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Puc. 23. )KeAe3Hrul mMina, B KoTopyro 6biA OAeT HMnepaTop MaKCHMHAHaH I (1459-1519) BO BpeMH B'be3Aa B J\rorn;eAb6ypr (1480). fepMaHHSI. Puc. 24. )KeAe3Hrul manKa, YKPameHHrul TpaBAeHHeM c soAo"tleHHeM. CMeHHbiH mAeM oT Aocnexa KoHpaAa <PoH EeMeAb6epra (1494-1567). Pa6oTa BaAeHTHHa 3H6eH6roprepa, TPaBAeHHe AAI>6epTa fAoKKeHAoHa. HropH6epr, 1532 r. o6 aHTlftiHocTH. HeKoTopbie II.IJ\.eMbl c ysKHMH Bb~pe3aMH M.H Hoca H rJ\.a3 llOXOJKH Ha KOpHHlPCKHe II.IJ\.eMbl rOllJ\.HTOB, HanpHMep, BeHe:q:HaHCKHH CaJ\.aA, HeMe:qKHH CaJ\.aA Ha 3aTbiJ\.Ke BbiT.HHYT AaAeKo Ha3~, o6pa3y.H pa3BHThiH Ha3aTbiJ\.bHHK, H HHOrAa HMeeT OTOrH)TTble B CTOpOHbl 6oKa. !UJ::qo 3aKpbiTO llOA'beMHbiM 3a6paAoM co CMOTPOBOH rn;eJ\.biO, HHJKHHH Kpa:H KOTopo:H BhiCTynaeT HaCTOJ\.bKO, liTO AeJ\.aeT HeB03MOJKHhiM npoH:HKHOBeHHe K rJ\.a3aM YMPHoro opyJKH.H. B 1 50 0 rOAY no.HB.MIIOTOI llOABHJKHbie Ha3aTbiJ\.bHHKH. HeMe:qKHe CaJ\.aAbi HCqe3aiOT yJKe llOJ\.HOCTbiO K 15 2 0 roAy, HTaJ\.b.HHCKHe COXpaH.HIOTOI B TeqeHHe scero XVI CTOJ\.eTIDI.

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Puc. 27

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C MOMeHTa CBoero IIO.HBJ\.eHJUI Bee 3aKpbiThle IllJ\.eMhl HMeAH OAHfl 0611.\HH HeAOCTaTOK rreperpeB roAOBbl IIOA CO~eM. C 3THM IIOITbiTaAHCb 6opOTbCJI nyreM rrepcpopHpOBaHJUI Koprryca. nepBbiH H3 TaKHX IllJ\.eMOB IIpHHflAl\.eJKaA HMIIepaTopy MaKCHMHAHaHY I. TaKHe IIIAeMhl BhlrryCKaAH AO 15 7 0 ro/짜1 (pHc.

35). B

HTaAHH rro.siBHACJI, a 3aTeM npoHHK qepe3 HcrraHHIO so p~ H fepMaHHIO HOBbiH THII IIIAeMa- 6yprURbOm. 0H, B03MOJKHO, TipOH30illeJ\. OT HTaAb.SIHCKOrO CaAaAar rrepeA KOTOpbiM HMeJ\. HeKOTOpble rrpe~ecTBa. EyprHHbOT COCTO.SIA H3 CHAbHO BbiT.SIHYTOro Ha3aA Koprryca JKeCTKOro HAH IIOABHJKHOro Ha3aTbiAbHHKa. CrrepeAH IIIAeM HMeA qame scero BbiT.SIJIY'I'biH BrrepeA H

Puc. 35

Puc. 36

Puc. 35. ApMeT c nep<f>opHpoBaHHhiMH a~eTIHHKaMH H 3a6pa.AoM. OT Aocnexa HMnepaTopa MaKcHMHAHaaa I. OK. 1500 r. Puc. 36. EyprHHbOT. OT TpeXTieTBepTHoro AOcnexa phl~apB raaca epa6eprepa <f>oa Ay3pa (yM. 1584). OK. 1550 r.

BBepx K 0 3 bl p

e K.

nepBOHaqaAbHO HH3KHH rpe6eHb IIOCTeiieHHO CTaHOBHJ\.CJI

rrpeyse.A.HqeHHO BbiCOKHM.

60KOBbiM qacT.SIM Koprryca, KOTOpble HMeAH Bbipe-

3bl, KpeiiHAHcb Ha rreTA.HX HaymH. A;ul Toro, ~o6bi xopomo CAblmaTh, oHH CHa6JKaAHCb OTBepcTH.SIMH CAy X 0 B bl M U p 0 3 em K aM U, Ha 3aTbiAKe IIOA rpe6HeM HaxOAHJ\.aCb rHAh3a AMI cyATaHa. ECAH HaymH AOXOMf.l\H TOAhKO AO CKYA H COeAIDffiJ\HCb Ha mee peMH.HMH, TO IIIAeM Ha3biBaACJI 0 m K p bl m bl M, eCAH OHH o6pa30BbiBaAH IIOA60pOAJIHK, TO 3 a K p bl m bl M 6 ypr UR b 0 m 0 M (pHC, 36). I1TaAb.SIHCKHe 6yprHHbOTbl OT.A.HqaJOTCJI OT repMaHCKHX TeM, ~0 HMeiOT 6oAee 3aKpyrAeHHble cpopMhl H cxoJKH c aH'fHtiHhiMH IIIAeMaMH pHMMIH. OHH rroSIBHAHCb KaK rrpeAMeTbi pocKomH, ocpopMAeHHwe c cpaHTa3HeH H 6oraTo YKPameHHhle qeKaHKo:H, HHKpycTai.\HeH H 3oAoqeHHeM. OpYJK.eihrn:KH MHJ\.aHa, <l>AopeH1.\HHr a rroaJKe EoAOHbH H PHMa CTaAH Heo6bJqaHHO H3BeCTHbi Bo Bcex CTPaHax

IliAeM CBOHMH llbllliHbiMH 6yprHHbOTaMH (pHC.

37).

45 Ho H B repMaHHH, npeu~eCT

BeHHO B Ayrc6ypre, TaKJKe H3roTaBAHBa.JlliCh 6oraTo -yKpameHHbie 6yprHHhOThl. nepBbl€ 6yprHHb OTbl BpeMeH HMnepaTopa

KapAaV

(1500-1558)

HMe-

AH TpH HH3KHX rpe6-

3 8)

H.SI (pHC.

fOAOBHbiM

H 6b!AH y6opoM

TOAbKO CO.J\AaT-ll€XOTHHIJ;€B, HX

CTa.Jlli

BCKOpe

HOCHTb

KOMaiJAYJOIIU1€ CKaMH

AaiJACKH€X-

1530

TOB. YJKe B AY

BOH-

6yprHHbOT

roHC-

llOAb30BaACR

KaK

cMeHHhiH

IDAeM

AMI

AaTHhiX

Aocnexos,

Puc. 37

Puc. 38

rAaBHbiM o6pa3oM Ha Mapmax.

Puc. 37. BeHen;uaucKHH 6yprHHLOT. C "'eKaHKOH, BOpOHeHHeM H ll030J\.OTOH llO JKeAe3y; H~e"'HHKH 6oAee no3AHe:H pa60Thl. OK. 1560 r. My3e:H ApMepiDI PeaAe B TypHHe. Puc. 38. EyprHHLOT. C TPeMSI rpe6IDIMH H3 noAHpoBaHHoro JKeAe3a. H3 apMHH HMnepaTopa KapAa V (1500- 1558) . HcnauHSI, OK. 1530 r .

BTopo:H

noAoBHHe XVI BeKa ero

HOCHJ\H BCClAifH-

KH A€I'KOH KOHHHqhl J1Ta.JUIH, repMaHHH H HHAepAaiJAOB.

1 56 0 BO

fOAY pbiu;apcT-

HaA€BaAO

6yprHHbOTaMH

nog6opogR uxu,

YKPeiTAeHHble

Ha rpyMf, KOTOpbie HMeAH cpopMY llOA60pOAJIHKOB

14 8 0

fOAa,

6oAbme BhJAaBa.JUICh snepeA (pHc.

39).

t.Iame

scero

noA6opoAHHK

6biBaA npHCTRJKHo:H, ITOA06Ho 3a6paAy

3aKpbiBaiOIIU1H

AHIJ;O,

TaK

o A e B o ii HJ\H 6 o eBO U nog6opogR UK, HCllOAb-

Ha3biBaeMbiH n 30BaBIDHHCR

XV BeKa (pHC. HHAepAaHACKHe AH

paHHHX

40).

apMeTaX

repMaHCKHe H

6yprHHhOTb! HMe-

6oeBbie ITOA6opoAHHKH C BO-

poTHHKaMH.

TaKo:H

noA6opoAHHK

Puc. 39

KpeiiHACR K HameqHHKaM peMHRMH HAH

He60AblliHMH

KpiOqKaMH

npHAaBaA BCeMY IDAeMY BHA 3aKpbiBaiOI.I\erocR apMeTa (pHc.

4 1).

06bNHO OH ABHraACR BHH3 H cpHK-

Puc. 39. HeMeD;KHH 6yprHHLOT. C T. H . ttCKJ\.aALIBaiO~HMCSJ:))

llOA60pOAHHKOM,

KpenSI~HMCSI K HarpyAHHKY. OT

AaHACKHeXTcKoro AOcnexa Aa3apyca UUBeHAH (1522-1584). OK. 1560 r.

qacu I. 06opOHHTeAJi,HOe BOopyxeHHe H CHap.BXeHHe

CHpOBaJ\.C51 B 1peX HJUf qeTb:rpex ITO.J\.OJK.eHH.HX, qTo IT03BO.J\.51.J\.O qacT~HO HJUf noAHoCTbiO oTKphiTb AHQ.o. fepMaHCKHe 6yprHHhOThi HOCHJ\H AO XVII seKa so scex apMH.Hx, AaJK.e B HTa.J\.b.HHCKHX. YJK.e B cepeAJiHe XVI BeKa no.HBHJ\HCh III.J\.eMhi, KOTopbie o6'beAJiH51.J\.H CTapyro <J>opM}' III.J\.eMa c yc1poikTBOM 6yprnHboTa. BapHaHThi 3Aecb Heo6bNaiiHo pa3Hoo6pa3Hhi. B KOHQ.e XVI BeKa repMaHCKHH 6yprHHbOT qaCTO <J>HrypHpyeT ITOA Ha3BaHHeM n UK U He p CK a R K a CK a (HeM. Pickelhaube, pHc. 42). npHMepHo c 1650 ro/lfi so scex apMH.HX Esponhi npHMeH51.J\.c.H 6yprHHboT BOCTO~biX, npeJKAe BCero BeHrepcKHX <J>opM. nocKO.J\.bKY TaKOH III.J\.eM HOCHJ\H CHaqaJ\.a B Asc1pHH, OH Ha3biBaJ\.C51 aBCTJlHHCKHM 6yprHHbOTOM, 11HTepeCHO

Puc. 40

Puc. 41

Puc. 42

PHc. 40. EyprHHI>OT. OnycKHOH noA6opoAHHK caMoCTOSITeAI>Ho KpenHTOI K 6apMHIJ;e, OXBaThlBasl ee; 6yprHHI>OT H(!AeBaeTOI OTAeAI>HO CBepxy. 0T noAyAocnexa paHn;a ¢oH KacreAaAI>TO (yM. 1550). OK. 1525 r. PHc. 41. 3aKp:biThlH HeMeD;KHH 6yprHHI>OT. Co C'l>eMH:biM 3a6paAoM; BepXHIDI noAoca 3a6paAa H3o6paJKeHa onym;eHHo:H. OT AOcnexa HMnepaTopa epAHHaHAa I, npo3BaH «Aocnex c AeneCTKaMH po3)). TipeAnoAoJKHTeAI>Ho pa6oTa raHca Po3eH6eprepa. A,pe3AeH, OK. 1560 r. PHc. 42. EyprHHI>OT. C noABHJKH:biM Ha3aTI>IAI>HHKoM, OTKHAHI>IM K03:blp1>KOM H noABHJKH:biM noA6opoAH:biM peMHeM. HropH6epr. Pa6oTa MepT. PoTinMHAa (yM. 1597), KOH. XVI B. 3eMeAI>HbiH n;e:Hxray3 B rpan;e.

npoCAeAHTh 3a H3MeHeHH.HMH, KoTopbie sToT III.J\.eM npeTepneA Ha nyTH c BocToKa. BocToqHbiM HapoAaM c APeBHefurrHX speMeH 6bi.J\. npHcym; III.J\.eM 6e3 1 AHQ.esoro K03bipbKa H Ha3aTbi.J\.bHHKa. OH HMe.J\. BhiT.HHYTO-KoeycHyro 3aKpyrAeHHyro <J>opM}' H oKaHqHBaJ\.C.H oCTJlHeM (pHc. 4 3). K sTHM TYPeQ.KHM Ili.J\.eMaM K yA ax aM (B mpaHcKp. c myp. kulSh) cnepeAJi 6bi.J\.a npHKpell.J\.eHa KopoTKM, 1 M ~ y 6 op, KOTOp:biH ~ He MelliaA eMy BO BpeMSI ycyAI>MaHHH npeAUO't!HTaA HOCHTh roAOBHOH MOAHTB:bl KacaTI>OI A60M 3eMAH (npUM. llBID.).

47 a

C3C1Mf 6o.Aee AJUffiHM 6apMH:qa, HHCITaAaiO~M Ha 6poHIO. nepeAJUUI qacTb,

HHCITaAM Ha .AH:qo, 3aMeiUI.J\.a co6o:i1 3a6pa.Ao. TaKHMH IIIJ\.eMaMH 6bll\.H OCHa~e

XVIII

Hbl qe6eAH AO

cToAeTIDI. Hapj{AY c 3THM B TYPer.u<.o:H apMHH rro.SIB.J\.j{eTcj{

Apyro:H THIT IIIJ\.eMa, no Q1opMe rroxo:>KH:H Ha yrrol\fj{HYTbiM Bhiiiie, Ho HMeiO~H

my p e q K u ii

HeKoTophie oco6eHHOCTH. Ero Ha3biBaiOT

rnA e .M,

HAH

npe.>KAe Bcero 3TH IIIJ\.eMbl xapaKTepH3YIQTCj{ rrpj{MbiM K03blpbKOM )K.e.J\.e3HbiM H

0 C H UK

MOJKeT QJHKCHpoBaThCJI ITOA K 0 3 bl

K 0 .M

ITO.J\.OJKeHHH C ITOMO~biO BHHTa. Tbi.J\.bHM qacTb IIIJ\.eMa 3a~H~eHa H H

u K o .M,

XVI

KoTopbiM B

rn u rn a K.

AMI

rAa3.

B AI060M

a 3 am blAb-

BeKe e~e BHCe.J\. Ha IIIJ\.eMe Ha KopoTKHX :qerro~ax,

a rro3JKe coeAHIUI.J\.Cj{ c HHM

peMHj!MH

(pHC.

44). TaKHe

IIIHIIIaKH

BCTpeqa.J\.HCb H y qap;

crrepeAH

j{Hbl-

HHX

o6bftiHO 6bi.J\.a AJlliHHM H3

KOTOpOH

rry-

BbiCOKHM qoK rrepbeB, a H

aTpH6YT

Bo:HcK

«.J\.OJKKa». TYPKH

HHOfAa -

3HaTHbie ITO.J\.KOBOAAbl

qaCTO HOCH.J\.H Ha ITO.J\.e TaKHe IIIHIIIaKH, ~06bi rroHpaBHTbCj{

.HHbftla-

paM. TaKHe IIIJ\.eMhi rroJIBH.J\.HCh B BeKa

Haqa.Ae

KaK

XVI

MHoroqHc-

Puc. 43

Puc. 44

AeHHbie TPOQJeH H coxpaHHAHCb

e~e

BeKa, AaJKe

Puc. 43. TipocroH: TaTapcKHH IJlAeM. CocroHT H3 AByx rpy6o cKAenaHHbiX -qacreH: H K03blpi>Ka. XVI B. My3eH: TioAI>AH- Tien;n;oAH B MHAaHe. Puc. 44. Typen;KHH JKeAe3HbiH lliHIIlaK MexMeT-namH CoKoAAy, BeAHKoro BH3HpH OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH (1505-1579). C 6oraTbiMH yxpameHHSIMH B TeXHHKe HHKpycraD;HH 30AOTOM; K03blpeK H Ha3aTbiAI>HHK KpenSITCSI nosopOTHbiMH liiTH¢TaMH. OK. 1560 r.

AaHHo:H

XVII

Q1opMe AO KOH:qa

AO.J\.h-

IIle, TO.J\.hKO ITOC.J\.e HM CTa.J\.H

rrpHAaBaTh

.J\.ee

HH3KYJO,

6o-

rroAy-

KpyrAYIO QJOPMY· PycCKHe, ITO.J\.JIKH H BeHrpb11 rrepeHj{BIIIHe TYPe:qKHH IIIJ\.eM, H3MeHH.J\.H ero coo6pa3HO CBoeMY Ha:qHOHa.J\.bHOMY BKycy. Pa3.J\.HqiDI B <lJopMax IIIJ\.eMoB y

pa3HhiX HapoAOB He3HaqH:Te.J\.hHbi,

HO BCe-TaKH OHH, KaK rrpaBH.J\.0, qeTKO Ae.J\.j{TCji Ha .M 0 C K 0 BUm C K U e, n 0 A b-

cKue

rycapcKue

rnurnaKu.

1590

rof¥i

Bee

BOCToqHbie

IIIJ\.eMhi

QJHIYPHPYIOT TaKJK.e ITOA Ha3BaHHeM «IIIHIIIaK», B EBporre coxpaHHBIIIHMCj{ AO

XVII

BeKa.

113

no.J\.hiiiH

EaBapHIO,

IIIHmaKH

O'fTYAa

I10I1a.J\.H

APyrHe

CaKCOHHIO,

apMHH,

H3MeHeHIDI. TaK, Bo BTopo:H rro.J\.OBHHe

BeHrpHH

KoTopbiX rrpeTeprreBaAH

XVII

ABcTpHIO

pa3.J\.HqHbie

BeKa, KOrAa BOIII.J\.H B MOAY MYJK-

'Iacn. I. 06opoHBTeJU.Hoe soopyJKeHHe u CHapJiiJKeHHe

CKHe napHKH C AJlliHHbiMH .1\.0KOHaMH, IIIJ\.eMbl nOJ\.yqHJ\.H 06"beMHCTbie Ha3aTbll\bHHKH. noJ\.bCKHe BCCiAHHKH HOCHAH Ha 3TOM II.IA.eMe YKPameHHe, KaK Ha IIIAeMax

BeKa: Kpbll\b.SI H3 AHCTOBoro JKeJ\.e3a, KOTOpbie llpHKJ\.ellbiBaAHCb no CTOpo-

HaM IIIAeMa (pHC.

4 5).

TaK B03HHK HOBbrH THn mHmaKa, KOTOpblH Ha KOpOTKOe

BpeM.SI CTal\. MOAflblM BO BCeX apMH.SIX. 0H BCTpeqaJ\.C.SI KaK B neXOTe, a HMeHHO y

BOHHOB, BOOpYJKeHHbiX ITHKaMH, TaK H y

6ysbepoB H T. n. H 11cqe3 TOJ\.bKO B KoHu;e Typei..\KHH

mHmaK KaK rrpeAMeT

B<:aAJIHKOB .1\.erKOH KOHHHIU>I, apKe-

XVII

BeKa (pHc.

soopYJKeHH.SI

46).

rrpHMeH.SieTc.SI

TOJ\.bKo

rypei..\KOH apMHH. 3TO B AOCTaToqHOH CTeUeHH 路 noATBepJKAaeTC.SI TeM, qTo TaKIDI

Puc. 45

Puc. 46

Puc. 45. nohbCKHH 6yprHH:bOT. YKpameH TpdBJ\.eHHeM c ll030J\.OTOH. BTOpdSI noA. XVI B. L.J;apcKOCeJ\.bCKHH apceHdJ\.. Puc. 46. lllHmaK repJ:lora KapAa II 1\oTapHHrcxoro (1545-1608), pH<!>J\.eHhiH, rpaBHpOBaHHhiH, C BhiTpdBJ\.eHHhiM pHcyHKOM, ll030J\.O'IeHHhiH H yKpdllleHHhiH noAyApdroJ:leHHhiMH KaMHSIMH. BeHrepcKdSI pa6oTa, OK. 1580 r.

<f>opMa IIIAeMa BCTpeqaeTC.SI y nepcos, lffiAYCOB, qepKecoB H T. npapOAHHOH 3TOH <f>opMbi IIIAeMa SIBA.SieTC.SI DepcH.SI (pHC.

A-

Ee3 coMHeHIDI,

4 7 r 4 8).

Ko.J\AeKI..\H.SIX qacTo BCTPeqaJOTC.SI IIIJ\.eMhi pa3AHtiHhiX <f>opM BTopo:H noAo-

BHHhi

XVI

XVII

CTOJ\.eTH.SI, a

TaKJKe Heo6bitiHO T.SIJKeJ\.bie 6yprHHhOThi. 0HH

He HCnOJ\.b30BaAHCb B noJ\.eBOM 6010, a llpHMeH.SIJ\.HCb TOJ\.bKO npH OCaAe KpenocTeH. ~H noAKOBOAel..\ Hap~y CO CBOHMH noJ\.eBbiMH AOCneXaMH HMeA e:rqe H TpaHmeHHbie AOCneXH HAM, no MeHbme:H Mepe, T.SIJKel\.brH TpaHmeHHhlH IIIJ\.eM.

18 4 0

ro/lfi.

<l>paHU;HH

HHJKeHepHhiX so:HcKax oHH HCITOJ\.b30BaAHCh BITAOTh AO

B XVII BeKe, KOrAa so MHornx: CTJlaHax npHMeHeHHe HarpyAJihiX AaT nolliJ\.o Ha y6h1Ah, npeAfipHHHMaAHCb IIOIIhiTKH 3aii\HTHTb lliJ\.eMOM He TOJ\hKO rOAOBy, HO H me10. /l,MJ. 3TOro K HHJKHeMY KpaiO Ha mapHHpax KpeiiHAHCb CTaJ\hHhle IIOAOChl, BO BpeM11 IIOXOAa OHH O'fKHA.biBaAHCb BBepx, HO BO BpeM11 60H orryCKaAHCb, TaKoe YCTJlOHCTBO BC1'peqaAOCb KaK Ha IDHIIIaKaX, TaK H Ha JKeAe3HbiX mam<ax. HecMOTJlH Ha opHrHHaAhHOCTh H npocTocy, ::»To yc1po:HcTBo Ma.AO YAOBAeTBopAA.o csoeMY npeAJia3HaqeHHIO H noaTOMY 6hiCTJlO Hcqe3AO (pHc. 49). HapJJAy C 6ypi'HHbOTOM B 15 2 0 roAy IIOHBHAC..si eme OAHJI BOHHCKHH roAOBHOH y6op, POAHJIOH KOToporo npeAfiOAOJKHTeJ\hHO HBJ\.SieTC..si HcrraHH..si. no3JKe

Puc. 47

Puc. 48

PBc. 47. HHABBCKHB mAeM, c nep<J>opupoBaHBhiM MeTdAAH'IecKHM KopnycoM Ba KpacHOH nOAKAdAJ{e. l..lapcKOCeALCKHH apceBaA. PBc. 48. qepKecCKHB: mAeM. C HBKpyCl'HpoBaHHhiMH YKPameBWIMH H 6apMHD;eH, o6TIIII}'TOH WeAKOM. l..lapcKOCeALCKHB apceBaA.

OH HCIIOJ\h30Ba.ACH B rrexoTe scex apMH:H 3arri1AHOH Espoiihl, ·AaJKe 6hiA norryMipeH cpeAH pbm;ape:H. 3ToT roAOBHOH y6op H3BeCTeH IIOA Ha3BaHHeM M 0 p U o H ( ucn. morrion). Bo3MOJKHo, Ha3BaHHe 6b1Ao 3aHMCTBOBaHO y MaspoB HAH o6pa30BaHO OT HCIIdHCKOfO IDOITO, WO 03HatJaeT <<tJepeiiOK», «tiepeirnWI KphllliKa», CKopee BCero, OHO HBJ\.SieTC..si pe3yJ\hTaTOM He BOeHHoro OITbiTa, a COAAaTCKOH Q:>aHTa3HH. Bnepshle ::»To Ha3BaHHe, npeAfiO.J\.OJKHTeJ\hHO AMI APyro:H Q:>opMhl lliJ\.eMa, BCTJleqaeTc..si YJK.e B PYKOIIHC.SIX XIV BeKa.

B. BexaAM

'laC'I'h I. 06opoBBTeJU.Boe BoopyJKeBBe B CB&p.IIJKeBBe

HeAb3.SI He cKa3aTb H o TOM·, trro poHIIIIIeprep B cBoe:H KHHre o BOHHe Ha3h!BaeT MaBpHTaHCKHX rrexo~eB «MopHaHCKHMH rrexo~aMH>> 1• MopHoH XVI BeKa rrpeACTaB.JUIA co6o:H BhiCOKHH III.J\.eM IIOAYKPYI'A9H cl>opMhl c rpe6HeM rrepeMeHHOH BhiCO'I'bl, no.MI III.J\.eMa IIOAJUIThi BIIepeAH H C3«3AH, IIO 60KaM orrym;eHhl TaKHM o6pa30M, 'ITO crrepeAH H C3«3AH 3aKaHliHBaJOTC.SI OCTpHeM OAHHaKOBOH cPOPMhl (pHc. 50). MopHOHhl HOCHJ\H B apMHH KapAa V CHaqaJ\.a B rrexoTe. no3JK.e crpeAKH ero CIUIAH, T. K. Ha rrpaKTHK.e OH HHtiero He AaBaJ\., B HeKOTOpbiX CTpaHaX, TaKHX KaK J1TaAH.SI, MOpHOH HOCHJ\H C KOpOTKHMH IIOABHJK.HhiMH m;e~ 3aCJ\.OHKaMH H a lq e 1l H UK aM U.

Puc. 49

Puc. 50

PRe. 49. JKeAe3Hrul manKa, B3 BOpOHeHoro JKeAe3a, C UOAOCKaMB Ha mapuupax, on~eBHLIMB BHB3, npHMeHSIAac:& B Aei'KOH KaBaAepBB. XVII B. QapCKOCeALCKHH apceHaA. 'PRe. 50. MopHoH, c TpaBAeHLIMB B no3oAo"'eHBLIMB ygopaMB B rep6oM ceMLB BeHeD;BaHCKHX naTpBIUfeB Aa MyAa. 11TaAIDI, cep. XVI B.

MopHoH, rpe6eHb KOToporo rrocrerreHHo cTaHOBHAC.SI Heo6bNaiiHo BhiCOKHM, coxpaHHAC.SI AO rrepBhiX AeC.SITHAeTH:H XVII BeKa. BoHHhl naccay 6bi.J\H ocHam;eHhl MopHOHaMH em;e B 1 6 0 3 roAy (pHc. 5 1). Oco6eHHo qacro oH BcrpeqaAC.SJ: B KaqecTBe roJ\.OBHOro y6opa CTpaJKHHKOB H TeJ\..OXpaHHTeJ\..eH IIpH ABOpax, a TaKJK.e BO MHOrHX repMaHCKHX HapOAHbiX OIIOJ\.qeHIDIX. 3a.m;HTa rOJ\.OBhl IIpH IIOMOID;H JK.eJ\..e3HOro III.J\.eMa Ka3aJ\.dCb BCeo6m;eii He06XOAHMOCTbiO. /l,MJ. CTpeAKa, KOTOpbiH IIpHJKHMa.J\. CBOe OpYJKHe K m;eKe, MOpHOH, TeM 60.1\.ee 6yprHHboT, 6hiJ\. HeyAo6eH. B pe3yAbTaTe crpeAKH B 1550 mAy IIOJ\.yqHAH co6CTBeHHhlii THII J\.erKoro III.J\.eMa, K a 6 a c c em (pHc. 52). OH HMeJ\.. MHoro JK.aproHHhiX Ha3BaHHH, qacTo CTpaHHhlX, «co6a%.SI MOpAa», «JK.e.J\..e3Hhlii qerrei.t>>, «CTpeAKOBhiH KOJ\.lldK.», XOT.SI HMeA MaJ\.0 o6m;ero CO CTapHHHbiMH III.J\.eMaMH, HOCHBIIIHMH 3TH Ha3BaHH.SI. 1

Fronsperger, Leonhard, Kriegsbuch, Teil 3, 1573, v. CXXXIX (npUM. aBm.).

IliAeM

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qecKHX IlJ\.aCTHH, HaCTOAbKO CKOBblBaJOiqHX ABHJKeHlUI, liTO HHaqe KaK pa3AeAeHHeM HX Ha HeCKOAbKO qacTeH He A06HTbC.SI llOABHJKHOCTH 3amHmaeMoro HMH TeAa. B cHAy 3Toro H Bo3HHKAH pa~hle qacTH Aocnexa, npeAHa3HaqeHHhle AMI onpeAeAeHHhiX yqacTKoB TeAa. :Hx noABHJKHoe B3aHMoAeHCTBHe AOCTHraAOCb KOHCTPYKI.Vie:H H3 OTAeAbHhiX IlJ\.aCTHH MeTaAAa, TaK Ha3biBaeMhlx n oA o c, HAH p R goB, KoTopble pacnoAaraAHcb ropH30HTaAbHo, CAerKa nepeKpbiBa.SI APyr APyra. C BayrpeHHeH CTopoHhl OHH COeAHJUIAHCb llOAOCKaMH CbipOMSITHOH KOJKH, npHKpenA.SieMbiMH IlJ\.OCKHMH 3aKAenKaMH. HeAb3H cKa3aTb, TITo6bl KoJKaaoe COeAHHeHHe llOAyqHAO llOBCeMeCTHOe pacnpOCTPaHeHHe, HanpoTHB, HeMaAO 6hiAO npHMepoB APyroro cnoco6a coeAHfleHH.SI. HanpHMep, Ha OAHOH H3 noAoc 3aKpellJ\.HAH 3aKAenKH, a Ha APyro:H, conp.SIJKeHHo:H c He:H, noA 3TH 3aKAenKH AeAaAH BbiT.mryi'ble oTBepcTH.SI co ~aMH. B pe3YAbTaTe llOAOCbl llOAyqaAH B03MOJKHOCTb cMemaTbc.SI APyr oTHocHTeAbHo APyra. TaKa.SI KOHCTPYKqH.SI qacTo BCTPeqaeTC.SI B HTaAb.SIHCKHX AOCllexax H Ha3blBaeTC.SI C K 0 A b 3 R ~ U M U 3aKAenKaM U (HeM. eiserne Geschilbe). B cHAy MHHHMaAbHhiX AOCToHHCTB mHpOKoro npHMeHeHlUI OHH He llOAyliRI\H. B 3aBHCHMOCTH oT Toro, sepxHHe noAochl nepeKpbmaAH HHJKHHe HAH Hao6opoT, HX HMeHOBaAH llOAOCaMH BepXHero H HHJKHero mara. TaKHM o6pa3oM o6peTaAH noABHJKHOCTb ropAOBHHa OJKepeAbH, HHOrAaKpbiAb.SI HallJ\.eqaHKOB, HapyqH C HaAOKOTHHPuc. 58 KOM, pyxaBHQ,bl, Ha6p10lliHHK H Bee, liTO 3amHmaAo Horn. KaK Mhi YBHAHM HHJKe, HaPuc. 58. OJKepeAbe, c rpyAHHK H HaCnHHHHK TaKJKe COCTaBAKAHCb npyJKHHHhiMH WTH<J>TaMH AMI llOAHOCTbiO HAH qaCTJiqHO nocpeACTBOM llOKpenAeHIDI HanAe'I!HHKOB; ABHJKHhiX qacre:H. B KOHCKOM AOClleXe OHH rpaBHpOBKd BhiUOAHeHa B CTHAe BepXHeHeMeQKHX MHHHdTIOpHCTOB. npHMeH.SIAHcb qame scero B me:HHoM npHqdCTh AaHACKHeXTCKOro AOCUeXa KpbiTHH. Kprui p.J~AoB HAH qemyeK AMI AyqCe6aCThliHa lllepTAHHa mero CKOAbJKeHH.SI llOAJIHAHBaAHCb B BlfAe EypTeH6axcxoro (1495-1577). HeMeQKaH pa6oTa, KAHHblillKOB H Ha3biBaAHCb 3 an U A aM U OK. 1545 r. (HeM. Fitrfeilen). ECAH oJKepeAbe paccq:HTaHo Ha 6yp~ CKHH apMeT, TO BepXH.SI.SI ero llOAOCa OTKOBblBaAaCb KaK llOAbiH .)J{rym (HeM. Rand) H CA)'JKHAa noAo3oM AMI nycToTeAoro YTOAmeHH.SI HHJKHero Kpa.SI mAeMa, KOTOphiH Mor, TaKHM o6pa30M, CB060AHO llOBopaqHBaTbC.SI B pa3Hhle CTOpOHhl KaK rosopHAH B CTaPHHY «e3AHTb no HameHH:HKy». Bee APyrHe HAH Q1opMhl mAeMa H Aocnexa HMeiOT oJKepeAbe c pasHoMepHo YTOAmeHHbiM KpaeM, qacTO OTKOBaHHbiM B BlfAe BHToro JKryTa TaK Ha3blBaeMbiH CCUl H y p 0 B 0 U» o6oA B oT~He oT «rAagxoro» (pHc. 58). HepeAKo Ha 3iiAHe:H qacTH HeMeQ.KHX mAeMOB AeAaAH BbiCT)'IIbl, COOTBeTCTBYJOmHe peAbeQly o6oAKa OJKepeAb.SI, npeAJia3HaqeHHble AMI coeAJiHeHIDI IIIJ\.eMa c OJKepeAbeM. nosepx OJKepeAb.SI HaAeBaiOTC.SI CHaqaAa HarpyAHJ.~K H HaCIIHHHHK, a 3aTeM HarrJ\.eqaHKH H HapyqH. HeMaAOBaJKHOe 3HaqeHHe OJKepeAb.SI COCTO.HAO B TOM, liTO K ero 6oKaM C llOMOinbiO npYJKHHHbiX lliTHQlTOB HJ\H peMHeH KpellHAHCb HanAelfliHKH. 0KOAO

3cuquTa meR

15 4 0 roAa llO.SIBHAHCb TaKHe oJKepeAhll C llOABIDKHbiMH HanAe'IHHKaMH. 3TO 1 6biAo Bhi3BaHo CTPeM.AeHHeM y-MeHhiiiHTb AaBAeHHe nAeqeBbiX peMHeii • TaKa.SI cpopMa npoc~ecrnoBaAa AO cepeAiffibi XVI BeKa (pHc. 59). noA06Horo POAa coeAHHeHHe c HanAeqHHKaMH o6Hapy~aAO CBOH HeAOCTaTKH B 6oeBbiX AeHCTBH.SIX XOTji 6hl yJKe TeM, qTO o6Aaqeirne B AOClleX, COCTO.SimHH H3 MHOJKeCTBa qacTeH, TPe6oBaAO Hell03BOAHTe.J\bHO MHoro BpeMeHH. Heo6xoAHMOCTb ynpocTHTb nop.sJAoK noAfoToBKH K 6o10 3aCTaBHAa BBecTH B BOHCKaX HaeMirnKOB oco6yro cpopMY AOCnexa, OT~ OT «phiil;apCKoro». Csoeo6pa3He aToro TaK Ha3hiBaeMoro AaHgCKHexmcKoro gocnexa (HeM.. Landsknechtharnisch) cocroHT npeJKAe scero B oco6oM: cpopMe meM:Horo npHKphiTIDI H HapyqeH, ~0 AeAaAO ero 6oAee npHcnoco6AeHHhiM K npaKTHKe 6og. Aocnex HOCHAH He TO.J\bKO HaeMHble BCdAJIHKH, HO BO speM.SI BoHHhl H phl~ap CKoe COCAOBHe. 3Ta cpopMa IIIHpol(o pacnpoCTPaHjieTcg B HaeMHhiX BOHCKax, a OT HHX nepeXOAHT K HTa.J\bj!HCKOH apKeAerKOH KaBaAepHH, 6ysbepaM, l..JepHhiM peiiTapaM H T. A·r a 3aTeM H K AerKoH KasaAepHH HcnaHHH Puc. 59 H HHAepAaHAOB. no3Alfee ee nepeHj!AH cppa~yshl H Puc. 59. OJKepe.u.e c HaiiAe'IHHKdMH, yKpameao noAocoii c TpaBAeHHeM H 'lepaeaHeM. OT noAHoro HeMW>J. AOcnexa Horaaaa pHApHXa, eyp~10pcra Hosmecrno, HaqaAo KoeCaKCOHCKoro (1503-1554). Bo3MOJKHO, pa60Ta MY noAoJKHAo BHAOH3MeHeaeMen;Koro Macrepa MaTHaca repyara, HHe OJKepeAhll, He.J\b3ji HeAOOK. 1545 r. o~eHHBaTb. Tj!JKe.J\ble rpyAHa.SI H CllHHHa.SI nAaCTHHhl 6biAH o6AeJ'tleHhl, OHH CTaAH MeHbillHX pa3MepoB H Teneph CBOHMH YTO~aiOIIJ;HMHcg Kpa.SIMH AOXOAH!Uf AHillb AO ypoBHji BToporo pe6pa, see pasHo 3dmHIIJ;a.SI 3Haqme.J\bHYJO qacTb TeAa. K o6eHM cTopoHaM OJKepe.J\bg KpenHAHCb HallJ\..e~H, HMeiOm;He CB060AY ABHJKeHHjl H3 BOCbMH HAH AecgTH p.sJAoB H AHnieHHhle Kphi.J\beB. TaKoe YCTPOHCTBo onAeqHH HMeHoBaAOCb wnaHrpeAb (HeM. Spangrlils). Ha3BaHHe ero npoHCXOAHT oT HTa.J\bj!HcKoro spalla-gola (nAeqo-ropAo). HanAe~HKH, AOCTHI'aBIIIHe AoKreBoro cycTasa, He coe~cb c HapyqaMH. B 6o.J\biiiHHCTBe CAyqaes PYKH 3am;Hm;aAHCh npoCTo KO.J\bqyJKHbiMH PYKaBaMH, a KHCTH PYKaBH~aMH, KparH KOTopbiX AoxoAHAH AO AOKTjl. TaKoe H3MeHeHHe 6oesoro Aocnexa HaeMHHKa HaqaAoCb npHMepHo B 15 30-M H 3aKo~ocb K 157 0 roAY· HaqaAo eMY 6hiAo noAoJKeHo B HTaAHH, rAe aToT Aocnex noAyqHA Ha3BaHHe allegiate, so pa~ H AHrAHH allecrets. l YTBep,JKAeHHe aBTOpa BN3NBaeT COMHeHHe, T. K. OCHOBHOe AaBAeHHe Bee paBHO npHXOAJIAOCb Ha HarpyAHYJO H HaCUHHHYJO nAaCTHHN. BoAee BepO.HTHNM SIBMieTOI npeAfiOAOJKeHHe, "'TT 9Ta KOHCTJ>YKD;HSI e~e 6oAee ycHAHBaAa 3~BTY nAe'l (npUM. peg.).

'llacn. I. 06opoBBTeJUoBoe Boopy.xteBBe u CBapJI.xteBBe

A/'JI peJUI, so:H

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rrpa-

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MHeM, BTOpOH peMeHb, CJ\.eBa, 3aCTerHBaJ\.H y>Ke ITOCJ\.e TOfO, KaK AOCITeX 6bV\. HtlAeT, 3TOT peMeHb C I10MOIIV>IO HaKOHeqmfKa I1pOAeBa.J\.CR B CTI:Ie,

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60). C 151 0

Puc. 60

Puc. 60. OxepeAbe, BopoaeHoe,

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YJ<pameHo TpaBAeHHeM c qepHeHHeM; me:H:Hru~ 11acn. coeAHWieTCSI c Y3KHMH HaiiAellHHKaMH, K npaBOMY H3 KOTOpLIX KpenHTcr noABHJKHLIH AHCK. OT TpexqeTBepTHoro AOcnexa noAeBoro UOAKOBHHKa feHpHXa 4>oH Paartay (1526-1599). HeMertKIDI pa60Ta, OK. 1570 r.

HeCKOJ\.bKO

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steink.ragen»),

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1550

YJKe rAe-To B

fOAY cpeAH HTa.J\.bRHQ,eB 6AaropoAHoro

rrpoHc-

XOJKAeHHR, oco6eHHO B

Puc. 61

Puc. 62

Puc. 61. BopOTHHK, HOCHACSI KaK AOUOAHeHHe K o6LI11HOMY KOCTIOMy; lleKaHKa no MeAH, MeCTaMH - C U030AOTOH; cnepeAH - H3o6paxeHHe HefiTYHa H AM<l>HTpHTLI c 3poroM. 11TaALSIHCKIDI pa60Ta, Hall. XVII B. QapcKoceALCKBH apceHaA. Puc. 62. BopOTHHK, 6oraTo YKPanieH TpaBAeHHeM H no30AOTOH. OT napaAHoro Aocnexa rpaq,a AAoALq,a liiBaprteH6epra, HMn. reHepaA-Aeif:TeHaHTa (nom6 1600). Pa6oTa MHAaHcKOro Macrepa lloMneo AeAAa .l(l,e3a, oK. 15 9 0 r.

ropoAaX, BXOAHT B 06blqai{ HOCHTb He BeCb AOcrrex,

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MhiH BOpOmH U K 1. 3To o6ycAOBHJ\.O H Tmy K OC060M)' YJ<pamaTeAbCTBy, H CTPeMAeHHe A06HTbc.H rapMOHHliHoro coqeTaHH.H ~eTa H opHaMeHTa KaM30Aa c YJ<pameHH.HMH sopoTHHKa. K 16 2 0 roAY TaKo:H: AOcnex yJKe He HMeA noABHJKHhiX co~eHeHHH, eru;e 6oAee orryCTHJ\.C.H Ha rpyAIJ, H llOCKOAhKY Tenepb OH BeCb 6biA Ha BHAYr TO CTaA OTMNaTbC.SI H3..SIII\HhiM cpaCOHOM (pHC. 61, 62). 3ToT o6bftlaH, 3apOAHBlllHHC.H CHaqaAa cpeAH HTaJ\h.SIHCKHX oQ:>Hl.\epoB, pacnpocTPaHHJ\.C.SI 3aTeM so scex apMH.HX Espoiibi H CTaA KaK 6bl 3HaKoM pa3MNH.H. B so:H:cKax MopHI.\a OpaHCKoro, 6opoBmHXC.SI 3a ocso6oJKAeHHe HHAePAaHAOB, H so speM.H TpHAI.\aTHAeTHe:H BOHHbl yJKe noqTH Bee OQJHI.\€pb1 HaAeBaAH BOpOTHHK nosepx KoJKaHoro KoAeTa (pHc. 6 3). B ::moxy poKOKO, KOrAa H3.SIru;eCTBO H YTO~eH HocTb 1.\eHHAHCh npeBblllle scero, AOCnex AEWUHJ\.C.H co6cTBeHHO rne:HHo:H He caMo:H YA06Ho:H: qacTH H npespaTHAC.H B llOAKOBOo6pa31-JyK> HarpyAJIY10 nAaCTHHY, OQJHI.\epPuc. 64 Jluc fi3 CKHH HarpyAHbi:H: 3HaK Puc. 63. BopoTHHK, y3op -rpaBA.eHLIH, c cepe6peaHeM. Or (pHC. 6 4), KOTOpbiH H BearepcKoro noXOAHOro cHapiDK.eHIDI Cl>epAHHaHAa KapAa, no ce:H: AeHb Mbl Mospn;repn;ora TupoALCKoro (1632-1662 r.). 1650 r. JKeM BlfAeTb BO MHOPuc. 64. HarpyAHLIH 3HaK npyccKoro o6ep-o¢un;epa. rHX apMH.HX. .sJ:B.i\.SIJ\.01 3.1\.eMeHTOM YHHtJ>opMLI H 3HaKOM pa3.1\.WIHSI. OK. 1740 r.

3.AII(HTA PYK K Hap Y'~ aM (HeM. Annzeug, cjJp. brassard, cmrA. brassard, urn. bracciale) B nAa~aToM AOCnexe oTHoC.HTC.H HanAellHUKU (HeM. Achseln, cjJp. epaulieres, um. spallaci), m p y6 11 amble n p u K p bl m u .R (HeM. Armrohren, cjJp. canons) H H a A o K om H u K u (HeM. Ellenbogenk.acheln, cpp. cubitieres, um. cubitiere). HanAeqJIHK c npHMhiKaiOIIVfM K HeMY TPy6qaTbiM npHKpbiTHeM co-

1 0 JK e p e h L e He CdMOCfOBTei\.LHaH 'ldCTL AOCUeXd. B OTAH'IHe OT AdTHOro B 0 p 0 T H H K a HOCHJ\.OCL llOA KHpacoH H HaAeBa.i\.OCL Ha Te.i\.0 B nepBYJO OllepeAI>. 1\.aTHLIH BOpOTHHK HOCH.i\.01 llOBepX KHpacLI HJ\.H KaK caMOCfOSITeA.I>HaH 3aiD;HTHWI Af!!rilJUJ OTAeA.LHO OT .1\.aT. Ha HeKOTOpLIX o6pa3D;dX roTHlleCKOro AOCnexa .1\.aTHLIH BOpOTHHK 6hl.i\. JKeCTKO COeAifHeH C HarpyAHHKOM H HaCllHHHHKOM (npUM. peg.).

qaCTit I. OfiopoBHTe.u.aoe aoopyJtteBHe H caap.11x.eaue

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69 nepsoro p~a naAb~eBMX Cr.H6oB AO AOKTR H 3aCTer.HBaACR Ha BHJTPeHHeH CTopoHe p)'KH. Ho TdKIDI 3aii\H'fd OKa3aAaCb HeAOCTdTOq}{OH1 no3TOMY Ha IDICTb H Ha neps:&rH cycTas 6ol\bmoro naAb~a HamHBaAH KpyrAhle JK.eAe3Hble IIAacTHHKH. noCAe XIV BeKa HX npHB.s13hiBaAH K nepqaTKe C OOMO~IO KOJK.aHMX peMemKOB, KOTOphle ITpOTRr.HBaAHCb qepe3 f4id OTBepCTH.si B IIAaCTHHKe. 3ToT o6blllaH coxpaHHACR KaK AaHb TpBAHI\HH YJKe noCAe Toro, KaK CTaAH HOCHTb JK.eJ\.e3Hble nepqaTKH. B 3TOM npHMHTHBHOM noKphiTHH IDICTH npocMaTpHBaeTCR o6pa3e~ 3~X AHCKOB Ha CTOHKe, KOTOphle BCTpeqaAHcb BIIAOTb AO 15 00 roAa Ha MHOrHX JKeAe3HMX nepqaTKax. CyfVJ. no MHoroqHCAeHHhiM H3o6paJKeHIDIM H3 KoAeKca Ba.J\.AYHHa I npHMepHo B 1 3 4 0 roAy p~apH CIIAOillb HOCHJ\.H KOJKaHhle nepqaTKH C MHiffibiMH Ma.HJK.eTaMH. l13-3a HeAOCTaTOlfiiOH 3~, KOTOPYIO AaBaAH JK.eJ\.e3Hhle AHCKH co CTopoHhl IDICTH, IJAaCTHHY )'Be.J\.HqHJ\.H H CTaAH AeAaTb no (j>opMe p)'KH, npHqeM CTpeMHJ\.HCb 3aKphiTb HMH TaKJKe 3diDICThe. TaK B03HHKAH OCHOBHble qacTH JK.eAe3HOH nepqaTKH IDICTHIDI IIAdCTHHa H Ma.HJK.eTa. naAb~ noKpblBa~Cb He6ol\biDHMH qemyHKaMH H3 JK.eJ\.e3a, HaiiiHThiMH Ha KoJKaHYIO ocHosy nepqaTKH (pHC. 7 5 ). Bo BTopo:H noAoBHHe XIV BeKa Ha CMeey o6IDHTOH JKeJ\.e3HbiMH IIAdCTHHKaMH KOJKaHOH nepqaTKe .npHIIlJ\a ~el\bHOJKeAe3HIDI. CaMhle CTaphle JK.eJ\.e3Hhle nepqaTKH Puc. 76 Puc. 75 HMeiOT mHpOKHe ThiAbHhle IIAaCTHHhl c IT.siTbiO naAb~a足 Pac. 75. qemyhaTM nep"'aTKa c JKeAe3HLIMB DAaCTHHKaMB, HaJDBTLIMB B BB.Ae "'emyB Ha MH, BKAIOqa.sJ: 6ol\bmo:H. MaHKOJKaayiO OCHOBY. llpopBCOBKa AeTaAH C HClAI"P06HSI JK.eThl KopoTKHe, np.SIMble, c C3pa PlrqapAa BepABHrropna, oK. 1310 r. H30myThiMH pacTpy6aMH Pac. 76. )KeAe3HLie nep"'aTKH. llpopucoBKa AeTaAB rpo6HBD;LI pLI~ap.H B3 poAa 3pec6B B ~epKBB (pHc. 7 6 ). 1\mm, B HaqaAe CmtAC6B B .1\HHKOALHmBpe, OK. 1410 r. XV seKa qemy:HqaTYIO qaCTb 601\bmoro nal\b~a CTaAH coeAHIDITb C nepqaTKOH mapHHpoM. npHMepHo B 3TO BpeM.si no.HBJUUOTCR nepBhle o6pa3~, y KOTopMX 4 nal\b~a He pa3AeAeHhl, a o6pa3YIOT oAfio o6~ee qemy:HqaToe noKphiTHe; Ha3blBa.IOT pyx a B u q aM u (HeM. Hentzen, mitons). fu npHMeiUIAH KaK B 6010, TaK H Ha TYJlmq>aX (pHC. 77). Oco6YK> KOHCTp~ HMeJ\.H PYKaB~, 3aMhiKaBIDHeCR noCAe Toro, KaK HMH 6paAH Meq, TaK qTO pa30pYJKeHH~ CTaHOBHAOCb HeB03MO~. 11MB He pa3pemaAH nol\b30BaTbCR so speM.si nei::nero TYJlHHpHoro noeAHJIKa, Ho see JK.e oHH BCTpeqaAHcb Ha 6oeBbiX H TYJlHHp~ Aocnexax. CMhiKaHHe KY.M.Ka AOCTHraAocb CAeAYK>~ o6pa3oM. Ao6as.MIA.acb AonoAHHTeJ\bHIDI IIAacTHHa, HMeBmaJI OTBepcTHe co ~oM. ECAH ~YAaK saKphiBaACR, To 3Ta IIAacTHHa AOCTHraAa 3aiDICThll, rAe HdXOAHACR nosopoTHbiH IDTH{j>T, KOTop:&lii BCTaBA.s!AC.sl B OTBepCTHe CO ~OM H nosopOTOM R3bll1Ka ITpeAOTBpalllaJ\. OTKphlBllHHe KY.M.Ka (pH c. 7 8).

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Dep"'aTKu

Y nep'llaTOK HeMei.\KOH pa6oThl eCTb OAHa oco6eHHOCTb: MaJ\eHbKHH 6yropOK Ha BHeUIHeM cyCTaBe 3aiDICThll. 3TO 06blllaH HeMeqKHX peMeCA.eHHHKOB, KOTOpbiH BOCXOAHT K XV BeKy. 11TaAhHHCKHe MacTepa, H3rOTilB.l\HBaBIIIHe aToT cycTaBHhiH 6yropoK, HaBepmiKa KOrAa-TO pa60TaJ\H B HeMei.\KHX MaCTepCKHX. KcTaTH, ua路 HTaAhHHCKHX pa6omx ero BCTPe'llaiOT Kpairne peAJ{o.

