ha-

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rrpellMYII\eCTBO OCTaBaJIOCh 3a rrepBhiM

122

BOlllHA CTAHOBII1TC$l lllCKYCCTBOM. 600-400 rr. !J.O P. X. .il:eJieBHe oo~ecTBa Ba KJiaCCI>I DO p$pMe TyJIJIIDI Bca,!IHHI<H

1..{ eH3 I 00 Tb!C!I'I ac coB

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BblCTaBn!IIOT 80 l.leHTypHit

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l..{eH3 75 Tb!C!I'I accoB

BblCTaBn!IIOT 22 l.leHTYPHH

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l..{eH3 50 Th!C!I'I accoB

BblCTaBn!IIOT 20 l.leHrypHit

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l..{eH3 25 Th!C!I'I accoB

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Bcero 98

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BblCTaBn!IIOT I l.leHTYPHIO lifToro 19 3

193. ro-

509 r. PEBOJ110UVIS1 PECnY6JlVIKAHUEB. HecKOflbKO ner no.a-

JIOCOBaHHe 061>J<IHO He .Jl.OXO.Jl.HJIO He

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123

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438-425 rr.

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405-396 rr. B0306HOBJ1EH~E BO~Hbl C BE~s:IM~. Be/AM, CTOflVIUY 3TOTO 3TpyCCKOTO UBPCTBB, pacnono)l(eHHYIO Ha 6epery peKM KpeMepbJ K ceeepy oT PMMa, PMMnfiHe OC8)1(JJ.8flVI9neT. nocKOflbKYBPMVIfl HB npOTfl)l(eHVIVI3TOTO CpOKB noCTOfiHHO H8XOP.VIfl8Cb B none, PVIM H8ll8fl perynflpHO nnBTVITb BOWCKBM, nOflO)I(IfiB H8l/8fl0 KOHUenUVIVI nOCTOfiHHOW, npo<f>eCCVIOHBflbHOW BOVIHCKOW cny)l(6bJ. Kor.n.a Be/AM nanM (396 r.), OHM 6bJnVI pa3pyweHbl, 8 TeppMTOPMfl VI Hapo.n. nomo~eHbJ PMMOM. Tenepb PMMCKBfl pecny6nMKa HeocnopMMO cTana

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124

BOlllHA CTAHOBII1TC$l lllCKYCCTBOM. 600-400 rr. !J.O P. X.

a TaJOKe nOCTORHHb/e y4eHMR l1 MaHeBpbl MMpHoro epeMeHM .aenanu 9TMX epeMeHHbJX con.aar rpo3oJO .anR eparoe. Ka)l(l1bli1 Knacc 6bm opraHM30BaH B no.apaaaeneHMR no 100 4enoeeK, Ha3bJBaeMbJe ueHrypMRMM. B 6oeeoM crpo10 TR)l(enoeoopY/I(eHHaR nexora 6bma nocrpoeHa KaK cf>anaHra; nerKMe orpR.lJ.bl pacnonaranucb enepe.au maBHbJX cun 11 npuKpbJBanu cf>naHru. npu pecny6nMKe MCnOflHMTenbHaR l1 BOeHHaR BflaCTb OCy~eCTB足 flRfll1Cb .ll.BYMR paBHOnpaBHb/MM KOHCynaMM, e)l(eTO/l.HO l136MpaeMbiMl1 Ha 9TY /l.Ofl)l(HOCTb HapO/l.Hb/M TOflOCOBaHMeM. 3ra CMCTeMa 9cpcpeKTl1BHO o6ecne4ueana 6anaHc nonMTl14eCKl1X Cl1fl, HO C BOeHHOW T04KM3peHMR o6na.aana cepbe3HbJMM He.ll.OCTaTKaMM.' KOHCYflbl pa3.aeflRfll1 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a 6oeBbJe onepauuu, KaK npaeuno, noo4epe.aHo KOMaH.ll.YR 4epe3 .aeHb. YRCHMB He9cpcpeKTl1BHOCTb TaKOTO ycrpoi1crea, pMMCKMi1 3aKOH npe.aycMorpen, 4TO B cny4aRx Kpai1Hei1 He06XO/l.l1MOCTl1 BCei1 nonHOTOW

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KAP<PArEH H CHQHJIH.H 800-400 22. P. X

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B. AO P.X. SlCHO BHAHbl AB3 PHA3 Becen:

BepxHHH PHA c yKnto'fHHaMH Ha nnaHwHpe HnH, B03MO)f(HO, Ha ayTpHrepe H HH)f(HHH, Becna KOTOporo BbiXOASIT H3 nopTOB B tropnyce, HnH C 'YKJ1~HH3MH BAOnb M3HWHpa, CKPbiTOrO 33 ayTpHrepoM, K3K 3TO MO)f(HO npeAnOnO)f(HTb no AnHHHOH Tpei.I.\HHe H3 B33e. Ha HOCY HMeeTCSI T3p3H H, "fTO OC06eHHO HHTepecHO, 6aK, KOTOpbiH HHKOrAa Aocene He 6bln npe.qCTaaneH CTOnb AnHHHbiM H BbiCOKHM H3 APYrHX )f(HBOOHCHbiX H306p3)f(eHHSIX. npH petroHCTpYKI.\HH HOC 6bln BOCC03A3H H300A06He HOOOB ApeBHerpe"feCKHX 6HpeM roro )1(9 nepHOA3, ero o6p330BbiB3nH CBSI33HHble BMecTe OKOH'f3HHSI npOAOnbHbiX nnaHOK

Ba)l(Hb/W KOflOHMaflbHb/W aBaHnOCT, y4pe)l(l1eHHbli1 B L(eHrpanbHOM Cpe.ll.M3eMHOMOpbe cpl1Hl1Kl1WUaMM. npuMepHO B TO )l(e BpeMR rpe4eCKl1e MOpeXO/l.bl TaK)l(e Ha48Jil1 npoHMKaTb B 9TOT pai10H, OCHOBb/BaR KonoHMM maBHbiM o6pa3oM B KupeHaMKe, Bocro4Hoi1 Cuuunuuu /O)l(Hoi1 t1ranuu. TpeHMR Me)l(.ay rpeKaMM, cpl1Hl1Kl1i1UaMM, a TaK)l(e MX KonoHMRMM Ha4anMcb e~e B VIII B. 11 npo.aon)l(anucb oKono 500 ner. HuKor.aa He npeKpa~anCR l1 KOHcpflMKT Me)l(l1y KOflOHl13aTopaMM l1 BapeapCKMMM Hapo.aaMM no6epe)l(bR. KAPArEH ( <<HoBhlit fopo.rv>)ropoA-rocyAapcTBO B CeBepHoit A<PpHKe. PacnoJiaraJic.si oH Ha noJiyocTpoBe, 'IT'O COJAaBaJio 6JiaronpH.siTHhle ycJIOBH.si AJIH o6opoHhi ropoAa c cyum H pa3BHTH.si TOproBJIH. C VII B. AO p .X. .siBJI.siJIC.si 0,[:\HHM H3 KpynHeitIIIHX TOprOBhlX ropOAOB-rocyAapCTB ApeBHero MHpa, HMeJI JiyqiiiHit B 3aII3..ll,HOit qacTH CpeAH3eMHoro Mop.s~ rropT. B rrepHOA pac~:~BeTa B Kap<PareHe, ITO HeKOTOphlM HCTOqHHKaM, HMeJIOCh ,[:\0 700 ThlC.sJq iKHTeJieit. BJiaCTh B Kap<PareHe rrpHH3AJieiKaJia pa6oBJiaAeJihqecKoit OJIHrapxHH. 3HaqHTeJII>HYIO pOJih B IIOJIHTHqecKOit iKH3HH HrpaJIH IIOJIKOBOAI:Ihl, H36HpaBIIIHeC.si H3 pHAOB Toit iKe pa6oBJiaAeJihqecKoit OJIHrapxHH. Bo maBe rocyAapcTBa CTO.siJIH 2 Bhi60pHhlX rrpaBHTeJI.si. focyAapCTBeHHhlit apHCTOKpaTHqecKHit COBeT, IIpeACTaBJI.siBIIIHit BhiCIIIYIO BJiaCTh, COCTO.siJI H3 30 qeJioBeK. B Kap<PareHe 6hlJIO IIIHpoKO pa3BHTO KpyrrHoe pa60BJI3):\eJihqeCKOe CeJihCKOe X03.siitCTBO H peMeCJieHHOe IIpOH3BO,[:\CTBO, B KOTOpOM, Hap.siAY C pa6aMH, 3KCIIJiyaTHpOBa-

CPE,[tV13EMHOMOPbE-6Jl Vl>KH V1 V1 BOCTOK 3,aecb ceo10 reep,ay10 onopy Ha 38na.ae.

409 r. B03BPAJ..UEH~E KAP<t>ArEHSIH HA C~L.J.~Jl~IO. r8HHM-

803BbiWEH~E

68n .ao6uncR OTMJ..UeHMR 38 nop8)1(eHMe no.a ruMepoc:t ceoero .ae.aa, raMMflbK8P8, 38XB8TMB 9TOT M ,apyrue ropo.aa CeeepHoc:t u 3ana,aHoC1 CMLlMflMM. Kaplj>8reHRHe Heroponnueo, HO yeepeHHO npo.aeuranucb Ha BOCTOK, B3RB ArpureHT(406r.) M yrp0)1(8fl CupaKY38M u ,apyruM rpe4eCKMM KpenOCTRM H8 OCTPOBe ( 400 r. ).

0Kono 500 r.

C~PAKY3. no.a My,apbiM np8BfleHM-

Kap<j>areH

JIHCh llOJIYCB060,LJ,Hhle 3aBHCHMhle npoH3BOAHTeJIH -

6o,LJ,hi. KpoMe qa-

CTHhlX MacTepcKHX B Kap<}>areHe cymecTBOBaJIH H rocy,LJ,apcTBeHHhle, IJJ.e 3KcnJiyaTHpoBaJIC.ll TPYA rocy,LJ,apcTBeHHhlX pa6oB. BIDKHOH qacThiO 3KOHOMHKH Kap<}>areHa .liBJiliJiach nocpeAHH'IecKaH MOpCKall TOprOBJlll H ToproBJill pa6aMH.

0Kono 650-500 rr. 3KCnAHKAP<t>AfEHA: KOH<t>Jl~KTbl

C~SI

fPE4ECK~M~ KOJlOH~SIM~.

Kor,a8 4JMHMKMfl6bm8 noKopeH8 'lY)I(e3eMHbiMM 38eoee8renf!MM, qmHMKMC1CK8fl KOflOHM38~Mfl npMWfl8 B yn8,aoK. 0,aH8KO ecKope ponb noKpoeurenR ,apyrMX l/>MHMKMC1CKMX KonoHuc:t npMHRn H8 ce6R K8Pl/>8reH; O,aHOBpeMeHHO OH H848fl C 38BMJ1HOC19HeprueCJt OCHOBbiB8Tb C06CTBeHHble KOflOHMM B CeeepHOCJt Alf>puKe, l16epuu, 38n8,aHoC1 Cu~u nuu u H8 ,apyrux cpe,au3eMHOMopCKMX ocrpoe8x. Cronb )l(e 8KTMBHO e.aonb ceeepHbiX 6eperoe Cpe.au3eMHoro MOPR p83BMB8flMCb rpe4eCKMe KonoHMM. K VI e . .ao P.X. Yf48Crunucb flpOCTHble CTOflKHOBeHMR Me)l(,ay rpeK8MM M K8plj>8reHRH8MM H8 Cu~unuu, KopcuKe, C8p,aMHMM, B /O)I(HOC1 rannMM M BocT04HOC1l16ePMM. K8pl/>8reHf!He npeycnenu H8 KopCMKe M B Cap,aMHMM, HOB KOH~e croneTMfl rpe4eCK8R KonoHMR M8cC8flMR (Mapcenb) M3rHana Kaplf>areHRH c rannbcKoro 6eper8. Xorfl rpeKM M nomOTMflM 66nbWYIO 48CTb CM~MflMM, Kaplj>8reHRHe OCHOB8flM

125

eM TMP8H8 renoHa CupaKy3bl H848flM conepHM48Tb c Kapl/>8reHoM He TOflbKO B CMLlMflMM, HO M BO BCeM l.(eHTpanbHOM Cpe,au3eMHOMOpbe. 481 r. BOPIHA KAP<t>AfEHA ~ C~PAKY3. nocnbl KcepKC8 nepcu,acKoro nerKo y6e.aunu Kaplj>areHRH H8nacrb H8 CupaKy3bl. Bcne.acreue 9Toro renoH 6bm BbiHY')K,aeH OTK838Tb rpeKBM B nOMO/..UM.

KAP¢AIEH B VII-IV BB. AO P.X. llO,Ll,'IHHHJI ce6e 3Ha'IHTeJII>HYIO 'IaCTh

6~TBA nP~ r~MEPE.

no6epeJKhll CeBepHofi A<}>pHKH, IOr

Bo3m8B!If!R co/03rpe4ecKuxcu~nuC1cKMX rocy,a8pcre, renoH pa3rpoMun 3,aecb 6onbWYIO Kaplj>8reHCKYIO 8pMM/O no,a KOM8H/l,OB8HMeM raMMflbK8pa, KOTOPbJC1 6bm y6ur. BbiHY)I(,aeHHbJe 38nfl8TMTb KOHTpM6y~MIO, K8plj>areHRHe epeMeHHO OTK838nMCb OT CBOMX ~eneCJt B CM~MflMM.

HcnaHHH H pHA OCTPOBOB Cpe,LJ,H3eM-

480-410 rr. KAP<t>AfEHCKASI 3KCnAHC~SI HA 3An.AA. Pe3KO

Ero masHyiO H Hau6oJiee 6oecnoco6-

H8p8CTMB MOpCKMe CMflbl M TeM C8MbiM ,ao6MBWMCb nonHOTO KOHTPOflR H8,a 3ana,aoM Cpe,au3eMHoro MOPR M CMe)I(HbiMM pae10H8MM, Kapl/>8reH ycTpeMMflCR ,aanee H8 38nqa, 38 6p8flT8pCKMC1 nponue, y4pe,aue 8B8HnOCTbl no alj>pMK8HCKOMY 6epery u, B03MO)I(HO, H8 Mqaec:tpe u KaHapcKMX ocrpoeax.

Bep6oBey HaeMHHKOB npe,LJ,CTaBHTeJIH

480 r.

ru-

nOA

rnyiO cyxonyTHYIO apMHIO H CHJII>HhlH <}>JioT. HApOM apMHH 6hlJla APYJKHHa H3 pa60BJla)J..eJih'IeCKOH 3HaTH. ,[{pyI'OH qacThiO BoficKa.liBJiliJIHCh OTPSI)J.hl, BhiCTaBJlliBillHeC.ll 3aBHCHMhlMH ruppHh'aHCKHMH llJieMeHaMH H COI03HHKaMH. HYIO qacTh cocTaBJiliJIH HaeMHHKH. Kap<}>areHcKoro ceHaTa ocymecTBJI.liJIH cpeAH HenoKopeHHhlX nJieMeH A<}>pHKH, Ha TiupeHeHCKOM llOJIYOCTPOBe, B raJIJIHH, IfTaJIHH, rpel.IHH H Ha ocTpoBax Cpe,LJ,H3eMHoro MOpll. Kap<}>areHcKoe BOHCKO COCTOliJIO H3 nexoThl, KOHHHUhl, 6oeBhlX KOJieCHHU H 6oeBhlX CJIOHOB. CaMH Kap<}>areHHHe

KYMAM~.

CJIYJKHJIH B KOHHHI.Ie H B OT60pHOH llO-

3rpyccKaR 9KcnaHCMR e KaMnaHM/0 6blfl8 OCT8HOBfleH8 CMP8KY3CKMM l/>flOTOM no,a KOM8HJ10B8HMeM ruepOH8.

'IeTHOH nernea APYJKHHe («CBlll.l.leH-

47 4 r.

6~TBA

Horo Mop.li,AJill qero co,LJ,epJKaJI 6oJih-

HOM OTpSI)J.e»). ApMHll HMeJia CHJihHhlH OTp.liA BOHHOB, cpaJKaBillHXCll Ha

300

6oeBh1X cJioHax. Kap<}>areHCKall

apMHll 6hlJla CHJII>Ha H CBOHM 'reXHH'IeCKHM OCHarneHHeM (pa3H006pa3HI>Ie OCa,LJ,Hhle H MeTaTeJII>Hhle MaillHHhl). BoeBofi nopHAOK Kap<}>areH.liH o6hl'IHO cocTO.liJI H3 Tpex qacrea: npasoro H JieBOI'O KphiJiheB (KOHHHI.Ia) H rJiaBHhlX CHJI (Bee ocTaJII>Hoe BoficKo). BaJieapcKHe nparnHHKH paCChlllaJIHCh Bnepe,LJ,H, npHKphlBall 6oeBoe nocTpoeHHe. 06hl'IHO BOHCKO pacnoJiaraJIOCh B TI.l.laTeJihHO oxpaHlleMoM Jiarepe. )l{HJio OHO npeHrvtyl.l.leCTBeHHO 3aC'IeT MeCTHhiX cpe,LJ,CTB, pa3opllll HY,

r,LJ,e

rnJia BORHa.

cTpa-

¢JioT ur-

PaJI ah-TI~BHYIO poJih B BOeHHhlX ,LJ,efiCTBHliX.

126

BOlllHA CTAHOBl!lTCs:l l!lCKYCCTBOM. 600-400 rr. AO P. X.

IO)KHAH A3IDI MH)l;l1JI 600-400 22. oo P. X

pecTHOCTM coBpeMeHHOIO new8B8P8 M ,n,ocTMI MH,n,8.

517-509 rr. AAP~~ AHHEKC~PYET

3AnAAHbl~

5EPEr

~HAA. OH T8JOKe 38BOeBbJB8eTLf8CTb

0Kono 600 r. MAXAA>KAHAnAHAHAA. 3To 6blf1M 16 LJ,8PCTB M

CeBepo-38n8,D,HOIO neH,fl,)J(868, ne-

Of1MI8pXW-IeCKMX pecny6f1MK,fl,Of1MHbl

)J(8UJ,YIO K BOCTOKY OT peKM M nOCblf18-

t8HI8, C06p8HHb/X M3 flOCKYTH0/0

eT ,-peLfeCKOIO MOPfiK8 M 1eo1p8C/J8

O,D,eflf18 B0/0/0UJ,MX nneMeHHb/X IOCy-

CKMf18K8 Mccne,n,oB8Tb MH,n, ,n,o Ap8-

,D,8pCTB. 8 Cfle,D,yJOUJ,eM BeKe ( OKOflO

BMiliCKOIO MOpfl. 3TM p8MOHbl OCT8-

500 1.} LfeTblpe M3 HMX,

B8f1MCb no,n, nepCM,D,CKMM Bf18,fl,b/Lfe-

p8CnOf10)J(eH-

Hble B BOCTOLfHOM Lf8CTM ,fl,OflMHbl, nOWflM H8 no,n,beM: LJ,8PCTB8 Kow8n8, K8cM, M818,D,X8 M KOHC/Je,n,ep8LJ,Mfl pe-

IV B. 0Kono 490-350 rr. MArAAXA nPE0511AAAET B CEBEP0-3A-

CTBOM ,n,o H8Lf8f18

nAAHO~ ~HA~~.

cny6nMK 8pM,fJ,lJ,)J(M.

0Kono 600-500 rr. B03BbiWEH~E KOWA.nbl. O,n,ep)J(8B BOeH-

8 LJ,8pCTBOB8HMe

AHTYC8Tpbl M818,D,X8 H8Lf8f18 cepMJO ycnewHbJX BOiliH

Kow8noill.

HYJO no6e,n,y M no1nOTMB LJ,8PCTBO K8CM, Kow8n8 CT8f18 Be,n,yw,eill CM-

HH~HHCKaRsoeHHaRcHcTeMa

noill B CeBepHoill MH,n,MM.

OKORO

500 r.

P.X.

0Kono 543-491 rr. B03Bbi-

nepC1.1ACKI.1e TenoxpaHI.1Tenl.1 U.3PSI

WEH~E MArAAX~. 8 np8BfleHMe

8Top)J(eHMfl KMp8 M ,fl,8pMfl, K838-

LJ,8Pfl 5MM6Mc8pbl 3TO MH,n,MillcKoe

nocb, no6y,n,MnM MH,n,MilJLJ,eB K co3,n,8-

LJ,8PCTBO (coBp. 5Mx8p) pe3KO p8c-

HMJO

K8B8flepMM,

CT8BWMe B MH,fl,MMCKMX MeTO,fl,8X Be,n,e-

wMpMno npe,n,enbJ M BflMfiHMe.

KOTopoill ,n,o Toil! nopbl B MH,n,MM npe-

HMfl BOiliHbJ3neMeHTOM nepBocTeneH-

0Kono 537 r.

K~P nEPC~A足

CK~~ AOCT~rAET ~HA~~-

,n,H

npoill-

C06CTBeHHOM

He6pel8f1M. 0,n,H8KO c,n,ep)J(MB8eMbJe

Hoill B8)J(H0CTM. no3TOMY flYLfWMe flO-

Tpy,n,HOCTfiMM p83Be,D,eHMfl B MH,fl,MM-

Wa,D,M pe3epBMpOB8f1MCb MMeHHO ,fl,flfl KonecHMLJ,. 8o3MO)J(HO, npMMepHo B

Lfepe3 58KTPMJO M Ap8xocMJO

CKOM Kf1MM8Te nopO,D,MCTb/X f10W8-

( coBp. AC/JI8HMCT8H M Lf8CTb Cpe,n,-

,n,ei!J, OHM npO,D,0fl)J(8f1M OnMp8TbCfl

HeiliA3MM), OH nOBepHyfl H8 101, B OK-

lf18BHb/M o6p830M H8 KOfleCHMLJ,bl,

BnepBbJe nofiBMflMCb 6oeBbJe cnoHbJ.

B. H8 MH,n,MiliCKMX nonflx cp8)J(eHMill

A K

400

1. MH,n,MiliCKMe npMHLJ,bJ y)J(e,

Cy,D,fl no BCeMy, CLfMT8f1M CflOHOB He MeHee B8)J(Hb/M MHCTpyMeHTOM Be,n,eHMfl BOMHbl, He)J(eflM KOfleCHMLJ,bl. flyK, lf18BHOe MH,fl,MMCKOe opy)J(Me, npe6bJB8f1 6e3 M3MeHeHMM npM6f1M3MTeflbHO

2200 neT.

K8K np8BMno, B

,fl,flMHY OH ,D,OCTMI8f1

125-160

CM.

npe,n,nOLfTMTeflbHb/M M8TepM8f10M M3/0TOBfleHMfl OCT8B8f1Cfl 68M6yK, XOTfl 6blf1M MCnbJT8Hbl M MHO/Me ,n,py/Me, BKf1JOLf8fl MeT8nn. CTpenbJ, c,n,ef18HHbJe M3 68M6yK8 MflM TpOCTHMK8, ,D,OCTMI8f1M B ,fl,flMHY

60-90

CM M

06bJLfHO OCH8UJ,8f1MCb MeT8flf1MLfeCKMMM H8KOHeLfHMK8MM. 3cfJC/JeKTMBH8fl ,fl,8flbH060ilfHOCTb f1YK8 ,D,OCTM/8f18

CT8

MeTpOB

( MflM

HeMH0/0

MeHbWe, eCflM npMMeHflflMCb Tfi)J(eflble )/(efle3HbJe cTpenbJ npoTMB cnoHOB; B 3TOM nocne,n,HeM cnyLf8e npM-

BcaAHI.1KI.1 1.1HAI.1ii1CKoro soi.icKa

MeHflflMCb T8JOKe M IOpflw,Me cTpenbJ).

BOCTOLJHA~ A3V1~ flyLfHVIKVI 06bJLfHO He HOCVIJ7VI UJ,VIT08, 8 6blf7VI 38U.I,VIUJ,eHbl nep8b/MVI pfi,!1.8MVI HOCVI8WVIX U.I,VITbl MeTaTeflei!t

127 88 8VI,ll.)J(8fl e10 nOCf7e,ll.088Tef7VI OC-

QEUJIOH

500-400

22.

H088f7VI L1,8pCT80, VI CLfVIT8eTCfl, LfTO

P.X

e10 8HYK (TpeTVIM MOHapx ,ll.VIH8C-

,!1.pOTVIK08. XoTfl pyKonawHOIO 6ofl

TVIVI} 38f70)J(VIf7 AHypa,ll.Xnypy, CTOfle-

VIH,ll.VIMLI,bl no 803M0)J(H0CTVI Vl36elaf7VI, O,ll.H8KO VI f7Y4HVIKVI, VI MeTaTef7VI

TVIfiMVI OCT8888WYIOCfl CTOJ7VILJ,ei!t VI 0Tpfl,ll.,

npV16f7VI3VITef7bHO

Vl3

KpynHeMWVIM IOpO,ll.OM L1,8pCT88, 80-

,!1.p0TVIK08 T8JOKe VIMef7VI H8 800py)J(e-

CeMVICOT apVIMCKVIX VICK8Tef7ei!t npVI-

We,ll.WeiO 8 VICTOpVIIO n0,11. TeM )J(e H8-

HVIVI ,ll.OCT8TOLfHO ,ll.f7VIHHble WVIpOKVIe

Kf710LfeHVIM Vl3 /IIH,ll.VIVI, n0,11. KOM8H,ll.0-

388HVIeM. PaHHVIi!t nepVIO,ll. VICTOpVIVI

MeLfVI; eCf7VI VICXO,ll. 60fl He y,l1.888f70Cb

88HVIeM VI31H8HHOIO CVIHXanypCKOIO

LJ,ei!tf70H8 xapaKTepV13yeTCfl Henpe-

peWVITb OIHeM C ,!1.8f7bHei!t ,ll.VICT8H-

npVIHL/,8 8VI,ll.)J(8VI 8b/C8,!1.VIf7Cfl H8 lJ,ei!t-

CT8HHOM 60pb60i!t 38 8f78CTb VI Lf8C-

Ll,VIVI, e10 8 6ecnOpfi,!1.0LfHOM CX88TKe

flOHe 8 pai!JOHe nyTT8f78M8 ( OKOJ70

Tb/MVI Ha6ei8MVI /O)J(HOVIH,ll.VIMCKVIX

onpe,ll.ef7flf7VI Kf7VIHKVI.

483 1.). Ha ce8epo-80CTOKe ocTpo-

T8MVIJ708.

BOCTOqJIAH A3IDI 600-400

22.

cy-

CT80 lJ,VIHb. lJ,VIHbCK8fl apMVIfl 38Hfi-

,!1.8X Ha 300 KM no peKe XyaHx3, ,11.0

J78 p8388J7VIHbl /IIHI8, HO peWVIJ78 He

CKOM apMVIVI cnyCTVI8WeiOCfl H8

KHTAU

P. X

ee Cf7VIfiHVIfl

c peKoi!t Xyai!tx3 ( 5061. ).

npo,ll.Of7)J(8Tb 80i!tHbl.

0Kono 511 r. CYHb U.3bl. Co-

0Kono 600-500 rr. YnAAOK 'i>KOY. 8 nepVIO,ll., KOI,l1.8 HOMVIH8f7b-

KOTOpbiM H8Lf8f7 OTCTynfleHVIe no

8peMeHHble KVIT8MCKVIe VICTOpVIKVI

cywe. 8 6VIT8e npVI 5ai!t ,ll,)J(y ( co8p.

K8K 6y,ll.TO pa3peWVIJ7VI CnOp K8K 0

Hble 88CC8J7bl L1,8pCT88 '-f)J(Oy 6opo-

Ma ,ll,)J(BHI 8 npo8VIHLJ,VIVI Xy63i!t) OH

f7VILfHOCTVI 88TOpa «/IICKYCCT88 80M-

J7VICb 38 IOCnO,ll.CT80 8 peiVIOHe,

38M8HVIJ7 C80VIX npecf7e,ll.088Tef7ei!t

Hbl», 3TOM nep80M Vl3 8ef7VIKVIX KJ78C-

8KJ71048/0UJ,eM ,ll.Of7VIHbl flHLJ,3bl VI Xy-

8 38C8,!1.y VI H8HeC VIM peWVITeflbHOe

8HX3, 8e,ll.eHVIe 80MHbl 8 KVITae yTpa-

nopa)J(eHVIe. CyHb

TVIflO pVITY8f7bHb/M xapaKTep VI CT8-

OCT8TKVI 6e1yw,ei!t apMVIVI ,11.0 10p0,!1.8

HVIfl. 83i!tCKVIi!t u,apb XVI fly nepeMa-

/II HI ( C08p. lJ,3fiHJ7VIHb 8 np08VIHLI,VIVI

HVIf7 3H8MeHVITOIO Ll,VIHbCKOIO 80eHa-

,l1,8e apMVIVIlfy 83flf7VI 8 KfleUJ,VI CyHb

f70

6of7ee

HpocTHbiM.

3TOMY

Y npecf7e,ll.088f7

lfy.

o 8peMeHVI ee HanVIca-

Lf8f7bHVIK8 CyHb

8peMeHVI COnepHVILfeCT80 Cy3VIJ70Cb

Xy63i!t), CTOf7VILJ,bl

,11.0 Tpex IOCy,ll.apCT8: lJ,VIHb- H8 Ce-

lpa6VI8 /IIHI, apMVIfl C 60I8TeMWVIMVI

eMy pyK080,ll.CT80 80eHHbiMVI ,ll.ei!t-

8epo-3ana,ll.e, 8 ,ll.Of7VIHe peKVI 83i!t,

3aHfl8 VI pa3-

CVILfeCKVIX 80eHHO-TeopeTVILfeCKVIX pa6oT, TaK VI

LfT06bl nopy4VITb

lfy (OKOJ70

CT8VIfiMVI npOTVI8

83i!t. TeM 8peMeHeM LfYCKVIi!t u,apb

/IIHOI,l1.8 H8 HeiO CCblf78/0TCfl, K8K H8

nO,ll.CT80888WeiO H8,!1. TeppVITOpVIei!t

Wao 6e)/(af7 VICKBTb noMOUJ,VI 8 u,ap-

Y CyHb Y Vlf7VI

lfy,

511

r:).

TpocjJefiMVI OTCTynVIf78 o6paTHO 8

IOC-

OTKy,ll.a npOV130Wf7VI Lf)J(Oy;

CyHb Ll,3bl ( «,ll.OCTonoLf-

OT peKVI flHLJ,3bl H8 Ce8ep, nOLfTVI ,11.0 XyaHx3; VI 83i!t, ,11.ep)J(a8we1o ycTbe flHLJ,3bl VI MOpCKOe no6epe)J(be nOLfTVI ,11.0 WaHb,ll.yHa.

519-506 rr. BOVIHA ME>KAY B3ill ill "'Y. 3TO 6blf78 KYJ7bMVIH8Ll,VIfl nOLfTVI nOf7y8eK08010 KOHcjJJ7VIKT8. 0Ha HaLfaflaCb Hana,ll.eHVIeM 83i!t Ha 1opo,11. lfoflai!t ( co8p. (/)eHiflai!t 8 npo8VIHLJ,VIVI AHbXOi!t), npVIH8,ll.f7e)J(a8WVIi!t

lfy.

3a 3TVIM nOCf7e,ll.088f70 ,ll.eCfiTVI-

fleTVIe Henpepbi8Hb/X 80eHHb/X,ll.ei!t-

....

CT8VIM, 8e,ll.OMb/X C nepeMeHHb/M ycneXOM. 8

KOHLJ,e 3TOIO nepV10,!1.8

83MCKVIM u,apb XVI fly ( 513-494 II.)

......

oplaHVI3088f7 nep8y/O apMVI/0 Vl3 KpeCTbfiH, npV1388HHb/X H8 80eHHYIO Cf7}1)K6y. nocfle,ll.Hflfl K8Mn8HVIfl 6blf78 H8Lf8T8 80eH8Lf8f7bHVIKOM CyHb

.~.:;.o

.....

.. .

(CyHb Ll,3bl, CM. HVI)J(e), 80 lf788e 83i!t-

nocTpOeHl'le Kl'IT3MCKOrO OTPSIA3 C 6oeBOM KOneCHl'IU,eM

128

BOlllHA CTAHOBV1TC~ VlCKYCCTBOM. 600-400 rr. AO P. X. TBHHbli!t CyHb») 1113 83R. lfT06bl OT-

VIII a. oT P.X.; a Eapone oHa 6b!na ne-

TaKI!1MII1 >KB 111flll1 CXO/],Hb/MIIT Ha3BaHI!1-

peae/],eHa Ha cjJpaHU,Y3CKI!1i!t a 1780 r:,

RMII1, KI!1Tai!JCKI!1e YLfBHb/e IITMBHYIOT

Ha pycCKIITi!t- B 1860 I., Ha aHml!1i!t-

«KH1111oi!t 1113 TPMHa/l,u,aTM mas».

CKI!1i!t ( B nepeBO/],e C RnOHCKOm) -

fl.o He/],aBHem apeMeHM MHO/Me yLfe-

19051.; Ha HBMBU,KI!1i!t- B 1910 I.

Hble nYTafll!1 >KIITBWem nOflYTOPa BeKaMI!1 n03>Ke CyHb nMHa 1113 L1,111 (TaK-

0Kono 475-221 rr. 3PA BOIOIOW,IIIX rOCYAAPCTB. 3TOT ne-

>Ke '!acTO Ha3b/BaeMom CyHb L1,3bl),

PII10Jl. npeJl.CTaBnRn co6oi!t yc111neH1!1e

TPYJl. oT Jl.PYIMX pa6oT

HaCTORU{IITM CyHb L1,3bl. nYTaHI!1U,a

npe/],wecTaoaaawei!t aHapx111111. Pa3-

3Ta 06bRCHRBTCR Jl.BYMR np1!1Lfi!1HaMW

flii1LfHble yLfeHble yKa3b/Ba/OT pa3ni!1Lf-

c OJl.HOi!t cmpoHbl,

CyHb YTO>Ke npo-

Hble cpoKM

em Ha'!ana: VIII a.; 519r:;

1.; 403 r:

111CXOJ1.111fl pOJl.OM 1113 L1,111, a C/l,pymi!t-

453

CyHb n111H TaK>Ke Han111can KHIITIY 06

cpa>KeHMi!t KMTaR npeo6na/],anl!1 TR>Ke-

IITCKYCCTBe BOMHbl, np1!1LfBM, no BCei!t

noaoopYJKeHHble nexoTHble cjJopM1!1-

BII1/],111MOCTII1, no/], TBM >KB Ha3BaHI!1BM.

B 3TO apeMR Ha nonRx

poaaHI!1R- KOnbeHOCU,bl, neXOTIITHU,bl,

3Ta KHM/a, 6onee coapeMeHHaR 111

BOOPYJKBHHb/e ane6ap/],aMI!1 111 MeLfa-

IITHTepecHaR C TOLfKIIT 3pBHII1R TaKTII1-

MilT, a TaK>Ke ap6aneTLfii1KII1. K KOHU,Y

KII1, 0/],HaKO MeHee KOHU,enTyanbHaR,

3TOIO nepMo/l,a noRBMnacb Kaaane-

'!eM TPYJl. CyHb Y, CLfMTanacb 111CLfe3-

PMR, TO//],a KaK KOflBCHIITU,bl BCe 60flb-

Hyawei!t 6eccne/],HO ell{e a VII a. oT

we np1!1HI!1Manl!1 Ha ce6R ponb M0-

P.X., 0/],HaKO 6b/fla BHOBb o6peTeHa

6MnbHom KOMaH/],HOm nyHKTa.

B 1972 I. BO BpeMR apxeOfl01111LfBC-

0K0110 473 r. Y TEPnliiT nOPA}I(EHIIIE OT 103. /ocy/],apcTBO

KII1X pacKonoK OJl.HOi!t 1113 MOIMn apeMeH XaHbCKoi!t J1.1!1HacTI!1111 ( c V a. Jl.O

lOa yHacne/],oaano KaK np1!16pe>KHbli!t

P.X. Jl.O XVIII cmneTMR 6b!no HanM-

peii!10H, TaK 111 KpenHyll{IITB MOpCKIITB

caHo 6onee /l,ByxcoT KMTai!tcKMX KHIITI

Tpa/],IITL/,111111

no IITCKYCCTBY BOMHbl, 0/],HaKO OHM He

Y. 453 r. nAAEHIIIE U,liiHb.

no-

6blflll1 no-HaCTORU{BMY IITCCflB/],OBa-

Tepnea nopa>KeHMe, u,apcTao L1,111Hb

6b!no pa3/],eneHo MB>KJl.Y mcy/l,ap-

Hbl 1!13-3a TPYJl.HOCTei!t nepeao/],a

K11Tai1CKI1H BOeHa4allbHI1K. CKyllbnTypHoe 11ao6pa>KeH11e

C/],enaH Ha RnOHCKIITi!t R3b/K ell{e B

flii1'1111Tb

Jl.PBBHeKMTai!tcKom). KHM/a CyHb Y

CTBaMM lf>Kao, XaHb 111 Bai!t. (He3a-

(111n111 CyHb L1,3bl) Jl.BMOHCTPMPYBT

BII1CII1MOCTb 3TII1X Tpex /OCy/],apCTB

my6oKoe noHMMaHMe qmnococjJI!11!1

6b!na np1!13HaHa nonyaeKoM no3>Ke

LfBflOBBLfBCKIITX BOOPYJKBHHb/X KOH-

Lf>KOYCKIITM MMnepampoM KaHoM a

cj)fli!1KTOB, npe/],cTaBnRR ypoKM, u,eH-

403 I. /1,0 P. X.).

Hble /],flR BOBHHb/X /],a>Ke CB/0/],HR.

0Kollo 400 r. B03BbiWEHIIIE Ll,liiHb Ill ~Y. X om BO MHOmcTOpOH-

CaMbli!t paHHMi!t ee nepeao/1, 6blfl

6oeBOH nopSIAOK APeBHeKI1Tai1cKoro BOHCKa

OpraHI13ai.II1SI APeBHeKI1Tai1cKoi1 apMI111

BOCTOLJHAs:J A3V1s:J

129 peAH -

aBaHrapA, n033AH -

ap~>ep

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Y ApeBHHX

KHTailU:eB yiKe 61>ma

pa3pa60TaHa H CHCTeMa ynpaBJieHHll BOilCKaMH. I1oApa3AeJieHHllMH ynpaBJlllJIH fOJIOCOM, COeAHHeHHllMH -

nOMOII.II>IO 6apa6aHOB, fOHfOB, 3HaMeH H 3HaqKoB. B OAHOM H3 6oJiee no3AHHX TPaKTaTOB oTMeqaJiocl>, qm 6apa6aHHI>1M 6oeM AaBaJIHCI> CHfHaJihl KOJieCHHU:aM, KOHHHU:e, neXO're, «opyiKHIO, fOJIOBaM H HOfaM». «3a61>IOT B 6apa6aHI>1 -

BI>JcrynaTI>; 3a61>IOT BO BTO-

poil pa3 roHrH -

HATH B aTary; yAapaT B ocTaHOBHTI>ca; yAapaT BO

Bmpoll pa3- oTCrynaTh». 3HarvteHa H 3HaqKH CJIYiKHJIH AJill yKa3aHHll HanpaBJieHHllABHiKeHHll HAJ]ll nepeAaqH KOMaHA Ha nepecTpoeHHe BOliCK.

KHTai'iCKHi'i BOHH H 6oeBOH KOHb. CJ<:YnbrrrypHble H306pa>KeHHR

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naTepKa- HH3lllee llOApa3,AeJieHHe, ABe narepKH

(10 BCa)\HHKOB)- CJie100 H

AYIOII.Iee, H noApa3AeJieHHll B

200

BC3AHHKOB. BoeBhle KOJieCHHU:hl

6hlJIH opraHH30BaHhl HHaqe: XOTII HH3-

KilTAfiCKOE

BOilCKO B

VI-

v BB. AO P. X. HMeJio qeTKyiO opra-

IIIHM nOAp~eJieHHeM 6hlJIH nllTI> KOJieCHHU:, a ABe narepKH COCTaBJillJIH noAp~eJieHHe,

HH3aU:HOHHYIO CTPYKTYPY· MeJIKHM

CJieAyiOII.Iee

noApa3AeJieHHeM 6hlJIO «y» (narep-

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Ka), llllTI> «y» COCTaBJillJIH «JISIH» BOHHOB), qeThlpe «JISIH» -

(25

HO 3aTeM

100

KO-

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«U:3Y»

opMa nocTpoeHHll 6oesoro no-

(1 00 BOHHOB), llllTh «U:3Y»- «JIIOil» (500 BOHHOB), nllTI> «JIIOil» - «CH» (2500 BOHHOB), llllTI> «CH» «U:3IOHI>» (12 500 BOHHOB). Bl>lCIIIHM

PllAKa KHTailcKoro sollcKa TaKiKe

coeAHHeHHeM 6hlJIO TPH U:3IOHI>

(37 500

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BOHHOB ), K3)f()J.Oe H3 3THX

paHBaJiaCI> nexOTa, a n033AH- TPaHC-

1.13IOHI> HMeJIO onpeAeJieHHOe TaKTH-

nopTHaa KOJieCHHn:a. ITo TaKOMY iKe

qecKoe Ha3HaqeHHe: aBaHrapA, n:eHTp

npHHU:Hny H3 nllTH qacTeil COCTOllJI H

H ap!>eprapA. q)(WYCKHil BaH HMeJI

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B KOHHHU:e B ocHoBy opraHH3an:HH 61>ma nOJIOJKeHaAeCSIT~HaSI CHCTeMa:

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no OAHOMY U:3IOHI>, Bne-

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22.

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BOEHHbiE TE~EHU:IIII noRBfleH/11e OC03HaHHOi!t BOeH-

ypoKaM laHHI!16ana, He 6blfl/11 a Ka-

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HOi!t CTpaTe//11/11 /11 /11CnOflb30BaH/11e

Koi!t-TO Mepe npMMeHeHbl HepoHoM

1113 C1!1paKy3 TaK>Ke, no acei!t BM,aMMO-

KOM61!1H1!1pOBaHHb/X B/11,aOB BOOp'j)Ke-

ao apeMR KaMnaH/11111 np111 peKe Me-

cT/11, npeycnen a co3,aaH/111!1 KOM61!1-

c ocnenMTenbHbiM napa-

Taap a YM6p111111 111 Cu,MnMoHoM a IITc-

H1!1poaaHHom BOi!JCKa.

H/11i!t BKyne

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Ho nepaoi!t Hay'IHO op,-aH/1130-

naH/11111 111 Acj)p1!1Ke. B TO >Ke apeMR 9KOHOM/11'1ecKI!1i!t

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MaKe-

U,aM/11 6blfl/11 ell{e 111 C/J111n111nn MaKe-

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cpa-

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/aM/11flb-

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y'leH/11Koa: p1!1MflRH Cu,M-

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TaKT/11'1eCK/11M nnaHOM, OTMe'lafl/11Cb

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BCe 'fall{ e. npoT/11BOCTORU{/11e BOeHa-

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M/11HOH,aa, KcaHTMnna 111 C/JMnone-

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mx. HMKaKoi!t ,apymi!t nep111o,a a 1!1C-

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CTeHHOH KPIOK («BOPOH»)

BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X.

134

6onee ne/Kom nepe/l,BI!I)f(BHI!IR a Slll.II14HbiH «BOPOH»

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Ce-

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500

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pb!X HeMan a cnoco6cTBoaano no6e-

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amm

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TenbHO npeJl.CTaBnRn co6oi!i op}')f(l!le

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135

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150

P.X.

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150 Kop86nei!i.

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(342 r:).

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330

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pa6oBJia,LJ,eJihl.lhl, a TaK)Ke rrJieMeHHa.a 3HaTh TeX rrepm}>epHl:tHhiX o6JiacTel:t, KOTOphle He 6hlJIH 3KOHOMHqecKH CBH3aHhl Me:w.,LJ,y co6ol:t H HMeJIH co6cTBeHHhie 3KOHOMHqecKHe HHTepeChl. EmrreT, HarrpHMep, He HY:lKAaJIC.a B

rPE[(HH H MAKE,[I;OHHH 400-336 22. iJo P. X.

JIHCh 60JihlllHHCTBOM rpeKOB KaK re-

400-387 rr. BOlilHA CnAPTbl VI nEPCVIVI. Kor.aa TMccalj>epH, carpan f1MJI.MM MKapMM, Ha4an HaKa3bJearb MOHMWCKMe ropo.aa 3a no.a.aep)I(KY BOCCraHMfl KMpa nporMB ApraKcepKca II, Cnapra npMwna MM Ha noMOWb. nocne or.aenbHbJX 6oeBb/X onepa~MW M .ll.fiMreflbHb/X nepeMMpM!Ii cnapraHCKMW ~apb ArecMnalli II noeen wMpoKoe no6eJI.OHOCHoe HacrynneHMe e 3ana.aHolli 4acrM Manolli A3MM (396394 rr.), noKa He 6blfl Or03BaH B lpe~mo, r.ae reM epeMeHeM pa3ropenacb eolliHa.

ITepe,LJ,Hel:t A3HH: oH HMeJI,LJ,OCTaToqITEPBOHAqAJlbHO BOeHHhle

HO H CBOero XJie6a, H CBoero ChlphH, H CBOHX peMeCJieHHhlX H3,LI,eJIHJ:t. 3aIIa,LJ,HaH qacThManol:t A3HH 6hlJia ro-

CnapraHCKHn nepHo,q 400-371 rr. ,qo P.X.

Pa3AO 6oJiee TecHo cs.a3aHa B 3KOHOMnqecKoM OTHOIIIeHHH C rpen:Hel:t, qeM c BaBHJIOHHel:t HJIH HpaHoM; CpeAHIOIO A3HIO c ee HarypaJihHhiM X03Hl:tCTBOM H IIO,LJ,aBHO MOrJia y,LJ,ep)KaTh B cocTaBe ITepcHACKol:t ,LJ,ep)KaBhl O,LJ,Ha JIHillh BoeHHaH CHJia. Ho Tol:t CHJihl, KOTopa.a o6ecrrequJiaAxeMeHHAaMycrrex ux rpaHAH-

nonOHHeCCKO!Ii eolliHe Cnapra, ycnewHo ee.afl onepa~vm npome nepCMM e Manolli A3MM (eM. HM)I(e), rocno.acreoeana e lpe~MM. lereMoHMfl9ra 6b/Jia no.a.aep)l(aHa f1MCaHJI.poM M ArecMnaeM.

03HhiX 3aBOeBaHHJ:t, y)Ke He 6hiJIO K

rro6e,LJ,hi B cpa)KeHHH y CapA

(395 r.).

ITocJie 3TOro rrepchl rrycTHJIH B XOA ,LJ,aBHO HCIIhiTaHHhll:t IIpHeM: IIpH IIOMOll.IH IIO,LJ,eyrra H ,LJ,HIIJIOMaTHqecKHX MaHeBpOB OHH IIOIIhlTaJIHCh opra.HH30BaTh B CaMOl:t rpen:HH AHTHCIIapTaHceyiO KOaJIHU:HIO. 06CTaHOBKa HM 6JiarorrpHHTCTBOBaJia, TaK KaK CrrapTa BOCCTaHOBHJia IIpOTHB ce6.a MHOrHe

CITAPTAHU:bl o6upanu CBOHX

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ll.IHHHHKOB. 0,LJ,HaKO HaiiJihlB COKpO-

corrpoTHBJieHHe. CrrapTaHCKa.a rere-

BHll.l H pa6oB B ITepcHIO rrpuseJI K

MOHHH OKa3aJiaCh ,LJ,JIH COI03HHKOB

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xy:lfre a<}>HHCKol:t. B rpeqecKHX ropo-

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Aax pOCJIO He,LJ,OBOJihCTBO IIOJIHTHKOJ:t

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qa.a cy6cHAHH BO BpeM.a ITeJio-

MeHHeTCH B IIOJih3Y KOHHH-

rroHHeccKol:t BOl:tHhl, CrrapTa o6ema-

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Jia B cJiyqae rro6e,LJ,hl sepHyTh ITepcHH

AO P.

rpeqecKHe ropo,LJ,a Manoa3HaTcKoro

X. cocm.aJio, rJiaBHhlM o6pa3oM,

pe3 HeKOTOpoe BpeMH crrapTaHCKHJ:t n:aph ArecuJial:t A06HJic.a KpyrrHol:t

400-371 rr. fEfEMOHVISJ cnAPTbl. Gnaro.aapf/ no6e.ae B ne-

KOHU:Y rrepCH,LJ,CKOro BJia,LJ,hJqecTBa.

rpiDK,L~,aH,

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H3 HaCHJihCTBeHHO Ha6paHHhiX BOH-

rro6epe)Kh.ll. 0,LJ,HaKO MaJIOa3HaTCKHe

HOB rro,LJ,qHHeHHhiX HapoAOB. H3 caMHX

rpeqecKHe ropo,LJ,a o6peJIH CBOIO He3a-

rrepcoB sep6oBaJIHCh rrpeuMymecT-

BHCHMOCTh B peeyJihTaTe rpeKo-rrep-

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CII)l.CKHX BOl:tH, KOTOphle BOCIIpHHHMa-

ropo,LJ,a.

6poH30Bbl~

wneM. IV s. oT P. X.

138

BEK rVlrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X. 395-387 rr. KOPL1HCKAs:l BO&IIHA. Bo3My~eHHbJe cn8pT8HCKMM Bb/COKOMepMeM M nOflb3Y~Cb BOWHo/4 B M8not4 A3MM, Al/>MHbl, ct>MBbl, KopuH¢, Aproc u HeKoroPbJe ,apyme MeHbWMe rocy,a8pCTB8 06be,aMHMflMCb C nepcue/4 B C0/03 npOTMB Cn8pTbl. nepBOH848flbHO J1uc8H,ap Bbmrp8n HecKonbKO cyxonyrHbJX Cp8)1(eHMW, O,l1H8KO BCKOpe noru6 BO BpeM~ 6e3ycnewHoi4 nonbJTKM B3~Tb ropo.a r8nM8PT (395 r.). BepHyBWMCb M3 M8not4 A3MM, Arecun814 oroMcrun 38 9TO nop8)1(eHue, 6necr~~e Bbmrp8B 6MTBY npu ropo.ae KopoHee B 6eoTMM (394 r.).

394 r. 6L1TBA nPL-1 KHL1AE. KoHoH, KOM8H,aOB8BWMI4 o6be,auHeHHbJM 8l/>MHCKO -nepCM,l1CKMM lj>noroM, ucrpe6un cn8pT8HCKMI4 lj>noT (no,a KOM8H,l10B8HMeM ne/4C8H,l1p8, 3~m noru6wero no.a r8nM8proM f1MC8H,ap8) no.a M8fl083M8TCKMM nopTOBb/M ropo,aOM KHM,l10M, oKono Po.aoc8, reM C8MbJM nono)I(MB KOHeU Kp8TKOBpeMeHHOMY MopcKoMy Bn8,abJ4eCTBY Cn8pTbl, xor~ HeMHoro no3)1(e cn8pT8Heu AHT8nKu,a u o,aep)l(8fl H8,a nepc8MM M 8l/>MH~H8MM HeCKOflbKO He MMeBwux oco6oro 3H84eHM~ no6e.a (388 r.).

394 r. OCAAA KOPL1HA. Arecun814 oc8,aun KopuHl/>, HO BCKope BOWH8 cr8n8 6ecnepcneKTMBHoi4 (393 r.). YxB8TMBWMCb 38 B03MO)I(HaArpo611e 8$11HCKOro BC8AH11K8 AeKCI1nest, nor116wero B cpalKeHI111 np11 Kopi1H$e B 394-393 r. AO P.X. Ha HeKPonone KepaMI1K B A$11Hax

naMSITHI1K, YCT8HOBneHHbl~ y A11n11noHCKI1X aopoT A$11H, Ha MOrl1ne 8$11HCKI1X BC8AH11KOB, nor116w11x B cpalKeHI1SIX np11 KopoHee 11 Kopi1H$e B 394-393 r. AO P.X. nor116w11e 6blnl1 YAOCTOeHbl no-.eTHoro norpe6eHI1SI aa rOCYA8PCTBeHHbl~ C<feT 11 3ni1T8$1111 (TOplKecTBeHHO~ H8Arpo6HO~ pe<411}, B03MOlKHO, npOI13HeceHHO~ 3H8MeHI1TbiM opaTOpOM J111CI1eM. 06HapYlKeHHbl~ apxeonoraMI1 cpparMeHT $p11aa 3Toro naMSITHI1Ka coxpaHI1n AO Hac 11MeHa naBWI1X 8$11HSIH

EBPA3V1Sl-6JlV1)1(HV1Lil BOCTOK HOCTb XOm 6bl OT'-IBCTM B03pO,l1MTb MOryll..leCTBO, yrpa<ieHHOe B nenonOHHeCCKOW eoi1He, A(j>MHbl BHOBb orcrpoMnM )J,nMHHble CreHbl M Ha<!anM BOCCT8H8BflMB8Tb KOHTPOflb Ha.tJ, HeKOTOpbiMM CTBpbiMM KOflOHMflMM. A(j>MHCKBfl apMMfl no.a KOMaH,aoeaHMeM Vf(j>MKpara oceo6o,aMna KopMH(j> (390 r.). BcrpeBO)KeHH8fl9TMM nepCMfl OK83Bn8 TBWHYIO nOMOll..lb CBOeMY epary Cnapre nporMe ceoero coF03HMKa A(j>MH.

387 r. MVIP AHTAJlKVIAA (IIIJWI Mltlp>• ). KoMnpoMMCCHoe

«LI,apcK~t~i1

comaweHMe. 4aCTM'-IHOe BOCCTBHOBneHMe A(j>MH 6bmo npM3HaHo; rereMOHMfl CnapTbl, xom M nowarHyewaflcfl, npo,aomKanacb. B Ha,ae)l(,ae, <ITO 9TO B KBKOW-TO Mepe YTMXOMMPMT pacnpM, rpe<!eCKMe rocy,aapCTB8 COrfl8CMflMCb H8 HOMMHBnbHb/W CI03epeHMTeT nepCMM Ha.tJ, fpeuMei1. TIEPCHH rrpoAHI(I'OBa.Jia ycJIOBHll

KOHUe KOHUOB eepHyna HeKOTOpble M3 norepflHHb/X TeppMTOPMW (375372 rr.).

371 r. YCVIJlVI51 nEPCVIVI 3AKJli04VIlb MVIPHOE COrJlAWEHVIE. Cnapra orKa38nacb no3eonurb c!JMeaM npe.acraenflTb ocranbHbiX <~ne HOB 6eOTMWCKOW flMrM, M {j>MBBHCKMW rocy,aapcreeHHbiW ,aeflTenb M nonKoeo.aeu 3naMMHOH.ll. BbJwen M3 neperoeopoe. CnapraHCKMi1 uapb KneoM6por HeMe.aneHHO eroprcfl e /O)I(HYFO 6eOTMIO C apMMeW B 11 Tb/Cfl'-1 '-/enoBeK, KOTOPOW 3naMMHOH,l1 CMOr npoTMBOnOCTBBMTb TOflbKO 6 Tb/Cfl'-1.

VIJOnb371 r. 6VITBAnPVIJlEBKTPAX. CnapraHUbl BbJcrpoMnMcb /lflfl 6MTBbl e rpa.auuMoHHYFO nMHMFO (j>anaHr: ny<~wue orpfl,abJ cnpaea, HeMHoro KaeanepMu M nerKMX qacrew npMKPbiBBFOT (j>naHrM. OHM O)I(M,aanM, <ITO {j>MBBHUbl nocTpOflTCfl TBKMM )l(e o6p830M. Vf3 TBKOrO cpa)l(eHMfl cnapraHUbl, npeeocxo.aflll..IMe KBK '-/MCneHHO, TBK M CBOMMM 60eBb/MM K8'-leCTB8MM, 6eccnopHO

139

BbiWnM 6bJ no6e.aurenflMM. Ho 3naMMHOH,l1 OTK838flCfl Cp8)1(8TbCfl Ha cnapraHcKux ycnoBMflX. OH yqereepun my6MHY ceoero nee oro Kpbln8, C{j>OpMMPOBBB KOflOHHY B 48 <~enoeeK rny6MHoi1 M 33 <~enoeeKa wupMHoi1. OcraroK apMMM, npMKPbiTbiW KBBanepMWCKMM 38CflOHOM, 6bm pacnono)l(eH ycrynaMM cnpaea M C38,l1M OT Hero: TOHKMMM flMHMflMM, npOTMBOCTOflll..IMMM UeHTPY M neeoMY {j>naHry cnapTBHCKOW BPMMM. 3TO nepBb/W M3BeCTHb/W MCTOPMM npMMep BTBKYIOll..leW KOflOHHbl MOTK838 or (j>anaHrM - npororMn maeHoro y,aapa u c.aep)I(MBBFOll..lei1 araKu 6onee no3,aHero epeMeHM. 3naMuHOH,a CBM B03mBBMfl KOflOHHY CBOero neeoro Kpbma e crpeMMTenbHOW araKe Ha npaeoe Kpbmo cnapraHuee, ror.aa KBK ero KaeanepMfl M nexora ueHrpa M neeoro Kpbma reM epeMeHeM npM6nM)I(BnMCb HecnewHO, npMBneKBfl BHMMBHMe cnapTBHUeB K CBOeMy HBCTynneHMIO, HO He ecrynafl e 6oi1. CnapraHUbl 6bmM

MHpa. Bee ropo.LI.a Ha rro6epe:>Kbe MaJioit A3HH o6MIBJISIJIHCb IIO.Jl.BJiaCTHbiMH rrepcli.Jl.CKOI'vl)' u:apiO. 3arrpemeHbi 6bmH KaKHe-JIH60 06'be.Jl.HHeHHll rpe<JeCKHX ropo.Jl.OB. HcKJIIO<JeHHe 6bmo C.Jl.eJiaHo TOJibKO AJill CrrapTbi H ee coI03HHKOB, B IIOKOpHOCTH KOTOpbiX rrepcaM 'reiiepb He 6biJIO OCHOBaHHit COMHeBaTbCll.

387-379 rr. nPEBOCXOACTBO CnAPTbl COXPAH51ETC51. Cnapra sHeprM'-IHO no.aaeMna HecKonbKO nonbiTOK MflTe)l(a, no.a.aep)I(MBBfl rapHM30Hbl MMBPMOHeTO'-/Hb/X npaeMrenew e 6onbWOM <!Mcne rpeqecKMX ropo.aoe, BKnFO'-IBfl c!JMBbl.

379-371 rr. BOl'!HA3AHE3ABVICVIMOCTb. c!JMBbl eoccranu nporue CnapTbl. BcKope K HMM npMcoe,aMHMnMcb A(j>MHbl u, xom coF03HMKM He 6bJnM B COCTOflHMM o,aep)I(8Tb pewMrenbHoi1 no6e,abJ, o,aHaKo cyMenM Bb/TeCHMTb cnapTBHUeB M3 l..JeHTPBflbHOW fpeUMM. npeo6na,aaHMe )l(e A(j>MH Ha Mope 6bmo HecoMHeHHbiM. Xa6pMi1 o.aep)l(an no6e,ay e KpynHOM MOPCKOM cpa)l(eHMM YOCTpoea HaKCOC (376 r.). npae.aa, BOCnonb30B8BWMCb TpelJ..IMHOW B OTHOWeHMflX A(j>MH M c!JMB, Cnapra e

@ 6EOTHACKASI

BOAHA 378-362 rr. JlO

P.X.

BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X.

140

6e3Ha,ae>KHO 3an'jTaHbl 3TOM HOBOM TaKTII1KOM. Y,aapHaR MOU{b cjJII1BaHCKOM KOflOHHbl BCKOpe pa3,aaBII1fla npaaoe KPblno cnapTaHu,ea. 3aaepwaR no6e,ay, 3naMII1HOH,a pa3aepHyn KOflOHHY npOTII1B OTKpbiT0/0 cjJnaH/a OCTaBWII1XCR cnapTaHU,eB, KOTOpble, 6y,ayLfll1 O,aHOBpeMeHHO aTaKOBaHbl cjJII1BaHCKII1MII1 U,eHTpOM 111 npaBbiM KPblflOM, y,aap111n111cb a 6e1cTBO. CnapTaHU,bl noTepRnll1 6onee 2 Tb/CRLf LfeflOBeK. noTepll1 cjJII1BaHU,eB 6blflll1 o'!eHb Manbl. CnapTaHCKII1i1 BOeHHb/M npeCTII1>K 6blfl yTepRH HaBCel,aa.

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371-355 rr. p,o P.X. 371-362 rr. rErEMOHVISI <l>VIB. Ha1116onee noTpRca/Oll{II1M C06b/TII1eM 3TOIO ,aeCRTII1fleTII1R cny-

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LfaMHbiX aoi1H 6blfl co103 CnapTbl 111 AcjJII1H, 3aKn/OLfeHHbiM, LfT06bl He .aonycTII1Tb npeaocxo,acTaa C/J111a (369 1.). Ho Ha cywe 111 Ha Mope npeo6na.aan BOeHHb/MII1 nOflii1TII1LfeCKII1M 1eH111i1 3naMII1HOH,aa. Ha1116onee onacHbiM apamM C/J111a 6blfl AneKcaH,ap C/JepCKII1M, npaBII1Teflb C/JecCaflll1111. B 6111TBe np111 K111HOCKecjJanax («co6aLfbll1/onoBbl»- .aaa xonMa a L/,eHTpanbHo£1 C/Jeccan111111) oH BCTpeTII1flCR C cjJII1BaHCKII1M nOflKOBO,aU,eM nenon111,aoM. Cpa>KeHII1e OKOHLfll1flOCb pe3yflbTaTOM, KOTOpbiM Ka>K,aaR CTOpOHa TpaKTOBana KaK C06CTBeHHYIO no6e,ay, HO nenon111,a nom6 (364 1.). Ha cne,ay/011{111£1 m.a 3naMII1HOH,a HaHec AneKcaH,apy nopa>KeHII1e. 362 r. 5VITBA nPVI MAHTVIHEE. ApKa,acKaR n1111a nenonoHHeca, OCHOBaHHaR C/J111BaMII1 (370 1.),

LfT06bl co3,aaTb npoTII1Boaec CnapTe, paccbmanacb, 111 3HaLfii1TenbHoe Lfii1Cno ee LfneHoB npii1MKHynll1 K CnapTe 111 AcjJII1HaM. 3naMII1HOH,a Hanpaa111ncR Ha nenonoHHec, 1,ae K em apMII1111 npll1coe,aii1HII1flii1Cb HeKOTOpble BepHb/e co/03HII1KII1. B BocTOLfH0£1 ApKa,a111111 oH BCTpeTII1fl 6n1113 MaHTII1Hell1 apMII110, COCTORBWY/0 1113 BOUCK MaHTII1Hell1, CnapTbl, AcjJII1H 111 OTKonoaw111xcR npe>KHII1X LfneHoB ApKa,acKo£1 n1111111. Ka)f(JJ,aR apMII1R HaCLfii1Tb/Bana OKOflO 25 Tb/CRLf LfeflOBeK. 3aCTaB npOTII1BHII1KOB apacnnox, 3naMII1HOH,a Halonosy pa36111fl 111X, nOLfTII1 TOLfHO nOBTOpii1B CBOM MaHeBp np111 f7eBKTpax. O,aHaKo caM oH nom6 a 6010, a em CTOpOHHII1KII1 OKa3aflii1Cb He B COCTOR-

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154

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156

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160

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TIPEEMHHKH AJIEKCAH)l;PA 323-200 22. iJo P. X

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310 r. YEiLt1PICTBO POKCAHbl Lt1 AJlEKCAHAPA IV. f1111HIII!il AneKcaH.apa yracna. BbJ)I(!IIBW!IIe ,a!lla,aoX/11 CXB8T/IIfl/11Cb Me)l(,ay C060i1t On!i/Tb (309 r.).

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JIII'IHOCTII KOTOpOrO OC06eHHO HpKO

II BOHCKO, BOBCe He )KeJiaBIIIIIe CJIIIH-

KBflbTOB (275 1.}.

OTpa3IIJIIICh TIIIIII'IHhie 'IepTbi rrpe):(-

HIIH MaKeAOHIIII c I!apcTBOM CeJieB-

BO):(IITeJIH HaeMHIIKOB, IICKaTeJIH IIpii-

Ka, 6hm rrpoB03rJiaiiieH I!apeM MaKe-

BOHHA.

KJIIO'IeHIIH, )Ka'lK,[(aBIIIero 6oraTCTBa,

iJ:OHIIII. 0):(HaKO, rrepBhiH )Ke y~J:ap

Me)f(,ay nmneMeRMIIT 111 CeneBKII1,a8-

BJiaCTII II IIO'IeCTeH.

CMeJI ero C IICTOpii'IeCKOH CI!eHhi.

Mfl1

280-279 rr. AAMACCKASI

nepa8R 1113 cep111111 aoi1H

KOHTPOflb

H8,a

C1!1p1!1ei1

EBPA3V1~-5JlV1>KHV1Vl BOCTOK 11 naneCTI1HOM. 0ToneMeM II, aTOPOM Cb!H 0ToneMefl I, HaHec nopa)l(eHI1e AHTI10XY I.

276-272 rr. nEPBAs:l Cli1Pii1171CKASI BOIIIHA. nmneMeM II aHoab no6e,D.I1n AHTI1oxa I, O,D.HoapeMeHHO OKKyn11poaaa Teppi1TOpl110 C0/03HI1Ka AHTI10Xa I, AHTI1rOHa, 11 cy6CI1,D.I1poaaa aTOp)l(eHI1e 011ppa 9nl1pCKOra a MaKe,D.OHI1/0 (274-273 rr.).

266-255 rr. COI03 AHTI/10XA I 1!1 AHTI!1rOHA nPOTI!1B nTOJlEMEs:lll. 0mneMeM cy6ci1,D.I1poaan aTop)l(eHI1e a MaKe,D.OHI1/0 co/03Hb/X ar:fJMHCKO-cnapTaHCKI1X, a TaK)I(e an11pcK11x c11n. CnapTaHLJ,bl 11 a¢mHf/He no,D. KOMaH,D.oaaHI1eM KpeMOHI1,D.a A¢mHcKoro noTepnenl1 nopa)l(eHI1e OT AHTI1rOHa a KpeMOHI1,D.CKOM aoMHe . CnapTa ablwna 113 aoMHbl nocne nopa)l(eHI1fl no,D. Kopi1HrpoM ( 265 r. ); 3aTeM Arpi1Hbl 6bml1 o6no)l(eHbl 11 nocne ,D.a yxneTHeM ocaIJ.bl c,D.anl1cb (262 r.). AneKcaHAP 9nl1pCKI1M (Cb/H 011ppa) ,D.0611nCf/ 6onbwero ycnexa, 3axaaTI1a 3Ha411TenbHYIO 4aCTb MaKe,D.OHI111 ( 263 r. ), HO a KOHLJ,e KOHLJ,Oa 6blfl 113rHaH AHTI1rOHOM (255 r.). l.fT06bl ,D.ep)l(aTb AHTI10Xa 3aHf/Tb/M C06CTaeHHb/MI1 npo6 neMaMI1 a ManoM A31111, 0To neMeM cy6ci1,D.I1poaan 9aMeHa, KOTOPbiM ycneWHO 3aW,I1TI1n He3aai1CI1MO CTb 0epraMa OT 11Mnepl111 CeneaKI1,D.Oa ( 263 r. ). AHTI10X ampr Cfl a C11p1110, Ha4aa Bmpy10 Cl1pi1MCKYIO aOMHy(260 r.). AHTI1raH HaHeC nopa)l(eHI1e 0 ToneMe/O a MopcKoM 611Tae y Koca (258 r.). 0pi13Haa Hey,D.a4y, 0ToneM eM 3aKn/0411n Ml1p (255 r.).

252-215 rr. XAOC B rPEL.I,I/11!1. lnaaHble co6b!TI1fl: BoMHa )J.eMeTpl1fl (238-229 rr.), KOTOpy!O)J.eMeTpi1M If MaKe,D.OHCKI1M c nepeMeHHbiM ycnexoM aen npoTI1a AxeMcKoro 11 9Toni1MCKoro co103o a. KneoMeH Ill Cna pTaHCKI1M pa3611n axeMu,ea (228-227 rr.); AHTI1raH Ill MaKe,D.oHCKI1M pa3rpoMI1n KneoMeHa a 611Tae np11 Cenacc1111 ( 222 r.) . B CI03HI14ecKoM aoMHe ( 219-217 rr.) C!J11n11nn V MaKe,D.OHCKI1M HaH ec nopa)l(eHI1e 3TOni1MLJ,aM.

250-227 rr. YnAAOK 1!1MnEPii11!1 CE11EBKI!1AOB. 5aKTpl1fl cTa n a He3aai1CI1Mb/M MaKe,D.OHCKI1M ro-

cy,D.apcTaoM (250 r.) no,D. anacTb/0 )1.110/J.OTa I. ApwaK I, aO)I(IJ.b CKI1cPCKI1X HOMa,D.Oa, KOHTp0n11poaan npoai1HLJ,I1/0 nap¢1110 (235 r.), KOTOPYIO pacw11p11n 3a C4eT aOCT04Hb/X 0Kpa11H 11Mnepl111 CeneaKI1,D.Oa. 9TI1 noTepl1 npOI1CTeKnl1 a 3Ha 411TenbHOM Mepe 113-3a Taro, 4TO CeneaK II ( 246-227 rr.) 6b!fl3aHf/T aTOp)l(eHI1eM a Cl1pl110 nmneMef/ Ill ( CM. Hl1)1(e) 11 rpa)/(,[],aHCKOM aoMHOM a ManoM A31111 ( npOTI1a caoero 6paTa, AHTI10Xa l11epaKca), a KOTOPYIO 6blfll1 TaK)I(e aoane4eHbl ranaTbl 11 nepraMLJ,bl. C noMOW.b/0 ranaTOa AHTI10X l11epaKC HaHec nopa)l(eHI1e CeneaKy no,D. AHKI1poM(coap. AHKapa, 236r.), HOAHTI10X 11 ranaTb/6blfll1 a Ca0/0 04epe,D.b acKope nocne aToro pa3611Tbl ArranoM I nepraMCKI1M (230-229 rr.). TpoH CeneaKcoxpaHI1n, O,D.HaKorocno,D.cTao a 3ana,D.HOM 4aCTI1 ManoM A31111 nepewno K nepraMy.

246-241 rr. TPETbs:l Cli1Pii1171CKASI BOIIIHA. nmneMeM Ill oTaoeaan C11p1110 11 66nbWYIO 4aCTb 10ra Ma noM A31111 y CeneaKa II, HeCMOTPfl Ha nopa)l(eHI1e, HaHeceHHoe eMy AHTI1roHoM a MopcKoM cpa)l(eHI111 y AH,D.poca (245 r.) .

224-221 rr. BOIIIHA ME>KAY nEPrAMOM 1!1 CE11EBKI!1AAMI!1. noHa4any Arran ,D.0611nCf/ ycnexoa, HO 3aTeM 6 b!n pa3611T HOab/M Genea KI1/],0M, 11MnepaTOpOM AHTI10XOM Iff 8eni1KI1M, KOTOpb!M aepHyn 6onb WYIO 4aCTb Ll,eHTpanbHOM ManoM A31111.

223-200 rr. B03BPALUEHI!1E CE11EBKI!1AOB. nocne no6e,D.bl Ha.D. 0epraMOM 11 no,D.aaneHI1fl aOCCTaHI1fl a MeconoTa MI111 (221 r.) AHTI10X Ill OKa3anCf/ aoane4eHHb/M a 6e3pe3ynbTaTHYIO lfeTaep-ry/0 Cl1pi1MCKYIO aoMHY c n mneMeeM IV (221-217 rr.); O,D.ep)l(aa HeCKOnbKO no6e,D., AHTI10X noTepnen nopa)l(eHI1e np11 Pa¢1111 (coap. Parpa; 217 r.) 11 OCTaal1n naneCTI1HY a pyKax Er11nTa. noTOM OH n o,D.a a11n cepbe3HOe aOCCTaHI1e a M a noM A31111(2 16 - 2 13 rr.), a 3aTeM nocaf!TI1n ace yc11n11f/ aOCCTaHOBneHI1/0 Moryw,ecTaa 11 Teppi1TOpl111 11Mnepl111, a 4eM3Ha411TenbHonpeycnen. OHHa Hec nopa)l(eHI1 e ApMeHI111 (212211 r r.), ab!HYJK,D.eHHOM a pe3ynbTaTe npi13HaTb rocn o,D.cTao CeneaKI1,D.Oa .

163

0ocne aOCCTaHOaneHI1fl KOHTpOnf/ Ha,D. MI1,D.I1eM ( 21 0 r.) OH aTOprCf/ a 0apcPI110 (209 r.) 11, pa3rpOMI1a apMI1/0 ApwaKa Ill a 611Tae np11 Ap11e, ab!HyA11n TOrO npi13HaTb CaOM C/03e p eHI1TeT. )J.anee OH aToprCf/ a 5aKTpl110, r,D.e nocne Tfl)l(enoM KaMnaHI111 ( 20820 6 rr.) ,D.o611ncf/ onpe,D.eneHHoro no,D.411HeHI1fl rpe4ecKoro npaai1Tenfl 9a¢11AeMa. 3aTeM oH npowen aHI13 no Te4eHI1/0 peKI1 Ka6yn AO caMora t1H,D.a 11, a03MO)I(HO, a 0eH,IJ.)I(a6. 803apaw,af/Cb a cao10 cTon11u,y, Cenearn10, oH npoaen ycnewHy/0 ,D.ecaHTHY/0 aKcne,D.11U.1110 no apa6cKoMy 6epery nepci1,D.CKoro 3an11aa Aflfl 3axaaTa lepXM ( coap. 5axpeMH, 205-204 rr.).

215-205 rr. nEPBAs:l MAKEAOHCKASI BOIIIHA. C!J11n11nn V Ma Ke,D.OHCKI1M 3aKn/0411n ,D.Oroaop C laHHI16an oM Kap¢areHCKI1M npoTI1a P11Ma 11 yrpo)l(an aTOpr HYTbCf/ a t1Ta nl110. npoTI1a MaKe,D.OHI111 P11M crpopMI1poaan C0/03, aKn /04aaWI1M 9TOni1MCKI1M C0/03 , 0epraM, 9 ni1,D.Y, MaHTI1He/O 11 CnapTy. K MaKe,D.OHI111 npl1coe,D.I1HI1nCfl AxeMCKI1M co/03, aOMCKaMI1 KOTOporo KOMaH,D.Oaan C!J11noneMeHa, nocne,D.HI1M 113 aeni1KI1xrpe4eCKI1xnonKoao,D.u,ea.0TcTa 11aaf/ a cpa)l(eHI1f/X C laHHI16anOM caoenpaaoHa cyw,ecTaoaaHI1e, P11M Mar co6paTb n11wb HeMHoro cyxonYTHbiX Cl1n, HO 3aTO nOMOr 3Ha411TenbHb/M rpnOTOM, KOTOpb!M o6ec ne411n C0/03HI1KaM npeaOCXO,D.CTaO Ha MOpe. 9 Ta aOMHa Hl14ero OKOH4aTenbHO He p ew11na, HO ab/f/ al1na 6ne CTf/W,ee KOMaH,D.OaaHI1e C!JI1nO neMeHa - era no6e,D.a np11 MaHTI1Hee(207r.) coKpyw11na Cnap-ry, 4eM cnoco6Hb!M u,apb 11 nonKoao,D.eu, Ma x aH11A 6blfl y 611T.

203-195 rr. ns:ITASI Cli1Pii1171CKASI BOlli HA. nocne aocxo)/(,[],eHI1f/ Ha er 11neTCKI1M TpOH HecoaepweHHOneTHero nmneMefl V ( 205 r.) A HTI10X /II 11 C!J11n11nn V 3aKn/0411nl1 ceKpeTHoe cornaweHI1e, 4T06 b! oTo6 paTb y 0 Ton eMeea ace 11x ana ,D.eHI1fl a naneCTI1He, Cl1pl111, ManoM A31111 11 Ha OCTpoaax 9 reMC KOro MOpf/. B naneCTI1He 11 Cl1pl111 AHTI1ox npeycnen - aeH4a lOW, eM no6e,D.oM 6b!na 611Taa np11 0aHI1yMe ( 198 r.). 0H acKope 3aHf/n ac/0 0aneCTI1HY 11 ,D.pyr11e ana,D.eHI1fl 0ToneMeea a C11-

BEK rl!1rAHTOB. 400-200 rr. ,o,o P. X.

164

L(hi JierKOll rreXOThi, TH)l{eJIOBOOpy)l{eHHOll II JierKOll KOHHIII1hi. EOJihiiiOe 3Ha'IeHIIe IIOJIY'J:IIJIO rrpiiMeHeHIIe 60eBhiX CJIOHOB. Pa3BIIBanach cTpOIITeJihHaH II oco6eHHO BOeHHaH TexHIIKa. CoBepIIIeHCTBOBanoch MeTaTeJihHOe opy)l{IIe. 113 3Toro BIIJJ:a opy)l{IIH rrpe)KJJ:e Bcero cneeycr OTMeTIITh raCTpacpcrycoBepiiieHCTBOBaHHhill MeTaJIJIII'IeCKIIll JiyK; L(JIH HaTHriiBaHIIH ero ryroli TeTIIBhi 6hiJIII II3o6peTeHhi crre1IIIaJihHhie rrpiiCIIOC06JieHIIH, IIMeBIIIIIe IIOJI3YH II CIIYCKOBOH KpiO'IOK; CTpeJia IIOMeiiiaJiaCh B CIIeiiiiaJihHOM

KaTanynbTa

)l{eJI06Ke, HarrpaBJIHBIIIeM ee IIOJieT. EoJihiiiOe BHIIMaHIIe yD:eJIHJIOCh co-

pl!ll!l, a Ta/OKe IOm-BocTO'IHY/0 ManyJO A31!110, 3a I!ICKflJO'IeHI!IeM KMnpa. cPI!Inl!lnny noae3no MeHbwe. B Manoi!t A31!11!1 oH nompnen nopa)(mHI!IR no/], nepraMOM - OT COCTapi!IBWeIOCR, HO BCe ell{e /],eRTeflbHOIO ATTafla 1- 1!1 PoJl,ocoM ( coJ03HI!IKI!I Erl!lnTa), a B 3rei!tCKOM MOpe B cpmKeH/11/11 y Xl!loca ( 20 1r.). ,lJ.o61!1TbcR peBaHWa OH He CMOI, nOCKOflbKY BCKOpe 6blfl BOBfle'leH B 11!16enbHYIO Bmpy10 MaKe/l,OHCKY/0 aoiiiHy c PMMOM (200-19611.}.

OTHOCHTCH TaK)l{e IJepraMCKOe IIap-

opy)l{eHIIIO TOpCIIHOBhiX ( OT JiaTIIH-

CTBO, PoD:OC II EocrropcKoe 1Iap-

CKOrO torsio -

CTBO .

6oJihiiiiiHCTBe 3TIIX ro-

«CKpy'IIIBaHIIe»)

MeTaTeJihHhiX MaiiiiiH, B KOTOphlX

cyD:apcTB yrrpaBJIHJIII IIOTOMKII rpe-

IICTO'IHIIKOM 3Hepriiii 6hiJIII rry'IKII

KO-MaKeL(OHCKIIX 3aBOeBaTeJiell II

yrrpyriiX TeTIIB, II3rOTOBJieHHhiX II3

CJIIIBIIIaHCH C HIIMII 'IaCTh MeCTHOll

cyXO)l{IIJIIIll )l{IIBOTHhiX IIJIII II3 )l{eH-

a3IIaTCKOll 3HaTII, BOCIIpiiHHBIIIaH

CKIIX BOJIOC. 0JJ:HIIM II3 BIIL(OB TOpCII-

o6hl'Iaii, HpaBhi II JJ:a)Ke H3hiK 3aBoe-

HOBhiX MeTaTeJihHhiX MaiiiiiH 6hiJI CTaHKOBhill JIYK IIJIII KaTaiiYJihTa . .lJ:JIH

BaTeneli.

B Ha'Iane 70-x rr. III B., T.

e . K KOH-

KaTarryJihThi rrpiiMeHHJIIICh CTpeJihi

IIY 6oph6hi JJ:IIaJJ:oxoB, He TOJihKO 3a-

L(JIIIHOH 44-185 CM ('Iaiiie BCero

KOH'IIIJICH B 06IIIIIX 'IepTaX rrpOI1eCC

o6pa30BaHIIH KpyrrHeHIIIIIX rocy-

HaH L(aJihHOCTh IIOJieTa CTpeJihi paB-

202-201 rr. B03BbiWEHif1E AXE171CKOrO COI03A. cPI!Inone-

JJ:apCTB 3JIJIIIHIICTII'IeCKOrO MIIpa -

HHJiaCh 300-400 M, HO Ha 3TOH L(II-

EriirrTa, 1IapcTBa CeneBKIIJJ:OB, MaKe-

CTaHI1IIII 3cpcpeKTIIBHOCTh CTpeJih6hi

MeH pa361!1n Ha61!1ca, Tl!lpaHa CnapTbl, a MecceH/111!1, a 3aTeM 1!1 a MopcKoiii 6/IITBe y Tere/11. K 3TOMY BpeMeH/11 BOeHHaR /],eRTeflbHOCTb /II /IICKYCCTBO C/J/IInoneMeHa npi!IBefl/11 AxeiiicKI!Ii!t co103 K aeJl,yll{eMy nono)((eH/1110 a lpeLJ,/111!1.

JJ:OHIIII, HO 0603Ha'IIIJIIICh y)l{e L(OCTa-

6hiJia He3Ha'IIITeJihHa; HaiiJIY'IIIIaH

BoeHHaH opraHH3aU:HH 3JIJIHHHCTHqecKHx rocy~apcTB • 1

eM) II BecoM D:O 1,5 Kr. ITpeJJ:eJih-

TO'IHO HCHO IIX B3aiiMOOTHOIIIeHIIH,

MeTKOCTh L(OCTIIraJiaCh rrpii CTpeJih-

BhiHBIIJIIICh IIX CIIJihHhle II CJia6hie CTO-

6e c 7 5-150 M. EhiJIII II3o6peTeHhi

pOHhi, HaMeTIIJIIICh KOHcpJIIIKThi, Bhi3hi-

rraJIIIHTOH -

BaBIIIIIe HOBbie, O)l{eCTO'IeHHhie CTOJI-

L(JIH MeTaHIIH KaMeHHhlX HL(ep MeHh-

6onee MeTKIIli rrpii6op

KHOBeHIIH.

IIIerO pa3Mepa II D:POTIIKOB, IIMeBIIIIIll

ITpiieMhi BeJJ:eHIIH BOHHhi B 3rroxy

rrpii6ophi JJ:JIH rrpiii1eJIIIBaHIIH, a TaK-

3JIJIIIHII3Ma CyiiieCTBeHHO II3MeHII-

)l{e IIOJIII60JI, aBTOMaTII'IeCKII 3apH-

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cpa)l{eHIIHx 3JIJIIIHIICTII'Ie-

)l{aBIIIIIHCH HOBhiMII CTpCJiaMII IIOCJIC Ka)KJJ:oro BhiCTpena.

pe3yJihTa-

cKoro BpeMeHII 06hl'IHO rrpiiHIIMaiOT

Te O)l{eCTO'IeHHOll Me)KJJ:Oyco6HOH

y'IaCTIIe KpyrrHhie CIIJihi: D:eCHTKII Thi-

113 TH)l{eJihiX MeTaTeJihHhiX MaiiiiiH

60ph6hi BOeHa'IaJihHIIKII MaKeL(OH-

CH'I TH)l{eJIOBOOpy)l{eHHhiX BOIIHOB-

IIIIIpOKO rrpiiMeHHJIIICh 6aJIJIIICThi II

CKOll apMIIII (JJ:IIaL(OXII) IIOL(eJIIIJIII

rreXOTIIHIIeB, MHOrO'IIICJieHHhie OTpH-

OHarphi, 6pOCaBIIIHe KaMHII, KaMeHHhie

Me)KJJ:Y co6oli 3aBoeBaHHhie TeppiiTOpiiii. TaK B03HIIKJIII 3JIJIIIHIICTII'IeCKIIe 1IapcTBa: EmrreT, rD:e YTBepJJ:IInach JJ:IIHaCTIIH I1ToJieMeeB, 1IapcTBO CeneBKIIJJ:OB B A3IIII, MaKeJJ:OHIIH.

K 3JIJIIIHIICTII'IeCKIIM rocyD:apcTBaM 1 3mmHH3M - rrepHOi1 B HCTopHH BocToqHoro Cpe)1H3eMHOMopbH, I1epe)1Heil A3HH H ITpHqepHoMopbH co BpeMeH 3aBoeBaHHH AJieKcaH)1pa MaKe)1oHcKoro (334-

324 rr. 110 P.X.) 110 30 r. oT P.X.

nonlll6on

EBPA3V1~-6nl!l>KHV1lll BOCTOK II CBIIHU:OBhie H):(pa B OCa'lK):(aeMyiO KperroCTh 1. KaMeHHhie HApa BecoM AO

Ha HIIX 60eBhiX 6aiiieH, B KOTO-

70 Kr MeTaJIIICh Ha ):(IICTaHU:IIIO 3QQ5QQ M. IIIIIpoKoe rrpiiMeHeHIIe IIMeJIII Mpa BeCOM 3,5 Kr, CTpeJih6a KOTOpbi-

MeTaTeJihHhie MaiiiiiHhi. KpoMe TOrO, Ha OCTpOBe PO):(OC 6hiJIII

MII 6hiJia Haii60Jiee 3<lJ<lJeKTIIBHOH.

IIIIIe 6pocaTh ropHIIIIIe ymii B

PacKOIIKII B IlepraMe o6HapyEIIJIII ap-

KOp3IIHaX Ha HeiipiiHTeJihCKIIe

ceHaJI, rAe 6hiJIII Hail:):(eHhi

894 HApa.

pbiX yCTaHaBJIIIBaJIIICh 60Jihiiiiie

cy~J:a.

B Ernme B III B. AO P.X. 6hiJI

OCa!J:HaH TexHIIKa. BoeHHhie IIH'lKeHe-

IIOCTpOeH KOpa6Jih, IIMeBIIIIIH

phi 3JIJIIIHIICTII'IeCKIIX rocy):(apCTB

):(Ba HOCa, ):(Be KOpMbi II BOCeMh

CTpOIIJIII CaMhie pa3H006pa3Hhie OCa):(-

npaHOB. BcJieA 3a 3TIIM ciipa-

Hhie MaiiiiiHhi: TapaHhi, BOpOHhi, Or-

KY3CKIIil: TIIpaH rrpiiKa3aJI rrocT-

pOMHhie IIO):(BII'lKHhie 6aiiiHII. Ilpii

poiiTh eiiie 6oJiee MOIIIHhiH KO-

'lKe Ha3BaHIIH B

305

pa6Jih. IlOHBIIJICH KOpa6Jih C

6hiJia

BOCeMhiO 6aiiiHHMII, BOOpy'lKeHHhiH

COOpyEeHa ):(eBHTII3Ta'lKHaH OCa):(HaH

KaTarryJihTOil:, 6pocaBIIIeil: 6oJihiiiiie

C 3TIIM rrpOIICXO):(IIJIO paC'IJieHeHIIe

50 M, Ha KOTOpOH IIO-

Mpa II KOIIhH. TeXHII'IeCKOe OCHaiiie-

TaKTII'IeCKIIX 3a):(a'I.

6aiiiHH BhiCOTOH

r. AO P.

0Harp

C03):(aHhi IIpii60phi, II03BOJIHB-

IIIIIpoKoe pa3BIITIIe rroJiy'IIIJia

OCa):(e ropo):(a PO):(OC Ha OCTpOBe TOrO

165

AJIH BHe3arrHhiX HaJieTOB. B CBH3II

MeiiiaJIOCh MHOrO MeTaTeJihHhiX Ma-

HIIe KOpa6JIH rrpOBO):(IIJIOCh ITO):( HeiiO-

<l>JIOT 3JIJIIIHIICTII'IeCKIIX rocy-

IIIIIH. C yCOBepiiieHCTBOBaHIIeM OCa):(-

cpe):(CTBeHHhiM pyKOBO!J:CTBOM Apxii-

):(apCTB 6hiJI MeHhiiie <lJJioTa rpe'Ie-

HhiX MaiiiiiH II pa3BIITIIeM OCa):(HOH

Me):(a.

TeXHIIKII B I(eJIOM rrepeCTpaiiBaJIIICh II YJIY'IIIIaJIIICh KperrocTHhie cTeHhi. .lJ:JIH xpaHeHIIH BOOpy'lKeHIIH II

CKIIX IIOJIIICOB. B COCTaB 3JIJIIIHIICTII-

Kopa6JIII-rnraHThi JIIIIIIh AeMOHCT-

'IeCKIIX 3CKa):(p pe):(KO BXO):(IIJIO 6oJiee

piipoBaJIII BOeHHO-MOpCKYIO MOIIIh

100

TOrO IIJIII IIHOrO 3JIJIIIHIICTII'IeCKOrO

HeBpiipOBaJIII, BhiiiOJIHHH CJIO'lKHhie IIOCTpOeHIIH KaK ):(0 Ha'IaJia 60H, TaK

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'IeHIIe IIMeJIII 60eBhie II TpaHCIIOpTHhie

II B xo):(e ero. OcHOBHhiM rrpiieMOM

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392 r. BTOPASI B0171HA C AHOHHCHEM. CMpaKysaM BHOBb co-

347 r. AOrOBOP C PHMOM.

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CKHj;i <l>JIOT, a Kap<t>areHCKOe BOj;!CKO

CTparerHJI ArrupoKJia He o6ecne-

oc~aJio CHpaey3J>I. 0,ll.HaKo Ara-

qHJia pa3rpoMa Kap<PareHa, TaK KaK

60 KO-

cHpaey3liHaM He y.LI.aJiocJ> C03,ll.aTJ> B

<PoKJiy y.LI.aJiocJ> nocap,HTJ> Ha pa6Jiej;i

14 ThiCJiq

BOHHOB H Bhlj;!TH B

A<PpHKe npoqHhlj;i AHTHKap<PareH-

OTKphiToe Mope. Kap<pareHcKHj;i <l>JIOT

CKHj;i COI03. 0,ll.HOj;i H3np1RHH, MeiiiaB-

npecJie,ll.OBaJI CHpaey3JIH, HO HM BCe

IIIej;i C03,ll.aHHIO TaKOrO COI03a, 6h1Jla

*e Ha IIIecToj;i ,ll.eHJ> YAaJIOCJ> Bhlca-

BeJIHKO,ll.ep)KaBHaJI llOJIHTHKaArru}>oK-

AHThCJI BA<l>pHKe. Arru}>oKJI no6y.LI.HJI

Jia, 061>JIBHBIIIero ce6JI ruppHKaHCKHM

CBOHX BOHHOB C)KeqJ> KOpa6JIH, HaKO-

uapeM.

TOp1>1X OHM npH6J>mH, ~061>1 HCKJIIO-

B nepBoj;i noJIOBHHe III B.,ll.oP.X.

278-276 rr. BOlitHA C nliiPPOM. B Ha'-/ane cneJJ.YIOll.leiii eoiiiHbJ CMpaKy3bJ npM3BanM Ha noMOll.lb nMppa 3nMpCKOTO, Bfl8/J,eBwero /0)1(HOiii VfTanMeiii C TeX nop, K8K H8HeCf/ nop8)1(eHMe PMMY, nMpp M3TH8fl KapcpareHfiH, oca)I(IJ.aBwMx CMPBKY3bl. B l..lenoM oH 6bm no6eJJ.MTeneM, HO OK838nCfl He B COCTOf/HMM M3TH8Tb KapcpareHf/H M3 MXyKpenneHMiii B 3ana/J,HOiii M l..JeHTpanbHoiii CMI..lMflMM. KapcpareH38K!I/O'-IMn c PMMOM HacTynaTenbHo-o6opoHMTenbHbliii co103 npOTMB nMppa (277 r.). nMpp, KOTOpbliii, B03MO%HO, M MOT 38BOeB8Tb CMI..lMflM/0, eepHyncR e l1TanMIO, '-IT06bJ BCTpeTIIITb PMMCKY/0 yrpo3y.

264-241 rr. nEPBAS1 nYHIIIlfECKAS1 BOlitHA. KapcpareH ycTy-

qHTh BC.llKYIO MhiCJII> 06 OTC'I)'UJieHHH.

Kap<PareHy YAaJIOCJ> yTBep,ll.HTJ>CJI B

nMn CmmnM/0 PMMY.

C 'reX nop Bhlpa:>KeHHe «CJKe% KOpa6-

3HaqHTeJIJ>Hoj;i qacTH CHI.IHJIHH H

JIH» CTaJIO HapHI.IaTeJII>HhiM H 03Haqa-

o6ecneqHTJ> noJIHoe rocno,ll.CTBO B 3a-

241-237 rr. 803BbiWEHIIIE rAMIIIJlbKAPA. BoT maBHble co6bJ-

eT HCKJIIOqeHHe B03MO)KHOCTH OTC'I)'ll-

nap,Hoj;i qacTH Cpe,ll.H3eMHoro MOpli.

JieHHli.

Hoy Kap<PareHJIH noJIBHJICJI 6oJiee ce-

TMfl M npO/..leCCbl 3TMX neT: nonMTM'-/eCKOe COnepHM'-/eCTBO raMMflbK8p8

BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X.

172

BoeJmru~ opraBD3~ Kap1>am~a. CocTas H opraHH3auHJI Kap<J:>areHcKoro BO~CKa OIIpe.LI,eJIJIJIHCh 3KOHOMHqeCKHMH B03MOlKHOCTJIMH, 06IUeCTBeHHhlM H IIOJIHTHqecKHM ycTpO~CTBOM Kap<J:>areHa. 0AHHM H3CJie.LJ,CTBH~ pa3-

BHTO~ TOprOBJIH 6h1JIO HaJIHqHe y Kap<J:>areHcKoro rrpasH'reJihCTBa 6oJihliiHX .LJ,eHeJKHhlX cpe.LJ,CTB, KOTOphle paCXO.LJ,OBaJIHCh Ha IIOCTpo~ey H CO.LJ,epJKaHHe <J:>JIOTa H Ha CO.LJ,epJKaHHe HaeMHHKOB B cyxorryTHOM BO~CKe. ITo cBoeMy cocTaBy 3TO 6hlJio HaeMHoe BO~CKO . .H,zl.poM Kap<J:>areH CKOro BO~CKa 6hlJia IIeliiaJI CBJIIUeHHaJIAPY'A<HHa, B KOTOpo~ CJIYJKHJia Kap<J:>areHCKaJI 3HaTh, rOTOBJICh K BoeHHO~AeJI'reJlhHOCTH. B CBJImeHHO~APYJKHHe rrpoXO.LJ,HJIH B0eHHYIO

IIO.LJ,roTOBKY 6yn;yiUHe BoeHaqaJihHHKH Kap<J:>areHcKoro Bo~cKa. HeKOTOphle 6oraThle rp~aHe CJI)'JKHJIH B TIDKeJio~ bapKM, repo~ nepeownyHM4eCKOW

nonyocrpoea K 10ry or peK Taxo M

KOHHHUe, COCTaBJillSI O'IJJ,eJihHhl~ OTpJJA.

BOWHbl, M raHHOH8, npOCJI8BMBWero-

36po. TeM epeMeHeM raHHOH eep-

EcJIH ropo,ey yrpoJKaJia HerrocpeACT-

c~ CBOMMM no6e,aaMM H811. HYMMJ1MW-

HYfl ce6e nOJIMTM4eCKY/O BJI8CTb B

BeHHaJI OIIaCHOCTh, o6JI3aHhl 6h1JIH BO-

/..l8MM M MaBpMTBH/..lBMM B Al/>PMKe.

Kaplf>areHe.

OpYJKHThCJI Bee rp~aHe, crroco6Hhie

bYHT H8eMHMKOB (Bb/3B8HHbJW He-

228-221 rr. rACAPY6AJ1

cpaJKaThC.ll. 3TO yBeJIHqHBaJIO Bo~cKo ,!1,0 40 ThiC.lJq neliiHX H ThiC.siqH KOHHhlX

Bblnfi8TOW nOJIO)I(eHHbJX MM ,aeHer M

6APKAB ~CnAH~~.

48CTM4HO MHCnMpMpOB8HHbJW HeyMe-

Kapa, rac,apy6aJI, 38KpenMJI 38BOe-

Jlb/M

B8HM~ M 38KJI/04MJIJ10TOBOp C PMMOM,

BTOpo~ cocTaBHO~ qacThiO Kap<J:>a-

no KOTOPOMY npM3H8B8JI8Cb BJI8CTb

reHcKoro Bo~cKa 6h1JIH OTPJJAhl, BhiC-

Kaplf>areHa H8J1 BCeMM TeppMTOpM-

TaBJIJIBWHecJI 3aBHCHMhlMH a<J:>pHKaH-

PYKOBOJ1CTBOM

raHHOHa)

ecnbJXHYfl no.a MeTO. M~Te)I(HMKM 4MCJIOM ,ao 25 Tb/C~4 -

OC8.f1MJIM

Kaplf>areH (238 r.). KoMaH.aoearb Kaplf>areHCKOW apMMeW 6blfl npM-

3~b raMMflb-

~MM K lOry OT peKM 36po.

BOHHOB.

CKHMH IIJieMeHaMH H COI03HHKaMH.

221 r. Y6~li'ICTBO fACAPY6A-

3B8H raMMJibK8p. bflaro,aap~ 6nec-

J1A.

f_JapeM Kaplf>areHa CT8JI raHHM-

Ha,qelKHOCTh 3THX OTpJJAOB orrpe.LJ,eJIJIJiach noJIH~ecKo~ o6cTaHOBKO~. Co-

T~J..UeW YfiOBKe, OH BbJBefl M3 ropo,aa 10 Tb/C~4 qeJIOBeK M pa36MJI M~Te)l(足

6an bapKa (247-183 rr.), Cb/H ra-

I03HHKH H 3aBHCHMhle IIJieMeHa qacTO

HMKOB B 6MTBe npM YTMKe. BcKope

o6pamaJIH cBoe opyJKHe rrpOTHB Kap-

MMJibKapa.

<J:>areHa.

nocne 3Toro oH 38MBHMJI B 3aca.ay M

r AHHHEAJI yqacTBOBaJI B BoeH-

pa36MJI ,apyry/0 M~Te)I(HY/0 apMM/0

HhlX Ka:tvtnaHHJIX OTUa, IIOJIKOBO.LJ,Ua

HaH6oJiee 6oecnoco6HyiO qacn Kap-

oKono TyHeca ( coep. TyHMC). 3ro

IlepBO~ IlyHHqecKO~ BO~Hhl, a3aTeM

<J:>areHcKoro Bo~cKa. Bep6oBIUHKaMH

noJIO)I(MJIO KOHel..l M~Te)l(}l. Tenepb ra-

csoero rnypHHa fac.LJ,py6ana, B

MMJibKap CT8JI npM3H8HHbJM BO)I(J1eM

AOP.X. KOMaHAOBaJI KOHHHUe~.

225 r.

HaeMHHKH cocTaBJIJIJIH masHyiO H

6h1JIH IIpe.LI,CTaBHTeJIH Kap<J:>areHCKOrO CeHaTa, HaiipaBJIJIBliiHeCJI B pa3JIHq-

Kaplf>areHa.

Hhle CTPaHhl H 3aKJIIOqaBWHe c rrJieMeH-

238 r. YCTYnKA

CAPA~H~~

P~MY.

221-219 rr.

fAHH~6AJ1

YK-

HhlMH BO)K,!\JIMH .LJ,OroBOphl, OIIpe.LJ,eJI.liBliiHe qHCJIO BOHHOB, .LJ,eHeJKHOe

3ABOEBAH~E

npoee.a~ .aee ycneWHbJe K8Mn8HMM npOTMB B8p-

~CnAH~~. 4ro6bJ KOMneHCMpo-

B8PCKMX nfleMeH BO BHeWHMX perM-

6oBaJIHCh HaeMHHKH cpe.LJ,H HeiiOKO-

B8Tb norepu CMI..lMfiMM M Cap,aMHMM

OH8X M pacnpOCTPBHMB BJI8CTb f<ap-

peHHhiX nJieMeH A<J:>pHKH, Ha IlHpe-

237-228 rr.

PEnJlSlET BJlACTb.

JKaJIOBaHhe HM H cpoK cJiyJK6hl. Bep-

M OCHOB8Tb 6a3y ,all~ HeM36e)I(HOW

lf>areHB Ha ceeep .ao peKM JJ.ypuc,

He~cKoM IIOJIYOCTpOBe, B faJIJIHH,

cne,ayJOJ..Uew eowHbJ c PMMOM, ra-

raHHM6an 38XB8TMJI C0/03Hb/W PMMY

ilTaJIHH, fpeUHH H Ha ocTposax Cpe-

MMflbKap peWMJI 38BOeB8Tb Vfcna-

nopTOBbJW ropo,a CaryHT ( COBp. Ca-

AH3eMHoro MOp.ll.

HM/0. Ha6paB apMM/0- B OCHOBHOM,

ryHTO), e,aMHCTBeHHY/0 reppMTOPM/0

Kap<J:>areHcKoe Bo~cKo cocTOJIJio

H8 CBOM C06CTBeHHbJe ,aeHbTM -

K lOry OT peKM 36po, KOTOpa~ OTBep-

H3 IIeXOThl, KOHHHUhl, 6oeBhlX KOJieC-

nepe,a CMepTb/0 paCWMPMfl CeTb

rana Kaplf>areHcKoe rocno.acreo. 3ro

HHU H 6oeBhlX CJIOHOB. CBJIIUeHHaJI

Kaplf>areHCKMX onopHbJX nyHKTOB B

YCKOPMJIO H848JIO Bropow nyHM4e-

APYJKHHa 6hlJia BoopyJKeHa AJIHHHhl-

l16epMM, 38BOeB8B 66JibWY/O 48CTb

CKOW BOWHbl.

MH KOIIhJIMH. A<J:>pHKaHCKHe rrJieMeHa

173

Ll,EHTPAJlbHOE CPE)J.II13EMHOMOPbE BhlCTaBmiJIH xoporno o6yqeHHYIO JierK)'IO KOHHHUY (HYMH,LJ,HnCKa.SI KOHHHua), soopyiKeHHYIO APOTHKaMH H Me'IaMH. H6epHncKHe nJieMeHa,LJ,aBaJIH TJiiKeJiyiO nexory H TJiiKeJiyiO KOHHHuy; H6epHnuhl 6blJIH soopyiKeHbi

ycnen e 9TIIIX eoiiiHax 111 pacnpocrpaHIIIn CB0/0 Bfl8CTb H8 6onbWY/O 48CTb Cm.tlllnllllll.

C!11paKy3bl cran111 ee.ayweiii c111noiii Ben111Koiii /peJ..l!ll/11111 cj>aKT!I14eCKIII ecero I..J,eHrpanbHoro Cpe,a!l13eMHOMOPbfl. )J,IIIOHIIICIIIiii COKPYWIIIfl VfTanllliiiCK}f/0 nwy e 6111ree np111 3nnenope (389 r.). 366-344 rr. XAOC. Ha npoTf!)l(eH/11111 6onee .aeyx .aecf!TMnerMiii nocne cMepT/11 )J,MOHIIIC!IIfl e C!llpaJ<Y38X 111 e rpe4eCKIIIX rocy.aapcreax C!lll..llllflllllll J..lapcreoean xaoc. Bocnonb30BBBWIIICb MOMeHTOM, Kapcj>areH B03Bp8TIIIfl ce6e MHOr!lle 1113 TeppiiiTOplllfii, OT06paHHb/X )J,IIIOHIIIC!IIeM. nopfl,aOK B C!llp8KY38X 6b!n BOCCT8HOBneH fl!IIWb np111 B03Bb/WeHII1111 .apyroro Bbl,aaJOwerocf! rocy.aapcreeHHoro .aef!renfl- TMMoneoHa.

390-379 rr. 3ABOEBAH&IIE A&il OH &IIC&il EM 10 )f(H 0'-'1 &!ITAJl &11&11.

344-339 rr. BO'-'!Hbl T&iiMOJlEOHA C KAP<t>AfEHOM.

BEJIHKMI rPEQH.H (CHQHJIH.H H IO)KHMI HTAJIH.H) 400-264 22. iJo P. X.

60JibillHMH Me<JaMH, KOTOpbiMH MOiKHO 6blJIO KOJIOTb H py6HTb. raJIJibl llOCTaBJlliJIH neXOTHHUeB, BOopyJKeHHblX Me<JaMH, KOTOpbiMH MOiKHO 6blJIO TOJibKO py6HTb. HaBaJieapcKHX ocTpoBax rep6osaJIHCb OTJIH'IHhle nparnHHKH, MeTaBillHe h'li.MHH H He60JibillHe CBHHUOBble H,LJ,pa. B

ueJioM Kap$areHcKoe soncKo

xapaKrepHO CBOHM pa3HOpO,Ll,HhlM COCTaBOM, B 3TOM 3aKJIIO'IaJiaCb ero CJia60CTb. Ho, no CJIOBaM IIoJIH6HH, HaJIH<JHe pa3HOllJieMeHHblX HaeMHHKOB Kap$areH.siHe C'IHTaJIH llOJIOiKHTeJibHbiM MOMeHTOM. ITo HX MHeHHIO, BOH-

405-367 rr. UAPCTBOBAH&IIE A&IIOH&IIC&ils:l, T&IIPAHA C&IIPAKY3. )J,06!11BWII1Cb Bfl8CTII1, )J,IIIOHII1CII1fii 38KOH4111fl eoiiiHy c Kapcj>areHoM (404 r.), 3areM pacwMpllln enacrb C111paKY3 Ha.a coce.aHMMIII pemoHaMIII (403-400 rr.).

398-367 rr. BO'-'!Hbl C KAP<t>AfEHOM. B 111rore )J,MOHIIICMiii npe-

Hhl, roBOpHBillHe Ha HellOH.liTHOM,Ll,pyr ,Ll,pyry .ll3hlKe, He MOryTopraHH30BaTb

Cl1 PAKY~lbl

3arosop, soccTaHHe HJIH H3MeHy. OA-

HaKO H KOMaH,LJ,OBaHHe TaKHM BoncKOM 6blJIO,LJ,eJIOM HeJierKHM.

llpeaHeliwaR "aCTb ropo!la

~"" D

PacwHpeHHe ropo4a

a VI

AO P .X.

PacwHpetH1e r opona 8 480- .470 rr.ao P .X.

Kap$areHHHaM YAaJIOCb co3J{aTb CHJlbHbln $JIOT, KOTOpbln 3aBOeBaJI

PacwHpeHHe ropoAa nocne 430 r . no P .X.

rocno,LJ,CTBO B 3ana,LJ,Hon qacTH CpeAH3eMHoro MopH. Kap<PareHCKHn $JIOT

0 . . . - CreHa llHOHHC HR I

HaC'IHTbiBaJI He MeHee 3 50 TpeXnaJiy6HblX H ll.liTHllaJiy6HblX KOpa6Jien. rpe6UaMH 6blJIH pa6bl, COCTaBJI.liBillHe 3

3KHnaiKa. Ma1pOCbi H ,LJ,ecaHTHhle

01pHAhl Ha6HpaJIHCb H3 HaeMHHKOB. Bo $mYre CJIYiKHJIH MHOrHe Kap$areHCKHe rpaJ£91.aHe, qero He 6blJIO B cyxonYT-

~~, __ --

HOMBoncKe.

IIpe,LJ,cTaBH'reJIH OJIHrapxHH B03-

0JUtiUOII -

rJiaBJIHJIH $JioT H soncKo. EAHHoro KOMaH,LJ,OBaHH.ll He 6blJIO. JlHillb B pe,LJ,KHX CJIY'Ia.SIX KOMaH,LJ,OBaHHe $JIOTOM

ll()EIIIII.IE.ilE I1 CTBIH! J3 PAiiiOHF. CIIPAI\}'3 B nEP110!l. nE,10 flOIIHECCKOA BOilHbl

'•31 404 ..... .110 P.x.

H soncKoM o61>e,LJ,HHHJIOCb AJIH perneHHH o-rneJibHhlX 3a,LJ,a<J. IIoJIKOBOAUhl HaxOAHJIHCb noA oneKon Co BeTa «eTa <JeTbipex», pyKoBOAHBrnero XOAOM soeHHhlX ,LJ,encTBHn H3 Kap$areHa, 'ITO OTpHUaTeJibHO CKa3blBaJIOCb Ha XO,LJ,e BOnHbl. Boeson nopSI)l.oK Kap<PareHcKoro BOn CKa 06bl'IH 0 COCTO.liJI H3 TpeX 'laCren: npasoro H JieBoro KpbiJibeB (Hy-

HanpasneHHR .ae»crev.f!:

MH,LJ,HnCKa.SI KOHHHUa) H rJiaBHblX CHJI, COCTaBJlliBillHX UeHTp (Bee OCTaJibHble soncKa). BaJieapcKHe npaiUHHKH pacChlllaJIHCb Bnepe,LJ,H, npHKpbiBa.SI BeCb 6oeson nopHAOK.

----<>

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B nft c ~. 3Xcn e nHUHOMHOR apM ~1H H

fllnora A!)l~<HCKoro MOPCKOro COIOJa

- ·-

Bone•

COIOJa

<Pnora nenonOHHeCCKoro

4=:::: Hanpa8nCHHR

neAcrsHA pHMCKoA

==~ apMIIH 11 ¢nora ~ ~elic rsH• •ap$areHcKoro $nora

Ocana H HopcKaR 6no•aaa CHpal<yJ puMna Ha MH s

213-211 rr.

BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X.

174

338-330 rr. rPE'"IECKASI VIHTEPBEHLI,VISI B VITAnVIVI. Boi!tHa

Ha'lanl!lcb pacnpl!l. 0/l,Ha cjJpaKU,I!IR MaMepTI!IHU,e8 np1!138ana Ha no-

6080i!t aTaKoi!t. Enam/],apR 3TOMY

Me)f(/],y /IITaflbRHCK/IIM/11 rpeKaM/11 /II

MOU{b PI!IM, Jl.PYiaR 80338ana K Kap-

MaHe8py /],e8RT/IIfleTHRR OCa/],a IOpO-

/IITafl/IIKaM/11 ( CaMH/IITaM/11, nyKaHU,a-

cjJaleHy (265 1.). PI!IMCKI!Ie 8oi!tcKa

/],a 3aKOH'II!Inacb nonHoi!t no6e/l,oi!t.

M/11, yM6pMi!tu,aMI!I) 8 /O)f(HOi!t IITTan/111!1

6blfll!l ell{e 8 nyT/11, KOI/l,a KapcjJa1eH

390 r. nEPBOE KEnbTCKOE BTQP}I(EHVIE. KenbTbl(l!ln/11 1annb1)

cnopa/l,WieCK/11 wna

Ha'lana 8eKa.

KaK CaM OT8fleKan /!IX 8H/IIMaH/IIe fl0-

y)f(e npl!lcnan 3Kcne/l,I!IU,I!IOHHbli!t

/peK/11 o6pall{anl!lcb 3a noMOU{b/0 K

Kopnyc, 6e3 npoMe/],neHI!Ii!t cTa8-

Ml!llpl!lp08afl/ll 8 /],Ofli!IHY peK/11 no

cnapTaHcKoMy u,ap10 Apxi!IMe/l,y

WI!Ii!t 8 MeccaHe lapH1!130HOM 1!13ax-

( OKOflO 400 1.), pacnpOCTpaH/118-

cMepTI!I- K

8aT/118WI!Ii!t OKpeCTHOCT/11. 3TO no-

W/IICb no A/J,pl!laT/II'IeCKOMY no6epe-

AneKCaH/],py 3nl!lpCKOMY, /II 8 TOM,

Cfl}')f(/llflO n080/],0M K Half any nep80i!t

)f(b/O Ha 101 Jl.O peK/11 33/IIC ( co8p.

/II 8Jl.PYIOM cny'lae He 8CTpe'laR OT-

nyH/II'IeCKOi!t 80MHbl.

peKa 33/IIHO). BTOpiWI!ICb 8 L/,eHT-

(338 1.), a nocne

Ka3a.

panbHY/0 IITTafl/1110, OH/11 onycTOW/11-

334-330 rr. KAMnAHVIVI AnEKCAHAPA 3nVIPCKOrO.

fl/11 66nbWYIO 'laCTb 3Tpyp1!11!1, Ha-

B IITTan/1110

HeCfl/11 pewi!ITenbHoe nopa)f(eHI!Ie

PIIM 400-200 u. oo P.X

AneKcaHJl.P npl!lwen, 'IT06bl noMO'Ib TapeHTU,aM npOT/118 nyKaHU,e8, 6pYT-

pi!IMCKoi!t apMI!I/11 8 61!1T8e Ha peKe Aflfl/11/11 (390 1.). 3aTeM OH/11 Xflb/Hy-

T/IIe8 /II CaMH/IIT08. 0H 8CTynl!lfl 8 co103

c PI!IMOM npoT/118 caMHI!IT08,

fl/11 HenocpeJ1.CT8eHHO 8 PI!IM, 3ax8a-

3asoesaHueHranuu 405-265 rr. ,qo P.X.

noTepnen nopa)f(eHI!Ie /II no11!16 8 61!1T-

T/118 8eCb IOP0/1,, KpOMe KpenOCT/11 Ha Kani!ITOnl!li!tCKOM xonMe. C/Jypl!li!t Ka-

8e np/11 naH/],OC/11/11 (331 1.). AneKcaH/],p 3nl!lpCKI!Ii!t npi!IX0/1,/IIflCR /],R/],ei!t

MI!Inn, 8H08b np1!138aHHbli!t /1,/IIKTaTO-

405-396 rr. BOHHA C BEHSI-

pOM, co6pan 8 npl!lnela/011{/IIX pai!t-

AneKcaHJl.PY MaKe/],oHcKoMy; pac-

MVI.

cKa3b/8a/OT, 6y/l,TO, nony'l/118 He3a-

/113 CX8aTOK Be'IH0/0 IOpO/],a He Ha

/aflfl08 CMOI, TOflbKO 3annaT/118

Jl.Ofl/O /],0 CMepT/11 /1138eCT/IIR 0 6nec-

)f(/113Hb, a Ha CMepTb OCa)f(/],a/Oll{aR

KpynHbli!t 8b1Kyn. Cnopa/1,/ll'leCK/IIe

nocne T0/0 KaK 8 ami!t nep8oi!t

oHax apM/1110, HO /1136a8/IITbCR OT

TRU{/IIX no6e/],aX nneMRHH/IIKa Ha/],

pi!IMCKaR apMI!IR 6b!na pa361!1Ta no/1,

KeflbTCK/IIe pei!J/],bl 8 L/,eHTpaflbHY/0

nepcaM/11, OH 3aMeT/IIfl, 'ITO TOT cpa-

CTeHaM/11 Bei!t/11, /1,/IIKTaTOpOM ( 8 nep-

IITTan/1110 npo/l,Ofl)f(anl!lcb ell{e Ha

)f(aflCR C)f(eHU{/IIHaM/11, TO//],a KaK eMy

8bli!t /113 nRT/11 pa3) 6blfl Ha3Ha'leH

npom)f(eH/11/11 nony8eKa.

CaMOMY npi!IX0/1,/IITCR 80e8aTb C M}')f(-

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pi!ITb 3all{I!ITHI!IKaM Bei!t/11 8 Tblfl, TOI/l,a

HIIe CeMII MeCHI!eB II KOTOphiH, CO-

317 r. B03BbiWEHVIE ArA<l>OKnA.

OH 8H08b ycTaH08/IIfl 8 Cl!l-

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311-306 rr. BOHHAArA<l>OKnA C KAP<l>ArEHOM. 302 r. ArA<l>OKn BTOPrAETCSI B IO>KHYIO VITAnVIIO. npe/],npi!IHRTbli!t no npocb6e TapeHTa noxa/], 8 /O)f(HY/0 IITTan/1110 npoT/118 1!1Tafli!IK08 He np1!18efl K O/],H03Ha'IHOMY ycnexy.

282-275 rr. nVIPP B IQ}I(HQH VITAnVIVI VI B CVIU,VInVIVI. 0Kono 275 r. MAMEPTVIHU,bl. nocne cMepTI!I A1acjJoKna 1pynna /IITaflbRHCK/IIX HaeMH/IIK08 80CCTana npOT/118 e/O npeeMH/IIKa, IMepoHa

Cl!lpaKy3cKom. 3TI!I Ha-

eMH/IIK/11, Ha3b/8aeMb/e MaMepTI!IHU,aM/11, T.e., 8 nepe8o/],e

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D 11m r.-:-1

TeppHTOpHR PHMa, pHMCKHe KOAOHHH

AaTHHCKHe KOAOHHH

291

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CoKpa.J,geHH.II:

Ha Mope. B /!IX 6onee l!lfl/11 MeHee pelynRpHoi!t 80i!tHe nepe8ec

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CoJO::IHH'lecKHe o61£HHbl

B.- BeMJmpw 494,

I"-1•-Mp,uo.•" 298, H.-Hop6a 492, mer 383, C;;-CtmllR 382, Cur;-Cuuut.ll 495, Cym.-

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50 1

100 !

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389-343 rr. 3KCnAHCL1s:l B JlAU.L"'VI. bbJcrpo onpaBMBWMCb or KenbTCKoro HanaJJ.eHM~, PMM Ha'-lan CBOM Bfl8JJ.eHM~ BO BCeX HanpaBneHM~X B fla~Me M /O)I(HOW 3rpypMM. 4JypMft KaMMnn OKOH'-IarenbHO ycrpaHMn yrpo3y co cTOpoHbJ 3KBOB M BOflbCKOB, nonHOCTb/0 pa3rpoMMB o6a nneMeHM (389 r.). MHorMe 3aBoeBaHHbJe ropoJJ.a 6bmM npMH~bl K8K C0/03HMKM Bf18TMHCK}I/O paCWMp~Tb

KOHcpe.tJ.epa~M/0, B03maBn~eMy/O

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367 r. BTOPOE KEJlbTCKOE BTOP)I(EH L"'E. 4JypMft KaMMnn,

362-345 rr. BOCCTAHL"'E JlATL"'HOB. Orcro~Tb cBoe rocnoJJ.CTBO

CaMHHTCKH~ BOHH

B perMoHe PMMY YJJ.anocb c 6onbWMM TPY!J.OM.

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343-341 rr. nEPBAs:l CAMHL"'TCKAs:l BOVIHA. /opoJJ.a KaMnaHMM npM3B8flM PMM H8 nOMOUlb npoTMB BOMHCTBeHHbiX C8MHMTCKMX ropHbJX nneMeH. MapK BanepM£1 KopByc Bbmrpan 6MTBY npM rope lop (342 r.), HO nOKOPMTb C8MHMTOB OK83anC~ 6eccMneH. 0JJ.HBKO cpaKTM'-/eCKM£1 nporeKTopar HaJJ. KaMnaHMe£1 PMM ycraHOBMn.

340-338 rr. JlATL"'HCKAs:l BOVIHA. 0JJ.HO BpeM~ BoccraHMe fl8TMHCKMX C0/03HMKOB M KOflOHMW, K KoropoMy npMcoeJJ.MHMnacb KaMnaHM~, yrpo)l(ano onpoKMHYTb PMM. K C'-IBCTb/0 JJ.n~ Hero, caMHMTbJ 6bJnM 38H~Tbl BOWHOW c MT8flb~H CKMMMrpeK8MM(CM. BbJWe). B 6MTBe npM Be3yBMM (339 r.) neBoe KpblflO PMMCKOW apMMM nOll. KOM8H!J.OB8HMeM KOHCyna ny6nM~ ,[le~M~ Myca 6bmo pa36Mro. 4ro6bJ o6ecne'-ll1Tb OTCTynneHl1e OCT8TKOB apMMM nOJJ. KOM8HJJ.OB8HMeM BTOporo KOHcyna, T.MaHnM~ TopKB8T8, ny6flMW ,lle~M£1 Myc HaMepeHHO no)l(eprBoBan co6oft B 6e3HaJJ.e)I(HOft

- M BHa'-lane OJJ.ep)I(MBanl1 Bepx. 3areM OHM norepnenM nopa)l(eHMe npM flayryne (316 r.), HO BbmrpanM BB)I(HY/0 6MTBY npM KMyHe (315 r.). nocrpoftKa AnnMeBOW!J.Oporn ( 312 r.) JJ.ana PMMY npeMMYll.lecrBo B opraHM38~l1M CH86)1(eHM~ 8PMl1M, KOTOpoe n03BOfll1flO M3rH8Tb C8MHMTOB M3 KaMnaHMM. BcKope 3TO 6bmo KOMneHCMPOB8HO BCTynneHMeM B BOWHY npoTMB PMMa ceBepHbJX 3TpycKoB (311 r.). 3rpycKM norepnenM nop8)1(eHMe B 6MrBe npM o3epe Ba!J.MMo(310r.) orK.4Ja6M~ PynnMaHa M 6bJnM BbJHy)I(IJ.eHbl 38K!I/O'-Il1Tb Ml1p (308 r.). TeM BpeMeHeM fl.nanMpM£1 Kypcop OJJ.ep)l(an no6eJJ.y HaJJ. caMHl1T8Ml1B ropaxHa /Ore(309 r.). TorJJ.B yM6pbJ, nM~eHbl M M8PCbl (MT8flb~HCKl1e nneMeHa, 06MT8BWMe H8 /Oro-Bocro'-IHbJX CK!IOHax AneHHMH) npMCOeJJ.MHMflMCb K C8MHMT8M (308 r.). PMM nocnan nporMB 3TMX H8PO!J.OB cyxonyTHbJe M MOpCKMe 3KCneJJ.l1~MM- nepBOe MCnOflb30B8Hl1e PMMfl~H8MM MOpCKl1X CMfl BA/J.pM8TMKe. KoHcynbJ M. 4JynbBl1fl M fl. nocTyMMW no6eJJ.MflM C8MHMTOB B pewMrenbHo£1 6MrBe 3Toft BOWHbJ npM 6oBMaHe (305 r.). BcKope Bee BparM PMMa 6bmM BbiHYJKJJ.eHbJ 38K!I/0'-IMTb Ml1P (304 r.). on~Tb

pl1Mn~He on~rb

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175

327-304 rr. BTOPAs:l CAMHL"'TCKAs:l BOVIHA. noHa'-lany (327-322 rr.) OJJ.ep)I(MBa~ Bepx, BnocneJJ.CTBMM PMM HecKonbKO pa3 nOJJ.P~IJ. OK83b/B8flC~ 6nM30K K pa3rpOMY. noll. KOM8H!J.OB8Hl1eM KOHCyflOB CnypM~ nocryMM~ M T. BeHTyPM~ KanbBMHM~ PMMCKa~ apMM~

norepnena nopa)l(eHMe or laBM~ noHTM~, a B 6MTBe B KaBJJ.MHCKOM Yll.lenbe (321 r.) BbJHY)I(JJ.eHa 6bma CJJ.BTbC~. PMM comacMnc~ Ha KparKOBpeMeHHbJft MMp ( MflM nepeMMpMe) H8 O'-leHb HeBblrOJJ.HbiXIJ.fl~ ce6~ ycnoBM~x. Pe3ynbraroM npoMrpaHHo£1 no CYTM JJ.ena BOWHbl ~BMfl8Cb nonHa~ peopraHM38~M~ pMMCKo£1 BOeHHOW CMCTeMbl. BoftHa BCKOpe

CaMHHTCKH~ acaAHHK

176

BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X.

298-290 rr. TPETbSl CAMH""TCKASl BO"'HA. nepBoHa~anb

,aeHraroM B 6uTBe npu AKBunoHuu (293 r:). B npM3HaHMe ux .n.o6necru CaMHUTaM 6blfl0 n03BOfleHO BOWTM B COCTaB pUMCKOW KOH<j>e.n.epaJ..lUU CKOpee KaK C0/03HUKaM, ~eM KaK BaccanaM PuMa.

Hble ycneXM CaMHMTOB, OtJ.ep)l(aBWUX no6e.n.y HaP. f1Yl..lUeM Cl..lMnMOHOM npu KaMapuHe, BP.OXHOBunu 9TPYCKOBnpMCOeP.UHUTbC~KHOBOMY

285-282 rr. BOCCTAH""E 3TPYCKOB"" fAJlJlOB. A1McKa~ ap-

aHTUPUMCKOMY C0/03y; rannbl M YM6pbl TaK)I(e npMCOeP.UHUflUCb K CaMHMTaM B pewa10mei16uTBe npu CeHTMHMM (295 r.). PMMfl~He no.n. KOMaHP.OBaHMeM <1>a6u~ PynnuaHa U ny6nu~ .ael..lU~ Myca ( Cb/Ha repo~ J1arMHCKoi1 BOWHbl) HaHecnu nopa)l(eHue 06beP.UHeHHOW apMUU 9TpycKOB, rannoB U CaMHUTOB. KaK M ero OTel..l, _ael..lUW C03HaTeflbHO nO)KepTBOBan )I(U3Hbl0, KOTP.aXO.ll. 6MTBb/ Ha~an CKflOH~TbC~ B nOflb3Y npOTMBHUKa; cnnOTMBWMCb, ero fl/O.ll.U o.n.ep)l(anu nonHy/0 no6e.n.y. rannbl, yM6pbl M 9TPYCKM 3aK!I/O~UflU MUp, HO CaMHUTb/ npO.lJ.Ofl)l(aflU BOWHY B re~eHue eme HecKonbKUX ner, noKa He 6bmM pa36MTbl MaHueM KypueM

MU~ no.n. Ha~anoM flyl..lu~ Kacunnu~

6bma YHM~TO)I(eHa rannaMu npu AppeJ..lUU(coBp. ApeJ..ll..lO, 285r:), HocoBMecTHoe BTOp)l(eHUe 9TPYCKOB U rannoB 6blfl0 OTp8)1(eHO n.KopHenueM ,aona6ennoi1 ceBepHee PuMa, no.n.ne o3epa Ba.n.uMo (283 r.). nocne.n.Hee 9TPYCCKOe conpOTMBfleHUe 6bmo no.n.aBneHo y ropo.n.a nonynoHuu(282 r.).

281-272 rr. BO"'HA C n""PPuMcKa~ 9KcnaHcu~ B /O)I(HY/0 t1ranu10 BcrpeBO)I(Una TapeHr, KoroPbllli o6b~BMn PMMY BOWHY u npM3Ban Ha noMomb 9nUpCKOTO /..lap~ nuppa. npu6b/B B /O)I(HY/0 VfTanM/0 C apMue/li, HaC~UTb/BaBwe/li OKOflO 20 Tb/C~~ neXOTbl, opraHU30BaHHOW <j>anaHraMU MaKe.n.oHcKoro runa, u 6onee ~eM c 3 TbiC~~aMu <j>eccanullicKolli u 9nupcKoi1 KOHHU/..lbl, nupp BCKOpe CTan

POM.

nHpp (319-272 rr. AO P.X.}, "apb MO· nocco8. npoHCXOAHn H3 "apcmro poAa 3aKHA08. C297 r. pp P.X. npa8HleJlb 3nHpa, 8 287-284 rr. AO P.X."apb MaKeAOHHH. B 281-275 rr. AO P.X. 8010eT 8 l1TanHH VI Ha CH"HnHH, A83JKAbl no6e:>KA39T pHMnSIH, H3HOCHT PSIA nopaJKeHHj;i KaP<f>areHSIH3M. noTepne8 HeyAa"fy nOA nHnHGeeM, 8038pa'"aen:st 8 l1TanHIO, HO, He AO· 6H8WHCb no6eAbl H3A pHMnSIH3MH npH 6eHe8eHTe, 8 275 r. AO P.X. noKHAaeT AneHHHHCKHj;i nonyocTpo8. no 8038pa'"eHHH 8 3nHp 8CTYnHn 8 6opb6y C AHTHFOHOM roH3TOM, H3Hec nopaJKeHHe cnapTaH"aM. Bo 8peMst noxoAa 8 nenonoHHec norHG 8 Go10

PHMCKHe 80HHbl. <l>parMeHTbl anTapst AoMH"HSI Areno6ap6a

<j>aKTU~eCKUM X03~UHOM rpe~eCKUX

ropo.n.oB /O)I(HOIIi t1ranuu.

280 r. 6""TBA nP"" fEPAKJlEE (""Jl"" HA PEKE C""P""C). PuMcKoe BOWCKO no.n. KOMaHP.OBaHMeM ny6nu~ Banepu~ flaBUHM~ Hac~MTbJBano oKono 35 Tb/C~~ ~enoBeK. Ynuppa 6blfl0 oKono 30 Tb/C~~ ~enoBeK. nocne )l(ecroKolli ce~u nupp pa3yMHbiM npuMeHeHMeM CflOHOB, KOTOpbiX pUMfl~ He HMKor.n.a npe)l(.lJ.e He Bcrpe~anu, o6parun B 6erCTBO PMMCK}'/0 KaBanepU/0. 3areM oH B 6onbWOM 6ecnoP~P.Ke ororHan o6paTHo, 3a Cupuc, pMMCKY/0 nexory. PMMn~He norep~ nu OT CeMU .ll.O n~TU Tb/C~~ ~enoBeK y6MTb/MU; nupp - OT ~eTbJpex .ll.O OP.UHHaP.l..laTU Tb/C~~. roBOpfiT, 6y.n.TO J..lapb 9nUpOTOB CKa3an: «Eme o.n.Ha raKa~ no6e.n.a, M fl nponan». npu6nU3UBWUCb K PuMy, nupp nony~un o~epe.n.Hoe .n.oKa3arenbCTBO ynopCTBa ero HOBb/X BparOB M flOflflbHOCTU K HMM UX C0/03HUKOB KOTP.a Y3Han, ~TO PMMCKO-C0/03HU~eCKaf/ apMU~ MP.eT eMy HaBCTpe~y. OH orcrynun B /O)I(HY/0 t1ranu10, r.n.e Ha6pan 60flbWYIO apMU/0, OKO-

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70 TbiCRLJ

177

LJeno8eK, 8Kfl/OLJaR caM-

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a Ta/OKe rpeK08.

MO)KHOCTh C03):(aTh Ha):(e)KHYIO ITOJili-

279 r. 5VITBA nPVI ACKYnYME.

Tli'IeCKYIO 6a3y IT06y):(liJia I!apH-

PMMCKMe KOHcynbl Kai!i C/Ja6pM-

KOH):(OThepa ITPli3HaTh BOil:Hy 6ec-

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BCHKOM CJiy'Iae pliMJIHHe, HeCMOTpH

)f(e LJMCneHHOCT/11, '-ITO /11 y n111ppa,

Ha pHA ITopa)KeHrril:, OAep)KaJirr ITo6e-

npown/11 Ha 101, K Anyn111111, 8CTpeT/118

AY, rr 3Toro 6hmo AOCTaTO'IHO, 'IT0-

n111ppa OKOnO nMU,eHCK0/0 IOpO/],a

6hi BOCITpeiTHTCTBOBaTh IJrrppy B C0-

AcKynyMa ( co8p. AcKonM). nep8bli!i

3):(aHlili 60JihiiiOH ):(ep)KaBhi, OTKy):(a

/],eHb /1,8YX/l,He8HOM 6MT8bl H/11'-/e/0 He

OH 'IepiTaJI 6hi cpe):(CTBa ):(JIH ITpO):(OJI-

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)KeHliH 6oph6hi. He C03AaB TaKoil:

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6a3hi B caMoil: 1-hanrrrr, a OITrrpaHCh

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caH):(pa BenrrKoro; ITOJiaraHCh Ha Bhi-

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272-265 rr. OEibE,Q,VIHEHVIE VITAnVIVI. nocne 83RTMR PeiMR( co8p. PeJl,)f(O-Jl,M-Kana6pMR, 270 I.) 111 OKOH-

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278-276 rr. nVIPP B CVIU,VInVIVI.

BaBIIIero HaA 1-ITanrreil: ropo):(a-

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275 r. 5VITBA nPVI 5EHEBEH-

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HliHX KpeiTKOH ):(liCIIliiTJiliHlipOBaHHOH

TE. BcKope no 8038pai..IJ,eHMM 1113 CM-

raHrr3a!Irreil: BOeHHoro ):lena. 0Aep)KaB

apMrrrr. PrrMCKaH apMrrH ITpeACTaBJIH-

u,Mn/11111 n111pp 8CTpeTMn /l,PYIY/0 PMM-

He OAHY ITo6eAy Ha ITOJie cpa)KeHrrH,

na C060H HapO):(HOe OITOJI'IeHlie li KOM-

CKY/0 apM/1110 no/], KOMaH/],08aH/11eM

IJrrpp BCe )Ke ):(OJI)KeH 6hm OTKa3aThCH

ITJieKTOBaJiaCh ITyTeM Ha6opa rpa)K-

Ill 8H08b

OT BOHHhi. Mbi He 3HaeM, ITOHeC Jili OH

):(aH, Ha'IrrHaH c 17-JieTHero B03pacTa.

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B KOHI!e KOHI!OB ):(eHCTBliTeJihHOe TaK-

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H/1110 M3-3a pacLJeTn/1180/0 npMMeHe-

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B apMlili, CT<DK BOeHHOH CJiy)K6hi 6hiJI

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3a 3TMM nocne/],o8ana

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306

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BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X.