Puc. 79

Puc. 80

Puc. 81

Puc. 79. nep<f>opHpOBaHHM PYKaBHD;a. OT .a.ocnexa HMnepaTopa MaKCHMHAHaHa I. OK. 148 0 r. Puc. 80. llpdBM nep'laTKa, C AaTYHHOH OKaHTOBKOH B BLicryndMB Ha cycraBax, pB<f>AeHasi, C <f>eCTOH'IaTOH OTAeAKOH KpaeB fiOABHJKHLIX nAaCTBH; 6oAbmoii naAen; npmcpenAeH ua mapuupe. OT .a.ocnexa 3pn;repn;ora 3HrMYHAa TBpOAI>CKoro. repMaHHSI, OK. 1480 r. Puc. 81. llpdBM nep'laTKa, noAHpOBaHHM, C HdKAa,A,HLIMH AdTYHHLIMH H no3oAo'leHHLIMH noAocdMH. OT napa,A,Horo .a.ocnexa HMnepaTopa KapAa V. PucyuoK BLinoAHeH B MaHepe BeHD;eASI SIMHHD;epa. OK. 1550 r.

15 3 0 rOAYr KOrAa BJ\IDIHHe Aa.HACKHeXTOB CTaHOBHTCH O'lleHb B ary nopy BCTPe'llaiOTCH nep'tlaTKH c HeMHoro 6oAee MffiiHhiMH, 'tlacro H30J'HYThiMH MaHJKeTaMH, HO 6e3 IIAaCTHH AMI llaAbD;eB. na.J\.bl.\hl 3a.II\~eHhl llOAOCKaMH H3 npHMepHO B

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'12

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Puc. 82

Puc. 83

Puc. 84

Puc. 82. llpaBasi nep'laTKa, c 3~BTOB cycraBoB, noABHJKHLIM 6oALIIIBM naALtteM H KOA:b'lpKBOB 3diD;BTOB ~aAaBr naALiteB; nOAHpOBaBHasl, C nOSICOM 'lepBoro TpaBAeBBSI no Kpato Kpam. OT AaJIACKBexTCKoro AOcnexa Kacnapa ~oB Cl>py&Ac6epra. fepMaBIDI, OK. 1527 r. Puc. 83. llpaBasl nep'laTKa, H3 n.A.aCI'HBOK H KOA:b'lpKBOB TKaBH, T. B. «6pHraBTHBBasl» ; YJCpameBa TpaBAeBHeM C 30AO'IeBHeM. fepMaBIDI, no HTaAL51BCKOM}' o6pa3J:tY, OK. 1560 r. PBC, 84. llp~asl nep'laTKa, C BapyqeM, AOXON!m;HM AO AOK'l'H, T. B. «nHKHBepCKasi»f 'lepBeBasl, C ~eCTOBaMH H3 KOJKB. HTaAHH, OK. 1620 r.

(pHc. 83). B 6oAee n03AJIHX AOcnexax neiDHX BOHHOB (noCAe 1570 roAa), KaK H3Becrno, HaAOKOTHHKa sosce He 6hiJ\.o. flAeqo H sepxmo10 qacTb PYKH noKphiBaAH ysKHe HaiiJ\.el:JHHKH, ocTaAbHyro qacTb - Hapytm. AMI 3~ npeAII.Aet{h.SI noAb30BaAHCb nepqaTKaMH c MaHJK.eTaMH, KoTophle AOXO!l)MH AO .1\.0KT.H. TaKHe nepqaTKH HOCHAH IIHKHHephl e~e B Tp~a'I'HJ\.eTHIOIO BOHHy. 3To 6hiJ\.H noCJ\.eAJDfe ~eAe3Hble nepqaTKH, KOTOphle B006~e npHMeiUIAHcb B BOHCKax (pHc. 84).

flep'lfaTKR

B HTaJ\b.IDICKHX MacTepcKHx H3roTaB.J\HBMH npaBocTopoHHHe Hapytm, cB..si3aHHble C rrepqaTK.OH C TIOMOII\biO IIAaCTHH. 3TH 6oeBhle rrepqaTK.H OTJUftlaiOTC..si OT ocTa.J\bHbiX TeM, ~o PYKa c BHYTPeHHe:H cTopoHbl 3aKphiTa, T. e. noAHOCTbiO o6AaqeHa B JK.eAe3o. Ha BHYTPeHHe:H: CTopoHe 6oAbiiioro, cpeAJiero IIa.J\bl.\a H MH3HHI.\a HaKAerraHbl KopoTKHe OCTPhle JK.eAe3Hble m i . TaKHe rrepqaTKH 6hiAH rroAe3Hhl B PYKOIIamHOM 6010 IIOCAe IIOTepH opYJKIDI, HO _Bceo6~ero rrpHMeHeHIDI oHH He HaiiiAH (pHC. 85). BocTo~-:.e Hapoll)::d, B 6010 CTaB..siiiVie BO rAaBY yrAa rroABHJK.HOCTb, He npn3HaBMH 3~oro BOOpYJK.eHIDI, KOTOpoe MOrl\.O KaKHM-TO o6pa30M 3TY IIOABHJKHOCTb orpilHHliHTb. OHH oTBepr~ KaK JK.eCTKHH HarpyAHJfK, TaK H qeIII:}'HqaThle rrepqaTKH. f¥iJK.e HaHAyqiiiHM o63KHnHpOBaHpa3oM HhiH BOCTO~ BOHH HOCHA Ha rrpaBOH p-yKe Aei'KHH MeTaJ\AHlle.9ll CKHH Hapyq BUH (elwSn), KOTOphiH 3aKpbiBaA BCe npeAIIAe~e. n~ llpH Puc. 86 Puc. 85 3TOM llpHKphiBMH pyPRe. 85. flpaBM nep'llaTKa, DOAHOCTbiO 3~H~aeT p-yKy; KaBm:teH, KOTOpa..si C e WHDaMH Ha DaAbiJ;ax. J1Ta.J\.IDI, OK. 1510 r. Hapy~oH CTOpOHhl PRe. 86. Typen;KHii AeBhiH aap}"l. e pyKaBHn;eii H3 6h1Aa o6IDHTa KoAhqyKpacaoii KaMKH; pH«l»AeHhlii, 6oraro HHKpyCTHpoBaH 30AOTOM; noKa3aH B OTKphiTOM COCTO.SIHHH. H3 Tpo«<»eeB, ro:H:, a H3HYTPH IIOA6HB3SITIIIX npH OTcryDAeHHH -rypoK OT BeHhl ( 15 2 9 r.). BaAacb KaMKOH HJ\.H TipHHiiAfleJKaA cyATaay CyAeiiMaay I ( 14 95-156 6). HHhiM IIIepCT.SIHhiM MaTepHaAOM (pHC. 8 6). MaBphl B XV BeKe HOCHAH Ha AeBoM rrpeAJIAeqi,e Hapyq, KOTOphiH B coqeTaHHH c TPe3y6hiM Ae3BHeM Mor cqm-aTbC..si opYJK.HeM HanaAeHIDI. He~o CXOAJIOe MOJK.HO ycMOTPeTb B HCIIaHCKHX H HTaJ\b.IDICKHX <l>eXTOBa.J\bHbiX :u:vrrax XVI BeKa, KOTOphle llpeACTaB.MUOT co6o:H: KOM6HH~ rrepqaTKH, KpyrAoro :u:vrra H KJ\.HHKOB. Mbi OCTaHOBHMC..si Ha HHX IIOAP06Hee npH OllHCaHHH :u:vrros (pHc. 20 1). B Ko~e XVI seKa oTroAocm 3To:H: KOHCTPYKI\HH npo$HAHCb B rrepqaTKax, CHa6JK.eHHbiX 3-4 IIIHIIaMH. 0HH MOrl\.H llpH CAyt~ae OKa3aTbC..si rroAe3HhiMH AHllib B PYKOIIaiiiHOM 6o10. -

'14

'laCT~o

I . OfiopoBBTeAJtBoe BoopyxteBBe B caap1VIteBBe

3AIIUITA rPYAH lloA06Ho TOMY KaK IIJ\.aCTHHllaTbiH AOcrrex pa3BHBaACJI rrocrerrermo H rrepBOHaqaAbHO .JUmib OTAeAbHhie qacTH TeAa 3a~aAHCb JUfCTOBhiM JKeJ\.e30M, TaK H BaJKHeHmCUI ero qacTb, 3a~a rpyAJf, o6pa30BbiBaAacb H3 OTAeAbHbiX IIJ\.aCTHH, KOTOpble IIpHB.SI3biBaJ\.H HJ\H HaKAeiibiBaAH K AeHTHepy. Ho 06HBKa KOJK.aHOH OAeJKAbi 6oAbiiiHMH HJ\H MaAbiMH IIJ\.aCTHHaMH H3 JKeJ\.e3a HJ\H HHoro MeTaAAa 3aK.AeiiKaM:H erq;e He AMa IIJ\.acTHHllaToro AOcrrexa, T. K. JKeJ\.e3Hble IIJ\.aCTHHKH COeAifiDIAHCb M03aHqHO, H A106oe paCT.SII'HBa10Iq;ee ABHJK.eH:He pacKpbiBaJ\.0 Iq;eJUf, B KOTOpble MOrAO IIpOHHKIJYTb Ae3B:He OpYJKIDI IIpOTHBHHKa. Amnb 6AarOAap.SI 3~e C IIOMO~IO rrepeKpbiBaiOiq;HXCJI BBepX HJ\H BHH3 o6pyqeo6pa3HbiX IIJ\.acTHH, Tax. Ha3biBaeMoro IIAaCTHHllaToro rrepeKpbiTH.SI, B03HHK co6cTsermo IIAaCTHI{qaTbiH AOCIIeX H, BMeCTe C TeM, ero BaJKHeHmCUI COCTaBHCUI qacTb - H arpygH UK (HeM. Brust). Terrepb JKeJ\.e3Hble IIAacTHHbl coeAJ~IUIA1fCb H3HYTPH C IIOMOiq;biO IIIHpOKHX IIOAOC H3 CblpOM.SITHOH KOJKH, IIpHKAeiiaHHOH K IIAacTHHaM. EAaroAap.SI csoe:H IIOAaTAHBOCTH H aAaCTI-AHOCTH Tax.o:H Aocrrex C03AaBaA OTHOCHTeAbH}'IO cso60AY ABIDKeiiHH. MacTepa-AocrremHHKH XV seKa HCKaJ\.H H HamJUf IIpHpOAlfbi:H o6pa3el.\ HOBOH CHCTeMbl HaJ\.OJKeHH.SI IIAaCTHH, KOTOpCUI, co6cTBeHHo, H xapaKTep:H3yeT IIAaCTHH.qaTbiH AOCIIeX. 3To Ta JK.e CHCTeMa IIOKpbiTH.SI, ~0 H y paKoo6pa3HbiX. CXOACTBO, BlfAHMO, He CAyqa:HHo, 1160 CTapble MaCTepa TaK H Ha3b1BaJ\.H IIJ\.aCTHHllaTbie HarpYAHHKH - p a K (HeM. Krebs) HJ\H p a 11. b R r p y g b. B 11TaAH:H B 13 8 0-x roAaX HaqaAH YKPeiiA.SITb rpyAHYIO qacTb AeHT'Hepa IIAaCTHHOH, KOTOpCUI AOXO/l):f.Aa AO me:H. ll03AHee, HaqHHCUI C 14 3 0 roAa, 3TO ycHAeHHe COCTO.SIAO IIO Kpa:HHeif: Mepe H3 AByx qacTeii, KOTOpble coeA~fiDIA:Hcb APyr c APyroM c IIOMO~IO peMHeii H rrp.S~JK.eK. 3aTeM HHJKH.IDI qacTb cocTaBHAa BMecTe c sepXHeii IIOABHJKH}'IO KOHCTPYKI.\HIO路 B TO speM.SI HarpyAHHK.H AaJKe B 11TaAHH, Ha poAJffie IIJ\.acTHHllaToro AOCIIexa, 6bi.1Uf erq;e 6oAbmoii peAKOCTbiO. K KOHizy XIV seKa AeHTHep YJKe rrosceMecrno ycHAHBaACJI rop:H30HTaAbHbiMH, HaK.AeiiaHHbiMH Ha KOJKY MeTMJUfqeCKHMH IIAaCTHHKaMH IIIHpHHOH B 1 0-1 2 CaHTHMeTPOB, KOTOpble, OAHaKO, He rrepeKpbiBaJUf APyr APyra, a cTaBHJ\HCb BCThiK. opMa HarpyAHHK.a, ero rrpolf>HAb H BhiiiYKA.ocTb II03BOMIIOT CYAJITb o AaTe ero H3rOTOBAeHH.SI, a IIpH BHHMaTeAbHOM paCCMO~HHH - AaJKe 0 MeCTe rrpoH3BOACTBa. ToqH,o TaK JK.e KaK H rrepsble ycHAeHHble AeHTHepbl rrpH6.1Uf3HAHCb K ecTeCTBeHHOH lf>opMe rpyAJf, TaK H rrepBble HarpyAHHKH IIOBTOp.SIAH ee O'lepTaHIDI. C 14 3 0 roAa rpyAb BbiiUNHBaeTCJI mapoo6pa3HO, IIOCKOAbKY clf>ep:H'IeCKOH lf>opMe rrpHITHCbiBaAH HaH60AbmyiO corrpornBMieMocTb yAapaM. HarpyAHHKM H HaciiHHHHKH 14 5 0-x roAOB HMeJUf HHOrAa qpe3MepHble PYKaBHhie Bblpe3hl: TOrAa 6biA o6bJllaH BMecTo Hapyqe:H IIOAb30BaTbCJI IIIHpoKHMH PYKaBaMH, IIJ\.OTHO Ha6H'I'biMH mepcTbiO. Trurne Ha6HTDie PYKaBa oco6eHHo qacTo HOCHJUf B 11TaAHH H <l>pa.HI.\HH, a :Hcqe3.1Uf OHH JUfillb K 14 8 0 rOAY路 HIDKIUUI qacTb HaKAaAH.Oro HarpyAHHK.a, K KOTOpOH IIpHMbiKaeT Ha6piOillHHK :HAH I06Ka, IIOAyqHJ\il B XV seKe Ha3BaHHe Bruech (sepo.SITHo, HcKaJK.eHHe

cpp.

3~a

rpyAB

braconniere, oT um. brache - KOAbqyJKHble IDTa.Hbi). KorAa noABHJKHble HarpyAHHKH B KOJme XV BeKa Hcqe3Jlli, Ha3BaHHe nepeHeCAH Ha ycH..IlliBaJOIIzylO AeTaAb HHJKHe:H qacm HarpyAJIHKa. K 3TOMY speMeHH B I1TaJ\.HH H EypryHAHH HarpyAHHK CTaA 6oAee C1'pO:iffibiM, C OC1'pOH KpOMKOH, HA~eH no cepeAHJie rpyAJi. TaKHe HarpyAJIHKH, KoTopble, snpoqeM, HOCHJ\H He scerAa H 6oAbme:H qacTbiO TOAbKO B COeAHJieHHH C llOA60pOAJIHKOM H CaAaAOM, HMeAH KpaCHBYIQ, 3Aera.HTHYIO <PoPMY· 06hAHo HX Ha3hiBaJOT rom u 1l e c K u M u, xoT.SI cKopee CAeAyeT

Puc. 81

Puc. 88

PRe. 87. C6opHhiH HarpyAHBK. OT Aocnexa BeHe~BaHcKoro BoeHa"'aALHBKa BaproAoMeo KoAAeoHB (oK. 1399-1475). HTa.ABSI, oK. 1470 r. PRe. 88. HarpyAHBK. c oJKepeALeM, I06Koii B noABBJKHhiMB Ha6eApeHHBKaMB. ()T MaKCBMBABaHOBCKOrO AOCnexa Pynperra TI«j>aAL~CKoro (YM· 1504). repMaHIDI, OK. 1500 r.

Ha3BaTb c/JAOpeRmUUCKUMU HarpygHUKUMU, H6o HX opMa 6b1Aa 3aHMCTBOBa.Ha H3 AopeHTHHCKOH OAeJK.N>I• .l'umib OKOAO 14 9 0 roAa HHJKH.IDI qacTb HaKA~oro HarpYAHHKa nocTeneHHo pacnpocTpaHHAacb BBepx, TaK ~o sepxHIDI HaKOHeU. CTaAa COBCeM HeHYJKHOH. BepXHIDI KpoMKa nepBoHaqaAbHO MaAO pacnrurnyra H CAerK.a BornyTa, HHorAa AaJKe oc1'po Bbipe3a.Ha (pHc. 87). B 3To:H <PopMe HarpyAJIHKH BC1'peqruoTCSI AO 15 0 0 roAa. noCAe qero He 6e3 B.JUUIHIDI

'16

qacn. I. 06opoBBTeAJ.Hoe aoopyllteBBe

caap.!l.zeaae

MaKCHMHAHaHa I oHH npeTepnesaroT H3MeHeHIDI: CTaHOB.SITCH Kopoqe, 6oJ\.ee mapOBlfAHhiMHr npHo6peTaiOT Ha BepXHeH KpOMKe KpynHbiH BHTOH nrnyp H yrJ\.OBdT}'K> DpOHMy. 't!To6bl MOJKHO 6biJ\.O CB060AJiee pa3Ma.xHBaTb p-yKaMH, B Bblpesax PYKaBOB noHBHJ\.HCh DOABIDKHble Hai<J\.aAKH, KOTOpble npYJK.HHHAH H DOJ\.yqHAH Ha3BaHHe nogMhlWKOBoii 11ewyu (HeM. bewegliche Einsatze). noliTH OAJIOBpeMeHHO C fJ\.C1AKHMlf mapOBlfAHhiMH HarpYAffiiKaMH DOHB.MIIOTCH BBeAeHHble MaKCHMHJ\.HaHoM I ro$pHpOBaHHble HAH pH$.1\.eHble HarpyAJIHKH, o KOTOpbiX pe% 6yAeT D03JK.e, l1x Hd3biBdlOT M a K CUM U A U a H 0 B C K U M U, OIDH60lffi0 TaiOKe MHAaHCKHMH (pHc. 88). HaliHHaH c 15 2 0 roAa CAYJKHBIIIHe B 11TaJUm

.haJJACKHexTbl npeo6pa3YJOT HarpyAIDJKH no csoeMY co6cTBeHHOMY BKycy, H cKoJ\.b 6bl MOAa HH KdsaAaCh BbNYJ>HOH, BCe JKe OHa He B03HHKAa 6e3 scmcoro paclleTa. AeAo B TOM, liTO rpyAHaH qaCTb B cep~e see 6oJ\.bme BhfABHra.AaCh Bnep~, TaK liTO K 1530 roAy nocTeneHHo c$opMHpoBaAOCb xapaKTepHoe OCTpHe. Ha3biBaAOCh OHO m any.Ab (oT um. tappo 6yrop). 1\.aHACKHeXTbl CliHTaAH 1 liTO JU06o:H YAap H JU06a.s~ ny.JUI AOAJKHbl coCKaAb3biBaTb C HaKAOHHO HaiipaBJ\.eHHbiX c$epH11eCKHX CTeHOK. Puc. 89 ~Ta $opMa HarpyAHHPac. 89. Aa.BAcKHerrcKBii noAyAocnex. CocroBT H3 Ka coxpaHHAacb AO OJKepeALSI, BanAe"'BHKOB C rpe6BSIMH H DOABIIJKHHM AHCKOM 1546. roAa (pHc. 89). C DpaBOH CTOpOHH, Bapyqe:B: C HaAOKOTHHKaMH DOAHHMH B Kpyrax phlltape:H paKOBHBaMH, BarpyABHKa C OCTpHM TanyAeM, J06KH H 3TOH MOAOH npocTblx aa6eAPeBBHKOB; aarpyAHHK YKPamea TpaBAeBHM COAAaT He ysAeKaAHCh PHcyBKOM. repMa&ml, OK. 1 540 r. qpe3MepHo. B 1520-x roAax HarpYMffiKH Ha phlltapcKHX Aocnexax AaJKe npeABOAifTeAe:H AalJACKHexTOB He HMeJ\.H HJ3HO BhlpaJK.eHHOfO Tany.JUI, HO, C APyro:H CTOpOHbi, B cepeAHJie rpyAH IIOCTeiieHHO o6pa30BbiBaAOCh pe6po, H CaMa rpyAb AerKOH Ayro:H BCe CHAbHee BhfABHra.AaCb BnepeA. npoXOAlffiillaH CHdlla.Aa ropH30HTaAbHO BepXHHH KpoMKa CO BpeMeHeM CTa.Aa OD.SITb AOXOf짜ITh AO meH, DOJ\.yqHB He60J\.billOH me:illibi:H Bbipe3 (pHc. 90). TaKHMH ente B 15 50 fOAY 6biJ\.H HarpyAHHKH pa6oTbl

CaMbiX BhJAaiOmHXCH MaCTepoB. noCAe 3TOfO Bhiii"YKAOCTb llOCTeneHHO CllOA3A.a BHH3 H K 157 0 fOAY AOCTHrAa HHJKHeH KpOMKH. TaKHe HarpyAJ:IHKI-~ Ha3b1BaIOTCH rycuRo ii rpygbro (HeM. Gansbauch, pHc. 91). Y HTaAb.SIHCKHX HarpyAHHKOB rycHHCUI rpyAb 6b1Aa oco6ermo 3aoc'I'peHa. K HaqaAy XVII seKa HarpyAHHK llOCTeneHHO OIDITb CTaHOBHACSI KOpoqe, HO erqe COXpaiDIA QJOPMY ryCHHOH rpyAH, a Ha HHJKHe:H KpoMKe o6pa3oBaACH BhiCTYJI. B 16 2 0-x roAaX rycHHCUI rpyAJ> Hcqe3Jla, HarpyAJ:IHK CO CAa6o BhlpaJKeHHbiM pe6poM CTaA TaKHM KOpOTKHM, ~o eAe AOCTHi'aA rpyAHHbl.

Puc. 90

Puc. 91

Puc. 90. HarpyAHHK, c oJKepeALeM, ro6Ko:H H DOABHJKBLIMH Ha6eApeHHHKaMH; DOJ\.OC'hl H l}>Hcyp'hl B'hiDOJ\.HeH'hl TpaBJ\.eHHeM C 3oJ\.o-.:.~euueM; KpiOK AMI KODLSI OTKHAHOH. OT Aocnexa HMnepaTopa Kapha V, KOTOp'hiH TOT HOCHJ\. B 1546 r. DOA 11Hro.1\.LWTaATOM. repMaHIDI, 1543 r. Puc. 91. HarpyAHHK, c ryCHHOH rpyALIO, oJKepeALeM H ua6eApeHHHKaMH; YKpameH TPaBJ\.eHHeM c -.:.~epHeHHeM. OT 6oeBoro AOCnexa. repMaHIDI, OK. 1560 r.

Bhlpe3 Ha rpyAH oqeHb rAy6oKH:H, H B cepeAHHe XVII seKa HarpyAJ:IHK coeAHJUI.h.CH c HacnHHHHKoM yJK.e Ha nAeqax. /).l,e KoJK.aHhle AeHThi, noKphiThle MeTaAAHqeCKHMH qem:yHKaMH, CBHCaAH C Hero BnepeA H 3aCTerHBaAHCb Ha KpiOliKax Ha fPYAH路 3TH KOpOTKHe HarpyAHJIKH, AOCTHI'aBIIIHe TeM He MeHee HHOrAa 3Ha~eAbHoro seca, coxpaHHAHcb AO nepHOAa poKoKo. Tyr oHH CTaAH MHJ1Hee, HO coxpaHHAH csoH 3acTeJKKH. HarpyAJ:IHKH KHpacHpoB AOXOAHAH B cepeAHHe XVIII seKa AO nAeqa, no3TOMY HOCHTh HX 6h1Ao Aeftle H HiiAe.>KHee.

qaCTJa I . OfiopoBBTeAJ.Boe aoopy.xteBRe u cuapJVKeBRe

B noCAeAYJOIIUiX pHC"YHKax noKa3aHO H3MeHeHHe Q>opMbl HarpyAIJHKa c

1450 no 1640 fOA (pHC. 92-99). YJK.e B HaqaAe XV BeKa rro1IB.JUIIOTCSI HTa.J\hHHCKHe HarpyAIJHKH, cocTo~He H3 ropH30HTaJ\bHO pacnoAoJK.eHHhlx, HaAaraeMbiX CHH3Y BBepx noAoc. TaKoe pacnoAOJK.eHHe npeAOCTaB.MlJ\.0 60.J\biiiylO CB060AY ABHJK.eHIDI, HO 3a cqeT CHHJK.eHIDI HaAeJKHOCTH, rrocKo.J\bKY HaAaraeMble APyr Ha APyra 3AeMeHTbl HarpyAHHKa o6AaAaAH MeHbme:H corrpornBJUieMOCTbiD yAapy. Bepo.HTHo, no 3TOH rrpHqHHe TaK.He HarpyAIJHKH He llOAyqH.Jlli IIIHpOKOfO pacnpOCTPaHeHHSI. 1\mm, K

Puc. 92

Puc. 93

Puc. 94

Puc. 92. noABHJKHhiH 6o"'Koo6pa3HhiH aarpyAJIHK, c 106KOH H aa6eApeHHHKaMH. HTaJ\.IDI, OK. 1450 r. Puc. 93. noABHJKHhlii roTJPieCKHH HarpyAJIHK, c 106Ko:H, llOA60pOAHHKOM H Ca.J\.CiAOM. fepMaHIDI, OK. 1480 r. Puc. 94. IllapoBHAHhiH aarpyAHHK, c I06Ko:H, aa6eApeHHHKaMH H ryAL¢HKOM. fepMaHIDI, OK. 1510 r.

15 2 0 fOAY llOABHJK.Hhle HarpyAIJHKH CTaAH H3A106AeHHhiMH B AerKOH KaBaAepHH. XoT.H HX AeMAH B HTBAHH H repMaHHH, Ha3biBaAH BeHrepCKUMU, llOTOMY

'19

'tJTO TaM qam;e Bcero HOCHJ\H, ECAH HarpyAJIHK 6hi.J\ nOABHJKHbiM no BCeH CBOeH noBepxHocTH, TO ero Ha3hiBaJ\.H q e A b Hop a K (HeM. ganzer Krebs, pHc. 1 0 0), eCAH JK.e Ha HHJK.HeH CTOpOHe J\HIIlb 3 HJ\H 4 IIJ\.aCTHHbl, TO n OA yp a K (HeM. halber Krebs, pHc. 90). Y ~eJ\bHoro paKa 3amm'a IlleH BcerAa CB.H3aHa c rpyAblOr T. e. nOABHJKHble IlJ\.aHKH llpOAOJUKalOTC.H AO Kpa.H BOpoT.HHKa. B JKapKoe BpeM.H roAa HarpyAJIHK CTaHOBHAC.H B T.HrOCTb, H YJK.e B Haqa.Jle XVI BeKa npeAITPHHHMaJ\.HCb nol1biTKH o6AertrnTh ero HomeHHe. lliiTaJ\.HCb nep-

Puc. 95

Puc. 96

Puc. 97

PRe. 95. HarpyAHBK c TanyAeM, c I06Ko:H, ua6eApeHHHKa.MH B ryAL<lJHKOM. repMaHIDI, OK. 1540 r. PRe. 96. HarpyAHBK. c 106Ko:if, ua6eApeHHHKa.MB B ryAL<lJHKOM. repMaHIDI,

1547 r. PRe. 9'1. HarpyAHBK c rycuuo:H rpyAbiO, c oJKepeA:LeM B ua6eApeHHBKa.MB; OJKepeALe CHALHO BhiTSinyTO BBepx. HTaAIDI, OK. 1570 r.

Q>opHpoBaTb HarpYAffiiKH H APyme qacTH Aocnexa, Ho npH 3TOM Tep.HA.acb conpoTHBA.SieMocTb YAapy. B liTaAHH ITPHAYMaJ\.H APyro:H cnoco6 3~, KOTopbi:H AOCTaBA.HA o6AerqeHHe no KpaHHeH Mepe Ha Mapme. B HTaAhliHCKOH AerKOH KaBaAepHH OKOJ\.0

'llacn. I. OfiopoBBTeJUa&oe soopy-.euae B CBapJilK.e&Be

15 6 0 roAa TIO.SIBHJ\OCb oco6oe ycrpoikTBO HarpyA,HHKOB, KOTOpoe ll03BOMIAO oTKpDmaTb HX cnepeAH HanOA06He KaM30Aa. Ha HacTIHHHHKe AAH sToro Ha KaJKAOH cropoHe YJCpenJUU\OCb no mapHHpy, a cnepeAH B CAyqae HaA06HOCTH 3acrerHBaAOCb KplOliK.aMH (pHc. 1 0 1). OHH HCTIOAb30BaJ\HCb AO 15 8 0 roAa H y HeMe:qKOH KOilliHI\bi. 3To ycTpOHCTBO He 6biAO HOBbiM H306peTeHHeM, a J\HIIIb B03BpaTOM K AeHTHepy, KoTopbiH ToJKe 3acrerHBMOI Ha rpyAH, KaK Mbl YBHAHM no3JKe.

Puc. 99

Puc. 98

PRe. 98. HarpyAHBK, c oJKepeu.eM H UOABIDKHLIMH Ha6eAPeHHHK.aMH-BaASIABeBBHKaMH. fepMaHIDI, OK. 1626 PRe. 99. TJIJKeALIB OK. 1640 r.

aarpyAHHK,

OJKepeA:beM H 106KOB. repMaHIDI,.

TioKa KO~a 6biAa BOOpYJKeHa KOllbeM, BaJKHOH AeTaAblO HarpyA,HHKa 6biA on o pH bl ii K p 10 K (HeM. Rilsthak.en, Gerilst, cpp. faucre) AAH KOIIhll. OH no.SIBHJ\C.SI ente Ha AeHTHepe, KaK noKa3hiBaroT H3o6paJKeHH.SI Ha HllAI'P06IDIX. Ho B 11TaAHH AO 1460 roAa onopHb!H KplOK ente He noAyqHA pacnpocTpaHeHH.SI Ha nAaCTHJ{llaThiX AOcnexax. CaMble cTapble KplOKH HMeAH <f>opMY pora H nepBOHa'laAbHO npHKA.eiibiBaJ\HCb, a TIOTOM, l:IT06bl HX MOJKHO 6biAO CH.SITb, KpeiiHJ\HCb K HarpyAHHKY c noMOII\blO 6oATOB. OKoAo 14 8 0 roAa HX ycTpaHBalOT Ha mapHHpe, C TeM l:IT06bl MOJKHO 6biAO npH HeHaA06HOCTH OTKHHYJ'b HX BBepx. Poroo6pa3Hble KproKH, TaK Ha3h!BaeMble «crapoAaBHHe», scrpel:laroTc.SI K 15 0 0 rOAY H Ha HTaAb.SIHCKHX 6pHraHTHHax (pHC. 1 0 2).

3illllBTa rpyAB

np.SIMble onopHble KpiOKH DO.HBHAHCb BnepBble Hd AOCnexax HMIIepaTopa MaKcHMHAHaHa I OKOJ\.O 15 1 0 roAa. OHH cocTO.ID\H H3 npeAoMAeHHoro noA yrAOM KpOHITITeiffia, nepeAJIHH Kpa:H KOTOporo B 601\.blliHHCTBe CJ\.ytideB HMeJ\. 3y6't1HKH, YIT06bl npeAOTBpaTHTb cocKdJ\.b3biBaHHe APeBKa KOilh.SI. TaKHe onopHble KpiOKH 6bi.J\.H cnepBa HeDOABHJKHhiMH, HO BDOCJ\.eACTBHH HX CTd.J\.H AeAdTb OTKHAbJBaiO:mHMHCH BBepx. B noCAeAfleM CAyqae )1KpenAeHHrui BHH3Y 3anopHrui npYJKHHd npeAOTBpa:md.J\.d CJ\.yqaillihi:H DOA"beM KpiOKd. no3JKe Mhi YBHAHM• noqeMY onopllhiH KpiOK HHorAa HMeA noKpbiTHe H3 cs~a HAH Mm'KOH APeBecHHhl (pHc. 103). B KOHI.\e XVI BeKa, KOrAa Ko~a oTKa3d.J\.dCb OT KOilh.SI, KpiOKH C HarpyAfiHKOB Hcqe3J\.H. C 15 8 0 roNJ. HeKOTOpble MdCTepaAOCnemHHKH H3rOTOBJUIJ\.H HarpyAHHKH H HdCIIHHHHKH BMeCTe C BOpOTHHKOM, YITO D03BOJ\.HJ\.O OTKd3dTbC.si OT OJKepeAb.si. TaKo:H J\.dTHhiH sopoTHHK AeJ\.d.J\.C.si H3 AByx qacTe:H, nepeAfl.si.sl H3 KOTOpbiX KpenHAdCb Hd HarpyAfiHKe, a 3dAfiiDI Hd HdCIIHHHHKe.

Puc. 100

Puc. 101

Pac. 100. lloABH)l(HhiH HarpYAJIHK, T. H. «pd'II>SI rpyAL», C UOABH)l(HLIMH oJKepeA:&eM, I06Ko:B: H ua6eAPeHHHKaMH-HaASfABeHHHKaMH. OT TpeX'IeTBePTHOI'O Aocuexa Huuaca III <t>ou 3a.JU>M-Ho:B:6ypra, o6op011S1Bmero Beuy B 1529 r. fepMdHIDI, 1542 r. Pac. 101. Kupaca, c pacKpLIBaiO~MOI cuepeAH BarpyAJIHKOM. OT TpeX'IeTBepTHoro Aocuexa AOHd Xyaua ABCTpHBCKoro (1547-1578). HTaABSI, OK. 1575 r. npeJKAe 'lleM o6paTHTbC.si K OCTdJ\.bHbiM npHHaAI\.eJKa.II\HM K HarpyAJIHKy AeTdMIM, ynoM.siHeM e:me 06 ycu.JleRUU RarpygRUKU HAH gBOURO.M RUrpygR UKe (ReM. Doppelbrust). OH HdAeBMC.si Ha ocHOBHOH H KpenHAc.si B

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3ilil\UTa rpyAU

0KOAO 15 2 0 roAa B BOHCKaX AaJJACKHeXTOB, 'tJT06bl IIO B03MOJKHOCTH ynpocTIITb OAeBaHHe AOCIIexa, B03HHKJ\.H nOAH bl e H a 6 e g p e H H UK U (HeM. Schosse rroAbl) B 3TOM BHAfiO CTPeMAeHHe coeAifHHTb HarpyAHHK H I06Ky HerrocpeACTBeHHo c Ha6eApeHHHKOMo OT Ha6pwmHHKa BAOJ\b 6eAep IIpOAOAJK.aIOTC.SI IIAaCTHHbl, AOCTHra.SI AH60 IIOAOBHHbl 6eApa (B 3TOM CAyqae OCTal\bHYIO qacTb 6eApa IIOKpbiBaA H a A Jl g Be H H UK), AH60 KOAeH, rAe OHH 3aBepillaiOTC.SI HaKOAeHHHKaMH (B 3TOM CAyqae He06XOAifMOCTb HaMJABeHHHKa OTIIilAaAa). lloCAeAiffiSI «f>opMa y-JK.e B HaqaAe cBoero rro.SIBAeHH.SI HepeAJ{o BCTPeqaAacb H y pbm;apcKHX AOcrrexoBo 0

Puc. 104

Puc. 105

Puc. 104. AonoAHHTe.AbHLIH aarpyAHHK, c I06Ko:H H JKeCTKHMH aa6eApeHHHKaMH; AMI «HOBLIX» rypaupoB aa KOIILSIX -qepe3 6apLep. OT Aocnexa rpa«fla .AHApeaca «floH 3oaaea6epra (y6HT 1511). Pa60Ta Ae3HAepuyca XeALMWMHAa H3 H10pa6epra, oK. 1505 r. Puc. 105. YcHAeaue AMI aarpyAHHKa, T. e. «6piOxo», c JKeCTKHMH 106KO:H H AeBLIM aa6eApeHHHKoM; AMI «HOBLIX» rypHHpoB Ha KonLSIX -qepe3 6apbep. OT MaKCHMHAHdHOBCKOro AOClleXa PynpeXTa fl«<JaAb:qCKOro (YM· 1504). repMaHIDI, OK. 1500 r.

Y AOcrrexoB XV BeKa BHYTPeHHHe Kpa.SI Ha6eApeHHHKOB o6pa30BbiBaAH IDHPOKYIO Ayry, AMI YA06cTBa pa3Mell\eHH.SI B ceMeo AaJK.e y rroillihlx Ha6eApeHHHKOB B paHOHe HHJK.HeH qacTH JKHBOTa HMeAC.SI TaKOH Bblpe3o Ha AOCIIeXax HaqaAa XVI BeKa HHJKHHe IIAaCTHHbl I06KH 6biAH Bbffi.SitieHbi, o6pa30BbiBa.SI 6yrop, Ha3biBaBWHHC.SI cpa MHo K an c y A o (HeM. Schamkapsel). llo3AHee, KOrAa 3Ta KarrcyAa Hcqe3Aa, Ha ee MeCTe B03HHKAa H3rOTOBAeHHa.SI H3 KOBaHOrO JK.eAe3a CBOeo6pa3Ha.SI AeTal\b AOCIIeXa, KOTopyw CAeAyeT pac~eHHBaTb ~ B acrreKTe HCTOPHH KYJ\bTYPhl, r yA b tjJ u K HAH A am q (oT Aam. latus) o Co6cT-

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Puc. 106

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Puc. 106. IYA~>HKB. a) Or AaBACKHerrcKoro AOcnexa BHAbreALMa <1>oa Porre&Aop<l>a (yM. 1541). YKpamea TpaBAeHHeM, HMHTHpyiO~HM npope3H. OK. 1515 r. b) OT AaBACKHerrcKoro AOcnexa KoapaAa <1>oa BeMeAL6epra (yM. 1567). OTBepCTIDI no KpaJIM CAyJKaT AMI KpeUAeHIDI noAKAaAKH· OK. 15 32 r . c) (}r COCTaBAeHHOI'O H3 pa3p03HeHHiaiX 'IaCTeH AOcnexa H3 KOM.eKD;HH KIDI3e:H: CyAKOBCKHX B 3aMKe aB:crpH~ B HIDKHeii ABcrpHH. OK. 1540 r. repMaHCKHH My3eH B HIOpH6epre.

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Puc. 107

Puc. 108

Puc. 101. Kopan;HH c 6yprHHbOTOM Cl>paH~ecKo MapHH AH MoHTe«t>eALTpo AeAAa PoBepe, rep:u;ora Yp6HHO. Pa6oTa 6paTLeB Cl>HAHnno u fvKaKoMo HurpoAH, 1532 r._ PBc. 108. EpuraHTHHa, o6TsluyTa BHWHeBo-KpaCHLIM 6apxaToM. TipHHdA)\.eJKdAd noAeBOMY UOAKOBHHKy .S!Ko6y «t>oH 3M6cy (YM. 1512). BepmiTHO, pa6oTa MHAaHCKoro Macrepa, OK. 1500 r.

pacnoAaraAHcb HanoAo6:He qepeiiHl\bl, HamHBa.J\HCb Ha KoJKy HJ\H npo"'!Hoe no.J\OTHo, a csepxy o6T.SirHBa.J\HCb 6apxaToM HJ\H meAKoM. TaKHM o6pa3oM, B 6pHraHTHHe 3a~HTHbiH MeTaAA. HaXOAffi'C.SI Ha BHYTPeHHe:H cTopoHe. ECAH ll.J\aCTHHKH HJ\H qemyifKH HamHBaJOTC.SI Ha BHelliHeH CTopoHe, TO TaKOH AOClleX Ha3hiBpeTc.SI K o p au, u H o ii (HeM. Korazin, urn. corazzino, p:Hc. 1 0 7). B 11TaAHH H <l>paHI\HH KO.J\bqyrH, COCTO..SI~e H3 Me.J\KHX, paCII.J\IO~eHHhiX B Mecre CK.J\e-

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Puc. 109

Puc. 109.

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Puc. 119

Puc. 120

Puc. 121

Puc. 122

Pac. 119. noaoJKB, c HaMIABeHHHKOM, HMeiOn::tHM Y3JtYIO BepXHIOIO "'aC'I'b; B HaMIABeHHHKe saxeTHo noAPaJKaHHe OAeJr<Ae AaHACKBexTOB (HMHT~HSI npopese:i); crynHH YJI(e o6yn.~ B nDKeAHe 6amMftDI «KopoBJ,H NOPAH•· Or Aocnexa, no AereHAe npHHaMeJKaBmero MapKrpactJy .A..u.6perry Axii.AAecy BpaHAeH6yprCKOMY (yx. 1486). 0AHaJtO Ha CaMOM AeAe AOcnex OOA.ee HOBI:iiB, OH Mor 61>1T1o Bl:iiKOBaH npH6A.H3HTeAJ,HO B 1505 r. Pac. 120. KHpaca, c npHcrei'B}'TI>IMH noAH:YMH sa6e,a.peHHHKaMH, cocraB.IUIIOJ:ItHMH OAHO ~eAoe c HaMfABeHBHKaMH. OK. 1570 r. PBc. 121. noaoJKH, c DOABHJKHI:iiM Ha.AS~ABeHHHKOM H noAysaroAeHHHltOM. OK. 1560 r. PRe. 122. HBJKHU "'aC'I'b saroA.eHHHKa, B COeAftHeHHH c KOAJ,"'YJJ(HI:iiM 6amMaJtOM.

'lacn I. 06opoaBTe.uBoe aoopyllteBBe u caap.srllteBBe

3aKphlTbl JKeAe3HhiMH IIAa.CTHHKaMH, TaK Ha3hiBaeMbiMH 6 a U1 Mall H bl M U K 0 An all K aM u (HeM. Schuh.k.appen, pHc. 12 2). K TPext~eTBeJlTHhiM AOCnexaM oTHoarrCH H nonyMqnihle B I1Ta.J\.HH AerKHe AaThl c IIAa.CTHHaMH, cnA.olllb rrpope3HhiMH (pHC. 1 2 3). B KOJU\.e~ sc~qaJOTCH noAHhle AOCneXH, KoTophle rrpH JKe.AaHHH MOJKHO HOCHTb KaK nOAYAOCnex. f::¥uJ. HHX XapaKTepeH OTOJ:'HY'l'h~H KpaH HHJKHeH nOABHJKHOH IIAa.CTHHhl HaKOAeHHHKa. npH6AH3HTe.J\bHO c 157 0-x rOfl.OB qacro BCTPeqruoTCH HaroAeHHHKH, noAoBHHbl KOTOphiX COeAHHSLJ\HCb C BHY'fPeHHeH CTOpOHhl He Ha mapHHpax, a IIIHYpOBKOH (pHC. 12 4 ). )l( e.Ae3Hbl ii 6a mM ax (HeM. Eisenschuhe, cpp. soleret) co BTopo:H noAOBHHbl XN BeKa see BpeMjl opraIJHtleCKH CB.SI3aH C HarOAeHHHKoM: HarOAeHHHK CaM COCTa.BJ'UieT qacTb o6ysH, AOXONJ. AO CaMOH IDITKH H HMe.sl BblllYKAOCTH Ha AOAbiJKK.ax. noABHJKHhle IIAaCTHHbl HAyT no noA'beMY c-ryrnrn' BHH3 AO Ca.Moro HOCKa• .1\.aTHhiH 6amMaK noHeMHory o6pa3yeTCH TO.J\.bKO B KOHQ,e XIll BeKa, KOrAa noKpbiT}'IO KO.J\.bqyTOH nepeAHJOIO qacTb CT}'ITHH HaKpbi.J\H JKeCTKOH IIAa.CTHHKOH, rrpHB.si3aHHo:H K cryrrne peMHeM. B 1 2 9 0-x roAax 3Tf II.J\.aCTHHY AeAIDOT noABHJKHOH. B 13 90-x roAax o6ysh rrpocToro COJ\AaTa AeAaeTCH e~e H3 KOJK.H, M03aHqHO paCillHTOH MeAKHMH IIAaCTHHKaMH. )l(eAe3Hhle 6amMaKH, HaqHHa.si c XIV BeKa, 3aKaHqHBaJOTCH noABHJKHOH II.J\.aCTHHOH C ~ HOCKOM (pHc. 1 2 5) AH6o YAJ\HIDIIOTCH c noMO:D:thiO TaK Ha3biBaeMbiX K JllO B 0 B (HeM. Schnabel, cpp. Ia poulaines, um. scarpe a punta, pHc. 118), CAerKa H3oI'HyTbiX BHH3. 3ToT HOCOK, no rrpasy Puc. 124 Puc. 123 CqHTaBIIIHHCH IIpHqyAOH MOAhl, TeM He Puc. 123. npope3HWe UOHOJKH, MeHee HMeA, XOTR 6bl BHaqaAe, orrpenpope3H paccqHTauLI ua 6apxaTH}'IO UO/JJ{Ad/l:K'f, 06-yBL KOAI>~asl BAH AeAeHHOe rrpaK~ecKoe 3HaqeHHe: KOJKaHM. HTaAHSI, oK. 15 8 0 r. My3e:H MHHJibi:H 3ai'HyThlii HOCOK He AaBaA noJU.AH-ne~~OAH B MHAaue. BCCIAJIHKY noTep..srrh CTpeMji. Puc. 124. floAHLie noHoJKH, c UOAHLIMH Ha6eApeHHHKaMH; B BaiiiMaKH, nOAHOCTbiO coeAHHeHHble 06Ael"''eHHOM BHAe HX TaJOKe MOJKHO HOJKHhiMH AaTa.MH, nonHJ\HCb TO.J\.bKO C 6LIAO HOCHTL 6e3 HarOAeHHHKOB' H BO BTopo:H noAOBHHe XIV seKa. B 6amMaKOB; HaroAeHHHKH 3aJIIHYPOBaHLI c BH}'TPeHHeH cropoHLI; JK.eAe3HLIH 1400-x roi¥J.X BCTPeqaAHcb nepshle o66amMaK HMeeT UOABHJKHLie UAdCTBHLI pa3~ C'beMHbiX AJ\HHHhiX HOCKOB, 6AaHa UOA':beMe crynHH H y HOCKa CTOULI. OK. 1560 r. roAapR 3TOMY cnemeHHhlii p~apb Mor

3cuquTa uor

CB060AHO nepeABHraTbOI. OHH npHKpeiiJUIAHcb noBopoTHo:H 3aKAeiiK.o:H K nOA'DeMY CTYJIHH, KOrNJ. pbii.\apb YJK.e ClfAeA B ceMe. B 14 3 0-x roAax B HTBAHH llO.HB.J\mOTOI 6amMa.KH C AJUIHHhiMH (Ao 3 6 CM) AepeBmmbiMH HOCKaMH, 06T.SIJIYThle KOJK.eH H llOKphiTble JK.eAe3HOH qemye:H, KOTOphle HaCaJK.HBa.JUICb Ha HOry TOAbKO KOrAa BCaAJIHK ClfAeA Ha KOHe. ~ HOCOK HCllOAb30BaAOI npH6AH3HTeAbHO AO 1490-x roAOB. B noCAeAJIHe roAhl XV BeKa Ha~aeTOI ABHJK.eHHe 3a pe4>opMhl, KOTopoe, Bepo.HTHo, He 6e3 yqacTIDI MaKCHMHAHaHa I H MapKipa<f>a BpaHAeH6yprcKoro .AAb6peXTa .AxH.l\Aeca, BbJABHHYAO npmmmi YAo6CTBa, qoro cpa3y JK.e npHBeAO K qpe3MepHbiM npeyseAHqeHH.SIM B pa3pa6oTKe 4>opM o6ysH. BMecTo Y3KHX ro~eCKHX 6aUIMaKOB C AJUIHHhiMH HOCKaMH llO.SIB.JUIIOTOI qyAOBHII\Hhle, YJKaCHO HeYKJUOJK.He «Meg Be JK.b u A an bl», HAH «K o p o B b u Mop g bl» (ReM. Btlrenftlsse H

Kuhmliuler,

cpp.

pieds d'ours,

pHc. 119). ToAbKO B 1530-x roNJ.X HX pa3Mep Ha~aeT noHeMHory YMeHbmaTbC.SI H 4>opMa o6ysH MeMeHHO npH6AHJK.aeTOI K 4>opMe CTOflhl. CHaqaAa 6amMaK npHo6peTaeT OC1phle yrAhl, llOTOM, B 15 5 0-x rOAaxr ero nepeAHIDJ qacTb oKpyr.MieTC.SI H llOA'fllaiOTC.SI TaK Ha3b1Bae«ym URble KAJOBbl» Mhle (HeM. Entenschnl:tbel), H AHIIIb B 1560-x roAax o6ys& oKosqaTeAhHO npHHHMaeT eCTeCTBeHHYJO 4lopM}' CT}'IIHH B COOTBeTCTBHH C llOAOJK.eHHeM llaAbl.\eB (pHc. J 2 6 ). 3aMema AHIIIb CM6a.SI TeiJAeHIUf.SI AeAaTb HOCOK OC1pOKOHeq}Jb!M H, IT03TOM}'r Y3KHM (pHc. 12 7). C cepeAHHhl XVI BeKa CTaHOBHTOI 3aMeTHbiM C1peMAeHHe MaCTepoB-AOcnemHHK.OB nplfAaTb llOABHJK.HOCTb HOre B JK.eAe3HOM 6amMaKe M.S1 e3Ahl Ha pe3BhiX AOillaASJX. CHaqaAa no.SIB.JUIIOTC.SI llOABHJK.Hhle nAaCTHHhl B llOA'DeMe CT}'IIHHr llOTOM y . llaAb~eB CTOIThl H, HaKOHel.\, llp.SIMO Ha HarOAeHHHKe, Ha AOfJ.I:DKKe (cp. pHC. 124 H 126). B 15 7 0-e roAhl Koe-rAe CHOBa HaqaAH HOCHTb JK.eAe3Hble 6amMa.KH, He coeAHJieHHble c AaTaMH, qoro AOKa3biBaeT

Puc. 125

Puc. 126

Puc. 125. lloABLie UOHOJKH, C UOABIDKIIliiMH HaKOAeHHHKa.MH H 6amMaKa.MH. OT Aocuexa epAHHa.BAa KaTOABKa, KopoM Aparoua.

OK. 1480

Puc. 126. lloHOJKH, C IIIHpO:KHMH UOAHLIMH ua6e,a.peHHHKa.MH; 6amMaK HMeeT UOABHJKH.Lie UAaCTHH.LI He TOAI>KO B UOA'LeMe H y HOCKa cryuHH, uo H y AOAWKKJI. OK. 1620 r.

1JaCT• I. OfiopoBBTeAJ.BOe aoopyllteBBe B caapJVK.eBBe

napa Ta.KOH 06-yBH HTaAhliHCKOrO IIpOHCXOJKAeHIDI B HMIIepaTOpCKOH KOJ\AeKI\IDf opYJK.IDI B BeHe. Ho rrpHHClAJ\.eJKMH OHH, no sce:H BlfAHMOCTH, qeAoBeKy He3HaTHOMY· l.Ilrrophl K IDITKaM rrpHKpeiiJ\JI.J\,Hcb caMhiMH pa3HbiMH cnoco6aMH. ECAH HaroAeHHHK 3a.KphiBaA IDITKy, mrropa IIpOXOAHAft B rrpope3b B HeM H KpeiiHAaCb rrp.SIMo K 6aiiiMa.Ky. B 15 60-x roAax me:HKy mrropbl rrpHKAeiihiBMH K IIAaCTHHe Ha IDITKe, ~o AOKaabiBaJOT MHoro"'HCAeHHble rrpHMepbi. Ho B 6oAbmHHCTBe CAyqaeB mrropa IIpHCTerHBaAaCb K 6aiiiMa.KY peMHeM.

Puc. 127

Puc. 12'1. b)

Cl>opMLI JKeAe3HLIX 6amMaKOB.

a) 1290-1390. b) 1300-1490. c) 1500-1530. d) 1530-1540. e) 1540-1550. f) 1550-1560. g) 1560-1590.