178

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JiaHTbi, TO 06b!'iHO np!!BO,!{I!Mb!J;i 3KBI!BaJieHT B

4 MIIJIJIIIOHa

,!{OJIJiapoB Ka)!(eTCll CJIIIWKOM

H e3Ha'ii!TeJibHblM.

meHHblit soitHoit Kap<}>areH B

.X.

241

BhlHY)l(,!J,eH 6b1JI 3aKJIIOqHTh

MHp. YcJIOBHJI 3TOro MHpa 61>IJIH Bblro,qHhi.DlfJI pHMJIJIH: Kap<}>areHJIHe o6JI3aJIHCh oqHcTHTh CHuHJIHIO H Bhl)l.aTh scex rrJieHHblX, a TaJOKe yrrJiaTHTh PHMY KpyrrHyro ,qeHe)f(HYIO KOHTpH6yl.IHIO. IIepBaJI IIyHHqecKaJI soitHa, xoTJI H oKoHqHJiach rro6e,qoit PHMa, He peiiiHJia OCHOBHOrO BOIIpoca- 0 IIOJIHTHqecKOM H 3KOHOl\-!HqecKOM rocIT 0,[{CTBe B 3 aiia)l.H OM C pe,qH3eMH OMOphe, IIOCKOJlhf-'Y 3KOHOJI.1HqecKaJI H B0eHHO-IIOJIHTHqecKaJI MOlllhKap<)>areHa He 6blJia CJIOMJieHa.

ME.iK,llY BOHHAMH 241-219 22. iJo P.X. 238 r. 3AXBAT Pl-'IMJlSIHAMl-'1 CAPAl-'!Hl-'ll-'1. Gecnopfl,aKM, eo~a PMBWMec>~ B Cap,aMHMM M3-38 M>!Te)1(8 KapcpareHCKMX HBeMHMKOB, npMBenM K PMMCKOW MHTepBeH~MM. HecKonbKO ner pMMCKMe eowcKa 6bJnM 38H>!Tbl YCMMpeHMeM .4MKMX nneMeH Cap,aMHMM. 235 r. Ml-'IP. BnepBbJe 38 BC/0 nMCbMeHHY/0 MCTOPM/0 Be'IHoro ropo.aa .aeepM xpaMa >lHyca, ecer.aa OTKpb!TbJe, KOr,aa PMM npe6bJB8n B COCTO>IHMM BOWHbl, 6bJnM 38Kpb!Tbl.

229-228 rr. nEPBASI l-'!JlJll-'1Pl-'I~CKASI BO~HA. rpe'leCKMe rocy,aapcrea nonpocMnM y PMMa noMOLUM

B no.aaeneHMM WlfiMPMWCKoro nMparCTB8 B A,apMBTMKe. PMMCKMW nocon, HanpaB!IeHHb/W KO ,aBopy l..IBPM/..Ibl l1nnMpMM, TeyrbJ, 6bm y6Mr. PMMCK8>1 apMMfl BCKOpe COKPYWMna l1nnMpMIO.

225-222 rr. BTOP)I(EHl-'IE fAJlJlOB B U.EHTPAJlbHYIO l-'ITAJll-'110. raJIJibl o,aep)I(BnM no6e,ay npM

247-242 rr. fAMl-'!JlbKAP 6APKA KOMAHAYET B 3AnAAHO~ Cl-'IU.l-'!Jll-'ll-'1. Ha npoTR)I(eHMM nfiTM neT OH ycneWHO 0Tp8)1(8n BCe PMMCKMe nonbJTKM 38XB8T8 KapcpareHCKMX Kpenocrew, yMeHMeM M M306perarenbHOCTb/O KOMneHCMPYfl TBKTM'IeCKOe npeBOCXO,aCTBO nerMOHB. He BCTpe'-18>1 cepbe3HOTO PMMCKOIO COnpOTMBneHMfl HB MOpe, OH

KPYTIHAH rro6e,qa pHMCKoro <}>JIOTIL B CpiDKeHHH IIpH 3raTCKHX OC-

rnaAHyc. CoapeMeHH3H peKOHCTPYK14HH

$ecynax(225r.). 3areM pMMCKMeapMMM no,a KOM8HJ10B8HMeM 3MMnMfl nanMfl M Ka>i ArMnM>I Peryna HBHecnM MM nopa)l(eHMe B 6MTBe npM TenaMoHe, croMewew, npae.aa, Peryny )I(M3HM. rannbJ norep>~nM 40 TbJCfl'l y6MTbJMM, 10 Tb/Cf/'1 nonanM B nneH M nMWb OKOnO 10 Tb/Cf/'1 'lenoBeK OTCT}'nMnM H8CeBe~PMMnf/Henpecne,aOBBnMMX

BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X.

184

fl!t1H!t1!t1 KOMMYH!t1K8~!t1M, KOTOpb!e

.ao ,l10JI!t1Hb/ peK!t1 no, r.ae M8pK Kn8B-

'-ITO TeM C8Mb/M, B03MO)I(HO, Bb/30-

.amli M8p~enn Bbl!t11P8fl 6!t1TBY np!t1

BeT BOMHY c PMMOM: B TP8.L1!t1~!t1RX

CBR%YT ero c t1cn8H!t1ee1, !t1 38Kn8/l.bi-

CBOero

B8R nepe,aoBb/e 683bl B CeBepHoet

Kn8CT!t14!t1!t1 ( coBp. K8CTe.a>KO,

222 r.).

219 r. BTOPASf ~J1Jl~PVII71CKASf BOliiiHA. 48Pb CKep,a!t1n8i1,a8

OT~8

OH MCT!t1JI 38 nop8)1(e-

H!t1e B nepBOM nyH!t1'-/eCKOM BOMHe.

t1T8fl!t1!t1. OH nn8H!t1POB8fl H86p8Tb

P!t1M noTpe60B8JI CHRT!t1fl OC8,l1b/ !t1

no.aKpenneHMR cpe,a!t1 BOMHCTBeH-

P!t1MJIRH H8 ewe

Bb/,l18'-l!t1 r8HH!t168JI8. K8pcp8reH OTK8-

HbiX KeflbTCK!t1X nneMeH, HeH8B!t1,l1eB-

O.L1HY K8p8TeflbHYJO 9KCne,a!t1~!t110, KO-

38fl; PMM o6bRB!t1n BOC1Hy. nocne

W!t1X PMM. 3a.o.8BW!t1Cb ~enbJO BbiHY-

TOP8R OKOH'-18TeflbHO no,a8B!t1JI8 !t1JI-

BOCbM!t1MeCR'-IHOM OC8/l,b/ r8HH!t168JI

,a!t1Tb PMM K BOC1He H8 ,aB8 cppoHT8,

fl!t1p!t1C1~eB.

B3WI CaryHT WTYPMOM. 0THb/He ero

OH H8'-18JI neperOBOpbl !t1 C c1>!t1JI!t1n-

!t16ep!t1MCK8fl 6838 npe6b/B8fl8 B 6e-

noM

30n8CHOCT!t1, !t1 OH 6b/JI IOTOB np!t1CTy-

CR'-1 '-leJIOBeK no,a H8'-18JIOM CBOero

cnpOBO~!t1pOB8fl

BTOPAH IIYHifqECKAH BOHHA 219-202 22. iJo P. X. 219 r. OCA,Q.A CAfYHTA.

n!t1Tb K

pe8JI!t138~!t1!t1

0Kono

20 Tb/-

6p8T8 r8c,apy68JI8 OH H8MepeB8JI-

!t1.L1YW!t1X !t1 TW8TeflbHO npo,ayM8HHb/X

Cfl ocT8B!t1Tb B t1cn8H!t1!t1, o6ecne'-l!t1-

CTP8Tel!t1'-leCK!t1X nn8HOB.

B8R TeM C8Mb/M H8,l1e)I(Hb/M Tb/JI.

218 r. nJlAH

r8H-

CBO!t1X ,l18JieKO

V M8Ke,aoHCK!t1M.

fAHH~6AJ1A.

4T06bl p!t1MCK!t1M KOHTPOflb H8/l, MO-

rAHHHBAJI, OAHH H3 BeJIH<Jait-

PRM!t1 He MOl eMy BOCnpenRTCTBO-

IIIHX IIOJIKOBO.LJ,U:eB gpeBHOCTH, HeCOM-

H!t16an, Cb/H r8M!t1JibK8p8 b8pK!t1, no-

B8Tb, r8HH!t168JI 38/l.YM8JI npoBeCT!t1

HeHHO, 6hiJI BbJAaiOI.Ue~Cil JIH'IHOCThlO.

Tpe60B8JI no,a'-l!t1HeH!t1R CaryHT8, co-

8PM!t1JO !t13 t1cn8H!t1!t1 no cywe -

OH o6Jia,n.aJI TaK)f(e He3ayp11AHhl-

'-!e-

J03Horo PMMY rpe'-lecKoro ropo,a8,

pe3 /O)I(HY/0 r8flfl!t110 !t1 Anbnbl B ,ao-

MH CIIOC06HOCTIIMH IIOJIHTH<JeCKOrO

e,a!t1HCTBeHHOIO MeCT8 B t1Cn8H!t1!t1 K

fl!t1HY no. OH }')Ke Bb/CJI8JI TY.L18 npe.a-

geiiTeJiil H AHIIJIOMaTa. HaMeqeHHbi~

10ry oT 96po, He np!t13H8JOWero Bf18-

CT8B!t1Tenee1, '-IT06bl o6ecne'-l!t1Tb

.L1bl'-lecTB8 K8pcp8reH8. Kor,a8 C8ryHT

ce6e coJ03H!t1KOB B Tp8HC8flbn!t1H-

HM IIJiaH 6opb6hl C PHMOM 6blJI He TOJibKO BoeHHblM IIJiaHOM, HO H IIOJIH-

OTBepr 9TO Tpe60B8H!t1e, r8HH!t168JI

cKoC1 Mi.J!t138Jibn!t1HCKOM r 8JIJI!t1!t1, o6ec-

TH<JeCKO~ rrporpaMMO~, paCC'IHTaH-

HeMe,aneHHO OC8,l1!t1JI ero, nOH!t1M8R,

ne'-l!t1B8R T8K!t1M o6p830M H8,ae)I(Hb/e

HO~ Ha HCIIOJib30BaHHe IIpOTHBOpe-

BTOPAR nYHH4ECKAR 80 HA ~ '--"

•

rpaHHpt P MMCKHX B A•AeHHA IC H4'1a.Ay 8TOpOJI nyHH'ItCKOA BOJIHtJ&

r - 1 8Aa,leHHJI

Kap~reHa a; Ha'faAy eTopoJI

L___J nyMM'ttCKOI BOJIHbl

~ AelkTBHR pHMCKHX oollcK -

·· -

n oxO.<bl faHHllc;.,.o (

218- 202 rr. )

• .....,. Hanpa.a.AeHMe nox.oAOB facApy6aAa " Ma· t OH3

Mec-ra n A4Tbl KpynHblx no6eA X 'l07 PHMAAH

0 206 •••••• ; •• ._.)

®211 tcapcpareHRH

Ocubl

ropOAOB (< AOTOMH)

pKMAJIMafiCH

0 218

Kapqta tCHJlHIN'H

TeppHTOpHH, aax.n'leBHble PHNOM a peI JAbT&Te

100

BO~Utll

100

p J(

~·

U.EHTPAnbHOE CPE)J,V13EMHOMOPbE

185

IIOKOpeHHhiMII liM IITaJIIIHCKIIMII 06-

HoS16pb 218 r. 5111TBA HA TliiU,IIIHE(cosp. Ti11LJV1HO)./aHHM6an6blfl

IIIIIHaMII. CneAyeT TaK)Ke OTMeTIITh,

HaCTOflbKO)f(e nopa)f(eH npMCYTCTBIIT-

'iliff Me)I{):(y PIIMCKIIM rocy):(apCTBOM II

'ITO faHHII6aJI 6hm rrpeKpaCHhiM Op-

eM Cu,MnMoHa, HaCKOflbKO pMMCKMi!t

raHII3aTOpOM II, ITO CBII):(eTeJihCTBY

KOHCYfl -

):(peBHIIX IICTOpiiKOB, IIOJih30BaJICH IIC-

10 HaCTynneHIITR. npMHRB KOMaH/],y

KJIIO'IIITeJihHhiM aBTOpiiTeTOM II rrorry-

Ha/1, apMMei!t MaHnMR, noTpenaHHoi!t

6b/CTpOTOi!t KapcjJa/eHCK0-

B 3aKOHLJII1BWei!JCR nopa)f(BHIITBM He-

JIHpHOCThiO B CBOIIX BOHCKaX.

/],aBHei!t 6MTBe

218 r. PIIIMCKIIIE nnAHbl. KoH-

rannaMM, Cu,111n111oH

KII1HYflCRHaBCTpeLJy/aHHI!16anyKpeKe

cyn TMT CeMnpoHMi!t ao maae 3Kcne-

TMU,MH -

Jl.II1LJ,fi10HHO/O KOpnyca npMMepHO B

na/1, ( coap. no).

30 Tb/CR'-1 LJBflOBBK Ha 80 KOpa6nRX

wei!t LJaCTb/0 olpaHMLJeHHOM /],ei!tcT-

/],Ofl)f(BH 6blfl BTOpf"HYTbCR B Acj)p1!1K}' 111 aTaKOBaTb KapcjJareH; KOHcyn ny6fll!1i!t KopHenMi!t Cu,111n111oH

ceaepHoMy npMTOKY peKM

cpa)f(eHMM, 6onb-

BIITRMIIT KaBanep1!11!1, p1!1MflRHe 6blflfl1

raHHI16an. Kap<l>areHCKaSI MOHeTa

pa361!1Tbl, a Cu,111n111oH paHeH.

AeKa6pb 218 r. 5111TBA nPiil TPE55Iillil (cosp. Tpe66111s:1). Y3HaB o

cao111M

6paTOM IHeeM KopHenMeM Cu,MnMoHOM /],Ofl)f(Hbl6blflfl1 BTOpf"HYTbCR B /11c-

aepceTTe. 0TLJaRBWII1Cb nepexaa-

noRaneHMIIT laHHM6ana, CeMnpoHMi!t

naH1!110, pacnonaraR apMMei!t LJMcneH-

TIITTb /aHHI!16ana, Cu,MnfiTOH C Maflb/-

MopeM, LJepe3A/l,pMaTMK}', nepe6po-

HOCTb/0 OKOflO 26 Tb/CR'-1 LJBflOBBK 111

MIIT Cl!1flaMI!1 3acneWI!1fl B/],Oflb 6epe-

cMn 66nbWYIO LJaCTb caoei!t apMMIIT 1113

cjJnoTOM 1113 60 Kopa6nei!t; npemp J7y-

ra a CeaepHy/0 IITTanM/0, ocHOBHY/0

CI!1U,fl1flfl1111 B /],Oflii1HY no, Ha COB/],1!1He-

CB0/0 apMIIT/0 OTnpaBIITB no/], KOMaH-

HI!1e

Tb/CRLJaMIIT LJBflOBBK /],Ofl)f(BH 6blfl OX-

/],OBaHIITBM 6pam a IITcnaHM/0.

IOJl.apR Ha6opy, npoae/],eHHOMycpe-

paHRTb L1,1113aflbnfi1HCKYIO /aflflfiT/0,

0KTSI6pb 218 r. nEPEXOA '"IEPE3 Anbnbl. Xom anbnMi!tCKMe ne-

/1,111/annoa, yaenMLJMn cao10 apMM/0 Jl.O

C/],Bp)f(1!1BaR 6ecnOKOMHb/X KBflbTOB, noKa KOHCYflbCKIITe apM1!1111 6YJ1.YT 3a-

peaanbl6blflfl1 }/)KB 3aHeCeHbl CHBIOM,

poHMR HanacTb, ¢opc111pyR Tpe6611110

HRTbl KapcjJareHRHaMIIT. P111MflRHe He

BOMCKO /aHHI!16ana np0/],8111/aflOCb

(aonpeKM coBeTY Cu,MnMoHa).

o nnaHMpyeMoM BTOp-

anepe/1,. MHom fl/0/l,ei!t 111 )f(fiTBOTHbiX

BpeMR KaK CaM /aHHI!16an KOHTpaTa-

U,Mi!t MaHnMi!t npM6nM31!1TenbHO

no/],o3peaanM

Cu,MnMOHOM. laHHM6an, 6na-

30 TbiCRLJ LJenoaeK, no6y/l,Mn CeMn-

)f(BHII1111 laHHM6ana.

nOII!16flO 1!13-3a XOflO/],a, MHO/Me no-

KOBan npOMOKWIITX p1!1MflRH, He60flb-

MapT-IIIIOHb 218 r. '"IEPE3 nliiPEHEIII. nepei!t/l,R 36po ao maae

11!16fl1!1, npeO/],OfleBaR HB0)/(1!1/],aHHO

WOi!t OTPR/1, KaBanep1!11!1 111 neXOTbl no/],

RpOCTHOe conpOTIITBflBHIITB IOPCKIITX

KOMaH/l,OBaHMeM

npMMepHO 90 Tb/CR'-1 LJBflOBBK, /aHHII1-

nneMeH. /1,onMHbl no laHHM6an Jl.OC-

cnpRTaHHbli!t a noll{MHe aaepx no Te-

6pam MamHa,

6an nOKOpiiTfl CTpaHy, flB)f(all.{y/0 K lOry

TIITI, pacnona/aR flfi1Wb 2 Tb/CRLJaMIIT

LJeHM/0 peKM, y/l,apMn pMMflRHaM ao

OT nMpeHeeB. 3/l,BCb OH OCTaBIITfl

neXOTbl, 6 Tb/CRLJaMIIT KaBanep1!11!1 111

cjJnaHI 111 a Tblfl. /113 pMMCKoi!t apMMIIT

CIITflbHbli!t rapH1!130H 111 IITCKfl/OLJIITfl 1113

HBCKOflbKIITMIIT CflOHaMIIT.

LJIITCflBHHOCTb/0 40 Tb/CR'-1 LJBflOBBK

cocmaa caoei!t apMMIIT acex fl/0/l,ei!t, HenpMIOJl.HbiXKJl.flMTenbHoi!t noneaoi!t

B lann11110 oH aowen Mec 50 TbiCRLJaMM LJenoaeK ne-

KaMnaHMIIT. Hee LJeM

XOTbl, 9 Tb/CRLJaMIIT KOHHIITLI,bl 111 npMMepHO 80 6oeBb/Mfl1 CflOHaMIIT.

lil10nb-OKTSI6pb 218 r. '"IEPE3 rAnnliiiO. Xom a noxo/],e oH 111 BCTpeTMn HBKOTOpoe conpOTIITBflBHIITB ( oco6eHHO np111 nepenpaae LJepe3 PoHy), O/l,HaKo a u,enoM Mapw LJepe3 lann11110 6nam/],apR aenMKonenHoi!t npe/],BapiiTTBflbHOi!t n0/1,/0TOBKe OKa3aflCR 6biCTPbiM 111 nerKMM. Y3HaB o6 3TOM Jl.BIIT)f(BHII1111, Cu,111n111oH

caoei!t

apMMei!t B Ha/],B)/(/],8 OTBflBLfb Kapcj)aIBHRH

Bb/Ca/],1!1flCR B

MaCCII1flfl1111

( coap. Mapcenb). Ho laHHM6an, LJT06bl 1!136e)f(aTb noMex, }')Ke caepHyn Ha ceaep, aaepx no Jl.OflMHe POHbl, nnaHMPYR nepei!JTIIT Anbnbl B my6111He cTpaHbl, B03MO)f(HO, a Tpa-

nepenpaBa BOHCK raHHI16ana 4epe3 peKy PoHy. C rpaBIOPbl XX B.

186

BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X. eM KOTOporo 6blfl0 OKOflO

20 TbJCR'l 'lenoeeK B ApMII1HII1111 (coep. P111MII1H111). KoHcynbCKII1e apMII1111 6nOKII1POean111 o6e rnaBHbJe .aopor111, ee.ay11.1111e B 4eHrpanbHYIO t1ranii1/0 111 Ha P111M.

MapT-anpenb 217 r. HACTYnllEHif1E B UEHTPAJlbHYIO lf1TAJllf110. CoeepwaR nepBb/W B 111CTOPII1111 C03HarenbHb/W o6xo.n,HOW MaHeBp, (aHHII16an BO maBe npii1MepHO 40 Tb/CR'l 'leflOBeK COBepWII1fl He0)1(111,D,aHHb/W nepexo.a 'lepe3 3aHeceHHbJe cHeroM AneHHII1HCKII1e nepeBanbJ ceeepHee reHyll1, npowen Ha lOT B,D,Oflb MOPCKOTO 6epera 111 3a 'leTbJpe .n,HR ¢opc111poean ronKII1e 6onora B noftMe peKII1 ApH ( COBp. 60£:1 Ha peKe Tpe66HR B 218 r. AO P.X. ApHo), C'lii1TaBwll1eCRHenpoXO,D,II1Mb/MII1 BO BpeMR BeCeHHero nayueneno ecero 10 TbJC~N npopeaeBO,D,Ka. nocnewaR .aanbwe, oH BCKOWII1XCR 'lepe3 Kap<f>areHCKII1W LteHrp; pe oKono Knycii1R ( coep. Kb/03111) OCTBnbHb/e 6blflll1 nepe6111Tb/. norepll1 (aHHII16ana, B03MO)I(HO, npeB30W.aocr111r .aopor111 P111M - Apper111ft, 111, TaKII1M o6pa30M, OKa3aflCfl Me)I(,D,y flll1 5 Tb/CR'l 'lenoBeK. 218 r. lf1CnAHif1S1. TeM epeMePII1MCKII1MII1 apMII1RMII1 111 111X CTOfl111Ltefl. (Bo BpeMR 3TOTO Tpy.n,HOTO Mapwa HeM (Heft Cu111n111oH BbJca.a111ncR B t1cnaHII1111, ceeepHee peKII1 36po, 111 (aHHII16an BCfle,D,CTBII1e 111H</>eKLtii10HHaHec nopa)l(eHII1e Kap<f>areHRHaM, HOTO 386oneBaHII1R noTepRn 3peHII1e Ha O,D,II1H ma3.) nneHII1B (aHHOHa 1 111KOHTPOflii1PYR OTHb/He BeCb perii10H Me)l(l1y 36po 111 n111peHeRMII1.

Anpenb 217 r. 61f1TBA Y TPA31f1MEHCKOfO 03EPA. YnpRMbiW 4JnaMII1HII1W, Cflii1WKOM n03,D,HO nOHRBWII1W, 'lTO ero KOMMYHII1Kai..t111111 nepepe3aHbl, CKOpbJM MapweM ,D,BII1HynCR Ha lOT, 11111.1a 6111TBbJ; pa.n,111 CKOpOCTII1 6bmo no)l(epreoeaHo .aa)l(e 6e3onacHOCTb/O. 3HaKOMb/W KaK C PII1MCKOW npaKTII1KOW, TaK 111 cxapaKTepOM CBOero nporii1BHII1Ka, raHHII16an pacnoflO)I(II1fl BC/0 CB0/0 apMII1/0 B 3aca.n,e raM, r.ae .aopora npoxo.a111na MII1MO Tpa3111MeHcKoro o3epa - B Y3KOM .ae</>111ne no.n, HaBII1Ca/Ol1.1111MII1 CKanaMII1. Ero nerKaR nexora 6bma pacnono)l(eHa B YKPbiTII1111, Ha CK!lOHe ropbl, Kaeanepii1R cnpRraHa 3a Heft. Ha /O)I(HOM KOHI..te .ae<t>111ne, neperop8)1(111BaR .n,opory, OH nOCTaBII1fl Tf/)l(efly/0 nexory, OCTaHOBII1BWYIO 3,D,eCb ronoBY pii1MCKoft KonoHHbJ. Kor.aa BCR apMII1R 4JnaMII1HII1R BTRHynaCb B WeCTII1KII1flOMeTpOBOe .n,e¢111ne, (aHHII16an npii1Ka3an KaBanepll1111 3aKpbJTb ceBepHb/W ero KOHeLt, a 3areM y.n,ap111n nerKOW nexoroft no BOCTO'lHOMY <f>naHry pii1MCKoft KonoHHbJ. BHe3anHOCTb Hana.aeHII1R o6epHynacb .anR PII1MflRH naHII1KOW 111 pa3rpOMOM. 0KOflO 30 Tb/CR'l PII1MflfiH, BKfl/O'laR CaMOTO 4JnaMII1HII1R, 6blflll1 y6111Tb/ 111flll1 B3f/Tb/ B nneH, OCTaflbHb/e 10 Tb/Cfl'l pacceRHHbJMII1 rpynnaMII1 6e)l(anll1

S1HBapb-MapT 217 r. 31f1MHlf1E KBAPT!f1Pbl B .0,0Jllf1HE no. 3.n,ecb (aHHII16an .n,an OT,D,OXHYTb CBOII1M Kap<f>areHRHaM 111 3aBep6oBaHHb/M rannaM, B TO )l(e BpeMR C06111paR 111H</>OpMai..t11110 'lepe3 CB0/0, BeCbMa 3</></>eKTII1BHYIO, Wnii10HCJ<YIO cerb B t1ran111111. OH Y3Han, 'lTO .aeyMR HOBb/MII1 KOHCynaMII1, BCTynii1BWII1MII1 B ,D,Ofl)I(HOCTb 15 Mapra, 6blflll1 (aft 4JnaMII1HII1W, pacnonaraBWII1W npll16flii13111TeflbHO 40 Tb/CR'laMII1 'leflOBeKBAppeT111111(COBp. Apeuuo), 111 (Heft Cepe111n111ft, no.a KOMaH.aoeaHII1-

Bepol!THO, 3TO 6bTJI 'I'peTHi't 6paT faH-

HH6aJia, KOTOpb!i't 1103lKe 6elKaJI (B03MOlKHO, 6btJI OCB060lK)J,eH HJIH 06MeHl!H). liMll faHHOH (KaK H faMHJ!bKap, fac~J,py6aJI, faHHH6aJI) 6btJio B Kap<j>areHe BeCbMa pacrrpocTpaHeHHbTM, H rropoi't TPYAHO pa3JIH'iHTb HeCKOJ!bKHX ero HOCHTeJiei't.

6r.1TBa y Tpaar.1MeHcKOro oaepa a 217 r. AO P.X.

Ll,EHTPAJlbHOE CPE)J.II13EMHOMOPbE 4epe3 ropbJ, 4T06bJ M3BecrMTb PMM o6 'Y)KBCHOM nopa)l(eH/11111. TeM epeMeHeM raHH!I16an npO.tJ.On)I(Mn.tJ.BM)I(e-

187

MaccMHVICCbJ HaHec Culj>aKcy nopa)l(eHMe. 3aTeM rac.apy6an C nO.tJ.KpenneHMRMVI, BKnJ048BWVIMII1 Hy-

HMe HB JOT, 1111.148 nO.tJ.XO.tJ.R1.14YJO 6a3y B /O)I(HOW l1ran111111,- OH 0)1(!11.tJ.Bn, 4TO

HM'rl MYHLIVIR cnac nMWb ceoeepeMeHHbJW npMXO.tJ. 4>a6MR, BPMVI$1 KOTOporo npe.acraens:~na cepbe3HYJO yrpo3y Kaplj>areHCKOMY lj>naHry. raHH!I16an 6naropa3yMHO OTCTynun.

3.tJ.eCb K HeMy npucoe.aMHRTCR ropo.aa 111 nneMeHB, HOMMHBnbHO C4VIT8BWVIeCR COJ03H/11K8MII1 PMMB ( HO B

MYHLIMW My)l(eCTBeHHO npM3Han CBOJO OW!I16Ky 111 B .tJ.BnbHeWWeM He1113MeHHO OK83b/B8fl 4>a6!11JO no'rlnb-

MVI.lJ.VIWCK}fJO KOHHMLIY MaCCVIHMCCbl, eepHyncs:~ B t1cnaHMJO (212 r.), r.ae 38 9TO epeMR Cl..IMnMoH ycnen oreoeBBTb CaryHT. Anpenb-Htonb 216 r. 5naro-

.tJ.eWCTBMTenbHOCTVI 6bJBWVIe ero BBCCBnBM/11).

HYJO no.a.aep)I(K}f.

.aaps:~ BpeMeH/11, Bbiii1TPBHHOMY <Pa6M-

CTABIIllild rerreph BO mase pHMHO rAHHHBAJI He rrorneJI Ha

CKHX BO~CK, IIOIIOJIHeHHhiX HOBhlM Ha-

PHM, a HarrpaBHJI CBOIO apMHIO qepe3

6opoM,AHh--:ra.TOpKBHHTa6H~ MaK-

AA-

CHM yqeJI OIIhiT 1pex rrpoHrpaHHhlX

pHaTHqecKoro Mopa. OH rroHHMaJI,

cpa:>KeHH~. Co3HaBaa, ~o Kap<jlare-

YM6pHIO H IIm:.1eH K rro6epe)Ki>IO

~o B3liTHe PHMa Tpe6yeT AJIHTeJih-

HliHe CHJII>Hee pHMJiliH B IIOJieBO~ BO~

HO~ OCa,z:!_hi H qTo TaKYIO oca,z:~_y pHC-

He, B OTKphiTOM 6010, OH rreperneJI K

KOBaHHO BeCTH, HMell B ThiJIY eme He

TaKTHKe H3MaThiBaHHll IIpOTHBHHKa.

3aBoeBaHHYIO ilTaJIHIO. KpoMe Tom,

YKJIOHllliCh OT pernHTeJihHhiX cpa:>Ke-

rrocJie ygaqHoro orrhiTa c rrpHBJie<Je-

HH~ C rJiaBHhiMH CHJiaMH raHHH6aJia,

HHeM Ha CBOIO CTOpOHY raJIJIOB OH

OH CJieAOBaJI 3a HHM ITO IIliTaM, Harra-

HMeJI OCHOBaHHe paccqHThlBaTh Ha

AaJI Ha OTAeJihHhle 01pl1Ahl H, YHH~o

IIOMep)f(FlY, aMO)f(eT 6hiTh, H Ha BOC-

)f(all IIpOAOBOJihCTBeHHhle 3aiiaChl,

CTaHHe HaceJieHHll CpegHe~ H IO)f(-

3a1pyAHliJI CHa6)f(eHHe Kap4?areHCKO~

HO~ ilTaJIHH rrpoTHB BJiaCTH PHMa.

apMHH. OgHaKO 3Ta TaKTHKa He rroJih-

ITo3TOMY raHHH6aJI, orrycTOlliall Ha

30BaJiach IIOIIYJillpHOCThiO H IIOMep-

CBOeM IIYTH IIOJill H X03li~CTBa pHMCKHX

rp~aH,

ll.la)J,HJI BJia,z:J_eHHll HTa-

)f(KO~ HaceJieHHll, B rrepByiO oqepegh

KpeCTh.llH, KOTOphiM 3aTll)f(Hall BO~Ha

JIHKOB, a IIJieHHhlX H3 HX "'HCJia OT-

H rrpe6hiBaHHe Bpa)f(eCKO~ apMHH Ha

rrycKaJI 6e3 Bhlryrra.

TeppHTOpHH ilTaJIHH HeCJIH IIOJIHOe pa3opeHHe.

MaH-OKTS16pb 217 r. CEHAT HA3HA4AET KB~HTA $A6~~

ITo3ToMy AHKTaTopcKHe rroJIHOro KyHKTaTopoM (MegJIHTeJieM), He

Ha none 6MTBbJ, <Pa6uw My.apo pewun M36erarb peryn'rlpHbJX cpa)l(eHVIW, B TO )l(e BpeM'rl HenpepbJBHO TpeBO)I(8 Kaplj>areH'i/H 111 38Me.tJ.n'rl'rl VIX npO.tJ.BVI)I(eHMe. 3T8 «T8KT/11K8 4>a6Ms:f... BCKope 3apa6orana eMy npo-

MH 6hiJIH H36paHhi Jlyn:H~ 3MHJIH~

oena.aeno HerepneHue -111M 6bma 3HBKOMa nuwb TPB.tJ.1111..lVIR HacrynarenbHOW BOWHbJ. MapK MYHI..lVIW Pylf>, 6nVI)I(8WWVIW nOM01.14HII1K <Pa6MR, ny6n!I14HO Bblp8)1(8BWII1W npe3peHMe 9TOW T8KT/11Ke, 6bJn B03H8Tp8)1(.tJ.eH CeHBTOM CTBTYCOM KOMBH.ll.VIPB, PBBHOTO .tJ.MKTBTOpy. raHH!I16an .aenan BCe, 4TO MOT, 4T06bJ cnpOBOl..IVIpOBBTb PMMnRH HB OTKpbJTYJO 6VITBY, 111 HeO)I(M.tJ.BHHO ero ycunus:~6bmM B03Harp8)1(.tJ.eHbJ npu repoHMM, r.ae MYHLIVIW npMH'rln Bb/308. raHHVI6an HeMe.aneHHO araKoBan. Or nop8)1(e-

nMJO, 4T06bJ no.a KOM8H.tJ.OB8H/11eM .tJ.Byx HOBbJX KOHCynoB, 3MVInii1R naena 111 TepeHl..IVIR BappoHa, MCKBTb 6VITBbl c raHH!I16anoM. Kaplj>areHRHMH, y KOTOpOTO 6bJnO 40 Tb/C'i/4 neXOTbl 111 10 Tb/C$14 KBBanepVIVI, MCKBn 6naronpMRTHbiX ycnOBII1W.ll.fl'rl6VITBbl. Xna.tJ.HOKPOBHbiW 111 OCTOPO)I(Hbl WBOeH84BnbHII1K, naBen TI.J48TenbHO 11136eran cny4as:T npe.aocraBMTb npoTMBHMKY TBKYJO B03MO)I(HOCTb, 111 HeKOTOpoe BpeMR 6bJn B COCTORHVIVI y6e)l(aaTb ceoero 6onee nopbJBMCroroKonneryBappoHacne.aoearbrow )l(e TBKTVIKe. KOMBH.tJ.OBBn/11 KOHCynbJ n004epe.tJ.HO, CMeH'i/RCb K8)1(.lJ.biW .aeHb. CrpeMRCb YCKOPVITb.tJ.eno, raHH!I16an H04HbJM MapweM npowen B KaHHbJ, 3BXBBTMB pMMCKMe npoeu-

MoqHa <Da6Ha MaKCHMa, rrpo3BaHHO-

A~KTATOPOM. noH'rlB, 4TO He MO)I(eT copeBHOBBTbC'rl C raHHVI6BnOM

3BMI.14e KyHKraropa (r.e. Me.anurens:~). MHorMMM puMn'rlHBMVI

eM, PMM co6pan apMMJO 1113 8 puMCKMX VI 8 COJ03Hb/X nerMOHOB 80 Tb/C$14 neXOTbl nmoc 7 Tb/C$14 KBBanep/11111- VI nocnan ee Ha JOT, B Any-

6hiJIH rrpogJieHhi, H B

216 r.

KOHCyJia-

IIaseJI H ra~ TepeHU:H~ BappoH. BappoH CTaJI .llphiM CTOpOHHHKOM pernHTeJihHOrO BegeHHll BO~Hhl H o6ern:aJI IIOJIO)f(HTh e~ KOHen: B TOT )f(e geHh, KaK YBHAHT Bpara.

217-211 rr.

~cnAH~~ ~

A$P~KA. TeM BpeMeHeM ny6nuw

Cl..IMnMoH c BOCbMVITbJCR4HbJM no.aKpenneHMeM npucoe.aMHMnc'rl K ceoeMy 6pary B t1cnaHMVI. B nocne.ayJ01.14Me ro.tJ.bJ o6o111M Cl..lunuoHBM, KBK npBBVInO, conyTCTBOBBn ycnex. l1M Y.tJ.BnOCb BbiHY.tJ.VITb rac.apy6ana u MaroHa orcrynMTb c nMHII1!1136po 111 CKIIOHII1Tb HYMVI.tJ.MWCKOTO l..IBPR C!l1l/>8KC8 nO.tJ.HRTb BOCCT8H/11e npoTMB Kaplj>areHa. Bnpo4eM, eepHyewuwcs:~ B Al/>pMKY Kaplj>areHCKVIW BOeH84BnbHII1K npVI no.a.aep)I(Ke HYMVI.tJ.MWCKOTO npMHl..IB

P~-tMCK~-t"' ropH~-tCT.

6apenbelj)

BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X.

188

8HTCKMe CK!IB.ll.bl M .tJ.06MBWMCb KOH-

nexoTbl. CneBa

or 9Tow nMHMM pac-

bMTB8 H8'l8fl8Cb H8 neBOM cpnaH-

TPOflR HBP. 3epHonpOM3BO.tJ.RI.UMMM

nonaranvtcb 8 TbiCR'l TR)I(enow uc-

re KapcpareHRH 8T8KOW TR)I(eflOW MC-

o6nacTRMM /O)I(HOW Anynuu. PvtM-

naHcKow M rannbcKow KaBanepuu

naHCKOW M TBflflbCKOW KBBanepMM,

cKaR apMMR nocnewuna TYP.B )l(e;

nO.tJ. KOM8H.tJ.OB8HMeM t8C.tJ.py6ana;

KOTOPBR CMRfl8 PMMCKY/0

npOTMBHMKM pacnOflO)I(MflMCb H8

cnpaBa -

a 3aTeM o6orHyna Tblflbl pvtMCKow

JO)I(HOM 6epery peKM ABcf>MP. ( COBp.

P.MWCKOW KOHHM~bl.

OcpaHro) B yKpenneHHbiX narepRx,

2 Tb/CR'lM nerKOW HYMM-

KOHHM~y,

apMMM, 'lT06bl Y.ll.BPMTb B Tb/fl K8B8nepMM C0/03HMKOB, nomoweHHOW

OTCTORI.UMX H8 10 KM OP.MH OT .ll.PY-

npvtHRBBb/30B, BappoH OTPRP.Mfl 11 Tb/CR'l 'leflOBeK 8T8KOB8Tb KBp-

roro.

cpareHCKMW narepb. 3aMeTMB, 'lTO

KM He Bb/.tJ.ep)l(8flM M pacceRflMCb,

He MO)I(eT

o6owru xopowo

38/.UM-

weHHbJe Kapcf>areHCKMe cf>naHrM, oH

CPA*EHHETIPHKAHHAX 2 aBzycma 216 2.

oo P.

PaHO YTPOM, B P.eHb, KOTP.B, KBK

CXBBTKOW C HYMMP.MW~BMM. COJ03HMnpecne.tJ.yeMbJe HYMMP.MW~BMM. Tenepb TR)I(eflBR K8pcpareHCK8R K8B8-

peWMfl 38.tJ.8BMTb npOTMBHMK8 KOflM-

nepMR pa3BepHynacb, 'lT06bJ YP.B-

qecTBOM. OH YP.BOMn my6MHY KB)I(-

PMTb B Tblfl PMMCKOW nexore.

P.OW MBHMnynbl; MHTepBBflbl Me)l(.tJ.Y

TeM BpeMeHeM cp8)f(eHvte nexo-

HMMM TB/OKe 6blflM CMflbHO COKPBI.Ue-

Tbl wno comacHo nnaHy laHHvt6a-

Hbl; B pe3ynbrare cf>poHT pvtMCKow

na. i.JeHrpanbHbiW BbJcryn ero Bow-

CT8fl0 M3BeCTHO t8HHM6any, KO-

neXOTbl, H8C'lMTb/B8BWeW OKOflO

M8H.tJ.OB8HMe y PMMflRH .ll.Ofl)I(HO

Tb/CR'l 'leflOBeK, COOTBeTCTBOB8fl

cKa

Me.tJ.neHHO

nO.tJ.BflCR

nO.tJ.

RpOCTHb/M PMMCKMM HBTMCKOM.

6bmo nepewru K BappoHy, Kapcf>a-

TBKOMY )l(e y t8HHM6ana npM 'lMC-

BappoH nocnan MBHMnynbl BTopow

reHRHMH nocrpoun apMMJO .ll.flR 6ur-

neHHOCTM 32 TbiCR'lM qenoBeK. Ha

flMHMM B MHTepBBflb/ Me)l(.tJ.y T8CT8-

Bbl- HenO.tJ.BfleKy OT PMMCKOTO na-

npaBoM cpnaHre BappoH noMecrun

T8MM, 38TeM npMK838fl TpvtapMRM M

repR, OP.HMM cpnaHTOM onvtpBRCb H8 peKy M TeM o6e30n8CMB ce6R OT OK-

2400 BCBP.HMKOB PMMCKOW KBBane-

.tJ.8)1(e BeflMTBM npMCOe.tJ.MHMTbCR K

pvtvt; H8 neBOM -

8T8Ke, 'lT06bl 38TH8Tb KapcpareHRH

py)l(eHMR 6onee MHoro•mcneHHbi-

BCBP.HMKOB.

4800 C0/03Hb/X

B peKY. f1MHMR t8HHM6ana CT8fl8 BOT-

no.tJ. npMKPbiTMeM npe.tJ.BBpM-

HYTOW, HO Bee ewe 6bma ~ena. PvtM-

TeflbHb/X CXBBTOK nerKMX OTPRP.OB

nRHe nnoTHow cf>anaHrono.tJ.o6How

38/.UMTbl narepR. i.JeHTP ero apMMM

t8HHM6an flM'lHO npO.tJ.BMHYfl TOHKY/0

Maccow P.BBMnM Bnepe.tJ.. BHe3anHo

COCTORfl M3 MCnBHCKOW M T8flflb-

~eHTPBflbHY/0 'lBCTb CBOeW flMHMM

t8HHM6an P.Bn CMTH8fl KOMBHP.MPBM

CKOW neXOTbl, paCTRHYTOW B TOHKY/0

TBKMM o6p830M, 'lTO OH8 o6p830B8-

acf>pvtKBHCKMX KpbmbeB, P.O row nopbl no'lTM He yqacrBoBaBwux B 6010.

MM PMMflRHBMM. 0KOflO 8 Tb/CR'l 'leflOBeK t8HHM6an

OCTBBMfl .tJ.flR

nMHMJO. Ka)l(.tJ.Oe Kpbmo 6bmo o6pa-

na Bb/CTyn B CTOPOHY PMMflRH, TOTP.B

30BaHo my60KMMM cpanaHTBMM TR-

KBK KpblflbR TR)I(eflOW neXOTb/ CTORflM

B TOT )l(e MOMeHT KapcpareHCKBR KB-

)I(eflOW, HB.tJ.e)I(HOW acppMKBHCKOW

HenO.tJ.BM)I(HO.

BanepMR Y.tJ.Bpvtna B Tblfl PMMCKOW

CP AmEHHE npH RAHHAX 2 aBrycTa 216 r. AO P .X. 3

/ i'>" ~narepb pHMIIJIH nono,.eHHe eoAcK cropo11 nepeA Ka~anoM cpaJKeKKll: PHMCKHX

ATaKa

xap¢areHCKHX

Oxear ¢naHrae pHMCKOA apHHH Kap¢areHCKOA r•*enoA nexoroR, paJrP.OH H YHH•Ta><eHHe OKPY*CHKOA pHH CKoA apHHH

AT8Ka pHMCKOll neXOTbl M OTXO)( Kap<j>areKCKHX BORCK

Kap<j>areHCKOA KOHIIHUI>I H OTXO.rt pHMCKOH KOIIIIHUI>I

Ll,EHTPAJlbHOE CPE)J.II13EMHOMOPbE

189

nMHMM. BcnbJXHYBW8R cpe.aM pMMnRH n8HMK8 MTHOBeHHO nOKOH'·mn8 CO CTpOeM, nopR/l,KOM M e,lJ,MHCTBOM, npeBp8TMB npeKp8CHO OPT8HM30B8HHb/e nerMOHb/ B

X80TM~eCKYJO

TOnny. f1MWb 0/l,MH KOHTMHTeHT npMMepHO

10 Tb/CR~ ~enoBeK- OK8-

38nCR cnoco6HbJM K conpomeneHMJO M BblpBanCR M3 OKp'/)KeHMR. K KOH~Y

60 Tb/CR~ PMMnRH, BKJIJ0~8!1 n8Bn8, nonerno H8 none 6oR;

/l,HR OKOnO

e~e

Tb/CR~M BOMHOB norM6nM npM

nonbJTKe 38HRTb xopowo oxp8HReMbJfii n8repb I8HHM68n8. B8ppoH 6eccn8BHO 38TepRncR cpe.aM 6eme-

~oB. noTepM l8HHM6an8 COCT8BMnM, no Kp8fiiHefii Mepe, OKOnO 6 Tb/CR~ ~e noBeK. 6MTB8 npM K8HHax 6bm8 nMKOM BOMHCKOfii K8pbepbJ l8HHM68n8, 0/1,HOBpeMeHHO 060T8TMB rpR/l,Y~MX BOeHHb/X TeopeTMKOB CMMBOnOM T8KTM~eCKOTO

COBepweHCTB8.

BilTBA rrpH Ka.H Hax y:>Ke B ,qpeBHOCTH cqHTaJiaCh HeiipeB30J;!,qeHHhiM o6pa3UOM BOeHHoro HCK)'CCTBa. Ha3Ba.HHe «KaHHhi» BIIOCJie,[{CTBHH CTaJIO rrpHMeHSIThCll KO BCllKOM:Y KpyrrHo-

MY 6o10, rrpHBe,qrneMy K oKpyiKeHHIO H IIOJIHOMY pa3rpoiYty BOJ!tCK IIpOTHBHHKa.

TO :>Ke BpeMSI 3TO 6h1Jla rro-

cJie,[{Hllll KpyrrHaSI rro6e,qara.HHH6aJia.

AsryCT-.QeKa6pb 216 r. OTBET

P&.1MA. HMKOT/1,8- HM .ao, HM nocne -

6HTBa npH KaHHax. <l>parMeHT KapTHHbl XVI a.

He BbOKMB8nO TOCY.l1.8PCTBO, 0/l,HO 38 .apyrMM noTepneewee cTonb coKpyWMTenbHbJe nop8)1(eHMR, K8K PMM H8

npOCTO YCTp8HMCb OT BOeHHb/X ,lJ,efii-

Tpe66MM, y Tp83MMeHCKMX o3ep M

CTBMfii -

M HM /l,06neCTb, HM peWM-

ro.ay no.aownM no3/l,HO- BRn8R no.a-

npM K8HH8X. Kor.a8 M3BeCTMR o K8H-

MOCTb PMM8 HMKOT/1,8 He CMOTnM 6bJ

.aep)I(K8 K8p{j>8reHCKOTO CeH8T8, T/l,e

KpenneHMR M3 K8p(j>8reH8 B 9TOM

H8X /l,OCTMTnM PMM8, T8M, KOHe~HO

B0306n8/1,8Tb H8/1, reHMeM l8HHM68-

B TY nopy /l,OMMHMPOBan l8HHOH, CT8-

)l(e, H8WJJOCb HeMHOTO Cn86bJX cep-

n8. Ho 6onbWMHCTBO coJ03HMKOB oc-

pblfii nonMTM~eCKMfii npOTMBHMK ero

.ae~,

HO K8K H8PO.l1. PMMnRHe BM,lJ,enM

T8nocb noRnbHb/MM. be3 OC8/l,HOTO

oT~8,

nepe.a co6ofii TOnbKO o.aHy ~enb: H8-

06038 l8HHM6an 6bJn He B COCTORHMM

CTBOM H8 MOpe .aen8nM HeB03MO)I(-

eeyne c pMMCKMM npeeocxo.a-

cTofii~MBO .ao6MB8TbCR no6e.abJ. Ce-

38XB8TMTb He8nonb, T8PHM30H KOTO-

HOfii npMCb/flKy' KpynHb/X nO/l,Kpenne-

H8T H83H8~Mn .l1.MKT8TopoM M8pK8

poro 6bm cnewHo nononHeH M8p~en

HMfii, KOTOpbJe MOTnM 6bJ n03BOnMTb

IOHMR nepy. Bee (j>M3M~eCKM 3/l,Opo-

noM. K8nyR, BTOpofiinoeenM~MHero

I8HHM6any 8T8KOB8Tb C8M PMM. Ero

Bb/e nJO/l,M, HeB3Mp8R H8 B03p8CT MnM

po.a l1T8nMM,

KpMTMKOB8nM 38 TO,

P0/1, 38HRTMfii, 6bJnM M06MnM30B8Hb/.

l8HHM6any- P8BHO, K8K M HeCKOnb-

H8 PMM cp83Y nocne K8HH. Ho laHHM68n TBep.ao 3H8n, ~To 6e3 oca.a-

npMCOe,lJ,MHMnCR K

~TO

OH He nowen

ln8BHb/M noneBb/M KOM8H/l,MpOM

KO M8neHbKMX ropo.aKoB K8Mn8HMM,

cTan M8pK Kno.aMfii M8p~enn, c .aey-

HeKoTopbJe C8MHMTbJ M nyK8HbJ. O.a-

Horo o6o38 ero co6cTBeHH8R necT-

MR nerMOH8MM HeMe.l1)1eHHO BbJCry-

H8KO KOne6nJO~MeCR MT8flbRHCKMe

P8R 8PMMR He MMen8 W8HCOB B3RTb

nMBWMfii H8 JOT, ~T06bJ nO,lJ,,lJ,ep)I(8Tb

ropo.a8 6bmM noTpRceHbJ, KOT/1,8 no.a

MO~HYJO

yeepeHHOCTb coJ03HMKOB PMM8 B

cTeH8MM HonbJ M8p~enn OTP83Mn

40 TbJCR~ ~enoeeK.

OKOH~8TenbHOfii no6e.ae. nepefii,lJ,M

BenMKOTO K8p{j>8reHRHMH8 B nepBOfii

COI03HMKM H8 CTOPOHY Bp8T8 MnM

6MTBe npM Hone. He6onbwMe no.a-

3/1,8HMR 683b/ B JO)I(HOfii l1T8nMM, B ~eM

KpenOCTb C T8PHM30HOM B CooTBeTCTBeHHO,

COCpe,lJ,OTO~MnCR

38/1,8~e

C0-

190

BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X. BOeBb/Ban yKpenneH!If>l BHyrpeHHero ropo.aa 111 Lt!lfra.aenu 111, HaKoHeLt, o.aonen rapH!1130H npucrynoM. 212 r. TAPEHT VI KAnYS1. raHH!I16an38xearun TapeHr, HO p!IIMCK!IIM rapH!1130H y,aep>KanC>I B Ll!lfra,aen!lf. TeM epeMeHeM p!IIMCK!Ife KOHcynbJ KBMHr4JynbB!IIM 4JnaKK 111 Annulrl Knae.aulrl OC8.11.!11n!lf Kany10, r.ae }')Ke Ol.l.IYI.l.lanc>~ He.aocraroK npo.aoeonbcrB!If>l. B oreer Ha np!113b/B o noM0/.1.1!11 raHH!I16an nocnan raHHOHa OCB060J1!11rb ropo.a. Bxopowo yKpenneHHOM narepe no.a 6eHeBeHroM raHHOH co6pan 6onbw!lfe 3anacbJ npo.aoeonbcrB!If>l, a norOM !IICJ<.YCHbiM OTBneKa10/.l.I!IIM MaHeBpOM cnpOBOLI!IIPOBan P!IIMCK!Ife apM!If!lf ylrlru !113-no.a Kanyu. npunaCb/ B OCa)l(ll,eHHb/M ropo,a OH ,aocraB!Ifn, O,aHaKO, no cpaBHeH!If/0 C !IICKYCHb/M KapcpareHCK!IIM BOeHa-

3Ha'-l!lfrenbHO npeycnen, HeCMOrp>i Ha COn!lf,aapHOCrb !lfrBnb>IHCK!IIX ropo.aoe c PMMOM. 215 r. HL14EUIHOE nOJlO>KEHVIE 8 KAMnAHVIVI. 3axear!IIB 6onbwoe '-l!lfcno ropo.aoe 111 Kpenocrelrl, raHH!I16an reM He MeHee He ,ao6!11nC>I peanbHoro BbmrpbJWa. P111M pacnonaran npuMepHo 140 rbJC>I'-IaM!If BO!IIHOB ( BKnJO'-/a>l no,apa3,aeneH!If>l B l1cnaH!If!lf, rannuu 111 Cm~u足 nuu); OKOnO 80 rb/C>I'-1 !113 H!IIX 6b/JIO CKOHLteHrp!llpOBaHO npor!IIB COpOKa !lfn!lf n>lr!lf,aec>!r!lf rb/C>I'-1 BO!IIHOB raHH!I16ana. TeM He MeHee, puMn>~He, cne.ay>~ Hoeolrl nonuruKe, npoeo3maweHHolrl ceHaroM, !1136eranu orKPbJrbJX cpa>KeH!IIM. Bocnonb30BaBW!I1Cb 6naronp!lf>!rHOM C!lfryaLt!lfeM, MapLtenn BHOBb orpa3111n HacrynneH!Ife raHH!I16ana BO Bropo/rl 6!11rBe npu Hone. 215-205 rr. nEPBAS1 MAKEAOHCKAS1 BOUIHA. Xor>~ raHH!I16an ycnewHo .aoroeopunc>~ c 4JununnoM MaKe.aoHCK!IIM o 38KIIJO'-IeH!If!lf co103a nporue PuMa, pe3ynbrarbJ npuHecnu eMy pa3o'-lapoeaH!Ife. 214-213 rr. HEPEWVITEJlbHbiE AEUICTBL-151. P111M renepb !liMen B crpoJO 6onee 200 rb/C>I'-1 con,aaT, or 85 rb/C>I'-1 !10 90 rb/C>I'-1 KOrOpbiX ocropO>KHO Ha6nJO,aan!lf 3a raHH!I16anoM, cnoco6HbJM renepb no.a.aep>Kuearb '-l!lfcneHHocrb ceoelrl apM!If!lf B npe,aenax 40 rb/C>I'-1 '-/eno-

eeK nuwb nyreM Ha6opa paeHo.aywHbJX uranb>IHLteB. OH npoeen e1.1.1e o.aHo cpa>KeH!Ife c MapLtennoM H!lf'-lero He peW!IIBWYJO rperbJO 6!11rBy npu Hone, 3areM Hanpaeunc>~ B AnynuJO, Ha.ae>~cb 3axearurb noproBbJM TapeHr. Ero 6par raHHOH c 18-rbJC>I'-/Holrl apMuelrl norepnen cepbe3Hoe nopa>KeH!Ife npu 6eHeBeHre or Tu6ep!11>! rpaKxa, no.a KOMaH.aoeaH!IfeM KOroporo HaXO,a!lfnOCb 20 rbJC>I'-1 '-lenoeeK. MapLtenn ompaeunc>~ B C!IILI!Ifn!IIJO, r.ae o.aep>Kan HeCKOnbKO no6e.a Ha,a C!lfpaKY3LiaM!If, 06b>!B!IIBW!IIM!If ce6>1 cropOHH!IIKaM!If KapcpareHa, 111 Ha.a caM!IIM!If KapcpareH>~HaM!If. Cne,ayJOI.l.I!IIM ro.a raHH!If6an noce>~run onepaLt!lf>IM nporue TapeHra; raHHOH reM epeMeHeM HaHec nopa>KeH!Ife Tu6ep!1110 rpaKXY B 6pyrruu (coep. Kana6pu>~, 213 r.). 213-211 rr. OCAAA CVIPAKY3. Ha npor>~>KeH!If!lf ro.aa nonbJrK!If MapLtenna B3>1rb ropo.a wrypMoM ocraean!IICb 6e3ycneWHbiM!If, 6naro,aap>! 6onbWOMY '-l!lfcny o6opoH!lfrenbHbJX opy.aulrl, 6necr>11.1.1e cKoHcrpyupoeaHHbJX ApxuMe.aoM. Bo3maen>~n o6opoHy !IICJ<.YCHbJM cupaKy3CK!IIM BOeHa'-/anbH!IIK runnoKpar. HaKoHeLI (212 r.) oH cyMen npo6urb ce6e nyrb eo BHeWH!IIM ropo,a, npuyp0'-1!118 araKy K npa3,aH!IfJ<.Y. ApxuMe.a 6bm y6ur. OnepaLt!lf>l B CupaKy3ax .anunacb e1.1.1e 8 Mec>~足 LteB- MapLtenn o.aHo 3a,apyruM or-

'-/BnbH!IIKOMKanyaHLt~.ae/rlcrBOBBn!lf

Cn!IIWKOM Hepa3BOPOTJI!IIBO. noKa OH HaXO,a!lfnC>I B3KCne,a!IILI!If!lf, C06!11pa>! HOBble 3anacbJ npo.aoeonbcrB!If>l, 4JynbB!Iflrl 4JnaKK np0!113Ben y,aa'-IHYJO HO'-IHYJO araJ<.Y Ha narepb raHHOHa !If 38XBar!lfn HeCKOnbKO rbiC>I'-1 KanyaHCK!IIX cpyprOHOB !If 6onbWOe KOn!lf'-/eCrBO npunaCOB. bb/JIO y6111r0 6 rb/C>I'-1 KapcpareH>IH !If 7 rbiC>I'-1 38XBa'-/eHO B nneH. raHHOH cnewHO B03Bparunc>l B 6pyTT!Iftrl. P!IIMn>IHe B0306HOB!Ifn!lf oca.ay Kanyu. Tenepb raHH!I16an eo maee npuMepHO 20 rb/C>I'-1 '-/enoBeK Hacrynan or TapeHra, 111 xom y puMn>~H B IO>KHolrl l1ranuu 6bmo 6onee 80 rbJC>I'-1 '-lenoBeK, OH!If OKa3Bn!I1Cb He B COCTO>IH!If!lf unu He 3axoren111 npe.aoreparurb ero Mapwa Ha KanyJO. 212 r. nEPBAS1 6VITBA nPVI KAnYE. B 6uree no.a creHaM!If ropo.aa raHH!I16an HaHeC KOHCynaM nopa>KeH!Ife. 4ro6bJ orene'-/b KapcpareH>IH or Kanyu, OHM pa3ownucb B pa3HbJX HanpaeneH!If>IX, yrpo>Ka>~ ero Kpenocr>~M B KaMnaH!If!lf 111 flyKaH!If!lf. raHH!I16an nocne.aoean3a AnnueM B flyKaH!IIJO, HO 6b/JI He B COCTO>IH!If!lf ero nolrlMarb. npae.aa, B ceeepo-38n8.11.Holrl '-/aCr!lf flyKaH!If!lf OH BCrper!lfn !If ucrpe6111n apM!IIJO nperopa M. L(eHreH!If>l neHyna- O'-/eB!I1!1HO, Ha peKe C!llnapu.aa ( coep. Gene). Y L(eHreH!If>l 6b/JIO OKOnO 16 rb/C>I'-1 '-lenoBeK, y raHH!I16ana - OKOnO 20 rb/C>I'-1,' CaM L(eH-

UEHTPAnbHOE CPEAV13EMHOMOPbE TeHittPf noru6, W TOflbKO 0/].Ha Tb/Cs:/lfa W3 eromo,aePI u36ema cMepTw wnneHa. TeM apeMeHeM KOHcy.n&J ao3o6Hoaunu oca,ay Kanyu, HO nocKOflbJ<Y ropo,a 6&1!1 Tenep&xopowo cHa6)f(eH, /aHHU6a.n BepHyflCs:/ Ha IO)f(HbJPf 6eper, r,ae noTepnen nopa)f(eHwe npu non&JTKe 3aBfla/].eTb bpyH,lJ.U3WeM ( C08p. bpUH,lJ.U3U). 211 r. L1CnAHL1st no.nylfWBWUe no,aKpenneHwe Kap¢areHcKwe apMww lac,apy6ana HaHecnu nopa)f(eHWs:/ 6paTbs:/M CJ.iWnWOHaM 8 OT/].eflbHb/X 6wTaax a ,aonwHe BepxHero 5eTwca ( coap. peKa laa,aanKawaup); o6a PWMCKUX BOeHalfaflbHUKa 6blflU y6uTbJ. Kap¢areH ons:/Tb ana,aen acePI 111cnaHwePI K 10ry oT 96po. 211 r. OCAAA 1.1 BTOPASI 61.1TBA nPL1 KAnYE. 3a 3WMY PWMfls:/He 3aKOHlfUflU 803Be/].eHUe OCa/].HbJXYKpenneHUPf. HOBble KOHCYflbl, ny6nuPI Cy.n&nmmPI la.n&6a w IHePi cby.n&awPI l..ieHTUMa.n, c 6onee lfeM ns:/Tu,aecs:/TWTbJCs:/lfHOPi apMwePI nperpa)f(,lJ.anu laHHw6any nyT& c 10ra, a To apeMs:/ KaK npoKoHcy.n&J cby.n&auPI w AnnuPI ao maae wecTw,aecs:/TWTbJCs:/lfHoro BOPiCKa npOfJ.Ofl)f(aflU oca,ay B OTBeT Ha HOBbJPi npW3b/B Kanyu laHHU6a.n s:/BUflCs:/, Be/].s:/ 30 Tb/Cs:/'-1 lfeflOBeK; KaKUM-TO o6pa3oM eMy y,aanoc b u36e)f(aTb BCTpelfU C /a.nb60Pi W l..ieHTUManoPf, W 8 TOT MOMeHT, KOI,lJ.a KanyaHCKWPf rapHU30H npe,anpUHs:/fl Bb1!1a3Ky, Kaplj)areHs:/HUH aTaKOBafl puMcrne nwHww W3BHe. O,aHaKo eMy He y,aanoc& npeo,ao.neTb conpoTUB.neHus:/ cPyflbBUs:/ W 8 KOHJ._£e KOHI.iOB OH 6blfl BbiHY)f(fJ.eH OTCTynWTb, AnnuPi )f(e TeM apeMeHeM 3arHan KanyaHI.ieB o6paTHo a ropo,a. 211 r. nOXOA HA PL1M. B Ha,ae)I(JJ.e, '-ITO yrp03a CTOflUJ.ie 3aCTaBUT BCe pUMCKYfe CUflbl 6pOCUTbCs:/ Ha ee 3aWWTY w CHs:/Tb oca,ay Kanyu, laHHW6an peWWI J1LlTU Ha PUM. ,llePiCTBUTeflbH0,06aKOHcyflaKUHYflWCbBCfle,lJ. 3a HUM, a cPyflbBWPf yae.n lfaCTb CUfl W3-no,a Kanyu, o,aHaKo AnnuP! npu6nu3UTen&Ho C 50 Tb/Cs:/lfaMU lfeflOBeK npo,ao.n)f(a.n oca,ay MaHeap laHHw6ana 6&1!1 s:/BHOPf,aeMOHCTPal.iUePf; BCKOpe OH BHOBb Hanpaauncs:/ Ha 101, TOw ,ae.no TpeBO)f(UMbJPi KOHCYflbCKOPi apMUePf, 8 TO apeMs:/ KaK dJyflbBWPf BepHyflCs:/ npWHs:/Tb KOMaH/].OBaHue nO/].

KanyePI. Ha aTOT pa3 6.nu3KWPI KucTOweHUIO ropo,a c,aancs:/ - caM&JPi Ts:/)f(efl&JPI y,aap U3 nOflYlfeHHb/X /].0 CWX nap laHHw6anoM a 111mnuu. 210 r. PL1MCKL1E HACTYn11EHL1st Bee ewe cTpeMs:/Cb u36eraTb lfero-nu6o noxo)f(ero Ha OTKPbJToe cpa)f(eHwe Henocpe,acTBeHHO c laHHw6anoM, pwMfls:/He pewunu nonbJTaTbCs:/ UCTpe6UTb ero 6a3y W UCT0'-1HUKU CHa6)f(eHUs:/. Ho /aHHU6a.n pa3!pOMUfl apMUIO npOKOHCy.na cbyflbBUs:/ l..ieHTUMana 80 BTOpOPi 6UTae npu lep,aoHww (coap. Op,aoHe). l..leHTUMan 6&m y6wT. BcKOpe nocne aToro laHHw6an HaHec nopa)f(eHwe MapJ.ienny a 6wTBe npu HyMwcTpo. 210-209 rr. L1CnAHL1st nocne CMepTU ny6nus:/ CJ.iwnwoHa PWMCKYfPi ceHaT nocnan ero ,aaa,lJ.I.iaTuns:/TuneTHero Cb/Ha, ny6nus:/ KopHeflU}I CJ.iUnwoHa, aowe,awero a wcTopuiO KaK «CI.iUnWoH A¢pwKaHCKWPi» , npuHs:/Tb KOMaH,aoaaHwe a 111cnaHww. OH 6&JCTpo BOCCTaHOBUfl pUMCK'fiO BflaCTb K

191

ceaepy oT 96po. 3aTeM c apMwePI a 27 500 lfeflOBeK OH CKOPbiM MapweM ,aocTwr Hoaoro Kap¢areHa (coap. KapmxeHa), 6noKupoaaHHoro c MOPs:/ PWMCKUM lj).nOTOM, W HeO)f(U,lJ.aHHb/M npwcTYnOM B3s:/fl ropo,a (209r.). 209-208 rr. TAPEHT. XoTs:/ PwM 6&1!16flU30K K6aHKpOTCTBy, a Hapo,a 111mnuu- K rono,ay u3-3a He,aocmTKa .n10,aeP1fJ.fls:/ pa6oTbJ a none, o,aHaKO y pecny6nwKw ons:/Tb 6&mo 200 Tb/Cs:/'-1 lfeflOBeK BOPiCKa. /aHHU6a.n Mar co6paTb e,aaa 40 TbJCs:/'-1- 6o.nbwePI lfaCTbiO wa.n&s:/HI.ieB; u, ecnu He ClfUTaTb HeMHOIUX BeTepaHOB, 6oecnoco6HOCTb ero apMww 6&ma HaMHoro HU)f(e, '-/eM y PWMCKUX fle/UOHOB. Tenepb OH ,aep)f(aflCs:/, O)f(U,lJ.as:/ n0/].1</)en.neHUPf U3 /11cnaHUU OT CBOero 6pam lac,apy6ana. Lie.n&IO puMfls:/H 6&m TapeHT- maaHas:/ 6a3a laHHw6ana all1mnuu. Y,auauTe.n&Ho, '-ITO BJ.iWTa/].eflW PWMCKYfPf rapHU30H BCe ewe He c,aaaancs:/, cHa6)f(aeM&JPi c MOps:/. B Ts:/)f(e.noPI ,aayx,aHeBHoPi

1116epvli<~CKIII"'

neXOTIII-

- ..a..- Hell 111 Kaaanepi!ICT - ~-

••

apMIIIIII raHHIII6ana KOHL13 Ill B. ,0.0 P. X.

192

BEK rVlrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P X.