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Aocuexa BoRBa B KoMRAeKce

9'1

ce6.H HeKHii o6o6IIlelllihiH THII, KoTop:blH y OTAeAbHhiX HHAHBHAYYMOB BapbHpOBMC.H MHAAHOH pa3. 06 3ITOXe BeJUIKOfO nepeceAeHIDI HapOAOB Mbl AO CHX nop CAHIIIKOM MMO 3HaeM, 1:JT06bl CYAHTb 0 BOHHCKOM CHapiDK.eHHH. noMlfHHbiX 3K3eMII.MipOB HeMHOro, H OHH AOI1IAH AO HaC CHAbHO ITOBpeJKAeHHbiMH. J.1306paJKeHIDI TOro BpeMeliH KpaHHe peAJOI, T. K. rpeqecKoe H pHMCKOe HCK}'CCTBO 6biAO B ynaAKe, HCKYCCTBO BapBapoB HaxOAHJ\.OC& ellle Ha CAHIIIKOM HH3KOH CT}71IeHH pa3BHTIDI. B Hepa36epuxe speMeHH TaK MMo coxpaHHAoc&, liTO AO Hamero BpeMeHH He AOI1IAH qeTKHe H306paJK.eHIDI. li..IAeMbl, IqHThl, KOIIhll, Me'IH 3TOro nepHOAa B repMaiDm, 11TMHH H Cl>paHIUm, o6Hap~eHHble npH paCKOIIK.ax, AeMOHCTPHpYJOT C-rpaHHbiM o6pa30M 6oALme BOCTOliHOfO BAHSIHRSI, qeM pHMCKOro. 11 BCe-TaKH OHH npHHf~MeJK.aT, HecoMHeHHo, K nepHOAY AO VIll BeKa, ellle AO OrroHoB, T. e. K TOMY BpeMeHH, KorAa Ha3Ba.HHhle crpaHhl rocnOACTBOBaJ\11 B OTHOIDeHHH C03AaJ:IIDI HOBOfO BOHHCKOro CHapiDKeHIDI H BOOpYJKeHIDI. ECA.H np.SIMhle AOKa3aTeA&CTBa He3HaliUTeAbHOCTH pHMCKOfO BAHSIHRSI OTcyrCTBYJOT, TO 6MI'OAap.H HaxOAJ{aM noCAeAJIHX AeC.HTHAeTHH Mb1 HMeeM y6eAH'feAbHhle CBHAe~eAbCTBa B OTHOmeHHH BOCTOliHOfO BAIDlHIDI Ha eBponeHCKHH KOMIIJ\.eKc BOOpYJKeHIDI. 0AHO H3 HHX - MaAeH&KM 6poH30Brul ci>urypKa BCaAJIHK.a, npeACTaBJUIIOIIla.H ci>HHCKOro BOHHa, KOTOpYJO 6e3yCAOBHO MOJK.HO OTHeCTH K nepHOAY BeAHKoro nepeceAeHIDI HapoAOB, eCA.H He 6oAee paHHeMY. Ha BCaAHHKe MMeH&KHif OCTPoKoHe'lll&lii niAeM, xaprucrepH&IH M.H BOCTO'IHhiX u noABeprmuxC.H socroqHOMY BAIDIHHlO HapoAOB. 0AeJK.Aa ITAOTHO npHAeraeT K Te.Ay. BcaAJ~HK ClfAHT 1 YJKe B YA06HoM ceMe (puc. 12 9). Ellle 6oAee BaJK.Ho, Aa.JK.e HeoqeHHMo peAbeci>Hoe H3o6paJKeHHe, uaxo~e eC.H Ha 30AOTOM TmHHe H3 KAaNJ. H8Af»cqeHTMHKAom, TaK Ha3biBaeMble ccCoKpOBHII\a ATTHAhl>) • Mhl Blf.AHM BCaAJIHK.a, KOTOpblH BOAOliHT 3a BOAOCbl ITAeHHHKa.. J.1306paJK.eHHe o6b11iHO OTHOC.SIT K V BeKy, H CliUTaeTC.H, liTO Ha HeM npeACTaBA.eH capMaTcK.Hii 3 BOHH , C qeM, ITOJK.aAyH, MOJKHO COfMCHThC.H. J.1CKAI01iHTeAbHO BaJKHO, liTO HX OAeJK.Aa H BOOpYJKeHHe HeCOMHeHHO BOCTOliHOro npOHCXOJKAeHIDI. npHMepHO TaK, ITO BCeH Bepo.HTHOCTH, BblrMJAeAH eBponeHCKHe BOHHhl BITAOT& AO Xfi BeKa. XoT.H ITO.HBAeHHe TaKOrO CHapiDK.eHIDI OTHOCHTC.SI K aHTHliHOMY nepHOAY· no3AHe:Hnmii KOMIIJ\.eKc BoopYJKeHIDI phll.tap.H: KOAbqyJKHhiH xay6epT, niAeM u T.A- npoHHK B Espony HenocpeACTBeHHo c BocroKa, a ue qepe3 nocpe~ecTBo p~. BcaAJ~HK OAeT B AJUfHHYIO, npeNJOAOJK.HTeAbHo KOJKaHYIO py6axy c KopoT4 KHMH pyttaBa.MH, noKp&rrylO MeTllJ\..IUf'qecKHMH KpyrAhiMH 6MixaMH • Ha HeM no.Hc 1 MeCTO &axoAKB craTY3TKH - Bnaas~ ry6ep&:m~. noAPo6&o o &eii o KHeBCKOM apxeoAo:rB11eCKOM Ko&rpecce 18'13 l'OAa (npUM. aBm.). 2

coo6~aeTa

KyAh-ryp&o-HCTOp~AecKoe co6pa&He HMDepaTOpCKoro AOMa B Be&e

O'l"'eTe

(npUM. aBm.).

KYBWHH AaTBpyeTa VII-IX BeKaMH, a He mrrYM, KaK -yTBepJI(AaeT aBTOp, COOTBeTcrBeHHo, K coKpOBIIJitaM A'1"1'11AH OTHome&IDI &e . HMeeT. Ko&HH:ii BOHR, H306pll)KeHHHB &a JtYBWHHe, He capMaT, a aBap BAH TIOpOK, DAeHHBKOM DpeAIJOAOJitiiTeAI,HO BB.MleTc;H DepCBACKBB BOHR. KYBWBH, 6eccnopHo, BOCTO'IIHOB pa6onl. I<AaA 6HA. &aAAe& y o3epa H~eiiTMBltAom (Be&i'piDI) B 1 '199 r. (npUM. peg.). 4

npB BHBMaTeA.LHOM pacCMOTpeHHH ciJarorpaciJd opBrBHaAa M())kHO CAe.Aft.Th BHBOA,

qro &a BCaAHBKe Hft.AeTa 06:w!HWI KOAh~a (npUM. peg.).

B. llexdll

qacTJi, I. OoopoHHTeAJtHoe soopyJKeHHe H

caap.s~JKeHHe

A. I.I.IAeM (Re.M. Helm, l]Jp. armet, heaume; um. celata, cmr.Jl. helmet). 1. Kopnyc, KOAOKOA (Re.M. Scheitelsttick, l]Jp. timbre, um. 2 coppo, cmr.Jl.. scull piece). 2. fpe6eHL (Re.M. Kamm, l]Jp. cr~te, um. cresta, cmr.Jl. crest). 3. 3a6pa.ho (Re.M. Visier, l]Jp. visiE:!re, mezail, um. visiera, lllU'Jl.. visor). 3a6pMo no3AHeiimHX mAeMoB cocroHT H3 AByx OTKHAHLIX "'acre:H. BepXHKSI "'acrb CO CMOTpOBOH m;eJ\.hiO Ha3biBaeTCSI HdJ\.06HHKOM (Re.M. Stimstulp, l]Jp. frontal, um. frontale), HHJKHSISI co6crseaao 3a6pMoM (Re.M. Visier, cmaporep.M. schembart, l]Jp. ventail, um. ventaglio). 4. TioA60pOAHHK (Re.M. Kinnreif, l]Jp. mentonniere, um. baviera, cmr.Jl.. beaver). 5. Ha3aThiJ\.hHHK (Re.M. Nackenschirm, l]Jp. couvre-nuque). 6. fopAOBaR 3am;HTa (Re.M. Kehlsttick, no3JKe Halsreifen, l]Jp. gorgerin, um. goletta, cmr.Jl. gorget). B. OJKepe.hhe (Re.M. Kragen, l]Jp. hausse-col, um. collo, cmr.Jl.. neck collar). 1. lliTH~Thl AMI KpenAeHHH HanAe"'HHKOB (Re.M. Federzapfen, l]Jp. auberons). C. HanAe"'HHKH (Re.M. Achseln, l]Jp. epaulieres, um. spallacci, cmr.Ji. shoulder plates, pauldrons). 1. TiepeAHue (AHrteBhle) KphiAhSI (Re.M. Vorderfltlge, l]Jp. ailes, um. ale, lunette). 2. 3aAHHe (aacnuaable) KphiAhSI (Re.M. Hinterfltlge, l]Jp. ailes dorsales). 3. 3am;HTHhle rpe6HH (Re.M. Brechrlinder BAH Stol\kr4gen, l]Jp. passe-gardes BAH garde-cols, um. guardegolette, cmr.Jl.. pass guards). D. Hapyq:u (Re.M. Armzeug, l]Jp. brassards, um. bracciale, cmr.Jl.. brassards, vambrage). 1. BepXHKSI 3am;HTa PYK (Re.M. Oberarmzeug BAH P11c. 128 o) OberarmrOhre).

AocnexR BORBa B KoMDAeKce 2. HHJKBIDI 3~BTa PYK BAH Tpy6'1aTOe npHKphlTHe (He.M. Unterarmzeug BAH UnterarmrOhre). 3. HaAoKOTHHKH (He.M. Armkacheln, tpp. cubitieres, um. cubitiera, aHrA. conters), cocro.s~m;He H3 'lameK (He.M. Mauseln) H paKoBHH (He.M. ganze Muscheln) BAH noAypaKoBHH (He.M. halbe Muscheln). E. nep'laTKH (He.M. Handschuhe, tpp. gantelets, um. manopole, aHr.ll. gauntlet), eCAH 6e3 naAh~eB pyxa.BH~LI (He.M. Hentzen, tpp. mitons, um. mittene, aHr.ll. mitten gauntlets). 1. KearH (He.M. Stulpen). 2. 3~BTa cycraBOB (He.M. KnOchelreifen). F. HarpyAJIHK (He.M. Brust BAH Bruststo.ck, tpp. plastron, um. corazza, aHr.ll. breastplate). 1. BHTOii: m&yp (He.M. Brustrand). 2. KpiOK AJU1 KonhH (He.M. Rtlsthaken, tpp. faucre, um. resta, aHrA. lance rest). 3. Ha6piOmHHK, I06Ka (He.M. Bauchreifen, tpp. bracconiere, um. panziera, aHr.ll. great brayette). 4. CpaMHM KancyAa (He.M. Schamkapsel, ,Pp. brayette). 5. Ha6eApeHHHKH (He.M. Beintaschen, tpp. H aHrA. tassettes, tuiles, um. fiancali, scarselloni). G. HacnHHHHK (He.M. Rtlcken BAH Rtlckensttlck, tpp. dossiere, um. schiena, aHr.ll." backplate). 1. Kpe~OBOe BAH UO.HCHH'IHOe noKpNTHe, 3dAJ1.51.51 'lacn. I06KH (He.M. GesliBreifen BAH Gesa.Bschurz, tpp. garde-reins, um. falda). H. noHOJKH (He.M. Beinzeug). HaASIABeHHHttH c HaKOAeHHHKaMH no-HeMe~KH Ha.3LIBaiOTC.51 Oberbeinzeug, HaroAeHHHKH c 6amMaKaMH- Unterbeinzeug. 1. BepXHHe 'laCTH HaASIABeHHHKOB (He.M. Oberdi~chlinge).

2. HHJKHHe 'laCTH HaASIABeHHHKOB (He.M. Unterdiechlinge, tpp. H aHrA.

cuissards, um. cbsciali). 3. HaKoAeHHHKH (He.M. Kniebuckeln, tpp. genouilleres, um. ginocchietti, aHrA. pobeyns kneecaps) c paKOBHHaMH (He.M. Muscheln). 4. HaroAeHHHKH (He.M. BeinrOhren, tpp. gr~ves, um. schinieri, ~ greaves). 5. AaTHLie 6amMaKH (He.M. Schuhe, tpp. sollerets, um. scarpe, aHr.Jl. goad, solerets, sabatans).

Puc. 128 b)

'Iaen I. OGopoBBTeAJaBoe BoopyJK.eBBe. B caapJIJiteBBe

100

c MeTaAJlli11ecKHMH Ha.KABAK.aMH, K KOTOPOMY Mor 6h1Tb npHBemeH Me"tJ. Ha roAoBe y capMaTa OCTPOKOHe1flihiH HH3KHH IDJ\eM c qemy:HqaTo:H 6apMHD;e:H. noHOJKH H Hapytm, no BCeH BlfAHMOCTH, H3I'OTOBJ\.eHhl H3 no.J\.OC TOJ\.CTOH KOJKH, HamHTbiX Ha MaTepmo. /ltJI ycHAeHIDI OHH o6IllHTbl MeTa.J\.hHlleCKHMH 6J\.miiKaMH, fueHHHK., KaK HaM KaJKeTOI, o6A.a"tJeH B 6o.J\.ee J\.erKKH na.HIUiPb1 H3 MaTepHH, D;eAHKOM noKphiTo:H np..s~MoyroJ\hHhiMH KycKaMH npo'iHo:H KOJKH. 3ToT DcumHJlb HMeeT AJUIHHhle p-yKasa H, no Bce:H BlfAHMOCTH, npeAJia3Ha"tJaAOI AMI KOHHbiX AyqHHKOB (puc. 130). TaKoro CTJleAK.a H3 A-yKa, H3o6paJKeHHoro 6e3 IDJ\eMa, Mhl Mor.J\.H BJiAeTb Ha APyroM pe.J\he4Je H3 «CoKpoB~ ATTH.Jllil» (puc. 4 54). ()r 3THX, AO CHX nop CTape:Hmux, H306paJKeHHH paHHecpeAJieBeKOBbiX BOHHOB AO CAeAYK>J:ItHX 3IDieT npo6eA B TPHCTa J\.eT, HO Mhi BlfAHM, 'iTo 3a 3TO BpeMJI KOMIIA.eKC BOOpYJKeHIDI BCitAJIHKa H3MeHHJ\.OI He3Ha"tJHTeJ\hHO, lllaxMaTHble 'i>HIJ'Phl BCitAJIHKOB H3 CJ\.OHOBOH KOCTH, npHHiiAJ\.eJKasmHe KapAy Be.AHKo-

Puc. 129

Puc. 130

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BHallaAe 3TH max:MaTHLie «<>HrfPLI HaxOAJIABCI» B co:KpoB~e a66aTcrBa CeH-AeBH, cehac B Ka6HHere MeAaAeH H~BOHaA.LHOH 6H6AHOTeKB B napJVKe (npUM. ClBDL).

101

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Puc. 13 1

Puc. 132

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102

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Puc. 134

Puc. 135

Puc. 136

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104

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Aocuexu BORBa B KOMIIAettce

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Puc. 140

Puc. 141

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KOfAa lllAeMhl 3aKpbiAH AHIJ;O, CTaAH pHCOBaTb Ha II\HTe H lllAeMax, no3AJiee Ha Q>Aarax, noKpoBax AomaAe:H, onpeAeAeHHhle H3o6paJKeHH.H KaK AH"tJHWe 3HaKH. TaK cpeAJi pbiiJ;apcTBa pa3BHBaeTc.SI repaAbAJiKa.

nepeXOA AAHACSI AOArO He CAYllaHHO. Aocnex H opyJKHe nepeAaBaAH OT OTJ:ta K CI>IHY H HOCHAH, H3-3a HeMaAOH ~eHI>I Hd HOBOe OpyJKHe, HepeAJ(O e~e DOACfOAeTHSI, XOTSI ODI>IT BOHHI>I yJKe AHKTOBaA Apyme «t>opMI>I. TOAbKO 3HdTHI>Ie H 3aJKHTO'lHI>Ie AIOAH MOrAB D03BOABTI. ce6e DOcro.siHHO COBepmeHCI'BOBaTb CBOe BoopyJKeHHe. 0HH CAYJKBAH o6pa3~0M AA.si DOApaJKaHHSI 6oALWHHCI'Ba (npUM. peg.).

101

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B TeqeHHe

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H Hax:QAH'f orropy B TeX~eCKOM rrporpecce, KOTOpbiH IIpOHCXOAH'f B peMeCAe B006II{,e H B IIpOH3BOACTBe OpYJKIDI B qacTHOCTH. ll.I.AeM pa3BHBaACSI TaK, ~0 OH CTa.h AOXOAH'fb He TO.hhKO AO A6a, HO H 3aKpbl.h BCIO fO.J\.OBY, T. e. IIO.HBH.J\.CSI

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KaK TaK

H Meq C KHHJKaAOM KpeIIH.J\.HCb Ha rpyAH c rroMOII{,biO 1..\erroqeK. IlAeq:H H KOAeHH CTaAH 3aKpbiBaTb cHaqaAa ell{,e oqef:ib Ma.heHbKHMH MH

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Puc. 143

JKH, 3acrerHBaiOII(HMHCSI C3aAH. no.Hc AMI Meqa HOCHAH 6o.hhme:H qacTbiO CB060AHOr TaK ~ OH Cl-fAe.J\. He Ha TaAHH,

PRe. 143. BoHB, OA~ YJK.e B KO.Ahli)'JKHLIH xay6epT H TaKHe JKe KOpOTKHe DITaHLI; DOBepX xay6epm XOAmOBLiii Ha.AaTHasi HaKHAKa. Pyxonucb, BTOpasi noA. B., H3 KopoAeBcKo:H 6H6AHOTeKH B AoHAOHe.

XIII

a Ha 6eApax (pHc. 144). DpH6AH3HTeAhHO c 1274 roAa H AO cepeAHHbi XIV BeKa

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145).

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Puc. 144

Puc. 144. PLin;aph c3p AJK.oH .a.'36epHoH. MeAHLIH 6ape;u,e¢ C ero rpo6HH~LI B ~epKBH CToyx .a.'36epHOH, rpa¢CTBo Cyppe:B:, 1277 r. APeBHe:Hmd DpHMep Ha.a.rp06IDI C H3o6paJKeHHeM yconmero.

B noCAeAJIHe AeCHTHAeTIDI XITI BeKa 3a.MeTHO yAyqiiiHJ\.OCb KaqecTBo AOCnexa. 3ToT nepHOA MO~O Ha3BaTb HaqaAOM nAaC~aTbiX .Aa.T, KOTOphle cnyCT.sl CTOAeTHe npeACTaAH BITOAHe 3aBepmeHHbiMH. npeAIIAeThe H roAeHb 3aKpb1BaAH JKeAe3HbiMH nAaCTHHaMH, KOTOphle 3aKpeii.MIJ\Hcb c noMOIJ:tblO peMHe:H nosepx xay6epTa H naHI.\HPHhiX mTaHOB. B nepso:H noAOBHHe XIV BeKa nepeAHHe nosepXHocrn roAeHeH YJK.e 3aKphiBaAH 1..\eAbHhiMH JKeAe3HbiMH HarOAeHHHKaMH, a OKOAO 1 3 56 roAa OHH CTaAH ITOABIDKHhiMH. Ha Heo6~a:HHo BaJKHhiX J':l.MI HCTOpHH soopYJKeHIDI H3o6paJKeHIDIX KoAeKca BaAAYHHa TpHpcKoro nepso:H noAoBHHhl XIV BeKa, B KOTOphiX npeACTaBAeH pHMcKHH 1 noXOA HMnepaTopa feHpHXa VI1 , BlfAHhl phl1..\aPH B KopoTKHX xay6epTax c H~e~ nosepx HHX AJlliHHbiMH HaKifAKaMH. noCAeAHHe HMeAH KopoTKHe, Ho IDHpoKHe PYKaBa H HoCHAH AeBH3 BA~eAbl.\a HAH TOAbKO ero repaAbAJNeCKHe 1.\BeTa. A.mnb 3HaTHhle phll.\apH HoCHAH ITOHOJKH H .AaTHhle 6aiiiMaKH. K KOHI.\Y XIIT cToAeTIDI noA T.siJK.eAhiM ropInKOBhiM DJAeMOM HOCHAH MaAeHbKHH KOAllaK- qepenHHK, KOTophiH HMeA notJTH noAycl!>ep~ecKyro lPOPMY H H~eBaAC.sl nosepx KOAbqyJKHOro KanromoHa. Ha qepenHHKe KpeIIHAC.sl TKaHeBbiH TIOp6aH B TOM MeCTe, rAe H~eBaAC.SI roplllKOBhiH DJAeM, ~06hl OC.Aa6HTb AaBAeHHe. BAaroAap.sr 3TOMY o6pa30BaAacb wlleMoBa.R noB.R3Ka (ReM. Helmbinde), HAH, KaK ee ell\e Ha3hiBaAH, 6 y p11 em, KOTOpbiH no3AJiee, KorAa ymeA B npoDIAoe ropmKoBhlif DIAeM, HMeA 6oAbme AeKopaTHBHoe, qeM npaK~ecKoe 3HaqeHHe. lliAeM KpenHAC.SI Ha CnHHe H ITOAyqHA 3a6paAO (pHC. 14 6), no lPOpMe npH6AH3HBIDHCb K ITO.siBHBmHMC.sl IT03JKe 60AbmHM 6aiV~HeTaM. )l(eAe3Ha.SI DIA.Silla, HOCHMa.SI ITOBepx KanlOIDOHa, BC1'peqaeTc.sr B eAHJIW~HbiX 3K3eMil.Mipax. Co BTopo:H noAOBHHhl XIV BeKa ropinKoBhle DJAeMhl YJK.e notJTH He npHMeH.sllOT B 6oro. B noCAeAHHe AeCHTHAeTIDI csoero 6oesoro HcnoAb30BaHH.SI oH npeTepneA pa3Hhle noiibiTKH ycosepmeHcTBOBa.IIIDI. 't.JTo6hl YMeHbiiiHTb AaBnpoBHHD;HaAhHLIH

aBm.).

apXHB

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(npUM.

109

Aocoexu BoHHa B KOMDAeKce

AeHHe Ha roAosy rpoMctAHoro seca III.AeMa, cTeHKH ero YAJUIHHAH, TaK qoro Tenepb OCHOBHIDI T.SDKeCTb nepeAaBaAaCb Ha n.AeqH, a He Ha fOAoBy. nepeAHIOIO CTeHKY CAeAaAH OTKHAHOH, Ha MaHep 3a6paAa, KaK yJK.e rosopHAoch Bhiiiie, Ho see 6bi.J\.o -rrqeTHo. l13MeHeHHe yCAoBHH 6o.s1 cpaJK.aTbC.si npHXoAHAOCh He TOAbKO CO BCCiAHHKaMH, HO H C neXOTHHI\aMH, q'fO Tpe60BaAO 60AbiDeH M06HAbHOCTH H Heo6~0AHMOCTH CMOTpeTb He TOAbKO BnepeA, HO H BHH3, npHBeAO K TOMY, qTo oT ropmKoBoro III.AeMa npHIDAoch noAHOCThlO oTKa3aTbC.si. HeKoTopoe speM.si DhiTaAHCh HOCHTh noA ropiDKoBhiM III.AeMoM 6~eT co CH.siTbiM 3a6paAOM, HO COBMeCTHrul T.siJK.eCTb 6bi.J\.a npoCTO HeBhiHOCHMa, H 6a:qHHeT co BTopo:H noAoBHHhi XIV BeKa see qame HOCHAH KaK OCHOBHOH III.AeM. nepBble . 6a:Q;HHeTbl HaAeBaAHCb llOBepx :Q;eAbHOfO KOAhqyJK.HOfO KalllOIDOHa, HO Tenepb ero 3aMeHHAa 6apMH:Q;a, noABemHBaeMrui K HHJK.HeMY KpaiO III.AeMa H 3aKpbiBaiOmrui He TOAbKO me10, HO H HHCllctAH.IOmrui Ha rpyAb, CllHHY H n.AeqH (pHC. 14 7). nepeJK.HAa CYI:Q;eCTBeHHble H3MeHeHH.si B CBOeM llOKpoe H KOAbqyfa. 0Ha CTaHOBHTC.sl MaAO-UOMaAy jJK.e, orrycKaeTC.sl KAHHOM cnepeAJi (pHC. 14 8 ). 0KOAO 13 2 0 fOAa llOBCeMeCTHO pacnpoCTpaHHAaCb MOAa HOCHTb llO.siC, 3HaK pbi:Q;apCKOfO AOCTOHHCTBa, C MeqoM HH3KO Ha 6eApax. Ko BTopo:H noAoBHHe XIV BeKa oH see 6oAee 6oraTo YKPaiDaAC.si. OcTa.AbHhie 3K3eMnA.sipbl DpHHaAJ\eJK.aT K npeKpaCHbiM npoH3BeAeHH.siM HcKyccTBa 30AOThiX AeA MacTepos. P bl q a p c K u ii noR c (HeM. Dupsing, Aam. cingubum militare) HOCHAH Ha rpaJK.AaHcKo:H OAeJK.Ae, Ho npeHMYI:Q;eCTBeHHo c AocnexaMH, OH nrnpoKO ynoTpe6NIAC.si BO <l>paH:Q;HH H AHrAHH, qaCTO B fepMaHHH, peJK.e B J1TaAHH. Ero HOCHAH AO no.siBAeHH.si :Q;eAbHonAac~a足 ThiX AaT B 3noxy Bo3poJK.AeHH.si. OKoAo 1 3 3 0 roAa c pbi:Q;apcKHX Aocnexos Hcqe3AH CB060AHble HaAamHble HaKUgK U, HAM raM 6 U 3 0 H bl, H DO.siBHAHCb llAOTHO

Puc. 145

npHAeraiOmHe K TeAy, YKpameHHhle :Q;BeTHhiM meAKoM H BhiiiiHBKo:H. B cepeAHHe XIV seKa llOBepx KOAbqyrH CTaAH HOCHTb A e H m He p (HeM. Lentner). CHaqaAa oH BhlfA.sJ:AeA KaK

Puc. 145. Aoaarop (3aKa3'IHK PYKODHCH), B repaALAH'JecKo:H: HdKJfAKe, C HaDAe'IHhiMH ID;HTKdMH. PyKODHCb H3

nAoTHo npHAerawmru~ sepxH.si.si oAeJKACi H3 TOACTOH KOJK.H, 3aCTerHBaiOmruiC.si Ha CDHHe,

<l>AaHApiDI.

6u6AHOTeKH B KaM6pe, XIV B.

KOTOPYIO HOCHAH nosepx KOAhqyrH. no3AHee AeHTHep CTaA AeAaThC.si c Q>ecTOWiaTbiMH DOAaMH H 3aCTerHBalOmHMC.sl Ha 6oKaX. KoAbqyJK.Hhi:H KaniOIDOH CTaAH AeAaTb OTAeAbHO OT KOAhqyrH, Tenepb OH, KaK paHbme, He 06AeraA llAOTHO fOAOBY H me10, a CB060AHO CllaAaAr 3amHmrui n.AeqH H Bepx rpyAJI.

110

qac:n. I. OfiopoHBTeJUtHOe soopy.xteaae B caapll.xteaue

B aToT nepHoA Y?Ke noBceMecTHo ynoTPe6AHAHcb HapyqH H noHoJKH, CAeAaHHble H3 IIJ\.dCTHH (pHc. 147), XOT.H Hap.HAy C HHMH e~e AOMO OCTaBaAHCb B ynoTPe6AeHHH HapyqH H llOHOJKH H3 KOAbqyJKHOH TKaHH H AaJKe H3 qe:rnyH. OKoAo 1 3 50 roAa B MOAY BOIIIAH npeys~eHHo OCTPhie JKeAe3Hhle 6amMaKH H no.Hca c 6y6emHKaMH. OHH CTaAH xapaKTepHbiM HaqaAoM npeyseAHqeHHOH po,c KomH Bce:H pbmapcKo:H JKH3HH Toro BpeMeHH. Bo BTopo:H noAOBHHe CTOAeTH.H Hcqe3 HaHOCHHK, KOTOpbiH 3aKpb1BaA ~0 H 3aKpeiiJ\.SIJ\.C.H Ha

Puc. 146

Puc. 146. Boii phln;apeii. 1-13 KoAeKca .Ea.AAyuaa TpapcKoro, onHChiBaiOID;ero noxoA HMneparopa reapaxa VII Ha PHM, nepBrui noA. XIV B. KopOAeBcKHii npoBHHD;HaAbHhiH apXHB ropoAa Ko6AeHIJ;a.

rroBepXHocTH IUAeMa. BMecTo aToro Bee qame BbiC'fYIIMO 3a6paAo pa3AlffHblx BHAOB. HepeAKo OHO o6pa3oBbiBaAo OCTPHe, HanoMHHaro~ee co6al:IhiO MOPAYr H OT 3Toro B BocToqHoH repMa.HHH ero TaK H Hd3b1BaAH «C 0 6 a 'l bR. M 0 p ga>> (ReM. Hundgugel). C XIV CTOAeTIDI pbmapH HOCHAH TaKJK.e JKeAe3HYJO II.I.JUUiy, qacTo c DIHpoKHMH noAKMH, coe~e~ c noA6opoAHHKOM.

111

Aocnexu BORHa B KOMDAeKce

1360

npH6..1\.H3HTeAbHO e

rOAd IIO.SIB.MieTe..SI eTpeM.J\.eH:He yeH.J\.HTb Bee JKe 1 JKeAe3HbiMH IIAdt.::THHaMH. 3To rrpo..SIB-

MaAO rrpoTimoeTo..Sim;lrif YAdPY J\.eHTHep

NieTe..SI B pd3AWIHbiX QJOpMax: IIOXOJKHMH Hd M03am<.y P..SIAdMH HdKA~ eHdpyJKH JKeAe3HbiX 6JUIIIIeK, KOTOpble IIOeTeiieHHO eTdHOB:H.J\.Heb Bee KpyrrHee, H.J\.H HdKAClAbiBdHHeM Hd rpyAb 6oAbiiiOH

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pe3yALTaTe

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Puc. 147

Puc. 148

Puc. 147. 3AyapA, npHH~ Y3ALCKHH, T. H. qepHLIH (1330-1376), CLIH 3AyapAa III. l-13o6paJKeHHe no cra-rye c capKo«lJara B Kearep6epHHCKOM co6ope. Puc. 148. PLI~apL. AepeBSIHHrui cxyALmypa B BaM6eprcKoM co6ope, 1370 r. npHH~

AeHTHep H3HYTPH DOA6HBaACSI MeTa.J\AH"IJ:eCKHMH DJ\.aCTHHKaMH, KOTOpLie DpHWHBaJ\.H npHKAeDLIBaAH - B 3TOM CJ\.y-qae 3aKAenKH 6LIJ\.H xopomo BHAHLI (puc. 14 8). llo3JKe H3 Hero pa3BHJ\.aCL 6pHraHTHHa (npUM. peg.). BAH

112

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EypAeT ocTaAC..si Ha IDAeMe B KaqeCTBe AeKopaTHBHoro npHAaTKa. 0KoAo

14 1 0 roAa no..siBH.JUICb noABIDKHble HaiiJ\.etniHKH, 3axo~e Ha HarpyAJIHK H HaCJIHHHHK. K KHpace llOABeWHBaeTC..si 106Ka H3 3-5 ll0.1\.0C (pHC. 149). noAMhlllielffihle BnC1AHHhl HaqHHaJOT npHKpbiBaTb 3aJ:IUITHbiMH AlfCKaMH. Ha .1\.0KT.SIX H KOAeH..six no..siBH.JUICb paKOBHHbl, CHaqaAa oqeHb He6o.1\.bmHX pa3Mepos. HacryllHJ\. nepHOA pocKomHbiX HaiGfAOK raM6H30HOB, KOTOpble y .1\.IOAeH B J\dTax npHo6peAH 6o.1\.bmoe 3HaqeHHe npH TOpJKeCTBeHHbiX CAyqa..siX. B HTa.1\.HH AO Ko~a XV seKa HOCH.JUI HaiGfAK.y C IDHpOKHMH AJUIHHbiMH, CKJ\dAqaTbiMH, naAaro~ c IIJ\.e'll PYKaBaMH, nopoH AOCTIII'aiO~ 3eMAH. Boo6me B 11TaAHH TOro BpeMeHH BXOASJT B MOAY KOpoTKHe AO KOAeH raM6H30Hhl, 6o.1\.bme:H qacTbiO 6e3 PYKaBOB, no Ta.l\.HH HX llOAB..si3biBa.1\.H KymaKOM (pHC.

150, 151). CTpeMJ\.eHHe Ayqrne 3aii\HTHTb HIDKHIOIO qacTb TeAa BbiHYAHJ\.O OKO.l\.0 14 3 0 roAa npeAIIpHIDITh cHaqaAa Puc. 150 Puc. 149 po6Kyw no~y K Kparo AaTHHJKHeMY Puc. 149. PoAaHA. 0Af!!r B c6opBLIB 1\arpYAHHK. en::te HOH 106KH cnepeAH HMeiOIJ:tHH <!JopMy AeHTHepa. KaMeaaax cra"cy.H B Pary3e (Ay6poBBHKe). 11TaA.H.H, 1423 r. PHcyHOK asropa. npHCOeAlfHHTb IDHpOPuc. 150. flemHB BOBB B KYPTKe-HaA.aTHHKe. C KOe npOAOAJK.eHHe, aA.Tapaoro H3o6paJKeBH.H BoCKpeceBH.H Xpucra, 1476 r. TaK "'T06bl OHO He 3aXyAOJKeCTBeBBa51 KOAA.e:KJ:tH.H KaBOBH'IeCJroro MOHaCThlp.H B Tpy~o noc~y Ha KAocrepaoB:6ypre. Aoin~. TaKHM o6pa30M B03HHKJ\H nepsble Ha6eAPe:miHKH. 0Ko.1\.o 14 2 0 roAa BCTpeqaAHcb YJK.e nepslxe HaiiJ\.e'IIHHKH c KpbiAb..siMH, c rAy6oKHM Bblpe30M c npaso:H cropoHhl, "'T06bl MoJKHo 6b1Ao noMecTHTb KOllbe noA MhiiiiKy. AesbiH HaiiJ\.eqm.{K nOAyqHA ycHAeHHe, KOTOpoe nepBOHaqaJ\.bHO npHB..si3biBa.1\.0Cb H HMe.l\.0 60.1\.bmHe pa3Mepb1. Ha .1\.eBOM IJAeqe - co cropoHhi HaH6oAee sepo..siTHoro yAapa - no..siB'HJ\HCb nepsble rpe6HH H.JUI JK.rYT, "'T06bl Ayqrne 3aii\HTHTb mew. Ao noj{BJ\,eHH..si IIJ\.aCTHl{qaTbiX J\dT ocHOBHOH 3aii\HTOH ..siBJUIJ\.acb KOJ\.b-qyJKHa..si py6axa. Ao XV BeKa npH H3roTOB.1\.emrn: IIJ\.eTeHIDI OAHH PJJA KOAe~ KysHe'IJ:Ho csapHBaAH, APyro:H CKAellhiBaAH, HO c XV seKa see Ko~ 6biAH CKAenaHhl.

113

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Puc. 155

Puc. 155. lloABLIH AOcnex pHApBXa Do6eAOHocuoro, n€J>a.Abn;rpa€J>a Pe:H:HcKoro (1425-1476). a) BHA cnepeAH. b) BHA C3aAH. Pa60Ta MHAaucKoro AOcnemHHKa ToMa3o Aa MHCCaAhSI, 1450 r.

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Puc. 161

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1532 r.

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Aocnexu souua

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Puc. 164 Puc. 164. noAHhiH 6oeBOH AOCIIeX, IIO.J\.HpOBaHHhiH, C lllHpOKHMH IIO.J\.OCaMH, yKpameHHhiMH HHKpycraQHeH, H cpurypHLII\IH H3o6paJKeHHHMH; 3aKphiThiH lll.J\.eM, c KPYTO orrylQeHHhil\1 3a6pa.AoM; lllHpOKHe IIOABHJKHhle Haii.J\.e'IHHKH; HarpyAHHK c HH3KOH «rycHHOH rpyAhiO)); UIHpOKHe Ha6eApeHHHKH. fepMaHHH, OK. 1570 r.

126

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150

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BaJKHeHIIIeH, a MOJKeT 6biTh, H ryMaHHeHIIIeH A06aBKOH ll e A 10 C m H 0 ii. q en b 10 (HeM. Kinnkette). B cepeAJiHe XV cToAenrn M)'lWIITYJ<.H o6AaAaiOT y.>Ke CAOJKHOH cpopMOH, YAJiAa CHa6JKeHbl MaAeHbKHM JKeAe3HhiM 11pJiAaTKOM M5J. AaBAeHIDI Ha .si3hiK, TaK Ha3biBaeMbiM q YH r e H m n u A yH roM (HeM. Zungenspielung, pHc. 203), HAH nogBR30llHblMU nogBecKaMu. CTpeMAeHHe ycHAHTh Ae:HcTBeHHOCTh rroBOAa o6'b.HCHSieTc.H TeM, qTo 6AaroPOAHOe BOHHCTBO fepMaHHH, AHrAHH H <l>pamzyrn 110.J\.b30BaAOCb TO.J\.bKO 6yHHbiMH .>Kepe6~aMH .H cecTb Ha .J\.OIIIaAb JKeHcKoro noAa Cq}iTaAOCh rro3opoM. B XIII CTOAeTH.H AMI ITOBbiiiieHIDI HaAeJKHOCTH CTaAH AeAaTh ABOHHYJO Y3AYr B KOTopo:H OAH.H rroBOAb.H CB.H3hiBaAHCh c TPeH3eAeM, a APyr.He c M)'lWIITYJ<.OM. TorAa noBog mpeH3eAR (HeM. Trensenzugel) 6biA AerKHM, H3 KOJKH, HO noBog MYHg m m YK a (HeM. Stangenzugel) rroqTH scerAa .H3 KpeiTKo:H ~eiTH. B cepeAJiHe XIV cTo.J\.eTIDI .HTaAh.HH~hi AOCTaB.J\..siA.H B fepMaHHIO H BO <l>paH~IO KaCTp.HpOBaHHhiX KOHe:H, KOTOpbie KaK «HeiTOAHO~eHHbie», T. e. 6oAee .J\.erKHe, y.>Ke B 1360 roAy yqacTBOBaAH B BOeHHhiX AeHCTBH.HX. DpHCTPacme 3Ham K .>Kepe6~aM coxpaHHAOCh Bee .>Ke AO KOH~a XVII CTOAeTIDI. HcKyccTBo YKPaiiiaTh y3AeqKH BOCXOAJiT K IX CTO.J\.eTHIO H Aa.>Ke K ell.\e 6oAee paHHHM speMeHaM; rrepBhie o6pa3~I rrorraAH B Esporry H3 B.H3aHT.H.H, KOTOpa.H Puc. 203 Puc. 202 ell.\e 3aAOAro AO Tex .speMeH 3aAaBaAa TOH B AeKopaTHBPuc. 202. PyKa, Aep.>Kam;ru~ m;HT H noBOAb51. KoBep HOM HCKYCCTBe. nocAe KaH3 Ea:He, KOH. XI B. po.J\.HHrOB 3TO HcKyccTBo Puc. 203. MyHAIIITYK, H3 BopoHeHoro .>KeAe3a, c Bhlpy6HhiMH yKpallleHH51MH, MyHAlliT)"'HOH n;eno'IKOH rrp.HXOAJiT B yrraAoK H .J\.HIIIh H ITOA'b513hi'IHhiMH noABecKaMH. KoH. XV B. K XIII CTOAeTHIO, 6AaroAap.H KpeCTOBbiM ITOXOAaM, CHOBa AOCTHraeT COBepiiieHCTBa. C 3TOrO BpeMeHH HaHBhiCIIIeH CBOeH TOqK.H CTPeMAeH.He K KpacoTe soopy.>KeHIDI .H cHap.H.>KeHIDI AOCTHraeT B cepeAJiHe XVI CTOAeTIDI. TypKH, seHrphi H rroA.HKH peBHOCTHO 6eper.J\.H TPCiAH~HIO YKPaiiieHIDI y3AeqKH BIT.J\.OTh AO XVIII CTOAeTIDI, HO rAaBHhiM o6pa3oM rroAqepKHBaAH HX ~eHHOCTb, OTAe.J\biBilll AOporHMH KdMH.HMH H T, rr. Crre~Hcp~ecKH TYPe~KHM H seHrepcKHM A06asAeHHeM K Y3AeqKe .HBA.HIOTC.H H a A o 6 H a .H ~err o q K a (HeM. Stirnketten) H lleAeHr (HeM. Dscheleng mpaHCKp. c myp.). OoCAeAH.H:H HaBeiii.HBaAC.H KaK 6peAOK Ha IIIeiO AOIIIaAH. Ha peMHe BHCeA rroAYMec.s~~ HAH

KoHCKaR c6pyB H KOHCKHH AOcnex

151

map C IlhiiiiHOl1: KHCTbiO H3 IIIepCTH SIKa (bos grunniens) HAH Aa>Ke H3 JKeHCKHX 1 BOAOC (pHC. 204) . EyHHbiM HpaB >Kepe6~oB no6yA11A K npHMeHeHHIO H aM 0 p g H U K a (HeM. Maulkorben). 3To Ao6aBAeHHe K Y3Ael.IKe BnepBble BCTpeqaeTcSI B XV cToAeT.HH, HO, HeCOMHeHHO, OHO npHMeHSIAOCb H paHhiiie. TaKoro poAa HaMopAHHKH npeAOCTaBASIAH «IIInOpHOMY» MaCTepy IIlHpoKHe B03MOJKHOCTH noKa3aTb CBOe HCKycCTBO. Oco6eHHO s XVI cToAeTHH BcTpe,l.IaAOCb MHoro HcKycHeMIIIHM o6pa30M 113roTOBAeHHhiX HaMOPAHHKOB H3 a>KypHoro JKeAe3a H HaKAaAHOM JKe.J\.TOM MeAH (pHc. 2 0 5). Ha HaMopAHHKax, a TaKJKe Ha Ha-Ao6HHKax l.IaCTO BCTpeqaeTCSI H306paJKeHHe SIIIJ,epH~bl KaK CHMBOAa l.IHCTOTbl H npoBopcTBa. BaJKHoe 3Hal.Iei-me HMeAa H ceMOBKa AOIIIaAH. OepBbie nepeceAeH~bl V BeKa, BepoSITHO, 3HaAH c egA o (HeM. Sattel), HO He noAb30BaAHCb HM. 0HH OTAaBaAH npeAnOl.ITeHHe cBoero poAa . nonoHaM H3 rpy6o:i1 TKaHH H He BJ1AeAH He06XOAlfMOCTH B 6oAee YA06HoM cHapSI>KeHHH. TaK, capMaTCKHM BCClAffiiK-, H3o6pa>KeHHbiM Ha cocyAe H3 KAaAa HaAbCu;eHrMHKAOIII (BeHrpiDI), CHAlfT Ha HeoceMaHHOM AOIIlaAH 3 11 6e3 CTpeMSIH (pHc. 130). 1 l.JeAeHr 6biA rrepBOHa'laALHO 3HaKOM OTAH'IHSI Al\.51 rrpmiBHBIIIero MyJKeCTBO BC(lAHHKa, IIOcraporype~KH kanun -i- teschrffat HAH yrrpo~eH Ho «KaHOH>> 3HaK rro'leTa. Ero H3BecrHeHIIIee OIIHCaHHe OTHOCHTCH KO BpeMeHH CyAeHr.taHa BeAHKOAeiiHOro (Ha'l. XVI B.). B noALIIIe 'leAeHr IIOSIBHACH IIOA Ha3BaHHeM 6yH'IYK (3HaMSI), IIOA 3THM JKe Ha3BaHHeM OH rrorraA TaKJKe H B APYrHe BOCTO'IHbie apMHH (npUM. UBm.). 2

TaK Ha3biBaAHCL MaCTepa, H3roTaBAHBaroc6pyro H ApyrHe IIpHH(lAA£'JKHOCTH Al\.51 KOHHOrO AeAa (npUM. peg.). ~He CeAAa,

Put. 204

YTBepJKAeHHe aBTopa ycrapeAo: ceAAO IIIHpoKo 6biAO H3BeCTHO y CTeiiHbiX HapOAOB 3(1AOAf0 AO 31IOXH BeAHKOfO rrepeceAeHHH HapOAOB. KaK Mbi YJKe oTMe'laAH B rrpHMe'laHHSIX K rAaBe «AocrrexH BOHHa B KOMIIAeKCe», aBTOp ~eAHKOM HeBepHo TPaKTYeT yKa3aHHyro uaxoAKY (npUM. peg.).

PHC. 204. l.JeAeHr, IIIeHHrui IIOABeCKa AOIIIC\AH, H3 II030AO'IeHHOro cepe6pa, yKpaiiieHa KpyrrHhlMH Ka6aHLHMH KAbiKaMH; · cyATaH H3 IIIepCTH SIKa, OT T. H. «BeHrepcKoro CHapSIJKeHHSI» 3pn;repn;ora epAHHaHAa THpoAbCKoro. BToprui rroA. XVI B.

152

qaCTI> I. 06opOHUTeAJ.HOe BOopyJKeHUe U CHapJIJKeaue

B VIII BeKe nosceMecTHo CTa.A.H npHMeH.siTh He6oAbiiiMe 11 6oraTo YJ<paiiieHHbie ceAJ'I..a 1 no.HBMAacb Heo6xoAJ1MOCTh 11 B cTpeMeHax. OAHaKo ceMo 6bi.J\.O e:rn;e MaAeHbKMM M COCTO.H.J\.0 113 AepeB.siHHoro OCHOBaHM.si M o~eHb HM3KMX nepeAHe:H: 11 3a,AHe:H: AYJ<.. Ha ceMO YK.J\.aAbiBaAacb He6oAbiiia.si noACTMJ\.Ka. 3aKpen.J\..HJ\.och CeAJ\..0 llOA6piOIIIHbiM peMHeMI MHOrAa TaKJKe nepeAHMM M 3aAHMM peMHeM. TaK Bhir.J\..siAMT ceMO B 3o.J\.OTOH ncaATbipM 113 CaHKT-fa.J\.J\eHa.

Puc. 205 Puc. 206 Puc. 205. KoHCKHH HaMopAHHK, H3 AyJKeHoro JKeAe3a; MeCTdMH aJKypHbiH, MeCTdMH H3 npoBOJ\O"tJ:HOH CeTKH; Hd o6py-qe CAeAaHa HdATIHCb: «WAS GOT BESCHERT, 1ST UNERWERT>> ( «HeBeAoMo, "tJ:To Eor nornAeT))). BeHcKaSI pa6oTa. BTopaSI noA. XVI B. Ko.J\J\eKD;HSI <DpaHn;a THJ\J\SI. Puc. 206. OceMaHHhiH JKepe6en;. KoBep H3 EaH:e, KoH .

Puc. 207. AparoHCKoe crpeMSI . noApaJKdHHe MaBpHTdHCKHM pa6oTaM, XIII B. My3eH: ApMepHSI PeaAh B MaAplfAe.

B KOH~e XI BeKa o6pa3oBaAacb yJKe TMllWIHa.si cpopMa ceAJ'I..a. Ha KOBpe M3 Ea:H:e Mhi BI1AMM ceMa OAJ1HaKoBo:H: cpopMbi 11 y caKcoBI 11 y HopMaHHOB. OHM MMeiOT no~TM nAOCKYIO cnMHKY c HM3KOH nepeAfieH 11 BbiCOKOHI 3arHYTo:H: YJ\.MTKOH 3a,AHe:H: AYJ<.OH (p11c. 206): CTPeMeHa YMepeHHOH BeAWIMHhi1 noAYJ<pyrAo:H: cpopMbi. CeAJ\..0 COCTOMT 113 CJ\.eAYIOIIJ,MX ~acTeH: n e p e g H e ii A y K U (HeM. vordere Sattelbogen), 3 a g He ii A y K u (HeM. hintere Sattelbogen) I c ega A u 11{ a (HeM. Sitze) I K p blAb e B (HeM. Seitenblatter) 1 no K p bl m K u (HeM. Decke) 1 no gnp y r u (HeM. Steigriemen) I c m p eM R H (HeM. Steigbiigel) 1 r p y g H oro p e M H R (HeM. Stegreifen) MJ\.M n o g n e p c b R (HeM. Brustriemen) I HaKoHe~~ n ax n e H H o r o p e M H R (HeM. Schwanzriemen). Puc. 207

KoHCKaR c6py~ H KoHCKHH AOcnex

153

0Ko.J\.o 1 1 2 7 roAa no.HBHJ\.OCh ceMo c rAy6oKHM ceAa.J\.HJ.IJ;eM. DepeAJUUI AYJ<a TIOAaHa BnepeA H o6pa3yeT 3aBHTOK, 3a.AJiilll o6bJtiHO TIOAfUITa Bhii.IIe H CH.J\.bHO 3arHYTa Ha3~, TIOKphiiiiKa paCCTHJ\.aeTCSI AO HHJKHHX KpaeB H 3aKpen.J\.SieTCSI c noMoJ.IJ;hlO AByx pe:r.rne"H. YJK.e B 3To BpeMSI noSIBHJ\.CSI YHH3aHHhiM 6y6e:HtiHKaMH rpyAHoH peMeHb, H.J\.H TIOAflepche. CTpeMeHaM np.HAaeTCSI 6yrhi.J\.Koo6pa3HaSI cpopMa (pHC. 207). B 1163 roAy BnepBbie TIOSIB.J\.SIIOTCSI CTpeMeHa, noABeiiieHHbie Ha 1..\enoqKax. TaKaSI cpopMa ceMOBKH coxpaHSieTcSI AO KOHI..\a 60-x roAoB XII BeKa, OAHaKo ern;e Ha neqaTSIX 1181 roAa BHAHhi BCaAHHKH 1 6e3 CeAeA, C~He Ha A.J\.HHHhiX, pa3BeBalOJ.IJ;HXCSI qenpaKax • DpHMepHo c 11 7 0 roAa cyrn;ecTBeHHO H3MeHSieTCSI 3a.AJiilll qacTb CeAJ\..a, oqeBHAHO CTpeMAeHHSI H3-3a BCaAHHKa ClfAeTb 6o.J\.ee H~eJKHo. DepeAHIDI AYJ<a np.HABHraeTCSI 6A.HJK.e K XO.J\.Ke, a 3~HSISI CTaHOBHTCSI BhiIIIe H IIIHpe, npHo6peb) TaeT no 6oKaM npHpau) rn;eHHSI CCJl C AU» (HeM. Krippen). 3To cTapeMIIIaSI cpopMa· RCeAbHOTO cegAa (HeM. Krippensattel) r KOTopoe npHMeHSI.J\.OCh AO nepBoro AecSITHJ\.eTIUI XVI BeKa (pHc. 208). YJK.e Ha neqaT.H Eod) Puc. 208 c) AY3Ha, rpacpa Ae fHHe, Puc. 208. I13MeHeHHSI noCdAKH BCdAHHKa XII- XIV BB. n o 1235 roAa (pHc. 208 cpeAHeBeKOBhlM ne"lldTSIM. d) BHAHO, qTo TI.J\.OCKaSI a) Oe"llaTb 11 7 0 r. <l>HAHnna 3Ab3a ccKoro, rpa¢a o6paTHaSI TIOBepXHOCTh <l>AaHAPCKoro (1168-1191). 3aAHeH AYJ<H CHa6JKeB) De"lldTb 1184 r . n~.epa Ae KypTeHe. Ha H3o6paJKeHHeM c) De"llaTb 1315 r . AyH, rpa¢a Ae H eaep. rep6a BA~e.J\.bu;a. 3ToT d) De"~IaTb 1235 r . EoAy3Ha, rpa¢a Ae fHHe. o6bJtiaii npoAepJKaACSI BTIAOTh AO XIV cToAeTHSI. Ha npoTSIJKeHHH XIII BeKa nepeAHSISI AYKa nocTeneHHo cTaHOBHJ\.aCh HHJK.e H YMeHbiiiaAaCh B pa3Mepax, CeAJ\..0 CTa.J\.H CHa6JKaTh B bl C m y n 0 M (HeM. Knopfe, pHc. 209). KpeTIH.J\.H ceMO TaK, ~o coceAHHe peMHH TIOA rpyAbiO cKpern;HBaAHCh. CTpeMeHa np.Ho6peAH a6co.J\.IOTHo TpeyrO.J\.hHYfO QJOPMY·

Aarop HenpaBHAbHO TpaKryeT H3o6paJKeHHe, Ho Ha HeKoropux H3 HHX Ha caMoM AeAe He BHAHO CeMa, T. K. OHO 3dKphlTO CBepxy CB0 60AHO CBHCaiOI.I\eH llOllOHOH (npUM. peg.) .

154

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Puc. 210

AHeH AYKOH (pHc. 21 0). TipHMepHo c 1 3 50 roAa rrepeAH.sJ:SI AYKa rroHeMHory CHOBa CTaHOBHTCSI Bbiiiie H CAHBaeTCSI C BbiCT)'TIOM (pMC. 2 1 1) r B 3TOM BHAHa IIOTpe6HOCTb Ayqrne 3a:rn;H:rn;aTb JKHBOT H 6eApa BCaAHHKa; o6pa3yeTCSI HeCKOAbKO HHIDI cpopMa 51CeAbHoro CeAJ\.a (pHC. 212}, KoTopa51 OKOAO 1 52 0 roAa Hcqe3aeT. Ha pocKoiiiHbiX ceMa:X XIV BeKa coxpaHHACSI AHIIIb HaMeK Ha 3TH cpopMbi (pHC, 2 1 3), 11 BOT IIOSIBMieTCSI TSIJKeAOe KupacupcKoe c egA o (HeM. KiiriJ3sattel, pHC. 2 1 4), C IIIHpOKHMM

nogymaM u (HeM. Sitzblatte) r Bbi-

cegaAU~HblMU

Puc. 211

COKHMH rrep~AHeH H 3~eH AYKaMH, c rrpSIMoyroAhHhiMH KpbiAbSIMH rro cTopoHaM. XapaKTepHa51 oco6eHHOCTb 3Toro ceMa- meHKeAbHble ymoA ~ eH UR (HeM. Schenkelwlllste) B HaqaAe 3~e:H AYKH, CAYJKMBIIIHe AMI Taro, qTo6bi BC~HK Mar Kperrqe AepJKaTbCSI IIIeHKeMIMH, TiepeXOA OT 51CeAbHoro ceMa K KHpaCHpCKOM)' XapaKTepH3yeTC51

PHc. 209. AparoHCKoe ceMo KopoASI AparoHa Xa:HMe I (1208-1276). My3e:H ApMepHSI PedAL, MdAPHA. PHc. 210 • .1\.oWdAI> c <<SICeJ\.LHbiM)) CeAJ\.OM H lldXBdMH c llOABeCHLIMH peMHSIMH. no <f>pecKe, H3o6paJKarom;e:H noKJ\.oHeHHe BOJ\..XBOB, B n;epKBH BeAeMep B BearpHH. 13 7 8 r. PHc. 211. «.SiceJ\.LHOe)) ceMo HMnepaTopa MaKCHMHJ\.Haaa I. BTopdSI no.l\.. XV B.

KoBeKaK H <fJopMoH cTpeMeHH

15 2 3

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R KOBeKHA AOenex

155

roAa. CeAeAhHhle AYKH c BHemHHX cTopoH CTaAH

o6A~OBbiBaTb .J\.HCTOBhiM JKeAe30M, a caMo CeAJ\.O KpeTIHTb ABYM51 OTAaAeHHhiMH

APyr OT Apyra peMIDIMH. Bo3HHKHOBeHHe 3TOH <fJopMbi ceMa cosna.J\.o TaKJKe C H3MeHeHH~M AOCHexa BC~HHKa H BBeAeHHeM qpe3BblliaHHO illHpOKHX JKe.J\.e3HbiX 6amMaKOB- «MeABeJKbHX .J\.aTI», H3-3a qero CTpeMH COOTBeTCTBeHHO CTa.J\.0 oqeHb mHpoKHM (pHc.

2 15).

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15 1 0

roAa no.HBHAHCb 3aKpbiTbie cTpeMeHa,

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AJ\..H 3a:rn;HTbl HOrl1.

11M TipJIAaBaAH QJOPMY 6amMaKa H Ha3h1Ba.J\.H C m p eM R - 6 a m M a K (HeM. Bugelschuhe, um. staffe a gabbia). no3Af1ee Hory CTa.J\.H 3a:rn;H:rn;aTb TOAhKO pemeTKOH H3 JKeAe3Horo TIPYTKa (pHc.

216),

qT06hl B CAyqae n~eHH.H BOHH

Puc. 212 PRe. 212. «.SiceAbHOe)) ceMO. Ha"tl. XV B. EhlBmee co6paHHe A. MeiipHKa. PRe. 213. OxoTHH"lll>e ceMO, o6-rnH}'TO xpacHoii KOJKeH, C KpyrAhlM BhlillHThlM "llenpaKOM H MeTaAAH"llecKHMH CTpeMeHaMH. IOJKHasi paH~HSI,

XIV

Puc. 213

He ocTa.J\.C.H BHCeTb Ha cTpeMeHax. faHc Kpe:H:u;6eprep B csoeM TPYAe

15 7 2

roAa o6 Y3AeqKax H yAHAax noqeMy-To Ha3hiBaeT HX JKeHCKHMH CTpeMeHaMH. CeAJ'I..a CTa.J\.H 6oAee rpoM03AJ<.HMH H T.HJKe.J\.hiMH, B CB.H3H C 3THM MaCTepaCeAeAhHHKH BbiH}'JKAeHbi 6bi.J\.H ycH.J\.HTb TIOAfiepcbe, cnepeAff TIO.HBH.J\.aCb BhlrryK.J\.a.H,

KaK npaBH.J\.0 -yKpameHHa.H,

BCTpeqa.J\.acb e:rn;e B B

XVI

MeTa.J\..J\.HqeCKa.H TI.J\.aCTHHa,

KOTOpa.SI H3peAJ<.a

BeKe. Ho H 3Toro oKa3aAOCb HeAOCTaToqHo, no3TOMY

BeKe OT.J\.HqHbiM 3AeMeHToM ceAJ'I..a CTaHOBHTC.H xsocToso:H peMeHb.

156

qacTIII I. 06opoHHTeAIIIHoe ooopyJKeHHe H cHap.RJKeHHe

CeMO B cpeAfiHe seKa 6biAO H3AI06AeHHhiM npeAMeToM 6oraToro xyAo.>KeCTBeHHoro o<PopMAeHIDI. OnpeAe.J\.eHHble CBlfAeTe.J\.bCTBa 3TOMY MO.>KHO HaRTH B 3oAOTOH ncaJ\.ThipH H3 CaHKT-faJ\..J\.eHa, a TaK.>Ke B xyAo.>KecTBeHHhiX npoH3BeAeHIDIX XII seKa, KaK, HanpHMep, B «necHH o HH6eAYHrax», rAe ynoMHHaeTc.SI CeAJ\.0, YJ<.pameHHOe KaMiffiMH H3 J1HAJ'IH. 0 TOM, C KaKHMH 3HaqHTe.J\.bHbiMH 3aTpaTaMH 6biAO CBSI3aHo XYAOJK.ecTBeHHoe o<PopMAeHHe ceAeA B XIII H XIV seKax, HMeiOTCSI AOKYMeHThi. HanpHMep, cqeT .JKo<P<Ppya Ae EpeToHa, BhlllHCaHHhiM KOHHeTa6AIO <PpaHu;y3cKoro KopoAescTBa Pay.J\.Io rpa<Py A' 0, AaT11pyeMhiH 1 3 3 6-1 3 3 9 roAaM11:

Puc, 215

Puc. 214 PHc. 214. THJKeAoe KHpacHpcKoe ceAJI..o Orro reHpHXa, n<}laAbD;rpa¢a PeHHCKoro. noAHpOBdHHOe, c TpaBAeHHbiMH ~epHbiO llOAOCdMH. repMaHHSI, 1523 r. PHc. 215. CTpeMH aT TSIJKeAOH c6pyH. OK. 151 0 r. Puc. 216. 3aKpbiToe crpeMH, OT napctAnoro ceAJI..a BpeMeH HMnepaTopa MaKcHMHAHaHa II.

Puc. 216

«MOHCeHbOpa poCKOIIlHOe CeAJ\.O AJ\.SI CKaqeK cnepeAlf 11 C3aAJ1 06HTO HaKAaAHhiM YJ<.pameHHeM H3 Cepe6pa B BlfAe TpOCTHHKa, H llO yrAaM 3TOro YJ<.pameHIDI o6paMAeH11e, a Ha o6eHx AYJ<.ax - AMyp, OAeThiH B 30AOTYJO napqy, c HaTYPhi cocTaB.J\.eHHhiH, PYKH H roAosa H3 cAoHoso:M: -KOCT11, a Kpbi.J\.bSI H3 301\.0Ta. B PYKe CBHTOK 113 <l>HHH<l>TH, H ClfA11T OH Ha CKaMbe 113 6apxaTa. npH OAfiOM H3 3THX .AMypos nacTYIIloK, np11 ApyroM naCTYIIlKa, TOT H APyraSI OAeThie B napqy, ro.J\.OBhl H pYJ<.H H3 C.J\.OHOBOH KOCT11, a Ha Ayry BlfAHhl OBI.J;bl H3 C.J\.OHOBOH KOCT11, KOTOpbie naCYTc.Sir H npH HHX co6aKa 113 C.J\.OHOBOH KOCT11. Ha3BaHHhiH

KoHCKaK

157

c6pyK H KOHCKHH AOCUeX

1 Ayr ychiiiaH rrpeKpaCHbiMH CBepKaiO~HMH II;BeTaMH» , 0TAeA.biBaAH CeAfl.O B 3fiBHCHMOCTH OT TeX AeHeJKHbiX cpeACTB, KOTOpbiMH paciiOAaraA. BCfiAHHK, A:H6o :u;eA.hHbiMH IIJ\.fiCTHHaMH C IIJ\.OCKHM peA.beq>OM H3 CAOHOBOH KOCTH, A:H6o OTAeA.bHbiMH AeTaASII\IH H3 CAOHOBOH KOCTH, BCTaBA.eHHbiMH B Aepeso, 113 3THX CeAeA, cosepmermo 6e3 ceAaAHIIVIbiX rroAymeK, HeKoTopbie 3K3eMIIMiphl e~e coxpaHHAHCh B MY3e.SIX (pH C. 2 1 7). Ha:H6oA.ee CTfipbie H3 HHX OTHOOITC}l K KOHizy

Puc. 2 17

Puc. 218

Puc. 217. napiiAlfOe Ce,..AO, BhlJ\OJKeHO CAOIIOBOH KOCTI>IO u 6oraTO YKPaiiieHO <flHrypHbiM peALe<flOM; pHcyHKH Ha MOTHB'bl AereHAhl 0 CB.SITOM reoprBH. KoH. XIV B. HaQHOHaALH'biH Mf3e:H B By.a.aneiiiTe. Puc. 218. npasoe crpeMSI OT «SICeAI>HOro>> ceAJ\,a, H3 KOBaHOro JKeAe3a. BHA cnepeAH H c6oKY. Cepe,a.HHa XV B. E~A.hiiiHHCTBo H3 HHX Q:>paH:u;yscKHe HAH 6ypryHACKHe, Ho Ha o6pyqax HeKoTopbiX ecTb TaKJKe H HHJKHeHeMe:u;KHe HfiAIIHCH. CTPeMeHa RCeA.hHhiX ceAeA II03AfleHmero rrepHOAa HMeiOT csoeo6pa3HYJO <PoPMY· OHM TParre:u;eBHAflbie, OlieHb Y3KHe, H3 IIOAOCOBOro MeTa.J\Aa, a IIIHpoKag IIOAfiOJKHag IIJ\.fiCTHHa, HAH c m yn U q a (He.M. Trittplatte), y HHX HMeeT CKOC HfiPYJKY (pHc. 218). KHpacHpcKHe ceAJill. XVl cToAeTH}l HMeiOT Ha o6AH:u;OBKe AYK AeKopaTHBHble YKPaiiieHH}l, IIOA06Hhle YJKe orrHcaHHbiM, Ha J\.aTax. HaH6oAee 6oraTbie H3 HHX 3aKa3biBaAHCh B MHAaHe H :HcrraHHH, qeKaHeHHbie YKPaiiieHH}l CBR3aHb1 c Tay3He:H. '-IacTo 6bmaeT, qTo CeAfl.O H AaThl YKPfiiiiaAHCh no corA.acoBaHHOMY pHcym<.y H TeXHHKe, cocTaBMUI rapHHTYJl. B KaqecrBe rrpHMepa IIPHBeAeM 6o.hhmo:H rapHHTYP HMrrepaTopa <DepAlfiifiHAa I, so ABop:u;osoM co6paHHH opyJKH}l

XIV seKa.

Demay, G. Le costume au moyen-age d'apres les sceaux. Paris, 1880 (npUM. CIBm.).

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158

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l 3a llOChe,A,Bee BpeMSI llOBBJIAOCb MBOro HCCheAOBdHBH, onposepra10~HX ChOJKHBWYJOCSI TO"IIIcy 3peHHB 0 BOCTO'IHOM BOHHe HCKA10"'1HTeAbHO Ka.K 0 Aei'KOBOopyJKeHHOM. H3AdBH6. cy~eCTBOllllAH OTpBAbl BCaAJIBKOB, 3dKOBdHHbiX B 6pOH10, KOTOpble AOAJKHbl tSidAB B pyKonamao:A cxsane coKpymaTL npOTHBHHKa. Ma.~~.o roro, HMeHao BocroK Tenepb C"'IHTaeTOI poAftHOit "niJKeAoit KasMepHB (npUM. peg.).

XIX BeKe Ha 8ocNw.e

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159

ucrraHcKue, T. H. ra.11ucuiicxue ceg.11a (ucn. gallegas). OHH OTAWiaAUCb TOrAa OT MaBpUTdHCKUX BOeHHbiX CeAeA- 6apga (ucn. barda) 1• npeBOCXOAHeHIIIHe MdCTepcKHe IIO U3rOTOBAeHIDO TdKHX CeAeA 6biAH B ra.Jlliclrn, MaBpUTaHCKUe JKe CeMa U3rOTaB.JUIBil.hHCb B KopAOBe u rpaHaAe. EapAa OTJ\.HllaAdCb rrp~eHHoii sepmrnHoii rrpHIIo~Toii rrepeAHeii AYKU u rrpuc~eii sceM apa6CKHM CeAJ\.dM BbiCOKOH, KpyrAoH 3ilAHeH AYJ<.OH (puc. 219). Apa6cKoe CeAJ\.O HHJKe, MeHbme, C Y3KOH, HO BbiCOKOH OKOBaHHOH MeTaJV\.OM rrepeAHeH AYJ<.OH, KOTOprui HdBepxy OKdHl!HBaeTC51 qnrrypHbiM BblcryrroM; CeAa-

Puc. 219

Puc. 219. MaBpHTaaCK.oe ceAAo, c 6oraro BLIWHTOH 6apxaTHOH UOK.pbiWK.OH. Bropas1 noA. XVI B. My3e:R ApMepHSI Pea...u. B MaAplfAe. Puc. 220. Apa6CK.oe ceAAo, nepeAHSISI H

Puc. 221

3a.AHSISI AYKH YKPaWeHLI H3SI~HLIM J\.aK.OBbiM Y30POM; 60K.0Bble K.pbiALSI pacnHCaHbl 30.1\.0TOH K.paCK.OH BOCTO'tJ.HLIM opHaMeHTOM; UOTHHK. H3 TOJ\.CTOI'O K.Opii"'HeBoro BOHAOK.a. Tpot~Je:R noxoAa 1556 r., B3.srn.lA y T}'POK.. Puc. 221. Type:Q;K.Oe ceAAo, c AYKaMH, OK.OBaHHLIMH 30.1\.0TOM H cepe6poM, H noK.pLIWK.OR H3 K.pacaoro 6ap:xa.Ta. H3 T. a. «T}'PertK.oro caapl~IeH:mt » , npeUOAfteCeHHOI'O HMUepaTOpCK.BM noAeBLIM K.anHTaHOM All3apycoM lliBeH.A;B (1522-1584) 3pJ:treprtory epAHBaBAY Tupo.hbCK.OMy. Tpot~Je:R noxoAa 15 56 r., B3SITbiR y T}'POK..

AHID;,e KopoTK.oe u ysKoe, 3~ AYJ<.a saKpyrAeHa u IIOAJUITa s:wne rrepeAHeH (puc. 220). Y ceAJ\.d suaTHbiX apa6os u TYPOK scerAa HMeAaCb 6oraTo BhiiiiHTM noKpbl wxa (B mpaHcKp c apa6. apaji). Koucrp~ u ocl>opMAeHHe rypei..\Koro CeAJ\.d IIOXOJKH Ha apa6CKOe, pd3HHI..\d TOAbKO B TOM, 'ITO y T}7Pe~oro ecTb CBUCdlOlWfe Kpbl.llbR, qeM ORO HaTioMHHaeT TaTapCKOe (pHC. 221). 1

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160

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TaTapcKHe. a TaKJKe H MocKOBHTcKHe CeAhd }(" CTOAeTKH OTAWidiOTCjJ O'tJeHb BbiCOKHM OCHOBdHHeM. y HHX BbiCOKHe AyKHr TOACTble CeAaAHmHble noAymKH1 a no CTOpOHdM CBHCdlOT KpbiAhll (pHC. 222. 223). CTapHHHoe BeHrepcKoe ceAAO KO~d }(" BeKd 1 npHMepoM KOToporo CAYJKHT pocKoUITHoe ceAAo. npHHaAAeJKasmee MaKCHMHAHaHy I. npeACTdBAj!eT co6o:H Helffo cpeAHee MeJKAy HeMe~ H apa6cKHM ceAAaMH. 0HO He TdK BbiCOKO no~o. nepe~ AYKa Y3KM 1 HH3KM. HO BepXHIDI 'tJdCTb ee BbiCOKM. 3a.rHYI'd BnepeA H cTHcHYTa c 6oKOB. CeA~e ycTpoeHo TaKHM o6pa30M1 'tJTO OT BeflillHHbl 3~e:H AYKH K nepeAHeH npoXOAH'f IlAdBHM KpHBM AHHHj!, ~ AYKa noxoJKa Ha apa6cKyro. HO 3Hd'tJHTeAbHO nrnpe (pHc. 224). HeMe~He Bc~ KH B }(1{1 CTOAeTHH qacTO noAb30Ba.J\HCb BeHrepcKHMH CeAAaMH. Ad H B00611.\e BeHrepcKHMH H nOAhCKHMH CeAhdMH nOAb30Ba.J\HCb BllAOTb AO HOBe:Hmero BpeMeHH. B Ko~e JCVI BeKa B repMdHHH AaJKe CTdAH noAPaJKdTb cTapoMY TYPe~oMY o6blqaro OKpdillHBdTb XBOCT AOilldAH B KpacHbi:H (cB~oBoro cypHKa)

Puc. 223

Puc. 222. TaTapCKoe BAH crapopycCKoe ceAA.o, noKphlTo 3eAeHOH KaM'IdTH~H TKaHI>IO; AYKH 06TsiHYTLI KOlKeH aKyAhl; 6oKOBLie KpLIAhSI H3 SIAOBOH KOlKH_pacnHcaHLI BOCTO"'IHLIM f30pOM. TpO«pe:H noXOAd 15 56 r., B3SITLIH y rypoK. Puc. 223. LJ:epKeccKoe ceAA.o. c JKeAe3HLIMH crpeMeHaMH; 06nifiYTO KpaCHLIM ca<tJhSIHOM C cepe6pSIHLIM mHTbeM; Aytal H3 BOpOHeHoro JKeAe3a yxpameHLI HHKpycr~e:H cepe6poM. XVIII B. HMnepaTopCKH:H l.lapCKOCeAbCKHH apceHaA.

KoBCKaK cfipy~ B KOHCKBA AOCDeX

161

~BeT. no3Af1ee Ce/Vla, Ha3biBaeMhle BeHrepcKHMH, CBOeH 4>opMOH CAeAOBMH YJK.e He CTOJ\bKO CTapoBeHrepCKHM o6pa3~aM, CKOJ\bKO MOCKOBHTCKHM H ITOJ\bCKHM, 'ITO HeTPYAHO ycTaHOBHTh nyreM cpaBHeHH.SI npeACTaBAeHHhiX 3AeCb H306paJKeHH:ii. Oco6eHHoCThiO acex BOCTOq}JbJX ceAeA .HBJUieTc.si npHKpeii.J\.eHHoe BHH3Y Aeaoro Kphi.J\.a He'ITO BPOAe HOJKeH 1VJ1. Meqa-KoHllapa, KOTopbiH, TaKHM o6pa30M, TOJKe OTHOCHTC.si K KOHCKOMY CHap.siJKeHHIO, KaK ca6JUI HAH Meq K aoopYJKeHHIO BCaNlliKa. TaKoro poAa npHcnoc<>?AeHH.si no.sm.JUIJ\Hcb apeMSI oT apeMeHH H Ha HeMe~ KHpacHpcKHX ceMaX B nepHoA TYPe~ noxoAOB BTopo:H noAOBHHbl XVI cToAeTH.si. AocroHH BHHMaHHSI npeAMeT CTapOBOCTOqHOro KOHCKOrO CHap.siJKeHH.si, KOTQpbiH ll03BOJUieT o~eTAHBee npeACTaBHTh ce6e TaKTHKY Ko~ BocroKa: 3TO TaK Ha3bmaeMhi:H p Yll R o ii 6 ap a 6 a R (HeM. Handpauke, B mpaRcKp. c myp. tabl), KoTopbiH npHB.si3bmMH c npaao:H cTopoHhl nepeAHeH AyKH ceMa. TaKo:H 6apa6aH yno1'pe6A.siAc.si so acex apMIDIX BocToKa, a TaKJKe y TaTap H no.JUIKoB. Kopnyc ero 6biA H3 AHcToao:H MeAJf HAH H3 6poH3hl. CHH3Y oH 3aKaWIHBaAC.si TYfibiM KOH~OM c npHKAenaHHhiM ymKOM. K 3TOMY ymKy, a TaKPuc. 224 JKe K aepXHeMY KpaiO 6apaPRe. 224. BearepCime ceAAO HMnepaTopa 6aHa KpenHJ\.c.si peMeHb, KoMaKCHMHAHaHa I. CeAAo H 11enpaK H3 Kpacuo:R KoJKH, TophiM OH IIpHB.si3nmaAC.si K pacnHCaH:bl 30AOTOH KpaCKOH B BOCT011HOM CTHAe. ceMY路 AlfaMe1'p 6apa6aHa Ha11. XVI B. peAKO npeBhiiiiaA 2 5 CM. '路1To6hl npeAOXpaH.s!Tb OT ChlpOCTH Ha Mapme, ero CHa6JKaAH qeXJ\.OM H3 .siJ\.OBOH KOJKH. MHorne BCClAfiHKH yraepJKAMH, 'ITO Ha HX 6apa6aHax HaT.siHYTa qeAoaeqecKa.si KoJKa, 3BYK oT Koropo:H AOAJKeH 6hi.J\. oKa3bmaTh Ha a para HeOAOAHMoe AeHCTBHe (pHc. 2 2 5). PytrnoH 6apa6aH 6hi.J\. HCKAIO~eJ\bHhiM CpeACTBOM 1VJI. ITOAJUITIDI MOpa.J\bHOro Ayxa npH aTaKe Ha OTP.siAr anepahle npoTHBoCTo~:H aocTo~o:H KoHHHQ,e. Moll\Hoe ao:HcKo, nocTeneHHo ycKop.si.si aJ\J\.IOp, noA HenpepbmHhiH 6o:H 6apa6aHoB C1'peMHTeJ\bHO HeCJ\.OCb Ha IIpOTHBHHKa; Ha 6AH3KOM pacCTO.siHHH ITOA Te JKe 3BYKH BCClAfiHKH BhiXBaTbiBMH ca6AH H, pa3MaxHBa.si HMH, C KpHKaMH 芦a.JU\.a)) apy6MHcb B P.siAbl apara. npeJKAe qeM aepHY'fbC.si K esponeHCKOMY KOHHOMY CHap.siJKeHHIO, HaAO BCITOMHHTb em;e 0 HeKOTOphiX CBOHCTBeHHhiX BOCTO~ Ce/VlaM <!>opMax C1'pe-

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Puc. 225

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no cpeAJieBeKOBhiM neqaT..SIM MOJKHO 3aKJUOqHT&, liTO B H81IaAe XIII croAeTHSI J\OWaAf> CTaJ\H 3a1I:Uffi\8Tb OT opy-

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Puc. 226

Puc. 227

Pac. 225. Type~KB:i p"f11BO:i 6apa6aB. Kopnyc (KOTeA) CAeAilB B3 MeA& B D030AO~eB, KphlmKa B3 MeTaAAa, o6Tsmyra ~epso:i KOJKe:i B pacnBCaBa 30AOTOB KpacKo:i; DpB HeM 6apa6aBBM DaAO~Ka. Tpo4>e:i DOXOAa 1556 r., B3fthiB y TypOK• . Pac. 226. AepeB51BBoe crpeM51, rpy6o paCKpameso; OTBOCHTCSI K apa6CKOMY cew..y, B3o6pWKeBBOMY sa pee. 220. Pac. 227. CTapoBelll'epcKoe crpeM51 B3 AyJKesoro JKeAe3a.

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Puc. 229

PRe. 228. Apa6cKoe crpeMSI H3 cepe6pa. CepeAHHa XVI B. PRe. 229. Typen;Koe crpeMSI H3 no3oAo"'leHHoro JKeAe3a. XVII B.

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Puc. 230

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Puc. 232

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170

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IIIDOPLI C pa3BHTHeM 4JeoAaJ\hHoro o6~qecTBa w no p hl (HeM. Sporn), KpoMe csoero npHMoro Ha3HaqeHIUI, HBMIAHCb e~qe H 3HaKOM pbmapCKoro AOCTOHHCTBa, KOTOphiM o6AaAaAH TO.J\.bKO Te, KTO HMeA npaBo H 06.JI3aHHOCTb BOeBaTb B CeAJ'le, B npoTHBOllO.J\.O~OCTb BOHHaM HH3Koro npoHCXO~eHIUI. XoT.JI mnopbl yJKe 6biAH H3BeCTHbl so BpeMeHa KapoAHHroB, oHH He 6biAH eJ:qe IIIHpOKO pacnpocrpaHeHbl. no KpaHHeH Mepe Ha MHHHaTIOpaX Toro BpeMeHH, KaK, HanpHMep, B 3oAOTOH ncaATblpH, HX HeT. Ao CHX nop cqHTaAOCb, lfrO mnopbl HMeAH noHaqaAy 3aoCTpeH\ Hble, JKaAoo6pa3Hbie we iiKu (HeM. Halsen) H To.J\.bKo B XIV CTOAeTHH npHo6peAH KOAeC UKU (HeM. Radchen). BonpeKH 3TOMY MHeHIDO B 1639 rOAY B MHAaHCKOH rpo6HH~e BepHrapAd, Kopo.J\..JI Puc. 241

J1TaAHH

(797-818)

Haii.AeHa napa mnop H3 JKeATOH MeAH C KO.J\.eCHKaMH Ha meHKaX. Ho 3To, HecoMHeHHo, 6biA eAHJ~W~HhiH CAyqa:H, H6o BeCb H.J\J\lOCT}JaTHBPuc. 242 Puc. 240 HbiH MaTepHaA CBifAePRe. 240. CTpeMH H mnopa <f>paul(y3cKoro phll(apH. Te.J\.bCTBYeT 0 TOM, PRcyHOK H3 pyxonRcR sropoii no./\.. XI B. Hdi(HOHa.J\.LHaH qTo npH no3AJIHX Ka6H6./\.HOTeKd B llapHJKe. poAHHrax B ynoT}Je6PRe. 241. Illnopa. lh rpo6HRI(hl KopoAH BeHrpHH Ee./\.hl AeHHe BOIIIAH mnopbl III (1172-1196) B Ili"cyALBaiiceH6ypre. PRe. 242. Illnopa. 113 rpo6HHI(hl KOpoAH lloALmH C KOpOTKHMH OCT}JbiKa3HMHpa BeAHKoro (1310-1370) MH meHKaMH H lfrO B KpaKoBCKOM co6ope. TO.J\.bKo B KoH~e XIII BeKa CTaAH llO.JIBA.JITbC.JI mnopbl C KOAeCHKaMH, CHaqaAa .J\.Hillb y 3HaTH. Illnopbl C. JKaAOo6pa3HbiM OCTj)HeM 6biAH Ha3BaHbl 4JpaHI\Y3aMH «C 0 p 0 ll bUM KA 10 B 0 M» (cfJp. bees de geai) H llO.JIBHJ\HCb llOA 3THM Ha3BaHHeM e~qe B 1 3 3 5 rOAYr B TO JKe BpeM.JI Ha 6o.J\.b111o:H pbmapcKoH neqaTH PyAoAh4Ja IV .ABCTpHHCKoro ( 1358-13 65), oKoAO 1 3 58 roAa 3TOT npasHTe.J\.b H3o6paJKeH yJKe B mnopax c 6o.J\.bmHMH KoAeCHKaMH np~AJ'lHBOH 4JopMb1,

mnopld

171

noKa3aTeAeM B03pacTa JKaA006pa3HhiX nmop .HB.MieTC..si 4>opMa AYJKKU u ee peMeHHOH npoyniHHbl. A y JK. K u (HeM. Bugel) no..siBHAHCb B XI BeKe e~e np.SIMbiMH HAH TOAbKO HeMHoro U301'H}'TbiMU, C llpOCTbiMH, rpy6o UCllOAHeHHbiMH npoyrnHHaMH, B TO JKe BpeM..si yJKe B HallaAe Xll BeKa AYJKKH <<B3MeTHYAHCb禄 KBepxy, 11T06hl me:HKH JIIIK>P c w uno M (HeM. Stachel) Ha HHX He 3aAeBaAH 3eMAK> (puc. 240). C 3THM Pt: CB.SI3aHO cTpeMAeHue 3arHYJ'b me:HKu KBepxy (puc. 241, 242). B TOT nepUOA, KOrAa Hom e~e 3~aAHCb AaTaMH, nmophl speMeHaMU npuo6peTaAH csoeo6pa3H}'l0 4>oPMY路 Illun npHKAenbiBaAH Ha KycoK .J\HCTosoro JKeAe3a, KOTopoMY npHAaBaAH 4>opMY IUITKH, npoAeAbiBaAH B HeM OTBepcTH..si, 11epe3 KOTOpble KpellKOH neHbKOBOH HHTKOH HAH llOAOCKaMH KOJKH 3aKpeiLI\..siAH Ha 3aKpyrAeHHoM MecTe Aocnexa. TaKa..si nmopa xpaHHTc..si B co6p~HHH B. X. PHrrca (puc. 2 4 3). B IX BeKe mHll e~e CHAeA Ha AYJK.Ke 6e3 me:HKH, B X cToAeTHH me:HKa u mun YJKe o,-qeTAHBO OTAeMDOTC..si APYI' oT APyra, U 3TO CTaHOBHTC..si npu3HaKOM, YKa3biBruo~M Ha B03pacT nmopbi. B Xlll seKe AYJKKa noAyqaeT HaA meHKOH He60AblliOH OTpOCTOK, 11T06bl meHK.a He yAap.SIAa no axHAAecosy cyxo~. TaKa..si 4>opMa mnopbl coxpaH..siAacb c He6oAbiiiHMH Puc. 244 U3MeHeHH..siMH BllAOTb AO XVI BeKa. YJKe B nepso:H noAOBUHe Xfi BeKa y no..siBA..sieTC..si 3HaTH o6blllaH 30AOTHTb mnopbl u AaJKe YKPaPuc. 243 maTb HX 3MaAbiO. C TOliKU 3peHH..si xyAoPuc. 245 .>KecTBeHHoro o4>opMAeHH..si nmopa BllAOTb Pac. 243. Ilinopa-mBn, npBKAenaH K nep<JlopBpoBaHHo:H DJ\.dCTHHKe, C DOMOilt'biO cyxoJKHAHB DpBIUHTOB K DSITOliHOB AO XVII seKa 3aHHMallaCTH KOAl,.'IYJKHOro 11yAKa. Ha11. XIII B. KoAAe~BSI B. X. Aa secbMa saJKHoe MePBrrca. CTO. Pac. 244. llinopa. C KOAeCBKOM, HaDpaBAeHH'biM BHB3; Ha BocToKe BllAOTb yxpameua BHKpycraQBe:H. 11TaAHSI, KOH. XVI B. 11MneparopCKBB IJ;apCKOCeAhCKBB apceHaA. AO XIV BeKa nmopa Pac. 245. Ilinopa. 113 pe3Horo JKeAe3a; 11aCI'B11HO HMeAa np..siMYIO, AOno30A011eHa. 11Ta:..HSI, XVI B. BOAbHO MJlliHYIO meHKY c mapoBHAHbiM oTpocTKoM HAH AaJKe c He6oAbmHM AHCKOM. Oco6eHHO 6h!Aa pacnpocTpaHeHa oHa y MaBpos. Y apa6os U TYJlKOB OHa BCTpellaeTC..si pe.>Ke, OOCKOAbKY ee 3aMeHAAH mHpOKHe CTpeMeHa. AJrnHa me:HKH HMeeT saJKHoe 3HalleHHe. l.JeM AJlliHHee me:KKa, TeM MeHbme BCaAHHKY so speM..si npHnmopHBaHH..si HYJKHo npH.>KHMaTb HKpbi K 6oKaM AOmaAJf.

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me:HKM BAIDieT TaKJKe cpopMa ceA.J\.a, a HaqMHa.si c

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XVI

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Puc. 246

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B Puc. 247

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Puc. 246. foTH'IeCKrui mnopa. 113 pe3Horo JKeAe3a; MeCTaMH nep¢opHpOBaHHa5.1 H AyJKeHrui.

KoH. XV B. Puc. 24'1. llinopa. 113 aJKypHoro AHCTOBoro JKeAe3a c Bblpy6Hb1MH yKpameHHSIMH; Ha AYJKKe HaAnHci:.: <<POMNY NA MYE, MA MYLA WYERNA PANY)) (<<TIOMHH o6o MHe, MOSI AOporru~, BepHrui JKeHa))); Ha o6HBKe peMernKa MOJKHO pa3rASIAeTh roTH'IeCKYIO MOHOrpaMMY llOA KOpOHOH, AO CHX nop He pacmH¢poBaHHYIO.

noABemeHHble Hble M3

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IDuopw

173

HaqmJaJI c cepeAHJibi XV BeKa nmopa HepeAKo csgsaHa c J\.aTHbiM 6amMa"'KoM Ha IUITKe TaK, liTO me:HK.a 6e3 AYJKKH llpHKJ\.eiibiBa.J\.aCb K lliiTO"'HOH qaCTH HaroJ\.eHHHK.a. Y 60J\.biiiHHCTBa TaKHX AOCIIeXOB B My.3e.HX H co6pa.HH.SIX nmophl o6J\.OMaHbi, HO coxpaHHBmHeC.H saKJ\.eiio"'Hhhe oTBepcTH.H YKashiBaiOT Ha HX 6hiJ\.oe npHcyrcTBHe. HaqmJaJI c XV seKa nmopa B 60J\.biiiHHCTBe CJ\.yqaea KpeiiH.hilCh peMeinKaMH IIOA J\.aTHbiM 6amMaKOM. /VuJ. 3TOH ~e.J\.H HaroJ\.eHHHK HMe.J\. y Ilj{TKH rJ\.y60KHe Bhlpe3hl, H3 KoTophiX Top"'Ma me:HK.a nmophl. Bo BTopo:H IIOJ\.OBHHe XVI seKa C~eCTBOBa.J\.H pa3H006pasHe:HillHe CIIOC06hl KpeiiJ\.eHIDI nmop K OAeTOH B 6poHe Hore, HepeAKO ,BCTPe"'a.J\.HCh H nmophl, npHCTerHyrhle HaA J\.aTHbiM 6aiiiMaKOM, CHCTeMa KpeiiJ\.eHH.H nmophl peMH.HMH BKMO"'a.J\.a npoxoASimHH IIOA IDITKOH n o g w n o pH bl ii p eM e H b (HeM. Stegriemen) H HA~H HaA IlOA'beMoM H aW n 0 pH bl U p eM e H b (HeM. Schnallenriemen) c npiDKKo:H. B XV aeKe BCTPe"'a.J\.HCh TaKJK.e f짜30HHhle IIOAJliiiOpHhle peMHH, AaJKe f짜30:HHhle ~erro'IKH c np.IDKKaMH, IIOCKOJ\.bKY KOJK.aHble peMHH J\.erKO pBaAHCh. XapaKTepHhiM npH3HaKOM aospacTa nmop ~TC.H TaKJK.e Q:lopMhl peMeHHhiX npoYIIIHH. CTape:HillHe 3K3eMIIMiphl HMeiOT Ha Ko~ax AYJKeK TOJ\.bKO OAHY npoPuc. 248 ynnrny, K KOTOpOH C IIOMOII.P>IO KOJ\.e~ C IIOAJliiiOpHhiM peMHeM KpeiiHJ\.C.H H HaNJlTIOpHhiH peMeHb, HaqmJaJI c XIII seKa BCTPe"'aiOTc.H yJK.e f짜3e npoymHHhl APyr HaA APyroM, Ho qam;e OAHa sa APyro:H. nepeAH.H.H scerAa CJ\.yJK.HJ\.a AMI HHJK.Hero peMH.H. B XV seKe peMeHHhle OTPOCTKH BhiiiOJ\.H.HJ\.H B BHAe OKOBOK, KOTOphle XOAHJ\.H Puc. 249 Ha mapHHpax. /VuJ. HHJK.Hero peMH.H y AYJKKH Ae.J\.a.J\.H cao:H oTpoPRe. 248. JK.e.Ae3Hcut mnopa. C TpeMSI CTOK, "'aCTO IIOA yr.J\.OM K AYJKKe. 3Y6'1an.IMH KOAeCHKaMH, pacnOAOJKeHHhiMH BepTHKaAbHO APyr BaA APyroM. lloALma. B XVII seKe y MOCKOBHTOB H XVII B. HMneparopcKH:H QapcKoceALCKH:H rro.J\.SIKOB BCTPe"'a.J\.HCh nmophl c apceaaA.

f짜3YM.H-TPeM.H KOJ\.eCHK.aMH, HO HePRe. 249. TSVKe.Acut 4>ope:HropCKeu~ mnopa. YKJ\IOJK.eH H HeKpaCHBOH QJOpMhl. 113 Ad'fYHH, C TpeMSI meBKeMIMH C Bnpo11eM, BCaAHHKaM OHH KasaKOAeCHKaMH B 4>opMe 3Be3AO'leK. fepMaBHSI. XVII B. J\.HCh AOCTaTO"'HO BOHHCTBeHHhiMH, H oHH c YAOBOJ\.bCTBHeM HMH IIOJ\b30Ba.J\.HCh (pHC. 2 4 8), KorAa nmophl Ha"'a.J\.H HOCHTh Ha 06bi"'HOH KOJK.aHOH o6ysH, peMeHb C np.IDKKOH HaA IIOA'beMOM CTa.J\. m:Hpe, 1IT06hl OH He HaTHPM Hory. no TOH JK.e npHtiHHe HaNJlTIOpHhi:H peMeHh B XVII aeKe IIOJ\.yqHJ\. "'eThlpexyroJ\.bHhle paspesa.HiqUe

114

'IaCT• I. OfiopoRRTeAJaRoe soopyllte&Re R c&apllllte&Re

HaKAaAJGf H3 npotrnOH KOJKH. TaKOH CllOC06 OCHa~eHIDI peMIDIMH COXpaiDIACil AO uacTomn;ero speMeHH. B KoAAeKI\IDIX BCTpeqruoTcil HHorAa sechMa csoeo6pa3HO BhlnoAHeHHble umophl, 601\hme:H qacThiO H3 MT)'HH, c AB)'M51 H AaJKe TpeMj{ me:HKaMH H MOfiUibiMH KoAecHKaMH. TaKHe mnophl HHKOrAa ue CJ\.YJKHAH AMI npHMeHeHIDI ua so::Hue. 3To w n o p bl e 3 goB bl x (He.M. Kutschenreitersporen), HAH cp o p e ii m 0 p CK U e W n 0 p bl, KOTOpble HOCHJ\.H HX Ha T.IDKeAbiX KyqepCKHX canorax, AonycKaBIDHX J\HIIIh oqeuh ue6oAbmHe ABHJK.eHHil uor. TaKHe mnophl oKa3hiBaAH B03AeHCTBHe Ha AOlliaAP JJ.Ke npH He3Ha~eAbHOM HaJKHMe HOrH Ha ee nax (pHC. 249).

Puc. 250 PRe. 250. l<AeiiMo ceMbH MHccdAhll, MacrepoB-AocnewHHKOB. Pe;u,ecp Bo ABOpe HX AOMd Hd BHd AeAbH Clld.AdpH B MHAdHe, OK. 13 8 0 r.

LIACTb II OPY)KHE HADA,[{EHHSI

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§ 1. XOAOAHOE OPY>KHE

Meq - OAJIH H3 caMbiX noliHTaeMhiX npeAMeToB APeBHoCTH. He pacnol\al'ru~ CBeAeHIDIMH 0 TOM, KaK OH 6hll\. H306pereH, paCCMOTJ>HM 3AeCb nepBhle cpeAHeBeKOBhle «}>opMbl Meqa H HX llOCJ\.eAYJOII(He TJldHC«}>OpMartHH. Me 1l (ReM. Schwert) - BHA xoAoAJforo opYJKIDI c npJIMhiM KA u R K o .M (ReM. Klinge) r OAJIOAe3BHHHbiM HJ\H 060IOAOOCTJlhiMr OCTJ>OKOHeqJlliiM HJ\H 3aKpyrAeH1 HhiM y OCTJ>IDI, npeAHa3HaqeHHbiM AMI py6JDI\ero YAapa AH6o YAapa H YKOAa • PyKo.HTh Meqa o6xsaTbiBaeTCJI PYKOH TaKHM o6pa3oM, wo6hl 6oAhmoM: naAeQ AeJK.llA y KpeCTOBHHhi, a MH3HHeQ - y HaBepiiiiDI. Ha nepBblH B3rJUJA, MOJKHO 6hll\.O 6hl OTHeCTH K MeqaM H BCe llpJIMhle KAHHKH ca6eAbHOH MOHTHpOBKH, HanpHMep - «}>pamzy3CKHe KaBaAepHHCKHe ca6AH, TaK H63hiBaeMble llaAaDIH H llOA&CKYJO Kapa6eAY, OAJillKO TllKWI MOHTHpOBKa BCe-TaKH OCTaB.JUieT HX B OAJIOM P.HAY C ca6JUIMH. B yc1poiicTBe 9 cp e c a (ReM. GeftiB) (6e3 noCAeAYJOII\HX A06aBAeHHii, o KOTOphiX pa3roBop noifAeT HHJK.e) pa3.hHlla10T: R aBe p W U e (ReM. Knauf) r R a6aAga WH ux, HAH R6AoKo, pyxoRmb (Re.M. Griffholz) H xpecmoB uRy (ReM. Parierstange). PyKo.HTh YKPeiiAeHa Ha x B o c moB u K e HJ\H 1l e peR e KAHHKa (Re.M. Angel) H3 6oAee Mm'KOH CTaAH. I<AHH:oK 6hiBaeT o60IOAOOC1phiM HJ\H OAJIOAe3BirliHhiM, OCTJ>He - 3aKpyrAeHHhiM HJ\H OCTJ>OKOHeq}{hiM. EoKoBhle cropoHIII KAHHK.a Moryr 6blTb IIAOCKHMH, C BllffiYKAOCTbiO ~ C p e 6 p 0 .M (ReM. Grat - xpe6eT) r a TaKJK.e C AOAOM HJ\H HeCKOJ\hKHMH Y3KHMH JK.eJ\..06KaMH TaK Ha3biBaeMbiMH ~ e A 0 6 K a .M U gAR Cm 0 K a K p 0 B U (Re.M. Blutrinnen). A o A (ReM. Hohlschliff) - npoAOAhHIDI BhleMKa B cropoaax KAHHK.a, npeAHa3aaqeHHru~ AMI ero o6AeNeHIDI. llpH H3yt~eHHH xoAOAJforo opYJKIDI CAeAYeT yqHTbffi6Tb, wo reppHTOpHaAbHO ero llpOHCXOJKAeHHe He OrpaHHqeHO OAHHM KaKHM-TO MeCTOM, HO C~eCTBOBa AH, TllK cKa3aTb, ABa QeH1pa, 3aqacTYIO BAIDIBDIHe APyr Ha APyra. TaK H B ucropHH Meqeii co~ecTBoBaAH ABa KYAhTYJlHhiX noToKa, OAHH H3 KOTophiX noAyqHA H3HaqaJ\hHhiH HMII)'AhC B PHMcKOH HMIIepHH, a APyroH- Ha BocroKe. B nepBoM CAyt~ae «}>opMbl opYJKiffi oTMHpaBmeM: KYAhTYJlhi 6hiAH npoc'I'hl, T.IDK.eJ\..OBeCHbl H .AHIIIb 1iepe3 CTOAeTIDI npHo6peAH yroHlleHHhiH, 3aKOHlleHHhiH BH.A. Bo BTOpOM CJ\.yt~ae 3BOJUOQIDI npuo6peAa «}>opMY MODV~Oro CKa~a; He1 ABrop &e"'eTKO onpeAeMieT Me"'. B opYJitlleBeAeHBB ce:ii"'ac npBmrro APyroe o6o3Halle&Be: xe11 - aacr}rnaTe.A.hBoe op~e c o6oiOAOOCTpHM npHMHM MBHitOM AAHBo:i 6oAee 6.0 eM, npe,A,Hll3Ha"'e&&oe DpeJKAe Bcero MJ1 py6:KB. Pa3ABllaiOT JtopOTKB:i Me"' 60-7 0 CM, DpBI'OAJIHB B OCHOBHOM MJ1 nemero 6oR; AAHHHHB Me"' 70-90 CM, ltaK MJ1 ltOHHOI'O, TaJt B MJ1 nemero BOBHll, B ltaBaAepBBC:KBB Me"' 90 CM. 0ABOAe3BeH:m.IB, AAHHHLIB, npRMOB ltABHOlt BMeeT DaAani (npwt peg.).

B. 6exaAM

178

OJKHAaHHO CKopo HX pa3BHTHe AOCTHI'AO BhJAaiO~erocg pac:qBeTa H llOBJ\.IDI.J\..0 Ha Becb sanaAHbiH MHp. PasBHTHe KAHHKa 3aBHCeAO oT ypoBIDI TeXHHKH. TaK, B HallaAe aH'I'HlUioro nepHOAa HCflOAb30BaAC$1 TOJ\bKO KOpOTKHH Mell, CXO.a,HLIH C nap a 3 0 R U y .M 0 .M (Aam. parazoniwn) APeBHHX (pHc. 2 5 1). Or 11TMHH H 11cnamrn K ceBepy B norpe6eHIDIX IV H V BeKoB o6HapYJK.eHbl ~el.lH c o1:1eHb noxoJKHMH PYKOHI'.SIMH H KopOTKHMH KAHHKaMH. I<JumoK TaKoro Mella B cpeAJieM 4 5 CM AJ\HHOH, 11ame Bcero Bhlf.£YKAhtii, 060IOAOOCTphiH, KO BTOpOH TPeTH CBOeH MHHbi pacmHp.SieTC$1 (6Aal'oAap.SI lleMY yseMfliHBaAaCb MOII\b YAapa), a saTeM CHOBa cyJK.aeTC$1 1 3aOCTp.IDICb K KOHizy. CpeAH repM~eB, nepeIDIBlliHX Mell y pHMJ\JIH, nepBoHallaJ\bHO B XOAY 6btA TOAbKO HOJK - C a K C (ReM. Sax, cmapoHeM. sahs, aHrA. seax), CAYJKHBIIIHH B AOMiliiiHeM o6HXOAe, a BflOCAeACTBHH H B 6010 (pHC. 252). I<JumoK H30rHYTOH 4JopMhl nosJKe CTM :::: np.SIMhiM. Bes coMHeHIDI, TaKo:H CaKC B cpaJKeHHH MoJKHo 6bl..l\.o MeTaTb. OAHaKo BOHHhl CllHTa.J\H 3TO opyJKHe MaAOMO~, H, KaK TOAbKO KysHe~ HayqHAHCb BhiKOBhiBa.Tb H3Ae.AIDI 6oAbmero pasMepa, no..SIBHAC$1 Puc. 252 Puc. 251 A a H rca K c (ReM • .Langsax) c 6oAee AJUfHHhiM H T.SIJK.ePac. 251. napa30BB}'M, KOponadi Meq:, aaA'AeBBLI:i y Cecro-KaAelfAe. faAAJDI AOMepoBHBrCJto:i snoXB. .1\LIM KJ\.HHKOM, o60IOAOOCTAp::x:eo.Aoruq:eCJtH:i MY3e:i MHAaacKo:i aJtaAeMHH. pbiH, IIIHpHHOH OT 3,5 AO 4 Pac. 252. APeBae:iume caKCLI. CM H AJ\HHOIO OT 40 AO 60 eM (pHc. 2 53). HeMHoro H3MeHeHHo:H ero 4JopMa coxpaiDieTcg B OXOTHlf11bHX HO.JKax. Ho H AaHI'CaKC noKa3aAC$1 repMaHizy CAHIIIKOM AerKHM, MaAOAeHCTBeHHhiM, H B pesyAbTaTe B03HHK OAJIOAe3BHimhiH T.SIJKeAhiH KopoTKH:H Mell c K p a .Mac a K c (ReM. Scramasax). Ero KAHHoK 6bl..l\. oT 6, 5 eM 6-8 MM. Bee 3TH IIIHpHHOH H AJUiHOH OT 4 1 AO 76 CM, IIIHpHHa o6yxa pa3Mephl nplfAllBMH CKpaMacaKcy He6hiBaA}'IO MOII\b, fl03TOMY HM AeHCTBOBa.hH, o6XBaTHB MHHHyiO PYKO.SITb o6e:HMH PYKaMH (pHc. 254, 255). KopoTKH:H Mell H3 fl03Mhl «BeoByAb$)) 6bl..l\. Ha3BaH 6 p a i1 m c a K c 0 .M (ReM. Breitsax) r XOT.SI, Bepo.SITHee Bcero, 3TO TOT JKe cKpaMacaKc. Oco6eHHOCTbiO KAHHKa cKpaMacaKca 11BMleTOI fAy60KHH JKeAOOOK «AMI CTOKa KpOBH)) B6.AH3H o6yxa. <l>opMa CKpaMacaKca BCTPellaeTcg e~e B IX H X BeKaX B cKyAhiiTypax BH3liHTHHc:Koro npoHCXOJKAeHIDI, HanpHMep, Ha nop$HpHOM peAbe$e ~epKBH CB. MapKa B BeHe~ (pHc. 2 56) H AHJlTHXe co6opa XaAL6eplliTaATa.