6MTBe raHHM6an pa36Mn Map~enna no.a AcK}InyMoM, HO onf!Tb oKa38ncf! He B COCTOf/HYIYI O.[l.ep)l(aTb peWMTeJibHOVt no6e.[l.bl H8.ll. CBOYIM H8J160nee ynopHbJM BparoM. TeM BpeMeHeM £1Ja6MVI KyHKTaTop (KoHcyn B nf!Tb!Vt pa3) 6naro.aapfl npe.aaTenbCTBY Y/TaJibf/HCKYIX C0/03HJ1KOB (aHHJ16ana B3f/JI TapeHT. nopa3J1TenbHO, 'lTO, HeCMOTpfl Ha 3TY noTepJO, (aHHM6an oKa3ancf! cnoco6eH npo-

poHy. PMMCKY/Vt KOHCYJI Tenepb 3a.D.YMan 6neCTflll.IYIVt nnaH. 0cTaBJ1B 60JibWYIO <JaCTbapMYIYI npOTYIBOCTOf/Tb (aHHJ16any, OH B3f/JI 6 Tb!Cfl'l neXOTbl J1 O.D.HY Tb/Cfl'lY KOHHYI/.jbl - OT6opHb/X Y/3 OT60pHb/X - J1 CO BCeVt B03MO)I(H0Vt nocneWHOCTb/0 .D.BYIHynCfl Ha ceBep. 17poVI.afl 400 KM 3a 7 .D.HeVI, oH K 10ry oT peKM MeTaBp

.aon)l(aTb BOVtHy Yl.[l.ep)l(aTb B 6e3Bb/XO.[l.HOM nOJIO)I(eHYIYI 3Ha'lJ1TeJibHO 6onee MHOTO<JMcneHHbJe M 6onee .aeVIcTBeHHbJe apMMM pMMnfiH (208 r. ). Ho pMMJif!He, 111 B oco6eHHOCTM Mapuenn, OTHb!He y)l(e He CTpaWYIJIYICb 6MTBbJ c HMM. O.aHaKo Mapuenn B 3TOM ro.ay nonan B 38C8.ll.Y M norM6.

f/BWeMy rac.apy6any B CeBepo-BoCTO'lHOii1 MTanMM.

208 r. 61ATBA nPIA 6EKY11E;

f7aTpyJIJ1 (ac.apy6ana .D.OJIO)I(J1JIJ1 0 npMXO,I!e PYIMCKYIX nO.[l.KpenneHYIVt, J1 OH peWYIJI HO'lb/0 yVtTYI OT MeTaBpa Ha 6onee 6naronpMf!THoe MecTo. Ho YIT8flbf/HCKJ1e npOBO.[l.HYIKM.[l.e3epTYI-

IACnAHIASI. 17ocne MHOJO<JMcneHHbJX MaHeBpoB M oT.aenbHbJX CTbJ<JeK CuMnMOH no6e.aMn rac.apy6ana B 6MTBe 6nM3 coBpeMeHHOVt Kop.aoBbJ, He HaHecf!, Bnpo<JeM, Kapcj>areHf!HaM 3aMeTHoro YPOHa. f7ony<JJ18 npMK83 (aHHJ16ana ompaBMTb no.aKpenneHMfl B MTanYIJO, rac.apy6an .D.BYIHYJICfl B ranJIYI/0, no<JTM ocmBnflfl McnaHMJO CuMnMoHy. B rannviYI oH npoBen 3MMY, .aaBaf! OT.[l.OXHYTb CBOYIM JIJO.[l.>JM J1 Ha6Mpafl nononHeHMe.

TaVtHO npMCOe.[l.YIHYIJICf/ K KOHCyny M. J7J1BJ1/0 CanMHaTOpy, npOTYIBOCTO-

EHTBA HA METABPE 207 2. oo P. X.

pOB8flJ1, J1 B TeMHOTe apMYifl 3a6ny-

TJ18M, KOTOpoe nony'lYIJI (aHHJ16an 0 npM6bJTMM ero 6paTa B MTanMJO, 6bJJia !OJIOBa (ac,apy6ana, KaTanyflbTYipOBaHHaf/ B KapcpareHCKYIVt narepb. 0H ropeCTHO OTCTynMJI B 5pyrTYIVt.

207-206 rr. IACnAHIASI.

He-

pewen <Jepe3 AnbnbJ, npM6bJB B .ao-

,al1!18Cb. rac,apy6an nocnewHo npnroToBMncfl K6J1TBe, pa3MeCTYIB CBOYI HaMMeHee Ha.ae)I(HbJe <JaCTM Ha neBOM cpnaHTe, 3a my60KYIM OBpa!OM. PMMCKYie KOHCYJibl COWJIY/Cb C HYIM cpa3y nocne paccBeTa. Kapcj>areHCKMVt npaBb/Vt cj>naHT BCKOpe 6b!JI3aHf/T Tf/)l(eJib/M 6oeM C neTYIOHaMYI J7J1BJ1fl, TOT.[l.a KaK HaXO.D.flll.leMyCfl Ha pMMCKOM npaBoM cj>naHre HepoHy

CMOTPR H8 peWMTeflbHOe ConpOTMBneHMe MaroHa J1 rac.apy6ana fYICKO, C~.tMnMoH 6bJCTpo pacnpocTpaHMn CBOJO BnacTb Ha 6onbWYJO <JaCTb McnaHMM. BbJcweVI TO'lKOVt KaMnaHMM 6brna 6MTBa npM ropo.ae MnMne ( MnM Cll1nbnMM) B Typ.aeraHMM, r.ae CuMnMoH c 48 TbJCf!<JaMM <JenoBeK 6neCT>Jll.IMM MaHeBpOM peWY/TeJibHO pa 3!p0 MYIJI CeM Yl.[l.e Cf/TYITb/Cfl'lHO e

nMHY peKYI f70 npM6JIJ13J1TeJibHO C 50 TbJCf!<JaMM <JenoBeK, 6onee nonoBM-

.aocTyn K rannaM nperpa)l(.[l.an oBpar. Paccy.aMB, 'lTO npenf!TCTBMe TaK )l(e

HbJ KOTOpb!X COCTaBJif/JIYI TaJIJibl. Vf3BeCTYIB 6paTa 0 npM6bJTYIJ1, OH Ha <JaJI Me.aneHHO npO.[l.BYI!aTbCfl no HanpaBneHMJO K L(eHTpanbHOVt MmJIMYI. TeM BpeMeHeM raHHM6an o6pen .[l.OCTOVtHOJO npOTYIBHY/Ka B JIYI/.je

HenpOXO.[l.YIMO J1 .[l.Jifl KapcpareHf!H, HepOH Bb!Ben CBOYI OTP!rl.D.bl Y/3 JIYI HYIYI M 6bJCTpo npowen no38.ll.M oc-

Kapcj>areHcKoe BOVtCKO (206 r .). PacTf!HYB /.jeHTp CBOeVt apMYIYI B MaHepe, HeCKOJibKO HanOMY/HaBWeVt CTpOVt raHHM6ana npM KaHHax, CuMnMoH YICnOJib30Ban 3TO COBepweHHO .D.PY!YIM o6pa30M. L(eHTp 6b!JI OTTfiHYT, B TO BpeMf/ KaK PYIMCKli1Vt nOJIKOBO.[l.e/.j npe.anpMHfln ycnewHoe .D.BOVtHoe oKpy)l(eHMe CBOYIMYI Kpb/Jibf/MYI. C KapcpareHCKYIM npaBneHMeM B McnaHMM 6bmo noKOH<JeHo. BcKope nocne

207 r. rACAPY6AJl B IATAJliAIA. B Ha<Jane ro.aa rac.apy6an ne-

TanbHoii1 PYIMCKOVt apMYIYI, Bbli!r.afl B Tb/JI npaaoro cpnaHra McnaHcKoVI nexoTbJ. BHe3anHaf! aTaKa c Tb/Jia co-

.aef!TenbHOJO KOHcyna Kaf! KnaB.D.Mfl HepoHa. B 6J1TBe npM rpyMeHTe ( coBp. CanoHapa) HepoH, no.a KO-

aepweHHO.D.eMopanM30Bana McnaHueB Yl, HeCMOTpf/ Ha repOM'leCKYie

MaH.D.OBaHMeM KOTOpO!O HaXO.[l.YI-

na B naHMJ<Y. BM.D.fl, 'lTO Bee noTepf!-

3Toro CuMnMoH ocyll.leCTBMn cMe-

JIOCb 42 Tb/C!rl'lYI <JeJIOBeK, nOfiY<JYIJI He6onbwoVI <JMcneHHbJVt nepeBec Ha.D. (aHHJ16afiOM (y KOTOpOJO, Bepo-

HO, (ac.apy6an HaMepeHHO Bbexan B PYIMCJ<YIO KOJOpry, 'lT06bJ yMepeTb, cpa)l(af!cb. Kapcj>areHcKaf! apMMfl

Jib!Vt noxo.a B CeBepHyJO Acj>pMJ<Y, r.ae 3aKnJO'lMn co103 c Macc MHMccoVI conepHMKOM CMcj>aKca B cnope 3a

f/THO, 6b!JIO OKOJIO 30 Tb/Cfl'l '-lenaBe K), HO TeM He MeHee He CMO! npe -

6bma 6e3H8.lJ.e)I(HO pa36MTa: 6onee 10 Tb!Cff'l <JenoBeK norM6no, a ocTaTOK paccef!H; pMMJif!He noTepflnM

HYMYI.[l.YIVtCKYIVt npeCTOJI.

ycMnMf!tac.apy6an~apMMf!eroBna

206-204 rr. rAHHIA6AJl B 6E3BbiXOAHOM n OJlQ}KEHIAIA.

rpa.[l.Y/Tb KapcpareHf/HYIHY nyTb Ha ceBep B KaHycMVI ( coBp. KaHoca .D.M f7yJibfl), !.D. e TOT HaMepeBanCfl )l(.lJ.aTb J13BeCTJ1Vt OT 6paT8. 0.[l.HaKO nocnaH-

Tb!Cfi'IM <JenoBeK. Cpa3y nocne 6MTBbJ HepoH 3a wec Tb ,aHeVI BepHyncf! o6paTHO B /O)I(HYJO MTanMJO.

(aHHJ16an HeBepORTHb/M o6pa30M .aep)l(aJICf/ B 5pyrTli1J1, HeB3Mpafl Ha !pOM8.D.HOe 'lYICJieHHOe npeBOCXO.[l.CT-

l.lbl rac.apy6ana nonanM B nneH K He-

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no,o.

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203 r.

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194

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BOBBe,aeHMfl, PMMflf/He no,ao)l(,aanM, noKa He nocTpounu 3Ha'lMTenbHoro KOflM'leCTBa 9TMX HOBb/X KOpa6nelfi, a 3aTeM 3aCTanM KapcpareHf/H BpacnnOX B pewa10~elli 6uTBe npu Munax. Hb/W MOCH1K, wapHMPHO ycTaHOB-

)I(MBaflCfl B nO'lTM BepTMKaflbHOW no-

npucnoco6Mn PMM K CBOelfi MOp-

neHHbiW Ha HOCY KOpa6nf! M ,aOCTM-

3MUMM M MOT 6bJTb nepeKMHYT Hapy-

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raBWMW B ,anMHY

8- 11 1

PMHe 'lYTb 6onbWe

M npM WM-

/KYBfli060MHanpaBneHMM. noc6nM-

B COOTBeTCTBMM C Tpa,aMUMOHHOW

M; OH 6blfl

)I(eHMM C KOpa6neM npOTMBHMKa

npaKTMKOW TeX BpeMeH, KOpa6nM

onycKanc>~

CHa6)1(eH HeBb/COKMMM 6opTMKaMM

KOPBYC c y,aapoM

Ha ero

Ka)l(.ay/0 HO% Bb/TaCKMBanM Ha 6e-

M OCTpolfi MeTannM'leCKOW wnopolfi

nany6y, M wnopa my6oKo BOH3a-

per. Ho pMMnf!He nepBbJMM Ha'lanu B

B BM,ae BOpOHbero Kfl/OBa, ,aaBwelfi

nacb B .aocKM.

pMMCKMX ne-

06f!3aTeflbHOM nopf!,aKe BC>IKMW pa3

ycTpollicTBy Ha3BaHMe. B noxo,aHoM

ruoHepoBHeMe,aneHHOKM,aanacbno

B03BO,aMTb yKpenneHHb/W narepb,

noMo~M

9TOMY MOCTMKY, 'lT06bJ cpa)l(aTbCfl

3a~M~aBWMW rpe6UOB, MOP>IKOB M

CMCTeMbl 6nOKOB M CHaCTelfi y,aep-

Ha Bp8)1(eCKOW nany6e, KaK Ha cywe.

KOpa6nM.

nono)l(eHMM KOPBYC npu

Tonna

IOJKHAH A3HJI MH,lUUI 325-200 22. iJo P. X.

,aa M B30Wen Ha Mara,aXCKMW TPOH. Mono.aolli M BocnpMMM'lMBbllli, 4aH.aparynTa BCTpeTMn AneKcaH,apa BenMKoro M, no BCelfi BM,aMMOCTM, npo-

VfcTOpMfl VfH,aMM OCTaeTCfl 6eflb/M nf!THOM cpaKTM'leCKM ,ao 525 r. ,ao

P.X.

npe,acTaBnf!eTCfl, 'lTO K ce-

Ben

C HMM

HeKOTOpoe

BpeMf!,

nOCTMraf! MCKYCCTBO BOWHbl M nepeHMMaf/ MHOroe y MaKe,aOHUa. 1../aH,a-

pe,aMHe IV B . .ao P.X MH,aullicKMe Bna-

parynTa CyMen paCWMPMTb CBOM

,aeHMfl nepcM,aCKOW MMnepMM ,aoc-

Bna,aeHMfl BO Bcex HanpaBneHMfiX, a

TMTflM He3aBMCMMOCTM.

BO BpeMf/ paHHMX BOWH ,aMB,aOXOB M3-

327-325 rr.

BTOP:>KEH~E

AJlEKCAHAPA B ~HA~IO. 0Kono 325 r. MAfAAXA fOCnOACTBYET B AOJl~HE fAHfA. Mory~ecTBO Mara.axu B03pacTano

rHan MaKe,aoHueB M3 CeBepo-3ana.aHolli VfH,aMM.

305 r.

BTOP:>KEH~E

CEJlEBKA

H~KATOPA. no.apo6HOCTM KaMnaHMM, B XO,ae KOTOpolfi CeneBK nbJ-

no,a BnaCTb/0 6oraTOifi, XOTfl M npo-

TaflCfl BOCCTaHOBMTb BnaCTb MaKe-

MCXO,af!~elfi M3 HM3KOW KaCTbl ,aMHaCTMM HaH,aa (479-323 rr.).

,aOHMM B VfH,aMM K BOCTOKY OT VfH,aa,

323-297 rr.l\APCTBOBAH~E

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lfAHAPAfYnTbl.

HeM3BeCTHbl. COMHMTeflbHO, 'lT06bJ

BoeHa'lanbHMK

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4aH,aparynTa cBepr ,auHaCTM/0 HaH-

'leM, 'lTO 6bJ HM npoucxo.auno B

HHAHH B VI - II BB. AO

P . X.

rr. J"" CEBEPO- 3AOAAHNI HHAH~

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p .x.

MAf.AAXA focyAapcTsa K nAeMeaa HHAMH BB&'la.\e VI B.AoP. X. 0cROBBble aanpaBACRHJI TeppKTOpHaAbBOrO pacwapeHHR Marux11

•

vr AO cepeAIIHbl V B. AO.

p. X.

AO cepeAHBbl lV a. AO P.X. noxo~ AAeKcaHApa MneAOHCKoro B HHAHlO

327-325rr..

P.X.

M~ 6aTBbJ AMKcaBApa MaKeAOHCKoro c llopo11 B 326 r. AO P

.x.

~---

nyTb lf!AOTa Heapxa

VIlA

3eM/IH, HaXOAKBIIIKec.ll noA ynpao/leaaeM Oopa 3eMAH.,I, HBX~AHBIIIKeca DOA ynpaBAeRKeM "apa ! BKCH/Ibl TeppKTOplla, }'CT_flll\eHI!3JI Ce11eBKOM rocyAapcT Maypt.eB OK. 305 r. AO P.X.

W$#"6~ fpaaa~· rocyAapcTaa Maypz.ea np• Awoxo

•

CTOIIHWl rocyAapcTBa Amokll CyxonyTable Toproable nyna Mopcxae Toproable DfTil MecTa aac:J~&Abar.a ·RBAD&eel· Am01e•

202

BEK fVlfAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X. 206 r. AHT"'OX Ill B AOJmHE KA6YJ1A.

Cy~~ no eceMy, oH eropr-

c~ B neH~)I(86 M, O~eBM~HO, He npu-

6era~ K BOeHHb/M ~eWCTBM~M, npuHY~Mn

MH~MWCKOTO

npaBMTen~

CocparaceHy npM3H8Tb HOMMHBnbHY/0 BaccanbHY/0 38BMCMMOCTb.

BoeHHast cHcTeMa MaypbeB. 4T06bJ M3 CTOnM~HOW naranunyTpbl ( COBp. ropo~ naTHa B WTBTe bMXBp) 9cpcpeKTMBHO ynpaBn~Tb CBOMMM He06b~THb/MM B!lql1eHM~MM, 4BH~pa

6or W111aa, yKf)aweHHbiH aeHKOM 1113 1.4epenoa 111 nnHWYil\lllH Ha Tpynax. 6paXM8HCKIIIH penbe$ 1113 3nnopbl ~eWCTBMTenbHOCTM, ~CHO, ~TO 4aH~parynTa B3~n eepx. 6bm 3BKJI/O~eH

~oroeop 0 C0/03e, no KOTOPOMY CeneBK ycrynan 4aH~parynre He ronbKO npOBMHI..IMM, ne)I(81.1.1Me K BOCTOJ<Y OT VfH~B, HO M 3H8~MTenbHb/e TeppMTOpMM Apaxocuu ( pawoH KaH~a rapa B coep. AcpraHucraHe) u lek pOCMM ( COBp. 6eny~)I(MCT8H) HB 3anqa OT peKM B 06MeH HB 500 6oeBb/X cnoHoB, KoropbJX CeneBK c ycnexoM ucnonb30Ban npu VInce. Bo3MO)I(HO, ~TO M3-38 npo~On)I(BBWMXC~ ~ua~oxuwcKux BOWH CeneBKY npuwnocb noKMHYTb VIH~M/0, He nonbJTBBWMCb ~06MTbC~ peWMTenbHOTO cp8)1(eHu~ c 4aH~parynrow. KaKOBbJ 6bJ HM 6bJnM npM~MHbl, pe3ynbT8TOM ~BMnMCb yKpenneHMe CT86MnbHOCTM u poeT Moum nepeow eenuKow ~u Hacruu VfH~MM, M3BeCTHOW KBK MMnepu~ MaypbeB. 297-274 rr. LV\PCTBOBAH"'E

6"'HAYCAPbl (CbiHa 4aH.nparynTbl). OH 3Ha~uTenbHO pa3~BMHyn rpaHMI..Ibl MMnepMM B fO)I(HOM HanpaBneHMM.

eenu~u~ u MOryi..Uecrea. Cy~~ no BCeMy, OH Bb/Hy)l(lJ,eH 6bJn 6opOTbC~ C HeCKOnbKMMM npeTeH~eHTaMM Ha npecron. Ho enocne~creuu, npu~~ K BnaCTM, npe~npMH~n TOnbKO O~HY 6onbWYIO KBMnaHM/0, B XO~e KOTOpow 3aeoeean u.apcreo KanuHry Bocro~Hoe no6epe)l(be VIH~MM Me)I(~y f8HTOM M )J,eKBHCKMM nnOCKOTOpbeM. OH 6bm TBK one~aneH Kpoeaeow 6owHew B xo~e eoeHHbJX ~eWCTBMW, ~TO Bnpe~b 38peKC~ OT 3aBOeB8HMW, CTBn 6y.a,aMCTOM M noCB~TMn OCTBTOK )I(M3HM ~o6pbJM ~e naM M HaBe~eHM/0 nop~~Ka B ynpaBneHMM ceoew orpoMHow MMnepuew. 3ru enqaeHu~ BK!I/O~anu BC/0 VIH~M/0 (KpOMe fO)I(HOW OKOHe~HOCTM M TeppMTOpMM coep. AccaMa), Henan u 3Ha~urenbHYIO ~acrb AcpraHMCTaHa. 6onbWMHCTBO MCTOPMKOB C~MTa/OT ero 6naropo~HewwuM u eenu~aw WMM npaBMTeneM 3a BC/0 MCTOPM/0 VIH~MM.

232-180 rr. YnAAOK MAYPbEB. 6onee no3~HMM MMneparo-

AWOK"' (BHyKa 4aH.nparymbl). OH

paM He XBBTano pBeHM~, 9HeprMM M opraHM3BU.MOHHbJX cnoco6Hocrew nepBbJX Tpex. 3a n~Tb~ec~r neT ee-

npueen MMnepu/0 MaypbeB K nuey ee

nuKa~ MMnepu~ uc~e3na.

274-232 rr. LV\PCTBOBAH"'E

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HMCTpaJ..IM~ 4aH~parynTb/ BKJI/O~ana

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203

RCHO, 'ITO Ba)I(HOCTb npo(j}ec-

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or P.X.

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nocroRHHbte apM/11/11 era-

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BEK rl!lrAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X.

204

T/II'IBCK/11 3T/II per/IIOHbl nocTeneHHO

liAKTPIDIII IIAPIDI 323-200 u. oo P. X.

no/], 8fl8CTb/O MBCTHb/X KHR3ei!f /II

323-311 rr. ocnAsnEHVIE

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B TO >Ke 8peMR

nneMeHHbiX 80>K,JJ,ei!i.

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Bo-

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321-302 rr. PEKOHKVICTA

CTO'IHble np08/IIHLI,/II/II 6blflOM /IIMnepl!l/11 AneKC8H/],pa nocne/],088TBflbHO

CEnEBKA.

H8XO/],/IIfl/11Cb no/], HOM/IIH8flbHb/M

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I!IMnep/111!1.

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255 r. nEPEBOPOT AVIOAO-

38MeHa /II AHT/11/0Ha. 0/l,HaKo cjJaK-

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....<

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250 r. APWAK B nAP<l>VIVI. 3TOT CKI!IcjJCK/IIM 80)/(/],b 6blfl /113/HaH /1,1!10/],0TOM 8 3ana/],HYIO napcjJI!IIO, 1/],B OCH0nap<J>S1HCKI1H BOI1H

88fl HB388/IIC/IIMOe u,apCTBO (249

1.).

239-238 rr. HEYAA'"IA CEnEBKVIAA./l.MOJl.OTI!IApwaK/1(247212 II.) 06be/],/IIH/IIfl/11Cb, 'IT06bl OTpa3/IITb nonb/TK/11 Cene8K8

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230 r. B03BbiWEHVIE 38<!>111AEMA.

3TOT lpeKo-MaKe/],oHeu, y6Mn

/1,1!10/l,OTa /II 8ou,apl!lncR 8 EaKTp/111!1.

209-208 rr. BTOP.>KEHVIEAHTVIOXA Ill.

OH pa361!1n ApwaKa

Ill

napcjJI!II!I. ApwaK o6paTI!IflCR 3a noMOU{b/0 K 38cjJI!I/],BMY, HO AHT/IIOX HaHBC nopa>KBH/IIe 06bB/],/IIHBHHb/M 6aKTpl!li!fCKO-napcjJRHCK/IIM C/llfl8M 8 61!1T8e Ha Ap/111!1 (208

r:).

ApwaK 3aK-

fl/O'II!In MI!IP /II np1!13Han 8epxo8eHCT80 Cene8KI!IJ1.08.

208-206 rr. BOIIIHA AHTVIOXA Ill C 3B<l>VIAEMOM. Xom AHTI!Iox /II 8bll!llpan 60flbWOe KOfl/II'IBCT80 M8flb/X cpa>KBH/IIM, OH 6blfl He 8 COCTORH/11/11 3880B88Tb b8KTp1!110 /II COI/],/118HY, no/], KOHBU, OH npe/],flO)/(/IIfl 38cjJI!I/],BMY 8Bfl/IIKO/l,YWHb/e

yc-

fl08/IIR /II TOT np1!13H8fl HOM/IIH8flbHOe /ocno/],CT80 Cene8KI!IJ1.08.

BOCTOLJHAs:J A3V1s:J

205

BOCTOqJJMI A3IDI KHTAH 400-200 22. iJo P. X. 475-221 rr. «3PA CPA)f(AIOll\"'XC51 UAPCT8>>. 8 Ha4ane 9TOro nep~tw.aa (oKono 400 r.) maBHbiMM aHTaTOHMCTaMM 6b!fl!t1 8914, L(M, '-ly, }/Hb, '-I>Kao, XaHb !t1 L(MHb. noHa4any cMnbHel4wMM 6bmo uapcreo 8914. L(MHb - orcranoe, nonyeapeapcKoe rocy.aapcreo e ceeepo-3ana.aHoM perMoHe .aonMHbl XyaHX9 6bmo cna6el4wMM.

0Kono 354-353 rr. 80171HA ME)I(AY 83171 "' XAHb. 8914cKa~ apMM~ eropmacb e uapcreo XaHb, Koropoe nonpocMno noMO/.J..llt1 y L(M. 8 oreer L(M nocnano eol4cKa no.a KOMaH.aoeaHMeM nonKoeo.au.a T~Hb L(3M, KOTOPOMY Ha.ane>K8JIO BTOprHYTbC~ Ha reppMTOPM/0 8914 !t1 CO3,aaTb yrpo3y CTOflMLJ.e. rnaBHb/M coeerHMKOM reHepana T~H~ 6bm M3eecrHbll4 crparer CyHb nMH - o.av1H !t13 rex, KOMY npMnMCb/BaflOCb aeTOPCTBO pa6orbl CyHb L(3bl «t1ceyccreo eoi4Hbl». 8914cKa~ apMM~, KOTOpol4 KOMaH.aoean naHb '-/yaH, B npownoM Konnera CyHb nMHa, cpo4HO noKMHyna npe.aenbl u.apcrea XaHb 1t1 .aeMHynacb Ha 3a/.J..llt1TY ceoel4 cronMUbl. Cne.ay~ coeery CyHb nv1Ha, apMM~ L(M orcrynMna, OCTaBMB B nOKMHYTOM narepe CBM.aerenbCTBa naHMKM 1t1 6ecnop~.aKa. nonKOBO,aeu. naHb npMKa3an Ha4aTb npecne.aoeaHMe.

0Kono 353 r. 6"'T8A nP"' MAJJ"'HE. CyHb nMH pa3MeCT!t1fl B 3acaae 10 Tb/C~4 ap6aner4MKOB. ApMM~ 8914 nonana enoeywey M6bma no4TM

CTeKJ1SIHHbiH H3KOHe'fHr.tK KOObSI. Kr.tTaH. 3anaAHaH XaHb

nonHOCTb/0 YHM4TO>KeHa( HeKoropbJe !t1CT04H!t1K!t1 yKa3b/Ba/OT Ha 91}' 6MTBY, KaKnpoMcwe.awy/0 e341 r.).

0Kono 350 r. 8038biWEH"'E U."'Hb. 3ro 6bmo pe3ynbraroM nonMTM4eCKMX !t1 BOeHHb/X pelj>opM, npoee.aeHHbiX WaH }/HoM, 6emeuoM M38914.

0Kono 342-341 rr. 80171HA ME>KAY 83171"' Y>KAO. OnpaBMBWMCb nocne pa3rpoMa npM ManMHe, u.apcreo 8914 HanpaeMno eol4cKa e coce.aHee rocy.aapcreo '-I>Kao 1t1 oca.aMno cronMuy. '-I>Kao nonpocMno noMOLUM y uapcrea L(M - raK >Ke, KaK 9TO c.aenano u.apcreo XaHb .aeeHa.au.arb/0 ro.aaMM paHbWe. KaK !t1 B npe,abl.aYLUMI4 pa3, apMM~ L(M eropmacb Ha reppMTOPM/0 8914, yrpo>Ka~ cronMu.e. rnaBHbiM coeerHMKOM KOMaH.aYIOLUero UMI4CKOI4 apMMel4 BHOBb 6bm CyHb nMH.

0Kono 341 r. 6"'T8A n P"' rY171JJ"'HE. t1 CHOBa npaBMTenb 8914 OT03B8JI apMM/0 BTOp>KeHM~ ,an~ 3al.U!t1Tb/ co6creeHHol4 cronMU.bl. Ha 9TOT pa3 CyHb nMH no.acreper MX B 3aca.ae no .aopore. TaKTMKa 3aca.a, npMMeHeHHa~ CyHb nMHOM no.a MaflMHeM !t1 ryl4nMHeM, Ha3b/Baerc~ noKMTal4cKM ••OKpy>Ka~ 8914» 1t1 no3>Ke 6bma Bb/COKO OU.eHeHa !t1 MCnOflb30BaHa Mao L(39,ayHoM.

334-286 rr. 3KCnAHC"'51 YY. noKOPMB npM6pe>KHb/e Hapo,abl 109, a 3aTeM CYH ( B COBp. npOBMHU.MM AHbxol4), '-ly Ha4MHaer rocno.acreoearb Ha.a .aonMHOI4 }/HU3b/ B HM>KHeM ee re4eHMM.

330-316 rr. 3KCnAHC"'51 U."'Hb. L(apcreo L(MHb o.aHoepeMeHHO pacnpocrpaH~no ceoe rocno.acreo Ha ceeep 1t1 Ha 3ana.a. 3aeoeeae rocy.aapcrea Wy 1t1 6a Ha reppMTOpMM COBpeMeHHOI4 npOBMH4M!t1 CbJ4yaHb, L(MHb yreep>K.tJ.aerc~ B .aonMHe }/HLJ.3bl e cpe.aHeM ee re4eHMM, npe.acraen~~ np~MY/0 yrpo3Y uapcrey '-ly(oKono 316 r.). ConepHM4ecreo Me)I(JJ.y 9TMMM .aeyM~ rocy,aapCTBaMM YCMflMBaerc~, HO Heycrol44!t1Bb/e C0/03bl MeHee MOLU-

Hb/X rocy.aapcre no3eon~10r coxpaH~Tb HeKOTOpoe paBHOBeCMe C!tffl.

0Kono 320 r. 8 K"'TAE n0518J151ETC51 KA8AJ1EP"'51. 8 KMral4cKol4 BOeHHOI4 npaKTMKe BCa,aHMKM npMMeH~flMCb, Ha4!t1Ha~ C VB. .ao P.X.

Vfx npeepa£.UeHMe B CaMOCTO~Teflb Hb/14 po.a BOI4CK 6b!fl0 Ha4aTO Y f1MHeM, uapeM '-I>Kao, o.aHoro M3 «Cpa>Ka/OLUMXC~ u.apCTB». noMMMO BCero npo4ero, 9TO npMeeno 1t1 K nepeMeHaM B BOeHHOI4 lj>opMe: rpqaMLJ.MOHHO K!t1Tai4Ubl HOC!t1fl!t1,afl!t1HHb/e xanaTbl, KOTOpb!e renepb CMeHMflMCb 3Ha4MTeflbHO 6onee KOPOTKMMM, a Ta/OKe wapoeapaMM, KaKy 60flbWMHCTBa npMMMTMBHb/X KOHHO-OpMeHTMpoBaHHb/X K04eBb/X Hapo.aoe, 06MTaBW!t1X ceeepHee.

0Kono 315-323 rr. 60Pb6A YY"' U."'Hb. L(apcreo L(MHbMe.aneHHO Ha6Mp8JIO CMny, noKa, HaKOHeU., uapb '-I>K9H He o.aep>Kan no6e.ayHa.a uapCTBOM '-/y.

0Kono 280 r. li."'Hb HAHOC"'T nOPA)f(EH"'E 83171. 3aeoeeaHMe uapcreoM L(MHb rocy.aapcrea 8914

206

BEK fV1fAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X. 11 0

MMnEPY15I !JHHb Ill

( KOH E!J 150

B. AO

ISO

p. X.)

30() KW

'l" ~ ((J

~ ((J ~

c:: ___......

tl ;\

\lu

.a; :::r ......

::::

b 4 ltl y ~

·'" J

'Ia~·~:

-.. -::>

(\\

.~ . ...· ··(-,,

-:)

~ (\\

1:.

1 ,. I.-

v 1:. ~

fTI

': \::n

1'1 1-\ b ,;

!!: fTI

TeppMTOpltR IJIIHbCKOJ! IIMOCpHit 8 MOMCHT H3H60Abwero TeppHTOp113AbHOrO p3CWHpCHIIH

J\SlOAY H

Ha3BaHHll 11 npu6AH3HTCAbllblC rpaHH\!bl o6AaCTCil (1!310Hb) IIMOcpHII CTOAH!!3

Opo•me HaceAeHnble nynKTI>I

HanpaBACHIIR BTOpiECHHll ryHHOB

n.J'I.rLJ'\.I'L BeAHKall

110

H~tnepHII

• , . , .. , ..

KanaAbl

KHTallcKall cTeHa

BOCTOLJHAs:J A3V1s:J

207

np111eeno Kell..le 6onee ocrpoMynpoT!IIBOCTORH!II/0 L(IIIHb Ill 4y.

260 r.

6~TBA nP~ 4AHn~HE

( COBpeMeHHblill f aom1H B npOBI!IHUI!IIil WaHbCI!I). 3.aecb ~!IIHbCKaR apM!IIR pa3rpOM!IIna BOWCKO ~apcrea 4)1(a0 B RPOCTHOW, KPOBaBOW Ill peW!IITenbHOW6MTBe.

249 r. KOHEU. A~HACT~~ 4)f(QY. nocne,aH!IIe OCTaTK!II 6bJnOro MOryll..leCTBa 4)I(Oy 6bJn!ll YH1114TO)I(eHbl ~MHbCKMM ~apeM 4)1(a0.

247-21 0 rr. L.J.APCTBOBAH~E ~H

4>K3HA. llfH 4)1(9H, npaBMTenb L(MHb, npe.anonaraeMbJW CbJH ~11/Hb cKoro np!IIH~a JJ,3111 4y 111 BHYK ~apR 4)1(aO, B03MO)I(HO, RBflRflCR Cb/HOM f1MHb 5y B9R, ypo)l(eH~a 4)1(ao, enocne,acTBMM CTaBWero npeMbep-MMH!IICTpOM ~apCTBa L(IIIHb. llfH 4)1(9H 6bJn O,aHOW 1113 een!IIKMX </>lllryp B 11/CTOPM!II KvtraR. He ronbKO 6necTRll..lllli1 nonMT!IIK, HO !116neCTRll..IMW nonKOBO,ae~, OH npe,anp!IIHRfl C!IICTeMaT!II4eCKOe 3aBOeBaHMe OCTaflbHbiX <f>eo,aanbHbiX rocy,aapcre. KocTRKOM ero apM!II!II Cfly;K!IIfla MOll..IHaR ~MHbCKaR KaBanepMR, c<f>opMMPOBaBWaRCR B pe3ynbrare ,an111renbHbJX cpa)l(eH!IIW C BO!IIHCTBeHHb/MM Hapo,aaMM MOHronbCKMX CTenei1- C/OHHY ( 11/flM xyHHY, npe,aKaM!II ryHHOB) 111 K!ll,aaHRM!II (lllfl!ll K!IITaRMM, C03,aaTenRMM YHM4TO)I(eHHOro 4>zyp4)1(9HRMM rocy,aapCTBa f1Ro ). Be.aR pew!IITenbHY/0 6opbaHOH H

Boii~N O

'' '

nn•• • u 'IJtttl

611Taa npw 'faHnwHe a 260 r. AO P.X.

BenwKast

KwTa~cKast

6y C ~apCTBOM 4y, llfH 4)1(9H O,aHOepeMeHHO 3aeoeean nRTb,apyrlllx, ocraeaew!IIXCR He3aB!IIC!IIMbJM!II rocy.aapcre: 4)1(ao, XaHb, 8911, )/Hb M L(M (228-221 rr.).

222-210 rr. U.APCTBOBA-

cTeHa

nneMeH. K TOMY epeMeHM HecKonbKO ceeepHbiX rocy,aapCTB He3aBMC!IIMO ,apyr OT ,apyra y;Ke B03B04Mfl!ll norpaH!II4HbJe creHbl, 3all..l!llll..laR CBO!II Bfl8.lJ,eHMR OT Ha6erOB K04eBHMKOB. no CYll..leCTBY, L(MHb WlllxyaH

H~E U.~Hb W~XYAHA. npeo.aonee

nocne,aH/0/0 <f>eo,aanbHY/0 onno3!11~!II/O llfH 4)1(9H 06bRBMfl ce6R 11/MneparopOM K111raR c T!IITynoM L(IIIHb WvtxyaH. 3ro 6bmo Ha48JIOM He.aonroee4Hoi1, HO naMRTHOW 411/HaCT!II!II L(MHb, OT KOTOpOW npOM30WflO Ha3BaH!IIe China - Kvtrai1 1• Tenepb L(MHb WvtxyaH noceRTMn ceoi1 BbJ,aa/Oll..IMWCR TanaHT B o6naCT!II opraHM3a~M!II M nnaH!IIPOBaHMR C03,aaH!II/O c!llcreMbl ynpaeneH!IIR, Koropoi1 Cy)I(JJ.eHO 6bJnO npoCyll..leCTBOBaTb B Kvtrae 6onee 2100 neT. Bo MHomx OTHOWeHMRX 9Ta opraHM3a~!IIR 6bma cpaBH!IIMa C TOW, KOTOPYIO C03,aan!ll B nepC!IIM KMp Ill Jl,apMi1- HaM6onee RBHOe CXO,aCTBO npocne)I(MBaeTCR B C03,aaH!II!II C!IICTeMbl BOeHHbiX CaTpan!IIW 111 npoK!Ia,aKe cvtcTeMbJ een!IIKonenHbJX .aopor. O.aep)l(aB no6e.ay Ha.a C/OHHY, L(MHb W111xyaH nocrpoMn e.aonb ceeepHoi1 rpaH!II~bl ceo111x ena,aeHMW Ben!IIKY/0 CTeHy, KOTOpaR .aon)I(Ha 6bma cny)I(MTb nperpa.aoi1 .anR .aanbHei1wMx Ha6eroe crenHbiX 1

IIpHHl!TOe

Hac HaJBaHHe KHTai'i H.l{eT

OT YllOMliHYTbiX Bblllle Kl!,l{aHei'i (KI!TaeB).

~MnepaTop

UHHb WwxyaH

npOCTO COe,a!IIH!IIfl 11/X B 04HY r!llraHTCKY/0, npOTRHYBWYIOCR Ha 3 Tb/CR4!11 KMnoMerpoe. 5onee no3,aH!IIe,aMHaCT!II!II npo.aon)l(aT ee coopy)l(eH!IIe, .aoee.aR e !liTore .ao ee OKOH4arenbHoi1 6000-KMflOMeTpOBOW ,anMHbl. BHyrpM ceoei1 MMnep111111 L(MHb WMxyaH pa3opy)I(Mn ece <f>eo.aanbHbJe apM!IIM, a KOH</>!IICKOBaHHOe opy)l(!lle 6bJnO nepennaeneHO Ha CTaTyM

208

BEK fV1fAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X. 3a BTOp)l(eHMR nneMeH C/OHHY, KOTOpbJe .o.o6vtnvtcb rocno.o.crea B MoHronvtM, pa3rpoMMB /094)1(ew .o.peBHMW Hapo.o., o6vtTaBWMW Ha TepPMTOPMRX 6aKTpMM Y1 VfHP.MM.

201 r. BTOP)I(EH""E CIOHHY (XYHHY).

Pa3nvt4Hble nneMeHa

C/OHHY, 06beP.MHeHHb/e BapeapCKMM npaevtTeneM Mo.o.9, 4vtcnoM oKono

300 TbJCR4 4enoeeK BTopmvtcb e Ceeepo-3ana.o.HbJW KMraw.

200 r. nOPA)I(EH""E OT CIOHHY.

lao~3Y BbJCTynvtn MM HaBcTpe-

4Y. O.o.HaKo y.o.a4a M3MeHvtna eMy MMnepaTop noTepnen nopa)l(eHvte M .o.a)l(e npoeen HecKonbKO P.Hew B OCa)l(.lJ.eHHOW norpaHM4HOW KpenocTM.

KOH~e KOH~OB OH 6blfl BbiH}I)K-

P.eH 3aK!I/04MTb c Mo.o.9 YHM3MTenbHbJW MMp, no ycnOBM>IM KOTOporo TOT COXpaHRfl BflaCTb HaP. BCeM OKKynM-

KHTaj;icme aca.QHHKH. Ctcynbn'fYpHble uao6pa)l(eHHfl. 3ana.QHafl XaHb

poBaHHb/M norpaHM4HbiM perMO HOM Y1 nony4an B )l(eHbl .0.0% KMTaWCKOTO MMnepaTopa.

M cenbCKOX03RWCTBeHHbJe opy.o.vt>~.

B 6opb6e 3a enacTb, pa3bJrpaewewc>~

BoeHHaSI CHCTeMa .QHHaCTHH

Ero cTporoe, 6e3)1(8flOCTHoe aeTo-

Me)l(.lJ.y HMMM, no6e.o.vtn fl10 6aH. TeM

l...lHHb. X om P.MHaCTMR L{vtHb, ocHo-

KpaTw~ecKoe npaeneHvte 6bmo .o.ew-

epeMeHeM CeeepHaR KopeR BbJwna

eaHHaR MMnepaTopoM L(MHb Wvt-

CTBeHHbJM, HO Bb/3b/B8fl0 B03MYll.le-

M3-nOP. KMTaWCKOTO Bfl8.£J.bNeCTB8.

xyaHoM 6bJna He.o.onroee4HOW,

HMe MHOTMX KMTaW~eB.

202 r. A""HACT""Sl XAHb.

no.o.

OP.HaKO nOflMTM4eCKaf/ Y1 BOeHHaR

221-214 rr. 3KCnAHC""S1 K""TAS1. L{vtHb WvtxyaH npe.o.npvtH>m ce-

TPOHHb/M MMeHeM /ao~3Y fl10 baH

CMCTeMbl, y4pe)I(.£J.eHHb/e MM, OKa3a-

PM/0 nOXOP.OB K/Ory OT }/H~3bl, 3aBOenocne.o.cTBMM

BbJe TOP.bl ~apCTBOBaHMR n03M~Mfl ero 6bJna 04eHb WaTKOW M3-3a MHO-

CMCTeMy OH 3aMeHMfl

Y13BeCTHb/e KaK 4>y~3>1Hb, /yaHP.YH,

)I(eCTBa BHyTpeHHMX 6ecnopR.£J.KOB,

BaHHb/M aBTOKpaTM4eCKMM npaBM-

/yaHCM (Hb/He /yaHCM-'-/)I('jaHCKMW

nocne.o.oeaewvtx 3a cTpeMvtTenbHbJM na.o.eHMeM L(MHb, a TaK)I(e M3-

poro He MeHRnvtcb 6onee

eBaB

pervtoHbJ,

aeToHOMHbJW pawoH KHP) M ToHKMH

ocHoean HOBY/0 P.MHaCTM/0.

nep-

flMCb BeCbMa YCTOW4Y1Bbl. nony<Peo.o.anbHY/0 npaBMTeflbCTBeHHY/0 ~eHTpanM30-

TeflbCTBOM, OCHOBHb/e 4epTbl KOTO-

TbJCR4

( coep. b8K6o eo BbeTHaMe). OH TaK-

neT -

)I(e 38BOeBan CeeepHy/0 Kope/0. no

P.MHaCTMM L(MH e

BCeW BMP.MMOCTM, 60flbWMHCTBO

macHo MCTOPMKY Cvt.o.He/0 Wanvtpo,

P.O na.o.eHMR MaHb4)1(YPCKOW

1911 r. or P.X.

Co-

9TMX onepa~vtw coeepwanocb no.o.

L{vtHb WvtxyaH «06Hapo.o.oean e.o.vt-

Henocpe.£J.CTBeHHb/M KOMaHP.OBaHM-

Hb!W KOP.eKC 3aKOHOB, ynopf/.£J.04Mfl

eM ero eoeHa4anbHMKOB MvtH T9Ha

P.eHe)I(HY/0 CMCTeMy Y1 CMCTeMy Mep

M '-/)l(ao To.

Y1 BeCOB; OH BBen HOPMbl nMCbMeH-

21 0-207 rr. 1...\APCTBOBAH""E XYXAS1. BnpaeneHvte9ToronorpR3-

HOTO >13b/Ka Y1 CTaH.o.apTbl .ll.flMHbl OCeW nOB030K Y1 KOfleCHM~».

MHTpvtrax CbJHa

Y4pe)I(.£J.eHHaR L{vtHb WvtxyaHoM

L(MHb WvtxyaHa <Peo.o.anbJ BHOBb yK-

BOeHHaR CMCTeMa B03HMK!Ia OTHIOP.b

penvtnM enacTb, a B cTpaHe TOM .o.eno

He B pe3ynbTaTe HeKoew peeon/0-

wero B

P.BOp~OBb/X

BCnbiXMBanM HapO.lJ.Hb/e BOCCTaHM>I.

~MM- 3a HeW CTORflM HeCKOflbKO Be-

207-202 rr. AHAPX""Sl. Xy Xaw

KOB pa3BMTM>I. Ho MMnepaTOPCKMe

6blfl y6MT C06CTBeHHb/MY1 npM.£J.BOp-

pe<f>opMbJ >~Bvtnvtcb KynbMMHa~vtew

Hb/MY1. Moryll.leCTBeHHbJW 4YCKMW

9BOfl/O~MOHHOTO npo~ecca,

KH>I3b Y1 TanaHTnMBbiW BOeHa4aflbHMK

flM4eCKY1 3aeepwaR ero eee.o.eHvteM

CRH 109

(232-202

rr.) M nonynRp-

)l(ene3Horo op}I)KMR. Ha npom)l(eHMM

HbJW BO)I(.lJ.b nOBCTaH~eB fl10 baH

( 256-195

rr. ), o6beP.MHMnvtcb,

4T06bJ CBeprHyrb P.MHaCTM/0 L{MHb.

CMMBO-

6onee 4eM nonyTopa TbJCR4eneTMW

BepxHflfl l.facrb Benutroj;i KHTaj;icKOj;i CTeHbl

9Ta cvtcTeMa npeTepnena Mano M3MeHeHMW, noKa B XIII B. oT

P. X.

BOCTOLJHAs:J A3V1s:J

nonKY Tb!Cf/'48. TaK!IIM o6pa3oM, K!II-

pyxHyna no,a H8H1CKOM MOHTOflOB,

Tailt~bl, nOXO)I(e, 6b!fl111 B COCTOfiH111111

MHOTOe, KCTBT!II, !113 Hee BOCnp111HfiBW111X. 0TKpb!T111e B

1974 r.

209 p83BOP8'4111B8Tb OTHOC111TeflbHO He-

BO BpeMfl

pacKonoK 6n1113 CfiHraHa rpoMa,aHoilt

60flbW111e B0111HCK111e coe,a!IIHeH!IIfl,

apM!II!II TeppaKOTOBb/X BO!IIHOB, CTe-

,aOCT8T0'4HO YH111BepC8flbHb/e 111 cno-

pery~!IIX MOT111flY 111MnepaTOpa,

f/Bflfl-

C06Hb/e K CBMOCTOf/TeflbHb/M ,aeilt-

eT 111CK!I/0'4!11TenbHO nonHy/0 K8PT111HY

CTB111fiM, paBHO KBK 111 CBO,a!IITb !IIX B

9TOW C111CTeMbl B ,aeiltCTB111111.

60flbW111e, HO '4eTKO OpT8H11130B8HHb/e apM111!11, maBHb!M CTPYKTYPHb!M 9ne-

T111n!II'4HBfl noneBafl apM!IIfl nep111o,aoB L(IIIHb 111 XaHb npe,acTaBnflna

MeHTOM KOTOpb!X f/Bflflfl111Cb 6pura-

co6ol7t coe,a111HeH111e, BKnJ0'4aBwee

,abl, BK!I/0'48BW!IIe no ,aBe !llfl111 Tp111 «Tb!Cf/'4!11» ( nonKa). rocno,acTBOBana

'48CT!II neXOTbl, ap6aneT'4111KOB, K8Banep111!1111160eBb/X KOfleCH111~. rnaBHb/M 9neMeHTOM 9Toilt CTPYKTYPbl

6poH30Bblj;i ap6aneT. ,0.HH3CTHS1 i.(HHb

Tfl)l(eflOBOOpY>/(eHH8fl neXOT8. flerKBfl nexoTa -

ny'4H111K!II, ap6aneN111K!II 111

KOnbeHOC~bl

f/Bflflfl8Cb Tfl)l(eflOBOOpy)l(eHH8fl ne-

npe,aH83H8'48fl8Cb

38CTpenb~111KOB,

XOTB, HO C Te'4eH!IIeM BpeMeH111 no-

BeHH!IIK!II, 111, B03MO)I(HO, ,a81Ke y'4pe-

,aflfl pOfl!ll

CTOfiHHO pocn111 y,aenbHb/W Bee 111

,aun B CBOeilt apM/11111 '48CT!II KOHHb/X

,aflfi38~111Tbl lj>naHTOB 111 Tblfl8. L(111Hb-

ap6aneT'4111KOB. KpoMe TOTO, OH ynopfl,a0'4111fl np111MeHeH111e nyKOB 111 ap-

BOOpY>/(eHHOilt; maBHb/M!II ee l/JyHK-

3H8'4e Hille KO HH111~bl.

no,apa3,aene-

H111fl ap6aneT'4!11KOB 38Ben B K111T8W-

8 T8K)I(e

CK8fl K8Banep111fl TO)I(e 6b!fl8 Tfl)l(eflO-

CKOW apM!II!II He L(111Hb W111xyaH- 1113-

6aneTOB, XOTfl B 0Tn111'4111e OT MOHTO-

~111fiM!II

BeCTHO, '4TO 9TO opy)l(!lle W111POKO

flOB He np111MeHflfl B 6010 KOHHb/X

npecne,aoBaHue pa36umro Bpara.

ynoTpe6nflflOCb y)l(e B 6111TBe np111

ny'4H!IIKOB.

P. X).

fiBnfln!llcb

pa3Be,aKa

0CHOBH8fl M8CC8 con,aaT -

111

KBK

Ho cKna-

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,abJBaeTcfl Bne'4ameHue, 6y,aTO oH on111pancfl Ha ap6aneT'4111KOB B 6onb-

op-y>K!IIfl pacnpocTpaHWIBCb ,a81Ke Ha

'4eCTBe nepBocTeneHHoro opy)l(111fl

CTOflb M8flb/e lj>opM111POB8H111fl, KBK

pacnonarana KOnbfiM!II c 6poH30Bbi-

wel7t cTeneH111, He)l(enu npe.awecT-

9KB111B8fleHTH8fl

M111 111fl!ll )l(efle3Hb/M!II H8KOHe'4H111K8-

Man111He

(353 r.

.ao

CO Bpe MeHHOMY

neXOT111H~eB,

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8 rpo6HHI.\e HMnepaTopa i.(HHb WHxyaH 06HapYJI(eHO 6onee 7000 TeppaKOTOBbiX COnAaT, a T310Ke rnHHS1Hble KOHH H AepeBS1HHble KOnecHHI.\bl

BEK fV1fAHTOB. 400-200 rr. AO P. X.

210

eTaBMMb/X MeXaHM3MOB, KaK Ha 60nee Ts:T)I(eflbJX 3ana,aHbJX ap6aneTax X-XIV BB. oT P.X TeM He MeHee, KMTaweKMe ap6aneT4MKM, Menoflb3Ys:T, ey,as:T no BeeMy, ,ans:T HaTs:T)I(eHM$1 TeTMBbl o6e HOTM M enMHY, 6bmM enoeo6Hbl pa3BMTb .aoeTaT04HOe yeMnMe, 4T06bJ eTpena e oeTpbJM 6poH30BbJM HaKOHe4HMKOM npo6MBaJia MeTannM4eeKyJO 6poHJO. l1MeHHO ap6aneT 9nox i..IMHb-XaHb o6eene4Mfl KMTaWI..laM no6e,ayB MX, B03MO)I(HO, nereH,aapHow eeTpeqe e PMMeKMMM nerMoHepaMM B 6MTBe npM Cor.aMaHe B 36

XoTs:~ BO

r. .ao P.

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P.X. KMTaw-

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Ha-

eTOJibKO, 4TO npM i..IMHb WMxyaHe TOflbKO-TOJibKO Ha4aflM BBO,aMTb )l(ene3HOe Op}')I(Me M Bee ewe WMPOKO npMMeHWIM 6poH3Y.

A Be,ab 9TO 6bmo

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C ,apyrow

eropOHbl, 6pOH30BOe opy)I(Me KMTaWI..leB6biJIO eTOJib)l(e TBep,abJM, KaKeOBpeMeHHOe eMy )l(efle3Hoe opy)I(Me 3ana.aa. ComaeHo WanMpo, «XMMMqeeKMW aH8flM3 noKa3an, 4TO Me4M M

MM; KpOMe TOTO, y 60JibWMHeTBa -

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oqeeM,aHo, maBHbJM o6pa3oM npM-

o.aHow pe)l(ywew KPOMKow, no.aBe-

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weHHbJW K nos:~ey B HO)I(Hax. Bee, 3a

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M eK!I/0 4eHM eM JleTKO BO opy)l(e HHb/X

WMe O{j>M/..lepbl MOTJIM KOHTpOnMpO-

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naHI..lMPb M3 ManeHbKMX 6pOH30Bb/X

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neKToM /..lMHbeKOW, a n03)1(e M XaHb-

raHow MaTep4aTOW OeHOBe. noMM-

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MO Hero HeKoTopow 3aWMTOW eny-

npeeMHMKOB s:TBfls:TeTes:T paeqeT Ha

)I(Mna M eaMa

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Tbl, wMpoKo npMMeHs:TBWMees:~ B

eTb/0 nonaraJIMeb Ha eBOM JlaTb/ M

Tae 3a

He npMMeHs:TflM WMTOB.

Tb/es:~qy

KM-

!leT ,ao TOTO, KaK 9TO

OP}')I(Me eTaJIO aKTMBHO MenOflb30-

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BaTbes:T Ha 3ana.ae. 6poH30BbJe Me-

qeeKMX Haxo.aoK oKono Cs:~HraHa

xaHM3Mbl ap6aJieT4MKOB «TeppaKO-

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TOBOW apMMM» eTOJib TWaTeflbHO

qeeTBOBanM KOJieeHM/..lbl, ,aeweTBeH-

M3TOTOBfleHbl, 4TO npOM3BO.f1S1T Bne-

Hb/M Op}')KMeM OHM He e4MTanMeb M

4aTJieHMe MaWMHHOW o6pa60TKM.

MOTJIM nOJIHOeTb/0 Me4e3HYTb K Ha-

Y HMX He

6b/JIO BOPOTOB MflM eono-

BOCTOLJHAs:J A3V1s:J

211

HaKOHe'4HMKM CTpen M3rOTOBfleHbl maBHbiM o6pa3oM M3 Me.aM M onoea [T.e. 6poH3bJ], co cne.aaMM npMMecew pe.aKMX MeTannoB, a MX noeepxHOCTM o6pa6oTaHbl XPOMOM».

TO BpeMR KaK Bb/CWMe KOMaH-

,aHb/e nocTbl B apMMM ece e11..1e 3anonHRna 3HaTb, Mna.awMe o<tm~epbl Bb/Cfl'j)KMBBnMCb 1113 pR,aOBbiX, 6naro6poH30Bbl~ KneBeL\. KHTa~. 3anaAHaH XaHb

.aapR cnoco6HOCTRM, a He npoMcxo)l(ll.eHM/0 M, 0'4eBM,aHO, MOmM ,aocTMraTb,aOCTaT0'4HO Bb/COKOrO paHra. flM'4Hb/W COCTaB apMMM Ha6MpanCfi nyTeM npM3b/Ba KpeCTbf!H B nonynOCTORHHb/e onon'4eH'4eCKMe <f>opMMPOBaHMf!. M'Y)K'4MHbl e B03pacTe Me)l(,ay

17 M 60

ro,aaMM 06R3aHbl

6bmM no MHory neT cny)I(MTb con.aaTaMM MnM pa6o'4MMM. O.aHo epeMR y 4MHb WMxyaHa «no.a py)l(beM» Haxo.aMnacb apMMfi B O,aMH MMflflMOH '4eflOBeK, npM '4MCfleHHOCTM HaceneHMfi CTpaHbl OKOflO

MMflflMOHOB.

CB0/0 nocne,aH/0/0 KaMnaHM/0 npOTMB )f(ene3Hbl~ H3KOHe<fHHK KOnbH

H 6pOH30Bbl~ BTOK. KHTa~. 3anaAHaH XaHb

'-/y

OH Bb/Ben WeCTMCOTTb/Cf/'4HYIO

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opraHM30BaHHb/X WTa6Hb/X

cny)/(6. ApceHanbi, cK!Ia,abJ M 3epHoxpaHMRM11.1a pa3Mell..lanMcb no Bcew cTpaHe, cocpe.aoT0'4MBaRcb npe)l(.ae ecero e

cTOnm~e,

3aTeM B

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oxpaHRflMCb

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MM B cny'4ae mo6oro MRTe)l(a.

~enR

6pOH30Bbl~ C 30nOTO~ T3yYHpOBKO~ KHH>Kan. KHTa~. 3anaAHaH XaHb

B031111KHOBEI111E BE{II1KI1X 11MOEPI1fl

tiABOCTOKE 11 tiA 3AOME 200-1

22.

oo P X

BOEHHbiE TE~EHU:UU Hal!16onee 3Ha'II!ITenbHbiM cjJeHo-

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MeHoM 3TO/O nep/110/],a R8flRflCR na-

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panneflbHb/M poeT /1,8yx 8Bfl/IIK/IIX 80-

penneHHb/X na1epei!i 8 Ka'leCT8e 6a3

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wee 3Ha'leHI!Ie, He)f(en/11 nexoTa,

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f71!1Wb L/,e3apb /],OCTO/IIH cpa8HBH/IIR C

8ni!ICb/8aTb none8ble yKpenneHI!IR

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)f(B 'laCTb HBMH0/0'1/IICflBHHb/X nopo-

CT8eHHI!IKI!I C141!1nl!loH 3MI!Inl!laH, Cyn-

TaTeflbHb/e opy/1,/IIR 8 Ka'IBCT8e no-

/1,/IICTb/X nowa/],ei!i Mcnonb308anacb

na /II f7yK}fflfl 8PRJ1. fl/11 /],OTRI/118a/OT /1,0

flB80M apTI!Innep/111!1.

8 /O)f(HOM /ITH/1,/11/11 /],flR KOflBCH/11/4 ( OH/11

/],a)f(e

npocna8neHHble npe/],we-

PI!IMCK/IIXnOflK080/],f4B8 Bmpoi!i nyH/11-

ell{e npi!IMBHRfl/IICb n08CIO/l,Y -

'IBCKOi!i 80MHbl /llfl/11 /],0 8b/COKOnpo-

oco6eHHo MMTPI!IJl.aToM noHTI!Ii!i-

cjJecc/IIOHaflbHb/X /],/lla/],OX08.

cKI!IM- HO 3Ha'IBH/IIe /!IX nocTeneH-

KABAJIEPIDI

HO na/],ano). KoHHble ny'IH/IIK/11 6blfll!l 88e/],eHbl

BOEHHAH TEOPIDI II TAKTIIKA

K Ha'lany xpi!ICTI!IaHcKoi!i apbl 8

8 80BHHYIO npaKT/IIK}f KO'IB8H/IIKaM/II

A31!11!1 Ha none 6oR Jl.OMI!IHI!Ipo8an

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KOHHb/M ny'IH/IIK- 3a /IICKfl/O'IBH/IIBM

cTa8nRnl!l ma8HYIO Cl!lflY CKI!IcjJCK/IIX

Xom /II TaM Ka8a-

nneMeH. napcjJRHe, nOTOMK/11 3T/IIX

pa38e 'ITO /ITH/1,/11/11. Hl!l 80BHHaR TeOpi!IR, H/11 CTpaTe-

nepi!IR R8flRflaCb 8a)f(HBMW/IIM pO/],OM

1/IIR /II TaKT/IIKa, H/11 800py)f(BH/IIe He

CKI!IcjJ08, 8b/8Bfl/ll KOHHb/X ny'IH/IIK08 Ha /IICTOPI!I'IBCKY/0 apeHy, a 8 pac-

nony'l/llfl/11 8 3TOT nep/110/], 3aMeTHO-

CMaTp1!18aeMoe 8peMR OT8Bfl/ll /liM

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ni!IWb pRJl. cyll{eCT8eHHbiX yco8ep-

KoHHble ny'IH/IIK/11 6blfll!l BJ1.1!1HCT8eH-

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HbiM T/llnOM 80/IIHa 8 RpOCTHb/X MOH-

OC06eHHO 8

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oplaH/113af4/lll!l. B E8pone nexom no-

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/II TypKecTaHe -xyHHY/11 /03'1)f(ei!/. /ITx

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lpa6/IITBflbCK/IIe Ha6e//ll 8biHY/1,/IIfl/ll

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K/IIT8Mf4B8 C/],enaTb Ka8anep1!110 C80-

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np/11 KI!IHOCKecjJanax /II n/11/],He, /II ne-

0/l,H/IIM /113 Ha/116onee 3Ha'I/IITBflb-

1/IIOH no6e/1,/llfl.

Hb/X npe/],3HaMeH08aH/IIM 6y/l,yll{e/O

C Henpe/],CT88/11Mb/M /],OTOfle pa3MaXOM pi!IMflRHe Mcnonb308anl!l 8 cpa)f(eHI!IRX none8ble yKpenneHI!IR -

80eHHOIO npo1pecca 6b!na 61!1T8a ¢1paKI1HCKI1H KOHHbiH1lYLIHI1K.

npl!l Kappax, 1/l,e KOHHble ny'IH/IIK/11

P11c. XIX B.

napcjJRHCK0/0 80>K,JJ,R CypeHbl o/],ep-

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P83Be.ll.K8 yKpenneHMIIi M oK-

215 nocne.ll,HMe HBnOMMHBnM Kpb/Tb/e XM-

TMOH8MM Kp8CC8. AneKC8H.ll.P 3H8n,

pecTHocrelli c Ltenb/0 Bblf!BneHMfl Me-

)I(MHbl,' 6Y.ll.Y4M cocr8eneHbl BMecre M

K8K COBfl8.[1,8Tb C nO.ll,06Hb/M npOTMB-

CTHbJX pecypcoe nec8, K8MHfl, )I(M-

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BOTHbJX, npOBM3MM, cpyp8)1(8.

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Bo3ee.aeHMe yKpenneHHoro

n8repfl.

OHM C03.[1,8BBnM OTHeynopHb/e M 38WMWeHHb/e OT MeT8TeflbHb/X CH8pfl.ll,OB ranepeM, no Koropb!M con.aarbl M pa-

nonKOBO.ll.LI8, cnoco6Horo ecrpe-

B. C6op M8TepManoe, Heo6xo.aM-

6o4Me MOTnM no.a6Mp8TbCfl K H8M60-

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MbJX .ll,flfl CTpOMTeflbCTB8 OC8.ll,Hb/X

nee Bb/.ll,BMHyrbiM B CTOPOHY npOTMB-

C68fl8HCMPOB8HHb/MM CMfl8MM XOpO-

coopy)l(eHMW M OPY.ll.MW.

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WO o6y4eHHOW neXOTb/ M KOHHMLibl,

/. Vf3TOTOBfleHMe M8HTeneTOB M

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CeKLtMW nO.ll,BM)I(Hb/X KOPM.ll.OPOB (9TM

J]..

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.ll.8eMoro yKpenneHMfl pe.ayroe c noc-

Bnpo4eM, H8 nporR>KeHMM .aecf!TMnerMIIi, nocne.aoe8BWMX38 K8pp8MM, n8pcpf!He He CflMWKOM npeycneflM B CBOMX H86er8X M BTOp)l(eHMf/X B perMoH, ne)I(8WMW 38n8.aHee Eecpp8T8. 0TH/O.ll,b He 6e3 OCHOB8HMW OHM C .ll,Ofl)I(Hb/MM YB8)1(eHMeM M On8CKOW OTHOCMflMCb K BOeHHOW MOWM PMM8. Vf BCe )l(e Kappbl YK83b/B8flM H8 TeH.ll,eHI_IM/0.' HeCKOflbKMMM BeK8MM no3)l(e KOHHb/W RY4HMK 38MeHMT nerMOHep8 B K84eCTBe Tn8BHOTO CTp8)1(8 eocro4HbJX rp8HMLI PMM8 M BM38HTMM. VfH.ll.Mfl OTCT8Ban8 B eoeHHOM p83BMTMM OT .ll.PYTMX l..IMBMflM30B8HHbiX perMOHOB MMP8 -

ecnM He C4MT8Tb

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I e. .ao P.X

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C MCTMHHO PMMCKMMM no-

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r o epeMf! K8K nocne.ao-

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1 C HeKOTOpblMH O'l'C'rynJieHHSIMH ~aJib HeJ;twee H3J!OlKeHHe OCHOBaHO Ha pa6oTe T. A. ):(o~lKa «<OJIHJ;t ~e3apb» (T.A.Dodge. Julius Caesar. - Boston: Houghton Miffiin,

1892, p. 387-399).

VIHlKeHepHble pa6oTbl npH ocaAe AM6paKHH. 189 r. AO P. X.

216

B03HV1KHOBEHV1E BEnV1KV1X V1MnEPV1Vl. 200-1 rr. tJ.O P. X. CTeHbl HenpMf/TeflbCKMX yKpenneHMfii C BepWMH OCa.D.Hb/X 6aweH, B36Mpafiii1Cb no npMCTaBHb/M

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MArHEC~~. B3RB !.1H!.11.1!.1aT!.1BY,

nepcej;i, a.tapb MaKeAOHHH (178-168 rr. AO P. X.)