179 0AHOAe3BHHHbiH py6~ Meq - H306peTeHHe CaMHX repM~eB, a CTaJ\.bHOH AJ\l{HHhiH o60IOAOOCTphiH Meq, HeCMOTpH Ha TO liTO DO.JIBHADI y HHX oqeHb paHO, BCe-Ta.KH nepemrr OT AP}'I'HX HapOAOB, XOTH ero Ha3BaHHe C n am a (.Aam. spatha) HopAJAeCKoro npoHcxoJKAeHHH. B PYKax repM~eB oH BhlpOC H CTaA ei.I\e TIDKeAee. B plllffiHi:i nepHoA ero CYI.I\eCTBOBa.HHSI TO.AbKO 3dJKHTo1lHble AIOAH MOfAH D03BOAHTb ce6e HMeTb Ta.Koe AOporoe, TpYAOeMKoe B H3fOTOBAeHlm opYJKHe. Ta.K npoAOAJKaAoc& AO roro BpeMeHH, noKa y rep~eB He DO.JIBHJ\HCb COI.UfaAbHhle p63AeAeHHH 061.I\eCTBa Ha 3Ha.Tb H DpOCTOHapoAf>e. C 3THX JKe nop YJI(e y MepOBHHrOB Meq CTaA OpYJKHeM TO.AbKO 3HaTHhiX H B npoAoAJK.eHHe sce:H cpeAHeBeKoBoii 3DOXH OCTaBaADI DpHHiiA}\.eJKHOCTbiO HCKAIOtiHTe.AbHO phiQ.apcKoro . COCAOBHH. npoCTOAIOAifH 3DOXH ~epoBHHrOB HOCHA npH ce6e HapHAY c pa.3HOBHAHocTbro APOTHKa cp p a M e e rl (.Aam. framea) H CBOeo6pa3~ MeTRTe.AbHhiM TOiiopoM cjJ p a H q U c x o rl {;lam. fra.ncisca) ei.I\e H CKpaMaCa.KC. CpeAH BCaAHHKOB MeqoM MOf 06J\aAilTb TOJKe TOAbKO 3HaTHhiH qeAOBeK. A,AH yAo6cTBa KOHHoro noeAifHKa o6oJOAOOCTphiH KAHHOK H3roTaBJ\H) Bl:lAH JVUIHOH 60-7 0 CM. 11MeHHo Ta.KHe MeliH ~epo BHHrOB npHMepHO 58 0 roAa npHIDITo ctiHTaTb nepso:H Q>opMoii Meqa AMI BCBAHJiK.a. OHH OTAHlla.AHCb mrnpoKHM HasepmHeM c npHIIJUOCHY'fOH sepxymKOH Puc. 255 Puc. 256 Puc. 254 Puc. 253 H He6oAbmoii npHMOH KpePac. 253. J\.aBrca.Kc. CTOBHHOH. B HoJKHax c ycPac. 254. CKpaMaCa.Kc c BOJKHaMH. TbeM, o6o~e:H H Ha.KoPBC. 255. paBKCKldi: CKpaMaCa.KC B BOJKHax. HeliHHK.oM, a Ta.KJK.e B Q>opA,AB.sa OASOAe3BHi:BOI'O KAHOKa 34 CM, WHpHBa 7 CM; PYKOSJTL AJUIBO:A 17,25 CM U011TH :QeAHKOM Me H TeXHHKe )1KpameHHii pa3pymesa; KOJKaBLie BOJKHLI CO CTOpOBLI .Ae3BHSI 3HaMeimToro Meqa XHA&HMeiOT AOUaC'l'h, 3a KOTOpYJO Me'l npHKpeiiASIJ\.01 K nepHKa (539-584) H3 ne»~cy. Haii:Aes npH pacKonKax y KpenoCTBhiX BopOT B AsAepsaxe sa Peiise. Pe:AscKH:A npoBHB:QHa.ALBLI:A co6pa.HHSI Ayspa. Y3HaeTM}'3eA, EoBB. DI BOCTOliHOe BAHHHHe Pac. 256. Me'l B soJKHax. C nopciJHpsoro pe.u.ec~Ja, (pHc. 257). CBHAeTe.AbCTBOM HenpephiBHoro BOCTOliHOfO BAHH12*

H3o6paJKa.IOI:Qero o6BSIBWYJOOI KBSIJKecrcyiO 'leTY; pe.u.eciJ SIKOOLI H3 TiroAeMeg, BepOBTBoBH3aBTHiiCKBA. X B. UepKOBL CB. Mapxa B Bese:QHH.

180

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(454-526) CBOeMY mypHey, ~OpOJ\10 BaHAaJ\.OB Tpa3aMYJIAY ( 4 9 6-5 2 3), rAe OH 6AarOAapHT 3a npHCbi.AKY OpYJKIDI, KAHHKH KOTOporo r.J\BAKH H 6AeCT~, Ka.K 3epKaAO, YKPameHbl qyAeCHbiM 1 -y30pOM B BlfAe 3aBHTKOB - ccqepBJiliKOB>> • 3TO H nepsoe CBifAeTeJ\.bCTBO o AaMaccKHX KAHHKax. HecoMHeHHo, opYJKHe H3roToBJ\.eHo B MaBpHTaHCKHX MacrepcKHX cesepHoro no6epeJK.hJI A4>pHKH. H no3Afiee nosTbl socneBaAH noA06Hble ccqepB.srtiKOBhle» KAHHKH. 113 HaxOAJGI B 3axOpOHeHHH KOpOA.SI XHJ\bnepHK.a, OTH<>eml.\eHOI, nO-BifAHMOMYr K vm BeKy, CAeAyeT, q'J'O H y MH!'06apAOB 6hlhH B XOAY AJlliHHhle MeqH. ~a HaH"AeHHbiX KAHHKa - UIHpOKHe, llJ\.OCKHe, B CpeAfieM 7 5 CM B AJU1HY H c TyiihiM OCTpHeM. PyKoHrKH KopoTKHe, pHMCKOH 4>opMb1. liTo KacaeTOI PYKOHreH, TO, KpoMe ynoMmJYTOH 4>opMhl, H y cesepHbiX HapOAOB, H y repMaH!leB H 4>paHKOB BCTpeqaeTOI COBCeM HHWI, 6e3 coMHeHIDI, e~e 6oAee APeBIDUI. TaKWI PYKOJITb qcuqe BCero H3 6pOH3hl, oqeHb KOpOTKWI, pa3AeAeHa Ha nonepeq}Ible 3Bellhll, a H1UKlUUI qac'I'b 3aBepmaeTOI WaH60H. noA06Hble MeqH, BlfAHMO, 6blhH OOblliHhiMH B TO BpeM.SI. nepeXOA .K PYKOJITH C MaJ\.eHbKOH KpeCTOBHHOH DpOH30WeA, npeAfio.1\.0JKHTeJ\.bHO, TOJ\.bKO B V1ll BeKe (pHC. 2 58). C VI no VII seK npoH30WeA Mo~Hbi:H B3J\.eT npOH3BOACTBa KJ\HHKOB Ha BoCToKe. 3To AOKa3hiBaeTOI OT.J\WIHbiM KaqeCTBOM CTaJ\.H H npeBOCXOAHOH BbJAeAKOH HaHAeHHbiX 3K3eMII.MipOB, B KOTOpbiX C HaCTO~ MaCTepCTBOM Bhl6paH AOJ\. (pHC. 25 9). npHMeqaTeJ\.bHO, q'J'O 60.1\.bWHHCTBO KJ\HHKOB c V no VII BeK HMe.AH 3aKpyrAelnlble OCTpiDI AOKa3aTeJ\.bCTBO TOro, KaK MaJ\.0 3HaqeHIDI B cnoco6e 6opb6bl npHAaBaJ\.OCb YKOAy. PyKoHrH VII BeKa e~e YAifBHTeJ\.bHO KopoTKHe, eABii paccqHTamlble Ha KYAaK. HasepmHe npHID1Ao 4>oPMY nOAYAJICKa, a KpeCTOBHHa 6hiJ\.a np.siMOH H KOpOTKOH. I<AHHoK 85 CM AJUIHOH H 6oAee. TaKHMH HX MOJKHO }'BHAeTb B 30.1\.0TOH nCaJ\.TblpH H APyrHX pyKOIIHOIX VIII BeKa, a TaiUKe H B COxpaHHBmHX01 o6pa3Ilax (pHc. 260). Meq B03HHK KaK opyAJie HanaAeHIDI, H B ero ycTpo:HcTBe Ha nepBbiX nopax He npeAYCMaTpHBaJ\liCh 3aiiUITa PYKH· no3TOMY CllMble paHHHe MeqH ecAH H HMe.AH, TO oqeHb

Puc. 257

Puc. 258

PBC 251. Me'll B HOJKHax, HaBepmBe, KpeCTOBBHa B OKOBKH HOJKeH - H3 30AOTa, y:ttpameHLI Kpacuoii neperopo,a.'llaTOii 3Ma.AbiO;

MBHa KABmta 48 CM. HaH.,a.eu B rpo6HBD;e KOpOJUI XHAldlep~~~ta (YM· 584). PecraBpBpoBaB coBpeMeHHLIMB CUeD;BaAHCTaMB. J\:yBp, TiapHJK. Pac. 258. Q>paHKcKHii Me'll, PYKC»>TL oKoBaiJa ~eAe3oM; MBHa KABmta 85 CM. HaH.,a.eH npu pacKon:ttax ua rope Kupx6epr no,a. AH,a.epuaxoM. Pe:BucKBit npoBBHD;BaAbHLIB Mj'3eii, BoBH.

Cassiod., Variar. lib. V. Epist. I. Gayv. Clossaire archeol. Alemelle (npUM. OBm.).

§ 1. XoAoAJioe opylltBe. Me'fl

181

KopoTKyro KpecTOBHHY HAH AJICK (pHc. 261). ToJ\bKO c pa3BHTHeM 'i>exTosaHIDI cTaAH AYMaTb o cnoco6e 3ffillHTbl PYKH H noAXOMDI\eH MJJ. 3Toro 'i>opMe p-yKo.SITH, a. 'i>eXTOBaAbHoe HcKyccTso, KaK H3BeCTHO, BOCT01JHOrO npoHCXO~e~ H pacnpOCT;PaHHAOCb B Espone TOJ\bKO so speMeHa nepsoro Kpecrosoro noXONl. YKpeiiAeHHe repMaHO-raAAbCKOH rocyNlPCTBeHHocm npH KapAe BeAHKOM B~3BaAO Heo6~~ noA"beM HcKyccTB H peMeceA, qeMY HeMaAO CllOC06CTBOBaAH H KOHTa.K~ c BocroKoM. BocTolflloe B.AIDIHHe AeAaeTCH o~eTAHB~ B H3roToBAeHHH KAHHKOB. llpHeaJKasnme H3 CHpHH peMeCAeHHHKH H KysHeJ.tbl 6~ CTOJ\b JK.e ycepAJihiMH, CKOJ\b H -yMe~ MacTepaMH. CHaqaAa oHH pa3sepeyAH CBOIO AeHreJ\bHOCTb Ha no6epeJKhliX C~ H 11cnaHHH. 3aKa311HKH xopomo IJAa.THAH HM 3a pa6oTY. B pe3yJ\bTaTe B Espone YJK.e B Ko~e VIII seKa no.smHA.Hcb KAHHKH, BbiiiOAHeHHble C TaKHM HCKYCCTBOM, KaKOe B xpHCTHaHCKHX CT;PaHax He MOrAH npeB30HTH BIIAOTb AO XV cToAeTIDI. B H~oHaAbHOH 6H6AHOTeKe llapHJK.a ecTb MHHHaTIOpa B p-yKOnHCH BTopo:H noAOBHHbl XI seKa, H3o6paJK.aro~ru~ npeABOAHTeJ\JI <J>paHKOB C MeqoM (pHC. 262). Meq HMeJ\. p-yKO.SITb B 'i>opMe Ky6Ka, np~ KpecTOBHHY H oqeHb AhHH~ · flue. 2:)9 flue. 260 flue. 2fi I HbiH KAHHOK C AOAOM AO OCT;PIDI. BHYTPH AOM MOJK.Ho pa3rASJAeTb AHPRe. 259. Me11 BpeMeH KapoAHHroB, c HHH H TO'tiKH, o6o3Haqaro~e, sepoOKOBaHHOH cepe6poM py-KO.HThiO B HrHO, OTBepCTIDI TaK Ha3b1Baecepe6ps.IHOH OBa.Al>BOH KpecroBBHOH; KAHBOK Mble

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BMeeT AOA no BCeB AABHe. Co6pauBe rpa4»a HLIOBepKepKe. Puc. 260. Me11 c HoJKHaMB B nepeBII3LIO. C MBHBaTIOpLI B3 BB6AHB KapAa ALicoro (KopOAL B 860-875). PRe. 261. Me11 CB.sJ:TOro Crect»asa, KopoAII BeurpBB (oK. 970/975-1 038). Pyx.o.HTh B llOAy-KpyrAM C UAOCKBM BepXOM KpecrOBBHa B3 CAOHOBOH KOcrB yx.pameBLI paHBepOMaBCKBM paC'l'B'l'eALBLIM opHaMeBTOM; Ha UAOCKOM KAHHKe AAHHOH 1 0 9 CM 3aMeTHLI CAeALI HaAJIBCB. Hall. XI B. CoKpoBB~Bn;a co6opa CB. BBTa B Tipare.

182 pasHTeA&HO KopoTKH (pHc. 2 6 3, 2 64 ). HeMHoro nosAJ:Iee BCTPeqaroTCH A.HCKoo6pasHhle HaBepiiiiDI B coqeTaHHH C KpeCTOBHHaMH, H30I'HY'fbiMH KHH3Y (pHC~ 2 6 5, 2 6 6, 2 67, 2 6 8 ). HasepiDHe TaKOH 4»opMhl npeAJ:IasHaqaAocb He TOAbKo MJI Toro, ~6hl npeAOTBpaTHTb cocKaAb3biBaHHe PYKHr HO H CAYJKHAO npoTHsosecoM TJDKeAOMY AJUIHHOMY KAHHKy. llo 3TOH npwrnHe OHH CO BpeMeHeM CTaHOBHrCH see MdCCHBHeH H TJDKeAee. 8 Xfl BeKe Meq BCctAHHKa H opYJKHe neXOTHHI.\d TOJKe pe3KO OTJUiqaAHCb, llOCKOAbKY qeAoBeK HH3KOI'O 3Ba.HHJI BOo6m;e He HMeA npasa o6AaAaTb MeqoM. /J.px..e B 11TaAHH, rAe K npocTOJUOA.HHY 01'80CHAHCb He CTOAb npeHe6peJKHTe.J\bHO, OH MOr BOOpYJKdThCH TOAbK~ 11HK.OH HAH KOIIbeM. 3KHIIHpOBKa y BeHei.tHaHCKOH ~ BII.J\.OTb AO Xffi BeKa He npeAyCMd1pHBaAa Meqa, B Ko~e 3Toro cToAeTIDI Ha KAHHKax noJIBMIIOTCH rpaBHpOBaHHhle KAeHMa, B KOTOphle B6HTO 30AOTO HAH cepe6po npocTe:H:IDH:H: BHA TaynrnposaHHH.

llpHMepoM nepeXOAJ:IOI'O BpeMeHH Ha rp~e f¥3yx seKos-XIHXDCAYJKHT TaK Hd3biBaeMhiH <<Meq cs.wroro MaspHKIDI>) H3 HMnepaTopcKoil COKpOBHID;}{I{qhl B BeHe. HecMoTp~ Ha llpHITHCaHHOe eMY AereH.AapHoe npoHCXOJKAeHHe, OH AdTHpyeTCH 3noxo:H: KoHpaAa ill (1093-1152 rr.). Ha APyroM KAHHKe c AOAOM TaymHpOBaH Puc. 2fi4 Puc. 262 Puc. 263 cepe6poM 11epyCMHMPac. 262. Me'IJ. H3 pYJtonaca BTOpoA noA. XI B. c:KHH KpeCT; p)TKOHI'b H~BOBaAI.BM: 6&6ABOTeKa, napiVK. H3 nosOJt.OqeHHoro cePac. 263. <J>opMH Me'IJeil, B3o6paJKeBBHX sa lt.OBpe B3 pe6pa, Hd rpH60BHAfiOM Baile, KOB. XI B. HaBepiiiHH J\llTHHPRe. 264. Pyx.OBTh sopMasscroro Me'IJa, KOBep B3 BaB:e, CKHe HWJHCH. HeMen;KOB. XI B. KHii n;epeMOHHa.AbHbiH 1poHHhiH Meq H3 Toro JKe xp~a HsroToBAeH npH feHpHXe VI (poAo 1165, npasHA: 119011 97) B CHD;H.AIDlcKHX MdCTepcKHX (pHC. 2 6 9). Ha K.A.HHKe C II.J\.OCKHM AOAOM TdymHpOBaH 30AOTOM KpecT. PyKoJITb H KpeCTOBHHa -yKpameHhl 3MaAb10 H JK.eMqyTOM, HOJKHhl H3rOTOBAeHhl TaK, KaK 06 3TOM I'OBOpHT MOHax H3 CaHKT-faAAeHa: <<HHM.eJKHT Meqy 6h1Tb, so-nepshiX, B HoJKHax (Hs Aepesa), BO-BTOphiX, o6epHY'fbiM B KOJKY1 B-1peTbHX B 6eAeimiee, CBeTAbiM BOCKOM HaBOUJ;eHHoe

§ 1. XoAOAJioe opylltlle. Me'IJ

183

llOAOTHO, Ta.K, 'IT06hl OH, C 6JuiCTaJOII.\HM nocepeAJffie KpeCTHKOM, HBAO.JU'O 6hiA coxpaHeH AMI ymNrOJKeHIDI jJ3hJliHHKOB,>. Xill BeKe Ha KAHHK.ax qacTO MOJKHO 6hiAO BlfAeTb AJUIHHhle rpaBHpOBaHHhle H.AH TaynrnpoBaHHhle HilATIHCH roTIAeCKHMH H AaTHHCKHMH 3arAaBHhiMH 6-yKBa-

Puc. 265

Puc. 266

Puc. 267

Pac. 265. Mell BMDeparopa reHpBXll II CBRTOI'O (1002-1024). llo pBcyH:tcy B ero Tpe6HBKe, DpeJI{Ae

HaxOAHBWeMOI B COKpOB~HBrte BaM6eprCKOl'O co6opa. KopOAeBC:Kml 6&6ABareKa B MloHXeHe. Pac. 266. Me11 BB.JUd'eJU,Ma II PHJKero, KopoASI A.llrABB B 1087-1100. C MBHBaTIOpld B3 KeHTep6epaiicKoii Ba6ABB. Ba6ABareKa CBRTOii JKeHeBJ»eBid. Pac. 26?. Me11 JK.o4J4Jpya I, rep~:tora HopMaJIACKoro. C B306paJKeHIDI Ha 3MaAeBoii DAdCTBHe, OK. 1150 r. My3eii B Ae- ~aBe, Cl>paHit~DJ. Pac. 268.- BoHR c MelloM. MBIQianopa &3 ppoDBCB KOHJ:td XII B. KopOAeBC:Kml 6&6ABOTeKa, raara.

Puc. 268

184

11acn II. Opylltlle

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279).

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Puc. 280

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§ 1. XoAOABOe opyJKBe. Me~

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1 notJHTaJ\H HaKpyqHBaTh peMHH Ha PYKY H TaK HecTH Meq • KorAa B XIII BeKe B ynoTPe6AeHHe BOIIl.J\H HH3KO ClfAS!mHe pbii.\apCKHe II011Ca, Me~ CTaJ\H HOCHTh noABemeHHhiMH K HHM 3a KOAhl.\a. B XIV BeKe peMHH KpeiiH.J\.H c noMOID;biO np.IDK.eK, KpiOq}{OB! a HOJKHbl npHB113biBaJ\H (pHc. 2 8 0). B HaqaAe XVI BeKa BXOASIT B ynoTPe6AeHHe, IIOj{BHBffiHCb H3 J1TaAHH, W n a JKH a R A 0 n a Cm b (HeM. Taschen, um. pallette) B BlfAe «CfMKH», B KOTOPYJO BCTilBAAAHCb HOJKHhl. K cepeAHHe cToAeTH11 nepeB113H cocTo.JIJ\H H3 ysKHx peMHe:H oT AByx AO mecTH, 3aCTenryrh!X Tipj{JKKilMH H IIOABeilleHHbiX Ha KpiOqKe K II011Cy. 0r HHX Y3KHH peMeHh npoT11rHBaACj{ cnepeAH AO no11ca, ~o6bl BCj{ 3Ta KOHCTP~ He 6oATaAach npH ABHJKemrn (pHc. 3 2 8). TaKoH BHA rroABeCKH coxpaiDIACjJ npH6J\.H3HTeAbHO AO XVII BeKa, a 3aTeM CTaA npHHj{T ¢»paHl.\ysCKHH crroco6 HomeHHj{ opYJKH11 Ha rrepeB113H qepe3 IIAeqo, .1\.orracTh cHaqaAa coxpaiDIAa cso:H o6AHK, a IIOTOM, K KOHizy" CTOAeTH11, npeBpaTHAaCb B TaK Ha3biBaeMbiH W n a JKH bl i1. K a p M a H (HeM. Steckkuppel). C XII BeKa, KaK Mhi yxe roBopH.hH, CTaAO oqeBHAHbiM, ~o Meq, npeAHa3HaqeirnbiH TOAhKO AMI yAH.pa, - MaAOAeHCTBeirnoe opy-JKHe. no3TOMY KJ\.HHKH HaqaJ\H AeAaTh c 3aocTPeirnbiM KOHI.\OM, KOAIOm;HMH. 0AHaKO KorAa B XIV BeKe IIAe~, HHJKHIDI qacTh rpyAH H cycTaBbl PYK 6bi.AH ycHAeHbl MeTaJ\AlfllecKHMH II.J\.aCTHHKaMH, 3TO H3MeHeHHe ¢»opMbl KJ\.HHKOB CTaAO HeAOCTaTolflibiM: OHH 6biAH sce-TaKH CJ\.HIDKOM nmpoKH, ~o6hl npoHHKHYJ'b B m;eAH Aocrrexa. B pe3yAhTaTe B KOHI.\e XIV BeKa noj{BHACj{ «Meq-npoTbiKaTeAb» (HeM. Bohrschwert, Porschwert, cmapoHeM. perswerte, pratspiesse, pHc. 2 8 1 ). OH HMeA BHA MHJIHoro, TPexHJ\H qeTblpexrpaHHoro mHAa c T}'I1hiMH rpaHj{MH H npeAHa3HaqaACj{ TOAhKo AMI -yKOAa. 0CTPHe TaKHX KJ\.HHKOB HMeAO, KaK IIpaBHAO, HeBepo.HTH)'IO TBepAOCTh. opMa «npoTbiKaTeAH» BlfAOH3MeHHAacb B XVI BeKe B o6AerqeHHhiH KOAIOm;HH Meq KOH 'lap - ccnpomblxame.llb gocnexoB» (HeM. Panzerstecher), HCqe3IJYBIDHH B 3arriiAJioH Esporre so BTopo:H IIOAOBHHe XVI BeKa. Ero MecTo 3a~ someAUia11 B MOAY HcrraHCKrui K o .1110 r.q a R w n a r a (HeM. Sto.Bdegen). B 3TOT rrepHoA KoAIOm;ee opYJKHe cym;ecTBeirno rroTecHHAo opy-JKHe py6mn;ee. f:¥i.JKe HTaAbjJHCKa11 rrexoTa oKoAo 15 6 0 roAa HMeAa Ko~apbl HapHAy c ABYpyqHbiMH 6oeBhiMH MeqaMH, KCTaTH, ToJKe ABYP)"IHbie H rropo:H rpoMiiAJioro pa3Mepa. B Typrum, BeHrpHH H noAhme, rAe em;e AO KOHI.\a XVIII BeKa HOCHJ\H KOAbqyJKHble AOCIIeXH, qacTh KOHIIHl.\bl BOOpYJKaAaCb Ko~apaMH, KOTOpble ITOABeiiiHBaJ\HCb Ha AeBOH CTopoHe CeMd MeJKAy CfMKaMH H COCTilBA.SIAH qacTb Koirnoro cHap..s~JKeHIDI. KpoMe Toro, BCaAHHKH HMeJ\H ca6J\.H, HeMei\Koe pbii.\apcTBo, HeB3Hpa11 Ha 6biCTPoe (6AaroAap11 HTaAbj{HCKOMY H HCIIaHCKOMY BAIDIHIDIM) H3MeHeHHe BlfAOB OpYJKHj!, CHaqaAa CTPOro nplfAepJKHBaAOCb ¢»opMb1 cTaporo KaBaAepH:HcKoro Meqa c rroAyropapyqHoH PYKO..SITbiO, c MJiHHbiM H B Mepy lliHpOKHM KJ\.HHKOM B CTHJ\.e II03AHeH roTHKH (pHC, 282). PyKo11TH C 3aMeqaTeAbHbiM MaCTepCTBOM IIOKpbiBaJ\HCb pe3b60H H HHhiMH . cpeACTBaMH AeKopaTHBHoro -yKpameHIDI: 3MaAbiO, ¢»HHH¢»Thl0, rpaBHpOBKOH. Bee qam;e B OTAeAKe Meqeif npHHHMaiOT yqacTHe 30AOThiX H cepe6p..S1HbiX AeA MacTepa, pe3~ no CAOHOBOH KOCTH H T. rr. Ha KaBaAepH:HcKoM Meqe rro..SIBA.SieTCj{ 1

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§ 1. XoAOABOe opyJ~U~e. Me11

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194

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195

~eB» (um. cinque dita), T. K. mHpHHa KAHHK.a y IUlTKH TOqJIO COOTBeTCTBOBaJ\.a illHpHHe J\.iiAOHH

(pHc. 290). PyKo..SITKa c HasepiiiHeM B 4>opMe AlfCKa CAeAaHbl H3 OAfioro KycKa, KpecTOBHHa H30rHYTa Ayro:H K otieHb mHpoKOMY KAHHKY AJUfHOH 3 5 CM, KOTOpbiH pe3KO CYJKaAC.sl K OCTpHIO H HMeA AOJ\.bi. Ao HeKoTopo:H creneHH «BOJ\.OBHH ..S13b1K» HallOMHHaeT KHHJK.aJ\., llOA06HYJO 4>opMyHMeJ\.H H CaMble llpOCTble, TOllOpHO cpa60TaHHble, H YTOWienno H 6oraTo OTAeAaHHble 3K3eMil.IUiphl. BpeMeHaMH BCTPetiaK>TC.sl 4>opMbl KAHHKOB, poA1ffiiiiHeC.sl cKopee H3 4>aHTacTH'1ecKHX BHAeHHH, HeJKeAH H3 npaKTHtiecKHX coo6paJKeHH:H. Hx AllTHJlYIDT Ko~oM XV seKa H Ha3biBaK>T «n A aM eRe 10 fL1 u M U» (ReM. geflammten Klingen). BnpotieM, npoHcxoJKAeHHe HX 6oAee pannee. B 3axopoHeHHH AOXpHCTHaHCKo:H 3noXH y MeHc6pyxa B fecceHe B 1885 fOAY 6hi.J\. 1 HaifAeH HeMe~HH Mel! C llOA06HbiM KJ\.HHKOM • TaK liTO npH nosepXHOCTHOM B3r.J\..s1Ae Ha 3TY HaxOAKY MO.JKHO CKa3aTh, liTO OHa JiAeHTWIHa ll03AfiHM 4>opMaM, KOTOphle B 3TOM CAyqae He.J\.h3.sl paccMaTPHBaTh KaK pe3yJ\.bTaT CJ\.OJKHOH 3BOJUO~. llpHMeHeHHe «IIJ\.aMeHeiOJitero» Meqa B pannecpeAfieBeKosoe speMR 6hi.J\.o cooTBeTcTBenno cToJ\.b JKe mHpoKo, KaK H B XVII BeKe, XOT..SI B BOHCKax AaJIACKHeXTOB HM OTAaBaJ\.OCh npeAJiotiTeHHe, oco6enno ABYPY'IHhiM. HaeMHH.KH-AaHAcKHeXThl CtiHTaAH «IIJ\.a.MeHeiOJitHH» Mel! BOIIJ\.OJiteHHeM BOHHCTBeHHOCTH. C no..SIBAeHHeM ABOHHhlx 6oKOBhiX 3a~ HhiX KOAe~ llpOHCXOAHT HeKOTOpoe H3MeHeHHe B KOHCTPYK~H KAHHKa. t.IacTh ero OT KpeCTOBHHhl AO HHJKHeH AyrH OKa3aJ\.aCh 3aKphiTOH. llo3TOMy- 3TOT yqacTOK KJ\HHKa He lfYJKAaAC.sl B 3a'fhlliK.e, B 3TOM MeCTe OH 6hi.J\. CYJKeH H llOJ\.yqHA Ha3BaHHe p UK a C 0 ( um. ricasso) HAH n R m K a (HeM. Fehlscharfe). ll.siTKa 6hi.J\.a TeM CilMhiM MeCTOM, fAe MaCTepa Bhi6HPuc. 289. OxOTHB"'IBH Me"'!, c nepeBSJ31>10, oxOTHB"'II>BM poroM, noBoAK.oM AMI co6aKB B strATameM AMI MehKOH AB"'IB; JKeAe3HI>Ie -qacru Me"'la yxpameH:bl B31>ICKdHHOH pe3:b6o:il B "'laCTB"'IHO U030AO"'IeH~; nepeBSJ31> B3 3eAeHoro 6apxaTa uocBAac~:. -qepe3 UAe"'lo. BTopast nOA. XVII B.

13*

Puc. 289

ZentralbUitter des hist. Vereins fflr Gro.Berzogtum Hessen 1855, 4 (npUM. aBm.).

1JaCTit II. OpylKile BanaAeHBJI

196

BaJ\H CBOH KAeiiMa. nepBhie KJ\.HHKH TaKoro THIIa TIO.HBHJ\HCb B KOHIJ;e XVI BeKa H3 :HcnaHHH, a TIOTOM HX CTaJ\H H3rOTaB.J\HBaTb TIOBCeMeCTHO, oco6eHHO MHOro - B MHAaHe, BpemHH H Be.AA}'HO (pHc. 2 91 ). KaK. MDI YBHAHM Aa.Jllime, 3TH IDITKH ropa3AO 6oAee npHcynur IliiiaraM, HeJKeAH MeqaM. B soopyJKeHHH npocTbiX BOHHOB XV H XVI BeKoB, KpoMe HcnaHc:KHX H HTa.Jlli.ffiiCKHX, Meq He HrpaA rAaBHOH poAH, Y mBe~ap:QeB, QJPaHIJ;Y30B H HeM1.\eB Ha nepBoM MecTe 6hiJ\.o APeBKOBoe opyJKHe. B peAKHX CJ\.yt~CUIX, KOrAa TIHKaMH HeyA06HO 6hiJ\.O 6HTbOI B TeCHOH CXBaTKe, HTa.Jlli.ffill\bl H QJpa.HI.tY3hi 6paAHCb 3a KOpOTKHe Me~ (HHOrAa C KAHHKaMH ca6eAbHOH Q1opMbi), a mse:H:Qapl\h! - 3a T.siJKeJ\.hie py6.mn;He HOJKH, HJ\H HCTIOJ\.b30BaJ\H TaK Ha3h!BaeMOe ccx o p om K o e o p y .JK. u e» (HeM. kurze Wehren) HJ\H c(mBe ii qa p c xu e m n a r u» (HeM. Schweizerdegen). B apMHH AaHACKHeXTOB B HaqaAe XVI BeKa /VUI 3TOH :Q,e.J\.H CQJOpMHpOBaAOI Me ll A a H g c K Hex m a (HeM. Landsknechtschwert). OH HMeA KOpOTKYJO PYKOHrKY c seepoo6pa3HO pacmHpeHHhiM HasepmHeM, AJUIHHa.si KpecTOBHHa 6hiAa H30rHYTa B BlfAe ropH30HTa.JlliHOH 6YKBhi «S», KOHI\hi KOTOpOH 3aBepmaAHCb mHme~aMH. J1HorAil TaKOH Meq CHa6JKaJ\.01 3aii\HTHOH Ayro:H, H30rHYTOH K HaBepmmo. KAHHoK ero mHpOKHH, 50-54 CM MJIHOH, 6o.J\.bme:H qaCThiO c 3aKpyrAeHHhiM OCTPHeM. KoJKaHh!e HOJKHbl HepeAKO HMeJ\.H OTAeAeHH.si /VUI HOJKeH H npHHaMeJKHOCTeH (pHC. 2 9 2) 1• .J\.a.HAcKHeXT HOCHJ\. CBOH Meq Ha no.s~ce CJ\.eBa, a c npaso:H cTopoHhi c3aAH KHHJKaA. C 1510 roAa TIOA Puc. 291 HTaJ\.b.ffiiCKHM BJ\.H.ffiiHeM B HeMeJ.\KOH PRe. 290. «BOAOBHH SI3LIK», HAH HMTiepaTOpCKOH apMHH CQJOpMHpOBa.J\.dHeAdC. PyKOSITb H3 U030AOlJeHHOH 01 THTI Meqa C BhiT.ffii)'BillHMOI KJ\.HHAdTYHH C pe3b60H H UOAYAParO~eiiHLIMH KOM H aJK.ypHhiM KOp31fiiliaThiM 3QJeKdMHSIMH; Ha KAHHKe BLITpdBAeHHOe H U030AOlJeHHOe H306paJK.eHHe COM. B seHel\HaHCKOH nexoTe, Ha6paHrepKYAeca; Ha npH6ope HOJKeH H HOH no 6oJ\.bmeM: qacTH H3 AaAMaTcKHX KAHHKe Pa.H~CKHH rep6, CJ\.aB.ffil, llO.HBJUieTOI Meq C K b R B 0 H a oKpyJK.eHHLIH TpOes~MH. KoHe~ XVI B. QapCKOCeAbCKHH apceHaA. (um. schiavona - CJ\.aB.micKH:H). OH PRe. 291. XBOCTOBHK H USITKa KAHHKa noAyqHA mHpoqa:Hmee pacnpocTPaHeCO CKBaJKHHdMH B «JKeA06Ke AMI CTOKa HHe B APyrHX apMH.siX K 15 8 0 roAy, KpOBH» H BLI6HTbiM KAeHMOM Xya.aa MapTHHeca H3 ToAeAo. KoH. XVI B. nocrynru~ H3 BpemHH H CepasaJ\..1\.e, 1

HoJKHLI TaKHX. MetJeH: tJacro o6n1:rHBaAHCb KomalJbHMH WKYPaMH, U03TOMY HX Ha3LIBaAH «KomalJbH MelJH» (npUM. peg.).

§ 1. XoAOAftoe opyJKBe. Me'l

CKbHBOHa c Ae

II B

197

AJUiHHbiM KJ\HHKOM 6bi.J\.a npmurra KOHHHu;e:H, H npH epMfHaH-

KHpacHpaMH (pHc.

2 9 3).

noAK.ax AaHACKHeXTOB HMe.J\.OCb xapaKTepHoe opYJKHe -

g By p y tz H

Me tz (HeM. Bidenhander, Schlachtschwert), KOTOpbi:H no Be.MitiHHe H TIDKeCTH orpe60Ba.J\. HeMa.J\.biX npOBOpCTBd H

CHJ\.bl

CBoero

pa3BHTHe IIIBeHu;apcKoro 6oesoro nexoTHoro Meqa Me.J\.H BIIYIIIH'fb TaKoe noqreHHe K JKe.J\.a.J\.H, Ad6bl He OTCTdTb, HMeTb

noAo6Hoe.

X03.HHHa.

XIV

3TOMY opYJK:HIO,

3TOT

Meq -

BeKa. I..liBeHu;apD;bi cy-

APyrn:e rocyAapcTBa

CaMbie

cTapbie HeMeu;KHe MeqJi TanpHH~eJKaT

Koro THna

XV BeKy (Me:HpHK oTHocHT HX

TIO.HBJ\.eHHe

npas.J\.eHH.H

KOHI.J;y

feHpHxaV

(1387-1422), T.e. OKO.J\.0 14 2 0 roAa). B noAKax J\.aHACKHeXTOB

OHH npHo6peAH 'II'"

cso:H THIIWIHbiH BJiA. PyKo.HTH c OAHHM HAH

ABYMSI no-

.HCKaMH AOCTHra.J\.H B cpeAHeM

Hble

CM AJlliHbi. )Ke.J\.e3-

KpeCTOBHHbl

HepeAKO

6oraTo YKPaiiieHbi, 3aKpyqeHbi Hd KOHI.J;dX B BJiAe yAHTOK

o6eHX

CTOpOH

CHa6JKeHbi MOIIJ,HbiMH KOJ\.bI.J;aMH

MJI

HHOrAa

3am,HTbi Tid.J\.bi.J;eB, C

TIJ\.dCTHHKdMH

MeJKAy HHMH.

«A,BypyqHHKH» KOrAa

TIOqT:H HH-

HMe.J\.H

HOJKeH,

J\.dHACKHeXTbi HOCHJ\.H HX Hd TIJ\.eqe C OTKpbiTbiMH KJ\HHKdMH,

TI03TOMY

yqacTOK

KJ\HHKd OT 3am,HTHbiX KpiOKOB AO KpeCTOBHHbi 06T.HrHBa.J\.H KOJKeH (pHC. '-hi:C.J\.0

2 9 4) l.

J\.dHACKHeXTOB,

soopYJKeHHbiX ABYPyqHbiMH MeqaMH, B noAKy 6bi.J\.O orpiiliWieHo. 0HH cneu;Hd.J\.bHO o6yqa.J\.Hcb opyJKHeM TIOJ\.yqa.J\.H 1

BAaAeTb H

noCJ\.e

3BaHHe

TaKHM 3Toro

«MacTep

Puc. 293

Puc. 292

Puc. 292. J\.aHACKHeXTCKHH Me"' HMnepaTopcKoro noAeBoro noAKOBHHKa YAbpHXa cpoH Ille.l\..1\.eH6epra (oK. 14 8 7-15 58). .1\.a-ryHHIDI p-yKosrn. no3oAo"'eHa; KOJK.aHble HOJK.Hhl HMeiOT rHe3Aa M5f. BOCLMH HOJK.eH H liiHAa; Ha PYKO.SITKax HOJK.e:H BhlrpaBHpoBaHhl MHHHeliinpyxH (.1\.1060BHhle H3pe"'eHIUI). repMaHIDI. OK. 1520 r. · Puc. 293. 11TaALSIHCKHH Me"', T. H. CKLSIBOHa. 3cpec C ABOHHOH Kop3HHKOH H cKo6Ko:H nepexoA K ca6eALHOMy; KAHHOK 6e3 nSITKH, HMeeT MHHY 8 5 eM, CAeAaH B EpeliiHH; KoJK.aHhle HoJK.Hhl c JK.eAe3HhiM HaKoHe"'HHKOM 6e3 ycrhll - BeHrepcKo:H cpopMhl.

npH cpeXTOBaHHH ABYPY'IJHhiM HaHeCeHHSI -yKOJ\.a (npUM. peg.).

Me"'OM

3TO

MeCTO

6paABCb .1\.eBOH

PYKOH

M5l

198

'lacT:L

Puc. 294

Puc. 294. A!JypyqHLIH Me'I. I<AHHOK (AAHHOH 12 7 CM) TaKOH 4JopMLI Hd3LIBdeTCSI «nAaMeHeiOID;HM,,; IlliTKa ero o6TsiH}'Ta KOJKeH H CHa6JKeHa 3diD;HTHLIMH KpiOKaMH; pyttoRTD o6TSIH}'Ta nAIOmeM H yKpameHa (OTopo'IeHa) mepCTSIHOH 6axpoMOH H llOMllOHaMH; HaBepmHe, KpeCTOBHHd H 3diD;HTHLie KOAb~d CAeAdHLI H3 KOBdHOro · HemAHq>oBaHHoro JKeAe3a. OK. 1570 r. l

II.

OpyJKRe HauBAeHRJI

AJlliHHoro Meqa» H ABOHHoe JKaJ\.OBaHbe. 3THM HCIIbiTaHHbiM JUOASIM AOBep.SIJ\.acb oxpaHa 3HaMeHH H llOJ\.KOBHHK.a. 0 AOCTOHHCTBax 3HaMeHHTOro Meqa soeHHble AIOAH H AaJKe nHCaTeAH TOH 3lloXH 6biAH BhiCoKoro MHeHIUI, H see JKe ycnex ero 6biA HHJKe OJKHAaeMoro H3-3a ero rpoM03AKoCTH H HeyAo6CTBa llpHMeHeHIUI B CYTOAOKe cxsaTKH. TeM He MeHee Bhir.JUIAeBUIHe ycTpamaIOme AaJJACKHeXThi c ABYPyqHbiMH. MeqaMH coCTaB.MIAH ropAOCTb llOJ\.KOB BllAOTb AO KOHD;a XVI BeKa. Meq 3TOT noAyqHA HeKoTopoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe H B HTaAHH (qepe3 IllBefu\apHIO) B BHAe ABypyqHoro Ko.JUOmero Meqa, flpoCTOH KaBaAepHHCKHH Meq eme npH HMnepaTope MaKCHMHAHaHe I oqeHh CKopo npHo6peA HOBbiH BHA B KOHHHII;e HaeMHHKOB: 3cpecbl noAyqHAH 3a:mHTHhle AYJKKH, KAHHKH CTaAH "9JK.e H Aerqe, HTaJ\MIHCKHH THll Meqa TaKJKe CTaA UIHpOKO npHMeiDITbOI B HeMeii;KHX BOHCKax, MaCTepcKHe peyAH H BpemHH He ycnesaAH YAOBAeTBop.SITb MaccoBhiH cnpoc. Heo6xoAHMOCTh MaCCOBoro llpOH3BOACTBa CTaAa nepBOH np~H HOH nepexoAa K OAHOTHnHOMY soopYJKeHHIO 1 BOHCKa (pHC. 295, 296). Y cppaHII;Y3CKHX KaBaAepHCTOB noCAe 15 50 roAa MOJKHo BHAeTh 3cpec B BHAe npope3HOH TOHKOMeTaAAHqeCKOH qamH; AeAaAH TaKHe 3cpecbi, qame scero, HTaAbjJ:HI.J;bl B IOJKHo:H paHD;HH. B moTAaJJACKHX H aHrAHHCKHX so:HcKax B XOAY 6biAH KA e ii Mop bl (aHrA. claymore, glayrnore) noAYTopapyqHhie Me~ c Y3KHMH o60IOAOOCTphiMH KAHHKaMH MHHOH oKoAo 90 CM H PYKOillj{MH c npj{MhiMH BeTBj{MH KpeCTOBHH, onymeHHhiMH KHH3Y OT u;eHTpa. flojJ:BHAaCb KAei1Mopa B ll03AHeM cpeAHeBeKOBbe, a Hcqe3Aa TOAhKo B HaqaAe XVII BeKa. floCKOAbKY B 3TO BpeMj{ illOTAaHACKHe BCaAHHKH 6biAH BOOpYJKeHbi llOXOJKHMH Ha CKMIBOHY MeqaMH, KOTOpbie OHH, 3aMeTHM, HOCill H llO CeH AeHb, KAei1Mopb1 3aMeHHAH Ha CKWIBoey. Y illOTAaHAJ.);eB OHa CHa6JKeHa Tj{JKeAOH ~JKypHOH «KOp3HHKOH» H3 JKeAe3a, BhiCTAaHHOH H3HYTPH KoJKe:H (pHc. 2 9 7). B ABaAI.J;aTble roAhl XVI se-

TIOTpe6HOCTb B OAHOTHllHOM BOOpYJKeHHH 6LIAa BL13BdHd oq>opMAeHHeM HOBOH TdKTHKH

(ClldSIHLIX TdKTH'IeCKHX eAHHH~, 6yAL TO Tep~SI HHKHnepoB HAH 3CKaA,poH peit:TapoB), KOTOpdSI 3aMeHH.Aa pLI~apcKH:H cnoco6 OAHHO'IHoro 6oSI, coOTBeTCTBeHHo 3TO BLI3Ba.Ao llOTpe6HOCTb B MdCCOBOM llpOH3BOACTBe (npUM. peg.).

§ 1. XoAoAHoe opyJKHe. Me'l

Ka, B

199

3noxy, KOrAa soihla CTaAa .HBAeHHeM npHBbJllllbiM, o6bJAeHHbiM, no.H-

BH.J\.acb TeHAe~ Hcno.J\.b3oBaTb K.J\.HHKH B HecKO.J\.bKo APyrHX :Q,eJUix, KpoMe 6oeBbiX. HanpHMep, YJK.e OKO.J\.0

15 2 0 rOAa BCaAHHKH HCllO.J\.b30BaAH Meq, y KOTOporo llHAY H MOrAa npHMeH.HThc.H MJ1 pacnli.J\.HBaHH.H

OAfla H3 rpaHe:H npeBpai:Q.eHa B Aepesa.

APyrHX K.J\.HHKOB Ha o6eHx rpaH.HX 6bi.J\. Bblpe3aH KaAeHAapb, oHM TaK

H Ha3biBaAHCb K a A e H gap H bl e. DOlliiAaAHCb K.J\.HHKH, 06AHAaBIIllie OKpyr1 .J\.biMH BbleMKaMH pa3AHtiHOH <!>opMbi BepO.HTHO AMJ. Toro, qTOfibl HOqbJO onpeAeA.HTb Ha om;ynh oqepeAfiOCTb qTeHH.H MO.JUITB, KaK no qeTKaM; HX Ha3biBaAH Me tL U C

KAUHKaMU

C(Qmqe

HTa.J\.b.HHCKOH H

HaUl>>.

<t>paH:qyscKo:H nexoTe

npH6AH3HTe.J\.bHO K cepeAJiHe XV BeKa npHH.HTbi KOpOTKHe 6oeBbie MeqH C K.J\.HHKaMH,

~ ~

< ,·;: i-:i'!

·::: ~-~il

El~:

"' ··I ~=· .,..

!t :~

_;r,

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~ ~~ a)

Puc. 295

. lr

Puc. 296

Puc. 297

PHe. 295. Me'l BeHe:o;HaHcKoro AY'IHHKa. 34>ec ·JKeAe3HI>IH, c AYJKKOH, oT KpecroBHHLI, H 3a~HTHLIM KpiOKoM; AAHHa KAHHKa 7 0 eM. Pa6oTa CepaBaAAe. OK. 1520 r. ApceHaA BeHeD;HH. Poe. 296. 11TaAhSIHCKHH nexoTHLIH Me'l. 34>ec JKeAe3HLIH, c 3H~HTHo:H Ayro:H H BeTBSIMH; AAHHa KAHHKa 7 8 eM. Pa6oTa AHApea eppapLI H3 BeJ\..1\.y&o. OK. 1530 r. ApceHaA BeHeD;HH. Poe. 29'1. IlloT~";HACKHe Me'IH. a) KA.e:HMop c JKeAe3Ho:H PYKOSITI>IO. XVI B. b) IlloTAaHACKHH naAam c JKeAe3HLIM s4>ecoM. XVIII B.

oTXoASm:~e:H

3TH BI>IeMKH Ha3LIBaiOTCSI

AO:JK.Xa.M U

(npU.M. peg.).

lJacn II. OpyJKue BaiiilAeBBJI

200

cxoAJihiMH c KAHHKaMH Meqa AaiJAcKHexTa (pHc. 298), TOAhKO PYKO.HTH H cnoco6 HomeHIDI 3THX Me"'eH 6h!AH HHhiMH. no 6oAbiDeH qacTH OHH AHIDeHhl «S»-o6pa3HOH KpecToBHHhl H HMeiOT 3aii.VITJIYIO Ayry, 3arJIYTYIO K HaBepmHID. MopCKHe co.J\AaTbi BoopyJKaAHCh oco6h!M BlfAOM KopoTKoro Meqa (qame BeHei.VfaHJ..tbi, "'eM reHY33J..tbi), KAHHOK KOToporo 6biA IIIHpOKHM H llAOCKHM, He 6oAee 6 0 CM B MJffiY (pHC. 299). Y rapAbl . II\HTOK 6biA TOAbKO C OAJiOH CTOpOHhl. 3Ta Q:>opMa Meqa coxpaHHAacb c HecymecTBeHHh!MH H3MeHeHIDIMH BnAOTh AO XVIII BeKa, H noxoJKYIO Ha Hee MoJKHo BlfAeTh eme H ceroAfUI Ha cTeHax 6aTape:H HamHX BOeHHh!X KOpa6AeH. npHIDAO BpeM51 BCllOMHHTh H TaK Ha3b!BaeMbiH Me '1. n p a B 0 C y g U R. (HeM. Richtschwert), KOTOpb!H, XOT.H H He CAYJKHA BoeHHhiM £teJUIM, Bee JK.e OTHOCHTCSI K opYJKe:HHo:H TeMe H HepeAKO BCTPeqaeTCSI B KoAJ\eK:qm~x. CTapeifinHe Me"'H 3Toro Ha3Ha"'eHIDI, H3BecTHbie HaM, AaTHPYIOTCSI KOHI:tOM XIII BeKa. OHH npHHClAJ\.eJKaAH ropoACKHM o6II\HHaM, BepiDHBIDHM npasocyAJie. opM:a KAHHK.a ocTaAacb HeH3MeHHo:H AO XVIII BeKa. OH oqeHh urnpoKHH, poBHOBhlll)1KAhiH, 3aKpyrAeHHhiH y OCTPIDI, rAe BpeMeHaMH AeAaAoch oTBepcTHe, CAYJK.HBmee AMI 1 Toro, "'T06h! BernaTh Meq Ha cTeHY • no coo6meHH.HM HeKoToph!x cnei.VfaAHCToB, llaAa"'H BKAllAb!BaAH B 3TO OTBepCTHe CBHHI:tOBYIQ nyAIO H yseAH"'HBaAH TeM CaMbiM cHAy H T.HJKecTb yAapa. 3TH cBeAeHIDI ornoc.srrCSI, npaBAa, TOAhKO K XVIII BeKy. BoAee paHHHe asToph! coo6maroT o Meqax npasocyAIDJ:, cHa6JKeHHhiX noAOCThiD, AO noAOBHHhl 3ano.J\.HeHHo:H pTYfhiD. npH YAape pTYfh c cHAo:H CTPeMHAacb K OCTPHID H 3Ha"'HTe.J\hHo noBblillaAa ero MOII\b (aBTopy cpeAH MHOJKeCTBa BlfAeHHhiX Me"'eH npaBOCYAIDI TaKOH .HH pa3y He llOllilAaACSI). BoAbiDHHCTBO Me"'eH npasocyAIDJ: HeC.J\.H Ha ce6e HCiAIIHCH H CHMBO.J\.bl, COo6maBmHe o6 HX ne"'aAbHOM npeAJia3Ha"'eHHH. Ha KAHHKax H3o6paJK.aAH BHce.J\.HltY, KoAeco AMI qeTBepToBaHIDI, paciUITHe, CTPilAaiOmYIO BoroMaTepb, CB.H'I)'IO EKaTepHHY H npo"'He. HepeAKo nHCaAH HM5I naAaqa c AaTo:H, noToM noAXo~e WfTaTbi H3 BH6.J\.HH H BHpmH C MOpaAbiO, HanpHMep: ECAH 5I ce:R Me~ noALIMa.IO, To rpemHHKY Be~Hoii JKB3HH JKeAa.IO; CMepTeALHhiM yAapoM MOHM nopaxeH, B He6ecHoe n;apCTBO OTllpaBHTOI OH.

Hlrn: HameAinHH 3TO noreplleT npeJKAe, ~eM HaHAeT. KynHBinHH 3TO orpa6A.eH 6yAeT npeJKAe, ~eM IcyiiHT. TOT, KTO YMPeT em;e npeJKAe, ~eM cocrapHTOI.

Hm. n. PyKo.HTh TaKoro Meqa 6h!Aa Ha N3a no.J\.HhiX 3aXBaTa, B paHHHX 3K3eMnAHpax HHOrAa CHa6JKaAaCb 6y6eH"'HKaMH. ECAH Meq npaBOCYAIDJ: HMe.J\. HOJK.Hbl ("'TO 6biAO AMeKo He BcerACl), To K HHM npHAarMHch AOllOAHHTeADHDie OTAeAeHIDI, 1

CAeAyeT A06aBHTb, ~0 KOHen; Me~a MOr 6hiTL TYTihiM, T. K. ero Ha3Ha~eHHe He npeAycMaTpHBa.Ao HcnOJ\.L3oBaHHe AMI KOJ\.IOID;HX yAapoB (npUM. peg.).

§ 1. XoAOABoe opylltBe. Me'l

201

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§ 1. XoAOAHOe opyJKue. Kpusoii Me'l u ca6JUI

203

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Puc. 303

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§ 1. XoAOAHoe opyJKBe. KpBBoB: Me"' B ca6JUI

205

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206 KOC OKOWiaHHC B BJiAC paKOBHHbl y.J\.HTKH. K.JurnoK nepBOHal{aAbHO 6biA H30qpe3MepHO H BpeMeHaMH eTaHOBHJ\.e.SI HeKAIOlJHTe.J\bHO "f30K. PyKo.SITb eTapHHHO:H BOeTOlJHOH ea6J\H HHTepeeHa HaM H noTOMYr liTO .SIBHJ\.aeb rrpoo6pa30M eospeMeHHhiX ea6e.J\bHbiX PYKO.SITei1:. Ee xapaKTepHeHIIlliMH qepTaMH .SIB.J\..SieTe.SI H aBe p W U e - K 0 Jl n all 0 K (ReM. Kappe) r noeTa.BAeHHoe napaA1\.e.J\bHO KpeeTOBHHe, Ha KOTOpOH HMeeTC.SI n e p e K p e C m be (HeM. Mitteleisen). BnoCAeAeTBHH KOJ\.IIaqoK YAJUIH.SieTe.SI, BhieTYfia.SI HaA enHHKoi1: PYKO.SITH, a nepeAHIDI qaeTb KpeeTOBHHbl 3arn6aeTe.SI B AYJKKY· nepeKpeeTbe MOJKHO BJiAeTb H Ha nexoTHOH ea6Ae HaqaAa XIX seKa. Cnoeo6 HOeHTh ea6J\.IO - TOJK.e ~e.J\HKOM soeTolJHoro rrpoHexoJKAeHH.SI; OH 6biA rrpHH.SIT Ha BoeToKe B XV seKe, ee.J\H He paHbme. Ca6.J\..SI HHKoJ\.a.SI QpHHH.SI (pHe. 305) CAYJKIIT nOATBepJKAeHHeM Hamero onHeaHH.SI. DpHMeqaTe.J\bHO, liTO BOCTOlJHbie KpHBbie MelJH, KpoMe apa6eKHX, He HMeiOT AYJKeK. Y BeHrepeKHX ea6e.J\b AYJKKa 3aMeHeHa ~enotiKoi1:, KOTopa.SI, eo6eTBeHHO, 6eeno.J\.e3Ha. 3aqaeTY~Q KOJ\.IIal{OK HMe.J\. OTBepeTHe AMI me MARK a, KOTOpbiH so speM.SI epaJK.eHH.SI HaAeBaAe.SI Ha PYKY· liTO TOJK.e Haill.J\.o noAPaJKaHHe B Espone. HeeMOTP.SI Ha To liTO KysHelffioe ACJ\.O B AaMaeKe e HaqaAa XV BeKa noill.J\.o Ha enaA, see JK.e AaMaeeKHM KJUIHKaM YAaAOeb noqTH BhiTeeHIITb nepeJiAeKHe e 3aiiaAHbiX pbiHKOB, TaK l{TO OKOJ\.0 15 50 r0/¥1 xopaeeaHeKHe H3Ae.J\.H.SI HaxoAHJ\.H ee6e AOpory B Esporry TOJ\.bKO qepe3 fpe~10 H BeHe~IO. HaliHHa.SI e XVI seKa MaeTepeKHe AaMaeKa 3aMKeyJ\Heb Ha rrpoH3BOAeTBe, rAaBHbiM o6pa30M, ea6e.J\bHhiX H KHHJKaAbHhiX KJUIHKOB H HaBOAfiHJ\.H HMH seeb BoeToK. Bee TOBapbi /lf1MaeeKoro 11pOH3BOAeTBa 6biAH Be.J\.HKOJ\.eiiHoro KaqeeTBa. Cnoeo6 H31 roToBJ\.eHH.SI KJ\HHKOB, rrpmneAIDHH KOrAa-TO H3 JlllfA.HH r MaeTepa TIIJ;aTeJ\.bHO xpaHHJ\.H B Ta:i1:He, nepeAaBa.SI TOJ\.bKO o·r o~a K ehiey. 3THM enoeo6oM H3roTOBJ\..SIJ\H e XVI BeKa 3HaMeHHTYJO gaM a c c K yro c m a A b, ~eHHMYJO oqeHh BbleOKO B KJUIHKaX H opyJKeHHbiX eTBOJ\.ax, 0Ha ysHaeTC.SI no BOJ\HHeTOMY 61\.eCKy, J\.HHH.SIM H eiiHpaJ}.SIM, OTeBel{HBaiOIIVfM Ha noBepXHOeTH. Cnoeo6 3TOT 2 MHoroKpaTHo rrpo6oBaJ\H HMHTiipOBaTb, oeo6eHHo so <l>pruru;HH e XVIII BeKa. HaH60J\.ee xapaKTepHbiMH H3 rrpHMepHO eeMH BJiAOB 3TOH eTaJ\H 6bi.J\H noJ\.oeaTbiH (1\.HHHH CAeAYJOT nOJ\.OeaMH) r oqeHb ~eHHMbiH, HO, KeTaTH, 6oAee rrpoeTOH B H3rOTOBJ\.eHHH, H eiiHpaAbHbiH (1\.HHHH eiiHpaAbHOH cpopMbl). , CAaBa soeTOl{HhiX KJ\.HHKOB rrpHHilN\.eJKwr HM no rrpasy. Oeo6oe soCXHmeHHe eBOHMH KaqeeTBaMH H OTAeJ\.KOH Bbl3biBaiOT H:IJAHiieKHe, epeAH KOTOpbiX eeTb TaKHe, liTO enoeo6 HX H3roToBJ\.eHH.SI rrp.HMo-TaKH Heo6'b.SieHHM. HarrpHMep, BAOJ\.b KJUIHKa HHAHi1eKoi1 ea6J\H eACJ\.aH CKB03Hoi1 JKeAo6, KY/¥1 noMemeH noABHJKHo PRA JKeMlJYJKHH (pHe. 306). l<aKHM JK.e o6pa3oM HX MoJKHo 6b1Ao seTaBHTh, He nospeAHB HH OAfiOH? ToqHo TaK JK.e soeXHmaiOT ea6J\H H3 AaMaeKa, YKPameHHbie noAo6HbiMH seTaBKaMH H orrpasAeHHbie KOpaJ\.1\.aMH H 6Hp1030H (pHe. 307, 308, 309, 31 0). rnyT CACI'Ka, a n03AfiCC -

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hHTaH CTML,

oco6LIH cnoco6 KOBKH (npUM. peg.).

Pe'lb HAeT 0 AaMaCKHpOBaHHhiX KAHHKax, T. e. UOMeAaH~hiX UOA AaMaccKHH ysop. TaKHe UOMeAKH B 60hbillOM KOAH"'eCTBe H3rOTaBJ\.HBdhH B repMaHHH (npUM. peg.) . 2

207

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Puc. 307

11HAHHCKIDI ca6MI. PyKo.siTL H3 JKeAe3a

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Puc. 307.

Type~Krul ca6MI. PyKoSITL

no3AHe:Hme:H <IJopMLI, c mapoo6pa3HLIM HaBepmHeM, H3 'lepHoro para.

XVIII

ABTop OlliH6aeTCSI, XaHAJKdp KHHJKaA C KOpOTKHM Ae3BHeM; SITaraH py6Hme KOAIO~ee opYJKHe c AOCTaTO'IHO MHHHLIM, BOAHoo6pa3HLIM Ae3BHeM. To, "'ITO aBTop nHmeT 0 «60ALWOM XaiiA)Kape,,, OTHOCHTCSI K SITdraHf (npUM. peg.).

'lacn II. OpylltRe BBDCIAeBRJI

208

prum. HoJKHbl, o6bNHo OBMhHoro ce'leHIDI, 6hi.J\H o6T.HHY'fbl KoJKe:H :HAM MaTepHeH, -yKpameHhl 'leKaHKoH H3 cepe6pa. XaHAJKaphl HOC:HAH sa no.HCOM. Ko BTopo:H noAOBHHe XVI seKa 6AaroAap.H CBOHM npesocxoAHbiM Ka'leCTBaM KpHBOH Me'l pacnpOCTpaHHAC.si no BCeM)' esponeHCKOM)' KOHTHHemy, BKJUO'Ia.si fOAACiHAHIO C ee ycTpamarom;eif KO~eH. K KOHizy XVII BeKa OTAeAKa KpHBoro Mella H cpopMa ero PYKOHTH BCIOAY npeTepneAa H3MeHeHIDI, 6NlfOAap.H KOTOpbiM OH, C06CTBeHHO, H CTaA C a 6 A e fi (HeM. Sabel). CAoBo «ca6A.si>> llpOHCXOAHT OT CAaB.siHCKOfO sabla, cpopMa ee poAHAaCb B BempHH. XapaKTepHbiH THn ca6eA.bHo:H PYKOHTH ccpopMHpoBaAC.si B HeMeii;KHX H cppiiHizy3CKHX BOHCKax. /vvl Hee xapaKTepHa c n u H K a (HeM. Klingenrllcken) OKOBKa 3iiAHeH CTOpOHhl KAHHKa. ECAH B seHrepcKHX ca6A.siX em;e MOJKHO BCTpeTHTb KpecToBmry (qam;e «S>>o6pa3HYJO), TO y 3allilAJihiX oHa noAHoCTbiO OTCYTCTByeT H 3aMeHeHa 'laDIKOH c A~ KOH AH6o AHTOH AaTYHHOH HAH lf{eAe3HOH rapAOH. Ca6AH CO CAa6o H30fHYTbiMH :HAM np.siMbiMH KAHHKaMH Ha3biBaIOTC.si n a A. a U1 aM U (HeM. Palasche) 1 • Ca6AH aBCTpHHCKHX H npyccKHX rycapoB HMeAH 6oAee H30fHYThle KAHHKH.

B OTAeAKe espone:HcKHx KAHHKOB .siCHO BhlpaJK.eH Ayx H BKyc 3noXH. B XVI cToAeTHH B TpaBAeHOM OpHaMeHTe PRe. 308. nepclfACKdSI ca6MI maxa CyATa.Ha Xyceiiua (npaBHA 1700-1722). PYKO.HTh H3 CAOHOBOH KOCTH; '~~YAeCHhiH AaMdCCKHH KAHHOK C HHKpycran;Heii. Pa60Ta opyxeiiHHKa 3cceAyAAhl (AccaA-YAAhl) H3 Hc<t>araua. PRe. 309. nepCifACKdSI ca6JUI. PyKO.HTh H3 cAOHOBOH KOCTH C UOAYAParon;eBBbiMH KaMWIMH.

CoBpeMeHHdSI pa60Ta. 1

CM. npHMellaHHe ua c. 111 (npUM. peg.) .

ยง 1. XoAOAHoe opyJKue. Kpuaoii Me'l u ca6JUI

209

O..l'ililteTBopeHa 6AaropOAHilll KpacoTa PeHeccaHca. B XVII BeKe nocTeneHHO 6AeKHeT xyAoJKecTBeHHrui cTopoHa ocpopMAeHIDI, H B H3o6paJKeHIDIX ~;~epeAKo npHcyrcTByeT Hey:KJUOJKHH COJ\AdTCKHH IOMop. Bo BpeMeHa TYPeiJ;KHX BOHH

Puc. 3 12 Puc. 310. lloALCKIDI Kapa6eAa, pyKoSITI> OTAeAaHa nAaCTHHKaMH H3 'lepenax:osoro naH~Hp.SI H onpasAeaa B cepe6po. XVII B. Puc. 311. Type~KHH .SITaraH. PyKo.SITb H3 CAOHOBOH KOCTH c cepe6poM H pe3Hb1MH KOpaA.AaMH. llpHHdAJ\.eJKaA KH.SI310 MHAoiUy 06peaoBH'IY (1780-1860). CospeMeHHIDI paoOTa. Puc. 312. 51noHCKHH Me'l (TaTH). PyKoSITI> OUAeTeHa IUHypoM; HOJKHbl AepeB.SIHHble, UOKphiTble AdKOM. CospeMeHHIDI pa60Ta.

B. Eexa.AM:

qaCTII II. OpyJKHe HanBAeHHJI

210

11aCThi AOBOJ\.bHO rrpHMHTHBHhle H3o6paJKeHIDI co~a. A)'Hbl, PYKH c MellOM, BhiCYJIYTOH H3-3a o6J\.aKOB, rype:qi<oro BCiiAHHKa H T. n. HepeAKo HaxOAJiM KJ\.HHKH c 6-yKBaMH FRINGIA, 'ITO 03HallaeT: FRIDERICUS (Ill) *REX (Hyngarie) * INL * GERMANIA * IMPERATOR *AUGUSTUS, T. e. <l>plfApHx (Ill) * Kopo.J\.b * (BeHrpHH) * fepMamrn * l1Mneparop * ABrycT. 3TH KJ\HHKH 1.\eHH.J\Hcb Bhiiile OCTaJ\.bHhiX B BeHrpHH, MHOrOKpaTHO llOMeJ\.biBa.J\.HCb H llaCTO no OIIIH6Ke BMeCTO FRINGIA CTaBHJ\.OCh FRINA, FRIMIA H T. A· Ha K.JUIHKax BeHrepcKHX rycapoB MO~o HaHTH 3HaK c HeMe:qi<oro HMnepaTopcKoro opAa HAH AeBH3: «Vivat Maria Theresia». TaKHe JK.e K.JUIHKH IIITHpHHCKOH pa6oThl 1.\eHHAHcb caMHMH rypKaMH H HMe.AH AeBH3hl: «Vivat Franciscus» (Pru<.oi.\H) HJ\.H «VIVat Pandun> H T. A•r HanoMHHaK>IqHe MOMeHThl BeHrepCKOH HCTOpHH. K KpHBhiM MellaM, KaK YJK.e 6hl.J\.O CKa3aHO, npHHiiMeJKHT H .SIIIOHCKHH Meq, q YK a H HOJK.Hhl - c a ii. R (pHC. 3 12). nJ\.OCKHe B HeM pa3J\.I{tlaJOT PYKO.HTh q y 6 a HMeiOT OTBepcTIDI IV'JI HOJK.a - K o g 3 yx a H AHCKoo6pa3Hhle 3l}>echl m.J\.hl - xora u. KAe:HMa Bhl6HThi Ha XBOCTOBHKe K.JUIHKa. A.yqnrne KJ\HHKH 1 MacaMYJIO CAeJ\.aHbl B 13 2 6 roAy •

lliiiArA IlJnara, C06CTBeHHO rOBOp.H, J\.HIIIh pa3HOBifAHOCTb Meqa, OTJ\.HllaK>lli;a.HC.H OT Hero 6oAee Y3KHM K.JUIHKOM, paccqHTa.HHhiM cKopee Ha YKOA, qeM Ha py6.HiqH:H yAap. Ha3BaHHe w n a r a (HeM. Degen), KaK y rAel}>hl H APyrHX BJiAOB opYJKH.H, nepeHeceHo c APyroro Ko.J\lOru;ero oppKH.H, KOTopoe c TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH noAyqHAO HHOe HaHMeHOBaHHe. YJK.e c XII BeKa B fepMaHHH noA Ha3BaHHeM «degen» no..sm.J\.HeTC.H AJUIHHhiH KHHJK.a.J\., KOTOphiH HOCHJ\.H ABOp.HHe. 11 cerOAHJI KHHJK.a.J\. no-l}>paJII.\Y3CKH Ha3biBaiOT «dague», llO-IITaJ\.b.HHCKH H llO-HCllaHCKH «daga». HH B OAJIOM H3 3anilAJihiX fl3hiKOB, KpoMe HeMe:qi<oro, AMI 3Toro BlfAa opYJKH.H, oco6o:H l}>opMhl KOJ\lOru;e:H IIITiarn (HcKJ\lOqa.H lPPaJII.\Y3CKoe estoc AJ\.HHHa.H IIITiara H HTaJ\.b.HHCKoe stocco KHHJK.aA), He cym;ecTByeT oco6oro TepMHHa, H ero llOBCIOAY Ha3biBaK>T MellOM. no3TOMY OCTaeTCfl rrpeAllOJ\.OJKHTb, 'ITO HeMI..U>I, BocrrpHIDIBnrne 3TO opyJKHe TOJ\.bKo B Haqa.J\.e XVI BeKa H3 l1cnaHHH, nepeHWUI BMeCTe C HHM H IIpOBHHI.\Ha.J\.hHOe CJ\.OBO «dagon», 'ITO 3Ha1JHT «AJUIHHhiH KHHJK.aA». Ae:HcTBHTeJ\.bHO, K.JUIHKH nepBhiX IIITiar 6bl.J\.H He oqeHb AJ\HHHhiMH, H qacTo TpYAJIO 6hl.J\.O CKa3aTb, 'ITO ClJHTaTb MJfHHhiM KHHJK.a.J\.OM, a 'ITO piCe MeqoM. XoTfl IIITiara H no..smHAacb B fepMamrn 6AaroAapfl IIplfABOPHhiM KapAa V H epAHHaHAa I, MecTo B03HHKHOBeHIDI 3Toro BHAa XOJ\.OAJforo opYJKH.H Ha.AO HCKaTb B CTpaHe, rAe 3apOAHJ\.0Cb HCKYCCTBO l}>eXTOBaHIDI, B 11Ta.J\HH, H60 HHK.ru<.oe APyroe opyJKHe no YA06cTBy BJ\.a,AeHIDI HM He cpaBHHTC.H co IIITiaro:H. no 3TOH JK.e rrplflllffie H 3aru;HTe PYKH y mnarn YAeJ\.eHO ropa3AO 66.1\.bmee 1

OcHoBonoAaraiO~M TpYAOM o6o Bcex BBAax HDOHCKoro opyxm~ HBAHeTCH «CeHKea-KaHHTCOH», aBTOpa KH:tcy-AY e-cau H3 KHOTO. 20 TOMOB c HAAIOCTpdD;HSIMH (npUM.

asm.).

XVII

cTo.J\..eTI15IX coiTepH11'4a.AI1 B KOHCTPYHPOBaHI111 CTOAh JKe CJ\..OJKHhiX,

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211

Me'4a. l1ciTalii15I, l1Ta.AI15I, a IT03AHee fo.JV\.aHA115I 11 <DpaH~H.SI B

BHI1Mai-me, t.IeM y

XVI

1. XoAOAHoe opyJKHe. muara

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KOAb~OM,

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11acn II. Opy.zue BiliiiiAeBBJI

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ยง 1. XoAOABOe opylltlle. muara

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216

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Puc. 321. lloABeCKa muarH. llOSIC C AOUdCTblO H3 pacmBTOro 6apXaTa H BaKAilAI(aMH H3 U030AO't!eBBOro JKeA.e3a. KoBe~ XVI B. KopoAeBc;KHii HcropH'tlecKHii MY3e:H B APe3AeBe. Puc. 322. Bocro't!BLIH KOB'tlap. Pyxosrn. B oupaBe H3 30AO'tleBOH AdTYBH, OTAeA.aBa Becl>pBTOM. HMuepaTOpCKHH QapCKOCe.AbCKHH apceBaA. Puc. 322 TotiHhiH KOINap, BCTPetiaBIIIHHCH

apa6os, nepco:s H TYPOK BIIAOTb AO

XVII

BeKa, BCerAa 6biA tiaCTbiO CHap.IDKeHIDI BCClAJIHKa H KpenHACH 3a AeBhiM KpbiAOM ceMa. KpoMe Toro, BCaAHHK HMeA ca6J\10,

218

KHH}I{A)\ (ReM. Dolch, oT Aam. dolequinus, cpp. poignard, dague, URrJl. Jlanl. pugione) 3TO XOAOAJIOe OpYJKHe C KOpOTKHM KAHHKOM, paCCq}{TaHHOe J\.HIIIb Ha KOJUO~ YAap. CyNI no HMeiOmHMCH HaxOAKaM, speM.H ero no.SIBJ\.eHIDI MOJKHO OTHeCTH K KaMeHHOMY BeKy. Y pa3HbiX HapOAOB OH HMeJ\. pa3Jllil1Hhle Ha3BaHIDI, K TOMY JK.e HepeAKo MerumniHeCH. He~ AO XVI BeKa lla3hiBaAH ero Degen (sepo.HTHo, OT $paHKcKoro daga), c XIV BeKa Gnadgott (nepeBOA um. misericordia - MHAOcepAHe, T. e. HanoMHHaHHe o APeBHeM EoJK.b1 eM cyAe) • ToJ\.bKo B X:VI CTOAeTHH 3TO opyJK.He B repMamrn CTaJ\.H Ha3biBaTb Dolch. noA BJ\.IDIHHeM n03AJIHX HT~eB Ha3BaHIDI KHHJKaJ\.a, 6biTOBaBlliHe B repMaHHH H <l>paJD.UiH, llaCTH'IHO nepeBOAHJUI, llaCTH'IHO OHH BOlli.J\.H B o6pa1IleHHe Ha liYJKOM Jl3hiK.e. B cesepHbiX CTpaHax KHHJKaA o6pa30BaACH H3 06hiKHOBeHHoro HOJKa, KOTOpbiH CaM no ce6e noAXOAHJ\. AMI cXBaTKH. TaK, TecaK, HAH \ CaKC, repMaHI\eB 6hiJ\. He lleM HHhiM, KaK pa3\ HOBifAHOCTbiO IIIHpOKOrO HOJK.a. l<mDKM - OpYJKHe AMI TeCHOH CXBaTKH H no csoeMY AeHCTBHIO paccqJITaH Ha KopoTKHe, 6hiCTphle ABHJKeHIDI. HepeAKO HM noJ\.b3oBaAHC& c 6oJ\.bmoH: xwrpocTbiO. B cpeAHHe BeKa OH CTaJ\. BCnOMOraTeJ\.bHbiM OpYJKHeM, HCnOJ\.b3yeMbiM AMI Toro, 1IT06hl oKoHllaTeJ\.bHo A06HT& npoTHBHHKa, BhiBeAeHHoro H3 CTpOJI APYrHM opYJKHeM. TaKoe npeAJia3Ha1IeHHe nopoAHJ\.0 Ha3BaHHe AMI caMoro opYJKIDI - K u R.JK.aJl M UJloce pguR (HeM. Gnadgott), H B PRe. 323. KBHJKa.A MBAOCepAJISI. HeMe~oM J13hiKe BbipaJKeHHe «yAap MHAocepPyKOSITL B3 'llepHoro pora; 'lleTldpexAIDI» (HeM. Gnadensto.B) AMI ero HcnoJ\.b30BarpaHHidii KILBHOK C BOI'H}'Tl>IMB rpaHSIMB yK.pameB rpaBBpOBaHBidHIDI. TaKHM KHHJK.MOM MOJKHO 6biJ\.o npoHHKMB apa6eCKa.MB; HOJKHI>I UOBpeJKHYJ'b MeJKAy CThiKaMH IIJ\.a.CTHH AeHTHepa H AeHBI>Ie, B3 TBCHeBOB KOJKB, BMeAaJKe npoKOAOTb UJ\.eTeHHe KOJ\.bqyrH (pHc. IOT ABa AOnoAH:&TeALRLIX rae3Aa

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323).

l HenoiiSITRO, 'liTO BMeeTCSI B BBAY• MOJKeT 6LITL TO, 'liTO no6e)KAeBBfdii BO BpeMSI cyAe6BOI'O noeABRKa T'fT JKe AOOBBa.ACSI yAapoM KHBJKa.Aa1 Ho sTO OmBOO'IIBaSI TpaicrOBKa, noCKOJU.Kf B NlBBOB CBTY~B no6e)KAeiiBI>Iii npB3HaBa.ACSI BBHOBHI>IM B AOAJKeH 6LIA 6LITL noABeprayT Ka3BB (npUM. peg.).

219

§ 1. XoAOAJIOe opylKBe. l<lnutBA

B npoTHBonoAOJKHOCTb seeM APYJ'HM BHAaM xoAOAlforo opYJKIDI KHHJK.aA, KaK npasHAo, AepxaT B PYKe TaK, 'ITO MHSHJJeq; AeJKHT Ha KpecToBHHe HAH ocHo1 sa.mrn KMrnKa, a 6oALmo:H naAe:Q;.- Ha rOAOBKe PYKOJITH • XoT.SI KHHJK.aA, KaK yxe ynoMHHaAOCb, c APeBHe:Hnrnx BpeMeH 6hiA B ynoTpe6AeHHH B cesepHhiX CTPaHax H Ha BocroKe, cHcreMaTI{qeCKoe HcnoAbsosrurne ero B Ka'lecTBe onpeAeAeHHoro npeAMeTa cHap.SIJK.e.HIUI Ha'laAOCb TOAbKO B XIII ·BeKe. C 3Toro BpeMeHH B nepByro o'lepeAJ> sHaTHble oco6bl HaP.HAY c Me'loM CTaAH HOCHTb H KHIDK.aA. TaK OH npeBpaTHAC.SI B o6rqenplfiUITbiH npeAMeT BOOpYJKeHH.SI. I<HHJKaA HOC.SIT Ha llpaBOM 6oKy TIOABemeHHhiM Ha q;erm, KOTOpa.SI YKPeiiJ\.eHa csepxy Ha npaso:H cTopoHe rpyAH, 'IT06bl He norep..srrb opYJKHe B PYKOTiamHOH cXBaTKe (pHc. 3 2 4). Ero He scerAa HOCHAH B HOJK.Hax, oco6eHHo

;

Puc. 324

Puc. 325

Pac. 324. I<BWKa.u.I. a) TipopHCOBKa c KaMeHHOro HaArP06IDI. repMaHIDI. Bropasr DOA. XIII B. b) flpopHCOBKa C KaMeHBOro HaArP06IDI B MOHaCTLipe QHMMepH, 6AH3 HepAJWHreHa. repMaHIDI, KOH. XIII B. Pac. 325. Cnoco6LI HomeHIDI KHWKaAa. a) BpoH3oBoe HaArPo6He cspa HBKOAaca A,srBopTa BAHKAHBrCKoro. I<BWKaA BHCBT Ha npasoii CTOpoHe pLID;apcKoro D<»>ca. QepKOB:& B Hop~oAKe. ABrAIDI, 140 1 r. b) BpoH30Boe HaArPOOHe cspa /l;KoHa YHAKOTca. K pLID;apcKOMY noBcy DOBepx AOCDeWHOH I06KH DOABemeHLI Me'IJ H KHBJKaA. QepKOB:& B fpeiiT T:&IO, OKc~opAWHp. AurAHSI, 1410 r.

B rex CAyqa.SIX, KOrAa q;eiib 6b1Aa YKPeiiJ\.eHa Ha roAOBKe PYKO..HTH. floCAe 13 4 0 roAa, KOrAa 4>eOAaJ\hl CTaAH HOCHTb Ha 6eAPax IIIHpOKHH TIO.SIC, KOTOpbi:H C'IHTaAC.SI 3HaKOM AOCTOHHCTBa pbi:Q;apcKoro COCAOBH.H, KHHJK.aA CTaAH TIOABemHBaTb 1

TaK Ha3LIBaeMLI:ii o6paTHLiii .XBaT (npUM. peg.).

•

220 K HeM}' (pHc. 3 2 5). B XV cToAeTHH p~apH BHaqaAe HOCHAH KHHJKaA Ha rrpaso:H cTopoHe 106KH noABemeHHhiM Ha rrpoqm,uc JKeAe3HbiX KOAhJlax, a rro3JK.e c TOH JK.e CTOpOHbl BHC~ Ha IIO.SICe. B ropOAaX 6hiAO IIpHIDITO, ~06hl KHHJKaA He 60ATaACSI; ero HOCHAH BCTaBAeHHhiM B 06bNJIYK> KQJK.aHyiO cyMKy (pHc. 326); B repMaHHH H EypryHAHH 3TOT o6~a:H 6hiA nrnpoKo pacrrpocTPaHeH. C XIV BeKa B 11TaAHH KHIDK.aA CTaA Hepa3AyqHhiM CIJYTHHK.OM MYJK.q}ffihl; ero HOCHAH Ha peMHe Ha IIpaBOM 6oKy HAH crrepeAlf. ·113 11crramrn B ~OH!le XV CTOAeTIDI pacrrpoCTPaHHACSI o6~a:H HOCHTb KHIDKaA 3a CIIHHOH p-yK.oJITbiO BHH3. 3ry MOAY rrepeiDIAH HeMellKHe AaHACKHeXTbl H IDBe~apl.\hl. AJunrnbrH K.IDDKaA OTAHqaACSJ QJOpMOH KJ\..HHK.a OT TeX KHHJKaAOB C KOpOTKHMH KJ\..HHK.aMH, KOTOphle 6biAH OC06eHHO MOAHhl B 11TaAHH H CBOHMH pa3MepaMH CKOpee HaiiOMHHaAH HrpymKy, rrpeAMeT KOKeTCTBa. npHMepoM MOryT CAYJKHTb «gUMCKU ii. KURJKUA>> (um. stiletto- CTHAeT) H ccnpo6unameAb KOAb"l y r>> (um. fussetto). Ceqemrn KJ\..HHKOB AeMoHCTPHpYIOT see soo6pa3HMhle Q>opMhl; oHH 6hiBawT KaK KpyrAhiMH, TaK H TPex- H qeThlpe:xrpaHHhiMH, HMeiOmHMH QJOpM}' AHCTa, C rpe6IDIMH, pe6paMH, C KpOBOCTOKaMH, CKBaJKHHaMH AMI JIAa H CAOJK.HhiMH BOrnyi'OCTHMH. APesHHe KHIDKaAhl, KoTophle HaxOAJIT B 3eMAe B cesepHhiX CTPaHax, no 66Ahme:H qaCTH HMeiOT nrnpoKHe, B QJOpMe AHCTa, KAHHKH, yro.JU:Q.eHHble K IIHTe (pHC. 3 2 7). l<moK.aAbl C OAHOAe3BHiffihiM, IIOXOJKHM Ha HOJK KJ\..HHKOM Ha3hiBaiOT 06blllliO K U H JK a A-R 0 JK ((j)p. couteau HOJK, pHC. 328, 329). 11CKYCCTBO KOBKH IIpOHBHAOCb B KAHHKax KHIDK.aAOB He MeHee, qeM B KJ\..HHK.ax HHoro xoAOAHoro opYJKIDI. TaK, BCTPeqawTCSI KAHHKH KHHJKaAOB co cKBaJKHHaMH AMI Ma Heo6~a:HHo TOHKo:H pa6oThl. Ha BocToKe q~e scero HMeHHO K.J\.HHOK KHHJKaAa 6hiA rrpeAMeTOM TmaTe.AhHOH xyAoJKec'i'BeHHo:H OTAeAKH, KoTopru~ B HeKoTophlx CAytiruiX AOCTHraAa cosepmeHcTBa. 1 B l1lwm srrepshle noHBHAHCb AaMaccKHe KAHHKH , KOTOphle IIpH CHAhHOH TeKCTYPe KaJKyrCSI COBepmeHHO qepHhiMH. TaM JK.e H B nepcHH IIOHBHAHCb ~~ Puc. 326 -yK.pameHHble TaynrnposKo:H. Ha HHX MOJK.Ho BCTPeTHTb QJHryphl JKHBOTHhiX, BhiiiOAHeHHble cepe6poM H 30AO-: PRe. 326. Cnoco6 uomeHHSI KHJDKaAa. Ha TOM C HCIIOAh30BaHHeM qepHOH 3MaAH. 113 /¥J.MaCKa, phiQdpCKOM DO.siCe EarAaAa H c CHpHHcKoro rro6epeJK.hll B Eaporry rrorraKOJKaHd.sl cyMKd, B KOTOpyto BCTa.BA.eH AH rrpeKpaCHbie KAHHKH H3 AaMaCCKOH CTaAH C IIAOKHJDKaA. C HdAI"P06HSI B CKHMH peAbeQJaMH H TaymHpOBKOH Ha IIHTe, B KOTQKa«!>eApaALHOM co6ope B phle HHOrAa BrrpaBAeHhl He60AbmHe KOpaAAhl. 3TOT HeBmaTeA.e. IIlBeiiQapHSI, cep. XIV B. BHA -yK.pamemrn qacTo BCTPeqaAcJI TaKJKe Ha XaHAJKa1

CM. npHM. ua c. 439. (npUM. peg.).

221 pax H .siTaraHax (pHc. 330, 331). AocTOHH)'IO YAifBAeHIDI TeXHHKY AeMoHC'I'pHPYJOT lfHAHHCKHe KJUrnKH, KoTopbie npope3aHhl BAO.l'ili rpe6IDI H B npope3h BCTaBAeH P.HA AParo~eHHhiX JK.e~JKHH; JK.e~JKHHhl YKPenAeHhl TaK, qTo oHH BlfAHhl C o6eHX CTopoH. 3ry qyAeCH)'IO TeXHHKY MOJKHO BC'I'peTHTb H Ha KJlliHKax ca6eAh. 113o6paJK.eHHe TaKo:H ca6AH npHBeAeHo Bhlllle (pHc. 3 0 6). Ha 3an~e o6~o yno1pe6AHA:H TO.l'iliKO KHHJK.aA C np.HMbiM KAHHKOM, HAH OAHOAe3BHHHhiH KHHJK.aA-HOJK, KoTopbiH

Puc. 327

Puc. 328

Pu c. 329

Puc. 330

Puc. 33 1

Pac. 32'1. KAHHOK «J>paHKCKoro KHHJK.a.J\.a, AAHHa 13 CM. Ha:H:AeH npH pacKonKax Ha rope KHpx6epr noA AHAepHaxoM. Pe:HHCKHH npoBHH~Ha.J\.I>HhiH MY3e:H B EoHHe. Pac. 328. 0AHoAe3BHHHhiH KHHJKaA, pyKoSITb H3 6poH3hl c HaKAaAKaMH H3 3MaAHpoBaHHoro cepe6pa H HaADHCI>IO: ((VICES. DVRANT>> (((CToeK K npeBpaTHOCTSIM cyAI:.6hl>>). Ha:H:Aea aa AHe CeHhl. paH~HSI, Ha'l. XIV B. KoAAeK~HSI PeccMaHa. PHc. 329. 0AHOAe3BHHHhiH KHHJK.a.J\. C AHCKaMH. PyKOSITI> H3 KOCTH, C ((cy'IKaMH», orpaHH'IeHa AHCKaMH; KAHHOK HMeeT «J>opMy HOJKa, DSITKa ero rpaBHpoBaHa H no3oAo'leHa. OnpaBa HeMeD;KaSI, KAHHOK HTa.J\.I>SIHCKHH. BTopaSI noA. XV B. Pac. 330. Type~KHH KpHBOH KHHJKaA. OnpaBa H3 30AO'IeHoro cepe6pa BeHrepcKoH pa6oThl. OK. 1543 r. PHc. 331. BoCTO'IHhiH npSIMOH KHHJKa.J\.. PyKoSITb H3 CAOHOBOH KOCTH yKpameHa 6Hp1030H H py6HHaMH; KAHHOK HMeeT ((KaHaBKH /'J.,h5l SIAa».

llaeTiio II. OpyJK.Re BBDBAeHR.II

222

BO p~ B XV BeKe HOCHAH B rrexoTe, oTKyAa H rrpoHCXOAH'f ero Ha3BaHHe coustilliers. C XV cToJ\.eTIDI BCTpeqruoTCH KHHJK.a.J\hl c IIJ\.aMeHeiOmJ{MH KJ\HHK.aMH. /l,MI oco6oro rrpHMeHeHH.SI 6biJUI rrpeAHa3HaqeHhl J\.oMaTeAH KJ\HHKOB, KoTophle pacrrpocTpaHHAHCb B HaqaJ\.e XVI cToJ\.eTIDI H3 HcrrrurnH. l1x KJ\HHKH c OAHOH cTopoHhl HMe.J\.H rAy6oKHe rrpopesH, o6pasymll\He P.HA sy6heB. Ha KOH-

Puc. 332

Puc. 333

Puc. 334

PRe. 332. AoMaTeAlt KAHHKOB, HMeeT lt,BeHftAJ];aT.b 3y6n;oB; s«lJec JKe.Ae3HIIIH. KoH. XVI B. PRe. 333. KHHJI(aA B HOJKHax. Py!toBTh H HOJKHIII H3 pe3HOH CJ\.OHOBOH KOCTH C cepe6pSIHHMH HaitAaAJta.MH; cpeAB opHa.MeHTOB - rep6 Becr«tJa..u.cKoro poAa «lJoH rpec. ApXHB ropoAa Koc«lJeALAa. BeCT«lJaAHSI (repMaHHSI). PRe. 334. MHHHHH KBHJI(aA. PyttoBTh H ABCK H3 rop&oro xpycraAH c KpacHBO rpaBHpOBaHHIIIMH HaltAaAJta.MH H3 30AO"'eHOro cepe6pa; Ha DOAHpOBaHHOM KAHHKe 30AOTOM rpaBHpOBaHH HHADHCH. BypryHAIDI. OK. 1480 r.

1.\ax sy6beB -yKpeiiJ\.eHhl MM.eHbKHe rroABHJKHhle 3y61.\hl, KoTophle He AaBaJ\H mrrare rrpoTHBHHK.a IIpH IIOIIBNUIHH B rrpope3b BhiCKOliHTb H3 Hee (pHC. 332). l<mvKaJ\.bl XIV H XV BeKoB HMe.J\.H 6oJ\.bme:H -qacTbiO Tpex- HAH qeThlpexrpa.HHhle rrpo'IIHble KAHHKH.

§ 1. XoAOAHOe opy.xtue. KuH.xta.A

223

Ha.JKHbi B Te speMeHa AeAaAH H3 CAaHasa:H KacTH HAH Aepesa H a6T.m'HBaAH KaJKeH C THCHeHHeM HAH pe3HbiMH ysapaMH KpaCHBbiX raTHtieCKHX a6pa31.\aB. Ha MHarHX HaJKHaX HMeeTOI aTAeAeHHe AMI MMeHbKara HaJKa, a HHarAa H MJI. IIIH.J\.a. B cpeAJIHe BeKa aca6a 1..\eHHAHcb 6araTa YKpameHHble KHHJKaAbl (pHC. 3 3 3, 3 3 4). Y KHHJKaAaB AalfACKHeXTaB KAHHKH AJ\HHHbie, ysKHe, Ha npaqHble. PyKamH H HaJKHbl qacTa, xaTH H rpy6a, YKPamaAH HaKJ\.aAJ{a.MH H3 CAaHaBa:H KaCTH HAll aJ\.eHbera para (pHC. 3 3 5, 3 3 6). B J1TaAHH BHaqaAe HaCHAH MMeHbKHe KHHJK.aAbl. TaKHe KHHJKaAbl Tasqa:Hme:H pa6aTbl MaJKHa BCTpeTHTb y-JK.e B XIV cTaJ\.eTHH. B XIV H XV seKax 6aAbma:H CAasa:H naAbsaBaAHCh MMeHbKHe KHHJK.aAbl, TaK Ha3b1BaeMble 6 o p go A u c bl (cjJp. bardelaise 6apAaCKHe), KaTapble Ae.1\.aJ\H B EapAa. OHH, aAHaKa, eABa AH qeM-AH6a aT.AHqaAHCb aT a6bNHbiX HTaJ\.b.siHCKHX l}>apM. Csaea6pa3Ha.sl pa3HaB~aCTb KHHJKMaB C aqeHb TpexrpaHHbiMH KAHHKaMH, MHHHbiMH PYKa.siT.siMH H KpyrAbiMH 3~ KaAbl.\aMH 6b1Aa H3BeCTHa B XV cTaJ\.eTHH naA Ha3BaHHeM «CUe H C KOro

K U H.JKa.ll a))

(HeM.

Sieneser). l<muKaAbl MJ1. BeHei.\HaH. CKara pbiHKa B 6aAbillaM Ka.AHqeCTBe HsraroBAHAH B EeAA)'Ha, a . MJ1. l}>pamzyscKara B EpeiiTHH. :Hs EpeIITHH B BeHei.\HIO IIaCTaBJ\.SI.JUI TaK HasbiBaeMble l}>yceTH, Ha K.J\HHKax KaTapbiX 6biAa Bb16HTa 1..\Hl}>paBa.sl mKaAa. 3TH KHHJKaAbl 6bl.l\.H apYJKHeM BeHei.\HaHCKHX MapcKHX 6aM6apAHpaB; 1..\Hl}>paBa.sl mKaAa AaAJKHa 6biAa npeACTaB.MITb KaAH6pb1, Ha Ha caMaM AeAe 6biAa l}>HKTHBHa:H. EAafaAap.s~ 3Ta:H Aa6asKe apYJKHe CTaHaBHJ\.aCb apTHAAepHHCKHM npH6apaM, H 6aM6apAHphl MarAH 6ecnpeiUITcTBeHHa meraJ\.SITb c HHM B BeHe:qm~, rAe HHKTa He HMeJ\. npasa Puc. 335 Puc. 336 HaCHTb apYJKHe. B XVI BeKe B :HcIIaHHH Ha naeAHHKaX snepBbie HaPuc. 335. KuHJKaA AaHACKHex.Ta. PyKo.51TL U HOJKHLI OTAe.J\.aHhi rpymeBhiM AepeBOM qHHaiOT AepJKaTh AY!:JAhH}'IO miiary C rpy6LIMH 4>HrypHhiMH BCTaBI.taMH H3 l.tOCTH. B npasa:H PYKe AMI Bbll1aAaB, a KHHfepMaHIDI, OK. 1540 r . JKM aCTpHeM BHH3 B J\.eBaH AMI naPuc. 336. KaBMepu:iiCKHB KHHJKM. PyKORTD pHpaBaHIDI. I<HHJKaAbl TaKara HaJKe.J\.e3HiUI; MHHHCUI KpeCTOBHHa C DpOCThlM 3HaqeHHH na.siBHAHCb naA Ha3BaHH3a~HTHhiM J.tOAL~oM. HTMIDI, oJ.t. 1560 r. eM «AeBa.s~ PYKa)) HAH gar a (ucn. mana izquierda) H aT.AHqaJ\HCh K.J\HHKaM, naxaJKHM Ha KAHHaK pamq>hl, KapaTKa:H PYKa.srrhiO, AJlliHHaH KpecTOBHHa:H H, B aca6eHHacTH, csae:H TpeyraAhHa:H, HHarAa aJK.ypHaH rapAaH C BHemHeH CTapaHbl. C cepeAHHbl CTOJ\.eTIDI HX B 6aAhmaM Ka.AHqeCTBe npaH3BaAHAH B 11TaAHH (pHC. 337).

'IJacn II. Opyxtue uauBAeUuJI

224

KaK H

B APeBKOBOM opyJKHH, B

KHHJKaAaX HCllOAh3YJOT TaK Ha3biBaeMble

pa36paCbiBaiOII\HeC.SI KAHHKH. no o6e CTOpOHbl KAHHKa HMe.J\HCb f:Y3e OTAeMIIOITJ;HeC.SI qacTH, YKPellJ\.eHHble Ha rnapHHpax. npH HaJKaTHH Ha KHOnKYr HaXOMru;yroC.SI Ha PYKO.SITH,

3TH qacTH noA AeHCTBHeM npYJKHHbi Bbi6pacbiBa.J\J1Cb B

cTopoHb!. Pa36pacbiBaiOII\HeC.SI KAHHKH 6bl.J\H npeAJia3HaqeHbl

AMI

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paHbl. noCJ\..e HaHeceHH.SI YAapa HaJKHMa.Jlil Ha llPYJKHHY H 6biCTPO BbJAeprnBa.Jlil 1 KAHHOK B OTKpbiTOM llO.J\.OJKeHHH H3 paHbi • MHoJKeCTBO llOA06HbiX KAHHKOB yJKe B nepBoH noAoBHHe

XVI

BeKa no.SIBHAOCb B l1Ta.JU1H (pHc.

3 3 8).

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n aA e

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KaK C np.SIMbiM 1 TaK H C H30f'HYTbiM KAHHKOM. nepCifACKHe K~

KaMbi qaru;e Bcero AeAa.Jlil C np.SIMbiMH, IIIHpOKHMH KAHHKaMH, HMeiO-

II\HMH cpopMY .J\HCTa (pHC.

Puc. 337

339). Y

-rypeu;K9r0 KHHJKaAa, KaK H y

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Puc. 338

Puc. 337. Aara - KHHJKdA M5I AeBOH pyKH. rapAa JKeAe3HIDI, H3HiltHOro aJKypHoro pHcyHKd. J1TaAHH, OK. 1580 r. TiaplfYIO K HeMy ¢eXTOBdA:blfYIO mnary CM. pH C. 31 7. Puc. 338. KHHJKdA c pa36paclilBaiOn:tHMHC.si KAHHKaMH. PyKo.siT:b H3 pe3Horo JKeAe3a, no3oAo'leHHIDI. BTopru~ noA. XVI B. KopoAeBCKHH HcropH'IeCKH:fi My3e:H B APe3AeHe.

Puc. 339. TiepCHACKo-apa6CKIDI KdMd. PyKoSIT:b H3 CAOHOBOH KOCTH; Hd yKopo'leHHo:H KpecroBHHe CAeAdHHIDI 30AOTOM apa6c_K IDI HdAUHC:b; Hd pe3HOM KAHHKe opHaMeHT B TeXHHKe UAOCKoro peA:be¢a; HOJKHiil H3 'lepHoro 6apxaTa C TOHKHMH 'leKdHHiilMH HdKAdAKdMH H3 30AO'IeHoro cepe6pa. KoAAe~HSI npaBSin:tero KHSI3SI AHXTeHmTeHHCKoro HoraHHa. Puc. 340. Mcua:HcKHH KpHc, Ha pyKo.siTH, Blilpe3aHHOH H3 AepeBa H paCKpameHHOH, H3o6paJKeH 'leAOBeK, BCnaplilBdiOIItHH ce6e JKHBOT. 3TH KAHHKH HMeAH B

6oA~Jme:H creneHH ncHXoAorH'IecKoe B03AeHCTBHe. CaMa HAeSI

pa36paCiilBdiOIIteroc.sr KAHHKd CBSI3dHd C MlilCA:biO, 'ITO OH AOAJKeH 61ilA UOHMdT:b opyJKHe npoTHBHHKa, a He c JKeAaHHeM CAeAaT:b KHHJKdA HeB03BpaTHMiilM (npUM. peg.).

§ 1. XoAOABoe opyJKue. Ku&JK.a.A

225

KAHHOK KpHBo:H; H3 HeMeHa rrpoHCXOAH'f TaiOK.e KHHJKaJ\hl c

II.AaMeHeiOmlfMH

p U C bl (pHc. 1 KOTOpbie B 60AbliiHHCTBe CJ\.yt~aeB TaiOK.e HMeAH CHAbHO H30I'HY'fbie KAHHKH, 3a HCKJ\IOqeHHeM TeX, KOTOpbie H3BeCTHbi llOA Ha3BaHHeM U H g U ii. KAHHKaMH. 0co6o:H lPOPMOH OT.JllillaJ\.HCb MaJ\.aHCKHe KHHJKaJ\hl, K

340),

CK U

y m map. Y

3THX KHHJKaJ\.OB KJ\HHKH KOpOTKHe, IIIHpOKHe, llO~ Tpey-

roAbHOH <PopMbl, a MeTaJ\../UNeCKHe PYKOSITH HMeiOT lPOPMY BH.J\KH. npHeMbi BJ\aAeHIDI HMH oqeHb cBoeo6pa3Hb! (pHc. 3 4 1). PyK.o.srm KHHJKaJ\.OB, KaK H Meqe:H, HMeAH caMYIO pa3H006pa3HYIO lPOPMY· Y ApeBHHX KHHJK.aJ\.OB AH60 COBCeM HeT KpeCTOBHH, AH60 TOAbKO He60AbiiiHe, HO qam;e OHH HMeiOT npoqHble

AHCKH. ToAbKO B BeKe p-yKo.srm KHH-

XIV

JKaAOB CTaAH AeAaTb noxoJKHMH Ha PYKO.siTH Meqe:H, BHaqaJ\.e C KOpOTKHMH, 3afHYl'biMH BHH3 KpeCTOBHHaMH, a ll03JK.e C AMfHHbiMH llp.SIMhiMH KpeCTOBHHaMH H C npoCTbiMH

HAH

ABOHHbiMH

3aiD;HTHbiMH KOAbiJ;aMH. 3am;HTHOe KOAbiJ;O HHOrAfi OIIIH6oqHo CqHTaiOT KOAbll;OM MJI 60AbiiiOrO 2 naM>u;a • ABYKPhiAOe .s~6AOKO apa6cKo:H p-yKo.srm (pomrneaux

cJJp.

.si6AOKO C YIIIaMH) r KOTOpoe Mbi BHAlfM Ha xaJIA}Kapax, noAb30BaAOCb ycneXOM H B 11TaAHH, H BO <l>paHWfH, rAe TaKHe p-yKO.siTH AeAaAH BnAOTb AO XVI cToAeTH.si (pHc.

342).

CToHT npoCAeAlfTb, KaK PYKO.siTb BOCTOqHbiX KHHJKMOB H3MeH.siAaCb H pa3BHBaJ\.fiCb

oreilles,

CaMbiX

Puc. 341

Puc. 341. 11HAHikKHe Kyrraphl. l..{apCKOCeAbCKHH apceHaA. a) 06hi'IHhiH, pyxoSITb H3 6pOH3hl; Ae3BHe noAHpOBaHHoe, HMeeT ¢opMY J\HCTa. b) ABOHHOH Kyrrap, pyxoSITb H3 AaTYHH; KJ\HHOK yxpameH Bhlpy6HhiM OpHaMeHTOM.

Puc. 342. KHHJKaA. PyxoSITb c ABVX1JaCTHhiM aasepmHeM HHKpyCTHpOBaHa 30AOTOM; KJ\HHOK C HHKpyCT~HeH yxpameH HCiAIIHCSIMH. MaBpHTaHCKasi pa60Ta, XIX B. KoAAeKD;IDI MapKH3a Ae BHALS1-CeKKa.

rpy6biX, OAHOTHllHbiX BHAOB, AO o6pa3u;oB 6oraTeHIIIero o<PopMAeHH.si. TaK, p-yKo.siTb npocToro TYPel\KOro KHHJKaAa MOrAa 6biTb Bbipe3aHa H3 KycKa AepeBa, MaBpHTaHCKOro H3 Tpy6qaTOH KOCTH, HIJAHHCKOro H3 6aM6-yKOBOH Tpy6KH H T. A·

BOCTO~biX

KHHJKaAOB

p-yKo.srm

HOJKHbl

o6~o HMeAH

OAlfHaKoBoe HAH xoT.si 6bl noxoJKee AeKopaTHBHOe o<PopMAeHHe,

l Bee KpHChl HMeAH npSIMhle, pOBHhle HJ\H BOAHHCThle KJ\HHKH (npllM. peg.). Puc. 342 2 ABTOp omH6aeTCH, 3TO He 3amuTHoe KOA:E.n;o, a Aeii:CTBHT~Ho KOA:E.n;o AASI 6oAI>moro naA:E.D;a (npllM. peg.).