(Ha4anO 191 r.). noTepneBWMW nopa)f(eHMe np1.1 ct>epMonMnax ( 191 r.) AHT!.10X noKMHyn rpe/..11.110 /;1 OTnflblfl B 3cpec. BcKope nocne 3Toro pMMCKMW cpnoT no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM faR J1!.1B!.1R HaHeC nop8)f(eH!.1e C!.1p!.1WCKOMY cpnoTy Me)f(,ay t1oHMew 1.1 X1.1ocoM ( 191 r.). B cne,ay10meM ro,aypMMCKMW cpnoroeo.ae1.1 f1Yl..IMW 3MMnMw PemnnMw c noMOJ.Ub/0 po.aoc1.1ee HaHec nopa)f(eHMe C!.1P!.1WCKOMY cpnory no,a KOMaH,aOBaHMeM faHH!.16ana ( B nepBb/W 1.1 nocne,aHMW pa3 npMHRBwero y4aCT!.1e B MOPCKOM cpa)f(eH!.1!.1) B ycTbe peKV!3Bp!.1Me,aOHT, a 38TeM 1.1 BTOpOMY c1.1p1.1flcKoMy cpnoTy e ManMwCKOM 3an1.1ee 6n1.13 ocrpoea MMOHHec ( 190 r.). TeM epeMeHeM pMMCKaRapMMR no,a KOMaH,aOBBH!.1eM f1Yl..I!.1R KopHenMR C1.11.1n!.1oHa nepeceKna rennecnoHT, 4T06bJ BToprHyTbCR eA3!.110. f1Yl..IMR, 4enoeeKa cpe,aHMX cnoco6HOCTew, conpoeo)l(ll,an ero 6necTRJ.UMW 6par, ny6n1.1w KopHenMw Cl..IMnMoH AcppMKaHCKMW, no6e,aMTenb np1.1 3aMe, KOTOpbJW cpaKT!.14eCK!.1 1.1 nnaHMPOBan onepa/..11.11.1. Ho Kor.aa.aee apMMM c6n!.13!.1fl!.1Cb npMMepHO B 65 KM eocT04Hee CMMPHbJ, C1.11.1n!.1oH AcppMKaHCKMW 386onen 1.1 OKa3anCR He B COCTORH!.1!.1 conpOBO)I(ll,aTb PMMCf<Y/0 apMM/0; TaKT!.14eCKOe pyKOBO,aCTBO B3Rfl Ha ce6R fHew ,[1oMM/..1!.1W. K pMMnRHaM np!.1coe,a!.1H!.1flCR 3BMeH II nepraMCK!.1W C apMMeW, HaC4!.1Tb/BaBwefl oKono 10 TbJCR4 4enoeeK - npeMMYmecreeHHO KaeanepMM. Coe,aMHeHHaR p!.1MCKO-nepraMCKaR apMMR, TaK!.1M o6pa3oM, .aocr1.1ma npMMepHo 40 TbJCR4 4enoeeK npor1.1e npM6nM3!.1renbHO 75 TbJCR4 y AHTMoxa.

pMMnRHenepenpaeMnMCb4epe3pef<Y fepM, 4T06bJ aTaKOBaTb C!.1p!.1Wl..leB, 0)1(!.1,aaBW!.1X3a rp03HOW fl!.1H!.1eW 6oeBb/X CflOHOB. 3BMeH C nepraMCKOW KaBanepMeW HaXO,a!.1flCR Ha npaBOM cpnaHre p!.1MflRH, p!.1MCKaR 1.1 C0/03HaR KaBanepMR - Ha neBOM, nerMOHbl 1.1 co/03HaR nexoTa- e l..leHTpe. AHTMox pa3,aen1.1n CB0/0 KOHHMLIY Ha ,aBe 4aCTM, pa3MemeHHbJe Ha cpnaHrax cpanaHrM; CaM OH KOMaH,aoean npaBb/M KPblflOM. nepBOHa4anbHb/W ycnex conyrCTBOBan KaBanep!.1WCK!.1M 4aCTRM Ha npaBb/X cpnaHrBX npOT!.1BO6opCTBYIOI.U!.1X apMMW. 06paT!.1B KOHH!.1KOB npoTMBHMKa B 6ercreo, AHTMox norHan !.1X 4epe3 pef<Y K PMMCKOMY narep/0, 3aHRTb KOTOpbJW, O,aHaKO, OKa3aflCR He B CMnaX 1.1, BCTpeTMB O)f(eCT04eHHOe conpOT!.1BfleH!.1e, Bb/H}I)I(aeH 6bm orcTynMTb. TeM epeMeHeM 3eMeH, npeKpaTMB npecne.aoBaHMe C!.1p!.1WCKOW KaBanep!.1!.1, pa3BepHyncR, 4T06bJ y,aap!.1Tb BOTKpb/Tb/W cpnaHr Bpa)f(eCKOW cpanaHrM. f1erMOHbJ oTpa3MnM cnoHoB, 1.1 6onbwoe 4!.1Cfl0 o6e3yMeBW!.1X )f(!.1BOTHb/X KMHYflOCb o6paTHO, Kpywa C06CTBeHHYIO nexory, Ha neBb/W cpnaHr KOTOpow n04T!.1 B TOT )f(e MOMeHT o6pyW!.1flCR CO CBOeW KaBanepMeW 3BMeH. O.aHoepeMeHHO nerMOHbJ npe.anpMHRnM 3Hepr!.14HOe cppOHTaflbHOe HacrynneHMe. CMpMW/..Ibl .aporHynM 1.1 o6paTMnMcb e 6ercreo. Bcne.a 3a reM pMMnRHe no.a cTpaTerM4eCK!.1M 1.1 nonMT!.14eCK!.1M pyKoeo,acTBOM Cl..IMnMoHa AcppMKaHcKoro npeyMHO)f(!.1fl!.1 no6e,abJ 1.1 o6pen1.1 npaKTM4eCK!.1 nonHoe rocno.acreo HB.a 3ana,aHow Manow A3Mew ( 189 r.). 188 r. AnAMEIIICK~Iit M~P. AHTMOX 6blfl BbJHy)l(ll,eH OTKa3aTbCR OTO ecex ceo1.1x ena.aeHMW B fpe/..11.11.1 1.1 B 4aCT!.1 AHaTon1.11.1, ne)f(amew 3ana.aHee TaepcKoro xpe6Ta. 3TM 3eMnM 6bm!.1 no.aeneHbJ Me)f(,ay co/03H!.1KaM!.1 PMMa - Po.aocoM /;1 nepraMOM, KOTOpbJe, TaKMM o6pa30M, YC!.1fl!.1fl!.1Cb 3a c4eT MaKe,aoHMM 1.1 C1.1p1.11.1. PMM y,aep)f(an ronbKO ocTpoea KecpanOH!.110 1.1 3aK!.1Hcp.

190 r. BOIIIHA ME:>KAY AXEIIICK~M COI030M ~ CnAPTOiit. 3aKOH4Mnacb nonHow no6e.aow ct>Mno-

neMeHa 1.1 no.aaeneHMeM o6mecreeHHo-nonMT!.14eCKMX pecpopM, Ha4aTb/X AmcoM IV1.1 KneoMeHoM Ill 1.1 npo.aon)f(aeMbJX Ha61.1coM. 6e3)f(anocTHOCTb c!>MnoneMeHa BbJ3Bana oc}')K,aeHMe PMMa, KOTOpbJW ycTaHOBMn Ha,a CnapTow cpaKT!.14eCK!.1W nporeKTopaT- OKOH4aTenbHO yrpaTMB CaMOCTORTenbHOCTb, OHa BbJHy)f(,aeHa 6bma BCTynMTb BAxeWCK!.1W C0/03. Ha6!.1C 6blfl y6!.1T 3TOfl!.1Wl..laM!.1 1•

189 r. BTOP)f(EH~E fAJlATOB BnEPrAM. PMMcKaRapMMRno.aKoMaH.aoeaHMeM r. MaHnMR Bonbca noMoma 3eMeHy pa36!.1Tb KenbTCKMe nneMeHa TPOKMOB, TOfl!.1CTOaTOB ( MnM60)f(!.1eB) 1.1 TeKTocaroe 1.11.13rHaTb !.1X o6paTHO B fanBTM/0.

189-179 rr.

MAKEAOH~S4

fOTOB~TCS4 K BOIIIHE. c!>1.1n1.1nn V

MaKe,aoHCKMW, noMoraewMw PMMY e eowHe c AHTMOXOM, 6bm o3no6neH !.13-3a roro, 4TO PMM He B03Harpa,aMn ero 3a cn}')K6y. nocne cMeprM c!>1.1n1.1nna ( 179 r.) ero cbJH nepcew npo.aon)f(Mn no.aroTOBKY K eowHe c PMMOM.

186-179

SKCnAHC~S4

nEPfAMA. 3eMeH npeyMHO)f(!.1fl MO/.Ub /;1 Bfl!.1RH!.1e nepraMa B Manow A3!.1!.1 no6e.aaM!.1 Ha.a npycMeM I, 1.1apeM BMcpMHMM ( 186 r. ), 1.1 ct>apHaKOM I noHT!.1WCK!.1M ( 183179 rr.). Ero nonMT!.14eCKMe aM6!.11.1!.1!.1 B036y,a!.1fl!.1 no,ao3p!.1TeflbHOCTb PMMa.

184 r. CMEPTb <P~JlOnEME HA. Bo epeMR eoccTaHMR B MecceHe nporMeAxewcKoro co/03a, c!>MnoneMeH 6bJn 3aXBa4eH MRTe)f(H!.1KaM!.1 B nneH 1.1 oTpaeneH 2•

183 r. CMEPT~ fAHH~EiAJlA ~ CU,~n~OHA.

np!.16n!.13!.1TenbHO B TO )f(e BpeMR faHH!.16an CKOH48flCR B BMcpMHMM, yMep 1.1 C1.11.1n!.1oH AcppMKaHCKMW. 3TO np0!.130WJIO B /O)f(HOW l1Tafl!.1!.1, Kj,aa OH y,aanMnCR B ,ao6poBOflbHOe M3rHaHMe nocne nonMT!.14eCKMX Hana,aOK, OCKOp6neH!.1W 1.1 cy.aa Ha.a HMM B PMMe no o6BMHeHMRM B pacrpare (He !.1CKJI/04eHO, 4TO flO)f(HbJM). 1

l:IHble HCTOpHKH OTHOCSIT CMePTb Ha-

6Hca K 192 r . .l(O P.X. 2 ,[(pyme HCTOt,IHHKH Ha3b!Ba!OT .l(aToj;j rH6enH <llHJiorreMeHa

183

r . .l(O

P.X.

EBPOnA V1 CPE.Ll,V13EMHOMOPbE B PE3YJibTATE CHpHi'tcKOi't soJ;t-

TpeT~>R MaKep,oHcKaR

172-167 rr_ p,o

Hbl MOHapxHl! CeJieBKHAOB rrorepl!Jla

soifHa

p_x.

rrpe)f(Hee CBOe 3Ha'!eHHe. 0AHHM H3 CJieACTBHJ;i

221

COCTaBHJI8Cb cepbe3H8l! 8HTI!pHMCKal! KOaJIHI.lHl!, KOTOpal! yrpO)f(aJiaHeTOJibKO PHMy, HO II ero COI03HIIK8M, B'i8C'!'HOCTII rrepraMCKOMY uapro 3sMeHy II.

rropa)f(eHHl! AHTHOXa

CRJIA MaKeAOHHH He6btJia cJioM-

6btJia 8HTIOJIJIHHHCTH'ieCKal! peaKI.lHl!.

JieHa IIOCJie 110pa)f(eHHl! IIpH KHHOCKe-

IIocJieAHHi'i

CeJieBKHAbl rrorepl!JIH BJiaCTb HaAAp-

<j>aJiaX.

<l>HJIHrrn rrpHJiaraJI see ycH-

yqacTHe B pa3pa60TKe nJiaHa 6opb6bt

MeHHei't H ApyrHMII OOJI8CTIIMH, rrpe-

JIHl!, '!T06bl BOCCTaHOBHTb 6biJIOe

c IIepceeM. EeJycrrewHal! rrorrbtTKa

BpaTHBWIIMHCl! B CaMOCTOl!TeJibHble

MOryl.l.leCTBO. OH CYMeJI o6oi'!TH ycJio-

y6Hi'icTBa3BMeHa II IlepraMcKOro, op-

uapcTBa. AHTHOXI!I IlbiTaJICl! BOCCTa-

BHe MHpHOTOAOTOBOpa, orpaHH'il!BaB-

raHH30BaHHal! IlepceeM MaKeAOH-

rroceTHJI PHM H rrpHHl!JI

HOBHTb CBOIO BJiaCTb B llpaHe, HO YMep

wero 'il!CJieHHOCTb M8KeAOHCKOJ;i ap-

CKHM, 11pHBeJia K BOi'!He Me)f(Ay 3THMH

B 3JIHM8HAe, B TO BpeMS! KOrAa rpa-

MHH 5Tb1Cl!'i8Mll BOHHOB. Ka)f(Abli't r0A

rocyAapcTBaMH.

6HJI xpaM :S3lla. OmaAeHHe socroq-

<l>HIIHIIII, o6y'!HB, OTIIYCKaJI IIOAOMaM

HbiX o6JiacTeJ;! 11pOAOJI)f(8JIOCb H 11pH

4 TbiCl!'ill

rrpeeMHHKax AHTHoxa BeJIHKoro.

PHMJ!l!He, coJHaBal! 3To, cTpeMHIIHCb

COJIA8T H Ha6HpaJI HOBbiX.

IIpH 3HeprH'iHOM uape MHTpHAa-

co csoei't cropoHbl rrperrl!TCTBOBaTb

160--138 rr.), HCTHHHOM

MaKeAOHCKOMY B03pO)f(AeHHIO. 0HH

Te I (OKOJIO

OCHOB8TeJie nap<j>l!HCKOTOMOryl.l.leC'!'-

IIOMep)f(HBaJIH C biHa <l>HJIHIIIIa }:(el'.1e-

Ba, Ha'!aJiocb pewHTeJibHoe Hacryn-

TPHl!, HaCTPOeHHoro B IIOJib3Y pHMJil!H.

JieHHe nap<j>l!H Ha BOCTO'!Hble OOJiaC-

Hoiiepcero,ApyroMy CbiHY <l>HJIHnna,

TH uapcTBa CeJieBKHAOB. MHTpHAaT

rrporHBHHKY pHMJil!H, YAaJIOCb ycTpa-

172r. Pl-'IM BCTYnAET B BOYIHY. 0THOCRCb K nepce/0 /11 9BMeHy c no'ITM pasHofl no,D.OSPMTe.rJbHOcrb/0, PMM, O,D.HaKO, peUJ/11/1 no,D.,D.ep.>Ka Tb craporo co/03HMKa, AfiR 'lero 'lepes /1JIJIMPMIO 6btJJa nocnaHa apMMR no,D. KOMaH,D.OBaHMeM ny6JJMR fiM~MHMR j(pacca ( 171 r. ). nepcefl

3H8'iHTeJibHO paCW!!pHJI rpaHHI.lbl

HHTb CBOero 6paTa, H IIOCJie CMePTH

CBOHX BJiaAeHHi't. Ilap<j>Hl! rrpespal.l.la-

OTI.la OH CTaJI MaKeAOHCKHM uapeM.

JiaCb B OAHO H3 CHJibHei'tWHX BOCTO'i-

IIepcei't cTaJI co6HpaTb CHIIbiAJil!6opb-

HaHec nopa.>KeHMR cnepsa j(paccy s 6MTB e npM KaJJMKMHMM ( 6JJM3 JlapMcCbt <fieCCaJJMfiCKOfl, 171 r. ), a 3aTeM

HbiX rocyAapcTB. HeJaBHCHMO Apyr

6bt C PHMOM, OH 38KIIIO'i8JI COI03bl H

A. rocTMJJM/0 MaHCMHM/0, KOMaH,D.o-

oT Apyra PHM H IIap<j>Hl! HaHOCHJIH

BCTYIIaJI B rreperosopbl C HeAOBOJibHbi-

sasweMy ,D.pyrofl PMMCKofl ap,vmefl,

yAapbl MOHapXHH CeJieBKHAOB, IIOCTe-

MH PHMOM. MHoro COtfYBCTBYIOI.l.lliX

s <PeccaJJMM ( 170 r. ). B CJJe,D.YIOIJ4eM

rreHHO Tepl!BWei't BCl!KOe IIOJIHTH'!e-

H8WeJI OH B fpel.ll!H.

ro,D.y OKOH'IMJJacb Hey,D.a'lefl e1.14e O,D.Ha PMMCKaR nonbiTKa BTOp.>KeHMR- Ha 9TOT pas no,D. PYKOBO,D.-

IIOKpOBHTeJibCTBO 3JIJIHHaM, o6ol!s-

CKOe 3Ha'!eHHe. AHTH3JIJIHHHCTH'!ecKal! peaKI.lHl!

JieHHoe <l>JiaMHHHeM, rrepewJio B cy-

KOcHyJiac b H BHYTPeHHHX o6JiacTeJ;!

posyro orreey H cHcTeMaTHtiecKoe BMe-

MOHapxHH CeJieBKHAOB. Bbtpa)f(eHH-

waTeJibCTBO PHMa so BHYTPeHHHe AeJia

eM3Toi't peaKUHH6biJ!a OCBOOOAHTeJib-

rpeqecKHX ropoAOB. PHMJil!He rro'!TH

Hal! soi'!Ha B llyAee

(166--164

rr.)

BCIOAY IIOMep)f(HBaJIH OJIHrapXH'!e-

rroA pyKoBOACTBOM MaKKasees, Ja-

CKHe rpyllllbl, AeMOKpaTbl6biJIH rrpo-

KOH'iHBWal!Cl! IIOOeAOi't BOCCT8BWIIX H

HIIKHYTbl rro3TOMY aHTHpHMCKHMH

BOCCTaHOBJieHHeM CaMOCTOl!TeJibHO-

H8CTPOeHHl!MH H OXOTHO OKa3biBaJIH

ro llyAei'icKoro uapcTBa. CaMocTol!-

IIOAAep)f(ey Ilepcero. B

pe3yJibTaTe

CTBOM K. Map~MR <t>MJJMnna. nepcefl 6esycnewHo nbtrancR noAKYnMTb 9BMeHa /11 PO,D.OC~eB, PMMCKJ1X C0/03HMKOB, 'IT06bl Te nPMCOe,D.MH/11/IMCb K HeMy. [eHTMfl /1JJJJMPMfiCKMfl /11 K/IOH,D.MK, BO)K,ll.b raJIJibCKJ1X nneMeH, o6MraswMx Ha cesepe Ma Ke,D.OHMM, npe.nbcTMJJMCb nocynaMM nepceR,

TeJibHOCTb ero 6btJia npH3HaHa PHMOM, IIOATBepAHBWHM B OC060M IIOCJI8HHH K BOCTO'!HbiM AHH8CTHS!M, 'iTO HyAei'tCKHe rrpaBHTeJIH COCTOS!T B

Apy~e c PHMOM. Ee3 BMewaTeJibCTBa pHMCKOi't AHIIJIOM8TIIH He 11pOXOAHJIO Terrepb HH OAHO CKOJibKO-HH6YAb Ba)f(HOe C06biTHe B 3JIJIHHHCTH'ieCKHX CTpaHax. IIocJie rropa)f(eHHl! uapcTBa CeJieBKHAOB sBocTO'iHOM CpeAH3eMHoMOpbe BIIJIOTb AO MHTPHAaTOBbiX soJ;!H He 6btJio rocyAapcTBa, crroco6Horo C06CTBeHHbiMH CHJI8MH A8Tb 0'!'IIOp arpeCCHBHOi't IIOJIHTHKe PHMa. 06oeAHHeHHIO )f(e BOCTO'iHOCpeAH3el'.1HOMOpCKHX rocyAa pcTB Afil! 6opb6bl rrporHB PHMaMewaJio HXAaBHHWHee 3KOHOMH'ieCKOe H IIOJIHTH'ieCKOe correpHH'ieCTBO.

C!>a>KeH.,e np., n.,AHe. Penbe<l> no6eAHOro MOHyMeHTa Jl. 8M.,11.,11 nasna 8 Aenb<j>ax

222

B03HV1KHOBEHV1E BEnV1KV1X V1MnEPV1Vl. 200-1 rr. tJ.O P. X.

HO MX peeHMe yraeno, Kor.aa o6e1.1.1aHHbJe nnare)I(M He noerynMnM.

Anpenb-MaH 168 r. JlYU.~~ 3M~Jl~~ nABEJl KOMAHAYET B rPEL.J.~~.

CbJH PMMeKOIO KOHeyna, KOMaH.aoeaewero npM KaHHBX, naeen npMeen B lpel.lMJO no.n,KpenneHMfl. B TO )l(e BpeMf/ nperop flYI.lMiii AHMK BO maee He6onbwoiii apMMM o.aonen B l1nnMPMM leHTMfl. Kor.aa naeen eoe.n,MHMnefl e y.n,py<leHHOiii Hey.n,a4aMM PMMeKOiii apMMeiii, Ta eTOf/fla narepeM Ha JO)I(HOM 6epery peKM 3HMneiii, Hee.aaneKe or 6epera ct>eeeanoHMKeKoro 3anMBa; BOiiieKO nepeef/ paenOflO)I(MflOeb eeeepo-eoero4Hee, Ha npOTMBOnOflO)I(HOM 6epery peKM. BoeeraHaBnMBafl rpa.aMI.lMOHHYJO PMMeKj/0 .D,Mel.lMnnMHY, naeen BbJH}I)K.ll.eH 6bm npMHfiTb erpome MepbJ. ~toHb

168 r.

167 r. P~M rocnOACTBYET B BOCTO~HOM CPEA~3EMHO MOPbE. MaKe.n,oHMfl 6bma pa3.n,eneHa Ha 4eTbJpe or.aenbHbJX peeny6nMKM, HaXO.ll,MBWMXef/ no.n, PMMeKMM nporeKToparoM. ct>aKTM4eeKMiii nporeKropar 6bm yeraHOBfleH M HaP, eeeiii lpel.lMeiii, a raJOKe AHaronMeiii. Yerynafl pMMeKMM rpe6oeaHMfiM, 3aeoeeaewMiii 6bmo Emner AHrMox VBbJHy)l(.ll,eH 6bm yiiiTM OTTy.n,a M BOeeraHOBMTb eyeepeHMrer noKopeHHoiii erpaHbl ( 163 1.), TeM eaMb/M npM3HaB cpaKTM4eeKOe roeno.n,eTBO PMMa. MOI.l.lb nepraMa 6bma eMnbHO ype3aHa, noeKonbKY PMM 6onbwe He Hy)l(.ll,anef/ B HeM .ll,flfl ypaBHOBeWMBaHMfl MaKe.n,oHMM M CMpMM.

<t>poHT <t>aJiaHrH H II03BOJISIJIO pa36HTh eerroqacTaM. MaHHrryJiapHbiJ;I cTpoJ;I JierHoHa o6ecrreqHBaJI BbiCOKYIO MaHeBpeHHOCTh 6oeBOro IIOpSI.LJ.I\'3. pHMCKOH apMHH KaK Ha pOBHOJ;I, Ta.K H Ha rrepeceqeHHOJ;I MeCTHOCTH. OH II03BOJIHJI coqeTaTh <t>poHTa.JlhHbiJ:I H <!>JiaHroBbiH y.LJ.apbi C aTaKOJ;I C ThiJia (KHHOCKe<t>aJihl),.LJ.aBaJI B03MOiKHOCTh BKJIHHHBaThC$1 B pa3pbiBhl <t>aJiaHrH H YHH'ITO:lKaTh ee no qacTJIM (TIH.LJ.Ha). HaJIHqHe TaK-

T~ecKoJ;I my6HHhl (TpeX JIHHHJ;I) .LJ.aBa.JIO B03MOiKHOCTh IIHTa.Th 6oJ;I H3 my6HHhlKaK IIpH HacryrrJieHHH, TaK H IIpH OTXO.LJ.e.

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WMPOKOIO OKpy)l(eHMfl MaKe.D,OHeKOiii apMMM, noenaB 4aeTb eBOMX BOiiieK eoKpyr ropbJ OnMMn. Y3HaB o6 9TOM MaHeepe, nepeeiii orerynMn Ha no3MI.lMJO 3a peey Aeon. 22 HIOHSI 168 r 1 • 6~TBA nP~ n~AHE. bMTBa Ha4anaeb eTMXVIWHO, Kor.aa B noeneo6e.aeHHoe epeMfl o6e eropOHbl nOMflM nowa.n,eiii Ha npOTMBOnOflO)I(HhlX 6eperax peKM. 3axeaTMB MHMI.lMaTMBY, nepeeiii 6bJeTpO ecpopMMpoean cpanaHry M araKoean, cpopeMpoeae Aeon. HeeMorpfl Ha yeMnMfl naena eo6parb M opraHM30earb eeoMx n10.n,eiii, cpanaHra Hey.n,ep)I(MMO npopeanaeb enepe.a no npM6pe)l(]-loiifpaBHMHe, O.D,HaKO He eMoma y.n,ep)l(aTb erpofl Ha nepeee4eHHOiii MeeTHOeTM, fle)l(al.l.leiif .D,anbWe K lOry. naeen KOHrparaKoean, eoenonb3oeaewMeb pa3pbJBaMM B cpanaHre. Ta no4TM epa3y )l(e pa3eanMnaeb: 20 Tb/ef/4 MaKe.D,OHf/H 6bJnM y6MTbl, 11 Tb/ef/4 nonanM B nneH, a yeKOflb3Hyna, BKfl/04af/ eaMOIO nepeefl, TOflbKO ropeT04Ka. PMMeKMe norepM eoeTaBMflM MeHbWe O.ll,HOiif Tb/ef/4M 4enoBeK. Bnoene.aerBMM nepeeiii e.aanefl M yMep B nneHy B l1ranMM.

JISipHoro cTpoa JierHoHa. ,[{Ba 6oa-

HM CHJia COIIpOTHBJieHHSI IIpOTHBHHKa- BCe 3'1'0 pa3pbiBaJIO CIIJIOillHOJ;I

rrpH KHHOCKe<t>aJiax H rrpH llH.LJ.Hexoporno IIOKa3hiBaiOT rrpeHMYII.IeCTBa pHMCKOJ:I opraHH3al.IHH apMHH H MaHHIIYJIHpHoro cTpoa JiernoHa rrepe.LJ. MaKe.LJ.OHCKOJ:I <t>anaHroJ:I.

qacTHbiX HaqaJibHHKOB H 3Ha"!eHHe HX HHHI.IHaTHBhl B 6010.

IIEPCIHI CEJIEBKH)J;OB H ErHIIET IITOJIEMEEB 200-50 22. iJo P.X

<!>aJiaHra 6hiJia CHJibHa CBOHM COMKH)'ThiM y.LJ.apoM HaKOpOTKe Ha COBepIlleHHO pOBHOJ:I MeCTHOCTH. llpO.LJ.OJI-

192-1 88 rr. BO~HA CEJlEBC P~MOM. nroneMeiii V

iKHTeJihHOe .LJ.BHiKeHHe, He60JibillOe

K~AOB

MeCTHoe IIpeiiSITCTBHe, HepaBHOMep-

3aK!IJ04Mfl e0/03 e PMMOM. noene.n,-

To'iHal! AaTa ycTaHOBJieHa 6JiaroAapl!

JIYHHOMY 3aTMeHHIO, HMeBWeMy MeCTO B HO'ib rrepeA 6HTBOit PHMJ!l!He CO'iJIH ero 6Jia-

500

600 1000 IIIOO N

rorrpHll'l'HbiM llpeA3HaMeHOBaHHeM, TOrAa KaK B MaKeAOHl!H OHO BCeJIHJIO yJKaC.

6HTB3 npH nHAHe B 168 r. AO P.X.

EBPOnA V1 CPE)J.li13EMHOMOPbE 141-139 rr. BOII'IHA CEJ1EBK111AOB c nAP<P1.1EII'I. MuTp!ll.aaT v

CTBMeM nop8)t(eHMR AHTMOXa RBMflCR yxo.aApMeHMM M baKTPMM M3-nOP. ocna6eewero nepcu.acKoro rocno.acTea. 187 r. CMEPTb AHH10XA. 3TO npOM30WflO B J7ypMCTaHe ( COBp. £1paH) BO BpeMR nonbJTKM BepHyTb noTepRHHb/e BOCT0'4Hb/e npOB!IIHU.M!II.

EeepreT BToprcR e BaeunoHMFO M3aHRn BaeunoH ( 141 r.). Bnocne.aCTBMM ,il,eMeTpM/1 If M31Han nap<f>RH !113 MeconoTaMMM ( 139 r.), o.aHaKo Ha cne.ayFOmM/1 ro.a caM M3-3a npe.aaTenbcTea nonan e nneH.

171-168 rr. BOII'IHA CEJ1EBK111AOB c Erll1nToM. AHTuox IV

145-51 rr. YnAAOK Efll1nTA nTOJlEMEEB. HenpepbJBHble 6ec-

.aea)I(JJ.bl ycnewHo eToprancR e EmneT ( 171-170 M 168 rr:). Ero no6e.aa 6bJna y%e n0'4T!II OKOH'4aTeflbHOW, KOIP.a BO epeMR OC8P.bl AneKCaHP.pMM oH nony'4Mn Tpe6oeaHMe PuMa eepHyTb EruneT nToneMeRM. Bo BpeMR 6eccnaBHOIO OTCTYn!leHMR M3 ErMnTa oH 3aHRn l1epycan!IIM, pa3pywun IOPOP.CK!IIe CTeHbl M !113P.an .aeKpeT o6 ynpa3P.HeHMM uy.aaM3Ma, BbJ3eae P.fi!IITenbHoe Eepe?icKoe eoccTaH!IIe ( 168 r.).

nopRJJ.KM 111 CMYTbJ pa3pbJeanu EmneT. f_JapCTBOBaHMR nocneP.HMX nTOneMeee npeepaTMn!llcb e cnnowHyFO '4epe.ay npetJ.aTeflbCTB, y6MWCTB M KpOBOCMeWeHMR. 4acTOe PMMCKOe BMewaTenbcTeo He npMHecno npo.aon%MTenbHoro MMpa. KneonaTpa VII !II ee 6paT nmneMe/1 XII COBMeCTHO B30WflM Ha TpOH (51 r.).

168-143 rr. BOII'IHbl MAKKA-

CBOIO BflaCTb BaB!IIflOHMIO, BbiHYP.!IIB ct>paaTa II nap<f>RHCKOIO OCB060P.!IITb ero 6paTa, ,il,eMeTp!IIR II, M3 nneHa. npo.aon%MB noxo.a B MMP.!IIIO, AHTMOX noTepnen nopa%eHMe M 6bm y6MT ctJpaaTOM B 6MTBe npM 3K6aTaHe

BEEB (eM. HM%e). 166-163 rr. KAMnAHII1111 CEJlEBK111AOB HA BOCTOKE. AHTMox IV eepHyn ApMeH!IIFO M .apyme BOCT0'4Hb/e npOB!IIHU./11!11.

130-127 rr. B0306HOBJ1EHII1E BOII'IHbl CEJ1EBK111AOB C nAP<P1.1EI/'I. AHTMOX VIII eepHyn no.a

162-143 rr. A111HACTW·IECKII1E PA3AOPbl BHYTPII1 111MnEPII1111 CEJ1EBK111AOB. npeTeHP.eHTOM Ha npecTOn ,il,eMeTp!IIR I CoTepa (oKono187-150rr.) uero CbJHa,il,eMeTpMR II HMKaTopa (161-125 r.) Bb/CTynan AneKCaHP.P banaw. nTOneMe/1 VI EmneTCK!IIW no.a.aep%an ,il,eMeTp!lleB, B TO epeMR KaK 3BMeH nepraMCK!IIW-npeTeHP.eHTa. PewaFOme/1 B 9TOM KOH<f>nMKTe OKa3anaCb no6e.aa nTOneMeR HaP. AneKCaHP.pOM fianaweM B 6!11TBe Ha peKe 3HOnap ( 145 r:). nmneMe/1 yMep OT paH. 6anaw 6bm ecKope nocne 9Toro y6MT, M Ha npeCTOfl B30Wen ,il,eMeTpM/1 fl.

nToneMeH V 3aepreT

(coep. XaMa.aaH e l1paHe, 129 r.). 3TO nopa%eH!IIe CTOMflO !IIMnep!IIM CeneBK!IIP.OB ecero peruoHa, npocT!IIpaFOmerocR K eocTOKY oT Ee<J>paTa.

125-64 rr. YnAAOK CII1PII1111 CEJ1EBK111AOB. Pa3pywaFOmaRCR MMnep!IIR CeneeKMP.OB pa3opRnacb P.MHaCTM'4eCKMMM pa3tJ.OpaMM, B TO epeMR KaK COCeP.HRR nap<f>MR npoP.Ofl%ana BTOp%eHMR C BOCTOKa, a ApMeHMR- c ceeepa (64 r.). HaKoHeu., '4T06bJ BOCCTaHOBMTb nopRJJ.OK M npe.aynpetJ.!IITb .aanbHe?iwue napRHCJ<YFO M apMRHCJ<YIO 9KCnaHCMM, BMewancR P!IIM. 3aeoeeaHHaR noMneeM, CupMR cTana e 64 r. pMMCKo/1 npOBMHU.!IIe/1.

HYAEH 168-66 22. iJo P. X. 168 r. BOCCTAHII1E MAKKABEEB. no.aaeneHMe IIIYP.aM3Ma AHTMOXOM IV 3nu<f>aHoM (eM. BbJWe) Bbi3BBnO EepeWCKOe BOCCTaHMe no.a npetJ.BOP.!IITeflbCTBOM CBRmeHHMKa Mana<t>uu 111 nRTM ero Cb/Hoee/1, caMbJM Bb/P.aFOm!IIMCR M TanaHTnMBb/M M3 KOTOpbJX 6bm l1y.aa MaKKaee/1.

0Kono 161-159 rr. BOCCTAHII1E TII1MAPXA. npaB!IITenb BaeM-

166-165 rr. nOiiEAb1111YAbl.

noHa TMMapx !113 MuneTa c6pocun enacTb CeneeKMP.OB 111, 3aeoeeae MMP.!IIFO, np!IIHRn TMTyn «BenMKoro u.apR». ,il,eMeTpM/11 pa3rpoMMn TuMapxa, eepHye MMnepMM 111 MMP.!IIFO, 111 Bae111noH ( 159 r.).

150 r. 3ABOEBAHII1E M111A111111 nAP<PSIHAMII1. MIIITPMP.aT IV eocnonb30BancR XaOCOM B MMnepMM CeneeKMP.OB.

223

BoV~Hbl. <l>parMeHT pent.e<j)Horo <j)p1-13a anTapst 3eaca a nepraMe.

nocne CMepT!II OTU.a l1y.aa B03maBMfl eoccTaHMe M, 6necmme ee.aR napT!II38HCKMe P.eWCTBMR, HaHeC nop8)t(eHMR PRP.Y CMPMWCK!IIX BOeHa'4aflbHMKOB; Hau6onbWYFO cnaey np!IIHecn!ll eMy no6eP.bJ npu ropo.ae beT-OpoHe ( 166 r.), ceneHM!II3MMayc, ne%ameM np!IIMepHo e 10-12 KM ceeepo-38na.aHee l1epycanMMa( 166 r.) Mropo.ae beT-i..Jype, pacnono%eHHOM npu-

224

200

B03HV1KHOBEHV1E BEnV1KV1X V1MnEPV1Vl. 200-1 rr. tJ.O P. X.

200

400

4' - CI>epwonHAbl, npoxoA H - KMHOCKeq,&Abl) xoAM.bl

600 ••

MepHO B 30 KM OT VfepycanMM8 no H8-

wMi1 Tenepb ceneBKM.tJ.CKMMM cMn8-

38C8.ll.Y, 6bm nneHeH M enocne.a-

38-

MM e Vfy.aee, H8Hec Vfy.ae M8KK8Beto

CTBMM y6MT CMPMW1..18MM M eepef!MM-

TeM OH 38XB8TMfl VfepyC8flMM M OCB0-

nop8)1(eHMe M M3TH8n ero M3 l1epy-

.ll.MCCM.tJ.eHT8MM (

60.ll.Mfl Xp8M, xom e l..IMT8.tJ.enM ece

c8nMM8( 162 r.). ToT6bJCTpo eo3o6-

ell.le npo.aofl)t(8fl .aep)I(8TbCfl cenee-

HOBMn H8CTynneHMe, p836MB BOW-

143-66 rr. HE3ABII1CII1MOCTb 111YAE111. CMMOH, .apyroi1 6p8T Vfy.tJ.bl

KM.tJ.CKMi1 T8PHM30H.

CKO CMPMWCKOTO BOeH848flbHMK8

M8KK8Befl, 6bm npM3H8H CeneBKM/1.8-

165-164 rr. 60Pb6A 3A 111EPYCAJ11!1M. npo.aomK8fl TeCHYIO

HMK8HOP8 6nM3 ceneHMfl A.a8c8, He-

MM 1..18peM Vfy.aeM( 143

no.a8neKy oT MeCT8 ero npe)I(Hei1

IOll.IMe .tJ.eCf/TMfleTMfl 6bJnM OTMe'le-

161 r.);

Hbl BHyTpeHHMMM P83/1.0P8MM M

np8BfleHWO K XeepoHy (

165 r.).

143 r.).

r.).

nocne.ay-

OC8.ll.Y MepyC8flMMCKOW KpenOCTM,

no6e.tJ.bJ npM Ger-OpoHe (

l1y.a8 p8cnpocTp8HMn ceoto en8CTb

HMK8Hop B 9TOM cp8)1(eHMM norM6.

48CTb/MM BTOp)l(eHMf/MM B Vfy.aeto

H8 60flbWYIO 48CTb Vfy.aeM. AHTMOX B

TeM He MeHee, ell.le .ao KOH1..18 ro.a8

CeneBKM.ll.OB M coce.aHMX 8p86CKMX

9TO BpeMf/ ycneWHO Ben K8Mn8HMIO

l1y.a8 noTepnen nop8)1(eHMe M 6bm

BO)I(.tJ.ei1. KoHel..l 9TOMY CMYTHOMY

H8 BOCTOKe, M nOTOMY, CTpeMf/Cb Bep-

y6MT B8KXM.ll.OM e 6Mree npM 3n8ce.

epeMeHM 6bm nono)l(eH PMMOM, noc-

HYTb VfepycanMM, 8PMMIO BTOp)l(eHMfl

161-143 rr. nPABJlEHII'IE II'IOHA<PAHA (6PATA II'IYAbl). OH

ne TOTO K8K noMnef;i 38XB8TMfl Vfepy-

npMBen B Vfy.aeto ero H8MeCTHMK f1MCMW. OH H8Hec eepef!M nop8)1(eHMe

npo.aofl)t(an eecTM e 1..1enoM ycnew-

H8 PMMOM, 4T06bJ OKOH48TeflbHO

C8flMM; Vfy.aefl 6bJn8 8HHeKCMPOB8-

npM GeT -3ax8pMM, HO cp83Y ecne.a 38

HYto n8pTM38HCKYto eoi1Hy npoTMB

yreep.aMTb ero rocno.acreo H8.ll.O

TeM BbJHy)l(.lJ.eH 6bm eepHyrbcf! e CM-

CMPMWI..IeB. npM3H8HHb/W l/>8KTM4e-

eceM BocT04HbJM Cpe.tJ.M3eMHOMO-

PMto .ll.flfl nO.tJ.8BfleHMfl BCnbJXHYBWero

CKMM np8BMTeneM Vfy.aeM, OH p83-

PbeM

T8M BOCCT8HMfl (

164 r.).

(64 r.).

MeCTMfl CB0/0 m8BHYIO KB8PTMPY B

163-161 rr. nOCJlEAHSISI KAMnAHII'ISI II'IYAbl. CMpMi1CKMi1

M.tJ.e <PMHMKMi1cKoi1 (MH84e AKKO,

cKoJ;i HMnepHH He H3MeHHJIOXapaKTe-

nonKoeo.ael..l B8KXM.ll., KOM8H.ll.OB8B-

MnM AKe, coep. AKp8) oH non8n e

pa6opb6hi MeJK)J.y pa3JIH<JHhlMH rpyn-

VfepycanMMe

(152 r.). B

nToneM8-

BXO:>K.lJ:EHllE

B cocTaB PHM-

EBPOnA V1 CPE.Ll,V13EMHOMOPbE IIHpoaKaMII BHYTPII Hyl{ell, a JIIIWb o6ocTp11JIO ee. Bbicwee l{yxoaeHC'I'BO II KpynHble 3eh1JieBna,!{enbl.lbl COCTaBIIJIII «napTIIIO» CaMyKeeB, BbiCryna& WYIO 3a COTpyi{HII'~eCTBO C p11MCKIIMII BJiaCTJIMII II npOTIIB qepecqyp CKpynyJie3HOI'O co6niOI{eHIIJI «3aBeTa». Hx Henp11M11p11Mbie npOTIIBHIIKII <j>ap11ce11 Tpe6oBaJIII cTpororo llcnonHeHIIJI aon11 Bora, HO Hei{OCTaToqHo nocJiel{oBaTeJibHo6opon11cb c p11MJIJIHaMII (n03TOMY CJIOBO «<j>apllcell»

Mble MapKOM nopLj/11eM KaTOHOM, renepb nepewnu K aKrMBHbiM JJ.efilcrsuRM. no,ll,'I/11Hflf/Cb PMMCKOMY ynbruMaryMy, Kap¢areH npeKparun soeHHbte JJ.efilcrsuR nporus HyMMJJ./11111, nepe,lJ,aJJ PMMY 300 3aJJOJKH/11KOB, C,ll,aJJ 60JJblllYIO '18Crb OPYJKMfl /11 CPblfl ropOJJ.CKMe YKPenJJeHMR, orK838BllJ/11Cb, O,ll,H8KO, BblnOJJHMTb nocne,ll,Hee rpe6osaHue - noKMHyrb ropoJJ. 111 orsecrM HaceneHue s my6b MarepuKa.

CTaJIO C IIHOHIIMOM Jllll.leMepa).

225

){II BCai{HIIqecTBa 11 TOll qacTII HOOIIJIII-

TeTa, KOTOpal! 6biJia CBJI3aHa C SHeWHell Toproanell. Bo3HIIKJia CIIJibHaJI 11 BJIIIJITeJibHaJI naPTIIJI, Tpe6oBaBWaJI noJIHoro YHII>;~TO)f(eHIIJI Kap<j>areHa, ,!{a)f(e eCJIII 3TO yrpO)f(aJIO HOBOli BOllHOlt. Bo maae 3roll napTIIII CTOJIJI MapK Ilopl.lllll KaToH (CTapw11ll), KOTOpbill peBHOCTHO nponaraHI{IIpOBaJI

3ry

11/{eiO II Ka)f(,!{Oe CBOe BbiCrynJieHIIe B CeHaTe 3aKaHqiiBaJI O,!{HOll II TOll )f(e <j>pa3oll:

<<A ace-TaKII Kap<j>areH ,!{on-

TO BPEMJIKaK CIIJibiii BHIIMa-

)f(eH 6biTb pa3pyweH!» IlOBO,!{ K BOliHe HaliTII 6b!JIO He-

3TO BpeMJI nonyqaeT WllpOKOe pac-

HIIe p11MJIJIH 6biJIII npiiKOBaHbi K Boc-

Tpyi{HO. HyMIII{IIliCKIIll l.lapb Macii-

npOCTPaHeHIIe aepa B cKopoe npllwe-

ToKy, no6e)f(l{eHHOMY Kap<j>areHy

HIIcca, qyacTayJI noMep)f(ey p11MJIJIH,

CTBIIe 1136aBIITeJIJI, MeCCIIII, nocJiaH-

l{ep)f(aJICJI KpaliHe arpeCCIIBHO II

HIIKa Bora .f!xae, KOTOpbii't cnaceT

yl{aJIOCb onpaBIITbCJI II yKpeniiTb CBOe 3KOHOMIIqecKOe nOJIO)f(eHIIe.

Hapol{ oT rHeTa qYJKe3e.il.leB 11 ycTa-

BbiHY)f(l{eHHble OTKa3aTbCJI OT BOeH-

,!{eHIIJIM qacTb Kap<j>areHCKOli Tepp11-

B cpel{e npocToro JIIOI{a Hyl{ell B

nb!TaJICJI npiiCOe,!{IIHIITb K CBOIIM BJia-

HOBIIT l.lapCTBO npaB,!{bl Ha 3eMJie.

HbiX 3aXBaTOB II aKTIIBHOli BHeWHell

TOp1111. Ilp01130WJIO BOopy)f(eHHOe

Ha116onee llpocTHbiMII 11 nocJiel{oBa-

nOJIIITIIKII, Kap<j>areHCKIIe eynl.lbl II

CTOJIKHOBeHIIe.

TeJibHbiMII 3al.l.liiTHIIKaMII 3TIIX lll{eli

pa6oBJial{ enbl.lbl BKJial{biBaiOT Tenepb

6biJIII 3eJIOTbi 11 ecce11, Cb1rpaaw11e

CBOII cpei{CTBa B CeJibCKOe X03JiliC'I'-

60JibWYIO pOJib B B03HIIKHOBeHIIII

BOB A<j>p11Ke. B Kap<j>areHe HaqiiHa-

XpiiCTIIaHCTBa.

eT npOI.lBeTaTb O)f(IIBJieHHaJI TOp roBJill C MeCTHblMII nJieMeHaMII, WllpOKO pa3BIIBaeTCJI nJiaHTal.liiOHHOe 3eMJie-

PHM M CPE)J;M3EMHOMOPhE 150-60 22. P. X.

,!{eJIIIe, B ropol{ax pacTeTqllcJio MacTepcKIIX II TOprOBbiX npel{nplll!TIIli. 3TO B03p0)f(,!{eHIIe3KOHOMII<,!eCKOli MOI.I.lll Kap<j>areHa Bbi3BaJIO CIIJibHoe Hel{oBonbCTBO B PI!Me, oco6eHHO cpe-

149 r. PIIIM 06bSlBJ1SlET BOIIIHY. nepSOH8'18JibHble PMMCKMe BOeHHble 8KLjMM 6biJIM COPB8Hbl K8K H8 cywe, raK M Ha Mope 6naroJJ.aPR 9Hepr/11'1Hb1M ,ll,ef!ICTB/11f/M 38J.J4MTH/11KOB Hacnex YKPenneHHoro Kap¢areHa ( 148 r. ). 147 r. CUiilnliiOH 3Mii1Jlli1AH nPIIIHIIIMAET KOMAH.D.OBAHIIIE. CbiH flyLJMR 3M/11JI/11fl na BJJa' no6e,ll,/11-

152-146 rr. BOCCTAHIIISl B MAKE,D.OHiillil (WHOfAa H83b1Bae-

TP ETh.H II YHMqECKAJI B O ~HA 149-146 r-r. ~o P.X.

Mble '-lereeprow MaKeAOHCKow sowHow). AHJJ.PMCK, npeJJ.nonaraeMblfil

U H<Ppa MH Ha Kapr e 0603Ha'!CHbl : l aoeHHall raaaHb Kor ou; 2 roproeall raaaHb; 3 HOBbiA KaHan, npopbiTblll Kap!jJareHRHaMH BO epCMR ocaJlbl

CbiH nepcef/ (a B03MO)((HO, GaM03B8H~, Bbl,ll,8B8BllJ/11f!l ce6R38 38KOHH0f0

HaCJJeJJ.HMKa npecrona, <Pununna), so3rnasun soccraHue, speMeHHO 06be,ll,MHMBllJeeMaKe,ll,OHMIO. npoB03ff18C/11B ce6R LjapeM, AHJJ.P MCK noHa '!any ycnewHo nporus oCTO fiJI PMMCKMM YCMJI/11f/M sepHyrb BJI8Crb. 0,ll,H8KO BCKOPe OH 6blfl pa36Mr nperopoM KsMHTOM 4eLJMJJMeM MerennoM ( 148 r. ), KOTOPblf!l3areM noJJ.asun noCJJeJJ.YIOJ.J4Me scnbtlllK/11 MRrex<a ( 148-146 rr. ), 2a 'ITO 6btfl YJJ.OCTOeH no'lerHoro npo3BMJ.J4a MaKeJJ.OHCKMfil. MaKe,JJ,OHMR crana puMCKofil npOBMHLjMefil ( 146 r. ).

TPETbSl nYHiill.lECKASl BOIIIHA, 149-146 rr. HeHasMcrHMK/11 Kap ¢ar eHa s PuM e, so 2ma BJJ Re-

npH6bi THC p11 MCK0f0 ¢Jno ~ - ra c eoAcKaMH K Kap<Pa re

Hy-Ha 'lano 6noK3Jlbl ........... YKpenneHHJI p11Ml1Hii B 147-146 rr. JlO P.X. n~A CTBH SI PH!'ICKOi:l apMHI1 u 147 r . JIO P. X. -... WrypM H pa3pyweHHe ..,., Kap!jla reHa sl46r. Jlo P.X.

==--

1:300000

226

B03HV1KHOBEHV1E BEnV1KV1X V1MnEPV1lll. 200-1 rr. AO P. X.

TBflR np/11 n/11/],He, /II npi!IBMHbli!t BHYK C/4/lln/IIOHa AcjJpi!IKaHCK0/0, ny6nl!li!t C/4/lln/IIOH 3M/IIfl/llaH, BOWB/],WI!Ii!t B /IICTOp/1110 KaK C141!1nl!loH Mna/],WI!Ii!t, HOc/lin o6a /IIMBH/11 C /],OCTO/IIHCTBOM. no np1!16b/T/II/II B Acj)pi!IKY OH 3HeprWIHO opraH/113oaan cyxonYTHY/0 /II MOPCKY/0 6noKa/l,y KapcjJaleHa, a pe3ynbTaTe LfB/0 HaceneH/IIe HaLfaflO CTpa/],aTb OT mno/],a /II 6one3Hei!t.

CTOHBIIIAH BHe ropoLJ:a apMIIH Kap<lJareHa 6hiJia pa36IITa. PyKoBoLJ:IIBIIIIIil: o6opoHoil: Kap<lJareHa 3HaTHhiH BOeHa'IaJihHIIK fa3LJ:py6aJI CTaJI rrpociiTh MIIpa. Ho CI!IIIIIIOH He comaciiJICH Ha3TO II BecHoil: 146 r. LJ:O P. X. Ha'IaJI IIITYPM ropoLJ:a.

146 r. nAP,EHIIIE KAP<l>ArEHA. Pewi!ITenbHbiM npl!lcTynoM C!41!1nl!loH 3MI!Inl!laH B3Rn KapcjJa1eH, 3aTeM nocne/],OBafl/11/0pO/],CK/IIe 60/11 B Ka)f(/],OM Jl.OMe. B I!ITO/e Jl.BBRTb Jl.BCRTbiX HaceneHI!IR no11!16no oT mno/],a, 6one3Hei!t l!lfl/11 a 6/IITBe. no np1!1Ka3y pi!IMCK0/0 CeHaTa /II HBCMOTpR Ha npoTeCTbl C!41!1nl!loHa mpo/1, 6blfl nonHOCTb/0 pa3pyweH, a )f(/IITen/11 npo/],aHbl B pa6CTBO. B TEqEHI1E IIIeCTII LJ:Heil: KIIrreJI 6oil: Ha YJIIII!ax ropoLJ:a. Jliiiiih Ha ceLJ:hMOil: LJ:eHh piiMJIHHaM yLJ:aJIOCh B3HTh EIIpcy - aKporrom Kap<lJareHa. fa3-

OCA,li,A H fHiiFJib KAPCJIAfEHA (149-146 IT. ,110 P.X.)

LJ:py6aJI CO CBOeil: CeMheH II C piiMJIHHaMII-rrepe6e'lK'IIIKaMII yKphiJIIICh B xpaMe 3cKyJiarra, roTOBHCh C'lKe'Ih ce6H. Ho B peiiiiiTeJihHhiil: MOMeHT Kap<lJareHCKIIH BOeHa'IaJihHIIK He BhiLJ:ep'lKaJI. OH Bhi6e'lKaJI II3 xpaMa II Ha KOJieHHX cTaJI rrpociiTh CI!IIIIIIOHa coxpaHIITh eMY 'lKII3Hh. )l{eHa fa3LJ:py6aJia, YBIILJ:eB 3TO, H3BIITeJihHO rro'lKeJiaJia CBOeMy cyrrpyry CIIaCTII CBOIO 'lKII3Hh, CTOJIKHyJia B OrOHh LJ:eTeil:, a 3a HIIMII 6pociiJiach B IIJiaMH II caMa. CI!IIIIIIOH XOTeJI COXpaHIITh rOpOL\, HO ITO Tpe6oBaHIIIO ceHaTa Kap<lJareH 6hm IIOLJ:O'lK'lKeH, ropeJI 16 LJ:Heil:, 3aTeM Ha TeppiiTOpiiii pa3pyiiieHHoro ropoLJ:a rrJiyroM 6hma rrpoBeLJ:eHa 6op03LJ:a B 3HaK TOrO, 'ITO 3TO MeCTO rrpeLJ:aHO rrpoKJIHTIIIO. Kap<lJareHCKIIe BJiaLJ:eHIIH 6hiJIII BKJIIO'IeHhi B COCTaB piiMCKOH rrpOBIIHI!IIII A<lJpiiKII. Ho rrepeLJ: piiMJIHHaMII, rrocJie Toro KaK OHII YHII'ITO'lKIIJIII CBOero BeKOBOro Bpara, CTOHJia eme OLJ:Ha CJIO'lKHaH 3aLJ:a'Ia: 060CHOBaThCH B 6hiBIIIIIX 3aMOpCKIIX BJiaLJ:eHIIHX Kap<lJareHa- B 11crraHIIII. BhiTeCHIIB orryLJ:a Kap<lJareHHH, OHII BCTYIIIIJIII B iJ:JIIITeJihHYIO II yrropHyiO 60ph6y C MeCTHhiMII IIJieMeHaMII. Eme B 197 r. LJ:O P .X. B 11crraHIIII BCIIhiXHYJIO KpyrrHOe BOCCTaHIIe, IIOLJ:aBJieHHOe piiMJIHHaMII C 60JihiiiiiM TPYLJ:OM. B 154 r. LJ:O P .X. rrpOII30IIIJIO HOBOe BOCCTaHIIe, OXBaTIIBIIIee IIO'ITII BCIO CTpaHy. B HeM rrpiiHHJIII y'IaCTIIe pa3JIII'IHhie IIJieMeHa: JIY3IITaHhi, apeBaKII, KeJihTII6ephi II AP路

149-139 rr. nY3111TAHCKASIIil KEnbTiii5EPCKASI BOHHbl. nepaoHaLfanbHble OLfa//11 MRTB)f(a B /11cnaH/II/II 6blfll!l no/],aaneHbl MapKoM KnaB/1,/IIeM Map14ennoM, KOTOPbli!t no6e/1,/llfl ny31!1TaH /II KenbTI!16epoa no/], 3T/IIM C061!1paTBflbHb/M Ha/IIMeHOBaH/IIBM B aHT/11'-/Hb/e BpeMeHa 6blfl/ll /113BBCTHbl MHOIOLf/IICflBHHb/e nneMeHa L/,eHTpanbHoi!t IITcnaH/111!1, comaCHO 0/],HOi!t BepC/11/11, RBflRBW/11eCR Lf/IICTb/M/11 KBflbTaM/11, a comaCHO Jl.PYIOi!t - 1!16epaM/II, 3aCefl/IIBW/IIM/II Teppi!ITOp/1110, Ha KOTOpof!t npe)f(/],B o61!1Tanl!l KenbTbl (154-15111.). Ho a 1471. ny31!1TaHe /II 1!16epbl, aocnonb3oaaawl!lcb TpeTbei!t nyH/IILfBCKOi!t BOi!JHOi!t, BHOBb BOCCTafl/11- nOBO/],OM

KellbTCKI111 wneM 113 norpe6eHI1SI B Jla rop>K Mel-le

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146 r. AXEHCKASI BOHHA. Ha/l,eRcb aocnonb30BaTbCR pi!IMCKoi!t aoi!tHoi!t c KapcjJaleHoM, Axei!tcKI!Ii!t co103 Hanan Ha CnapTY, KOTOpaR ace ell{e HaX0/1,/IInacb no/1, pi!IMCKI!IM npoTeKTOpaTOM. KoHcyn f7Yf41!1i!t MyMMI!Ii!t npl!laen a /pef41!1/0 apMI!I/0 /II pa361!1n axei!tcKom nonKOBO/l,f4a Kpl!lmnaR oKono Kopi!IHcjJa, nocne Lfe/0 3axaaTI!In /II pa3pywl!ln mpo/1,. Axei!tCKI!Ii!t C0/03 6blfl pacnyll{eH, /II PI!IM no/l,Lfi!IHI!In ce6e ac10 /pef41!1/0.

137-133 rr. HYMAHTIIIHCKASI BOHHA. HyMaHf41!1R, mpo/1, a aepxHeM TBLfBH/11/11 peK/11 /1,aypi!IR ( COBp. Jl.ypo) a IITcnaH/111!1, CTan f4BHTPOM CHOBa BCnbiXHYBWef!t 6opb6bl KBflbT/II6epOB 3a He3aBI!ICI!IMOCTb. KoHcynbl KBI!IHT noMnei!t /II MapK nan/llfll!li!t J7aaHa noTepnen/11 nopa)f(eHI!Ie /II 6blfll!l o6eccnaaneHbl HyMaHTI!IHf4aMI!I ( 137-13211.}. KoMaH/l,YIOU{/IIM PI!IM-

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104 r.

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229

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230

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102 r.

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paHCb Ha apMIIIO, CTaHOBIIJICH, B CBOIO OTJ:epe)":(b, He3aBIICIIMbiM no OTHOIIIeHliiO K rpa:lK.D:aHCKIIM opraHaM BJiacm. IIpocpecciioHaJibHaH apMIIH npeBpaTIIJiacb B KpynHyiO nOJIIITIITJ:eCKYIO CIIJIY, 3HaTJ:eHIIe KOTOpOH B03pacTaJIO no Mepe o6oCTpeHIIH KJiaCCOBOH60pb6bi II COU:IIaJibHbiX npOTliBope 'Illil. TaK KaK KOHelJ:HOll U:eJibiO COJI,[(aTa 6biJIO nOJIYIJ:eHIIe 3eMJIII, arpapHbill BOnpoc HalJ:IIHaeTTenepb TeCHO nepeiiJieTaTbcH C BOnpOCOM 06 y)":(OBJieTBopeHllli

CEKCTE

TeHMe. B nocne,aoaa aweM M36MeHMM ,ao 90 Tb/Cf/'1 aapaapoa 6bmo y6MTO, oKono 20 Tb/Cf/'1 nonano a nneH.

102-101 rr.

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Ei~TBA nP~

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HACTYnllEH~E

K~M5POB.

nepei1I,afl nepeaan 5peHHep, aapaapbl HaHecnM nopa)l(eHMe KOHcyny /a10 flYTaJ4MIO Ka-rynny B ,aonMHe peKM A,ayM ( 102 r. ) , nocne 'lero npoaenM 3MMY B.£lOflMHe peKM no. MapMiii nocnewMn Ha3a,a a tlfmnM/0 M coe,aMHMflCfl c KaTynnoM.

101 r. Ei~TBA nP~ BEPKE1111AX (111n111 Bepuennax). 5nM3 3TOro ropo,aKa MapMiii 6yKaanbHO YHM'ITO)I(Mfl KMM6poa; 140 Tb/Cf/'1 aapaapoa ( MY)I('IMH, )l(eHJ.J.J,MH M ,aeTeiii) 6bmo y6MTO, 60 Tb/Cf/'1 B3f/TO B nneH. PA5AM~. B CMJ4MflMM BHOBb

poe 06bl'IHO 3aCTaBJIHJIO ClJ:IITaThCH CO

CBOIIMII TPe6oBaHIIHMII.

BCnbiXHyno BOCCTaHMe, OXBaTMBwee 66nbWYIO 'laCTb OCTpoaa. no,aaBMfl ero KOHcyn MaHMiii AKBMnMiii (101-99 rr.). 1 00 r. MAP~"' ~35~PAETCSI

104-1 01 rr. BO"'HA C K~M5PAM~ ~ TEBTOHAM~.

nocne pa3rpoMa npM ApOCMO KOMaH,aOBaHMe B pMMCKoiii lannMM npMHfln MapMiii. noHa 'Iany OH M36eran peWMTeflbHb/X cpa)l(eHMiii, nocaf!TMB ce6fl o6y'leHMIO BOMCK M BOCCTaHOBneHM/0 B MX pf/,aax .£lMCJ4MnflMHbl M yaepeHHOCTM a ce6e, a TaK)I(e peopraHM3a/4MM wTa6Hoi1I cny;K6b! a npoaMHJ4MM. Tenepb KMM6pbl M TeBTOHbl peWMflM BTOPTHYTbCfl B tlfTaflM/0. 56nbWaf/ 'laCTb KMM6poa nowna Ha ceaepoaocToK, 'lepe3 TeppMTOpMIO Hb/HeWHei1J Waei1IJ4apMM, Hanpaanf!f/Cb K nepeaany 5 peHHep. TeaTOHbl c HeKoTopoiii 'laCTb/0 KMM6poa HanpaBMflMCb K nepeaany M anb!M CeH-5epHap. YcnMfiHMfl tlf3epa M PoHbl MapMiii B03Ben MOJ.J.J,Hb/M yKpenneHHb/M narepb M 0Tpa3Mfl HeO,aHOKpa THb/e aTaKM aapaapoa ( 102 r.). Tor,aa Te a-

91-88 rr. COI03H~~ECKASI BO"' HA. Bo3MyJ.J.J,eHMe MTanMiiiCKMX C0/03HMKOB PMMa OTKa30M npe,aoCTaBMTb MM pMMCKOe rpa)l(,aaHCTBO nepepo,aMflOCb B WMpOKOe BOCCTaHMe. 5b!fla OCHOBaHa HOBaf/ MTaflMMCKaf/ pecny6nMKa CO CTOflMJ4ei1I B Koprj)MHMM. noHa'lany ycnex COnYTCTBOBan nOBCTaHJ4aM. PMM nowen Ha ycTynKM, npe,aocTaBMB npaaa rpa)l(,aaHCTBa TeM M3 C0/03HMKOB, KTO COXpaHMfl flOflflbHOCTb - B OCHOBHOM, naTMHaM, 3TpycKaM M yM6paM, - a 3aTeM npe,ano)I(Mfl TO )l(e CaMOe M nOBCTaH/4aM, KOTOpb!e CflO)I(aT OPYJKMe M npM3Ha/OT rocno,acTao PMMa. KoHcyn flyJ4MM nopJ4MM KaTOH noTepnen nopa)l(eHMe M 6blfl y6MT y QJy'IMHCKOro 03epa (89 r.), HO ero Konnera noMneiii CTpa6oH o,aep)l(afl BHYWMTenbHY/0 no6e,ay npM AcKynyMe (89 r.). TeM apeMeHeM Cynna oca,aMn M 3axaaTMn noMneM. Tenepb 60flbWMHCTBO nOBCTaHJ4eB npMHf/flM pMMCKMe npe,aflO)I(eHMfl, M BOCCTaHMe 3aKOH'IMnocb. Ha 'lanbH ble Hey,aa'IM pMMCKMX BOMCK f/BMflMCb cne,acTBMeM Kpai11Hero pa3aana ,aMc14MnnMHbl B apMMM.

nepsafl MHTPH.QaTOBa BOHHa 89-84 rr. .qo P.X.

104-99 rr. BTOPASI BO"'HA

3eMeJibHbiMII Ha)":(eJiaMII BOHCKa, KOTO-

KOHCYJlOM B WECTO"' PA3. 9m npMaeno K HacMnM/0 M KpoaonponMTM/0 Ha ynM14ax PMMa. XopowMiii con,aaT, MapMiii oKa3ancf! HeKoMneTeHTHbiM nonMTMKOM M rocy,aapCTBeHHb/M ,aef/TeneM, M ero HeyMenoe npaaneHMe nMWb o6ocTpMno 6opb6 y Me)l(,lly,aeMOKpaTa MM MapMCTOKpaTaMM. 93-92 rr. BO"'HA C T~rPA HOM APMSIHCK~M. PacWMPflfl rpaHMJ4bl c aoero 14apcTaa, TMrpaH BTOprcf/ B HaXO.£lfiJ.J.J,YIOCfl no,a pMMCKMM npoTeKTopaToM Kanna,aoKM/0. Cynna, a TO apeMfl npeTop a3MaTCKMX npOBMH/4MM, 3aKfl/O'IMfl npOTMB TMrpaHa C0/03 c MMTpM,aaTOM naptPfiHCKMM, HO 0Tpa3Mfl Ha CTynneHMe TMrpaHa 6e3 naprj)f/HCKoiii noMOJ.J.J,M.

231

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(120-

rr.) BeJI CBOIO pO)":(OCJIOBHYIO no

omy oT AxeMeHII.[(oB, a no MaTepii oT CeJieBKII)":(OB. 3ro 6biJI :meprii'IHbiH II cnoco6Hbill:TJ:eJioBeK, o6Jia)":(aBIIIIIH r poMa,[(HOll cpii3ll'IeCKOll CIIJIOH . MliTpii,[(aT He nOJIYTJ:IIJI CIICTeMaTliTJ:eCKOro o6pa30BaHIIH, HO TeM He MeHe e 3HaJI 22 H3biKa, 6biJI 3HaKOM C JIYIJ:IIIIIMII npe)":(CTaBIITeJIHMII 3JIJiliHIICTliTJ:e CKOll KYJibrypbi CBoem BpeMeHII II CaM HaiiiiCaJI COTJ:IIHeHIIH no ecTeCTBe HHOll

232

B03HV1KHOBEHV1E BEnV1KV1X V1MnEPV1Vl. 200-1 rr. tJ.O P. X. BcrynHn B COI03 CO CKH<J?aMH, 6acTapHarviH H <J?paKHltl.laMH. fpeqecKHe ropo.L~,a H BocnopcKoe 1.1apcTBO .L~,aBaJIH MH1pHAary xne6 HAeHelKHhle cpeACTBa, a CeBepO-BOCTO"'Hhle BapBaphl nononHSinH ero apMHIO.

eHHble B Kape nemoHbl 6e3 Tpy.aa OTpa3MflM Hana.aeHMe. nnaH Cynnbl OKa38flCf!6e30WM604eH M B OTHOWeHMM

KOfleCHM~:

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Ha cf>anaHry, B Pfl.ll.bl KOTO-

pow BHecnu HeManoe CMf!TeHMe. Cynna HeMe.aneHHO npe.anpMHfln KOHTpaTaKy COBMeCTHbiMM CMflaMM

BMH~MM B Manow A3MM, a 3aTeM

neXOTbl M KOHHM~bl. npoTMBHMK B na-

BTOpTCfl B rpe~M/0, r.ae ero BOeH-

HMKe OTCTynMn, OCTaBMB none 60fl

Hb/e ycnexM pa3.aynM TneJOI.l..IMe

3a PMMflf/HaMM.

OIHM BOCCTaHMfl npOTMB BflaJJ.b/4e-

85 r. 61/lTBA nPIII OPXOMEHE.

CTBa PuMa. Cynna, Ha3Ha4eHHbiW

Apxenaw, nonY4MBWMW no.aKpenne-

KOMaHJJ.OBaTb

MHTPHA8T VI EanaTop

flOWaJJ.M, OCTaBWMe-

Cfl B )I(YfBbiX nocne PMMCKMX CTpen M

onepa~Mf/MM

Ha BO-

HMfl OT MMTPMJJ.aTa M CBOMX rpe4e-

CTOKe, y)l(e HanpaBflflflCfl B rpe~M/0

CKMX C0/03HMKOB, Onf!Tb npM06pen

(88 r.),

TaKOW )l(e 4MCfleHHbiW nepeBeC HaJJ.