B. Eexaii:M

11acTJa II. Opyzae BaDilAeBBJI

226

a cyii\eCTBYJO~H H3APeB.A.e Ha BocToKe BbiCOKHH yposeHh pa3BHTIDI AeKopaTHBHoro HCKYCCTBa o6'bjiCIDieT HCnOAb30BaHHe pa3HOo6pa3HhiX MaTepHaJ\..08, /l.tJI PYKO.HTeH qacTo ucnoAb30BaJ\H CAOHOBYJO KOCTb HJ\H 3y6 HapsaAar TaK Ha3biBaeMoH pb16hl-eAHJioporar a TaKJKe por Hocopora. HoJKHhl o6T.sirHBaJ\H . TKaiDIMHr KOJKeHr 3MeHHOH H pb16beH KOJKeH. KoJKy HCnOAb30BaJ\H KaK IIIAHcpoBaHHYJOr TaK H lieiiiAHcposamryro. t.I~e scero Ha HOJKHax KHHJKaAoB BCTPeqaeTCjl o6~osKa H3 ToHKoro cepe6p.siHoro J\.HCTa c 30J\.oqeHHeM H qeKaHHhiM opHaMeHTOMr KoTopa.s~ qacTOr Ho He scerAa 6hiJ\.a YKPaiDeHa 3Ma.J\.b10. 3To APeBH.sljl TeXHHKar 3apoAHBffiMCji B Bn3cl.HTHH. QqeHh qacro Ha BocToKe KHHJKaJ\.hl YKPaiDaJ\H Aparo:qeHHhiMH KaMIDIMH. CpeAH APyrHX H ropa3AO 6oAee :qeHHhiX KaMHeH q~e BCero BCTPeqaJ\Hcb 3eJ\.eHoBaTM BOCTO'qHaJI 6Hp103a H rpaHaT. HaAo oTMeTHTbr qTo Ha BocToKe Aparo:qeHHhle KaMHH 3a peA:KHM HCKJ\.IOqeHHeM noMentaJ\H B onpasy HeiiiAHcpoBaHHhiMHr «oKpyrJ\.biMH», Aa.JK.e B espone:HcKHX CTPaHax 6pHAJU~aHTosoe rpaHeHHe CTaAo mupoKo pacnpoCTPaHj{TbCjl TOAbKo s KoH:qe XVII cToJ\.eTI{jl, llo3TOMY rpaHeHhle KaMHH Ha socTom o6pa3:qaxr AaT:HpyeMhiX AO XVIII seKar H8AO cqHTaTb no MeHbme:H Mepe no3AHHMH Ao6aBKaMH. Ha espone:HcKoM opYJKHH oHH no.siBHJ\HCb He paHee 1 6 50 roAa. B 3an8AHhiX CTPaHax c pa3BHTHeM soeHHoro AeAa KHEDKaA :ucqe3 KaK He COOTBeTCTBYJO~H TaKTHK.e. ToAbKO B HT~CKOH Hr B oco6eHHOCTHr BeHe:Q,HaHCKOH apTHJU\.epHH ero HOCHJ\H eme B XVIII seKe. B MopcKoM cpAoTe KHHJKaA ( K 0 p m UK) B npolliAOM 6hiJ\. H AO CHX nop .siBJ\.jleTCjl npeAMeTOM naP8AHoro o6M}'HAHPOBaH:Hjl, CpeAH 3acTbiBmHX cpopM JKH3HH BocToKa KHEDKaA coxpaHHACjl H no ce:H AeHhr no Kpa:HHe:H Mepe y HaceAeH:Hjl H B Hepery~Hhlx OTPJIAaX. 0AHaKO B Hose:iflnee BpeMjl OH q~e CAYJKHT J\.Hllib B poAH KHEDKaAa-HOJKar KOTOphiH coceACTBYeT Ha no.sice c cospeMeHHhiM peso.AhsepoM. CTapoe socTo'qHoe opyJKHe MaAO-llOMaAY ucqe3AOr ycryrnm MeCTO 6oAee 3cpcpeKTHBHOMY esponeHCKOMY· llpoifAeT eme HeMHoro speMeHHr H oHo 6yAeT npHHaMeJKaTb AHIIIb ncTopHH HcKyccTBa.

§ 2. APEBKOBOE OPY}I{HE

KODbE HeM. SpieB; cpp. epieu; UHrll. spit; spiedor lanciar asta) npocTe:Hmee H APeBHe:Hmee APeBKosoe opYJKHer KOTOpoe CO BpeMeH aHTH'qHOCTH B CBOeH cpopMe H TaKT:HqeCKOM npHMeHeHHH He H3MeiDIAocb BnAOTb AO XII seKa. B nepHoA no3AJ1eH PHMcKoii HMnepHH Kollbe pacnpoCTPaHHAOCb noBCeMeCTHOr Aa.JK.e y BapsapcKHX HapOAOBr B BH.Ae KOJ\.IOntero opy.JKH.si c AJ\HHHbiM H y:3KHM HaKOHe'qHHKOM. Bc8AHHKH H nexoTHii:qbi 1 ynoTPe6.MIAH OAlffiaKOBble KOllb.SI r KOTOpble pa3.JllillaJ\HCb TOAbKO no AfiliHe

K 0 n be (;wm. espietusr spedusr lancea;

um.

YTBep)KAeHHe aBTOpa He COBCeM BepHO, pa3JUI'IHSI B KOHCTpY~HH KOUHH MOryT AOCTaTO'IHO 60.1\.LWHMH .(npUM. peg.).

6 LITh

§ 2. APeaKoBoe opy.xtRe. Kon•e

APeBKa: HanpHMep, KaBaAep:HiicKoe Kollbe HMeAo AhHHY BMeCTe C HaKOHeqHHKOM OT 3,5 AO 4 M, a MeTaTeAbHOe Kollbe- IIHAYM AernoHepa OT 2 AO 2, 2 5 M. CpeAH repM~eB noHalJaAY Kollbe 6b1Ao caMblM pacnpocTPaHeHHbiM opyJKHeM, n03Alfee nolfreHHe K HeMY TaK B03pOCAO, liTO TOAbKO CB060AHOMY 1JeJ\.OBeKy A03BOAAA.OCb HOCHTb ero. TaKoe -.ornomeHHe K KOllbiO coxpaiDV\OCh AO IX BeKa. PasHbiM o6pa30M B soimax MepoBHHroB KOllbe 6biAO HaH60Aee pacnpOCTPaHeHHbiM OpYJKHeM. CTapHHHOe CAOBO «scaftlegi», AOCAOBHO 03H61JaiO~ee «fiOAOJKHTb Ha KOllbe», .HBMIJ\.OCb CHHOHHMOM BbipaJKeHIDI «fiOMepJKHBfiTb MHp Ha cHJ\.e KOIIHH». Y raAAoB Hap~y c AYKOM o6HapyJKHBaeTCH e~e OAHH BHA KOllb.sl, mataris, KOTopoe 6pocaAH · PYKOH, B OTAWIHe OT APyroro, cateja, KOTOpoe MeTaAH C fiOMO~IO peMeHHOH neTAH. CpeAH MHornx cpopM KOllb.sl HMeroTCH JV3a, pacnpoCTPaHeHHhie Bo MHOrHX CTPaHax Cesepa, H o6a JIBJUIIOTCH MeTaTeAhHhiMH. B BpHTaHHH H Ha no6epeJKbe HeMe~oro Mop.s~ no.s~BH AOCh BH61JaJ\.e KOllbe, CAeAaHHOe no o6pa3QY pHMCKOro fiHJ\.YMfi H nOAyqHBmee H63BaHHe a R r oR. 3To AerK:Hii Toi-IKHH APOTHK, no1JTH MeTPOBOH AJUIHbl, HHOrAa 3aKaH1JHBaBillHHCH BTOKOM. HaKoHeqHHK aHroHa HMeA nepo c R eB 0 3 B p am H bl M U 3 y 6 q aM U H AJlliHHYIO TOHKyro paCXONUizyiOCH KHH3Y B myJl K y _Ha cag. A.HroHbl COXpaHHAHCb fiOliTH B HeH3MeHHOM BHAe B CesepHoii Espone H HcnoAh30BaAHCh 3aTeM TOAbKO KaK rapnyHbi Ha OXOTe. CpeAJ{ repMaHI.leB CB060AHbiH 06~ HOCHJ\. c/J p aMe ro (Aam. framea) - MeTaTeAbHoe KOllbe, KoTopoe MOrAO HCfiOAh30B6TbCH H ~ 6AHJK.Hero 6o.s1, liTO B CA-yt~ae C aHrOHOM 6biAO HeB03MOJKHO (pHC. 343, 344, 345). Cnoco6 npHMeHeHH.sl KOnhR BCfiAHHKOM AOKa3hiBaeT ero socTolJHoe npoHCXOJKAeHHe. HanpHMep, B OnHCaHHOM npoKOnHeM Kecap:HiiPRe. 343. HaKoHe"tiHHK ~pauKcKoro Koma (~par MeHT), AJUIHa 4 9 CM. HaB:Aeu npH paCKonKax Ha rope Kupx6epr noA AHAepuaxoM. PeiiHCKHH npoBH~HaAb HLiil MY3eil B Bouue. PRe. 344. «HeB03BpaTHLUb HaKOHe"tiHHK KODLSI auroB. IX B. PRe. 345. Kon:LeHoceQ co IQHTOM. MuuuaTIOpa B3 BH6AHH py6eJKa IX-X BB. H3 6H6AHOTeKH Ma3~1ffiH

15*

22"1

Puc. 344

Puc. 343

Puc. 345

228 cKHM (490/507-nocAe 562) cpaJKeHHH npH TarHHe (552) ToTHAa, KopoAh roTOB, IIOKa3biBaeT IIepeA 6HTBOH BH3aHTHiiD;a.M CBOe HCKYCCTBO BAaAeHIDI KOIIbeM; BCe HCIIOJ\IDieMble HM nepeA CTpOeM ynpaJKHeHIDI oqeHb HaiiOMHHalOT BOCTOq}{ble 6oeBble IIpHeMbi BAaAeHIDI KOIIbeM, KOTOpble y apa60B H HHAYCOB coxpaHHAHCb AO HOBeHTirnax BpeMeH. B KaqecTBe HCKYCHhiX MeTaTeAe:H APOTHKOB npoCAaBHAHCb AaHTo6apACKHe BC£lAHHKH. J1CKYCHhl B o6pru:u;eHHH C 3THM opyJKHeM 6biAH rOTbl H BaHAaAbl B V-VI seKax. He paHee VIII BeKa no.HBHAHCh Aa.hhHeim:IHe pa3HOBHAHOCTH MeTaTeAbHoro gap m (ReM. Darde). 3To 6biA AerKH:H APOTHK c IIAOCKHM ocTphiM KOIIhli HaKOHe~HKOM H c onepeHHeM, IIOA06Ho CTpeAe. HecoMHeHHo, ~o Ha3BaHHe ero npoH30IIU\.O oT apa6cKoro g .}I{ up u g (djerid APOTHK). BepoKrHo, AapT 6biA 3aHMCTBOBaH y MaBpOB BO BpeMSI IIOXOAOB KapOAHHI'OB B J1cnaHHH, KaK 3TO MOJKHO npeAfiO.J\0JKHTb H3 HHOrAa BCTpeqaJO~erocSI HaiiHcaHIDI algier. APoTHK snepBhle ynoMHHaeTCH B «necHH o PoAaH1 Ae» • Ha~aSI c XII BeKa 3TO Ha3BaHHe pacnpocTpaHHAOCb Ha o6~e nexoTHhie KOIIhli H coxpaHHAOCb B 3TOM 3HaqeHHH AO XVII BeKa. 06o3HaqeHHe, CB513aHHOe C pa3J\HqHbiMH MeTaTeAbHbiMH KOIIb51MH, BCTpeqaeTCH B HHBeHTapHbiX KHHrax :u;e:Hxrapos• BIIAOTb AO 1 6 4 7 roAa (pHc. 3 4 6). B PYKax nexoTHH:u;a KOIIbe ~ 6AHJKHero 6oSI AOAJKHo 6b1Tb Kpenqe B APeBKe H HaKOHe~e. TaKoe ycHAeHHe snepsble BCTpeqaeTcSI y repMaH:u;es. C IX BeKa IIO.HBA.SieTCSI KOIIbe, KOTopoe MOJKHO Ha3BaTb IIO cf>opMe HaKOHeqHHKa K 0 n be C K p blAb q aM u (HeM. Knebelspie.B). 06pa3:u;hl APeBHeMTirnax cf>opM 3THX HaKOHe~OB COXpaHHAHCb B 6o.hhmoM KOJ\HqeCTBe 3K3eMIIMipOB. CpeAH HHX CB~eHHhle peAHKBHH B PHMe, BopAo, MaAbMc6epH HAP· Oco6eHHo BaJKeH coxpaHHBIDH:Hc.sr HaKOHe~. Korophi:H eCAH H He TaKOH APeBHHH, KaK yrsepJKAfieT AereHAa, TO, HeCOMHeHHO, MOJKeT 6b1Tb IIpH3HaH CTapeHIDHM o6pa3D;OM cpeAHeBeKOBb.H. 3To Puc. 346 TaK Ha3biBaeMoe KOIIhe Cs. MaspHKIDI B coKpoB~ Puc. 346. Kom,eHocen;. HH:u;e aBCTpHHCKoro HMTiepaTopcKoro ABop:u;a B BeMHHHaTIOpa H3 Eu6AHH py6eJKa IX-X BB. H3 He. ECAH oT6pOCHTb opeOA CBHTOCTH, KOTOpbiM oKy6u6AHOTeKH Ma3apHHH. TaAH Ha6oJKHble AIOAH 3TY peAHKBHIO, TO nepeA HaMH npeACTaHeT o6biKHoBeHHoe KOIIbe c ABYMH KphiAhD;aMH y HHJKHero KoH:u;a H KopoTKo:H scyAKo:H (pHC. 3 4 7). 0Ho H~eM He HaiiOMHHaeT cPOPMY pHMCKoro KOIIhli, cpeAH o6~ HhiX HaXOAOK, OTHO~XCH K a~OCTH, HeT Irnqero IIOXOJKero. 3aTO B AeTaAHX 3Toro HaKOHe~a AerKo pHaeTcSI npeAOK Bcex cpeAHeBeKOBhiX KOIIHH c KpbiAhD;a.MH BIIAOTb AO XV BeKa. B 3THX HaKOHeqHHKax BHAHa cne:u;Hcf>WieCKaSI cf>opMa, KOTOpaSI Ha APeBHHX MHHHaTIOpax, TaKHX KaK 30AOTa.H llCaA1

llBin.).

llpaBAa, HopMaHHCKHB

U03T

BHAbreAbM fHHSIPA B 1302 rOAY roBopHT o dars'e (npUM.

§ 2. APeBKoBoe opylltue. Kom.e

229

Tbipb, o6o3Ha'leHa .hHIIIb He'leTK.o:H J\.HHHe:H (pH c. 3 4 8). BTopo:H 3K3eMIIMip KOilhll 3TOH «!>opMbl HeCKOAbKO MOAOJK.e rrepBoro, 3TO KOIIhe H3 KpaKOBCKoro Ka«PeAPaAbHoro co6opa (pHc. 3 4 9). B IX BeKe «t>opMbi KOIIHH CTaJ\.H 6oAee pa3Hoo6pa3HblMH, HarrpHMep poM6oBlfAHbiMH, KaK B BH6AHH KapAa .1\Hcoro H3 .1\.yapa. npoCAeJKHBaeTCSI CTPeMAeHHe yx.pamaTb HX IIeCTPhiMH AeHTa.MH, ECAH KpbiJ\b~a H .H6AoKo rrpeAJia3Ha'laJ\.HCb AMI Toro, 'IT06bl KOIIbe He CAHIIIKOM rAy60KO IIpOHHKa.J\.0 B TeAO H Aer'le 6hi.J\.o BhiTa.II\HTb ero, To rrecTPhle AeHTbi, TaK Ha3hiBaeMbi:H BblMn eA (HeM. Wimpel), CAYJK.HhH AMI Toro, 'lT06hl Aer'le 6hiJ\.o y.lHaTb KollbeHoc~a B c~e 6o.H H YBHAeTh HarrpaBAeHHe aTaKH (pHc. 3 50).

Puc. 347

Puc. 348

Puc. 349

Puc. 347. Konbe c KpbiAbD;aMH, Ha3biBaeMoe KOnbeM Puc. 350 CIISITOI'O MaspHKHSI. IX B. CoKpoBHJI:(HHD;a KpaKOBCKoro co6opa. Puc. 348. opMbl HaKOHe'IHHKOB Konu:H H3 3oAoro:H ncaATblpH, KOH. VIII B. Puc. 349. Konbe CBSITOI'O MaspHKHSI (y6HT 286), H3o6pruKeHo 6e3 no3AHe:Hmux npope3e:H B HaKOHe'IHBKe. CoKpoBHJI:(HBD;a HMneparopCKoro AOMa B Beae. Puc. 350. Konbe B KpyrAbiH JI:(HT, c MHHHaTIOpbl H3 EH6ABH KapAa Ablcoro (843-877). Aysp. napmK.

B X BeKe «t>opMhl KOilhll H3MeHHJ\.HCb MaAo H, rro-BifAHMOMY, TOAbKO B qacTH ycHAeHH.H HaKoHeqm{Ka H APeBKa (pHc. 3 5 1). B XI cToAeTHH rro.HBAm<>TC.H HOBble «!>opMbl KOIIhll y HOpMallliOB H CaKCOB. 0HH HMMH MHfiHbie AaHI\eTOBHAHhle HaKoHe'lHHKH c .H6AoKoM H 3Ha'lHTeAbHo ycHAeHHhle APeBKH. 3areM y HHX rro.HBHAHCb HeBo3BpaTHble KpiO'lh.H HaKoHeqm{KoB. TaKHe KOilhll B 6oAbmoM KOJ\HlleCTBe BHAHbi Ha KOBpe H3 Ba:He Hap.HAy CO CTapbiMH «!>opMa.MH (pHC. 352).

230

'lacn II. OpyJK.Be Han&AeHBJI

AaHHble Q>opMbl HaKOHetJHHKOB BeAyr HatiaAo oT BOCTO'IHbiX o6pa3(toB H o6.SI3aHhi csoHM BBeAeHHeM y uopMaHHOB, seposrruo, XapaAbAY III. TeHAeHIVUI K -yK.pameHHIO TOHKoro APeBKa 3aMeTHa YJK.e no uaxoAK.aM, orno~cSI K VIII BeKy. TeXHHKa YJ<.pamemrn otieHb 6AH3Ka K BOCTO'tffiO:H H COCTOHT 6oAbiiieH tiaCTbiO B o6KAaAK.aX TOHKHM J\.HCTOBbiM cepe6poM HAH IJJ\..OTHOH o6HBKe cepe6p.SIHhiMH rB03AHKaMH. C XI BeKa sTa TeXHHK.a rrocTerreHHo llpHXOAH'f B ynetAOK (pHC. 3 53). C rAy6oKoH APeBHoCTH qacro scrpetiaJOTCSI 3aKpeiJJ\..eHHble Ha KoiThe Q>AarH HAH Q>paJKKH. B srroxy pa3BHBruom;erocSI pbm;apcTBa KOIThe c noMOm;hiO rrpHKpeiJJ\..eHHoro K HeMY 3HaMeHH, ero BeJ\HlJHHbl H -yK.pameHHSI, rosopHAo o paure H poAoBHToCTH BAClAeAbQa (pHC. 3 54). B cepeAJiHe XII BeKa, KorA,a OllbiT KpeCTOBbiX I10XOAOB o6peA OCSI3aeM)110 Q>opMY, H3MeHHJ\.acb Q>opMa APeBKosoro opy路J KIUI H, coOTBeTCTBeHHo, cnoco6 ero rrpHMeHeHIDI. llpeJKAe scero nocTerreHHo HctieaAH H3 BOHCK repMaHHH H pam.vrn MeTaTeAbHhie KoiTh.SI. ToAhKO HTaAhSIHqbl, OT llpHpOAbl HCKYCHbie H AoBKHe, em;e AOAro I10Ah30Ba.J\.HCh HMH, H He 6e3 ycrrexa. rJ\.aBHOH H eAHHCTBeHHOH yA,apHo:H CHAOH B 6o10 1103TOMY CTaAa KaBaAepHSI, crpeMHAHCh llOBbiCHTh rrpeJKAe scero sQ>Q>eKTHBHOCTh KasaAepH:HcKoro KOITh.SI. HatiaAC.SI Puc. 351 Puc. 352 Puc. 353 rrpoqecc YMHHemrn H ycHAeHIDI APeBKa. ECAH AO CHX rrop Pac. 351. HaKoHe"'IHHK KOnhSI, c HHKPYCTill\HSIMH H3 30AOTa H cepe6pa H H3o6pa.JKeHHeM Kpecra. OHH HMeAH B cpeAJieM AHaHaifAea npH pacKonKax noA YAbMOM. MeT}> 3, 3 CM H AJlliHY He 6oPBC. 352. <l>opMLI HdKOHe"'IHHKOB KOllHH, C KOBpa J\.ee 4 M, TO Terrepb IIO.SIBHAHCh H3 Ea:He, KOH. XI B. KOITh.SI AHaMeTJ>OM 4,5 CM H PRe. 353. paaKCKoe Kom.e, c APeBKOM, o6HTLIM cepe6pSIHOH cpo.A.broii; HdKOHe"tiHHK HMeeT CHAbHO AJ\.HHOH AO 5 M. HaKoHetJHHKH BLicryHdiOID;He pe6pa; AJ\.HHd HdKOHe"'IHHKd 22 CM. CTa.J\.H JVlliHHbiMH H OCTJ>hiMH, HaifAeao npH pacKonKax aa rope KHpx6epr noA H3MeHHJ\.aCh Q>opMa HaCCtAOB. AHAepaaxoM. PeiiHCKHH npoBHH~Hd.A.bHLiii M)'3e:H B Eoaae. 3HalJHTeAbHOe yse.J\.HlleHHe Beca, Bhi3BaHHOe 3THMH rrpeo6pa30BaHHSIMH, rro6yAHAo K H3MeHeHHIO crroco6os BACtAeHHSI KoiTheM. ECAR paHhme BCWIHK AepJKaA KOIIhe oAJioH p-yK.oH, ITOAJiSIB HetA roAoso:H, To Teneph oH BhiHYJKAeH 6hiJ\. 6paTh KoiThe 芦Hanepesec)), T. e. 3aJK.HMaTh ero noA MhiiiiKOH H rrpoH3BOAHTh YAilP Macco:H csoero TeJ\.a,

§ 2. Ape&Koaoe opyJKue. Kom.e

231

Eme 6oAee 3HatrnTe.J\.bHble H3MeHeHIDI npoH30IIIJUi B APeBKoBoM opYJKHH nexoTbl B TeqeHHe XII seKa. CTapoe KOilbe OAJffiaKOBOH <PopMbi AMJ.. BCtlAlfl~Ka H nexoTHHIJ;a oKa3aAOCb CAHIITKOM xpynKHM AMJ.. nexoTbl H H3-3a csoe:H 6o.J\.bmo:H MHHbi HeHflAeJKHbiM B ynoT}le6AeHHH. no3TOMY ycHAHAH APeBKO -AO 4 r 7 5 H AaJKe AO 5 eM H YKOPOTHAH ero CTO.J\.b 3HatrnTe.J\.bHO, ~o oHo AHmh HeMHorHM npeBhiiiiaAo poeT qeAoBeKa (pHc. 355). TeM CaMbiM B03o6HoBHAacb cTapHHHrut <PopMa TaK Ha3biBaeMoro «o6bll1Horo Koilb.H», KOTopoe oCTaBaAOCb B ynoT}le6AeHHH c He3HatrnTe.J\.bHbiMH sapHal\IDIMH AO XVII BeKa.

Puc. 354

Puc. 354. PLm;apcKHH: 6oii. PyKonHcL XIII B. Puc. 355. KonLeHoce~ c :tcyAd'IHLIM ~HTOM. PyKonHcL 1294 r. Ha~HOHaALHasl 6H6AHOTeKa B TiapHJKe.

CTJleMAeHHe IIOBbiCHTb YHHBepcaAbHOCTb opynpHBeAo eme B XII BeKe K HOBbiM ycosepmeHcTBoBaHIDIM. Koiibe IlbiTaAHCb npeo6pa3oBaTb TaKHM o6pa3oM, ~o6bl oHo MorAo CAYJKHTh He To.J\.bKo AMJ.. YKOAa, Ho H AMJ.. py6KH H pa3AP06AeHIDI. Ero TaKJKe CHa6AHAH KpiOKOM, ~o6bl CTaCKHBaTb IIpOTHBHHKa C CeMa. 113 3THX KOM6HHalVfH IIOCTeiieHHO B03HHKAH rAebl, aAe6apAbl H npoqHe <PopMbi APeBKoBoro opYJKH.H. B APeBKOBoM opyJKHH IIeXOTbl IIO.HBHAOCb eme OAJIO HOBIDeCTBO, TaK Ha3biBaeMbie APeBKOBble ycHAeHIDI n p 0 .}/{ u .ll. u H bl (HeM. Schaftfedern) 1r 3TO IIOAOCbl MeTaJ\.1\.a, OTXOAHBIDHe OT B'fYAKH HaKoHe~HKa H HAymHe AO T}leTH HAH noAoBHHbl ApesKa, OHH Bpe3aAHCb B APeBKO H CTHI'HBa.MICb MeJKll.Y co6oH 3aKJ\.eiiKaMH. npeAJia3HaqaAHCb 3TH ycH-

JKIDI

11HorAa HX Ha3LIBaiOT yCLI BAH noAoCLI (npUM. peg. I

Puc. 355

232

qacn II. Opy-'ltue HanaAeHua

AeHIDI AMI Toro, trro6bl APeBKo He CJ\.OMaJ\.OCh RJ\H He 6bli\o nepepy6AeHo npoTHBHHKOM. 06rqCUI QlOpMa neXOTHoro KOIIhll OCTaBaAaCb HeH3MeHHOH BllJ\.OTb AO XV BeKa. B KaqecTBe HoBmecTBa npH6AH3HTeJ\.bHo B cepeAJfHe XIV BeKa H3 :HTaAHH npHIIIJ\.a MOAa Ha YKPameHHe opYJKIDI. C 3Toro BpeMeHH no.HBRJ\HCh pa3Hoo6pa3HO OTAeAaHHble Kollhll. HaKoHe~HKH napiiAHoro opyJKIDI ABop:u;oBoii cTpaJKH HMeJ\.H TOHKYJO rpaBHpoBKy, qacTo AaJK.e no3oAocy, HaHeceHHeM aMal\.braMhi. APeBKH o6T.siTHBal\.H TKaHbiO, OTAeJ\.biBal\.H MeTa.J\AHlleCKHMH, a qaCTO H no3oJ\.oqeHHbiMH I'B03A1fKaMH. no3AJiee, B XVI BeKe, npeJK.Ae Bcero Ha BcyAKe YKPeii.MI.Jlli KHCTH, a MecTo YAepJKaHIDI PYKOH o6T.sJ:rHBaAH 6apxaTOM, KOTOpbiH no KpCUIM OTAeJ\.biBaJ\.C.SI 6axpoMoii. Ha HHJKHeM KOH:u;e nplfAeJ\.biBal\.H B m 0 K (HeM. Spie.Bhose, AOCJ\.OBHO <<mTaHbl KOnb.SI») I KOTOpbiH HHOrAa 3aOCTp.SIJ\.H. C HaqaAa XVI BeKa noBCIOAY YBe.JllitiHAOCh KOAHqecTBo pocKomHoro opyJKIDI. HaKoHeqHHK.H 6oraTo YKPamaAHcb nyreM TpaBAeHIDI, TaymrnpoBKH, HepeAKO TaKJKe HCKYCHoii pe3b6o:H: no MeTaJ\.1\.y. npH6J\.H3HTeJ\.bHO K cepeAHHe CTOJ\.eTIDI no.HBRJ\HCh APeBKH c HaCe~oH RJ\H HaKOJ\.KOH. Cnoco6 HX H3roToBAeHIDI CBoeo6pa3eH: CTBOJ\. JKHBOro AepeBa MecTaMH ocBo6oJK.AaAH OT KOpbl, 3aTeM Puc. 359 Puc. 358 Puc. 357 Puc. 356 Ha noBepxHoCTb APeBeCHPuc. 356. KaBaAepH:Hcxoe KODLe. Bropru~ noA. XV B. Hhi HOJKOM paBHOMepHO Puc. 351. TSVKe.l\.hiH HdKOHe"'HHK KODLSI C RJ\H HepaBHOMepHo HaHOC~«KPLIALSIMH,,. OpYJKHe AH"'Ho:H oxpaHLI pHApHXa IV, 1\.H pa3pe3bl, noCJ\.e qero D03JKe HMDepaTopa; rpaBHpOBKd CO CAeAaMH no3o.l\.oThl H HaADHCLIO: «DUX FEDERle, Dux CHOBa 3aKp~aAH KOpVH. AUSTRIE,, (<l>pHApHX, repn;or ABcrpHHCKHH). Ha"'. CnycT.SI HeKoTopoe BpeM.SI XV B. H~e3aHHble MecTa B3AYPuc. 358. AM.mnHc. Haxoue"'HHK AJ\.HHOH 83 eM; Ha HeM BLI6HTo KAeHMO ropoAa BeHLI; rpy6o:H BaAMCb. KorAa JKeABaKR AOpa6oTDI. fepMaHIDI, OK. 1470 r. cTHraAH JKeAaeMbiX pa3MePuc. 359. Apa6cxoe KODLe BCdAHHKa, c poB, AepeBo cpy6aAH H rpaBHpOBKOH, yxpameHo B TexHHKe Bhlpy6KH. Co6CTBeHHOCTL aBTopa. TI:qaTeJ\.bHO BbiCymHBal\.H.

§ 2. APeBKoBoe opyJKue. KoDJ.e

233

Oco6o H3..sJmHbiM cqJITaAOCh HaHecrn y3opb1, aTo AeAaAH c noMo~ro cnen;Ha.J\.bHoro qeKaHa, Ha 6oi1:Ke KoToporo 6hi.JUI Bbipe3aHbl 3Be3Abl, noAYMec..s~n;hl H T. n. B ocHose cnoco6a AeJKHT JKeAaH:He CAeAaTb TaKHM o6pa3oM APeBKO mepoxosaTbiM, qTo6bl oHo He BbiCKa.J\.b3hiBaAo H3 PYK· 113 KOITHH XV BeKa MOJKHO OTMeT:HTh o6bNHOe K a BaA e p u i1 c K o e K on be (HeM. Rei8spie8, pHc. 356), KOnbe c KpblAb qaM U AMI nexoTHHD;a (pHC. 3 57) r KOTopoe CAeAyeT o6pa3n;y VIII seKa, HO 6oAee T.SIJK.e.J\.oe H HeYKJUOJKee, H a A bm n u c (HeM. Ahlspie8) - opyJK:He, snepBble no.SIBHBmeec.SI B UUseHn;apHH H BepXHeH Eyp~H H KOTOPOMY IT03Af1ee OTAaBaAH npeAfio~eHHe qeXH (pHC. 358). BocTOqHble nexoTHHn;hl ynoTPe6.J\..SI.J\.H AerKHe KOllhll CO CAa6biM, HO, KaK npaBHAO, AJ\HHHbiM APeBKOM c rpy6o H3fOTOBAeHHbiM HaKOHe~oM illH.J\.OBifAHOH cpopMhl C. ABYM.Si lllHllaMH, KOTOpble HHOrAa Ha3biBaiOT «HeBo3BpaTHbiMH». BcdAfiHKH npHMeH.SI.J\.H AJ\HHHble KOllh.SI (IIHKH) C TOHKHMH (AO 15 MM) APeBKaMH AJ\HHOH OT 4 AO 4,5 MeTPa. Ha meHKe BTYAKH HdXOAH.J\.HCh on:Hparom;Hec.SI Ha Hee H HallpaBAeHHble Hd3dA 3a3y6pHHhl, BOKpyr KOTOpbiX pa3BeBaAHCh pa3HOD;BeTHble ffiHYPbi H3 sep6.J\.10JKheH mepcrn (pHc. 359). J<asaAepHHCKOe KOllbe C APeBKOM TOHKHM, HO KOp_oTKHM (AO 3 M), C AJ\HHHbiM HaKOHeqHHKOM, KOTOpbiH BnepBbie CTa.J\. npHMeH.SITbC.SI y TYPOK B XV seKe, HOCHT Ha3BaHHe capie (pHc. 360). HecoMHeHHO, AaHHbiH BHA KOnh.SI H noA 3TIIM JK.e Ha3BaH:HeM ynoTPe6.J\..SI.J\.c.SI em;e HapoAaMH BocToqHO-pHMCKOH HMnepHH. Ha3BaHHe npoH30ill.J\.O OT rpeqecKoro X01US r C.J\.OBa, o6o3Haqasmero YAapHoe opyJKHe a3HdTCKHX HapOAOB, a ll03Af1ee BCe B~ APeBKOBoro opyJKH.SI. TepMHH capie npHMeH.SI.J\.C.SI 3aTeM B XVI seKe B 11TaAHH, HcnaHHH H B CAaBRHCKHX CTPaHax. B TyprtHH CHnaH KaBaAepHHcKoe Konhe Ha3biBaiOT silnil. Bee a3HaTcKHe HaPOAhl no.J\.h30BaAHCh TOHKOAPeBKOBbiM KaBaAepHHCKHM KOnheM. APeBKH AeAaAH H3 TOM nopoAbl Puc. 360. Typen;Koe Kon~:>e, c nocepe6peHHLIM ApeBKOM, -yKpameHHLIM HaCe"IIKOH B BHAe poM6H"I!eCKOH CeTKU; noAHasi AAHHa 2,5 M. XVI B. Puc. 361. llepKeccKoe Konbe. MHHa 3,16 M; APeBKo H3 nepD;OBOH Tpy6KH C pe3HLIM KOpHeBLIM KAy6HeM Hd HIDKHe:H "l!aCTH. XVII B. UapcKoceAbCKHH apceHaA. Puc. 362. TypKMeHcKoe Konbe. MHHa 4,74 M; ApeBKO H3 CTBoAa 6aM6yKa, HaKoHe"IIHHK -qepHeHLIH. XVII B. UapCKOCeAbCKHH apceHaA.

Puc. 360

Puc. 361

Puc. 362

'lacn II. OpyJKue HaDilAeHUJI

234

AepesheB, KoTophle BCTPeqa.Jllicb B AaHHoii Mecrnocrn H Mor.J\.H CAYJKHTh AMI 3TOH n;e.J\.H, HepeAKO TaKJK.e HCllOJ\.b30Ba.JlliCh TPy6KH nepe~oro Aepesa, 6aM6YKa H T. n. (pHC, 361, 362). Bocro~e HapoAhl :u;eHHJ\.H npeHM)'II\eCTBeHHo AerK.He KOIIhli, no3TOMY Hep~o APeBKH csoHX Korrn::H HCKYCHO npo6ypaB.l\HBa.J\H, tiTo6hl oHH 6bi.Jlli noJ\.biMH. C APeBHHX speMeH socTo~e HapoAhl o6paID;a.Jlli llpHCTaJ\.bHOe BHHMaHHe Ha QJOPMY H YJ<pameHHe KOllhR. He TOJ\.bKo K}'3He:u; noKphiBa.A Kollbe OpHaMeHTaMH B TaymHpOBKe HJ\.H ll030AOTe, HO H CaM BAa.AeAeiJ; HaBeiDHBa.J\. Ha CBOe opyJKHe Ili\eTeHHe, KHCTOtiKH H3 mepcTH RKa H meAKa. Oco6o:H AJ06oBbiO noJ\.b30Ba.JlliCh AJK.ePHAhl路 B APeBHOCTH llOJKa.J\.OBaHHe KOllb.sl .HB.JUIAOCb 3HaKOM BhiCIDeH MHAOCTH cyATaHa H BCerAa pacn;eHHBa.J\.OCb KaK Aparo:u;eHHhiH noAapoK. 3HaTHhie apa6hl H TYPKH HOCHJ\.H Ha KOllbRX 30AOTbie illHYPhl C AJ\.HHHhiMH KHCT.HMH H nAOCKHH QJyrARp, B KOTOpOM llOMei~a.J\.颅 CR KopaH, 3anHcaHHhiH Ha Ma.AeHbKHX .1\.HCToqKax (pHC. 363). B XVI seKe KOIIhli, o'J"ttacrn Hoso:H <}lopMhl, CTa.Jlli OCHOBHhiM opyJKHeM neXOTbl. TaKTHKa AaHACKHeXTOB TPe6osa.Aa AJUiHHOro, HO npH 3TOM AerKoro opyJKHR, npeAHa3HaqeHHoro AMI Toro, tiTo6hl HaHOCHTh nepshlii YAap no npoTHBHHKy. AMI 6.1\.HJK.Hero 6o.s~ npeAHa3Haqa.AcR KopoTKHH Meq, TaKaS~ TaKTHKa TPe6osa.Aa npeo6A.aAaiOm;ero qHcAa KOllbeHocu;es, soopyJKeHHhlx cneu;HaJ\.bHhiMH AaHACKHeXTCKHMH KOllbSIMH, TaK Ha3biBaeMhiMH n U H HaM u (HeM. Pinne, HCKaJKennoe cpeAHeBeKosoe pennon). KollhR AaHACKHeXToB He CAeAyeT rryraTh c nHKaMH XVII cToAeTHR. 0HH HMeJ\.H J\.Hcroo6pa3Hhle HaKoHe~HKH c KopoTKHM nepoM, APeBKO AJUIHOH B cpeAHeM 4, 5 M, B cepeAHHe TOAITI;e, qeM Ha KOJmaX (pH C. 3 6 4) l, Puc. 363. 7, 6

Kom,e, c JKeAe3HhiM HaKoHe"'IHHKOM MHHOH

CM, rpaBHpOBdHHhiM H HHKpycrHpOBdHHhiM

30AOToM; c 6oraTo yKpameHHhiM APeBKOM MHHOH 2,28 M; Hd 30AOTOM mHype C TSIJKeAOH KHCTbiO 30AOTOH 4>YTMip, B KOTOpOM HeKOrAa xpaHHACSI KopaH, 3dllHCaHHhiH Ha MaAeHI>KHX AHCTO"'IKdX. llpHHilA.J\.eJKaAO TyMaH-6eiO, TIOCAeAHeMY cyATafiY erHTieTCKHX MdMeAIOKOB (y6HT 1517). l.lapCKOCeAhCKHH apceHaA.

Puc. 363 1

Pu c. 364

Puc. 364. llHKa AdHACKHexTOB, o6m;as1 MHHa repMaHHSI, Hd"'I. XVI B.

4,5

APeBKOBoe opYJK.He, Hd3hiBaeMoe AaHAcKHeXTCKHMH KOTihSIMH, B pa3AH"'IHhiX MY3eSix opYJKHSI, KaK, HanpHMep, B My3ee apTHAAepHH B llapHJKe, npeACTaBMieT co6o:H o6hi"'IHhle TIHKH XVII BeKa. HacroHm;He AaHACKHexTCKHe KOTihSI Kpa:HHe peAKH. B 3Ha"'IHTeAhHOM KOAH"'IeCTBe OHH em;e HMeiOTCSI B MY3ee 3aAh~6ypra (npUM. aBm.).

§ 2. ApeaKoBoe opylKBe. Kom.e

235

3TH Q>opMbi KOITHH oTtleTJ\HBO BHAHbl Ha MHOrHX CTJ>aHH!lax ApceHaJ\bHhiX I, HaqJffiruJ: c 15 14 roAa, H oiTHcaHbl HHKOA.aycoM fAo-

KHHI' MaKCHMHAHaHa

KeH.AOHOM. 0TAeAbHble o6pa31.\bl AaHACKHeXTCKHX KOITHH MOJKHO BC'I'peT.HTb y IIIBe~aprteB, Ho o6blliHo oHH npeAfiOliHTaJ\H CBOH co6cTBeHHble. E.me B XV seKe OHH 6hiAH He AMffiHee 3 MeTJ>OB. B BOHCKax A.aH.ACKHeXTOB OHH BbipOCAH B MHHY AO 4,5-5 MeTJ>OB, H 3TO npHBeAO K TOMy, liTO qeAoseK Mor BblrrycT.HTb APeBKO no3~ ce6~ e~a 6oAee, qeM Ha 1 Me'I'p. I.I..IBeHI.tapl.\hl npH HacrynAeHHH AepJKaAH Kollbe 6oALme:H qacTbiO sa cepeAHHY· OQ>HD;epbl AaHACKHeXToB HOCHAH KopoTKOApeBKOBble AerKHe KOllb~ C AHCTOBHAHbiMH HaKOHeqHHKaMH 6oAee KaK 3HaK CBOero 3BaHIDI, qeM opyJKHe. OHH H3o6paJKeHbl Ha rpas10pax HHKoA.aca MeALAeMaHa, faHca fyALAeHMyHAa, /¥1BHAa Ae HeKepa H HepoHHMyCa opMmHeifAepa, Ha KOTOpbiX npeACTaBAeHbl J\.aHACKHeXTbl 15 2 0 roAa, l<aK 3HaK AOCTOHHCTBa HOCHAH AerKHe KOllb~ C KopoTKHM TOHKHM APeBKOM BbiCOKonocTaBAeHHbie nepcoHhl, HarrpHMep KapA V Ha 3HaMeHHToH KapTHHe THIJ;HaHa B faAepee 1 MaAJlHAa • Heo6XOAlfMO 3aMeT.HTb, liTO 3TOT o6bNaH He liTO HHOe, KaK B03BpaT K paHHHM BpeMeHaM, KOrAa KOllbe CaMO no ce6e ~BAHAOCb npHH~eJKHOCTbiO TOAbKO 3HaTH. Csoeo6pa3Hoe MeTaTeAbHOe Konbe HCnoAb30BaJ\.OCb y paHHHX Aa:HACKHeXTOB. 3TO w e cpA u H (HeM. Schefflin). 0Ho HMeAO MHJIHbiH IIIHpOKHH, HO nycTOTeAbiH HaKOHeqHHK c KopoTKOH scyAKoH. TaKoH HaKoHeqHHK 6bi.J\.. qpe3BbltlaHHO AerKHM, KpeiiHAI ~ Ha TOHKOM, AJ\.HHOH 1,1 M APeBKe. K HHJKHeMy KOHI.tY APeBKa KpeiiHAOCb onepeHHe, KaK y CTJ>eAbl (pHC. 365, 366). Ha3BaHHe «meQ>Jurn» npoHCXOAHT oT javelin, Puc. 366 Puc. 367 Puc. 365 javelot, TaKJKe gabelo, liTO, sepo.HTHo, HMeeT KOpeHb B repMaHCKOM . ger. JlleQ>AHHOM Pae. 365. SoAhma51 poraTBHa, BHyrpH noAa51. Hall. XVI B. B AaJ\bHeHmeM c'ta.J\H HMeHoBaTb OAHH H3 PRe. 366. MMasr poraTBHa, THITOB MeTaTeAbHOrO KOllb~, yno'I'pe6AeHHe BHyrpH UOJ\.asi. XVI B. KOToporo H3Becrno c paHHero cpeAJieBePRe. 367. nexOTHasi nHKa, o6~asr AAHHa 5,11 M. repMaHHSI, XVII B. KOBb~. OH ynoMHHaeT~ yJKe B «llecHH o

, I

1 TaKoro poAa .1\.ei'KHe . KOULSI B «llopMe APOTHKOB HCUOJ\.h30BaJ\.HCh rocnoAaMH 6oAhmeii lldCThiO Ha OXOTe, OCOOO Ha npa3AHHKax, peJKe C UOAHLIM AOCUexoM. KapA V H3o6paJKeH Ha ynoMSiuyTOH KapTBHe 1548 r. TOJ\.hKO B UOAYAOCUexe (npUM. aBm.).

236

"'acn II. OpyZHe HanilAeHUJI

B 1 3 2 0 roAy APOTHKH rrorraAH ITOA 3arrpeT 1• B AoHAoHe HOcHTeAM MeTaTeAhHhiX APOTHKOB BXOAI'fAH B cBHTY rnepHQ>a, KorAa TOT narrpaBMIJ\.cj{ Ko ABOPY· ·n o yrnepJKAeHHIO XeBHTa, APOTHKH H3o6paJKeHhl B OpAeaHcKo:H p-yKorrHcH, APTHPOBaHHOH 14 8 0 rOAOM, 11 3TO He ITOC.J\.eAHee CBHAeTeAhCTBO HX I1pHMeHeHHj{, T. K. OHH cPHIJ'PHPYJOT em;e B ApceHdAhHhiX KHHrax ~aKCHMHAMaHa I c 15 1 4 rOAd H HCI10Ah3QBaJ\HCb HeMei\KHMH .J\.aHACKHeXTaMH BIT.J\.OTb AO 1520 roAa. npH ITOCTerreHHOM rrpeo6pa3oBaHHH .J\.aHACKHeXTCKHX BOHCK ITOHOBOMY opraHH3oBaHHhi:H ITO.J\.K rrpeTeprre.h H3MeHeHifj{ B BOOpyryKeHHH H, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, crroco6e BeAeHHj{ 6o.H. A,JurnHoe Kollbe c He~ecT BeHH~

Puc. 368

Puc. 369

Puc. 310

Puc. 368. Kom.e apTHJU\.epHcra. 11TaAHH, XVII B. Puc. 369. llaJU.HHK. XVII B. Puc. 310. Eoraro yxpameHHLIH llaAhHHK, H3 JKeAe3a H Aa'cy'HH. BTopaH noA. XVI B. OpyJKeHHoe co6paHHe MOHaCThlpH B . KAocrepHo:H6ypre. 1

H3MeHe~

OCTa.J\.OCb OCHOBHhDM opyJKHeM rrexOTHHu;a, xorn Terrepb OHO CTa.J\.0 Hd3~ BdTbCj{ n U K 0 ii (HeM. Pike, cjJp. pigue oT piguer BTbiKaTh). 0Ha I10j{B.J\.j{eTCj{ B HCITdHCKHX so:HcKax KapAa V ITOA Hd3BdHHeM picas H pacIlpOCTPdHj{eTCj{ qepe3 HHAepAaiJAbi B ocTdAhHhle CTPaHhl Espo~, rroKa He Hcqe3aeT B rroC.J\.eAHee AecmHAeTHe XVII BeKa, ycrynHB MeCTO IIIThiKY (pHc. 3 67).

ABrop, no Bce:H BHAHMOCTH, HMeeT B BHAY MHoro'IHCAeHHLie B AIIrAHH 3anpeTLI Ha OXO'cy' C UOMO~IO APOTHKOB H AYJCa (npUM. peg.}.

§ 2. APeBKOBoe opyJKue. Kou~ae

231

B nopy aceo6~qero pacnpoc1pa.HeHID1 I1HK BoopyJKeHHhlX HMH CO.AAdT B HeMe~ KHX TIOAK.ax Ha3hiBaJ\.H n UK U Rep aM U (HeM. Pikenier). B 3TOT nepHoA AaiJACKnexoTHhle YHTep-oqnn.~ephl HeXTcKHe (4>eAhA<l>e6eAb, npo<t>oc, poTMHCTJ>) HcnoAhayiOT aAe6apAbl, a o<Pifi.\ephl oT noAKOBHHKa AO AeHTeHaHTa BMeCTO KOTIHH - npoTa3a.Hhl, nHKa COCTOHT H3 MaAeHhKOro poM6oa~oro HaKoHe~HKa c KopoTKoH BTYAKO:H H npoJKHAHHaMH, a TaKJKe APeBKa IVfAHHAPHllecKoH <PopMhl, H3roToB.JUIBmeroc.H 6oAbme:H qacTbiO H3 OAhXH, o6oJKJKeHHoH AoqepHa. B apTHAAepHH HCTIOAh30BaJ\.HCb CBOeo6pa3Hhle naAbH U KU -KOflbR (HeM. Luntenspie.Be) c AODOAHHTeAhHhlMH oTBeTBAeHH.HMH, Ha KOTOphle HaMaThlBaAC.H lPHTHAh. 3To HaTIOAOBHHY opyJKHe, HaTIOAO· BHHY npHcnoco6AeHHe AAH C1peAb6hl (pHc. 368, 369, 370). B 6oAhmHHcTBe CAyqaeB nplfABopHa.H c1paJK.a 6h!Aa aoopYJK.eHa APeBKOBhlM opyJKHeM, o6bNHO 3TO KOTih.H, HO, KaK npaBHAo, 6oraTo YKPameHHhle H aecbMa pa3Hoo6pa3HhlX, AaJKe c1paHHhlX <PopM. Be3rpaHifliHa.H <PaHTa3IDI rocnoAcTBoBaAa oco6eHHo npH HTaAb.HHCKHX ABopax (pHc.

371, 372). B KaBaAepHH AO XIV cToAeTH.H ace 6oAbme npoCAeJKHBaeTc.H CTJ>eMAeHHe ycHAHTh APeBKo, oco6ermo TaM, rAe ero AePJKaJ\.H PYKOH. YJKe oKoAo 13 60 roAa npeAfipHHHMaiOTC.H nepahle nollbiTKH npeAOXpaH.HTh OT pa.H PYKYr AepJK.aBnryK> APeBKo, c noMolqbiO TIAOCKoro MeTa.JV\H'tleCKoro .AHCKa. nOToM eMY nplfAa.AH lPOPMY TaK B03HHK 3 a 11{ u m H bl ii KOlJYca. g u c K (HeM. Brechscheibe, pHc. 373). YcHAeHHe HHJK.He:H qacTH APeBKa npHBeAo K yroHbmeHHIO Toro Mecra, rAe AeJKHT PYKa, oTKyAa B03HHKAa <t>opMa, KOTopyro MOJKHO BHAeTb y o6bNHhlX KdBaAepHHCKHX 6oeBhlX H TYPHHpHhlX KOTIHH H KoTopa.H coxpaHHAach TP~HoHHo y APeBKOB KaBaAepHHCKHX mTaiJAapToB XVIII BeKa. no 3TOMY npH3HaKy OT.J\HllaiOT

Puc. 371

Puc. 311. Kom,e. C 3anJ;HTHLIM KpiOKOM; yKpameHO TpaBJ\.eHLIM pacyaKoM H AeBH30M BHKTopa AMeAe51, rep~ora CasoiicKoro OTBOASJ~HM

(1630-1637). Puc. 312. Kon~:.e CTpaJKHHKa, c MOJ\.OTOM. 11Ta..AIDI, KOH. XVI B. QapCKOCeJ\.bCKHii apceHaJ\..

1J:acn. II. OpyJKRe Billla,&.eBRJI

238

KOIIhe OT BCWfHK.a KOilhli nexom~a, a no3AHee Aa~cKHeXTa H IIHKHHepa. B TeqeHHe XV BeKa llOCTOHHHO llpOHCXOAHAO yse.J\.WleHHe seca KaBaAepHHCKoro KOilhli. llo3TOMY APeBKo Kollhli, xoT.H H H3MeHHAOCb 3Ha~ TeAbHO B AJfaMe'rpe, o6peAO JKeA06KH (p~c. 374), HHOrAa 3Ha~TeAbHOH rAy6HHhl, 6AaroAap.H qeMY OHO CTaAO, Ha Ham B3r.JUJA, 6oAee 3CTeTHqHo. 3cy MOAY MoJKHo BHAeTb Ha npeKpacHo:H rpasrope Mopepa «BCWfHK, CMepTb H Ab.HBOA)) H B ApceHaJ\hHhiX KHHrax MaKcHMHAHaHa I, HCKJUO~ TeAbHO BaJKHbiX AMI H3yqeHH.H Boopy?KeHH.H Toro BpeMeHH (pHC.

375).

Pu c. 375

Puc. 374

Puc. 373

Puc. 373. H:wta~u ~acn. ApeBKa KOnLSI, c npHKpeiiAeHHLIM 3aiD;HTHLIM AHCKOM, yKpameHHLIM TpaBAeHHeM. fepMaBIDI, OK. 1560 r. Puc. 374. 1570 r. Puc. 3?5.