KOTJJ.a 6blfl OT03BaH B CBf/3M

CO BCnbiWKOW rpa)I(JJ.aHCKOW BOWHbl

Cynnow,

B caMoM PMMe.

Cynna M npe3Mpan npoTMBHMKa, HO

KaK M npM XepoHee. Xom

87 r. nPIII6biTIIIE CYJlllbl. Ha

BeCbMa 3JJ.paBOMb/Cflfll.l..le OTHOCMfl-

HeKOTOpoe BpeMfl ynaJJ.MB .aena B PMMe, Cynna BHOBb OTnpaBMflCfl B

Cfl K nnaHMPOBaHM/0 BOWCKOBbiX onepa~MW: BTOPM4HO MCnOflb30BaB

rpe~M/0, r.ae HeMe.aneHHO 3aCTaBMfl

noneBb!e yKpenneHMfl B noMO/.l..lb Ha-

JJ.Be MMTPMJJ.aTo-rpe4eCKMe apMMM,

cTynaTenbHOW TaKTMKe npOTMB He-

KoTopb!MM KoMaH.aoeanM Apxenaw

nOBOPOTflMBOTO Bpara, OH CyMen OK-

M ApMCTMOH, oTcTynMTb no.a 3al.l..IMTY

p}/)KMTb M HaronoBy pa36MTb BOWCKO

Acf>MH M nupefl. 0CaJJ.MB M BCKOpe

Apxenafl. Tenepb Cynna roTOBMncf!

B3f!B npucTynoM Acf>MHbl

(86

r.),

KO BTOp)l(eHM/0 BA3MIO.

xenafl, MOpeM YCKOflb3HYBWero M3

85-84 rr. nPIII6biTIIIE HOBO"' PIIIMCKO"' APMIIIIII. B 9TO

nMpefl M Bb/CaJJ.MBWeTOCfl B 6eOTMM.

BpeMfl HOBOe JJ.eMOKpaTM4eCKOe

TeM epeMeHeM Mono.aow no.a4M-

npaBMTenbCTBO MapMfl M l...(MHHbl B

Cynna TeM He MeHee ynycTMn Ap-

HeHHb!W Cynnbl, J1y~uw f1M~MHMW

PMMe ( CM. HM)I(e) HanpaBMflO Ha BOC-

J1yKYnn, npueen ¢noT M HaHec pe-

TOK JJ.pyry/0 apMM/0- nOJJ. KOMaHJJ.O-

WMTenbHoe

B8HMeM J1.BanepMfl <t>naKKa, KOTO-

nopa)l(eHMe

cf>noTy

MMTPMJJ.aTa B 6uTBe y ocTpoea TeH-

pb!W JJ.Ofl)l(eH 6blfl 38MeHMTb Cynny

(86 r.). 86 r. 61/lTBA nPIII XEPOHEE.

Ha nOCTY maBHOKOMaHJJ.Y/0/.J..Iero B

.aoc B 3rewcKoM Mope

BOWHe c MMTPMJJ.BTOM. Cynna OTKa-

Bo maee apMMM npM6nM3MTenbHO B

3ancf! npM3HaTb nonHOM04Mfl <t>naK-

30 Tb!Cfl4

4enoBeK Cynna JJ.BMHyncfl

Ka M npOJJ.Ofl)l(afl JJ.eWCTBOBaTb B

B 6eoTMJO, Ml.l..la 6MTBbl c ApxenaeM,

COOTBeTCTBMM CO CBOMMM nepBOHa-

co6paBWMM eowcKo, .aocTuraewee

48flbHb/MM nnaHaMM; f1YKYJIJI CO CBO-

90 KOfleCHM~.

MM cf>noToM noMoran eMy. <t>naKK

BnepBb!e B MMpoeow eoeHHow npaK-

6blfl y6MT KBeCTOpOM raeM <t>naBM-

110

Tb/Cf/4 4eflOBeK M

TMKe Cy.nna MCnOflb30Ban He npOCTO

eM <!>MM6pvteM, KOTOPbiW 3aTeM

TpaJJ.M~MOHHb/W.ll.flfl PMMCKOW TaKTM-

npMHflfl KOMaHJJ.OBaHMe JJ.eMOKpaTM-

KM yKpenneHHbiW narepb, HO npo.ay-

4eCKOW PMMCKOW apMMeW Ha BOCTO-

MaHHYJO CMCTeMy noneBbiX yKpenne-

Ke; 04eBM/1.HO, OH MOfl48flMBO no.a-

HMW: cf>naHrM ero apMMM 3al.l..IMI.l..lanM

.aep)I(MBan onepa~MM Cynnbl npoTMB

OT aTaKM MMTPMJJ.aTo-rpe4eCKOW Ka-

MMTPMJJ.aTa. Tenepb noHTMWCKMW

BanepMM pBbl, a .ll.flfl 3al.l..IMTbl cf>poH-

~apb, 4beW TeppMTOPMM yrpo)l(aflM JJ.Be PMMCKMe apMMM, 38KII/04Mfl MMp.

Ta OT KOfleCHM~ npOTMBHMKa 6blfl B03/1.BMTHYT nanuca.a. bMTBa Ha4a-

Kor.aa Cynna y6e.aMn apMMJO <1>MM6-

nacb aTaKOW MMTPMJJ.aTOBOW KOHHM-

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~bl, 4aCTb KOTopow cyMena, o6orHyB

CKaM, <!>MM6pMW COBepWMfl CaMO-

nanuca.a, npeo.aoneTb poe; nocTpo-

y6MWCTBO. 0cTaBMB 9TY apMM/0 B

EBPOnA V1 CPE)J.li13EMHOMOPbE A3MM no.a KOMaH.aoeaHueM flyKY.nna, Cy.n.na eepHy.ncf! B l1Ta.nuFO, 4T06bJ BMeWaTbCfl TaM B rpa)l(,aaHCKY/0 BOWHY.

MOB, CyJIJia 3ai!BHJI, 'ITO xpaMhl He ,[J,OJiiKHhl HH B 'leM Hy~aThCi!, TaK KaK 6orn HanOJIHi!IOT HX Ka3Hy. HoB TO JKe BpeMJI CyJIJia 6h1JI 'leJIOBeKoM cye-

BepHhlM, BepHJI BO BCi!KHe CHOBH,qe-

PHMCKaRrpa~HcKaRsonHa

HHi! H 3HaMeHHi!, 61>1JI y6e)f()J,eHHhlM

88-82 rr. .qo P.X.

ipaTaJIHCTOM, BepHJI B CBOIO cy,qh6y H

88 r. BOCCTAHVIE AEMOKPATOB Mf!Te)I(HbJe .aeMoKpaTbl no.a npe.aeo,a!IJTe.nbCTBOM no.o,aep)l(t-tBaeMoro MapueM Tpu6yHa n. Cy.nbnMl.lMfl Pylf>a 6bJ.nM pa36MTb/ KOHCepBaTOpOM Cy.n.no/4, OT03BaHHb/M C nYTM B rpeJ..lM/0. Mapu/4 M OCTa.nbHb/e MfiTe)I(HMKM 6e)l(ant-t B A<f>puey. 87 r. B0306HOBJ1EHVIE BOCCTAHVISI. noc.ne TOTO KaK Cy.n.na BTOpM'lHO ompaBMflCfl B rpeJ..lM/0, ,aeMOKpaTbl BOCCTa.nM Onf!Tb - Ha 3TOT pa3 no.a npe.aeo.auTe.nbCTBOM flYI.lMfl KopHe.nuf! L(MHHbl. BepHyewuwcf! BMeCTe C HMMM K e.naCTM Mapu/4 Y'lpe,au.n B PuMe 1..1apcTBo Teppopa, noc.ne cMepTu Mapuf/(86 r.) npo.ao.n)l(eHHoe L(MHHOW. Vf XOTfl BCKOpe TOT noru6 npu Mf!Te)l(e co6cTeeHHbJX eowcK (84 r.), o.aHaKo .aecnoTM'lecKuw pe)I(MM npo.aep)l(a.ncf! ewe .aea ro.aa. 83 r. B03BPAUJ.EHVIE CYJ1Jlbl. BbJca.auewucb e 6pyH,aM3MM, Cy.n.na pa36u.n eowcKa KOHcy.na Kaf! Hop6aHa npu rope Tu<f>aTa no.a.ne Kanyu. B Kanye ero apMMfl ecTana Ha 3MMHt-te KBapTMPbl. nf/TM.neTHee J.lapCTBO Teppopa 3aKOH'lt-t.nocb, Kor.aa eecHow Cy.n.na CO CBOMMM 40 Tb/Cf/'laMM BeTepaHOB npuwe.n M3 /O)I(HOW VfTaflMM (82 r.). Pa36ue cu.nbJ,aeMoKpaTOB M BOCCTaBWMX CaMHMTOB B 6MTBe y Ko.n.nuHcKux BopoT, Cy.n.na 3axeaTu.n PuM, o6bf!BM.n ce6f! .auKTaTopoM MBOCCTaHOBM.n 3aKOH Mnopf/.[10K noc.ne Toro, KaK nepe6u.n ecex CBOMX no.nMTM'leCKMX npOTMBHMKOB. rHef/ noMnefl, 0.[1HOTO M3 CBOMX no,a'lMHeHHbJX, oH noc.na.n e Ct-tl.lM.nMFO, a 3aTeM u e A<f>PMKY, 4T06bJ YHM'lTO)I(MTb OCTaTKM ,aeMOKpaTM'leCKMX pa3Homacuw. 82-79 rr. AVIKTATYPA CYJlJlbl. C<f>opMupoeae npaeuTe.nbcTeo M BOCCTaHOBMB aBTOpMTeT ceHaTa, oH pa3pewu.n ceo6o,aHbJe BbJ6opbJ, noc.ne 'lero y,aa.nu.ncf! e oTcTaBKY M Ha c.ne,ayFOWMW ro,a yMep (78 r.).

233

K CBOeMy HMeHH npHCOe.LJ,HHHJI npo3BHI.l.le Felix- CqacTJIHBhil1. EorHHIO BeHepy oH C'lHTaJI cBoeJ;t noKpoBHTeJihHHUelt. KpoMe Toro, no,q HMeHeM CTapolt pHMCKOlt 6orHHH EeJIJIOHhl HM no<JHTaJiach Kanna,qoKHl1CKaH 6orHHi! Ma, KYJihT KOTopol1 OTJIH'laJICi! OC06h1M H3yBepCTBOM. 0TKa3 CyJIJihl oT BJiacTH 6h1JI HeOiKHAaHHhlMAJii! ero COBpeMeHHHKOB H HellOHi!TeH aHTH'lHhlM HCTOpHKaM.

Cynna XAPAKTEPll3Y.H CyJIJIY, aHTH'lHI>le HCTOpHKH OTMe'laJIH B ero JIH'lHOCTH pi!A npoTHBope<JHlt KpynHhllt noJIKoso,qeu, CyJIJia noJih30BaJICi! He06hJ<IaitHhlM aBTOpHTeTOM cpeAH COJI.LJ,aT, HO CaM OH 61>1JI 'leJIOBeKOM 3I'OHCTH'lHhiM H xoJIOAHhlM. PecTaBpaUHOHHhle TeH.LJ,eHUHH CO'leTaJIHCh y Hero C npeHe6peiKeHHeM K pHMCKHM o6hl'laHM. B rpeqecKHX ropo,qax, HanpHMep, OH llOi!BJii!JICi! B rpeqecKOM nJiaThe, qero o61>1<JHO He AeJiaJIH pHMCKHe MarHCTpaThl. )l(a):(Hhll1 ,[1,0 ,qeHer, C'lHTaBIIIHl1 BCe KOHipHCKOBaHHOe Hl'vfYI.l.leCTBO OC)'"'.K..LJ,eHHhiX CBoelt,qo6hiqeJ;t, CyJIJia6hlJI B TO iKe BpeMH 'leJIOBeKoM pacTO'lH'reJihHhlM. HenoMepHYIO CBOIO iKeCTOKOCTh CyJIJia Mor coe,qHHi!Th c xoJio,qHolt HpoHHel1. OH npeKpaTHJI pa3rpa6JieHHe AipHH, CKa3aB, 'ITO «l'vfHJiyeT iKHBhlX pa,qH MepTBhlX». Kor,qa BO BpeMH npocKpHnUHl1 6e3,qapHhll1 no3T npeno,qHec eMy CTHXOTBOpHhll1 naHerHpHK, CyJIJia BeJieJI ,qaTh aBTopy H3BecTHYIO cyMMY ,qeHer c ycJIOBHeM, 'ITO Bnpe,qh OH He 6y,qeT 60Jihiiie llHCaTh CTHXH. CyJIJia 61>1JI o6pa3oBaHHhlM qeJIOBeKOM, xopoiiio 3HaJI rpeqecryiO JIHTeparypy H ipHJiocoipHIO. OH 6hm 3llHKypel1UeM H CKellTHKOM H OTHOCHJICi! HpOHH'leCKH K Tpe60BaHHi!M TPaAHUHOHHolt peJIHrHH. OnycToIIIHB COKpOBHI.l.IHHUhi rpeqecKHX xpa-

83-81 rr. BTOPASI MVITPVIAATOBA BO"'HA. no cywecTBY .noKa.nbHoe M, BM.[1MMO, c.ny'laWHOe cTo.nKHOBeHue Me.>Kay MuTpu,aaToM u PMMCKMM npaBMTe.neM BA3MM fl. flul.lMHMeM MypeHow. Mup 6bm eoccTaHoe.neH Ha ocHoee status quo. 80-72 rr. BO"'HA C CEPTOPVIEM. noc.ne TOTO KaK Cy.n.na B3fl.n e.nacTb e PuMe, KeuHT CepTOpuw, .aeMoKpaT u npueep)l(eHel.l Mapuf!, y'lpe,au.n He3aBMCMMbiW pe)I(MM Bfly3MTaHMM ( COBp. nopTyra.nMfl M 3ana,aHaf/ VfcnaHMR). Ha6pae apMM/0 .ny3uTaH, oH o.aep)l(a.n no6e.ay Ha.a eowcKaMu 3aKOHHoro npaeuTe.nf! flYI.lMfl 4>y¢u,auf! B 6mee Ha 6eTuce (coep. rea.aa.nKBMBMp, 80 r.). Kor.aa npoTMB Hero BbJCTynu.n Ket-tHT MeTe.n.n nuw, 0.[1MH M3 eepHb/X cno.[1BM)I(HMKOB Cy.n.nbJ, CepTOpuw noc.ne .ao.nroro MaHeepupoeaHMR u HeCKOflbKMX He3Ha'lMTeflbHb/X BOOpy)l(eHHb/X CTOflKHOBeHMW OCTBnCfl B TaKTM'leCKM .ny'lWeM no.nO)I(eHMM (80-78 rr.). Tor.aa M3l1Tanuu Ha coe.auHeHue c MeTe.n.noM npu6bJ.n 'lepe3 nupeHeM noMne/4 (77 r.), HO nyTeM 6.necTRWew cepuu napTu3aHcKux.aewcTeuw u TP8.ll.Ml.lMOHHbJX KaMnaHuw CepTOpuw Bbmrpa.n u Ha 3TOT pa3 (76-73 rr.). OH 6bm y6uT e pe3y.nbTaTe 3aroeopa, eo3r.nae.neHHoro ero 6.nt-t)l(a/4wuM cno.aeu)I(HMKOM MapKOM nepnepHOW, KOTOpb!W ec.ne.a 3a TeM 6bJ.n Haro.noey pa36MT noMneeM, 'lTO M 3aBepWM.no eo wHy.

234

B03HV1KHOBEHV1E BEnV1KV1X V1MnEPV1Vl. 200-1 rr. tJ.O P. X.

KBHHT CepTopHit npoHCXOAHJI H3 6oraTol:t ceMhH, JKHBIIIel:t B 3eMJie ca6HHOB. BYAY'IH MOJIOAhlM qenoreKOM, CepropHJ:t yqacTBOBaJI B BOl:tHe c KHM6paMH, a noTOM B Coi03HH<JecKol:t BOl:tHe H 3apeKOMeH)\OBaJI ce6SI xpa6phlM H TaJiaHTJIHBhiM KOMaHAHpoM. Bo BpeMSI rpaJK,LJ,aHCKol:t BOl:tHhl OH )\eSITeJihHO 6opOJICSI Ha CTOpOHe MapHaHUeB, XOTSI H COXpaHSIJI He3aBHCHMOCTh no OTHOIIIeHHIO K MapHIO. B

r. oH nony<JHJI OT MapHaHCKoro

npaBHTeJihCTBa npoBHHUHIO HcnaHHIO,ynpaBJISIJieiOAO 81 r.,HO fiOTOM noA AaBJieHHeM cyJIJiaHCKHX Bol:tcK BhlHY:W-.AeH 6h1JI 6eJKaTh B A<PpHKY. Ha<JaJIHCh rOAhl CKHTaHHl:t, noJIHhle onacHocTel:t H npHKJIIO'IeHHl:t. HeCKOJihKHMH ro)\aMH no3AHee CepTopHl:t 61>m npHmaiiieH HaceJieHHeM BepHyThCSI HailHpeHel:tCKHJ:i fiOJiyocTpOB, ~e H Ha'IaJI ycneiiiHYIO 6op1>6y C cyJIJiaHU<Th1H. CepropHJ:t fiOJih30BaJICSI 6oJihiiiHM aBTopHTeTOM. Ero C'IHTaJIH H36aBHTeJieM OT PHMa, o6Jia.AaBIIIHM OC060J:t 6oJKeCTBeHHOJ:t CHJIOJ:t. PaccKa3hlBaJIH, <JToCepropHSI conpoBo~aeT JlaHh,

KOTOpaSI nepe)\aeTeMy

BOJIIO 6oroB. 0THOIIIeHHe CaMoro CepTOpHSI K H6epHl:tCKOMY HaCeJieHHIO 61>IJIO HHhlM, <JeM y ApyrHx pHMCKHX HaMeCTHHKOB. 0H CTaBHJI CBOeit UeJihiO poMaHH3aUHIO H6epHl:tCKOJ:t apHCTOKpaTHH. B OcKe 6blJia yqpeJKAeHa IIIKOJia, B KOTOpoit )\eTH MeCTHOJ:i 3HaTH fiOJIY'IaJIH o6pa30BaHHe, H3y'IaJIH JiaTHHCKHJ:i H rpe'IeCKHJ:i Sl3hlKH. H6epHitUhl cnyJKHJIH B ero BoitcKax, xoTSI SIAPO apMHH H KOMaHAHhle )\OJIJKHOCTH HaxO)\HJIHCh B pyKaX pHMJISIH. CepropHJ:t npHHa)\JieJKaJI, HeCOMHeHHO, K BI:JAaiOI.l.IHMCSI pHMCKHM)\eSITeJISIM. Xpa6phlit H TaJiaHTJIHBhlit fiOJIKOBO)\eU, OH nepBhiJ:i H3 pHMCKHX a)\MHHHCTPaTOpOB fiOKa3aJI, 'ITO pHMJISIHe, eCJIH OHM XOTSIT BJiaCTBOBaTh Ha.A npoBHHUHSIMH, AOJIJKHhl onHpaThcSI Ha MeCTHYIO apHCTOKpaTHIO H B 3THX UeJISIX)\OJIJKHhl 3a60THThCSI 0 pacnpocTpaHeHHH pOMaHH3auHH.

79-68 rr. onEPAU.L1L1 nPOTL1B nL1PATOB. Cnopa.au~eCK!IIe KaparenbHble 9KCne.aML.lMM, MMeBWMe l..lenb/0 nonHoe no.aaeneHMe

unu xom 6bJ orpaHM~eHMe cpe.au3eMHOMopcKoro nupaTCTBa oco6oro ycnexa He MMenu.

78-77 rr. BOCCTAHL1E JlEnL-1-

IJ.A..

by,a~M M36paH KOHCYflOM, flM,aep ,aeMOKpBTM~eCKOiii lj>pBK/..lMM MapK 3Munuiii Jlenu.a nonbJTancR OTMeHMTb KOHCTMTY/..lM/0 Cynnbl (78 r.). norepnee nopa)l(eHMe e6ur-

Be no.a PMMOM or K. Jlyral.lMR Karynna, Jlenu.a M ero CTOpOHHMKM 6e)l(8flM B 3rpypMIO, r.ae 6bJnM YHM~TO)I(eHbl noMneeM ( 77 r.). TpeTbR MIIITPIII.CJBTosa soiiiHa

75-65 rr• .qo P.X. )f(enaR BOCnpenRTCTBOB8Tb 8M6Ml.lM>IM MuTpu.aaTa VI EenaTopa, HMKOMe.a Ill Bul/>MHCKMiii 3aeeman l.lBPCTBO PuMy. nocne ero cMepru (75 r.) PMMCKMe BOiiiCK8 OKK}'nMpOB8flM BMl/>MHM/0.

75 r. ML1TPL1AA.T 06bS1BJ1S1ET BOVIHY. Co 120-TbJCR~Hoiii apMueiii oH BToprcR B Kanna.aoKMIO, Bul/>MHMIO M nalj>narOHMIO, O,aHOBpeMeHHO noOll..IPR>I BOCCTBHM>I B PMMCKMXnpOBMHl.lM>IX. JJ,ea KOHcyna, MapK Aepenuiii Korra M f1Yl.lMiii f1Ml.lMHMiii flyKynn (B npownoM cno.aBM)I(HMK Cynnbl), npueenu eA3MIOBPMMM- npuMepHo no 30 TbJCR~ ~enoeeK K8)1(,abJiii. B To BpeMR, KBK Jlyeynn BOCCT8H8BflMBBn nOpfl.ll.OKB PMMCKMXBfl8,ll.eHMRX, KorT8 M lf>noT omnbmM B XanKe.aoH Ha 6oclj>ope. Murpu.aar.aeuHyncRnpoTMB KoTTbl, pa36Mn ero no.a creHaMM M 3arHan o6parHo B ropo.a. B TO )l(e epeMRl/>nor MuTpu.aara npaKTM~ec KM YHM~TO)I(Mfl PMMCKMiii lj>nor, 0Tpe38B Korry.

7 4 r. 6L1TBA n PL-1 KL13L1KE. npu,aR H8 nOMOll..lb COp8THMKY, JlyK}'flfl HaHec no.a 6pycoiii nop8)1(eHMe Mapu10- o.aHoMy M3 eoeHa~anbHM KOB Murpu.aaTa. Murpu.aar, 6noKMpoBaHHbliii Ha nonyocrpoee KM3MK Me)l(ll,y ,aByMR PMMCKMMM apMM>IMM, 6e)l(8fl MOpeM, B TO BpeMR KBK ero apMMR c y)l(acaiOll..IMMM norepRMM npo6una ce6e nyrb no cywe. Jlyeynn HeMe.aneHHO nycrunc>~ B npecne.aoBBHMe, B noHT.

eoiiicKaMM MuTpu.aaTa, nocne ~ero 3aena.aen eceM ero l.lBPCTBOM. Murpu.aaT 6e)l(8fl K CBOeMy 3>1TIO M C0/03HMKY TurpaHy I ApMRHCKOMY (9555 rr. ), B 9TO BpeMR H8M6onee MOryll..leCTBeHHOMY npaBMTefl/0 H8 bflM)I(HeM BocToKe. Ha Tpe6oeaHMe BbJ.aaTb MuTpu.aaTa TurpaH OTBeTMn Jlyeynny OTK830M.

70-67 rr. JlYKYJlJl BTOPfAETCS1 B APMEHL-110. C.aoxo.a>~meiii, H8 nepBbliii B3mR,a, .ao 6ecne~HOCTM CBMOyBepeHHOCTb/0 Jlyeynn, B pacnopR)I(eHMM KOTOporo 6blfl0 OKOflO 10 Tb/CR~ ~enoBeK npOTMB 100 TbiCR~ y TurpaHa I, aTaKoean M HaronoBY pa36Mn HenpMRTenR B 6MTBe npM TurpaHOKepTe, OCHOBBHHOiii B 77 r. Hoeoiii cTonMl.le BenuKoiii ApMeHMM ( 69 r.). j],eCRTMTb/C>I~H8>1 apMM>I J1yK}'flfl8, OC8)1(.11.8BW8>1 ropo.a, 6blfl8 8T8KOB8H8 6onee ~eM ,aeCRTMKPBTHO npeeocxo.a>~ll..IMM ee ~ucneHHOCTb/0 ,ae6nOKMPYIOll..IMM BOiiiCKOM no.a KOM8H,aOB8HMeM TurpaHa. nocne.aHeMy He y,aanOCb 38H>ITb B03Bb/WeHHOCTM, KOTOpbJe 38ll..IMl1..18flM 6bJ n03Ml.lMM ero KOHHM/..lbl. Bocnonb3oeaewucb 9TMM, Jlyeynn 38Wen B Tblfl BPM>IHCKOiii KBBanepMM M pa3rpoMMn ee, a 3aTeM o6pywuncR Ha Tblflbl nexoTbl npoTMBHMKa. no PMMCKMM CBM,aeTenbCTBBM, HenpMRTeflb noTepRn B 9TOM cpa)l(eHMM OKOflO 100 Tb/CR~ ~eno BeK, Tor.aa KBK CBMM PMMflRHe- BCero nRTepb!X. npo,aBMHYBWMCb B my6b Ceeepo-Bocro~Hoiii ApMeHMM M BbJurpae cne.ayiOl.f..IY/0 6urey- npu ApTaKcaTe ( enocne.acreuu HepoHeR, coep. AprawaT; 68 r.), crapoiii cToflMl.le, B03,aBMrHyroiii no nnaHaM laHHM6ana ApTawecoM I, - Jlyeynn BbiHY')I(,aeH 6bm B03Bp8TMTbC>I B .ao-

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246

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248

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l)~~~~~i~~~~~;,;;=:~~~~~;;;J AaBanM B03MOlKHOCfM BbiTaCKHBaTb MX Ha 5eper, TaK '4TO ~ OHM AOnJKHbl OblnM ClOSITb Ha RKOpe B raaaHRX. Anst BTOporo B10pJKeHMR Ha 6pmaHcKHe ocrpoaa a 54 r. AO P. X. Ue3apb noCTpoMn 600 TpaHcnopTHbiX Kopa5ne~. KOTOpble, aepORTHO, OblnM nOAOOHbl KOpa5nRM BeHeTOB

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AsryCT-ceHTst6pb 58 r. KAMnAH 111SI n POTII1 B APII10BII1CTA. /epMBHCKOe nneMf/ CBeBOB no.a npe.aBO.[l,MTeflbCTBOM BO)I(.[l,fl ApMOBMcra reppopM30B8JIO Tp8.[J,Ml..I/;10HHO C0/03Hb/e PMMY rannbCKMe nneMeHa s.ayee, apeepHOB /;1 CeKB8HOB B perMOHe, no3~e BKJIJO'lMBWeM <f>paHI.W3CKMe MCTOPM'leCKMe o6naCTM 9flb38C /;1 4JpaHw-KoHre. lannbJ nonpocMnM 4e3apfl o noMOI.LlM M, xom repMaHl..leB pMMnfiHe yea~anM M 6oflnMcb e1.4e 6onbwe, 'leM rannoe, 4e3apb He oreepr npocb6y. ApMMM 4e3apfl M ApMOBMcra ocropo~Ho MaHeBpMpo-

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57 r. KAMnAH&iiSl nPOT&iiB 6EJlfOB. benrM ( co6MparenbHoe Ha3BaHMe CMeWaHHb/X C repMaHCKMMM Bb/XOJ],~aMM KeflbTCKMX nneMeH 6ennoBaKOB, CBeCCMOHO~ MOPMHOB Vi P.PYTMX, 06MTaBWMX Ha ceeepO-BOcroKe rannMM) 6bmM ecrpeeo)l(eHbJ P.BYMfl ycneWHb/MM KaMnaHMflMM /...(e3apfl Ha JO)I(Hb/X rpaHM~aX MX Bn&aeHMi!I.CocraBMBnpOTMBPMMflflH KOanM~MJO, OHM B03HaMepMflMCb J],BMHYTbCfl Ha JOT CMflaMM npMMepHO 300 Tb/Cfl'-1 BOMHOB. Y3HaB 06 9TOM, /...(e3apb HaHeC yJ],ap npe)I(J],e, '-!eM OHM ycnenM nOJ],TOTOBMTbCfl. C 40 Tb/Cfl'-/aMM nerMOHepOB Vi 20 Tb/Cfl'-/aMM ecnoMorarenbHbJX eoi!lcK oH, eepof!THO e anpene, eroprcfl e benrMKy.

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CeHTS16pb 57 r. OCAf.J.A AJJ.YATYK&il ( COBp. TOHrpe ). Boi!IJJ.fl B crpaHY aJ],yaryKOB, /...(e38pb OCaJ],Mfl Vi B3flfl WTYPMOM MX CTOflM~Y, AJJ.yaryKy. 3a 9TMM nocneP.oeanM Tfl)l(eflbJe ynM'-1HbJe 60M, B KOTOpbJX npMHflflO y'-laCTMe npaKTM'-IeCKM ece HaceneHMe ropoJ],a. 0J],HaKO B KOH~e KOH~OB L(e3apJO yJ],aflOCb CflOMMTb MX conpoTMBfleHMe. OrHbJHe 6onbWMHcreo 6enroe noP.'-IMHMnocb pMMnRHaM. /...(e3apb pacnOflO)I(Vffl 3MMHMe KBapTMpbJ BJ],Oflb J1yapbJ, TOTJ],a KaK CaM eepHyncR e /...(M3anbnMHCKYJO rannuJO, '-IT06bJ npocneJ],MTb TaM 3a CBOMMM nonMTM'-/eCKMMM MHTepecaMM, KaK OH J],enan nO'-ITM Ka)I(J],y/0 3MMY Ha nporfl)l(eHMM ecero ceoero npe6bJBaHMfl B (annMM.

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B npl!l-

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npOT/IIBOnOCTaB/IITb eMy 60 Tb/CRLf LfeflOBeK neXOTbl /II

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60 Tb/CR'-1

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264

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lr1toHb-OKTS16pb 36 r. BTOP:>KEHlr1E AHTOHI!1S1 B nAPq>lr110. CapMuew, HaC4UTbiB8BWeW OKOflO 60 TbiC$i4 4eflOBeK neXOTbl U 10 Tb/C$i4 4enoeeK Kaeanepuu, AHroHuw cpopcupoean Eecppar u JJ.BUHYflC$i B ApMeHU/0, a 3aTeM MUMO 3p3ypyMa U ropb!Apapar, 4epe3 Te6pu3 B MuJJ.U/0 ArponaruwcKy/0 ( coep. A3ep6aw.ll)KBH) UJJ.aJiee H8 lOT, !1.0 C8MOW <1>paacnbl. TaM OH ecrperun <t>paara IV napcp$iHCKoro. B 6uree, HanoMUHaIOI.l..leW o Kappax, AHTOHUW norep$in OC8JJ.HbiW o6o3 u noHec T$i)l(eflble noTepu, HO 0Tpa3Ufl napcp$iHCKUe araKU U Bb/Ben CBO/OapMU/0, norep$iB npu 9TOM 30 Tb/C$i4 4enoeeK.

3 ceHTS16pst 36 r. HABJlOXCKOE CPA)f(EHI!1E (111n111 cp3.)KeHllle np111 M111nax). 6nu3 raeaHu Haenox e CeeepHow Cu~unuu <t>nor OKTaeuaHa ( OKOflO 300 KOpa6new U CYJJ.OB) noJJ. KOMaHJJ.OBaHueM MapKa Bunca-

epeM$i AHTOHUW, 4T06bl HaKa3aTb napcp$iH 3a nOBTOpHb/e BTOp)l(eHU$i B Cupu10, noeen JJ.pyry/0 9KcneJJ.u~u/O. XOT$i U He 6YJJ.Y4U B COCTO$iHUU OJJ.ep)l(aTb pewurenbHOW no6eJJ.bl, oH cyMen eepHyrb ApMeHU/0.

BOMHA OKTABMAHA IIPOTMB AHTOHMH 33-30 22. P. X.

33 r. PA3PbiB ME)I(AY AHTOHir1EM 1!1 OKTABI!1AHOM. Pa3BOJJ. AHTOHU$i c OKTaeuew u ero nocneJJ.YIOI.l..la$i )l(eHUTb6a Ha Kneonarpe, KOTOpa$i K TOMY BpeMeHU }?Ke POJJ.Una eMy TPOUX JJ.eTeW, ycKopunu HeU36e)I(Hb/W pa3pb!B. 0KTaBUaH nOJJ.H$ifl HapoJJ. PuMa u llfranuu nporue AHTOHU$i, pa3B$i3aB 3no6Hy/O nponaraHJJ.UCTCKY/0 K8Mn8HUIO, B KOTOpo,;i npeJJ.cTaBn$in Kneonarpy ucKarenbHU~ew rocnoJJ.crea H8!1. PuMoM u ero uMnepuew.

H AHTOHHfi, H KJieona1pa npecJie.LJ.OBaJIH onpe.LJ.eJieHHhle llOJIHTHqecKHe ueJIH. AHTOHHj;i pacc<JHThlBaJI Ha TO, 'ITO HeHC'IepnaeMhle cpe.LJ.CTBa enmeTCKHX uapej;I.LJ.3.LJ.)'TeMY B03MO:>KHOCTb opraHH30BaTb llOXO.LJ. npOTHB naJX}>aH, KJieona1pa:are Me'ITa.Jla, onH-

B03HV1KHOBEHV1E BEnV1KV1X V1MnEPV1Vl. 200-1 rr. tJ.O P. X.

270

PHMCKJ.fH BOeHHbiH Kopa6nb. MpaMOpHbiH penbecl>

pru!Cb Ha pHMCKOe BOJ:tCKO, BOCCTaHOBHTb l.lapCTBO Jlarn,.qoB B TeX rpaHHl.lax, KaKHe 6wm B Haqa.Jie

III B.

TiocryrrKaMH AHTOHHll He MOrJIH 6biTb AOBOJibHhl HTa.JIHJ:tCKHe ,.qeJibl.lbi; ero rrore,.qeHHe

ocy~a.JIH

see rrpHrep-

:>KeHI.Ihl CTapHHhl H HCKOHHhlX pHMCKHX o6hlqaes, qro npeKpacHo HCIIOJib30Ba.JI 0KTaBHaH. CTopoHHHKaM AHTOHHli pa3perneHo 6hlJio rroKHHYTh PHM, B pe3yJihTaTe

qero PHM ocTaBHJIO

OKOJIO rpeXCOT CeHaTOpOB, B TOM qHcJie o6a KOHCyJia. 0KTaBHaH BCKphlJI 3aBei.UaHHe AHTOHHli, xpaHHBrneecJI B xparvte 6orHHH BecThl. B 3TOM 3areI.UaHHH roBopHJIOCb, qTo AHTOHHJ:t rrpocHT noxopoHHTb ce6JI B ErHnre BMecTe c KJieonarpoJ:t, npH3HaeT [(e3apHoHa (cbiHa KJieorrarphl H IOJIHli [(e3apli) HCTHHHhlM CbiHOM [(e3apli H 3aKpeiiJISieT3aCBOHMH AeTbMH OT KJieorraTphl ,.qaphl B KOJIHqecTBe, npeBocXOAliii.IeM BCliKYIO Mepy. Eme paHee KJieonaTpa 6MJia otThliBJieHa [(apHI.IeJ:t 1.1apeJ:t, a ee ,.qeTH OT AHTOHHll IIOJiyqHJIH BO BJia,LJ,eHHe o6JiaCTH, cqHTaBlllHeCli CaMOCTOliTeJibHbiMH l.lapCTBatvlH HJIH,.qa:>Ke pHMCKHMH o6JiaCTliMH.

32 r. 06bSIBJlEHVIE BOlilHbl. CeHar o6bfiBMn eowHy Kneonarpe Y1 flMWMfl AHTOHMfl 3B8HY1fl TPMYMBvtpa.

Anpenb-MaM 32 r. AHTOHV!lil VI KJlEOnATPA B fPEU,VIVI. 0KTBBMBH y6e,avtn pvtM!lfiH, 4TO nepexo.a apMMM Y1 MOI.l..IHOIO cpnora B /pe~MIO f/Bflf/eTCfl no,arOTOBKOW KO BTOp)l(eHM/0 B VfTBflM/0. npe,aCTBBflf/eTCfl, O,l1H8KO, 04eBM,l1HbiM, 4TO ,aeWCTBMTenbHb/M HBMepeHMeM AHTOHMfl 6bJnO MCKfl/04MTeflbHO npe,aOTBPBI.l..leHMe BTOp)l(eHMfl 0KT8BM8H8 HB BOCTOK. Ero apMMfl cocro>~na npvt6nvt3MrenbHO 1;13 73 Tb/Cf/4 4enoBeK neXOTbl /;1 12 Tb/Cf/4 4enoeeK Kaeanepvtvt, a cpnoT H8C4MTb/B8fl OKOflO 480 KOpa6neW C 061.1..1MM 9KMnB)I(eM n04TM B 150 Tb/Cf/4 4enoeeK. AHTOHMW 1;1 Kneonarpa ,aep)I(Bfl/;1 cpnOT Y1 apMM/0 HB 3MMHMX KB8pTI;1p8X 6nvt3 pacnOflO)I(eHHOTO HB o,aHOMMeHHOM MbJce ropo.aa AK~Mw Ha 6epery AM6paKcKoro 3BnMBa t1oHvt4ecKoro MOP>~ ( coep. AprpvtwCKMW 3anvte) Ha 3ana,aHoM no6epe)l(be lpe~MM ( 32-31 rr.).

32-31 rr. OKTABVIAH fOTOBVITCSI K CPA>KEHVIIO. OH co6pan MOI.l..IHY/0 apM/1110 (80 Tb/Cf/4 4enoBeK neXOTbl /;1 12 Tb/Cf/4 4eflOBeK KBBBnep!IIM) B 6pyH,aM3MM. Ero cpnoT- 6onee 400 Kopa6new no.a KoMaH,aow Arp111nnb1- cro>~n B TapeHre.

Kneonarpbl, nponera/OI.l..IY/0 e.aonb38na,aHoro 6epera lpe~!IIM, 0KTBBMBH nepeceK A,apMBTIIIKY, HanpBBflflf/Cb B VfnnvtpM/0 /;1 3nvtp. C 60flbWMHCTBOM ceoew apMM/11 oH npocne.aoean Ha 101, 4T06bJ38XBBT!IITb M yKpen!IITb no3M~!II/O B n>~TM M!llnflx ceeepHee AK~!IIfl. TeM epeMeHeM AIPvtnna, o,a!IIH 38 ,apymM 3BH!IIMBfl ocrpoea M Kn/04eBbJe T04K!II rpe4ecKoro 6epera, K M/OH/0 OKOH4arenbHO npepean nMHM/0 CHB6)1(eH!IIfl AHTOH!IIfl 1;13 Emnra 1;1 A3111M. AHTOHMW M Kneonarpa, o4eB!II,aHo, pewMn!ll, 4TO flY4W/IIM Bb/XO,l10M ,l10fl)I(H0 f/BMTbC>I MOpCKOe cpa)l(eHMe, XOTfl O,l1HOBpeMeHHO MCnb/TbiBBnM COMHeHM>I BOTHOWeHM/11 BepHOCT/11 Cyl.l..leCTBeHHOW 4BCTM co6creeHHoro cpnora. TeM He MeHee, OHM 4YBCTBOB8flM, 4TO B cnyqae nopa)l(eHMfl cMoryr ywr111 or Kopa6new ArpMnnbJ, npe,aocraen>~>~ apM/11/11 ny6n!ll>l Kpacca KaHM,aa nonbiTBTbCfl npo6!11TbCfl no cywe e CMPM/0 111 Emner.

2 ceHTst6pst 31 r. 6VITBA nPVI AKU,VIVI. Jl,ea cpnora 6bmM no4TM O,l1/IIH8KOBbl no C/llfle, B KB)/(/J.OM 6bJnO 6onee 400 Kopa6neW 4JnoT Arp!llnnbl 6bJn pa3,aeneH HB TPM npMMepHO PBBHb/e 4MCfleHHO 48CTM, o6p830BbiB8BWMe .aea Kpbma M ~eHrp. 11M nporMeocro>~nlll TPM aHanorM4HbJX, HO HeCKOflbKO ycrynB/01.1..1/IIX 4/IICfleHHO cpopMMPOBBHMfl no,a KOM8H,l10W AHTOH/11>1, KOpa6n!ll KOTOPOTO 6bJnM KpynHee M Tfl)l(enee pMMCK!IIx; Kneonarpa KOMBH,aoeana pe3epBHbiM coe,a!IIHeH!IIeM M3 6onee 4eM 60 Kopa6new. KaK Arp!llnna, TBK /;1 AHTOHMW nnaHMPOBBflM o60WTM ceeepHb/W cpnaHr npor!IIBHMKa. Pe3ynbTBTOM 6bJn8 HeMe,aneHHO BCnbiXHYBWBfl flpOCTHB>I CXBBTKB HB 9TOM cpnaHre, B xo,ae KOTOPOWAHTOH/IIW nOH84BnY nony4Mfl HeKOTOpoe npe!IIMYI.l..leCTBO. Ho no4TM cpa3y HeHa,ae)I(HbJW ~eHrp M neeoe Kpbmo cpnora AHTOHMfl Mn/11 6e)I(Bfl!ll o6parHo B AK~!IIW, vtnM c.aanMcb. Blll,afl, 4TO c!llrya~M>I 6e3Ha,ae)I(HB, AHTOH/IIW ,aan CMrHan Kneonarpe yxo,a!IITb !113areM nonpo6oean npo6!11Tb nyrb B OTKPbiTOe MOpe. bOW 6bm OT4B>IHHbJM, !ll,aa)l(e nocne yxo-

31 r. OKTABVIAH nEPEnPABJlSIETCSI B fPEU,VIIO. B Ha4ane ro.aa, noKa cpnor ArpMnnbJ BKT!IIBHO nepepe3an flMHM/0 CH86)1(eH/IIfl AHTOHMfl /II

1 CorJiacHo HHblM HCTOt,~HHKaM, B cocTaBe <}>JioTa OKTaBHaHa 6bTJIO

AHTOHHll H KJieonaTPbT -

260 Kopa6JieJ;t, 230.

EBPOnA V1 CPE)J.li13EMHOMOPbE

271

.aa 9CKa,apbl KneonaTpbl npo.aomKanCfl e~e OKOflO

10 ~8COB.

4JnarMBH-

CKMW KOpa6nb AHTOHMfl 6blfl CXBB~eH rapnaKcoM,HOeMyy,aanocbnepewTM H8 ,apyro?f. neBWMMM

HeMHOTMMM y~e足

KOpa6nfiMM OH CyMen

npopB8TbCf/ M npMCOe.[1MHMflCfl K KneonaTpe e ee 6ercTBe e ErMneT.

Pewa/O~Y/0 ponb B no6e.ae OKTaBMaHa M ArpMnnbl Cblrpana MaHeepeHHOCTb MX 6onee nerKMX M no,aBmKHb/X KOpa6ne?f - flM6ypH M 6MpeM, OCH8-

~eHHb/X K8TanynbT8MM, 6annMCT8MM, KOPBYCBMM M rapnaKCBMM. Ha cywe KaHM.ll nbJTancf/ B cooTBeTcTBMM C nnaHOM Bb/WTM M3 OKpY/I(eHMfl, HO

no~TM

Cfi~H8fl

BCfl ero

CT0.[1B8.[1~8TMTb/足

apMMfl Cfl0)1(Mfl8 opy)I(Me M

c.aanacb 0KTBBMBHY, ~bfl no6e.aa 6bma nonHow M pewa10~ew.

Vltonb 30 r. OKTABVIAH BTOPfAETCS1 B ErVInET. AHToHMw, npe6bJBaewMw nocne nopa)l(eHMfl npM

AK~MM B my6oKoM oT~BfiHMM, npo6y,aMnc~~To6~oTpa3MTbHBCTYnneHMe 0KT8BM8H8 H8 AneKCBH.llPM/0. 3aTeM, 6y,a~Mfl0)1(HOMHcpOpMMPOB8H足 Hb/M 0 TOM, ~TO K.neonaTpa f/K06b/ COBepWMfl8 C8MOy6MWCTBO, OH no-

KOH~Mn c co6ow. KneonaTpa c.aanacb, HO Y3H8B,

~TO

CpaJKeHHe y AK14HS1

ee KBK nneHHM~Y

no3eonMB 3Mee YKYCMTb ce6fl.

noee.aYT no ynM~aM PMMa B TPMYMcpe 0KT8BM8H8, T8K)I(e nOKOH~Mfl8 )I(M3Hb C8MOy6MWCTBOM, O~eBM.[1HO,

B ceoM

39 neT OH8 nOK838fl8 ce6f/ KBK CMe-

CxeMa cpaJKeHHS1 y AK14HS1 2 ceHTS16pS1 31 r. AO P. X.

flbiW, H8XO.L1~MBb/W M cnoco6Hb/W rocy,aapcTBeHHbiW ,aef/Tenb, a BMecTe c TeM M npMo6pena cnaey pacnyTHow M 0~8pOB8TeflbHOW )l(eH~MHb/. 3H8~MMOCTM

ee ponM B nonMTMKe

MO)I(HO CY.llMTb XOTR 6bl no TOMy 06CTOf/TeflbCTBY,

~TO

M3 BCeX BPBTOB

PMMa TOnbKO laHHM6ana HeHaBM,aenM M 6oflnMcb B ropo.ae Ha TM6pe 6onbwe,

~eM

erMneTCKY/0

~apM~Y.

3ABOEBAHHE Enmra,li,aJIO OKTaBHaHY orpoMHYIO ,li,06hl'I)': B ero pyKH rrepelllJIH Ka3Ha H orpoMHetiume 6oraTCTBaernrreTcKoro ABopa. 01\'TII.BHaH IIOJIY<JHJI B03MOiKHOCTh ll.le,li,pO Harp3,li,HTb CBOHX COJI,li,aT H IIOKphlTb Bee AOJirn. OH CAeJiaJIC.si repxoBHhlM C06CTBeHHHKOM BCeti erHIIeTCKOH 3eMJIH, H c

rex rrop ernrreTCKHti XJie6

HrpaJI 60JibiiiYIO pOJib B CHa6JKeHHH HaceneHH.si ropo,li,aPHMa.

rp~aHCKHe BOtiHhl IIO,li,fOTOBHJIH OKOH<Ja'reJibHoe TOpiKeCTBO MOHapXH'JeCKHX rropJJAKOB BPHMe. B XOAe rpiDK-

272

B03HV1KHOBEHV1E BEnV1KV1X V1MnEPV1lll. 200-1 rr. AO P. X. HOCIIJICH rrpe)K):(e JIIIIIIh K CaKpaJihHhiM

HAqAJIQ IIMIIEPATOPCKOrO PIIMA II PAX ROMANA

30-1 u.

oo P.

06beKTaM (xpaM, OCBHIIIeHHOe MeCTO ); Terreph OH 6hiJI IIpii):(aH K IIMeHII rrpiiHI!errca, rrepBoro <IeJioBeKa B rocyAapcTBe. 0KTaBIIaH MeHHeT CBOe

IIMH. OH Ha3hmaeTCH Terreph: IIMrrepaTOp ll;e3aph ABrycT, ChiH 6o'lKeCTBeH-

29 r. TPVIYM<l>AnbHOE 803BPAW,EHVIE OKTABVIAHA B PVIM.

Horo

divi

(Imperator Caesar Augustus, filius).

nony'l/118 TI!ITYfl /IIMnepaTOpa, KOTOpo/0 6blfl YJl.OCTOeH /II

P11MCKaSI 611peMa

B. AO P.X.

em npl!leMHbli!i

Mbl.

neHHOCTb apM/11/11 C

TpeTI!Ii!i pa3 a pi!IMCKoi!i I!ICTOP/111!1

AarycT coKpaTI!In o6ll{y/O '1/IIC-

300

501

Tb/CR'I/11

'leflOBeK /],0

PI!IM npe6b!Ban a Ml!lpe. OKTaBI!IaH

f"/IIOHOB no

HeMe/],fleHHO B3RflCR 38 C03/II/],8H/IIe

/],OM /II np1!16fl/113/11TeflbHO paBHOf"O

Tb/CR'I, T. e.

25 ne-

/l,Bep/11 xpaMa RHyca 6blfll!l 3aKpb!Tbl.

Tb/CR'I 'leflOBeK B K8)f(-

pi!IMCKoi!i I!IMnepcKoi!i cl!lcTeMbl, no-

'1/IICfla BCnOMOraTeflbHb/X BOMCK.

Jl.06Ho L/,e3ap10 npORB/118 np/11 3TOM

no'IT/11 BCe OH/11 6blfl/ll pa3Mell{eHbl

/],OCT8TO'IHO OCMOTpi!ITeflbHOCT/11 /II

Ha CTpa)f(e rpaH/11/4 BHeWH/IIX npo-

MYJl.POCT/11, 'IT06bl coxpaHI!ITb cj)op-

B/IIH/4/IIM. 8/l,068BOK OH C03/],8fl npe-

):(aHCKIIX BOHH IIOTepmra CBOe 3Ha'IeHIIe

MY pecny6ni!IKaHcKoi!i /],eMoKpaT/11/11.

Ta rrpOCJIOHKa H06IIJIIITeTa, KOTOpaH

27 r. OKTABVIAH CTAHOBVIT-

oco6eHHO yrropHo OTCTaiiBaJia pec-

27-1 rr. BOEHHbiE PE<l>OP-

OTe/4, 0KT8B/118H Bfl8CTBOB8fl B PI!IMe.

CSI ABrYCTOM.

TOpl!laHCKY/0 raap/1,1!1/0

-10

KoropT

no Tb/CR'Ie 'leflOBeK K8)f(/],8R -

CeHaT npi!ICYJl.l!lfl

fl/11'1-

HY/0 I!IMnepampcKy/0 apM/1110, cno-

rry6JIIIKaHCKIIrr CTpOH, CBH3aHHhiH C

0KTaB/118HY nony6o)f(eCTBeHHOe /IIMR

co6Hy/O KOHTPOfli!IPOB8Tb PI!IM /II

6e3pa3):(eJihHhiM rOCIIO):(CTBOM piiMCKOH

AarycTa, no/], KOTOpbiM OH BOWen B

fi1T8fl/1110, COXpaHRR B/11/],/IIMOCTb OT-

OJIIIrapxiiii. fp(l)K,[(aHCKIIe BOHHhi co-

/IICTOP/1110 K8K nepBb/M I!IMnepaTOp

CYTCTB/IIR perynRpHb/X BOMCK B6fll!l-

rrpoBmKAaJIIICh rrpOCKpiiiii!IIHMII, KOH-

PI!IMa.

3/ll CTOfl/llf4bl. COfl/],8T 3TOM HOBOM

QJIICKaiiii51MII 3eMeJih, HeiiOMepHbiMII Ha-

apMI!I/11 aep6oaanl!l H8Jl.B8Jl.f48TbneT,

JIOraMII, rrpiieyAIITeJihHhiMII Ha6opaMII

ABrYCT (Augustus), 'ITO 3Ha'IIIT

COJI):(aT, 6erCTBOM pa60B II OTCYTCTBII-

«yMHO'lKeHHhiH», IIJIII «B03BeJIII'IeH-

o6el1{8Hbl 3eMeflbHb/e y'laCTK/11.

eM JIII'IHOrr 6e3orracHOCTII. Oco6eHHO

HhiH» (6o'lKeCTBOM ). 3IIIITeT 3TOT OT-

KpoMe Taro HaeMH/IIK/11 1!13 Herpa)f(-

/II np/11 Bb/XO/],e B OTCT8BKY /liM 6blfl/ll

CTpa):(aJIO OT rp(l)K,[(aHCKOH BOHHhi Ha-

J1.8H 8BTOM8T/II'IeCK/II nony'lafl/11 np/11

CeJieHIIe 11TaJIIIII. CTPeMJieHIIe rocrro):(-

OTCT8BKe pi!IMCKOe rpa)f(/],8HCTBO

CTByiDIIWX rpyrrrr K MIIPY II IIOPHAKY

/],flR ce6R /II CBO/IIX CeMei!f.

CIIOC06CTBOBaJIO, HeCOMHeHHO, yTBep)K):(eHIIIO MOHapXIIII, OIIIIpaBIIIeHCH

ABfYCT peopraHII30BaJI apMIIIO

Ha BOeHeyiO CIIJIY, TeM 60Jiee 'ITO B pe-

TaKIIM o6pa30M, 'ITO, OIIIIpaHCh Ha

3YJihTaTe rrepe):(eJIOB 3eMeJih rrpoii30III-

Hee, OH MOr rOCIIO):(CTBOBaTh Ha):( IIM-

JIII II3MeHeHIIH B IITaJIIIHCKOH 3eMeJih-

rrepiieH.

HOH co6cTBeHHOCTII. JliOAII, 6JIII3KIIe K 0KTaBIIaey, 6hiDII BJia):(eJihiiaMII rpOMa):(HhiX JiaTIIQJYHIJ:IIH; B TO 'lKe CaMOe BpeMH rrpiio6penii 6oJihiiiee 3Ha<IeHIIe, <IeM rrpe)K):(e, BJia):(eJihi!hi cpeAHIIX rro BeJIII'IIIHe 3eMeJihHhiX y<IaCTKOB. JTO 6hiJIII BeTepaHhi ll;e3apH, rroceneHHhie B rrpe):(eJiaX IITaJIIIHCKIIX ropO):(OB, KOTOphie 6hiDII BCeM 06H3aHhi HaCJie):(HIIKY ll;e3apH. Bee 3TII II3MeHeHIIH B coIIIIaJihHhiX OTHOIIIeHIIHX HaiiiDII CBOe

KBaAp11peMa. np11 paCKOnKaX B a11HCKOM nOPTY 6bllll1 06Hapy>KeHbl OCTaTKI1

OTpa'lKeHIIe B II):(eOJIOriiii TOrO BpeMe-

aHrapoB, rAe xpaHI11111Cb Tpl1peMbl BO BpeMSI 311MHero Ce30Ha. lfiCXOASI 113 pa3Me-

HII. )l{(l)K,[(a MIIpa, CTPeMJieHIIe K B03-

pOB 3TI1X aHrapOB CAeJlaJ111 BbiBOA, LITO rpeLieCKI1e Tpl1peMbl 6bllll1 npi1MepHO

Bpary CTapiiHHhiX 06hi'IaeB, OTKa3 OT aKTIIBHOH IIOJIIITII'IeCKOH 60ph6hi BCe 3TO CO):(eHCTBOBaJIO II):(eOJIOrii'Ie-

114,8

YTa

(35

M) AJ111HOH 11

16,4

YTa

M) WI1PI1HOH.

OTHOWeHI111 PI1MCKI1X

KBaAp11peM, KOTOpble 6bllll1 KpynHee, MO>KHO npeAn01lO>KI1Tb, LITO AJ111Ha 11X COCTaBJlSIJla CSI

200

131

YT

(40

M), a WI1PI1Ha

rpe6l.IOB, nmoc

15-20

YTa

M). Ha CYAHe MOrllO pa3MeU,!aTb-

MaTpOCOB 11 COTHSI COJlAaT, -

TaKOB 6blll nOJlHbiH

CKOMY orrpaB):(aHIIIO II o6ocHoBaHIIIO

3KI1na>K. ComacHo non1161110, nepeoi1 KBaAp11peMoi1 PI1MCKoro <l>noTa 6blll

piiMCKOH MOHapXIIII.

Kap<l>areHCKI1H KOpa6Jlb, 3aXBaLieHHbiH B

260 r.

BO BpeMSI OCaAbl M111la1..11..10

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20 r. AOfOBOP C nAP<t>VIEPI. E>naro.aapR cMewaHHo/4 nom11n1Ke yMupoTeopeHMR u TBep.aocTu, AerycT .[l,06MflCR Bb!TO.[l,HOTO MMP8 C naplf>ue/4. c:t>paaT IV npM3Han puMcKoe rocno.acTBO Ha.a ApMeHue/4 u Ocpo3Hol4 ( MHa~e Oc.apoeHa unu OppoeHa Ha ceeepo-3ana.ae MeconoTaMMM) u eepHyn opnoB u .apyrue 3HaMeHa, 38XB8~eHHbJe y Kpacca MAHTOHMR. 20-1 rr• .Qo P.X. OnEPAL.lVIVI BAOJlb CEBEPHbiX fPAHVIL.l. Mup MnpO/..lBeT8HMe BO/..l8PMflMCb B PMMCKOW MMnepMM M no~TM no BCeM ee rpaHM/..lBM. Ho Bee )l(e HecKonbKO eoeHHbJX onep8/..lMW 6blfl0 MB 3TO BpeMR. MapK flonnu/4, neraT Ha Pei4He, noTepnen nopa)l(eHue oT op.abJ repMBHCKMX B8PB8POB ( 16 r.). Tor.aa AerycT caM ompaeuncR B lannmo, nocnaB npueMHbJX CbJHOBe/4 Tu6ePMR M/),pY38 B ycneWHbJe KapaTenbHble 3KCne.aM/..lMM B Pel.lMIO M naHHOHMIO. O.aep)l(aB B 11 r. no6e.ay Ha.a repM8H/..l8MM B HepaBHOW 6MTBe H8 peKe flynuu (coep. peKa flunne), /],py3 npo.aon)l(an pacnpocTpaHRTb puMcKoe rocno.acTBO no HanpaeneHMIO K 3nb6e .[!,0 CBOe/4 CMepTM, nocne.[l,OB8BWeWB9 r., nocne ~ero Tu6epul4 3aBepwun 3TO MeTo.au~Hoe npO.[!,BM)I(eHMe ( 9-7 rr.)

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273

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VIMnepaTop OtcraauaH AaryCT

274

B03Hlt1KHOBEHlt1E BEJ1lt1Klt1X lt1MnEPlt1Vl. 200-1 rr. AO P. X.

IOr0-3AIINJ:HAH A3IDI IIAP<PI1JI HAPMEHHH 188 r. HE3ABVICVIMOCTbAPMEHVIVI. Bcne.a 38 nopa)l(eHMeM AHTMoxa Ill oT PuMa ApMeHMR, HOMMHanbHO no.aenacTHBR CeneBKM.aaM, yTBep,auna CB0/0 He38BMCMMOCTb. 0Kono 175 r. 3KCnAHCVIS1 nAPVIVI. ct>paaT 13aBoeean pemOH, npOCTMP810ll./,MWCfl B,l10flb fO)I(Hb/X 6eperoB KacnuwcKoro MOPRM,ao Tex nop HOMMH8flbHO H8XO,l1MBWMWCR B B8CC8nbHOW 38BMCMMOCTM OT CeneBKM,l10B. 0Kono 170-160 rr. BOPIHA ME :>KAY nAPVIEPI VI6AKTPVIEPI. /l,onraR, ee.awaRcR c nepeMeHHbJM ycnexoM eowHa Me)l(,ay MuTpu,aaToM I napl/>RHCKMM ( 171-138 rr.) u 3eKpaTu,aoM b8KTPMWCKMM 38KOH4Mfl8Cb TeM, 4TO naplj>RHe nony4Mfll1 KOHTPOflb H8,l1 HeKOTOPbiMM norpaHl14Hb/Ml1 pemoHaMM TypaHa. 166-163 rr. AHTVIOX IV BHOBb 3ABOEBbiBAET APMEHVIIO.

163-150 rr. nAPS1HCKAS1 3KCnAHCVIS1. MuTpu,aaT 13aeoeean Mu,au10 11 npo.aon)l(an pa3,aBuraTb npe.aenbJ ceoero ~apCTBa, Ha 3ana.ae 11 10ro-3ana.ae TeCHR npuxo.aRl1.1YIO B yna.aoK MMnepu/0 Ceneem.aoe, aHa BOCTOKe - cna6e!Oll./,YIO baKTPM/0. 141-139rr. 60Pb6A3ABABVIJlOHVIIO • 130-124 rr. COI03 CEJlEBKVIAOB VI CKVIOBnPOTVIB nAPVIVI. noKa ct>paaT II 6bm 38Hf/T H8 38na.ae eowHow npoTMB CeneBKM,aoB, CKMl/>CKOe nneMR TOXBPOB BTOpmOCb c ceeepo-eocToKa B npe.aenbJ naplj>uu, pa3rpoMMB eowcKo ct>paaTa 11 y6MB B cpa)l(eHMM CBMOTO LIBPR. Bcne.a 38 9TMM CKMl/>bJ onycTowunu 6onbWYIO 48CTb naplj>RHCKOW MMnePMM.0,aep)l(anMOHMno6e,ayMH8,11.ApTa6aHoM I, Hacne,aHMKOM ct>paaTa ( 124 r.), T8/0Ke norM6WMM B 6MTBe. 123-88 rr. MVITPVIAAT II BOCCTAHABJlVIBAET MOrYW.ECTBO nAPVIVI. npoee,aR cepu10 ycneWHb/X KBMnBHMW H8 BOCTOKe, MuTpu,aaT M3rHan CKMl/>OB c naplj>RHcKow TeppMTOPMM. 3aTeM OH noBep-

napcf>SIHCKa.te BOHHbl. Penbecf> a.t3 bbiOHepa

Hyn H8 3&na,a, H8BCTpeqy apMRHCKOW yrpo3e, K ceeepo-3ana,aHbJM TP8Hl1~8M CBOeW MMnepMV1, pa36MB ApT8B83,l18 ApMRHCKOTO l1 BbiHY.l1MB nocne,aHero npM3H&Tb naplj>RHCKoe rocno,acTBo (oKono 100 r.). He o.aoneB TurpaHa I, Hacne,aHMKa ApTaBa3,aa l13RTR MMTPMJ18T8 VI noHTMWCKOTO, MMTPMJ18T II naplj>RHCKMW 38KJI/04Mfl C PMMOM C0/03 npOTMBApMeHMM (92 r.; CM. HM)I(e). B TIEPHO.IJ: rrpaBJieHHil MliTpH.LI.aTali (AprnaKa IX) 6hlJiaocymecTBJieHa BoeHHaJI pe4JopMa. IlaiXI:>JIHe OTKa3aJIHCh OTHCIIOJih30BaHHJI HaeMHHKOB, COCTa.BJIJIBlliHX 60JihlliYIO <JaCTh apMHlt 3JIJIHHHC'I'H<JeCKHX rocy.Jl.apCTB, H CTa.JIH KOMIIJieKTOBarh CBoe BOltCKO TOJihKO H3 :>KifreJielt IJaP4>HH H H3 OTpH.Jl.OB, KO'IOphle BhiCTaBJISIJIH 3aBHCHMhie orIJaP4>HH rrJieMeHa H Hapo.Jl.HOCTII. BcJI Ilap<J:>Hil 6hlJia pa3)l.eJieHa Ha

18 carparrHlt,

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275

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H)'IO py6amey H3 MeTaJJJIH'IeCKHX KOJiel.l, Hage)KHO npHKphlBaBUIYIO BOHHa, HO He CTeCH.SlBUIYIO ero ABH:>KeHH~. KoJihqyroJ;i 6hlJIH noKphlThi H Jiornagu. TH:>KeJiosoopy:>KeHHhle KaBaJiepHCThi HMeJIH KOllhJI H Me'CJH, aJiefKOBOOpY:>KeHHhJe- OTJIH'IHI>JeJIYKH; CTpeJihl nap<}>.SIH HaCKB03h npOHH3hlBaJIH ll.IHThl pHMCKHX JiernoHepos. 0-rpHAhiJierKHX KaBaJiepuCTOB conpOBO)fQJ.aJI BhiO'IHhiJ;i Bep6JIIO:>KHJ;i 0603, B KOTOpOM HaxOAHJICJI 60JihUIOJ;i 3anac c-rpeJI. TaKTHKa nap:l>JIH CBOAHJiach K cJie.J:IYIOII.IeMy. KoHHI>JeJI)''IHHKH- OTJIJ:I<IHhle CTpeJIKH- 3aChlUaJIH npOTHBHHKa ryqe~ ClpeJI, a3a'reM OTXOAHJIH llOA 3all.IH1)'TIDKeJihlX KaBariepHC10B. 3AeCh, BO Bh!O'IHOM 0603e, OHH CHOBa HaDOJIH.SlJIH csou KOJI<JaHhi. TJI:>KeJihle KasaJiepHCThi OKPY:>KaJIH H3H)'peHHoro npoTHBHHKa H aTaKO~ 3aBepUiaJIH ero pa3rpOM.

95-70 rr. B03BbiWEHl-'IE APMEHl-'ll-1 nOABJlACTbiO Tl-'lfPAHA I. npu nonbJTKe BTOPTHYTbCfl B Kanna,aoKM/0 B Ha~ane ceoero l..lBPCTBOBBHMfl TurpaH noTepnen nopa)l(e-

Hue oT Cynnbl (92 r.). O,aHaKo nocne CMepTM Mmpu,aaTa II naplj>fiHCKoro (88 r.) OH 38BOeB8fl 66nbWYIO ~8CTb Mu.auu u CeeepHyJO MeconoTaMM/0 u 38CT8BMfl npJ13H8Tb CB0/0 Bfl8CTb npaBMTeneiif Mu.aui1cKoi1 ATponaTeHbJ, norpaHM~Hoiii c ApMeHueiiilop.aueHbJ, A.aua6eHbJ B Accupuu u ne)l(a~eiii Ha ceeepo -3ana.ae MeconoTaMMM Ocpo3Hbl. 3aTeM, npeo.aoneeafl conpoTMBneHue pywa~eiiicfl CeneeKu,acKoiii MMnepMM, OH BTOprCfl B CMpMIO( 83 r.), 8 nocne CMepTM Cynnbl- BTOPM~HO B Kanna,aoKMJO, Ha 3TOT pa3 aHHeKcupoeae ee (78 r.). B nocne,ayJO~ue ro,abJ OH yKpennfln Bfl8CTb HB.a 38BOeB8HHb!MM 3eMnfiMM u nony~un eceo6~ee npM3HBHMe KBK Hau6onee MOry~ecTBeHHb/M npaBMTeflb JOro3ana,aHOM A3MM.

70-65 rr. Tl-'lfPAH CBEPfHYT Pl-'IMOM. 69-60 rr. nEPBbiE KOHTAKTbl ME>KAY nAP4>HElill-1 Pl-'IMOM. CTpeMf/Cb B03PO.f1MTb MO~b M BOCCT8HOBMTb npeCT/;1)1( CBOeiif MMnepMM, ct>paaT Ill napl/>fiHCKMM ( 7057 rr.) 38Kfl/O~Mfl C0/03 C flyK}IflflOM npOTMB TurpaHa (69 r.). no3)1(e OH no,a,aep)l(8fl BOCCT8BWero npOTMB co6cTBeHHoro OTJ..la TurpaHa Mna.a-

89-70 rr. YnAJJ,OK nAP4>Hl-1. noKa TurpaH 38BOeBb/B8fl 3ana,aHy/O naplj>MJO, CKMl/>bl Onf/Tb BTOpmMCb B ee npe.aenbJ u HeKoTOpoe epeMfll/>aKTM~eCK/;1 rocno,aCTBOBBfl/;1 B CTpaHe .f10CT8TO~HO ,aonro, ~T06bJ B03BeCT/;1 H8 TpOH C06CTBeHHOTO M8pMOHeTO~足 HOTO npaBMTeflfl(77 r.).

THrpaH

276

B03HV1KHOBEHV1E BEnV1KV1X V1MnEPV1lll. 200-1 rr. AO P. X. HMe napcjJRHaM, o,aHaKo Ha cne,ayJOll{Mi!t ,aeHb 6blfl BHOBb OCTaHOBfleH CypeHOi!t. B nocne.aoaaaw111x nepemaopax Kpacc 6blfl npe,aaTenbCKIIT y6111T. Ell{e HeCKOflbKO ,aHei!t p1!1MCKOe OTCT}'nfleHI!1e npo,aOfl)f(aflOCb, paBHO KaK 111 HenpepbiBHb/e napcjJRHCKI!1e aTaKIIT. 1113 pa31POMHoi!t KaMnaHI!1111 aepHynocb MeHee 5 Tb/CR'I p1!1MflRH; 10 Tb/CR'I nonanl!1 a nneH 1!16blflfl1 o6pall{eHbl a pa6CTBO, OCTaflbHb/e nOII!16fll!1.

KAPPhl IIMemr KaK rroJIIITII'IecKoe, TaK II BOeHHoe 3Ha'IeHIIe. IloJIIITII'IecKII He060CHOBaHHOe piiMCKOe BTOp'lKeHIIe B036yJJ:IIJIO Be<rnyro BPa'lKIJ:Y rrap<lJHH II Ha KOpOTKIIH CpOK rrepe):(aJIO Ilap<lJIIII KOliTpOJih HaJJ: MecorrOTaMIIeil: II ApMe-

ATaKa nap<J>S1HaMI1 PI1MCKOro nepeAOBOro OTPSIAa

HIIeil:. BoeHHOe IICeyCCTBO COCTOHJIO B rro6eJJ:e KaBaJiepiiii HaJJ: Herro6eJJ:IIMOil:

wem (65 1.). noMnei!t no6e,avm 111 3axaaTMn a nneH TMipaHa Mna.awe10 111 oTKa3an nap¢111111 a no3aoneHfl1111 npMcoe,aMHIITTb /op,aMeHy 111 OcpoaHy, BMeCTO 3TO/O aHHeKCIITpOBaB 111x a nonb3y P111Ma. OnacaRcb MOIYll{ecTaa P111Ma, C/JpaaT HeOXOTHO 3aKfl/0'1111fl c noMneeM M1!1p. Bnocne,aCTBII1111 OH 6blfl CBepiHYT 111 y61!1T CBOII1Mfl1 Cb/HOBbRMIIT, MII1Tp1!1,aaTOM /II 111 Opo,aoM I (57 1.). BcKope Opo.a np111Hy,a111n MMTPM.aaTa 6e)f(aTb a C111p11110. nepsaR BOHHa C PMMOM 55-38 rr. ,qo P.X. Aan /a61!1H1!1i!t, p1!1MCKI!1i!t npaaMTenb C1!1p1!11!1, no.a.aep)f(an 6eme14a MMTPM.aaTa npoTMB Opo,aa, npe.aocTaBMB eMy BOi!JCKa ,aflR BTOp)f(eHIITR a MeconoTaMM/0. CypeHa, TanaHTflfi1Bbli!t nonKoao.ae/4 Opo,aa, BCTpeTI!1fl 111 pa361!1fl MII1Tp1!1,aaTa B 61!1TBe np111 CeneBKII1111 (55 1.). 3aTeM MMTPM.aaT 6blfl oca)f(,aeH a BaBMnoHe, 1,ae 6blfl nneHeH 111 y6111T (34 1.). 54-53 rr. KAMnAHIIISI nPiil KAPPAX. PMMCKoe aoane'leHMe a 3TY KaMnaHM/0 .aano npe,ano,- Kpaccy ,anR noxo.aa a napcjJ11110. BcKope nocne nepenpaBbl 'lepe3 EacjJpaT MapK f1111f4111HI!1i!t Kpacc 111 em TpM,af4aTM,aeBRTII1TbiCR'IHaR apMIITR 6blflfl1 3axaa'leHbl apacnnox 6n1113 Kapp ( COBp. 10po,a XapaH) KOHHb/M BOi!J-

CKOM Hei!13BeCTHOi!t '1111CfleHHOCTI!1 1 no.a KOMaH,aoaaHMeM CypeHbl. OKpYJKeHHble Ha nonynycTbiHHoi!t paaHMHe, p1!1MflRHe 6biCTpO nepecTp0111flfi1Cb B KBa,apaT, 'IT06bl BCTpeTI!1Tb napcjJRHCK}'/0 Kaaanep11110 ao aceopy)1(1!1111. O,aHaKo CypeHa He npe,anp1!1HI!1Man nonb/TOK BCTynMTb B 6of!t, y,aoaneTBopRRCb o6CTpenoM 1113,aan111. Ko1,aa flY'fHII1Kfl1 o,aHom no,apa3,aeneHfi1R onycmwan111 KOn'laHbl, Ha cMeHy 111M npMxo,a111no ,apyme, TOI,aa KaK nepBble OTXO,afl1flfl1 Ha3a,a, 'IT06bl 80306HOBIITTb 3anac CTpen, xpaHRU{IITMCR B Tenemx o6o3oB, 3anpR)f(eHHbiX aep6nJO,aaMI!1. He 1!1MeR B03MO)f(HOCTII1 CXBaTIITTbCR C BpaiOM BpyKonaWHY/0 111 CTpa,aaR OT COflH/4a 111 He,aOCTaTKa BO,abl, p1!1MflRHe HeCflfl1 60flbWI!1e noTep1!1. Kpacc nocnan caoe1o Cb/Ha, ny6n1!1R, C OT60pHb/M OTpR,aOM 1113 6 TbiCR'I neiMOHepoa, Kaaanep111ei!t 111 flY'IHI!1KaMI!1 B aTaK}', 'IT06bl OCTaHOBIITTb HeynOBIITMb/X MY'fi!1Tenef!t. napcjJRHCKaR KOHHI!1f4a OTCT}'nl!1na, 3aMaHI!1BaR ManeHbK}'/0 KOflOHHY no,aanbWe OT maBHb/X Cfl1fl, a 3aTeM, OTpe3aB ee, OKPYJKMna 111 nomnoaHo YHII1'1TO)f(fl1fla. TeM apeMeHeM o6cTpen maBH0/0 KOpnyca npo,aOfl)f(aflCR C TOi!t )f(e IITHTeHCIITBHOCTb/0. C HaCTynneHI!1eM HO'IIIT Kpacc OTCT}'nMn Ha 3ana,a, ocTaBMB 4 Tb/CR'IIIT paHeHb/X Ha 1!1361!1e1

iJ:OTOJie piiMCKOH rreXOTOH. JTOT rrpiiMep rrpeBOCXO):(CTBa IIO):(BII'lKHOCTII II OrHeBOH CIIJihi Ha):( yJJ:apHhiM ):(eHCTBIIeM HBIIJICH rrpe):(BeCTHIIKOM rpHiJ:YIIIero rrpe06Jia):(aHIIH B apMIIHX nJIII'lKHero BocTOKa KOHHhiX JIY'IHIIKOB (KO.M.M.

53-38

aem.)

rr. CnOPAAiii~ECKIIIE

BOIIIHbl. HecKonbKO nocne.aoaaTenbHO npe,anpiiTHRTb/X napcjJRHaMIIT nonbiTOK BTOp)f(eHMR a C1!1p1!110 6blflfl1 ne1Ko oTpa)f(eHbl p1!1MflRHaMI!1. B nocne,aHei!t 1113 HIITX- a CeaepHoi!t C1!1p1!11!1 - no11116 a 61!1TBe np111 laH,aape cnoco6Hbli!t napcjJRHCKMi!t aoeHa'lanbHIITK naKOp, CTapW1!1i!t Cb/H f4apR Opo,aa (38 1.}. 36-34 rr. BTQP}I(EHIIIEAHTOHIIISI B nAP<l>liiiO. 32-31 rr. nAP<l>SIHE OTBOEBbiBAIOT ATPOnATEHY. Bocnonb3oaaawll1cb ,-pa)f(,aaHcKoi!t aoi!tHoi!t Me)f(,ay AHTOHI!1eM 111 0KTaBI!1aHOM, C/JpaaT IV oTaoeaan 3TOT MM,aMi!tcKMi!t pe11110H.

31-26

rr. 1 AIIIHACTIII~ECKASI

BOIIIHA B nAP<l>lillil. BoccTaHI!1e y3ypnampa npecmna T111p111,aaTa II, cao,aHom 6pam C/Jpaam IV, 6b!no c Tpy,aoM no,aaaneHO C/JpaaTOM. noTepneBWIITi!t nopa)f(eHMe TMpM,aaT6e)f(an a PMM. 20 r. MIIIP ME}I(AY nAP<l>IIIEiil IIIPIIIMOM.

HeKoTopbie HCToqHJfKH orrpe)1eJIHIOT

qifcJieHHOCTb KOHHH[(bl CypeHbl B BCa)1HHKOB.

Tb!CHq

):\pyme HCTQqHifKH )1aTHpyiOT 3TO BOC-

CTaHHe

r. 110

P.X.

IOI0-3AnA.1lHA$=1 A3VI$=1 NAKTPMH If 3JIJIMHCiillE

0Kono 160 r. nAP~~HCK~E

CK~~CK~E ~ BTOP)I(EH~~

r~cmA

B 6AKTP~IO. 4eHrpanbHo-asMar-

HABOCTOKE

CJ<.Me CJ<.M</Jbl ( CMeUJaHHble MH,D.OeBponefiCKMe M MOHTOJIOMJJ.Hble KOc;eBHMJ<./11), 6JIMSJ<.Me POJJ.CrBeHHMJ<./11 nap</JRH, OKaSbtBanM renepb ,D.aBneHMeHa 5aJ<.TPMIO c ceBepa. ( rnaBHofl npM<;MHOfl Grofl MMrpaLjMM, B CB0/0 oc;epe,D.b, CJIY%MJIO ,D.a BJieHMe CO cropoHbl MHJJ.OeBponeflcKoro HapoJJ.a IOG<;%efl, KOTOPbiX MSTOHRJIM MS MoHronMM xyHHy.) B ro %e BPeMR nap</JRHe MMrpMJJ.ara I Hac;anM GKCnaHCM/0 B 5a J<.TPM/0 c sanaJJ.a M ceBepo-sanaJJ.a. TaJ<.MM o6pasoM, KO BpeMeHM, KOTJJ.a MeHaHJJ.P nonyc;Mn BJJaCTb HaJJ. GJIJIMHMCrM<;eCKMMM 6aKrpMfiLjaMM, oHa 6btna orpaHM<;eHa IOJKHotll5aJ<.TpMefl, faHJJ.xapofl M c;aCrRMM ApaxOCMM M neH,D.%86a.

0KOJ10 200-175 rr. 6AKT· P~lli CKO· 3Jl Jli!IHC KOE B TOP)I(E • H~E B ~H,D.~IO. 3B</JMJJ.eM, renepb </JaKrM<;eCKM HeSaBMCMMbltli or CeneBKMJJ.CKOtli MMnepMM, Ha<;aJI paCUJMPRrb CBOM BJJa,D.eHMR Ha IOTO· sana;:~,, B [aHJJ,Xapy ( CeBepo- Bocroc;Hbttll A<PraHMCraH) M neHJJ.)I<a6. nocne ero cMeprM (OKOJIO 195 r.) ero CbiH, J],eMerpMtl/, noKOPMfl no KPatli· Hetll Mepe ceBepHy/0 c;acrb JJ.OfiMHbl /1HJJ.a, a sareM Hac;an Msyc;arb BOO· MO%HOCrM paSBMrMR ycnexa B BOG· roc;HoM HanpaBneHMM. 3ro 6btno nMKOM GJIJIMHCK0-6aKrpMtliCKOtli MO~M M BJIMRHMR.

0Kono 175-162 rr. BOCCTA· H~E 3BKPAT~.D.A- BoeHac;anbHMK J],eMerpMR, 3BKParMJJ., BocnonbsosancR MHJJ.Mti/CKMMM asaHr/OpaMM cBoero cyBepeHa, c;ro6btsaxBarMrb Bnacrb Henocpe,D.crBeHHO B 5aKrPMM. nocne,D.OBaJia RPOCrHaR rpa%,D.aHCKaR BOtliHa, BXO,D.eJ<.oropoti/3BKParM,D. sasoeBan 66JibUJYIO c;acrb [aH,lJ.Xapbl M 3ana,D.Hbltli neHJJ.)I<a6 M y%e He ycrynMn MX HM J],eMerpM/0, HM ero HaCJie,D.HMKaM, KOrOpbte y,D.ep%8JIM c;acrb neHJJ.)I<a6a, Jle%a~YIO Bocroc;Hee or J],x<enaMa. B ro %e BPeMR 3BKparMJJ. 6btfl nomo~eH sarR%Hotll Boti!Hotll c MMrpMJJ.aroM nap</JRHCI<.MM.

0KOJ10 162-150 rr. nPO,D.QJl. )I(EH~E rPA)I(,D.AHCK~X PA3.D.O· POB. Y6MtllcrBo 3sKParMJJ.a nPMBeno K BOS06HOBJieHMIO 6opb6bl sa Bnacrb HaJJ. 5aKrPMtliCKMM LJapcrBOM. Cy,D.R no BCeMy, no6e,D.MreneM MS Hee BblllJen OJJ.MH /113 noroMKOB J],eMerpMR, MeHaHJJ.P, xorR noroMKM 3BKParM,D.a M y,D.ep%aJIM KOe-KaKMe SeMJIM B 3ana,D.HOM neHJJ.)/(a 6e MAOJIMHe Ka6yna.

277

0Kono 150-140 rr. 3KCnAH· UAPCTBA MEHAH.D.PA. Xorn

C~~

M He 6yJJ.y<;M B CMJiaX OCraHOBMrb nporpeCCMPYIO~Y/0 GPOSM/0 CBOMX 6aJ<.TPMfiCKMX BJJa,D.eHMtli, MeHaHJJ.P RBHO OKaSaJICR B COCTORHMM pacnpocrpaHMrb KOHTPOflbHa;:J, CeBepHofi/1H,D.Mefl JJ.O caMofl naranMnyrpbt- 6btswefl crOJJMLJbl MaypbeB. /1sBecrHbtfl S MHJJ.MfiCKOfl MCTOPMM KaK MMJIMHJJ,a, OH OKaSan 60JibllJee BJIMRHMe Ha /1HJJ.MIO, <;eM fll06otll JJ.pyrofl rpeJ<., sa MCKJI/O<;eHMeM, BOSMO%HO, CaMOTO AneKcaHJJ.pa.

0Kono 140-40 rr. YnA,D.OK rOCY· .D.APCTB. J],a%e BO BpeMeHa MeHaH3J1Jl~H~CT~YECK~X

JJ.Pa rpec;ecJ<.Me LJapcrBa pywMnMcb noJJ. BHyrpeHHMM M BHellJHMM ,D.aBJieHMRMM. CrMCHyrbte Mex<JJ.Y MHJJ.MfiLjaM MM sapBapaMM, OHM B CJ<.Ope MC<;eMM MS /1HJJ.MM ( OKOJIO 100 r. ). /1X noCJJeJJ.HMtli onnor B faHJJ.xape 6btfl no,D. KOHeLj COKpyweH CKM</JaMM ( OKOJIO 40 r. ).

140-1 00 rr. TPEXCTOPOH· 60Pb6A 3A 6AKTP~IO. CMryaLJMR B 5aKrPMM M npMnera/O~MX perMoHax 4eHrpanbHOtli M /Oro-3aH~~

f 011083

BOHHa H3 HHCbl

naJJ.HOVI AsMM 6btna KPafiHe sanyraHa. no,D. ,D.aBJJeHMeM IOG'I)((e{/ CI<.M</Jbl npOJJ.BMTaJIMCb Ha IOTO-sana,D., B nap</JMIO, paBHO J<.aK M Ha IOTO-BOCTOK, B faHJJ.Xapy. BpeMeHHO orpa%eHHbte rpeKaMM or [aH,lJ.Xapbl, OHM BrRHyJIMCb B RPOCrHy/0 6opb6y C nap</JRHaMM, npOJJ.OJI)((aBUJMMM CB0/0 GKCnaHCM/0 Ha BOCTOK. 8 ro %e BpeMR Ha CeBePHYIO 5aKrPMIO HaKarMJIM nepBble BOJIHbl IOG<;%efl.

1oo-1

rr. nor Jl OLUEH~ E

6AKTP~~ 1031.f)I(AM~.

nocreneHHO rocnOJJ.CrBO IOG<;%efl HaJJ. 5aJ<.rpMetl/ ocraHOBMJIO nap</JRHCKY/0 GKCnaHCM/0 M ororHaJIO CKM</JOB ,D.aflbllJe Ha lOT M IOTO-BOCrOJ( - B ApaxocM/0, 5eny,D.%McraH, faHJJ.XaP y M neHJJ.)I<a 6.

278

B03HV1KHOBEHV1E BE.JlV1KV1X V1MnEPV1Vl. 200-1 rr. IJ.O P. X.

IOJKHAH A3IDI CEBEPHMI MH,[t;MH M,[t;EKAH 200-180 rr. PA3BAJ1 '-1MnEP'-1'-1 MAYPbEB. KaK 48CTO cny4a-

BeCTM OT4eTJIMBOTO p83JIM4MR Me)l(ay

TeflbHOe p8BHOBeCMe CMJI, npM4eM

C8K8MM M naxnaBBMM ( MJIM nap</JRH8-

Ka)l(aoe M3

MM). HenpeCT8HHb/W npMJIMB BCe HO-

3BBMCMMOCTb, M TeppMTOpManbHY/0

Bb/X 38XB8T4MKOB B neH.[l)K86 38CT8-

~eJIOCTHOCTb.

~apcTB

coxpaHMJIO M He-

BMJI C8KO-n8XJI8BOB npo6MB8TbCR ,[18/lbWe H8 JOT M BOCTOK, r,ae OHM

nocb M .ao, M nocne 9Toro, yna.aoK

CTOJIKHYJIMCb C rocy,a8pCTBOM 8H,l1X-

QEHJIOH

MOryl.l..leCTBeHHb/X CT86MJibHb/X rocy-

poB, TOTOBbiX 6opOTbCR 38 KOHTPOflb

,aapCTB CfiYJKMfl B CeBepHoifr l1H,aMM

Ha.a CeBepHoifr l1H,aMeifr.

(cosp. illPM-JIAHKA)

npMmaweHMeM KO BTOp)l(eHMRM C ceeepo-3ana.aa. Ha 9TOT pa3 Ha4a-

50-1 rr. 60Pb6AAHAXPOB'-1 CAKOB. noH84any BTOp)l(eHMe 6b/JIO

no 6bJJIO nOJIO)I(eHO rpe4eCKMMM

ycnewHbJM, HO nonynereH,aapHblifr

npaBMTeJIRMM b8KTPMM, BHOBb npM-

~apb BMKP8M8.l1MTbR M3 ,aMHBCTMM

HeCWMMM B l1H,L1M/O 9/IJIMHCKOe BJIM-

AH,axp8 c,aep)I(8JI H8TMCK K04eBHMKOB

0Kono 200-160 rr. COCT051H'-1E XAOCA. 0Kono 160-140 rr. TAM'-1JlbCK'-1E 3ABOEBAH'-151. 1../onbCKMifr

RHMe (CM. Bb/We).

M B KOH~e KOH~OB M3TH8JI MX o6p8THO

np8BMTeflb 3n8p8 ( MJIM 3nana) H8

0Kono 190-50 rr. XAOC B CEBEPHO"' '-1HA'-1'-1. B 9TO epeMR

B neH.[l)K86. K H848JIY XPMCTMBHCKOW

KOpOTKOe BpeMR no,a4MHMJI ce6e

9Pbl ~8pcTBo AH.aXP8 npo4HO yTBep-

60JibWYJO 48CTb TeppMTOPMM OCTpO-

B03HMK!IM M BCTynMJIM B 6opb6y 38

,aMno ceoe rocno.acTBO Ha.ao Bceifr

B8, TeM C8Mb/M npMHeCR He,l10JITO-

nepBeHCTBO TpM ,l1MH8CTMM, TpM HOBb/X

~apCTBB,

,[188 M3 KOTOpbJX OK8-

l.{eHTp8flbHOW VfH,aMeifr, B TO BpeMR KBK

Be4Hb/e MMP M cTa6MflbHOCTb. Ho

C8KM y,aep)I(8JIM 38 co6oifr ,[10/IMHY

enocne.acTBMM noTepnen nop8)1(eHMe

38JIMCb He.aonroBe4HbJMM: KanMHra,

l1H,aa. O,aHaKo H8 ceeepo-38na.ae

M 6blfl M3TH8H CMHrane3CKMM H8~MO足

WyHra M AH,axpa. K KOH~Y onMCbJBa-

H8)1(MM /094)1(et/r H8 C8KOB 3/IOBel.l..le

eMoro nepMo.aa B 9Toifr 6opb6e, no-

B03P8CT8JI HeCMOTpR HM H8 4TO.

H8JibHb/M repoeM npMH~eM /),YTTX8raM8HM ( MJIM /),yTereMyHy) A6xaifrR,

moTMBweifr 60JibWMHCTBO MeJIKMX rpe4eCKMX BHK!IBBOB, eepx o.aep)l(a-

26-20 rr. '-1HA'-1"'CKOE noCOJlbCTBOBP'-1M. Ko,aeopyABryc-

JIOCb 3BTeM

no ~apcTBO AH,axpa, HO JIMWb .anR

T8 npM6biJIO nOCOJibCTBO M3 l1H,L1MM -

TOTO, 4T06bJ npe,aCT8Tb nepe,a HO-

no eceifr BM.l1MMOCTM, M3 AH,axpbJ.

~8PCTBOB8HMe

KOTOporo npo,aOJI)I(8-

24 ro.aa ( 161-137 rr.). 0Kono 130-44 rr. AHAPX'-151.

nocne CMepTM /),YTTXa-raMBHM l.{eifr-

BO ifr BOJIHO ifr BTO p)l(eHMR.

JIOH BHOBb norpy3MJICR B X80C 8H8p-

0Kono 80-oKono 40 rr. CK'-1<Pbl B nEHA>f(A6E. BbiTBJIKMBae-

M nneMeHHbJX BOifrH.

Mble .aaeneHMeM J094)1(et/r M3 l.{eHT-

XMM, ,l1MH8CTM4eCKMX Me)l(aOYC06M~

IOiKHAH MH,n;MH

panbHoifr A3MM M npMTRrMeaeMbJe

44-29 rr. HOBOE BTOP)I(EH'-1E TAM'-11108. noH848fiY 9TMM

npefleCTRMM l1H,aMM, CKM</Jbl, Be,aOMb/e

XoTR np8BMTefiM ,aMH8CTMM AH.a-

np!IIWe,alliMM M3l1H,L1MM 38BOeB8TeJIRM

BO)I(aeM no MMeHM May, TeM epeMeHeM np04HO OOOCHOBanMCb B ,[10/IMHe

xp8, no eceifr BM.l1MMOCTM, ocyweCTBMJIM HeMBJIO 9KCne,aM~Mifr B T8-

6b/JIM M3TH8Hb/ B pe3yflbT8Te cepMM

conyTCTBOBan ycnex, HO 38TeM OHM

l1H,aa( OKOJIO 80 r.), 0,[10/leB, HBKOHe~,

MMJibCKMe perMOHbl JO)I(HOW 48CTM

BOCCTBHMW MeCTHb/X )I(MTefleifr (29 r.).

nocne,aHMX nOTOMKOB 3BKp8TM,l18 B

l1H,L10CT8HCKOTO nOfiYOCTpOB8, O,l1H8-

H8 l.{eiiinoHe onRTb eo~apMfiCR X8oc.

Ka6yne M TeM 3BKOH4MB rpe4eCKMifr

KO He XOTeJIM MJIM He MOTJIM ynoTpe-

9nM30,l1 B MCTOPMM /O)I(HOW M l.{eHT-

6MTb,l10CT8T04HbiXYCMJIMW .lVIR nOKO-

p8flbHOW A3MM ( 40 r.). K cepe,aMHe I B.

peHMR Tpex RpOCTHO OTCT8MB8BWMX

,[10

P.X

CKM</Jbl ( M3BeCTHb/e B MH,l1MW-

C06CTBeHHYJO

He38BMCMMOCTb

CKOW MCTOPMM no,a nepCM,l1CKMM H8-

~8pcTB: 4oflbl H8 JOro-eocToKe, KepbJ

3B8HMeM C8KM) y;Ke o6n8,aanM Bceifr

( coBp. wTaT Kepana) Ha 10ro-3ana.ae

nOJIHOTOW BJI8CTM H8,l1 neH.[l)K860M.

M TOCY.l18PCTB8 n8H,l1beB H8 JOTe (H8

BonHa 38 BOJIHoifr K04eBHMKM-C8KM

TeppMTOPMM coBp. /O)I(Horo TaMMfi-

BJIMB8JIMCb Tenepb 4epe3 bOJI8HCKMifr

Ha,a8). Y,aa48 COnYTCTBOBan8 TO o,a-

M X8ifr6epcKMifr npoxo,abJ, aKTMBM3MPYR

HOMY, TO ,apyroMy M3 9TMX TBMMJib-

KPOBBBY/0 Me)l(aoyco6Hy/O 6opb6y 38

CKMX ~8pCTB, n04TM 6ecnpepb!BHO

HOBoo6peTeHHbJe3eM!IM. BcKope9TM

npe6bJB8BWMX B COCTORHMM BOWHb/

npMwenb~bJ

HBCTOflbKO nepeMewa-

,apyr C ,apyroM. B KOH~e KOH~OB H8

fiMCb C n8p</JRH8MM, 4TO MH,l1MWCK8R

JOTe l1H,L10CT8H8 YCTBHOBMJIOCb M

Penbe$ H3 raHAX8Pbl

MCTOPMOTp8</JMR He B COCTORHMM npo-

npo,aep)l(anOCbMHOTMe BeK8 OTHOCM-

C H306pa)l(eHHeM BOHHCTB8 A9MOHOB

BOCTOLJHAs:J A3V1s:J

279

BOCTOlfiiAH A3IDI1 KMTAH

CT8HMe, L(3111H _aM B3flnCfl 38 CMCTe-

T8KM .aocTMr L(eHTp8nbHoiii A3111M 111

M8TMqecKOe OTp8HMqeH/IIe Bn8CT/II

,ao6p8nCfl,aO C8MOiii baKTpMIII, HOBO-

cf>eo.a8noe- non!IITIIIK8, npo.aon)l(eH-

TO ueHTP8 o6MT8HMfl1034)1(et/i. E~e He

202-195 rr. B03BbiWEHII1E A111HACTII1111 XAHb. nop8)t(eH/IIfl OT

H8fl enocne.acTBMM M ero npeeMHM-

386b!B p83TPOM8, yq/1/HeHHOTO MM

K8MIII.

nneMeH8MM CIOHHY nonyBeKOM p8-

CIOHHY (111n111 xyHHY) 111 noTepfl Kope111

140-87 rr. 3KCnAHCII1SI KII1TASI noAnPABJ1EHII1EM YA111. 03-

Hbl CBOMM/11 HOB038BOeB8HHb/MM 3eMnfiMIII e L(eHTp8nbHoiii A3MM, f03q)I(M

6b!fllll He e,a/1/HCTBeHHb/M/11 HenplllfiTHOCTf/M/11, KOTOpb!e BCTpeT/1/n B H8q8-

eecTHbliii B MCTOP/11111 K8K «BOMHCTBeH-

ne U8PCTBOB8HIIIfl J110 baH ( llln/11 r8o-

Hb/W IIIMnep8TOp»,

Y _aM B30Wen

U3Y). 38 epeMfl Konn8nc8 ,a!IIH8CTIIIIII i..(IIIHb 111 nocne.aoe8eweiii 38TeM rp8)t(-

TPOH B eo3p8cTe

16 neT.

,a8HCKoiii eoiiiHb/1113-no.a PYKIII ueHT-

Ero U8P-

CTBOB8HIIIe CT8nO O,aH/1/M M3 nepMO-

Hee, M 6y,ayq111 enonHe y.aoeneTeope-

OTK!IOH/1/nlll npe.ano)l(eH/1/e npMcoe.aiiiH/1/TbCfl K no,ao6HOMY COI03Y.

133-119 rr. BO~HA nPOTII1B CIOHHY. nocne .aonmx npMrOTOB-

panbHoiii Bn8CT/II YUJnllllll,apyme OK-

,aOB, 6onee ecero npocn8BMBWMX MO~b KMT8WCKOTO opy)l(/1/fl. IOHbliii

neHMiii

P8111HHb/e

MMnep8TOp nocqMT8n, qTo CIOHHY

eo.auy 83iii L(3MHY BTOPTHYTbCfl H8

BpeMeH/11 CMepT/11 HOBOTO 111Mnep8TO-

(xyHHY) npe,aCT8BnfiiOT C060iii H8M-

TeppMTOP/1110 CIOHHY Me)l(ay BenMKoiii

p8( 195 r.) Bn8CTb ero y)l(e BHOBb P8C-

6onbWYIO on8CHOCTb ,anfl ero cTp8-

CTeHoiii 111 ceeepHbiM M3rM6oM Xy8H-

npOCTp8Hfln8Cb H8 6onbWYIO q8CTb

Hbl, M, qTo6b! p83/ll H8BCer,a8 nOKOH-

X3. H8q8no K8Mn8HIIIM cno)l(/1/nocb

6b!BWeiii i..(IIIHbCKOiii 11/MnepMIII, 38 MC-

qMTb c 3Toiii B8PB8pcKoiii yrpo3oiii,

.anfl KMT8iiiuee Hey,a8qHo, HO 83iii

KJI/OqeH/1/eM IOTO-BOCTOqHoro npM-

p83p860T8n .aeT8nbHble, .aonro-

L(3MH npOfiBMn 38811/,aHOe ynopCTBO.

6pe)I(HOTO perMOH8, r,ae 06MT8n H8-

cpoqHble nn8Hbl. CTpeMf!Cb npe-

po,a 103 (TeppMTOPMfl COBpeMeHHbiX

B30iiiTM norp8HMqHb/X KoqeBHMKOB

LbK3U3fiH8 B KMT8e M CeeepHoro BbeT-

K8K p83 B TOM, B qeM OHM 6b!fllll H8M-

H8M8).

6onee c/1/nbHbl, oco6oe BHMM8HMe

per/1/0Hbl.

0,aH8KO

196-181 rr. B03BbiWEHII1E UAPCTBA 103. l./)1(80 To, 6b!BWIIIiii

OH o6p8TMn H8 COBepweHCTBOB8H/IIe

eoeH8qanbHIIIK L(IIIHb Wlllxy8H8, 6bm

138-126 rr. nOCOJlbCTBO Y>KAH L.J.SIHSI. 3TOT nocn8-

npiii3H8H r80U3Y K8K He38BMCMMb/W U8Pb 103

(196 r.).

nocne.aoB8BWee

KOHHMUb/111 KOHeBO,aCTB8.

HeU MMnep8TOP8 coeepwMn

nf!Tb/0 ro,a8MM no3)1(e IIIMnepcKoe

nonHoe on8cHocTeiii nYTewe-

BTOp)l(eH/1/e 6b!fl0 ycneWHO 0Tp8)t(e-

CTBMe B L(eHTPBnbHYIO A3MIO,

HO l./)1(80 Ty.

nb/T8f/Cb 38pyqMTbCfl COI030M C

0Kono 176-166 rr. BEPXOBEHCTBO CIOHHY B MOHf011111111. MoHronolll,aHbliii H8po.a CIOH-

1034)1(8MM B BOiiiHe npOTMB CIOH-

HY (XYHHY) H8HeC peWMTenbHOe

38KJIIOqeHMM HeCKOnbKO

nop8)1(eHMe

ner. 6e)I(8B, oH ece-

IIIH.aoeeponeiiicKMM

nneMeH8M f03q)l(et/i, 06/IIT8BWMX H8 Tepp/1/TOPMIII COBpeMeHHbiX npOBMHUIIIM r8HbCY B KHP M 38n8,ll,Hb/X p8iiiOHOB MoHrOniiiM, OTTeCH/1/B yueneBW/1/X B L(eHTp8nbHYIO A3MIO. 38TeM no6e.aMTenM npMHflnlllcb onycToW8Tb norp8HIIIqHble p8iiiOHbl Ceeepo-38n8,aHoro K111T8fl- o.aMH M3111X H86eroe .aocTMr ,a8)1(e oKpecTHOcTeiii J1of!H8, cTonMUbl X8HbCKoiii MM-

166 r.). 154r. MSITE)f(nPOT111BA111HACTII1111 XAHb. CTpeMf!Cb ceeprHYTb

nepMM (

,a!IIH8CTMIO, CeMepo KpynHeWW/1/X cpeo,aanOB BOCCTBn/11 npOT/1/B MMnep8TOp8 L(3111H ,a111.

C Tpy,aoM no,a8BIIIB BOC-

HY. no nyTIII l./)1(8H L(fiHb non8n B nneH K CIOHHY M npoeen B

1 B

Y,a111 noeenen ceoeMy nonKo-

oniiCbiBaeMbiJ;i nepllol{ noJIBJiliiOTCJI

nepBble IICTOpll'leCKII ,!{OCTOBepHble CBe,!{eHIIJI o Kopee 11 BbeTHaMe, OI{HaKo IIHcpopMal.liiJI CTOJ!b HenOJIHa II OTpblBO'lHa, 'lTO He 3aCJIYlKIIBaeT ynOMIIHaHIIJI ( CM. rJI.

VJ!I).

803HII1KHOBEHII1E BEnii1KV1X 111MnEP111LI1. 200-1 rr . AO P. X.

280

111-109 rr. IO}f{HbiE 3ABOEBAHIIISI Y Alii. OKOHlfaTen&Ho YT-

Hb/M MHOIOlf/IICneHHb/M/11 nOXO,D.aM/11

8epJJ.1!18 C80/0 8naCTb 8 pei/IIOHaX, OT-

n/1110.

80e8aHHb/X y CIOHHy, 8H/11MaH/11e

Ha 101,

Y ,ll/11 Ha

o6paT/11n

~apCT80-

73 r. BTQP}f{EHIIIE CIOHHY B TYPKECTAH. 0Ho 6&Jno oTpa)l(eHo

8b/CKOlfKY /03, 8Kfl/Olfa8wee Tenepb

K/IITaM~aMM M MH,D.Oe8poneMCK/11M/11

nOlfT/11 8C/O Tepp1!1TOPMIO Hb/HeWHe-

KOlfe8b/M/11 nneMeHaM/11 pOJJ.CT8eH-

10 B&eTHaMa. KopoTKOM 11 pew/11-

Hb/X /03lf)l(aM ycyHeM, 06/11Ta8W/11X Ha

Ten&HOM KaMnaH/IIeM OH 8H08b np/11-

Tepp/IITOp/11111 C08peMeHHb/X 3eMenb

coe,D./IIH/IIn 103 K 111Mnep111111. BO)I(Jl./11

Ce8epHOM K111pl1!13111111 111 /O)I(HOIO Ka-

IOPHbiX nneMeH IOH&HaHR TaK)I(e

3axcTaHa .

np1!13Han/11 XaHbCKOe IOCnO,D.CT80. B ee xo,D.e 6&Jno no6e)I(-

54 r. BTOPIII~HOE BTQP}f{EHii'IE CIOHHY B TYPKECTAH. 1/1 8H08b 3aX8aTlf/11K/116bln/11 OT6powe-

,D.eHo 111 npMcoe,D./IIHeHo K XaH&CKOM

Hbl o6be,D.MHeHHbiM/11 yc111n111RM/11 K/11-

111Mnep111111 ~apcT80

Tat1~e8 111 ycyHeM.

108 r. 3KCnAHCIIISI B MAHb~ }f{YPIIIIO. Pellbe<l> rl1aOTaHr-waHa (no naneonory)

npOT/118 C/OHHY 80 BHeWH/010 MOHIO-

lf)l(ao

CRHb,

8Kn/Olfa8wee TeppMTOPM/11 /O)I(HOM

36 r. 6111TBA nPiil COrAIIIAHE.

MaHblf%YPII1111 ( co8p . ,llyH63t1 8 KHP)

npMJJ.R 8 L(eHTpan&HyJO A3111JO, xaH&c-

8apaMM, oH 8epHyn 66n&wyJO lfaCTb

11 ce8epHot1 lfaCT/11 Kopet1cKoro no-

KaR apM/IIfl, Olfe8M,D.HO, 8CTpeT/11na /11

TeppMTOPMM, noTepfiHHOM !110 baHOM

nyocTpo8a.

pa31POMI!1na 3 ana,D.Hee peK/11 RaKcapT

0,D.ep)l(a8 KpynHy/0 no6e,D.y HaJJ. 8ap-

cmnenm.

105-102 rr. Kli'ITAIIICKOE

KOHT/IIH/eHT p1!1MCK/11X nei/IIOHep08.

8311 L(3MH nocnan c8oera /OHO-

nPOHIIIKHOBEHIIIE B UEHTPAnbHYIO A311110. !1111 ryaH !1111 no8en

8TOPIWeMCfl 8 napr:/J/1110 apM/11/11 AHTO-

ra nneMRHHMKa X3 lfynaHa, e,D.8a JJ.O-

XaHbCKY/0 apM/1110 8 C08peMeHHb/M

H/IIfl. fopo,D. COIJJ. ( co8p. Syxapa), pac-

KOH~e

npownoro

121 r. BTQP}f{EHIIIE B rAHbCY.

3TI!1 pMMnRHe Mom/11 R8nRTbCRlfacT&/O

100

CI!1Hb~3RH 111 ,D.anee lfepe3 rap&! 8

nono)l(eHHbiM K 80CTOK}f OT peK/11 0KC

Tb/Cf/lfaMM 8Ca,D.HMK08 8TOPIHYTbCfl

C/JeplaHy, 8 ,D.On/IIHY RaKcapTa. noc-

( co8p. peKa AMy,D.ap&R) Ha peKe nonMT/IIMeT (co8p. peKa 3epa8waH) ,

CTMiwera

neT OTPOJJ.Y, CO

Ha TeppMTOpMIO C/OHHY, ne)l(aW,y/0 K

ne MHOIOlf/IICneHHb/X no6e,D. Ha,D. He-

3ana,D.y oT XyaHX3. B ,-paH,D.M03HOM

3a8/11C/11Mb/M/11 nneMeHaM/11 L(eHT-

6&/n, Olfe8M,D.HO, CaMOM 80CTOlfHOM

6MT8e npu Xu Cu oH HaHec nopa)l(e-

panbHOM A3111111 3,D.ec& OH noTepnen

TOlfKOM npOHMKH08eH/11fl p1!1MCK/11X C/lln

HMe C/OHHy, 3aX8aTM8 8 nneH MX ~apR

nopa)l(eH/IIe OT

8 A3111/0. npeMMyw,eCT80M, o6ecne-

KOanM~MM

KOlfe8b/X

Tb/Cfllf era 80MH08 . 3a-

nneMeH. OTcTyn/118 8 CII1Hb~3RH, oH

lf/118W/11M K/11Tat1~aM no6e,D.y, nocny-

TeM X3 lfynaH 3aKpemm c8o/O no6e-

neper:fJopM1!1po8an apM/1110 111 onRTb

)/(/lln/11, Olfe8/11,D.HO, /IIX ap6aneTb/- 8b/-

Jl.Y, npM8e,D.f/ peiMOH no,D. 8naCTb MM-

8TOpiCfl 8 C/JeplaHy, Ha 3TOT pa3 yc-

nyw,eHHb/e

nepMMXaHb.

neWHO. np1!13HaH/11e r:/JeplaHCK/IIM/11

JJ.POT/IIK/11 neiKO npo61!18an/11 p1!1MCK/11e W,/IITbl 111 ,D.ocnex/11.

M OKOnO

/11 3

H/IIX CTpenbl

/lln/11

119 r. nOPA}f{EHIIIE CIOHHY.

Hapo,D.aM/11 K/IITaMCKOIO rocno,D.CT8a

Bot1cKa o6oux nonK080JJ.~e8 , 83R 11

,D.anOCbJJ.OPOIOM ~eHOM : e,D.8a nono-

XaHbCKaSI soeHHaSI CliiCTeMa.

X3 , JJ.8YMR napannen&Hb/MM KonoH-

8/IIHa WeCT/II,D.eCf/T/IITb/Cf/lfHOM apM/11/11

npa8/11TenbCT8eHHb/e /11 80eHHb/e

HaMM npOJ1.8Miaf/Cb Ha Ce8ep , IHa-

JJ.OCT/IIma C/JeplaH&I, 111 8cero

Tbi-

1!1HCTII1TYTbl J1.1!1HacT/11fl XaH& yHacne-

nM IYHH08 Ha Ce8ep OT nyCTb/HM

Cfllf Lteno8eK 8epHynuc& 8nocne,D.-

JJ.08ana OT ,D./IIHa CT/11/11 L(II1Hb. 0CH0-

[06M. npecne,D.yfl MX, KMTaM~bl ,D.OWnM 11.0

caMolo

YnaaH-baTaapa

( co8p . rapoJJ. YnaH-Samp 8 MoHra-

CT8111111 8 K111Tab1. Ho

Tb/Cfllf/11 nowa-

80M

80eHHOM

MOUI,/11

1!1Mnep1!1M

POJJ.MHY np1!11Han.

XaH&CK/IIe 3aKOHbl Tpe6o8an1!1 , lfT0-

100-80 rr. 3AKPEnnEHIIIE

nuu), I,D.e 8H08b HaHeCn/11 C/OHHY

R8nRncR

XaHbCKOM

,D.et1 ,D.flfl pa38e,D.eH/11f/ J1M fyaH !1111 Ha

ononlfeHe~.

6&1 MY)I(lf/IIHbl 8 803pacTe OT

Jl.O

56 neT

COtnaCHO JJ.OCTOMHb/M JJ.08ep/11fl /IIC-

3ABOEBAHII'IIil. nocne,D.H/IIe IOJJ.bl ~apCT808aH/11fl Y ,ll/11 6&/n/11 nOC8f/W,e-

70 Tb/Cfllf

Hbl o6be,D./11HeH/11/0 111 /IIHTelpa~/11111 np1!1-

8 ylfe6H&IX ~eHTpax, pacnono)l(eH-

nopa)l(eH/IIe 8 61!1T8e np111

TOlfH/IIKaM, 3,D.ec& nonemo

5311 -

Ka)I(,D.b/M ra,D. 8 TelfeH/IIe Me-

Cf/~a npOXO,D./IIn/11 80eHHOe o6ylfeH/11e

C/OHHY, 3TO cnoMano xpe6eT KOlfe8-

coe,D./11HeHHbiX 8 XO,D.e 3a80e8aTenb-

HbiX 8 Ka)I(,D.OM np08/11H~/11/11. KpoMe

H/11KaM , 8nocne,D.CT8/11/11 H/IIKOI,D.a

Hb/X nOXOJ1.08 Tepp1!1TOPII1M, a Ta/OKe

TOra, 8Cf/K/11M M}')Klf/IIHa ,D.On)l(eH 6&/n

6on&we He y,-po)l(a8W/11M lpaHM~aM

np/IIHf/T/1110 3KOHOM/11lfeCK/11X Mep ,D.flfl

OTCn}')K/IITb O,D./IIH ra,D. 8 CTOn/lllfHOM

KMTafl.

80CCTaH08neH/11fl 6naiO COCTOf/H/11fl

IITMnepaTOp CKOM 18ap,D.1!1/11 /11 TP/11

117 r. CMEPTb X3

~YnAHA.

3TOMY MOnO,D.OMY TanaHTn/1180MY

ra,D.a 8 O,D.HOM 113 paCK8apT1!1p08aH-

Te nocTORHHbiX 80MH.

Hb/X 8JJ.Onb ,-paHM~ apMMM. Ononlfe-

e,D.8a ycneno Mcnon-

80-1 rr. AO P.X. PAX SINICA1 •

H/IIe C03 b/8anocb TaK)I(e 8 cnylfaf/X

ra,D.a. fna8Hb/M /liTO/OM

,llnR KMTaR 3TO 6&Jn nepMOJJ. npolfHO-

KaK/IIX-n/1160 noKanbHb/X KOHC/Jnii1K-

nonK080JJ.~Y

H/IITbCR

111Mnep111111, o6e,D.He8wet1 8 pe3yn&Ta-

era KOPOTKOM, HO 6necmw,et1 Kapb-

,-o

M/llpa /11

npo~8eTaHII1fl ,

OTMelfeH-

eHHb/X nYTeM Ha 3ana,D..

T08 Ha Teppii1TOPII1111 CTpaHbl /lln/11 ,D.flfl 3apy6 e )I(Hb/X KaMnaH/IIM -

epbl 6&/nO OTKpbiT/IIe TOp108b/X /11 801

Pax Sinica (JiaT. ) -

KHTaiic Kifif

Mlfp.

KaK 80MHa

Y ,ll/11

C C/OHHY.

TaK/IIX,

v PAXROMANA 1-200

22.

BOEHHbiE TE~EHQUU 9Ta 3pa, Pax Romana 1, HanH-

C4117TaeTCH, 4TO Pax Romana 6e-

noow,pHn 6btawll7x nerll7oHepoa oce-

nacb nocneJ].HII7M a 117CTOp117117 nep1170-

peTcaoeHa4ano a 29 r. JJ.O P.X., Kor-

JJ.aTb a norpaHII74HbiX npoaii7HLJ,II7HXXOTH 3TO anon He MOrna Raii7TbCH

CTOflb MaflOHaCbtW,eHHbiM

JJ.a 0KTaall7aHAarycTaepHyncR a PII7M

aoeHHbiMII7 C06b!TII7HMII7. Heflb3H

nocne no6eJJ.bt HaJJ. AHTOHII7eM.

cneJ].CTall7eM ecTeCTaeHHOrO )l(ena-

CKa3aTb, 4T06bt aHe npeJ].enoa OTHO-

0KOH4aHII7e )l(e era CaH3aHO C u,ap-

HII7H conJ].aTcenii7TbCH HenoJ].aneKyoT

CII7TeflbHO cnOKOMHbiX npoaii7HLJ,II7M

CTaOBaHII7eM MapKa Aapenii7H.

04e-

CaOII7X rapH11730HOa. TaK 117flll7 117Ha4e,

PII7MCKOM 117Mnep117117 CTano CKOflbKO-

a117JJ.HO, 162 rOJ]. (Ha4ano 80CT04HOM

HO a cny4aHX aTOp)l(eHII7M 117flll7 norpaHII74HbiX CTbt4eK HarOTOae acer J].a

JJ.OM,

HII76YJJ.b MeHbWe pa3J].Opoa. npoCTO

aOMHbt) CfleJ].yeT C4117TaTb KOHLJ,OM

CTa6117flbHOCTb 117 npeaOCXOJJ.HW,aH

3 TOrO 30flOTOrO aeKa, XOTH 3Hepr117H

6 btn0 3Ha4117TeflbHOe 4117Cfl0 o6y4eH -

ace OKpy)l(atow,ee aoeHHaH MOW,b

117 117CKYCCTaO MapKa Aapenii7H ace

HbiX 117 117CnbtTaHHbtX conJJ.aT.

117Mnep117117 6btnll7 Cflii7WKOM np04HO

ew,e 6btnll7 a COCTOHHII7117 3aW,117TII7Tb

MeHeM 3TII7 noceneHII7H rpaKTII7 4eCKII7

OCHOaaHbl, 4T06bt KaKII7e-flii760 117CXO-

anaJ].eHII7H 117Mnep117117 OT paCTYW,II7X

CTaflll7 4aCTbiO eJ].II7HOM o6opOHII7-

J].HW,II7e 1173aHe yrpo3bt 117flll7 cny4ai1I-

aHeWHII7X yrpo3.

TeflbHOM CII7CTeMbl, COCTORawei1J 1173

Hbte aHYTpeHHII7e HecornaCII7H MOrflll7

JJ.O P.X. AarycT coKpaTII7n

nOCTORHHbiX narepei1J nerii70HOa 117

apM117to PII7MCKoi1I 117Mnep117117 JJ.O 25 ne-

ManeHbKII7X KpenocTeiii 117flll7 6noKra -

Taro, He 6btn0, 3a J].ayMH 117CKflto4e-

rll7oHoa. 0THb!He p117MCKII7e aoopy-

y3oa (castella) ,

HII7RMII7, nonKOaOJ].LJ,ea, o6naJ].aiOW,II7X

)l(eHHbte Cll7flbt, aKJTto4aR acnoMora-

aJ].Oflb rpaHII7 LJ,. 3JJ.eCb abtpocno

cnoco6HOCTHMII7 CTOflb 117CKfli04117-

TenbHbte aoi1IcKa 117 npeTOp117aHCKYIO

CTOMKOe nneMH norpaHII74HbiX KOflO-

TeflbHbiMII7, 4T06bt a03HeCTII7 117X HaJJ.

raapJJ.117to, HaC4117Tbtaanll7 He 6onee

HII7CTOa, a3paw,eHHbiX a TpaJ].II7LJ,II7HX

cepbe3HO 117X noKone6aTb. KpoMe

ypoaHeM coapeMeHHII7Koa. TonbKO 5aHb

lfao a

KII7Tae 117 CMYTHaR r:fmry-

B 13

Co ape-

pa36pocaHHbtX

300 TbiCH4 4enoaeK. nocTeneHHO pa-

aoeH HOM Cfly)l(6bt 117 aepHbiX 6naro -

CTYW.117M HaTII7CK aapaapoa Ha rpaHII7-

J].apHOMYII7 6naroCKJTOHHOMynpaaii7-

pa KywaHcKoro u,apH KaHII7WKII7 MO-

LJ,bl no PeiiiHy 117 )J.yHato abtHYJJ.117n KO

Teflb CTay, 1173 KOTOpbiX MO)I(HO 6 btn0

rYT 6b!Tb nocTaaneHbl a OJ1.117H PHJJ. C

apeMeHaM MapKa Aapenii7H noJJ.HHTb

aep6o aaTb ace 6onbwe MOflOJJ.btX

4eTblpbMH aenii7KII7MII7 117MnepaTopa-

3TO 4117Cfl0 J].O 350 -

4e-

conJJ.aT. BJJ.o6aaoK 3TO np117aeno K

MII7-aOII7HaMII7 PII7Ma 3Toro nep1170JJ.a:

noaeK. OcHoaoiii npeaocxoJJ.cTaa

pO)I(JJ.eHII7to npou,aemtow,ei1I arpap -

400 TbiCR4

Tll76ep117eM, TpaHHOM, MapKoM Aa-

3TOM OTHOCII7TeflbHO He60flbWOM ap-

Hoi1I 3KOHOMII7KII7 a paHee aapaapCKII7X

penll7eM 117 CenTII7MII7eM CeaepoM. Hll7

MII7117 HaJJ. Mll7flflii70 HaMII7 aOII7HCTaeH-

perii70HaX, 4TO 6btn0 04eHb aa)I(HO

OJ].II7H 1173 HII7X He 6btn aoeHHbiM reHII7-

HbiX aapaapoa 6btnll7, KaK 117 a npe)I(-

aa117JJ.Y HeyKflOHHOrO abtp0)1(J].eHII7H

eM, HO ace 6btnll7 117CKfli04117TeflbHO

HII7e aeKa , npeaOCXOJ].HaH abtY4Ka ,

rpepMepcKoro HaceneHII7H /Q)I(HOM

3Hepr1174HbiMII7, pa3yMHbiMII7 117 KOM-

CTpOraH J1.117CLJ,II7nflii7Ha 117 abtC04ai1JWaH

VfTaflll7117 117 JJ.pyr ii7X LJ,eHTpanbHbiX pe-

neTeHTHbiMII7 nporpeCCII70HaflbHbiMII7

opra HII730aaHHOCTb.

rii70HOa 117Mnep117117. TaKII7M o6pa3oM,

aoeHHbiMII7.

1 Pax Rornana (naT.)- «PHMCKHHMHp>>, MHp ITO.!( BnaCT110 PHMa; TaK Ha31!BanaCJ. CHCTeMa pacrrpoCTpaHeHIDI )._ijJeBHHM PHMOM CBOero Bna)l;hl'!eCTBa Ha 3aBOeBaHHhle CT]JaHhl rrpn

no)l(anyi1I, caMbtM MYJJ.PbtM Ha4117-

ynpaaneHII7e JJ.enaMII7 aeTepaHoa

HaHII7eM AarycTa Hall7nll7cb nonii7Cbt

CTano )1(1173HeHHbiM acneKTOM KaK

JJ.flH o6ecne4eHII7H yxoJJ.HW.117X co

3KOHOMII7KII7, TaK 117 KOflOHII7aflbHOM 117

cn}?K6bt aeTepaHoa. OH y4peJJ.117n no-

aoeHHOM nOflii7TII7KII7 117Mnep117117.

CTORHHbtiii rpoHJJ. ( aerarium militare),

Ha n poTR)I(eHII7117 3TOro n ep1170JJ.a

1173 KOTOporo rapaHT117poaaHHO abt-

p117MCKII7e MOpCKII7e Cll7flbl 6 btnll7 Hll73-

IIOMOIJJ;II .!(OrOBO]JOB 0 IIO}J;'IHHeHHH IIOCne.!IIDIX

nna 4117aanii7Cb noco6117R OTCTa aHII7Ka M

aeJ].eHbl JJ.O cTaTyca nonll7u,ei1IcKII7X

PHMY.

(6r. OTP.X.). KTOMy)l(e, aii7J].II7MO, OH

117flll7 6eperoaoi1I oxpaHbt, 6YJJ.Y4117 117C-

283

BOEHHbiE TEH.ll,EHU.Vll!l

CTpO'lKaiirnyiO ):(IICU:IIIIJIIIHy. )I{II3Hh JieriiOHOB KaK B BOeHHOe, TaK II B MIIpHoe BpeMH 6hma cTporo pernaMeHTIIpoBaHa. E6nhrnyiO 'IaCTh JJ:HH JieriiOHephi rrpOBO):(IIJIII B CTpOeBhiX y'IeHIIHx. Boopy'lKeHHhie oco6hiMII y'Ie6HhiMII IIIIITaMII II ):(epeBHHHhiMII Me'IaMII, KOTOphie 6hiJIII B):(BOe TH'lKeJiee 6oeBoro opy'lKIIH, neriiOHephi BhiiiOJIHHJIII y'Ie6Hhie yrrpa'lKHeHIIH. MaHIIIIYJihi II u:eHrypiiii 3aHIIMaJIIICh CTpOeBOH IIO):(rOTOBKOH, a 3aTeM, pa3JJ:eJIIIBIIIIICh Ha JJ:Be rpyrrrrhi, cpa'lKaJIIICh Me'lKJJ:Y co6oil:. BcaJJ:HIIKII rrpaKTIIKOBaJIIICh B CKa'IKaX C rrpeIIHTCTBIIHMII, XO):(IIJIII B aTaKy Ha rreXOTy. KpyrrHhie coeJJ:IIHeHIIH coBepmaJIII COBMeCTHhie Y'J:e6Hhie IIOXO):(hl. HaKOHeU:, BCe 6e3 IICKJIIO'IeHIIH BOIIHhi II KOMaHJJ:IIphi yrrpa'lKHHJIIICh B 6ere, rrnaBaHIIII, 6oph6e. CTpoeBaH P11MCKI1H MOCT

IIOJJ:rOTOBKacrroco6cTBOBanayKperrJieHIIIO BOIIHCKOH ):(IICU:IIIIJIIIHhl. Eonhmoe BHIIMaHIIe yJJ:eJIHJIOCh 'IeT-

nonb3yeMbl 6onbwe JVIR no/],aaneHMR nupaTCTaa 111 KOHTpa6aH/],bl, He)f(eflM a Ka'-/ecTae 6oeaom ¢nom.

OPY)I(JIE, TAKTIIKA IITEXHIIKA

KOCTII KOMaR):(. ACKJieiiiiO):(OT II 3JIIIaH, IIIICaBIIIIIe 0 TaKTIIKe rpeKOB, B CBOIIX TpaKTaTaX «TaKTIIKa» yKa3hiBaiOT, 'ITO IIpiiKa3 ):(OJI'lKeH 6hiTh KO-

HauMeHee y/l,oaneTaopuTenb-

KOHCTPYK/4111111 111 MeTO/],aX npM-

pOTKIIM II HCHhiM II 'ITO B IIO):(aBae-

MeHeHMR OPYJKMR, KaK apMei!fCK0/0,

MhiX KOMaH):(aX 'IaCTHOe ):(OJI'lKHO

CTaTyC 111 ynpaaneHMe npeTOpMaH-

TaK 111 cjJflOTCK0/0, He npOII130WflO HM

rrpeJJ:mecTBOBaTh o6meMy. TaKIIM

CKOi!f rBap/],uei!i. He cyll{ecTaoaano

noTpRCa/Oll{MX, HM /],a)f(e XOTb CKOflb-

o6pa3oM, KOMaHJJ:a pa3JJ:eJIHJiach Ha

HM KOHCTII1TYf41110HHOi!f 111flll1 MOpanb-

KO-HM6y/l,b 3Ha'-/MTeflbHb/X 1113MeHe-

rrpe):(BapiiTeJihHYIO II IICIIOJIHIITeJih-

HOi!f OCHOa, HM cjJM3111'-/eCKOi!f a03-

HII1M. 06na/],aR HeocnopMMbiM npe-

HyiO.

MO)f(HOCTII1 /],fiR yaepeHH0/0 n0/],'-1111-

aocxo/],cTaoM ao acex acneKTax

IIpeJJ:CTaBIITeJIII BhiCmero KO-

HeHMR /aap/1,111111 mcy/l,apcTaeHHoi!i

ae/],eHMR aoi!IH, pMMflRHe He aM/],eflM

MaHJJ:OBaHIIH, BIIJIOTh ):(0 IIMIIepaTO-

HbiM acneKTOM pMMCKOi!f /OCy/1,apCTaeHHOi!f 111 aoeHHOi!f nOflii1TII1Ki116blflll1

anacTM. Heo6peMeHeHHble 3aHRTM-

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KanHryJia HaqaJI c aMHHCTHH Bcex

AHAIO KanHryJihl H po,AHoro 6paTa

ocy)K)l.eHHhiX npH TH6epHH, pacno-

repMaHHKa.

pSI)f(eHHSI KOTOporo 6hlJIH npH3HaHhl He,AeitCTBHTeJihHhlMH. ,[{oHocqHKH

KJiaB,AHit po,AHJICSI B

10 r. AO p .X.

H HHKOIJJ,a He rOTOBHJICSI K nOJIHTH-

6hlJIH HaKa3aHhl, 3aKOH 06 OCKOp6Jie-

qecKOit ,AeSI'reJihHOCTH. OH He OTJIH-

HHH BeJIHqecTBa nepeCTaJI npHMe-

<Ia.JICSI KpenocThiO 3AOPOBhll H YAeJISIJI

HliThCSI. bhlJIO pa3perneHO nOJih30-

MHOrO BpeMeHH 3aHSITHSIM HayKaMH.

BaThCSI KHHraMH, 3anpemeHHhiMH

3TO 61>m 3HaTOK rpeqecKoro H 3TPYC-

npH ABrycTe H TH6epHH. B OTJIHqHe

cKoro ll3hiKOB, nOKJIOHHHK pHMCKOit

oT 3KOHOMHoro TH6epHSI, KanHryJia

CTapHHhi, aBTOp MHoroqHcJieHHhiX

TpaTHJI rpOMa,D.Hhle cpe,ACTBa Ha 're-

KOMnHJISITHBHhlX coqHHeHHit no

aTpaJii>Hhle npe,ACTaBJieHHSI H Ha no-

,ApeBHOCTSIM. B

CTpOitKy HOBhiX 3AaHHit. IIepBhlit

nOJih30B3JICSI HH BHHMaHHeM, HH

cBoett ceMhe oH He

nepHOA npaBJieHHSI MOJIO,AOI'O HMne-

aBTOpHTeToM. ABrycT OTihlBaJICSI o

paTopa xapaKTepH30BaJICSI co macH-

HeM HpoHH<IeCKH. TH6epH1t He npe-

eM Me)K)l.y HHM H CeHaTOM. Ho BCKO-

AOCTaBJISIJI eM)' HHKaKHX ,AOJI)f(HOC-

pe rocno,ACTBYIOll.IHe KpyrH PHMa

Teit. KaJIHryJia xoTSI H c,AeJiaJI ero

AOJI)f(Hhl6hmH pa3oqapoBaThcSI. Mo-

KOHcyJioM, HO He pa3 YHH)f(a.JI H 3ac-

JIOAOit npaBHTeJih CTaJI npOSIBJISITh

TaBJISIJI nepeHOCHTh OCKOp6JieHHSI.

CTpeMJieHHe K 3JioynoTpe6JieHHIO

IIpoBo3marneHHe KJiaBAHSI noKa-

BJiaCThiO. HaqaJIHCh npecJieAOBaHHSI,

3aJIO, KaKYIO CHJIY HMeeT IIpeTOpH-

npe)f(,Ae Bcero JIHI.I ceHaTopcKoro

aHCJ..'M rnap,AHSI. CeHaT nocJie po6KHX

KnaBAHH. Kanl.\eAOHOBaSI KaMeSI.

41-55 rr.

cocJIOBHSI. IIpoH3BOJIAOXOAHJIAO Ta-

nonhiTOK npoBo3rJiaCHTh Pecny6JIH-

HeKOTOphle no-

KY npHHY:W-AeH 61>m yTBepAHTh To,

KJiaB,AHll peliiHJia TOp)f(eCTBeHHO OT-

CTynKH KaJIHryJihl MoryT 6hlTh

~o y)f(e perneHo 6hlJio npeTOpHaHI.Ia-

npa3J(HOBaTh cBoe 6paKocoqeTaHHe c

o6'hSICHeHhl TOJihKO ero AyrneBHhlM

MH, K~hlit H3 KOTOphiX nOJIY<JHJI B

O,AHHM MOJIO,AhlM CeHaTOpOM. 06

paccTpOitCTBOM.

Harpa,n.y OT KJiaB,AHll no

15 ThlCSI"' ce-

3TOM 6hlJIO coo6meHo KJiaBAHIO, no

C'repl.IHeB. KJiaB,AHit Ha<JaJI CBOe npaB-

pacnop.ll)f(eHHIO KoTOporo Mecca.JIH-

37-54 rr. UAPCTBOBAHII1SI KAJ1111rYJ1blll1 KflABA111SI. raw 4e-

JieHHe C aMHHCTHH H OTMeHhl pacno-

Ha H ee C006ll.IHHKH, 6JIH3KHe K Heit

pSI)f(eHHit CBOero npe,AliieCTBeHHHKa.

JIIOAH, o6BHHeHHhle B nonhlTKe npo-

3apb Kan111ryna, Mna.aw111ili CbJH repMBH!IIKa Ill 06bf!BfleHHbJW HBCne,aH!IIK T1116ep!11fl, noMewanc>~ ecKope no BOCWeCTB!I/111 HB npeCTOfl. 0H 6bJn y6!11T nperop!118H~8M!II, 38MeH!IIBW!IIM!II em Ha rpoHe ero .a>~.aeili, T!ll6ep!lleM KnaB,a!lleM /]py30M HepOHOM rep-

OH BO MHOroM cTapaeTc.ll cJie,AoBaTh

H3BeCTH rocy,AapCTBeHHhiit nepeBO-

KHX npe,AeJIOB,

noJIHTHKe ABrycTa.

B nepBoe BpeMSI

HOBhlit HMnepaTOp CTPeMHJIC.ll npa-

poT, 6hlJIH BhiHY:W-AeHhl nOKOH"'HTh )f(H3Hh Cru.toy6Hj;jCTBOM.

BHTh B COrJiaCHH C CeHaTOM. 0,AHaKO

EoJihliiYIO poJih Hrpa.JIH npH KJiaB-

nonhlTKa BOCCTaHH.ll COJI,AaT B ilJIJIH-

AHH BCeCHJihHhle BOJihHOOTnyll.leHHH-

pHH B

42 r.,

nOMep)f(aHHaSI HeKOTO-

KH, Cpe,AH KOTOphlX OC06eHHO BhJAellli-

phlMH CeHaTOpaMH, 3aCTaBHJia H3Me-

JIHCh HapuHcc H IIoJIJiaHT. 0HH He

PAX ROMANA. 1-200 rr.

294 TOJlhKO 3aBe,LI.hlBa.JIH H.MnepaTOpCKHMH KaHUeJIS!pHS!MH, HO H npHHH.Ma.JIH ,LI.eSITeJihHoe yqacTHe so scex npJJ,!J,BOpHhlX ,LI.eJiax. BcKope nocJie c.MepTH MecCa.JIHHhl KJiaB,LI.Hlt scrynHJI B 6paK c nJieMHHHHUelt csoelt ArpHnnHHolt MJia,LI.Illelt, ,LI.O<Ieph!O rep.MaHHKa. ITo pHMCKHM 3aKOHaM IIO,LI.06Hhlli 6paK 6hlJ13anpemeH, H no-rpe6osa.JIOCh cneUHa.JihHoe CeHaTCKoe IIOCTaHORJieHHe, no KOTOpOMY ,LI.onycKa.JICSI 6paK ,LI.Sl,LI.H H nJieMHHHHUhi. BJiacTOJIJ06HBaH ArpHIIIIHHa ycTPaHHJia PliA Heyro,LI.HhlX eH JIHU.

Y KJias,LI.HSI 6hlJI po,LI.HOH ChlH

BpHTaHHK, HO no HaCTOSIHHSIM ArpHnIIHHhl OH YCI>IHOBHJI ee ChlHa nyuHSI ,[(oMHUHSI AreHo6ap6a, npHHHBrnero HMH HepoHa KJias,LI.HH l(e3apH.

Hb/Ml1 eollicKaMM o6LLtelli 'lMcneHHOCTb/0 OKOflO 50 Tb/CR'l 'leflOBeK- KOM8H,aOB8fl Aen nnoTl1W. Bb!ca.aKa 6blfl8 H8 KeHTCKOM 6epery. no.aKpenneHl1R, B TOM 'll1Cfle HeCKOflbKO CflOHOB, np11een caM Knae.a11lli (44 r.). Koponb KapaTaK 113 o611Taewero e Gpl1TBHl1116enrcKoro nneMeHM KBTYeennayHoB 6blfl B KOHe'lHOM C'leTe pa3611T nnoTMeM ( 47 r.) 11 OTOTHBH H8 10r Y9nbca, OTKY.aa oH npMHRncR coeepwaTb 'lBCTble Ha6erl1 Ha Teppl1TOPI110, y.aep)I(MBaeMy/0 Pl1MnRHBMl1 H8 BOCTOKe. noTepneB nopa)l(eHMe np11 Ka9p-Kapa,aoKe (B coep. rpacf>cTBe Wponw11p), oH 6bm nneHeH pl1MCKI1M HaMeCTHMKOM Gpl1TBHI111 0cTOpl1eM CKanyno!li 11 OTOCfl8H B P11M (50 r.).

HepoH. 60-68 rr. MpaMop. Hai(HOH311bHbl"' MY3eH. PHM

C Te.M B ero .MeponpHHTHSIX Mhl MO-

3Ha<IHTeJihHOH qacnJO BpHTaHHH. B

.aoean ycb!HoeneHHbllli 11M Cb!H ArpMnnMHbl, HepoH Knae.a11lli L(e3apb j),py3 repMaHMK. HecMOTPR Ha ero KOBBPHbiW, 3fl06HbiW, CMepTeflbHO onaCHb/W ,aflR OKPYJK810Ll.ll1X xapaKTep, l1Mnepl1R npo.aon)l(ana npo-

)f(e.M Bhl,LI.eJIHTh TaKHe qepThi, pa3BH-

3KCne,LI.HUHH BnOCJie,LI.CTBHH yqacTBO-

~BeTaTb.

THe KOTOphlX H.MeJIO 3Ha"'HTeJihHhle

BaJI caM HMnepaTop. ITJie.MeHHhle

ITpasJieHHe KJiaB,LI.HH ocTaBHJio, HeCOMHeHHO, 3aMeTHhlli CJie,LI. B HCTOpHH pa3BHTHSI pHMCKOlt HMIIepaTop-

3ABOEBAHllli 6pHTTOB Me<I-

CKOlt BJiaCTH. KJiaB,LI.Hlt 6hlJI npO,LI.OJI-

TaJIH erne no3Thi 3IIOXH AsrycTa, HO

)f(aTeJie.M noJIHTHKH AsrycTa, B.MecTe

TOJihKO KJiaB,LI.HJO YAa.JIOCh OBJia,LI.eTh

BO~H 6pHTTOB B JO)KHOlt <IaCTH OCT-

C ITEPBbiX )l{E ,LI.Helt npasJie-

ITpH KJias,LI.HH pHMJIHHe He ,LI.onyc-

posa npH3HaJIH Ha,LJ, co6olt BJiaCTh

HHSI MOJIO,LI.OrO HMIIepaTopa Ha<IH-

KaJIH 061>e,LI.HHeHHSI rep.MaHCKHX nJie-

pH:tvfJISIH H OKa3aJIH HM IIOMOII.Ih B

HaeTCSI npH,LI.BopHaH 6op1>6a. CTPeM-

.MeH, IIOMep)f(HBaH cnop1>1 Me)f(,LI.y

6op1>6e c conJie.MeHHHKaMH. Hoc ce-

JieHHe MarepH HepoHa ArpHnnHHhl HrpaTh Bbl,!J,aJOII.IYIOCSI pOJih B rocy,LI.ap-

nocJie,LI.CTBHH so

II B.

pa3JIH"'HhiMH IIJie.MeHa.MH, a TaK)f(e H

sepHhlMH nJie.MeHa.MH pHMJISIHaM IIpH-

,LI.HHaCTH"'eCKYIO 6op1>6y, npOHCXO-

IllJIOCh BeCTH ,LI.JIHTeJII>HYIO H ynop-

CTBe Bhl3Ba.JIO peaKUHIO CO CTOpOHhl

,LI.HBillYIO BHYTPH nJie.MeH. C <}>pH3a-

HYIO soltHy. B

3asoesaHHolt qacTH

ee ChlHa. ArpHnnHHa narep.sma B KOH-

MH B 're"'eHHe HeCKOJlhKHX JleT BeJiaCh

6hlJia OCHOBaHa KOJIOHHSI BeTepaHOB

ue KOHUOB CBOe npe)f(Hee 3Ha<IeHHe

soltHa, He HMeBrnaH cymecTBeHHoro

Ka.MYJIOAYH (cosp. KoJiqecrep ), KO-

npH ,LI.Bope; po,LI.Holt ChiH KJiaB,LI.HH

ropaH B.Mecre c ToproBhlM ropo,LI.OM

BpHTaHHK, KOToporo ArpHnnHHa XOTeJia npOTHBOIIOCTaBHTh CBOeMy

3Ha<IeHHSI. B

3eMJie y6HeB B

61>ma ocHoBaHa colonia Agrippina

TIOH,LI.HHHe.M (cosp. TIOH,LI.OH), l')J,e no-

(6YAYII.1Hlt KeJihH ), npespaTHBillaHCH

CeJIHJIOCh .MHOrO pHMCKHX rpa:>K,LI.aH,

ChlHy, 61>1JI OTPaBJieH, a 3a'reM He-

B CKOpOM Bpe.MeHH B UeHTP po.MaHH-

npespaTHJiach co spe.MeHeM B ueHTp

poH, C"'HTaH onaCHhiMH ,LI.Jl.ll ce6SI

3auHH rep.MaHUeB.

pHMCKOH UHBHJIH3aUHH.

HHTPHrH MarepH, no,LI.OCJiaJI y6Hltu H K Helt. HepoH )f(eHHJICH Ha ITonnee

43-60 rr. 3ABOEBAHl4E 6Pl4-

54-6Srr. UAPCTBOBAHl4E

TAHl4l4. C11naM11 BTOp)l(eHMR- 'leTbiPbMR nerl10HBMI111 ecnoMoraTenb-

HEPOHA. Knae.a1110, oTpaeneHHOMY

pHT:

ceoe!li )l(eHolli, ArpMnnMHolli, Hacne-

KpoMe qecTHolt AYillH». B pe3yJihTa-

Ca6HHe, npo Koropy10 TauHT roso-

«Y 3TOlt

)f(eHII.IHHhl 61>IJIO Bee,

Te npH HepoHe npo,LI.OJI)f(aJIHCh npecJie,LI.oBaHHH no 3aKOHY 06 OCKop6JieHHH BeJIH"'eCTBa, npOTHB CeHaTOpOB B036y:w-,LI.aJIHCh 06BHHeHHH, npHBO,LI.HBillHe K cypoBhlM HaKa3aHHSIM H KOH<}>HCKaUHH BCero HMyll.leCTBa. 3aqacryJO 6oraTCTBO H 3HaTHOCTh 6hlJIH HCTHHHOlt IIpH"'HHOlt ocy)f()J,eHHSI TeX HJIH HHhiX JIHU.

56-63 rr. BO~HA C nAPl4I.J.4HTbl3noxHHMnepaTopoa. ApeBHH"' PHM

E~. Bonore31 napcpRHCKl1W BTOprcR B pl1MCKI111i npoTeKTopaT ApMeHM/0,

EBPOnA V1 CPE)J,V13EMHOMOPbE

295

Ae1..111peMa. BepoSITHo, KpynHei1wl111 Kopa6Jlb PI1MCKoro <l>lloTa, ocTaBaBWI1HCSI B CTPOIO AO npaBJleHI1SI Kan11ry11b1 (3741 rr. OT P.X.). PeKOHCTPYK1..111SI OCHOBaHa Ha pa3Mepax KOpa6JleHI13 03epa HeMI1, AilS! BOCnpOI13BeAeHI1SI 6aweH 11Cn01lb30BaHa KaMeS!, HaXOASill.laSICSI B 6eplli1HCKOM My3ee, Ha KOTOPOH Bblpe3aH orpOMHbiH BOeHHbiH KOpa6Jlb. Ael..ll1peMa, 111111 AeKepa, KaK noKa3aHO, 11MeeT ABa PSIAa BeCell, rpe61..1bl pa3Mell.leHbl, KaK Ha 11116ypHe. 8 Ka:>KAOM PSIAY- 35 nap BeCell, 11 B l..lellOM, TaKI1M o6pa30M- 140 BeCell, Ka>KAbiM 113 KOTOpbiX OPYAYeT nSITepo rpe6l.IOB 11, CTaJlO 6b1Tb, 411CJ10 rpe6l.IOB AOXOA11T AO 700. TaK KaKyLITeHa HeMaJlaSI WI1PI1Ha KOpa6JlSI, aYTpl1repbl He Hapi1COBaHbl, 11306pa>KeHbl TOJlbKO HOCOBble 11 KOPMOBble 3nOT11Abl. no Ka>KAOMY 6opTy noKa3aHbl 06bi4HO KOPMOBble BeCJla. Pa3Mepbl- Te >Ke, LITO 11 y KOpa6JleHI13 03epa HeMI1, nlliOC TapaH, TO eCTb: A1111Ha- 233,9 YTa (71 ,3M), WI1PI1Ha- 65,6 YTa (20M), OCaAKa- 6,2 YTa (1 ,9 M), HaABOAHbli16opT- 9,8 YTa (3M), KaK yKa3biBaeT 0pOCI1H B OTHOWeHI111 «AeCSITKI1» AHTOHI1SI BpeMeH 611TBbl np11 MbiCe AK1..111H

Kopa61111 113 03epa HeMI1. 3TI1 KOpa61111, onpeAeJleHHO, He 6bllll1 BOeHHbiMI1, HO, nOCKOilbKY OHI1- eA11HCTBeHHble o6pa31..1bl, KOTOpble COXpaHI11111Cb nOLITI1 HeTpOHYTbiMI1, a 3aTeM 6bllll1 OTKPbiTbl, C<j>OTOrpa<j>l1pOBaHbl, 113y4eHbl 11 Aa1111 HaM TeM CaMbiM B03MO>KHOCTb Ol..leHI1Tb 11CKYCCTBO PI1MCKI1X KOpa6JleCTPOI1TeJlei1, Mbl AOJllKHbl KpaTKO 0 HI1X ynOMSIHYTb. Kopnyca 11X npoJle>KaJ111 nOLITI1 2000 JleT Ha AHe OTHOCI1TeJlbHO MeJlKOrO 03epa. MeCTOHaXO>KAeHI1e 11X 6blll0 113BeCTHO, 11 B Te'leHI1e PSIAa JleT npeAnPI1HI1MaJ111Cb HeOAHOKpaTHble nonbiTKI1 AO HI1X A06paTbCSI. 8 l..lellOM, 3TO TOJlbKO e11.1e 60JlbWe noBpeA11110 11X KOHCTPYK1..11111, nOAHSITb >Ke YAallOCb TOJlbKO HeCKOJlbKO MeTaJ1Jll14eCKI1X npeAMeTOB 11 KYCOLIKOB AepeBa. Uenb 6bllla AOCTI1rHYTa, KOrAa noHI13111111 ypoBeHb o3epa. Pa6oTbl npoA01l>Kalli1Cb c 1927 no 1932 r.; 3aTeM Kopnyca YllO>KI11111 B 11101lbKI1 11 AOCTaBI11111 B My3ei1. Cpa3y >Ke noc11e KpaTKOro nepeMI1PI1SI BO BpeMSI 8Topoi1 MI1POBOH BOHHbl (8 CeHTS16pSI 1943 r.) My3ei1 6blll nOAO>K>KeH HeMei..IKI1MI1 COJ1AaTaMI1, 11 3TI1 AparOI..IeHHble HaXOAK11 nor1161111. CerOAHSI Mbl pacnonaraeM TOJlbKO 11X He60JlbWI1MI1 MOAellSIMI1. Kopa6Jlb C TapaHOM AOCTI1rall 234 YTa (71 ,3M) B AJ111HY B 1..1e110M 11 220,96 YTa (67,35 M) no BaTeplli1HI111. W11p11Ha KOpa6JlSI 6bllla 65,6 YTa, OCaAKa 6,2 YTa (1 ,9 M). Apyroi1 Kopa6nb, 6e3 TapaHa, 11Mell AJ111HY 213,2 YTa (65 M), w11p11Hy 77,4 YTa (23,6 M), ocaAKa ero paBHSIJlacb npi1MepHo 6,5 YTa (2M). noABOAHaSI LlaCTb 3TI1X KOpa6Jlei16biJla 0611Ta BOHJlOKOM, a CBepxy noKpbiTa CBI1HI..IOBbiMI11111CTaMI1. P11MCKI1e CyAa, KaK BOeHHble, TaK 11 rpa:JKAaHCKI1e, 11Melll1 nOA06HOe noKpbiTI1e B l..lellSIX 3all.II1Tbl OT KOpa6eJlbHOrO 4epBS111 4T06bl KOpa6Jlb He o6pacTaJl BOAOPOCJ1SIMI1. 0Ka3aJlOCb, OAHaKO, HeB03MO>KHbiM Y3HaTb MHOroe 0 pacn01lO>KeHI111 11 K011114ecTBe rpe61..10B, nocKOilbKY aYTpl1repbl 6bllll1 npaKTI14eCKI1 pa3pyweHbl np11 Kopa6neKpyweHI111 11 np11 npe>KHI1X nonbiTKaX nOAHSITb KOpa61111. Ha TaKI1X KOpa6JlSIX 11MeJlCSI, BepOSITHO, OA11H rpe6e1..1 Ha BeCJlO, rpe61..1bl pacca>KI1BaJli1Cb B 60KOBbiX ranepeSIX, KOTOPble CllY>KI11111 aYTpl1repaMI1. Ba>KHOH HaXOAKOH SIBI111CSI SIKOpb (nepBbiH, coxpaHI1BWI1HCSI HeTpOHYTbiM) C AepeBSIHHbiM BepeTeHOM, JlanaMI111 CBI1HI..IOBbiM WTOKOM

PAX ROMANA. 1-200 rr.

296

naHTaM Kop6ynoHa, HepoH o6BVIHVIn ero e VI3MeHe VI npVIHY.tJ.VIn coeepWVITb C8MOy6VIWCTBO (67 r.). B P.H,I:J:E HCTO<JHHKOB yKa3h1Baer-

IIPHLIHHOYI BoccTaHHH HBH-

c.a Ha TO, "'TT CJie.D,CTBHeM Hey,qa<JHOI!t

JIOCJ> TO, "'TT uapl> nJieMeHH HUeHOB,

61-62 rr. .l!BHJIHCI> B CJie-

YMHpaH, OCTaBHJI CBOHM HaCJie.D,HH-

KaMnaHHH

AYIOllleM ro,qy OTBOA H3 ApMeHHH

KOM pHMCKoro HMnepaTopa, aero co-

nap<l>HHCKHX BOiitCK H 3aKJIIO<JeHHe

HacJie,qHHUaMH- ABYX CBOHX ,qoqe-

MHpHoro COrJiaiiieHHH, OCHOBaHHOro

pel!t. Ho nocJie cMepTH uapH C1paHY

Ha KOMnpOMHCCe: pHMJIHHe npH3Ha-

CTaJIH onycTOIIIaTJ> UeHT:ypHOHhl, a B

BaJIH THpH,qaTa apJI;UIHCKHM uapeM,

.D,OMe ero BCeM pacnop.ll)Ka.JIHCI> HM-

HO 3HaKH uapcKoro ,qocTOHHCTBa TH-

nepaTOpCKHe pa61>1. IIpoH3BOJI pHM-

pH,qaT noJiyqan B PHMe, H3 pyK pHM-

JIHH nepeiiieJI BCHKHe npe,qerm: ua-

cKoro HMnepaTopa.

C 3TOI!t

pHua Boy,qHKa 6J>ma no,qBeprHyTa

ueJIJ>IO THpH,qary npH-

IIIJIOCJ> COBepiiiHTI> nyreiiieCTBHe B ,qaneey10 HTaJIHIO, H B

PHMBOrHe

VI3rHan no.a.aep)I(VIBaeMoro PVIMOM npaeVIrenfl VI B03Ben Ha rpoH ceoero 6para, TVIpVI.aara. KoMaH.aoeaTb apMVIetli H8 BOCTOKe, r.ae MHOTOfleTHee 6e3.aetlicTBVIe 3aMeTHo ocna6VIno .ll,VIC/..lVInnVIHY VI BbiY'lKY PVIMCKVIX eotlicK, 6bm nocnaH rHetli ,lJ,oMVIl.lVIIIi Kop6ynoH. Haee.afl nopfl.tJ.OK e pacKBapTVIpoeaHHbJX e CVIpVIVI nerVIoHax, oH .aeVIHyncfl e ApMeHVI/0 VI B3fln ApTaKcary(58 r.), aHa apMfiHCKVIIIinpecron noca.aVIn Hoeoro npaeVIrenfl, TVIrpaHa. 3areM oH eroprcfl e MeconoraMVIIO, pa36VIn napcpfiH VI 3axeaTVIn TVIrpaHaKepr (59 r.). O.aHaKo, Kor.aa e ApMeHVI/0 .aeVIHyn apMVI/0 Bonore3, Kop6ynoHy npVIwnocb orcrynVITb (61 r.). bb/flO .ll,OCTVITHYTO nepeMVIpVIe, B KOTOpOM o6e CTOpOHb/ comaCVIflVICb BbJBeCTVI VI3ApMeHVIVI CBOVI BOWCK8. 3aTeM HepOH nocnan Ha cMeHy Kop6ynoHy, noHVI)I(eHHOMY.ll,O .ll,Ofi)I(HOCTVI KOM8H.ll,VIp8 rapHVI30Ha CVIpVIVI, 17. KeceHHVIfl nera. B 6VITBe npVI PaH.aee (62 r.) ner norepnen nop8)t(eHVIe or cMewaHHbJX napcpfiHO-apMfiHCKVIX CVIfl no.a KOMaH.aoeaHVIeM TVIpVI.aara. BoccraHoeneHHbJtli e npe)I(Hetli .aon)I(HOCTVI Kop6ynoH onf/Tb eroprcfl e ApMeHVI/0 VI pa36VIn TVIpVI.aara, BbJH~eHHoro npVI3H8Tb PVIMCKOe TOCnO.ll,CTBO (63 r.). napcpVIfl Bb/Wfl8 VI3 eotliHbJ. 3aBVI.tJ.Yfl nonynflpHOCTVI VI ra-

TepOM, naynVIH nO.l1,8BVIfl BOCCT8HVIe. b08.ll,VI/..lefl nOKOH'lVIfl8 )I(VI3Hb C8MOy6VIWCTBOM.

r. B Top-

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IPA)I<):(AHCKAJ!Boi'iHa 68-69 rr.

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nyHh.-"I'OB HH IIITYPMOM, HH 6JIOK3)J,Oit.

:lKe OH C rJiaBHbiMH CHJiaMH cyxonyr-

r. ArpHKOJia npegnpHHSIJI

HOit apMHH BhiiiieJI K rpaynHitCKHM

6oJibiiiOit noxog AJISI 3aBOeBaHHSI Ka-

ropaM (ropbi CpegHett lliOTJiaHAHH),

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3aHHTbiM BottcKoM nJieMeH KaJiego-

ceBepHoit qacTH OC1pO-

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CTaTYst p~.tMctroro soeHa'fanbHI.'IKa T~.tpa. nepsble BeKa OT P. X.

6hiJia npoBegeHa pa3BegKa Bcex rasaHeit H COCTaBJieH nJiaH cyxonyTHOMOpCKOrO noxoga. Bbmo opraHH30Ba-

30 ThiCH"'

HO B3aHMOgettCTBHe cyxonyTHOit

HHH "'HCJieHHOCTblO CBhiiiie

apMHH H <}>JIOTa: <}>JIOT HenocpegCT-

"'eJIOBeK. Ha CKJIOHax rpaynHttCKHX

BeHHO conpOBO)f()J,aJI nexory H KOH-

rop IIpOH30IlleJI 6ott, 0 nogpo6HOCTSIX

HHI.Iy, o6ecne<JHBaH HX 6oeBbie gett-

KOToporo Mbi 3HaeM H3 coo6meHHtt

CTBHSI C MOpSI. B OAHOM H TOM :lKe

TauHTa.

Jiarepe, no cJioB~t Ta:uHTa, MO:lKHO

BpHTaHUhi nocTpoHJIH 6oeBott

6biJIO BHAeTb neXOTHHUa, BCa)J,HHKa H

nopSJAOK B TPH JIHHHH: nepey10 JIHHHIO

MOpHKa. ~JIOT nOMOraJI cyxonyTHott

COCTaBJISIJIH 6oeBbie KOJieCHHI.Ibl, C

apMHH npeogoJieBaTb 6oJioTa, Jieca H

IIIYMOM pa3'be3:lKaBIIIHe BAOJib <J:>poH-

ropbi.

Ta; BTopyiO -

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nexoTa, pa3BepHyTaSI

Ha IIIHpOKOM <}>pOHTe, TpeTblO -

OT-

BaJIH nJieHHhle,- BHA Haiiiero <}>JIOTa

pHAhi nexoThi B KOJIOHHax. IIepBaa H

npHBeJI B OCTOJI6eHeHHe, TaK KaKAJISI

BTOpaH JIHHHH 6biJIH pacnOJIOJKeHbl Ha

no6e)f()J,eHHblX, nocJie TOI'O, KaK OT-

pOBHOM MeC're, TpeTbH :lKe, no CJIO-

KphiTa TaitHa HX MOpH, 3aKphiBaJIOCb

BaM TauHTa, KaK 6hl nogHHMaJiacb

nocJiegHee y6e:lKHme».

BBepX no CKJIOHY rophl.

IIJieMeHa KaJiegoHHH peiiiHJIH

BoeBott nopagoK pHMJISIH HMeJI

ynpegHTb pHMJISIH H HeCKOJibKHMH

MeHbiiiYIO my6HHY H MeHbiiiee npo-

B3aHMogettcTBOBaBIIIHMH oTpHg~m

TII:lKeHHe no <J:>poHry. B nepBott JIH-

npegnpHHSIJIH HacTynJieHHe. 0HH npeBOCXOAHJIH pHMJIHH "'HCJieHHO, XOpOillO 3HaJIH MeCTHOCTb. l!T06hl

HHH HaxOgHJIOCb 6o~

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rop

ThiCH"' "'eJIOBeK

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3 ThiCH"'H

BCa)J,-

PAX ROMANA. 1-200 rr.

306 HMKOB. Bmpy10 JIMHMIO cocTaBMJIM

3aJiaCb B 6olt IIeXOThl, IIOMOraJI 'reCHHTh

JierHOHhl, KOTOpble paCIIOJIO)f(MJIMCb

6pMTaHUeB.

3a Ba.JIOM, 'IT06hl CJIY)f(MTh BeJIMKMM

KpameHo. ITo coo6meHMIO TauMTa, 6h1JIO y6MTO )l.O

Kor)l.a nepBaH JIMHMli pMMCKoro

10 ThlCli'I 6pHTaHUeB, 360 'IeJIOBeK.

pMMJIJIHe :>Ire IIOTepliJIM

yKpameHMeM )l.JIJI rro6e)l.hl, ecJIM 61>1

6oeBoro rropJJ)l.Ka YBJieKJiacb rrpecJie-

TaKoe coOTHOIIIeHMe rrOTepb MaJIOBe-

oHa 6bma o)l.ep)f(aHa 6e3 rrpoJIMTMli

.Jl.OBaHMeM, TpeTbli JIMHMli 6pMTaHUeB

poHTHO.

pMMCKOlt KpOBM, M IIOMOII.IbiO, eCJIM

CTaJia crrycKaTbCli C XOJIMOB, OXBa-

Bolt y rpayrrMltCKMX rop IIOKa33JI

6bl BCIIOMOraTeJibHhle BOltCKa 6h1JIM

ThlBall <J:>JiaHrM M BhlXO)l.li B ThlJI rrep-

B03pOCIIIYIO CMJIY COIIpOTMBJieHMli

nporHaHhl. TaK KaK <J:>poHT pMMJiliH

BOtt JIMHMM pMMJiliH . .Il:JIH OTPIDKeHMli

6pHTaHCKHX IIJieMeH; OHM MMeJIM my-

OKa3aJICli KOpoqe <J:>poHTa 6pMTaHUeB,

KOHTpaTaKM 6pMTaHueB ArpMKOJia

60KMtt 6oeBOlt IIOpli)l.OK, MaHeBpMpO-

TO ArpMKOJia rr pMKa3aJI pa30MKHYTh

B3liJI M3 MMeBIIIerocJI y Hero pe3epBa

BaJIM Ha IIOJie 6oJI, CTapaHCb OXBaTMTh

pi!.Jl.hl, pacTHHYB rrepByiO JIMHMIO, 'IT0-

'IeThlpe KphlJia BCa)l.HMKOB M IIpMKa33JI

<J:>JiaHrM pMMJiliH, rrpM oTCryrrJieHMM IIblTIIJIMCb opraHM30BaTb 3aCa)l.hl.

61>1 IIpOTMBHMK He MOr aTaKOBaTb

MM rrapMpOBaTb 06XO)l.HOe )l.BM:>KeHMe

<J:>poHT C O)l.HOBpeMeHHblM OXBaTOM

IIpOTMBHMKa. 0)l.HOBpeMeHHO )l.Ba

B Be)l.eHMM rroJieBoro 6oJI y pMM-

<J:>JiaHroB.

KpblJia KOHHMI.Ihl 6h1JIM OTBe)l.eHbl C

JiliH IIOliBMJIMCb HOBhle MOMeHTbl.

Bolt 3aBli3aJIM JIY'IHMKM: 6pMTaH-

<J:>poHTa M 6poiiieHhl B ThlJI 6pMTaH-

B 6oiO y rpayrrMltCKMX rop pMMCKMe

l.lbl 3aCblii3JIM rrepByiO JIMHMIO pMMJiliH

l.laM. ATaKM pMMCKott KOHHMI.Ihl peiiiM-

JierMOHhl<J:>aKTM'IeCKM He yqacTBOBa-

ryqeJ;t CTPeJI M CBOMMM KOpOTKMMM

JIM MCXO)l. 6oJI: 6pMTaHI.Ihl Ha'Ia.JIM OT-

JIM, OHM OTCM)f(MBaJIMCb 3a BaJiaMM,

ll.IMTaMM McKycHo 3all.IMII.IaJIMCb oT

cryrraTb B cTopoHy Jieca.

«'IT06hl CJIY)f(MTb BeJIMKMM yKpame-

CTPeJI rrpOTMBHMKa. 3aTeM pMMCKaJI

Kor)l.a 6pMTaHUhl oTcryrrMJIM K

HMeM )l.JIJI no6e)l.hl». Bell TJI:>KeCTb

KOHHMI.Ia aTaKOBaJia 6oeBhle KOJieCHM-

Jiecy, OHM IIhlTaJIMCb opraHM30BaTb OK-

6oJI 6hlJia rrepeJIO:>KeHa Ha BCIIOMO-

l.lbl 6pMTaHUeB M o6paTMJia MX B 6er-

py)f(eHMe OT)l.eJibHhlX rpyrrn COJI)l.aT

raTeJibHhle BoltcKa, yKoMnJieKTOBaH-

CTBO. IIocJie 3Toro ArpMKOJiarrpMKa-

pMMCKOlt apMMM, yBJieKIIIMXCli rrpecJie-

Hhle repMaHCKMMM, raJIJibCKMMM M

3aJI KOropntM repMaHCKMX IIJieMeH,

)l.OBaHMeM. Ho ArpMKOJia Bhl)l.eJIMJI

)l.IDKe IIOKOpeHHhlMM 6pMTaHCKMMM

BOopy:>KeHHhlM Me<JaMM, aTaKOBaTb

CHJibHhle M JierKMe KoropThl )l.JIJI opra-

IIJieMeHaMM.llCXO)l. 6oJI peiiiaJia KOH-

BTopyiO JIMHMIO 6pMTaHUeB.

HM3al.IMM o6JiaBhl, <JaCTb CIIeiiieHHOlt

HMUa, B3aMMO)l.eltCTBOBaBIIIall C rre-

ATaKa Ha<JaJiacb ycrreiiiHO, JIMHMli

KOHHMI.Ihl IIOCJiaJI B TeCHMHhl, a B Me-

XOTOlt: OHa HaHeCJia nopa)f(eHMe

6pHTaHUeB 6h1Jla OIIpOKMHyTa, M rep-

Hee JieCMCTYIO MeCTHOCTb HanpaBMJI

6oeBhlM KOJieCHMUaM, rrapMpOBaJia

MaHCKMe KOroPThl yBJieKJIM 3a co6olt

BC3.Jl.HMKOB. Xopoiiio opraHM30BaHHoe

06XO)l.HOe )l.BM)f(eHMe 6pMTaHCKMX

OCTaJibHhle KOropThl rrepBOH JIMHMM

rrpecJie)l.OBaHMe CJIOMMJIO IIOCJie)l.Hee

oTpli.Jl.OB TpeTbelt JIMHMM MX 6oeBoro

6oeBoro IIOpli)l.Ka pMMJiliH, KOTOpall

COIIpOTHBJieHMe 6pMTaHUeB, M OHM o6-

rropH)l.Ka, BeJia M o6ecrre'IMBaJia rrpe-

C HacrynJieHMeM

cTaJiarrpo)l.BMrni'hCli HaBhlCOThl. PeiiiMB

paTHJIMCb B 6ercTBO.

rrepey10 3a,!J,aqy, pMMCKall KOHHMUaBBli-

TeMHOThl rrpecJie)l.OBaHMe 6h1JIO rrpe-

PHM11SIHe:

nonKOBOAe&4; 2,

cJie)l.OBaHMe. KoHHMUa 6bma ocHoBHblM cpe)l.CTBOM MaHeBpa.

3- BbiCWHe rocy,QapCTBeHHble C8HOBHHKH; 4- KOHCyn; 56- BOeHa'fanbHHK (003,QHe~we~ 300XH)

Hacne,QHHK HMnepaTopa;

EBPOnA V1 CPE,lJ.V13EMHOMOPbE

307

fiocJie rpaynHltCKOlt no6e,LJ,hl pa3-

.[lyHa~ Ha reppMTOPMM COBpeMeHHOiii

Be,LJ,Ka pHMJISIH YCTILHOBHJia, 'ITO OC-

BeHrPMM, .[loMM~MaH norepnen nopa)l(eHMe (89 r.) M B KOH~e KOH~OB 6bm BbJH'Y)I(JJ.eH eynMTb y .[le~e6ana YHM3MTeflbHb/W MMp(90 r.). 3aBM.ll.Y~ ycnexaM ArpMKOflbJ B bpMTBHMM, oH OT03B8fl ero M, BepO~THO, 6blfl OTBeTCTBeHHb/M 38 ero CMepTb OT ~JJ.a (85 r.) . .[lOMM~MaH nOJJ.8BMfl BOCCT8HMe AHTOHM~ CarypHMHa, nerara BepxHeiii lepMaHMM, nocne '4ero BBen HOBb/W nop~JJ.OK COJJ.ep)I(8HM~ nerMOHOB, c.aenaB MX nocro~HHO pa3Me~eHHbJMM B pa3.aenbHbJX narep~x M yrpaTMB TaKMM o6p830M Te nOJJ.BM)I(HOCTb M rM6KOCTb, '4TO 6blflM JJ.OCTMTHYTb/ B npMrpaHM'4HbiX npoBMH~M~X nonMTMKoiii ABrycra.

TilTKH 6pHTaHUeB pacceSIJIHCh H CKphiJIHCh, YHHqTo)f(HB csoH )f(HJIHma. JieTO 6biJIO Ha HCXO,LJ,e, H pHMCKaSI apMHSI B conpOBO~eHHH <J>JIOTil OTOIIIJia Ha 3HMHHe KBapTHphi. B pe3yJihTa're noxo,LJ,OB pHMCKolt apMHH K pHMCKolt npoBHHUHH BpHTILHHH 6biJia npHCOe,LJ,HHeHa HOBaSI He60JihlllaSITeppHTOpHSI. Ho conpOTHBJieHHe CeBepHhiX 6pHTaHCKHX UJieMeH cJioMJieHo He 6hiJlo. B AaJihHei!IIIIeM pHMJISIHe B BpHTaHHH BhiHy:>K)l.eHhl 6hiJIH nepeltTH K o6opoHe 3asoesaHHolt TeppHTOpHH.

BecnacHaH <t>nasHiJ

(68-79 rr.

OT P.X.)

96-98 rr. UAPCTBOBAH~E HEPBbl. nocne y6MiiiCTBa ,llOMM~M

B OTJIHlfliE OT CBOHX npe,LJ,IIIecTBeHHHKOB BecnacHaH He npHHa)J,Ile-

AoMI-1L\l-13H. 6poHaa.

)f(aJI K pHMCKolt apHCTOKpaTHH. OH Bhl-

81-96 rr.

IIIeJI H3 cpe,LJ,HHX HTaJIHitCKHX CJioeB. Po,LJ,HJICSI oH B Ca6HHCKolt 3eMJie, 6JIH3

BOltHhl. .ll:JISI pHMCKOI!I apHCTOKpaTHH

ropo,LJ,a Pea're . .D:eA ero B csoe BpeMSI

BecnacHaH Aa:a<e nocJie H36paHHSI ero

CJIY)f(HJI UeHTypHOHOM B BOitCKax

HMnepaTOpOM npO,Ll,OJI)KaJI OCTaBaTh-

fio~tneSI, a O'refl 6hiJI c6opiUHKOM HaJIOroB B A3HH. Ca~toMY BecnacHaHY

CSI qeJIOBeKOM «HOBhiM».

YAaJIOCh AOCTHrHYTh BhiCIIIHX MarHc-

79-81 rr.

UAPCTBOBAH~E

1paryp. OH 3aHHMaJI BHAHhie KOMaHA-

T~TA. 3a MCKnto'4eHMeM onepa~m1 B

Hhie AOJI)f(HOCTH, ynpaBJISIJI npoBHHUH-

bpMTaHMM, 3Ha'4MTeflbHb/X BOeHHb/X C06bJTMiii B 9TO KOpOTKOe ~apCTBOBa HMe He 6bmo. TMT yMep npM no.n.o3pMrenbHbJX 06CTORTeflbCTBaX.

elt H spamaJica npH ,LJ,Bope KJiaBAHSI H HepoHa, HO 'reM He MeHee AO KOHUa CBOHX,LJ,Helt COXpaiDIJI npHBhJqKH ypo:lKeHUa He60JihiiiOro HTaJIHitCKOro ro-

81-96 rr.

UAPCTBOBAH~E

po,LJ,a. EMY 6hmo qy~o cTpeMJieHHe

AOM~U~AHA. TMr ct>naBMiii .[loMM-

K pOCKOIIIH H BeJIHKOJieUHIO, xapaK'rep-

~MaH, Mna,LJ,u.miii CbJH BecnacMaHa, Ha-

HOe AJISI ero npe,LJ,IIIeCTBeHHHKOB.

cne.n.oBan cBoeMy6pary. EMyHepe.aKO cny'4aflOCb flM'4HO pyKOBOJJ.MTb BOWCKaMM. l..fro6bJ nOJJ.'4MHMTb Heno-

HcmqHHKH pHcyiOT ero qenoseKoM 3HeprnqHhJM H CTpOrHM, npOCThiM H ,LJ,ocrynHhiM,

npaKT~HhiM

tl'll.K B rocy-

AapcTBeHHhiX ,LJ,eJiax, TaK H B qacTHolt )f(H3HH, 6eJ>e)KJIHBhiM HAa:a<e )f(a,LJ,HhlM. BecnacHaH AeJiaJI see AJISI yKpenJieHHSI HMnepampcKolt BJiacTH. Ho 3TO He MeiiiaJIO eMY HpOHHqecKH OTHOCHThCSI K peJIHfH03HOMY ee OCBSIIUeHHIO. «YBhl, SI, Ka:lKeTCSI, CTaHOBJIIOCh 6oroM», -

3aMeTHJI OH, noqyBCTBO-

BaB npH6JIH:lKeHHe CMepTH, H~teKaSI Ha O)KifAaBIIIee ero o6o:arecTBJieHHe. .ll:o CBOHX llOCJie,LJ,HHX ,LJ,HeH OH COXpaHHJI npHpOAHhiH IOMop. EMy qy~o 6hmo yBJieqeHHe BHeiiiHHM, noMnolt; OH HCKpeHHe )f(aJIOBaJICSI Ha

ym~me

HHe, h'a.KOe HCllhlTaJI BO BpeMS11pHyM<J>a no cJiyqaiO oKoHqaHHSI Hy,LJ,eltcKolt

aHa MMneparopoM 6bm M36paH ceHarop MapK KoK~eiii HepBa. B BOeHHOM OTHOWeHMMero ~apCTBOB8HMe He CO.aep)l(aflO 38MeTHb/X C06bJTMiif, 3a MCKn10'4eHMeM Ha3peBaBwero MRTe)l(a nperopMaHCKOiii TBBP.ll.MM M HeKOTOpbJX.apyrMxapMeiiicKMX no.apa3.aeneHMiii, npeJJ.OTBpa~eHHOTO YCb/HOBneHMeM 6necr~~ero nonKoBo.a~a MapKa YnbnM~ Tpa~Ha M npM3HaHM~ ero CBOMM HacneJJ.HMKOM (97 r.).

KOpHoerepMaHCKOenneM~XBTTO~OH

nepenpaBMnc~ 14epe3 PeiiiH B paiiioHe coBpeMeHHoro ropo.aa MaiiiH~a M npo.aomKMfl 3aBOeBaHMe M KOflOHM3a~MIO .[leK}'MaTCKMX noneiii (83 r.). OH Ha'4an crpoMrenbCTBO nMHMM norpaHM'4HbJX yKpenneHMiii (T.H. «flMMeC»), nporsmyBweiiic~ or PeiiiHa .ao .[lyHa~. 0H Ben PMMCKMe BOWCKa npM nMKBMJJ.a~MM BTOp)l(eHM~ B Me3MIO JJ.aKOB no.a npeJJ.BOJJ.MTeflbCTBOM ~ap~ .[le~e6ana (85 r.). B nocne.n.oBaBweiii KaMnaHMM npOTMB JJ.aKOB, a TaJOKe COI03Hb/X MM nneMeH MapKOMaHOB M KBaJJ.OB, BXOJJ.MBWMX B COcraB ~apcrBa Mapo6o.aa, - KaMnaHMM, pa3BepHyBweiiic~ K ceBepy or

CTaTYH l-1MnepaTopa Tl-1Ta

308

PAX ROMANA. 1-200 rr. TOJihKO BOIIHCTBeHHhiMII IIJiaHaMII HO-

phi C ITap<lJHHCKIIM n:apeM 0 COBMeCT-

BOrO IIMITepaTOpa. BHeiiiHHH ITOJIIITII-

HhiX ):(eHCTBIIHX, II B pe3yJihTaTe BOC-

Ka piiMJIHH 3aBIICeJia He OT BOJIII IIJIII

TO'IHhie ITpOBIIHU:IIII IIMITepiiii MOrJIII

)KeJiaHIIH OT):(eJihHhiX IIMITepaTOpOB -

OKa3aThCH ITO):( yAapOM.

OHa ):(IIKTOBaJiaCh 06beKTIIBHhiMII yc-

qT06hi ITpe):(yiTpe):(IITh B03MO)K-

101

JIOBIIHMII. B o6JiaCTHx, ITorpaHII'IHhiX

HYID yrpo3y, TpaHH B

C piiMCKIIMII, C03):(aBaJIIICh rocy):(apCT-

IIIIIJI ITOXO):( ITpOTIIB ,lJ;en:e6aJia.

r. coBep-

BeHHhie 06be):(IIHeHIIH; BapBaphi BOCITpiiHIIMaJIII piiMCKIIe o6hl'Iaii. BoeRHoe IICKYCCTBO IIX ITO):( BJIIIHHIIeM piiMJIHH COBeprneHCTBOBaJIOCh, II 3TO,

101-107 rr. AAKVIHCKVIE BOHHbl. nepaaR 1113 HII1X (101102 11.) BOCCT8HOBII1fl8 pii1MCKOe

HeCOMHeHHO, yrpO)KaJIO CITOKOHCTBIIID

Bfl8/],bi'IBCTBO H8/], CTpOnTII1Bb/M fl.e-

piiMCKIIX rpaHIII(.

u,e6anOM, HOMII1HanbHbiM aaccanoM

IlocJie ycTyiToK ,lJ;oMIIU:IIaHa oco-

P111M8.

KOI/1,8 fl.eu,e6an BOCCT8fl

6eHHO OITaCHO 6hiJIO ,lJ;aKIIHCKOe n:ap-

BHOBb, TpaRH CaM B03/fl8BII1fl BOM-

CTBO. ,lJ;en:e6aJI BCTYITIIJI B ITeperOBO-

CKa, pa36111n apMII1/0 JI.eu,e6ana, KO-

MapK Yllbnl111 TpaSIH

B MOMEHT ITPOB03marnemm IIMITepaTopoM HepBe 6hiJIO OKOJIO

JieT. IlpOIICXO):(IIJI OH II3 CTapOrO

ceHaTopcKoro po):(a, II II36paHIIe ero CIIMBOJIII3IIpOBaJIO HaCTYITJieHIIe HOBOH 3ITOXII corJiacmr Me)KAY ceHaTOM II ITPIIHU:eiTCOM. Ha'IaJio ITpaBJieHIIH HepBhi 6hiJIO 03HaMeHoBaHo ITpeKpameHIIeM ITPOU:eCCOB ITO OCKOp6JieHIIID BeJIII'IeCTBa, B03BpameHIIeM COCJiaHHhiX II HaKa3aHIIeM delatores ):(OHOC'IIIKOB, IIrpaBIIIIIX 60JihiiiYID pOJih ITPII ,lJ;oMIIU:IIaHe. Me)KAY piiMCKIIMII ITJie6eHMII paCITpe):(eJieH 6hiJI 06hi'IHhiH KOHmapiiH. XOTH BOHCKa ITOJIY'IIIJIII 06hi'IHhie ITpii ITepeMeHe ITpaBJieHIIH ITO):(apKII, HO Cpe):(II BOeHHhiX KpyrOB HaXO):(IIJIIICh He):(OBOJihHhie II36paHIIeM CeHaTOpCKOrO IIMITepaTOpa.

98-117 rr. U,APCTBOBAHVIE TPASIHA. YpmKeHeu, /11cnaHII1111 111 nepBbiM pii1MCKII1i1 111Mnepamp, po)f(JJ,eHHbiM BHe npe/],eflOB /ITT8flll1111, TpaRH 6blfl OJ1.HII1M 1113 Ha1116onee o/],apeHHbiX 111 6nam/l,yWHbiX npaBII1Tenei1.

C IIPABJIEHI1EM TpaHHa CBH3aHO ITpe)K):(e BCero II3MeHeHIIe piiMCKOH BHeiiiHerr ITOJIIITIIKII. Co BpeMeHII ABrycTa piiMCKaH ITOJIIITIIKa Ha BOCTOKe II Ha 3aiTa):(e 6hma ITO ITpeiiMymecTBY o6opoHIITeJihHOrr. BpeMH TpaHHa 03HaMeHoBaHo IIIIIpOKIIMII HaCTyiTaTeJihHhiMII ):(eHCTBIIHMII piiMJIHH. 3TOT ITepeJIOM HeJih3H 06bHCHHTh

BOHCKa TpaSIHa OCB060JKAaiOT CBOI11larepSI (BBepxy). Ae1..1e6a11 C>KI1raeT ceo10 CT01111LIY路 6apenbe<l>b1 c KOilOHHbl TpaSIHa

EBPOnA V1 CPE)J,V13EMHOMOPbE TOpbii!t B 3TOi!t 6111TBe norH6, 111 OKOH-

309

Wll1fl CTapbii!t /1,0/0BOp C P111MOM, no-

'18TBflbHO nOKOpll1fl /1,8KII1/0 ( 103-

C8/],111B H8 8pMRHCKII1i!t TpOH M8pii10He-

10711.}. P111MCK8R IP8H111U,8 npoJ1,BII1-

TO'IHO/O np8BII1TenR ( 113 1.). Y)f(e

HYfl8Cb K K8pn8T8M 111 /1,HecTpy.

/],OCTII1/WII1i!t WBCTII1/],BCRTII1flBTHBIO

107 r. AHHEKCVISI APABVIHCKOH nETPbl. nocn8HHb/e Tp8RHOM

B03p8CTa Tp8RH npowen H8 BOCTOK 111,

BOMCK8 38XB8TII1flll1 neTpY, CTOfl111U,Y

WII1fl ApMeHII1/0 111 CeaepHy/0 Mecono-

nOBTOpHO p836111B n8pcjJRH, onycTO-

mcy/1,8PCTB8 H868Teea, p8cnono-

TaMII1/0 ( 114 I.). 38TBM OH BTOPICR B

)f(BHHYIO H8 Teppii1TOPII1111 COBpeMeH-

Acc111p11110 111 /O)f(HY/0 MeconoTaMII110,

HOi!t fl1op/],8HII1111 B CK8flii1CTOi!t '18CTII1

38XB8TII1n cmn111u,y n8pcjJRHCKII1X Ap-

88J1,111-Mywll1 H8 nonnyTII1 MB)f(/l,y

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MepTBbiM MopeM 111 AK86CKII1M 38flii1-

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BOM, TBM C8Mb/M 0Kpymii1B 1010-BOC-

a EmnTe pii1MCKII1i!t ¢noT p83BB/l,b/Ban

TO'IHb/e IP8HII1LI,b/111Mnepll1111.

111 coaepw8n H86e1111 H8 8P8BII1i!tCKII1e

113-117 rr. BOCTO'"I HAS! BOHHA. Ocpoac n8pcjJRHCKII1i!t H8py-

6epe18 Kp8CHO/O MOPR 111 nepCII1/],CKO/O 38flii1B8. 0cp03C H86pan HOBY/0

8PMII1/0 111 8T8KOB8n pii1MCKII1e Cll1flbl, p836poc8HHble no MeconoT8MII1111 111 Acc111p111111, oTpe38B Tp8RH8 a /O)f(HOi!t MeconoTaMII1111 ( 115r:). Tp8RH o6be/1,111HII1n p836poc8HHble c111nb1 111, HeCMOTPR H8 HBY/1,8'1HYIO OC8/l,Y X8Tpbl, oTBoea8n 6onbWYIO '18CTb MeconoTaMII1111111 Acc111p11110 ( 116 r:). 38TeM oH n0/],8BII1fl O'lepe/],HOe BOCCT8HII1e B IITmee ( 117 r:) 111 co6111p8ncR H8 cne/l,YIOU{II1i!t /0/1, npo/l,Ofl)f(II1Tb onep8U,111111 a MeconoTaMII1111, HO cepbe3HO 386onea, H8np8BII1flCR B P111M, OCT8BII1B CBOB/0 0/],8peHHO/O p0/],111'18 ny6nii1R 3flii1R A/J,pii18H8 KOM8H/],OB8Tb B C111p111111 111 MeconoTaMII1111. no /l,OPO/e OH yMep.

TPAHH

IIOJih30BaJICH rrorrympHo-

CThiO. IlrriiHIIii Mml,L\IIIIIH roBopiiT o TOM, 'ITO BO BpeMeHa .JJ:oMIIU:IIaHa TpaHH ,Il;eJIIIJI Hec'IaCThH c APYriiMII rrpe,Il;CTaBIITeJIHMII BhiCIIIero cocJIOBIIH. IIpo.L\OJI'lKaH IIOJIIITIIKY CBOero rrpiieMHOro oma, TpaHH coxpaHHJI A06phie OTHOIIIeHIIH c ceHaTopaMII. OH KJIHTBeHHO o6eiiiaJI He Ka3HIITh II He CChiDaTh CEOell: BJiaCThiO HIIKoro II3 ceHaTopoB. Ha OCHOBaHIIII rrpOII3Be,[(eHIIH IlJIIIHIIH MO'lKHO 3aKJIIO'IIITh, 'ITO TpaHH C'IIITaJICH CO BCeMII <lJopMaJihHOCTHMII, OCTaBIIIIIMIICH OT pecrry6JIIIKaHCKIIX BpeMeH. CeHaTopcKaH TPaAIIU:IIH OTHOCIIT TpaHHa K ,[(06phiM IIMIIepaTOpaM. Ilpii 'lKII3HII OH IIOJIY'IliJI TIITyJI Optimus (HaiiJIY'IlilliH ), II B IIOCJie,Il;yiOIIIIIe BpeMeHa, Ae1.1e6a11 coeepwaeT caMoy611i1cTBO (BBepxy). P11MilSIHe paaopSIIOT ce11eH11e AaKoB. 6apenbe<l> c KOilOHHbl TpaSIHa

BPY<J:aH BJiaCTh HOBOMY rrpiiHn:errcy, B CeRaTe rOBOpiiJIII: «DY.L\h C'IaCTJIIIBee

PAX ROMANA. 1-200 rr.

310

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( 122 I.)

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19 P11MCKI1e WJleMbl, 3HaKI1 BOI1HCKI1X noApa3AeJleHI1H, o6yBb, opy>KI1e. WneMbl: 1- 113 SlpTa; 2- 113 0cTep6pyKeHa; 3- 113 H11Aep6116epa; 4C pellbe<J>a KOJlOHHbl TpaSIHa; 3HaKI1 : 5 -11er110Ha; 6-8- KOrOpT; 9- KOHHI1Libl; o6yBb: 10, 12, 13- 60TI1HK11; 11- KpeCTbSIHCKaSI o6yBb; 14-16- caHAa111111; opy>KI1e: 17-19- n1111yMbl

A,JJ,P11AH yMep IIOCJie MY'J:IITeJihHOH 6oJie3HII, IIOJIY'J:eHHOH liMBO BpeMH IIYTeiiieCTBIIil:. HecorJiaciie c ceHaTopcKIIM COCJIOBIIeM B IIOCJie):(HIIe rO):(hi ero )KII3HII Bbipa3IIJIOCh B TOM, 'ITO ceHaT OTKa3hiBaJICH ero o6o)KeCTBIITh. qT06hi JJ:06IIThCH 3TOrO, IIpiieMHOMY ChiHY II HacJieJJ:HIIKY AJJ:piia-

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PAX ROMANA. 1-200 rr.

312

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166

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313

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193 r. 60Pb6A3ATPOH. KoMMo,ay Hacne.aoean no)l(unotli apucToKpaT ny6nutli (enbBUW nepTUHBKC, %U cypOBbJe MepbJ no BOCCTBHOBneHU/0 nOWBTHYBWeWCfl 9KOHOMUKU nocne ecero nuwb TpexMecw·moro ~apcTBOBBHUfl npueenu K ero y6utliCTBY fli06UTen~MU y,aOBOflbCTBUW U3 •mcna npeTopuaH~eB. 3aTeM npeTopuaH~bJ npe,aflO)I(UflU TPOH TOMY, KTO roTOB 6bm 3annaTUTb 38 Hero ,aopo)l(e ,apyrux, - pacnyTHUKY M. ,£1u,au10 Ceeepy JOnuaHy. HeMe,aneHHO B03HUKnu TPU npeTeH,aeHT8-COnepHUK8: ,£1. Kno.autli Cemutli Anb6UH, neraT GpuTaHuu; fly~utli CenTuMutli Ceeep, neraT naHHOHUU, u raw nee~eHHUtli Hurep JOcT, neraT Cupuu. bbJCTpo, npeo.aonee 1300 KM 38 40 ,aHetli, Ceeep npocne.aoean B PuM, r.ae Y3Han, 'lTO B O)I(U,aaHuu ero no~eneHUfl ceHaT KB3Hun IOnuaHa.

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193-211 rr.

UAPCTBOBAH~E

IJpe'tKHHi:t COCTaB IJpeTOpHaHCKOi:t rsapAHH, pacnopJI)f(aBIIIei:tc.ll HMrrepaTOpcKoi:t BJiaCThiO, 6blJI pacrrymeH eme B

193 r.

HoBhie npeTOpHaHUhl 6blJIH

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PAX ROMANA. 1-200 rr.

314

phlM norpaHHqHhlM qacTSIM 6hlJIH OTBe,LI.eHhl 3etv11IH, KOTOphle He60JihiiiHMH yqacTKaMH ,LI.aBaJIHCh B Ha,LI.eJI COJI,LI.aTatvl. BcJie,LI.CTBHe 3TOro norpaHH<JHhle BOltCKa CTaJIH MeHee M06HJII>Hh1MH, coJI,LI.aThl 61>mH 6oJihiiie, <JeM paHhiiie, npHB1!3aHhl K CBOHM JiarepHM; BeTepaHhl noJiy<JHJIH p11A npeHMYmecTB, OHM OCB060iK,LI.eHhl 6hlJIH OT MHOrHX MYHHUHnaJihHhlX noBHHHOCTelt. 3TO 6hlJIH, HeCOMHeHHO, ycrynKH apMHH, oT KOTopolt CenTHMHlt Cesep noJiy<JHJI CBOIO BJiaCTh.

195-202 rr. nAPSIHCKMI BOPIHA. B MeconoTaMMIO, co epeMeH MapKa AepenMfl Haxo.aMBWYIOCfl no.a HOMVIH8flbHbiM PMMCKVIM Bfl8,!J,b/4eCTBOM, BTOPICfl naptj>flHCKVJilt U8Pb Bonore3IV. CenTMMMilt Ceeep OTBOeean MeconoTaMM/0 ( 197r.), a 3aTeM BTOpiCfl B naptj>VJIO, O,aHBKO 9T8 K8paTeflbH8fl 9KCne.aMUVIfl OK838fl8Cb BeCbM8 Manoy,a84HOilt.

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(98-117 rr.)

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PAX ROMANA. 1-200 rr.

316

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2 r . .Qo P.X. -35 r. oT P.X. Alr1HACTI!1"1ECKAS160Pb6A. <t>paaTy VHacne,aoBan Opo.a II (5 r. oT P.X), KOTOpbJW BCB0/0 04epe,ab 6bm CBepTHYT - He 6e3 PllfMCKOW nOMOWIIf BoHOHOM I ( 8 r. ). BoHoH cpa3y oKa3anc51 BOBne4eH B 3aT5f)I(HYIO u nna4eBHO ,an51 Hero 3aBepW/IfBWYIOC51 BOWHY c ApTa6aHoM II ( 11 r. ). B llfTOre BoHoHy npuwnocb 6e)l(aTb cnep-

PHMCKJ.1H BC3AHHK (cneaa). IV B. AO P. X. napcf>S1HCKJ.1H KaTacf>paKTapH£:1. 1-11 BB. AO P. X.

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27-43 rr. BOCCTAHI!1E B CEJlEBKir11!1.

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KOMaH,aOBaHMBM CBOMX ny'IWMX

'ITO no,aopaano BOBHHY/0 MOU{b BaH

nonKoao.au,ea -

MaHa, 111 BTOp)f(BHMe Ha TeppMTOPMIO

/1,aHR. IOTOBRCb K peWMTBflbHOM

BaH KyaHa 111 f7RH

C/OHHY He y,aanocb. Co6cTBeHHO,

6MTBe, nOBCTaHLI,bl Bb!KpaCMflflf 6po-

«KpaCHb/MM 6pOBRMII1» Ha3b/Banacb

Bfl1 B KpaCHb/M LI,BBT, 'IT06bl OTflM'IaTb-

flfi1Wb O,aHa 1113 nOBCTaH'IBCKMX ap-

CR OT BOMHOB BaH MaHa -

MMM, BBM,ay MHOIO'IMCflBHHOCTM; Ta-

MOMBHTa OHM 111 o6pen111 Ha3BaHMe,

C 3TOIO

KOe onpe,aeneHue no,axo,aMT 3Ha'IM-

no,a KOTOpbiM BOWflflf B 111CTOpll110.

TenbHO 60flbWe, HB)f(Bflflf OTpR,a.

noKa BaH MaH 6blfl nomoll{eH no-

Cyll{ecTaoaanu u,apyme: «3eneHbiM

.aaaneHMeM nOBCTaH'IBCKOm ,aBM)f(BHMR,

He6eCHbiH KHSI3b 1111 C KOJl'laHOM CTpell 11 narOAOH B pyKe. K11Tai1cKaSI cpeAHeBeKoBaSI rpa11Ka

acnbiXHyawee TeM apeMeHeM a ca-

1 ITepBorraqaJibHbie cBe)1eHim o HrroHim, Kopee H IOro-BocToqrrort A3HH rrpHBe)1eHbi B maBe VIII (600-800 rr. oT P.X.).

MMnepMR BHOBb noTepRna

6onbWYIO 'laCTb TypKecTaHa. B 23 1. O,aMH 1113 OTpR,aOB J110 CIOaHR, KOTOpom K TOMY BpeMeHM npOB03/flaCM-

321

BOCTOYHA~ A3V1~

XaHaHb 8 6accei1He cpe/],He/o /II H/ll)f(He/o Te'leH/IIR peK/11 XyaHxa. 0K0110 50-60 rr. OnEPALI,Iillil nPOTIIIB CIOHHY. Bo3o6Ho8/118W/IIecR nolpaH/II'IHble Ha6el/ll C/OHHY 6blfl/ll 8CTpe'leHbl T8ep/],b/M /II cypo8b/M OTnopoM; KO'Ie8H/IIK/II 6blfl/ll /113/HaHb/ /113 iaHbCY 8 AnTaMCK/IIe IOpbl /II 8 o6naCTb, Ha3b/8aeMy/O Tenepb CI!1Hbf43RH ( KMTaMCK/11£1 TypKecmH).

73-102 rr. KAMnAHiillii5AHb '"lAO B U,EHTPAnbHOH A3lillil. lfneH /IICKfl/0'1/IITeflbHO 0/],apeHHOM CeMb/11, XaHbCK/IIM 80eHa'laflbH/IIK EaHb '-lao

(32-102

11.} 6blfl OJl.H/IIM

/113 8efl/ll'laMW/IIX nOflK080/],f4e8 8 K/11-

npi1HI..IeCCa C 6oeBbiM l..lellbHOMeTaJlJll14eCKI1M BeepOM. K11Tai1cKaSI cpeAHeBeKoBaSI rpa<J>HKa

TaMCKOM /IICTOP/111!1. Ha 8TOPbiX ponRx oH npMH/IIMan y'laCT/IIe 8 ycnewHoM nOXO/],e npOT/118 C/OHHY, a 3aTeM 80 ma8e He6onbwoi1 apM/11/11 6blfl nocnaH Ha /OI0-3ana/1,, 1/l,e 3a8oe8an

fl/11 XaHbCK/IIM /IIMnepaTOpOM no/], TpOHHb/M /IIMeHeM I3HW/II, 08fla/],efl CTOfl/llf4eM /IIMnep/111!1, IOPOJl.OM lfaHbaHb. BaH MaH 6blfl o6e3ma8neH.

24-220 rr. PECTABPALI,IIISI AliiHACTiillil XAHb. nocne KopoTKolo nep/llo/],a aHapx/111!1, KOI/l,a /IIMnepaTopa I3HW/II CMeH/IIfl 8038e/],eHHb/M Ha npeCTOfl «KpaCHb/M/11 6p08RM/II»

nacTyX 1710 n3Hf43bl,

8flaCTb 3aX8aT/IIfl 1710 CIO, 830We/],W/IIM Ha npeCTOfl no/], TpOHHb/M /liMeHeM /yaH Y /1,1!1. OH ynpo'l/llfl 8HYTpeHH/IIM nopR/],OK /II 80CCTaH08/IIfl 8nacTb XaHbCKo£1 /IIMnep/111!1 Ha/1, 60flbW/IIHCT80M np1!1ipaH/II'IHb/X peI/IIOH08.

40-43 rr. 3KCnAHCIIISI HA lOr. /yaH Y /1,1!1 nocnan c8oem /eHepana Ma /OaHR no/],a8/11Tb 80CCTaH/IIe 8 ToHK/IIHe. Bbl/l,a/011{/IIMCR nonK080J1.ef4, Ma /OaHb 3a8oe8an TaK)f(e AHHaM ( co8p. Ce8epHbiM /II 'laCT/11'1HO L/,eHTpanbHb/M BbeTHaM) /II Tepp1!1TOp1!110 C08peMeHHOM np08/IIHf4/ll/ll

Ayx 3p-JlaH B OAe>KAe KI1Tai1cKoro nollKOBOAI..Ia. Ha noHce- 1..13SIHb, o60IOAOOCTPbli1 Me'-1. K11Tai1cKaSI cpeAHeBeKoBaSI rpa<J>HKa

322

PAX ROMANA. 1-200 rr.

6accei1H peK/11 Tapi!IM ( coap. 3ana.aHbli1 KI!ITaM). 3aTeM OH nepeceKIOPbl TRHb-WaHb, nOKOpl!ln KOLfeBb/e nneMeHa B pei/IIOHe Me)f(,ay IOpaM/11 IMH,ayKyw /II ApanbCKI!IM MopeM /II 3aCTaB/IIn /!IX np1!13HaTb XaHbCKOe mcno,acTBo. /1,a)f(e MOfY'II!Ie K}'WaHbl 6blnl!l BbiHy)f(,aeHbl nocnaTb KMTa/0 ,aaHb ( OKOnO 90 1.}. 0'-/eB/II,aHO, 3aBOeBaH/IIR EaHb '-lao npocTI!Ipanl!lcb BnnoTb ,ao Kacn/IIMCK0/0 MOpR, BO BCRKOM cny'!ae, pa3Be,ab/BaTenbHb/e no,apa3,aeneHI!IR em apMI!I/11, 6e3ycnoaHo, ,aOCT/11/n/11 BOCTOLfHb/X 6epeIOB Kacni!IR.

89-91 rr. PA3rPOM CIOHHY. KapaTenbHY/0 3Kcne,ai!I~I!I/O npoTI!IB C/OHHY 803/flaBnRn /1,oy ill/II ( Bl!l,ai!IMO, O,a/IIH /113 BOeHaLfanbH/IIKOB EaHb lfao), o,aep)f(aBW/IIM no6e,ay Ha,a KOLfeBH/11KaM/11 /II OTO/HaBW/IIM /!IX Ha 3ana,a. 3Ta nocne,aHRR KI!ITaMCKaR no6e.aa B paMKaX KaMnaH/11/11, B03MO)f(HO, /IIMeBWaR MeCTO B CTenRX Kl!lpl/113/11/11, OLfeBI!I,aHO, npi!IBena B ,aeMCTB/IIe CKpb!Tb/M MeXaH/113M Beni!IKOM Ml!llpafYHHOB, KOTOpaR HeCKOnbK/IIM/11 CTOneT/IIRM/11 n03)f(e pa3nl!lnacb no Eapone. 3aMeCTI!IB ywe,awMx C/OHHY ( ni!IWb HeMHO//IIe /113 H/IIX OCTan/IICb Ha ceaepo-3ana,aHbiX oKpai!IHax coap. ~/11/11

MOH/On/111!1) MOHIOnbCKOe nneMR CRHb6/ll 060CHOBanOCb B nyCTb/HHOIOpHOM peii!IOHe ceaepHee /II ceaepo-3ana,aHee laHbcy. lfepe3 HecKonbKO neT (K 101 1.) CRHb6/ll }/)Ke coaepwan/11 Ha6ell!l Lfepe3 K/IITa£1cK/IIe lpaH/II~bl - B TOLfHOCT/11, KaK /!IX npe,aweCTBeHH/IIK/11.

94-97 rr. nOXOA B nEPCVIIO. KaHb liTH, ,apym£1 BOeHaLfanbH/IIK /II cno,aBI!I)f(HI!IK EaHb '-lao, ao3maal!ln noxo.a a nepc/1110, .aocTI!IIHYB a I!ITO/e 6epe10B nepcl!l,aCK0/0 3an/11Ba. no BCe£1 B/ll,a/IIMOCT/11, 3TO 6b!na CKOpee caoeo6pa3HaR nocnaHHI!ILfecKaR M/IICC/IIR, He)f(en/11 Ha6e/ l!ln/11 BTOp)f(eHI!Ie; 3TO npe,anpi!IRTI!Ie aoo6ll{e H/11KOI,aa He CTano 6bl B03MO)f(Hb/M, ecn/11 6bl He yaa)f(eHI!Ie /II cTpax napcjJRH nepe,a K/IITaMCK/IIM MO/yll{eCTBOM.

6biKOr0110BbiH KHSI3b AeMOHOB c 6oeBbiM Tpeay61.1eM. K11Tai1cKaSI cpeAHeBeKoBaSI rpa<J>HKa

100-200 rr. YnAAOKAVIHACTVIVI XAHb. Bee o6nacTI!I, ne)f(all{/lle

no K na,aeH/1110 ~eHTpanbHo£1 anacT/11, /II pei/IIOHanbHb/e BOeHaLfanbH/11-

K ceaepy /II 3ana.ay oT laHbcy, nocTeneHHO oTnan/11 oT I!IMnep/111!1. Oco6eHHO 6ecnoKOMHbiMI!I coce,aRM/11 OKa3an/IICb nneMeHa CRHb61!1, on-

K/11 CTan/11 OTHb/He npaKT/IILfeCK/11 aBTOHOMHbiM/11. Me)f(,ay ,aayMR co-

paB/IIBW/IIeCR C/OHHY /II T/116eTCK/IIM Hapo.a ~3RH. 17/IIWb HeHa,aonm npo~ecc pacna.aa 1!1Mnep1!11!16bln 3a,aep)f(aH no6e,aaMI!I xaHbCKOIO nonKoao.a~a lf)f(ao lf)f(yHa Ha,a ~3RHaMI!I

( 141-14411.}.

190-200 rr. KVITAH nOA BnACTbiO BOEHHbiXAVIKTATOPOB. BnacTb a I!IMnep/111!1 cocpe,ao-

nepHI!ILfa/Oll{/IIM/11 nonKoao.a~aM/11, Lf.ao Lf.ao /II 1710 EaeM, acnbiXHyna lpa)f(,aaHcKaR aoi1Ha ( 194 1.). Lf.ao Lf.ao Bb/Wen no6e,aMTeneM /II cTan HOBb/M ,ai!IKTaTOpOM /IIMnep/111!1 ( 196 1.}. 1/1 XOTR K KOH~Y BeKa 6ecC/IInbHb/M XaHbCK/IIM I!IMnepaTOp HOM/IIHanbHO ace ell{e npe6b!Ban Ha TpOHe, O,aHaKO ,aMHaCT/IIR HaXO,a/11-

TOLfl!lnacb B pyKaX MO/yll.{eCTBeHH0BOeHaLfanbH/IIKa /1,yH lf)f(O,

nacb Ha 1paHI!I Kpaxa. Ho a n106oM cny'!ae cne,ayeT np1!13HaTb, 'ITO ,aMHaCTI!IR XaHb npi!IHecna KMTa/0 K}'nbTypHoe /II Teppi!ITOpl!lanbHOe e,ai!IH-

npaB/IIBWe/0 OT /IIMeH/11 Mapi!IOHeTOLfH0/0 XaHbCK0/0 /IIMnepaTopa. Y6Mi1CTBO /1,yH lf)f(o ( 192 1.) npl!lae-

CTBO, KOTOpoe YCTORnO /II nocne ee na,aeHI!IR; /II nOHb/He K/IITaM~bl Hepe,aKO I!IMeHy/OT ce6R «Cb/HaM/11 XaHb».