APeBKO KOULSI c KaHasKaMR. fepMaau, OK.

HaxoBe~HHK KaBa.AepHHCKOI'O KOULSI,

yKpamea AHCbHM DOCTOM. OK.

1480

l<aBaAepHHCKOe Koflhe B repMaHorosop.HI.qHX C'rpaHax HOCHAO Ha3BaHHe «Schilrzer)), /Vrn.Ha ero B cpeAHeM AOXOAHAa AO 3 I 5 M. nepeA aTaKOH KOIIhe npHBOAHAOCb B ropH30HTaJ\hHOe llOAOJKeHHe H AO~OCb Ha onopHbiH KpiOK, 3aKpenAeHHhiH Ha HarpyAHHK.e TaK, ~o PYKa oKa3biBaAacb nepeA KproKOM. 3TOT CllOC06 HMeA HeAOCTaToK: npH YAape KOIIhe MOrAO llOAaTbC.H Ha3ilA H 3aJKaTb KHCTb PYKH BCWfHK.a MeJKAy 3apy6Ko:H Ha PYKO.HTH H KplOKOM Ha HarpyAHHK.e,

§ 2. ApeBKoBoe opyxHe. KonLe

239

HAM MeJKAy 3aiD;MTHbiM AlfCKOM If KpiOKOM, IIpH 3TOM KOIIhe HepeAJ<.O COCKa.J\b3biBaAO c

KpiOKa. Bo M36eJKaHMe 3Toro Ha PYKORTKe ycTaHaBAHBaAH MYQny,

COCT05.liD;YJO M3 CT5.£HYTbiX Kp10K

AMI

4-5

MeJKAy

P5IAOB KOAei.I, CTa.J\bHbiX rnapHKOB,

co6oi1:

liiHYPaMM

HAM

IIpOBOAOKOH• .

KOIIhR MMeA HaKJ\.ClAJ<.Y M3 Aepesa HAM CBMHI.I,a.

BcaAHifK 6paA Korrbe M YKAaAPffiaA ero Ha KpiOK TaKMM o6pa3oM, ~o6hi TOT IIAOTHO someA B MYQ>Ty. DpH yAape CTa.J\bHble rnapbl CMAbHO AaBHAM Ha HaK.J\aAKy KpiOKa If 1 o6pa30BbffiaAH C HMM OAf:IO I.I,eAoe (pHC. 3 7 6) •

ECAH

KOIIbe B }C\T CTOAeTMM 3aqac~ He MMeAO 3a-

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KOHU.Y

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6o5.l MaAo3Q>Q>eKTMBHhiMM. Bee

3TO IIpHBeAO K CTpeMAeHHIO IIOBbiCMTb IIOABMJKHOCTb KaBaAepHH. YJK.e B }CVJ BeKe II05.lBHAMCb KOHHbie apKe6y3Hpbl M AParyHhi, KoTopbie MorAH cpaJKaTbCR KaK rrernMMM, TaK If KOHHbiMH, IIOCTeiieHHO HX IIpOIIOpi.I,M5.l B BOHCKaX ysehlfqlfBaAaCb, B TO BpeM51 KaK qlfCAO KHpaCHpOB, MMeBliiMX KMpacHpbi

TOAbKO

KOIIb51,

oKa3aAHCh

IIOCTeiieHHO

cAHmKoM

COKpaiD;aAOCb.

HerrosopoTAHBhi,

T5.lJK.eAbie KOIIhR rrpoTMBopeqHAH TPe6osaHMIO IIOABMJK.HoCTM2.

Belleval M. R. «Du costume militaire des Franc;ais en DpHMe"'IaHHe 58-63 K ABYM aHOHHMHbiM pyKonHOIM,

1446)).

OAHa H3 KOTOpbiX B Ha~HOHaAbHOH 6H6AHOTeKe, Apyrrui BO BAaAeHHH rocnoAHHa EeAbBaMI. ABTopy 3TO yCTpo:H:crBo noKd3aAOCb ITOAXOASIII(HM, HO HH OAHOro 3K3eMnMipa TaKoro ycrpOHCTBa OH He BHAeA. TaKJKe H B HeMe~Ko:H: AHTepaTfpe o6 3TOM He coo6m;aroT. llo-BHAHMOMY, OH ynoTpe6MIAOI TOAbKO BO <l>paH~HH, a B repMaHHH ITOAb30BaAHCb AMI 3TOH ~eAH CBHH~OBbiMH Myq>TaMH {Bandringe) (npUM. aBm.). 2 0TKd3 oT KOnhll 6biA Bbi3BaH HeCKOAbKO APYrHMH npH"'IH-

Puc. 376

HaMH. B KaBaAepHH CTaA IIpHMeHSITbOI ITHCTOAeT, KOTOpbiH ITO CBOeH CMepTOHOCHOH 3q>q>eKTHBHOCTH He YCTfiTaA KOITbiO, a OCBOeHHe 3Toro opyJKHSI Tpe6oBaAo ropa3AO MeHbmero ynpaJKHeHHSI. Ha 6a3e illHpOKOro HCITOAb30BaHHSI ITHCTOAeTa B03HHKAa HOBrui TaKTHKa pe:H:TapCKHX 3CKdAPOHOB, npH KOTOpOH BCaAHHKH

PHc. 376. KaBaAepHHcKoe KOITbe, 6e3 3am;HTHoro AHCKa, c MY<l>To:H: H3 CTaAbHbiX mapHKOB Ha pyKoSITH. Hal(oHe"'!-

CTpOHAHCh fAy6oKOH KOAOHHOH,

HHK H PYKO.SITb

COOTBeTCTBeHHO ITHKOH HMeAO

CMbiCA BOOpYJKHTb TOAbKO nepBYJO AHHHIO. Ho KOAOHHa pe:H:TapoB H 6e3 3TOrO npopbiBaAa CBOeH MaCCOH AHHHIO AaTHHKOB, BoopyJKeHHbiX ITHKaMH, a BO BpeMSI CBaAKH ITHCTOAeT AaBaA HeocnopHMOe npeHMym:ecrBo

(npUM. peg.).

'fBeAJA.e-

Hbl; TO"'!Kd «d)) ITOKd3HBaeT, rAe KOITbe yKAa,a.HBaeTOI Ha KpiOJ( J(Hpacbl. XV B.

qacn. II. OpyJKHe uanctAeHHJI

240

BMeCTe C TeM no.SIB.MieTCR KaBaAeplfHCKI1H Mel! 11 naAaiii, CHOBa BOIIIeAIIIHH B MOAY B KaBBAepHH·. ToAhKO B BocTotiHOH EBpone y BOCTOl!HbiM TP~IDiM,

6bll\H KOHCepBaTHBHbl

BeHrpoB, KOTopbie, no

11CKYCCTBe BeAeHI1SI BOHHbl,

J\.erKoe BOCTOllHOe KOnbe nOA HenpaBHAbHO llpi1HSITbiM Ha3BaHI1eM n11Ka COXpaHHJ\.OCb BllJ\.OTh AO

XVIII

BeKa; y

noJ\.SIKoB oHo ocTaBaAOCh 113..1\1061\.eHHhiM opy-

.>KHeM KaBaAep1111 AO HOBeHIIIero BpeMeHH. B HeMei.\KOH 11 Q>paHI.\Y3CKOH KaBaAepH11 MThi c

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AMI

15 8 0

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Puc. 377

PRe. 377. PoraTKH, BAH <<ucnaHCKHH BCaAJIHK,>. XVIII B. 3eMeALHhiH ~eiixray-3 B rp~e.

C 15 8 0

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17 0 0

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XIX

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M APeBKa, CHa6JK.eHHoro Ha o6oHX

KOHI.\aX npOCTbiMH poM60BlfAHbiMH JK.eJ\.e3HbiMH HaKOHetiHHKaM.H. IllnpHHriiiTeK CTaA npHMeH.SITbDI B 113pe3aHHOH MHorolli1CJ\.eHHbiMH KaHaAaMH CTPaHe; CTPeAKH nepenphiTI1BaAH c

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AMI

qero Ha cepeA.HHe APeBKa

11Me.J\.C.SI cnei.\HaJ\.bHblH KpiOK. llinpiDII'IIITeK llpOCYII.\eCTBOBaA B pa3J\.HliHbiX Q>opMaX AO KOHI.\a

B ABCTPHHr AMI

XVIII

BeKa.

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llU c n

§ 2. ApeBK.oBoe opyxc.ue. AAefiapAa

241

K aJJ (HeM. spanischer Reiter). PoraTKH 3TH, CAYJKHBillHe AMI 3dmHTbi oT HarraAeHmi KdBaAepHH, COCTOjJ)lli H3 llillpHHTIIITeKOB H qeTbipexyrOAhHOro 6peBHa, B03HBmeroCH cne~HaAbHO AMI 3TOH ~eAH B o6o3e. EpeBHo HMeAO MHOJKeCTBO OTBepCTHH Ha He60AblliHX paCCTOj{HiffiX APyr oT APyra, B KOTopbie BCTdBAjJ)U{Cb mnpHHrmTeKH nexoTHH~eB, Ha3hiBaeMhle B 3TOM CAyqae oco6hiM o6pa3oM c<c B u H a R ILl emu H aJ> (HeM. Schweinsfedern). B pe3yAhTaTe noAyqaAHch CBoero poAa K03Ahl. CorAacHo perAaMeHT)l 1720 rOAd B HMllepCKHX BOHCKdX mnpHHrlliTOKH OCTaBaAHCh Ha BOopyJKeHHH TOAbKO y npanopmHK.OB (pHC, 377). Oco6biH THn KOllbj{ co BpeMeH cpeAHeBeKOBhj{ HcnoAb30BaA~ npH OXOTe Ha MeABeA» H Ka6aHa. 0H TdK H Hd3biBaJ\.CH Meg B e }l{ be K 0 n be, C B U H 0 e HAH K a 6 a H be K 0 n be, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Toro, AMI nopaJK.eHIDI KaKoro AHKoro JKHBOTHoro oRo npeAHa3HaqaAoch. CooTBeTcTBeHHo CBOeMY onacHOMY npHMeHeHHIO KOllbe AeAaJ\.OCh oqeHh MOII\HbiM, liT06hi BbJAepJKaTb Bee nopaJK.eHHoro JKHBoTHoro H He CA.oMaTbCH. HaKoHeliHHK 6biA IllHpOKHH, AHCTOBHAHbiH, c oqeHh OCTPhiMH Kpdj{MH. EoAee ll03AHHe 3K3eMI1Nipbi HMeAH Ha BTYAKe cne~HaJ\.bHhiH por, KOTopbiH npHBj{3hiBaACH KpeiiKHM KOJK.a.H..b!M peMHeM. 3TOT por npeiDITCTBOBaJ\. 6oAee rAy60KOMY, qeM AO BTYAKH, npoHHKHOBeHHIO HaKoHeqHHKa B TeAo. Oco6eHHo KpeiTKoe APeBKo AJlliHOH AO 2 MeTPOB Ha 6oAbme:H qacTH cBoe:H AJlliHhi o6MaTbiBaJ\.OCh Y3KHM KoJKaHhiM peMHeM H o6HBaJ\.OCb rB03ASIMH, liT06hi npeAOTBpaTHTb BhiCKaAb3biBaHHe APeBKa H3 PYKH· HaqHHdj{ c X~ BeKa BOlliAH B ynoTPe6AeHHe Ka6aHhH KOllh.st c ycTPoiicTBaMH AMI CTPeAh6hl. MeABeJKhH KOllbj{ Hcqe3AH YJK.e B XV BeKe, Ka6aHhH coxpaHjJ)U{Ch eme AO X~l, a npH HeKoTopbiX eBpone:HcKHX ABOpax H AO XVIII BeKa. 0HH eme H cero~ j~BAj{IOTCH 3KCll0HdTdMH KIDIJK.e1 CKHX OXOTHHlibHX KOMHdT (pH C. 3 7 8) .

AAEiiAPAA Ha3BaHHe 3Toro opHrHHaAbHoro opYJKIDI Helmbarte, no Bce:H BlfAHMOCTH, npoH30lliAO OT HeMe~KHx CAoB: Helm (lliAeM) H Barte (6opoAKa Tonopa), Ho 3aTeM 3To CAOBo nonaAo B APyrHe jJ3hiKH H 6biAO HcKaJK.eHo (cjJp. hallebarde, aHrA. halbert, Aam. hellemparta, um. allabarda). B x~-xw BeKaX npH o6paTHOM nepeBOAe Ha HeMe~KHH OHO CTaJ\.0 ITHCdTbCH KdK «Hellebarte». 1 AaHHhiH THn oxoTHWIJ:.ero KOU:bSI B pyccKoM Sl3h1Ke Hd3hiBdeTCSI pordTHHOH (npUM. peg.).

B. liexaAM

Jlu c. 378

Puc. 378. PoraTHH a - «Ka6aHJ:.e KOUJ:.e)), C TpdBAeHhiM H ll030AO~eH HhiM YKPameHHeM H opHrHHdA:bHhiM o<fJopMAeHHeM APeB Ka. 11cropH~eCKHH My3e:H B Ape3AeHe.

'lacn II. OpyJKue HaDctAeHHJI

242

1 CorAacHo HCCJ\.eAOBaJUffiM KBHpHHa cpoH AeiiTHepa OTHOCHTeAhHO rrpoHcxoJKAeHIDI 3Toro CJ\.OBa, OHO BCTPetJaeTcH YJK.e B rroCAeAHe:H qernepTH XIII cToAeTHH B cpopMe Helmbarte B cpeAifesepXHeHeMeW'OM pHcpMoBaHHOM paccKa3e «fepl\Or 3pHCT)), a TaiOK.e B «AloABHre KpeCTOHOCJ.\e)), H TaKHM o6pa30M YJK.e B HatJaAe Xrv BeKa OHO BOillAO B 06HXOA B COBpeMeHHOM HaiTHCaHHH. 2 AocTosepHo H3Becrno, liTO aAe6apAbl HMeAHCh y mse:Hl\apl\eB B 6010 rrpH MoprapTeHe ( 1 3 15) H rrpH 3eMITaxe ( 13 8 6). 3To opyJKHe poAJiAOCh B TO speMH, KOrAa CTaAH ITOjffi)UJThCH rrepsble Il.J\.aCTHHtlaThle AOcrrexH. B TaKyro cpopMY s~ocb CTPeMAeHHe rrpoTHBorrocTasHTb HOBOMY o6opoHHTeAhHOMY cpeACTBY COOTBeTcTBywm;ee HaCT)'IIaTeAhHOe OpYJKHe, ITOCKOAhKY MelJ He B COCTOHHHH 6hU\. I1pOHHKlfYTb CKB03b Il.J\.aCTHHtlaTble Aa.Thl, HX MOJKHO 6hU\.O coKpymHTh TOAhKO yAapoM Torropa Ha MHJIHOM APeBKe. nepBble aAe6apAbl. KOTOpble B OpHrHHaAaX ITOlJTH AO HaC He AOmAH, MOJKHO BHAeTb Ha AOKYMeHTaAbHhiX H306paJKeHIDIX. 0HH HMeAH rrpocTyw cpopMY, pacctJHTaHH)'IO Ha rrpoHHKHOBeHHe MeJKAy Il.J\.aCTHHaMH AaT H HX pa3pymeHHe. TaK, aAe6apAy MOJKHO BHAeTh B PYKe JKaHAapMa speMeH KopoAH HoaHHa I (1350-1364) Ha 6apeAbecpe 1.\epKBH Ca. AbBa B napHJKe. BMecTo KpiOKa oHa cHa6JKeHa MOAOTOM (pH C. 379). BCAeACTBHe cosepmeHCTBOBaHHH orHeCTPeAhHoro opyJKHH aAe6apAa rrocTerreHHO rrpeTeprresaAa H3MeHeHIDI. Ee rAaBHOe Ha3HalJeHHe 6b1Tb 3cpcpeKTHBHbiM yAapHbiM opYJKHeM OTXOAHJ\.O Ha BTOpOH Il.J\.aH, I103TOMY TOI10p Ha HeH YMeHbiiiHACH B pa3Mepax, a BTopo:H ee 3AeMeHT, KpiOK, HatJHHaA HrpaTb 3HatJHPuc 379 TeAbHyw poAb H COOTBeTCTBeHHO CTaPuc. 319. BoHH c aAe6apAoH BpeMeH HOBHJ\.CH BCe 6oAee MaCCHBHbiM. <l>aKKopoASI HoaHHa I. XIV B. Bape..u.e«j:J THtJeCKH, cpopMa Torropa H HaKAoH ero qepKBH Ceu-.1\.e. TiapiDK. Ae3BHH, KaK rrpaBHJ\.0, .SIBMIK>TCH AOCTOBepHbiM I1pH3HaKOM BpeMeHH H3rOTOBAeHIDI 3TOro opyJKHH. He OCTaHaBAHBaHCb Ha tJaCTHOCTHX, ITOKaJKeM 3AeCb H3o6paJKeHIDI aAe6apA B xpoHOAOI'WieCKOM rropHAKe. Ha HHX MOJKHO oTtieTAHBO rrpoCAeAHTb ITOCTeiTeHHOe H3MeHeHHe cpopMbi 3TOrO OpYJKHH Bil.J\.OTb AO XVII seKa (pH c. 3 8 0). 1

Quirin Leitner, «Die Waffensammlung des Osterreichischen Kaiserhauses im k. u k. Artillerie-Museum in Wien>>. 1866-1870 (npUM. a.Bm.). 2 PyCCKOe Hd3BdHHe 3Toro opyJKHSI, no BCeH BHAH~IOCTH, 3dHMCTBOBdHO H3 HTdAhSIHCKOro .SI3LIKd (npUM. peg.).

243

Puc. 380

''\.'

Pac. 380. Pa3BHTHe <t>opMLI HeMe.llKOH a.A.e6apALI c XV B.: a) HeMen;Kax a.A.e6apAa. OK. 1480 r. b) Tupo.JU.CKax a.A.e6apAa. 1490 r. c) A.Ae6apAa BpeMeH MaKCHMHAHaHa I. OK. 1500 r. d) A.Ae6apAa BpeMeH MaKcHMHAHaaa I. OK. 1510 r. e) EaBapcKax a.A.e6apAa. OK. 151 5 r. f) TiapdAftax a.A.e6apAa AJAHo:H ~xpaHLI Cl>epAHHaHAa I c BLITpaBAeHHLIM HMneparopcKHM opAoM, 6-yKBaMH «K. F.» (Kaiser Ferdinand) H AdTOH - 1563 r. g) A.Ae6apAa BpeMeH Cl>epAHHaHAa I.

B XIV

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B XVIII

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qacn. II. Opyxc.ue uana,a,eHHJI

244

u;ep nexoTbl e~e HMeJ\. MaAeHbKYJO aAe6apAy, TaK Ha3biBaeMoe y H me p- o cp u q e p c K o e K o p om K o e o p y JK u e (HeM. Unteroffizierskurzgewehr). B HTaJ\.HH H <l>pa.Hu;HH CJ\.OBOM «aAe6apAa» Ha3biBaJ\.H TaKJKe APeBKosoe opyJKHe, Koropoe no l}lopMe 6biJ\.o TaK He noxoJKe Ha HeMeu;Koe, tiTO eABa 1\H MorJ\.o 6b1Tb omeceHo K 3TOMY BHAY· noA06Horo POAa opyJKHe o6bJtiHo TaK H pa3.MNal\H; COOTBeTCTBeHHO - HeMe qKUR H UIDUAbR.HCKUR. UA e6apgbl,

Puc. 380

Puc. 380. h) TiapaABasi al\.e6apAa yHTep-O(l>Hn;epa c TpaBAeBHeM. OK. 157 0 r. i) TiapaAHasi al\.e6apAa c TpaBAeBHeM. HHAepAaHAhl. KoH. XVI B. KoAAeKD;HSI He:H:Ta. k) TiapaABasi al\.e6apAa AH'IHOH oxpaHhl C TpdBAeHhlM pHcyHKOM H BeH3eAeM HMnepaTopa epAHBaHAa II, a TaiOKe ero AeBH3oM: <<LEGITIME CERTANTIBUS>>.

XVII

1) TiapaABasi al\.e6apAa AH'IHo:H oxpaHhl BpeMeH HMnepaTopa .1\.eonoAbAa I. AaTHpoBaHa 16 6 0 r.

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245

搂 2. APeBKOBoe opyJKue. AAe6apAa

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Puc. 381

HeMe~KHx a.Ae6apA: a) AAe6apAa c npope3HLIMH TonopoM B KpiOKOM, T. H. <<HHAepAaHACKasi,,. KoH. XVI B. b) AAe6apAa c npope3HLIMH ronopoM H KpiOKOM H AAHHHOH KOAIO~e:H 'IaCTbiO. Ha'I. XVII B. c) AAe6apAa c npo6HTLIMH KpyrALIMH OTBepCTHSIMH Ha Tonope H KpiOKe. HHAepAaH,b,LI. Ha'I. XVII B. KoAAeK~IDI BaH 3e:H:AeHa. d) AAe6apAa c npope3HLIMH TonopoM H KpiOKOM, yKpameHHasi KBCTbiO. XVII B. KoAAeK~HSI AeAbUbe.

Puc. 381. Pa3HOBifAHOCTH

Toprui COAepJKHT oru1caHHe rroxoAa rrpoTHB TYJ>OK. HaH6oAee AI06orrhiTHilll rpaBIOpa H3o6paJK.aeT CMOTP BORCK HMIIepaTopoM KapAoM V. Bo BTopo:H rroAoBHHe XV1 BeKa aAe6apAaMH 6biAa soopyJKeHa TaKJK.e IIIBe:Hll;apcKCUI rnapAiffi rrpH $paHizy3CKOM ABOpe.

1Jacn II. Opyllt&e

246

BaJIBAeHIIJI

Puc. 381

h) Pac. 381. e) .AAe6apAa BeMen;Koii «t>opMhl, Ho HTaALSIBCKoii pa60TLI, c MOAOTOM. XVII B. MTaAHSI. XVII B. g) .AAe6apAa c ronopoM H KpiOKOM B CTHAe 6apoxxo. MTaAHH. XVII B. h) napaAHCUI aAe6apAa na-rpHD;HaHCKoii ceMLH BeAL3ep. XVII B. i) napaAlfaSI aAe6apAa c ABOHBhiM ronopoM H HaKOHe'IHHKOM, co6HpaiOID;HMOI H3 -rpex 'lacre:H. XVII B.

f) .AAe6apAa c BHAaMH H MOAOTOM.

IJoCKOAbKf aAe6apAP C TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH CTaHOBHTCH BCe 6oAee HerrpHrOAHOH MJ1 6oeBoro rrpHMeHeHIDI, TO ee Ae3BHe H KpiOK ITOAyt~alOT ITOA BAH.SIHHeM arroXH BospoJKAeHIDI ~Hble, 6apoqabie Q:>opMbi. B Ko~e XVI BeKa ITO..siB.MIIOTCH oqeHb MHHHble HaKoHelJHHKH B BHAe IIIHJ\li, B TO BpeMH KaK ocTaAbHble qaCTH 3Hallli'I'eAbHO YMeHbmaiOTCH. HecKOAbKo xapaKTepHbiX o6pas:qos aAe6apAblr B TOM ~CAe ITOAPaJKaHH~ HeMei.\KOH Q:>opMe, Bblllli:!AJliHX H3 HTaAbHHCKHX MaCTepCKHX, rrpHBeAelffi'! Ha pHC. 3 8 1. .AJ\.e6apAbl HeNeiTKOM Q:>op-

搂 2. APeBJtOBoe opyJKBe. AAe6apAa

241

Mbl C npope3HhiMH Ae3BHflMH H KpiOKaMH 6biAH H3rOTOBAeHbi BO <l>peyAHH, Cepasa.J\.J\.e H BpeiiiHH, Ho 6o.hhiiiHHcTBo npHIIIAo H3 HHAepAaH.AoB, npeHM)111\ecTBeHHo H3 AheJK.a H AlrrBepneHa. I1TaAb.SIHCKrui aAe6apAa 6b1Aa COBCeM He IIOXOJK.a Ha HeMei.\KYJO (pHC. 382). 11Me.H o6mero npeAKa C HeMei.\KO:H aAe6apAO:H, HTa.AhliHCKrui pa3BHBaAaCb CBOHM

Puc. 382

Puc. 382. Pa3HOBHAHOCTH HTaALSIHCKHX aAe6apA: a) CepeAHHa XVI B. ELIBmee co6paHHe /\.. Me:HpHKa. b) AA.e6apAa CTpaJKHHKa. KoH. XV B. ELIBmee co6paHHe /\.. Me:HpHKa. c) llepBIDI noA. XVI B. d) CepeAHHa XVI B. e) AA.e6apAa CO CTapHHHLIM MHAdHCKHM KAeHMOM ((CKopnHOH)>. KoH. XV B. AA.e6apAa B. PHrrca.

nyreM. J1x OTlleTAHBbie H3o6paJK.eHIDI COAepJK.aTC.SI Ha CTBOpKax aATap.H, BbiDOJ\. HeHHoro JKHBOIIHCI.\eM HHKoAo CeMHTeKoAo (cep. XIV B.), xpaH.HmeroC.H B BeHeu;HaHcKo:H aKdAeMHH. B XV H路 B nepso:H noAoBHHe XV1 BeKa aAe6apAa .S~BA.S~Aacb pacnpocTPaHeHHhiM opYJKHeM B 11TaAHH, pam.vrn H I.I..IBe:HI.\apHH. Ee Ha3HaqeHHeM 6biAO C IIOMOII\biO OCTPH.SI H IIIHIIa nopaJK.aTb He 3aKphiTble .1\..aT.aMH qacTH TeAa, CTaCKHBaTh BCdAHHKa C AOIIIHAH C IIOMOII\hiO cepiiOBHAHOro OKOHqaHIDJ Ae3BH.H Tonopa H . noAPy6aTh He3aii\HII(eHHhle cyxoJK.HAb.H Hor 6oeBhiX

248

KOHe:H. HTaAh.SIHW>J AI06HAH AJ\.HHHhle APeBKH, no3TOMY B cpeAfieM AJ\.HHa APeBKa HTaAh.SIHCKo:H aAe6apAbi cocTaBA.SIAa 2 r 14 M. Cne~aAhHble Q:>opMbl aAe6apA npeACTaBAeHbl Ha pH C. 3 8 3 H 3 8 4 r nepBhle HeMe~Koro llpOHCXOJKAeHH.SI, BTOpbie HTaAh.SIHCKOro.

fAE«l>A M KY3A

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Puc. 383

Puc. 384

rAe (HeM. Glefe, cjlp. vouge) r HenpaBHAbHO Ha3biBaeMa.SI HHOrAa «6oeBo:H Koco:H» (HeM. Streitsense) HAH «npo6HBaTeAeM» (HeM. Breschmesser) r npeACTaBA.SieT co6o:H HaKOHeqHHK B QJOpMe HOJKa, KOTOpbiH KpenHTC.SI K AJ\.HHHOMY APeBKY c noMOIIJ;hiO BTYAKH H npo.>KHAHH. Y HH.>K.Hero KOH~a KAHHKa HaXOASJTC.SI OCTphle OTpOCTKH, TaK Ha3biBaeMbie 0 m B 0 g R 11{ u e K p 10 K u (HeM. Parierhaken) r KaK y HTaAh.SIHCKHX aAe6apA. Ha o6yxe pacnoAaraAc.SI HAH np.SIMo:H, BbiAaiOm;HHC.SI BnepeA, TaKJKe MSI oTBoAa YAapa, HAH HanpaBAeHHbiH BBepx KpiOK TaK Ha3biBaeMbiH cc o c m p bl ii n a A e z.p> (HeM. Klingenfanger). APeBHe:Hnrne rAe<}:>hl MorAH npHMeH.SIThC.SI KaK MSI YKOAa, TaK H MSI py6KH. BoopyJKeHHoro rAeQJOH HTaAh.SIHCKoro BOHHa MOJKHO BlfAeTb yJKe B PYKOnHcH XIV BeKa H3 AM6po3HaHCKo:H 6H6AHoTeKH (pHc. 3 8 5). K Ko~y 3Toro cToAeTH.SI oHa HcnoAh30BaAach nocTO.SIHHo. B XV BeKe rAeQ:>a CTaHOBHTc.SI opy.>K.HeM nexoTHH~eB, a B EypryHAHH oHa noAI06HAaCb ap6aAe~HKaM. KapA CMeAbiH Tpe6oBaA, ~o6bl H3 coAAaT, KOTophle AOAJKHhi 6biTh nocTaBAeHhl B PRA nepeA cTpeAKaMH, no MeHhiiie:H Mepe OAlfH, ecAH He /ll3a, 6biAH BOopy.>KeHbl MeqoM, KHHJKaAOM H rAeQJOH. Em;e B KOH~e XV BeKa KaJKAoro H3 nexoTHH~eB, KOTOphlx npHBOAlfA c co6o:H pbi~apb, Ha3hiBaAH <<rAeQ:>aMH» no HX opy>KHIO. 113 qlfCAa TaKHX rAeQJOB H QJOpMHpOBaAHCb nepBble 60AbiiiHe OTp.sJAhi neXOTbl. B nepBo:H noAOBHHe XVI BeKa rAeQ:>a B CBoeo6pa3HOH QJOpMe 6biAa opyJKHeM CaKCOHCKOH neXOTbl. TioCAe poKOBOH 6HTBhl npH MIOAb6epre ( 15 4 7) HMnepcKHe BOHCKa OCTaBHAH Ha noAe 6o.SI orpoMHOe KOAifqeCTBO HX, HO HeKOTOpbie H3 3THX rAeQJ em;e H B HaCTO.SIIIJ;ee BpeM.SI Puc. 383. HeMeD;Ka51 aAe6apAa, c ca6AeBHAHOH KOArom;e:H qaCTJ:.IO. KoH. XVI B. KmDKeCKHH foreHn;o.J\..1\.epHCKHH My3e:H B 3HrMapHHreHe. Puc. 384. lllBe:Hn;apcKa51 aAe6apAa, c BepTHKa.J\.I.HiliM OCTpHeM mi Tonope; nepeXOAHa51 ¢opMa OT aAe6apAhl K : : ~>eBoMy Tonopy. Ha"'!. XVI B. 3eMeAI.HiliH n;e:Hxray3 B fpan;e.

§ 2. APeBKoBoe opyJitue. TAe«J>a B Ky3a

249

xpaHRTC~ B KopoAeBCKOM ~op~OBOM opyJKeHHOM co6paHHH BeHW. no3AHee

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Puc. 385

Puc. 385. l1TaAhliHCKHe COJ\AdTbl. PyxonHCL, XIV B. EH6AHoTeKa AM6po3HaHa. Puc. 386. Pa3BHTHe ~opM HTaAhliHCKHX rAe~

B XVI B.: a) l1TaAhliHCKdSI rAe~a. Ha"ll. XVI B. b) l1TaAhliHCKdSI rAe~a. nepBdSI noA. XVI B. c) fAe~a AH"IIHOH oxpaHbl peKTopa pecny6AHKH Pary3a · (Ay6poBHHK). OK. 154 0 r.

Puc. 386

AeH6-rBapAIDJ AOJKeH, 3TO opyJKHe IIpHo6peTaAO HMII03aHTHbiH, rrpeyseAHt.JeHHbiH BlfA. fAe<Pa rrpeo6pa30BaAaCb 3AeCb B IIIHpOKHH, H30riJYTbiH Ha3~ HOJK, Ha TbiAbHOH CTOpOHe KOTOporo HaXOAHTC~ IIPH't~YAJUIBO Bbipe3aHHM HaCilAf{a. l.Jpe3MepHo AJUfHHoe APeBKO (cBbiiiie 2,5 M) 6biAO pacct.JHTaHo Ha To, t.JTo6bi IIOBbiCHTb 3peAHIIUibiH 3<P<PeKT. npH CaKCOHCKOM ~ope rAe<Pa B CBOeo6pa3HOM BlfAe HCIIOAb30BaAacb yJKe B XV BeKe KaK opyJKHe TPa6aHToB. 0Ha oTAHt.JaAacb OT HTa.AMIHCKOH H <!>paH~y.lCKOH TeM, t.JTO KpHBOH HOJK, HMeiDmHH cpOpM)' Torropa, KperrHAc~ Ha APeBKe c rroMOJI:thiD BTYAOK, a cHAbHO H30rnyTbiH 3aocTpeHHbiH KpiDK ClfAeA Ha Top~eso:H t.JacTH ApesKa, cHa6JKeHHoro, KpoMe Toro, 3liUVITHhiM AfiCKOM. Bee TaKoro poAa rAe<Phi 6oraTo YKparneHW 30Aot.JeHHeM H

1J:acu II. OpyJKue

250

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Puc. 386

e) .t'Hc. J86. d) rAe<lJa AH~HOH oxpaHhl AOJK.a BeHeD;HH pa~ecKo BeHbepa ( 15 54-15 56). e) BeHeiJ;HaHCKasi rAe¢a. OK. 1550 r. Puc. 387 Puc. 388 f) <l>paHizy3CKasi rAe<}>a. BTopasi noA. XVI B. Puc. 38'1. CaKCOHCKasi rAe¢a, BpeMeH ABrycra I; 6oraTo yKpameHa TpaBAeHHeM H U030AOTOH, C rep6oM Kyp<lJropcra H HiWIHCbro: «DIE HOFFNUNG HAT MICH OFFT ERNERDT, SONSf HATT MICH UNFALL LENGSf VERZERRT)> («MeHH ~acro UHTaeT H(lAeJKAa, He TO MeHSI AaBHO 6hl nopa3HAO He~aCTbel>). Puc. 388. Ky3a npHABopHo:H CTpaJKH, BpeMeH npaBAeHH.SI 3pn;repn;ora <l>epAHHaHAa, BUOCAeACTBHH HMnepaTopa. OK. 1530 r.

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§ 2. APeBKOBoe opylltRe. r.1le«Jla R Ky3a

251

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cpp.

P YH K a (HeM. Wolfseisen, ronde, ronsard, ranseur) oT.JllillaeTc..si oT o6bitiHoro KOilb..sl TOAbKO TeM, liTO y Hee MeJKAy BTYAKOH H HaKoHeTIHHKOM HMeiDTC..si ~a OT}JOCTKa B cpopMe IIO.J\.YMeCH:Q.a. 0Ha npeACTaeT TOAbKO KaK opyJKHe IIeXOTbl Ha H3o6paJKeHIDix XV BeKa, HO Ha Ae.J\.e OKa3biBaeTC..si 3Hal:IHTe.J\.bHO APeBHee. Pym<.a 6bi.J\.a pacrrpocTPaHeHa 6o.J\.bme IIpH HCIIaHCKOM H HTa.J\.b..siHCKOM ~opax, qepe3 KOTOpble IIOIIa.J\.a B fepMaHHID1 HO mHpoKoro rrpHMeHeHH..si TaK H He HaID.J\.a. OrrpeAeAeHHhle AaHHble 06 3TOM opyJKHH, rrpHMeH..sieMOM B Hal:la.J\.e XVI BeKa, coAepJKaTC..si B 1 KHHI'e y TibeT}Jo MomH • B KaTiecTBe 6oeBoro opyJKH..si PYHRa coxpaHHJ\.aCb AO BTOpOH IIO.J\.OBHHbl XVI cTo.J\.eTH..si, rroATiac B IIplfliYAJUIBbiX cpopMaX H HepeAKO C Aa.J\.eKo OTCTOHII\HMH ITO o6e CTOpoHbl 3aOCT}JeHHbiMH OT}JOCTKaMH, C IIOMOII(biD KOTOpbiX HaMepeBaAHCb 3aa) c) TJJYAHJITb rrpopbiB Q:>poHTa b) Puc. 392 d) rreXOTbl, BoopyJKeHHOH Puc. 392. Pa3HOBHAJIOCTH PYHOK: HMH (pHC. 392). a) PYJIKa. Ha'l. XVI B. Bepo..siTHo, B nepBoH b) PyHKa C AaJ\.eKO OTCTOSI~HMH Kph1ALSIMH-Ae3BHSIMH. noAOBHHe XVI BeKa PYHHa'l. XVI B. Ka CTa.J\.a opyJKHeM AeH6c) PyuKa B q>opMe 6oeBhiX, BAH nnypMOBhiX, BHA. nepBa.si llOA. XVI B. rBapAHH KapAa V. B opyd) PyHKa c<Ae'cyl:last: MLimL)). HTMHSI, cep. XVI B. JKeiiHoM co6paHHH HMIIe1 aBm.).

Monti Pietro. «Exercitiorum atque artis militaris collectanea». Mediolani, 1509 (npUM.

§ 2. APeBJtoBoe opyJJtue. Pymta u npoTa:Jas

·'

•

253

paTopcKoro ~op~a B BeHe, Ka.K H B KopoAeBCKOM OpYJKeHHOM MJ73ee B MilAJ>IfAe, XpaiDITCJI ITOJUIOCTbiO lfAeHTiftiHble no Q:JopMe pymrn:, KOTOpbie, OlieBifAHO, fiPHHH#eJKaAH Ae:H6-rsapAlfll. l1x KJUrnKH 6oraTo -yK.paiiieHbi H IT030AOqeHbi, APeBKH o6TmryTbi llieAKOM. 0HH 6blAH YCTPOeHbi Ta.K, ~o OTPOrH 0TKHAbiBaAHCb Ha mapHHpax, a APeBKO rrepern6aAOCb B cepeAlffie AMI YA06CTBa xpaHeHWI (pHC.

393) 1 •

Puc. 394

Puc. 393

Puc. 393. Pyaxa, qaCTHqao no3oAoqeaa, 6oraTo yxpameaa 'I'paBAeHHeM; co CABBJKHLIMH KpLIAbSIMH; CKA(lAHOe qeTblpexrpaHHoe ApeBKO AAHHOH 1, 7 8 M BMeeT ABa mapHHpa. HcnaHBSI, OK. 1530 r. Puc. 394. npoTa3aH, c yxopoqeHHblMH O'I'pOCTKaMB. Koa. XV B. Puc. 395. Beaen;uaHcKHH npOTa3aH, yxpamea 'I'pdBAeHHeM c 30AoqeaueM. nepBaSI noA. XVI B. Puc. 396. npara3aH TeAOXpaHHTeAeH 6aBapcxoro KYPtl>IOpcra epAHHaHAa MapBH; c TJlaBAeHHeM. AaTHpoBaH 1677 r. QapcxoceALCKHH apceHaA.

llpoma3ad' (HeM. Partisane) r co6cTBeHHO rOBOp.H, He ~0 HHOe, Ka.K pym<.a C KopoTKHMH OTPOCTK.aMH. Ero MOJKHO BCTPeTHTb H AO XVI BeKa, KOrAa OH CTaA illHpOKO rrpHMeiDITbCJI B AaHACKHeXTCKHX BOHCKax Ka.K KOMaHAPeBKoe AHPCKoe npoTa3aH OpYJKHe. OCTaBaACJI e~e H B XVll BeKe rrorryA.HpHbiM B repMamrn: H rAe HHAepAaHAax, CTaA rrocrerreHHo opyJKHeM BhiCIIIHX OQJH~epoB. B xvm BeKe

KoHHLie TeAo:xpaHHTeAH BMnepaTopa, BMeBmHe aa BoopyxeHBB 6oraTo AeKOpHpoBaHHLie CKA(lAHLie PYHKB, npB nepee3AdX B AJ!opn;oBLIH Aarepb B H3 Hero nepeB03HAH CBoe opyJKue aa TeAerax (npUM. aBm.). 2

nonLITKa BblBeCTH Ha3BaHBe «UpOTa3aH>> H3 tl>paan;y3cKoro pertus (Ablpa) aecocroSITeALHa. Cxopee Bcero, oao npoB3omAo OT opYJKHSI «coparnHKOB» BAH «napTH3aH» (HeM. Partisan), xax B XV H XVI B. o6Liqao Ha3LIBaAH aeKOTOpoe KOAUqeCTBo BOHHOB no quCAy mAeMOB BAH KOUHH (npUM. aBm.).

254 B HeNeiJ,KHX BOHCKaX noAKOBHHKI nOAfiOAKOBHHKI KilllHTaHI CTapiiiHH AeJ1:Tel-IaHT 3 C n 0 1-l m 0 ll (T. e. KOnhe 1 Aam. H AeHTeHaHT HOCI1Al1 MaAeHhKHH npoTa3aH espietus, spedusl spentum; nenocpeAcTsem-Io oT Spetum paHHero Peueccauca). 1 0KOAO 1 7 7 0 fOAa OHH noBCIOAY 6biJ\H CIDIThl C BOopy>KeHH51 . PaHHHe npoTa3aHhi o6AaAaAH TaK>K.e IIIHpoKHM H AAHHHhiM HaKOHe"tJHHKOM (pHC. 3 9 4, 3 9 5) I KOTopbiH no3>Ke YM eHhiiiHACJI. KaK opy>KHe Aeli6-rsapAHH npH neKoTophiX HeMeiJ,KHXI OCOfieHHO fiaBapCKOM H CaKCOHCKOl\1 ABOpaXI HaKOHe"tJHHKH fibiAH 6oraTO AeKopHpoBaHhl rpasHpOBKoii no MeTaAAY H no3oAoToli (pH c. 3 9 6). HcnoAh3osaAHCh npoTa3aHhi B CuKCOHHH B rBapAHH Kypc}:>IOpcTal n n03AHee B IIIBeHIJ,apCKOH rsapAHH BnAOTh AO ee AHKBJ.IAaiJ,HH B 1814 fOAY~ a TaK>K.e B nOAhCKOH IIIA5IXeTCKOH rsapAHH. 0AHaKO B BOlkKaX OH fibiA CKOpee He opyJKHeMI a 3HaKOM BOHHCKOfO 3BaHH51, B COOTBeTCTBHH c KOTOphiM H YKPaiiiaAcH (pHc.

3971 398).

Puc. 397. AscrpHiicKHH llOJ\KOBHH'IHH npoTa3aH BpeMen HMnepaTopa KapAa VI

(1685-1740). Puc. 398. DpyccKHH o<Pm~epcKHH

npoTa3aH BpeMeH KOpOJ\SI <DpHApHxa II

B XVII seKe npoTa3aHhi 1 CAeAaHHhie Tot.Ino no o6pa3IJ.Y CTapeHIIIHX caKCOHCKHX, HOCHAH OXpaHHHKH XpaMOB B HeKOTOpbiX BOCT0"4:HO-HHAHHCKHX IIITaTax. TaKHe 3K3eMnA5Iphii npHo6peTeHHhie Kyp¢mpcTOM AsryCTOM CaKcoHCKHM B 1 7 7 1 roAY~ 6oraTo YKpaiiieHhi rpasnposKoi1 no .>I<.eAe3y. 0HH xpaHJITC51 B KopoAeBcKoM 11cTopH"4:ecKoM My3ee B Ape3Aene.

(1740-1786). l1MnepaTopCKHH H KOpOJ\€BCKHH My3eH apMHII B BeHe.

Puc. 397

CllETYM, KOllbE C KPIOKOM, liOEBbiE BMAbl M liOEBMI KOCA

CpeAJ.I oco6hiX ¢opM ApeBKOBoro opyJKHH npeJKAe scero cAeAyeT ynoMHHYTh KOnhe c n ern y M (HeM. Spetum) I Ha3hiBaeMoe TaK>Ke p u yA b c K u M K on be M (HeM. Friaulerspie.B) I 6AaroAap5I "tJeM)' AOCTaTO"tJHO TO"tJHO o6o3Ha"tJeHo MCCTO ero npoHCXO>KAeHI151. 0Ho npeACTaBAJieT C06o:i1 AAJ.IHHOe KOnhe, y KOToporo Ha HHJKHeM KOHIJ,e HaKOHe"tJHHKa BTYAKH npHKpenAeHbl OTpOrHI o6pa3yIO~.He KpiO.KH, CHAhHO BhiCTynalO~He B CTOpOHhl H 3afHYTble BHH3. CTapeHIII.He

1 ABTop OIIIH6aeTCSI, npoTa3aHbi npoAOJ\JKaAH ocrasaTbCSI opyJKHeM o<PH~epoB B pSIAe esponeiicKHX apMHH . HanpHMep, B PoccHH eme npH DaBJ\e I (npuM. peg.).

§ 2.

APea~toaoe

255

opyJKBe. CoeTYJd, JtoJILe c ItpiOitOM

cneryMhl BeAyr HaqaAo c cepeAJfHbi XV BeKa, a Hcqe3aeT 3To opYJKHe B HaqaJ\.e XVI BeKao Ero Ha3BaHHe npoHCXOAlfT, KaK yJKe oTMeqaJ\.ocb, oT AaTHHcKoro · CAoBa spendum - Konbe (pHCo 399, 400, 40 1)o 0AHHM H3 BHAOB APeBKoBoro opYJKIDI, no.siBHBmeroar. cpeAJf HTaAhliHCKHX 1 6a.HA B HaqaAe XIV BeKa, 6biAH x on b R. c K p 10 x oM (HeM. Hak.enspie.B) <l>aK~eCKH 3TO 6bll\. cneryM c OAHHM OTPoroM, npeBpaTHBIDHMar B KpiOKo KpiOK CAYJKHA AMI Toro, qT06hl 3aJ.\enHTb HM H cXBaTHTb npoTHBHHKao TaKoe opYJKHe AOBOAbHo qacTo BCTPeqaAoCb B XV BeKe y HTaAb.IDH~eB H mBeH~ap~eB, peJKe y <!>paHIzy30B H HeM~eB. BoHH, BOOpYJK.eHHhiH HM, H306paJKeH Ha pHC. 3 9 5. B l1TaAHH, CTPaHe, rAe B XIV BeKe BCTPeqaeTar pa3Hoo6pa3He:Hmee pyqHoe opYJKHe, BnepBhle nojJ:BHJ\HCb 6 o e 0

B bl e

B U Jl bl

(ReM.

Kriegsgabel) cBoeo6pa3Ho:H <PopMhl. OHH cocToJIJ\.H H3 /¥iyx HJ\H, peJKe, TPex 3y6~oB Ha ToHKo:H MeTaJ\.1\.HqeCKOH BcyAKe, HaAeBaBme:Hc.SI Ha APeBKOo EoeBhle BHAbl, Ha3HaqeHHeM KOTOphiX 6biJ\.O llpOH3HTb npoTHBHHKa, XOT..SI H OKa3aAHCb CAa6hiM opYJKHeM, OAHaKo BCTPeqaAHcb qaCTo BTIJ\.OTb AO XV BeKa, oco6eHHo y onoAqe~eB, KOTOphle AOJ\.JK.Hhl 6hll\.H caMH 3a6oTHTbar o cBoeM BoopYJKeHHH. B XVI BeKe HX MOJKHO 6hll\.O ell\e BCTPeTHTh TOAbKo B J.1TaAHH (pHCo 4 1 3) o B XIV BeKe B EBpone npHMeiDIA.a.Cb cneWf<l>H1

Puc. 399

Puc. 399. Puc. 400. Puc. 401.

.·'·.

Puc. 400

Puc. 401

Cne-ryM (ci>PHYALCicoe Kon~>e). KoB. Cne-ryM. HaT~.

XVI

Cne-ryM. 11TaAIDI, BaT!.

XVI

oaHAaMH Ba3hiBaJ\.BCL HaeMBhle OTpMI>I B 11TaABB, 3aTeM 3TO CAOBO BMeCTe C BBCTBT}'TOM &aeMBHTieCTBa pacnpocrpaHB.hOCL no EBpone. Hau60Aee B3BeCTHa «l.JepBasi 6aiJAa•, COCTO.SIID;IDI H3 5000 IIIOKBerepMaBCKBX &aeMHBKOB Ba BCUaHC:KOB CA~6e B :QeABKOM y&HTITOJKeHBaJI B 6BTBe npB TiaBBB (1525) (npUM. peg.).

qaen II. OpyJKRe BanBAeBBJI

256

qecKaH pa3HOBHAHOCTb 6 o e B o ii K o c bl (HeM. Sturmsensen). HaKoHeqHHK 3Toro opYJKIDI COCTO.H.J\. H3 KOChl, Ha o6yxe KOTOpOH HMeJ\.C.SI IIIHJ\OBJ.fAHbiH OTpOCTOK 1 HarrpaBAeHHhiH BBepx (BnepeA). l13Halla.J\bHO 6oeBble KOChl H3fOTa.BJ\HBa.J\HCb H3 o6b111HhiX KpecTb.SIHCKHX Koc, npHKOBaHHhiX K BryAKe H HaAeTbiX Ha APeBKO, noTOM HX CTa.J\H BhiKOBbiBaTb cneqHa.J\bHO, 3Tp OpYJKHe HMeeT eme OAHO Ha3BaHHe r u 3 a p M a 1 (cjJp. guisarme), npoHCXOJKAeHHe ero HeAOCTaTo'tiHo .s~c Ho. 11MeiDTC.SI cBeAeHIDI, liTO noxoJKee opYJKHe no.SIBHJ\.OCh B AHrAHH XII seKa, Ho cneqHaJ\HCThl AO CHX nop He Moryr onpeAf~AHTh, KYAa ero oTHecrn, B OAHHX MOHorpaH.SIX ero npH11HCA.SIIOT K rAe<t>aM, B APyrHX Ha3hiBaJOT rH3apMo:H (T. e. 6oeBaH Koca c IIIHJ\.OBHAHbiM OTpOCTKoM}. TaKo:H npH3HaHHhi:H aBTOpHTeT, KdK BHo)\J\e J\.e /!yaK, Ha3hiBaeT 3TO OpYJKHe «60eBble BHJ\hl» CO CChiJ\.KOH Ha cTapoe ynoTpe6AeHHe TeMHHa «rH3apMa», HO 3TO Ha3BaHHe, KdK OH CaM yrsepJKAaeT, omH6011HO, T. K. HeT H3o6paJK.eHHH 3TOH 4lopMhl opyJKIDI BO <J>paHqHH 1 B TO BpeM.SI KdK ero npHMeHeHHe B AHrAHH AOKa3iiHo. HanpoTHB, rH3apMbl XII BeKa 6biJ\.H, nO-BifAHMOMYr npoMeJKyroliHhiM opyJKHeM MeJKAy rAe<Po:H H KY30H H, co6CTBeHHo rosop.s~, npeACTaBJ\.SIJ\H co6oH HOJK1 KOTOpbiH HaBepxy nepeXOAif.J\ B nHKY (rAe<Pa-rn3apMa). 06h111Hh1e KOChl no.SIBHJ\.HCb B 60J\.billOM KOJ\.HlleCTBe KaK opyJKHe npH MaCCOBhiX KpeCTb.SIHCKHX BOJ\.HeHH.SIX B THpoAe B nepso:H noJ\.oBHHe XVI seKa, XOT.SI B He3Ha'lliTeJ\.bHhiX KoJ\.Hllecrnax oHH, AOJ\JKHo 6b1Tb, npHMeH.HAHch mse:HqapqaMH B 6ypryHAcKHX so:HHax. EoeBaH KOCa COBepmeHHO He nOAXOAif.J\a MJI. HaHeceHH.SI YKOAa H eme 6hiJ\.a MeHee AeHCTBeHHa, lieM npHH.SITo c'lliTaTb, MJI py6.s~mero YAapa, BCe JKe 3TO OpYJKHe npHMeH.SIJ\.OCb BO BCeX Puc. 403 Puc. 402 6YifTax, noCKOJ\.bKY COOTBeTCTBOBa.J\0 B03MOJKHOCT.SIM KpecThSIHHHa. TaK, oHo HHTeHPRe. 402. BoeBLie BHAhl c ABYMSI TonopaMB. XVI B. My3e:H CHBHo npHMeH.SIJ\.OCb B KpeCTb.SIHCKHX BOHHax lloALAH-lleiUJ;OAH, MBAaa. aaqaAa XVI BeKa, B THpoJ\.bCKHX soccTaHH.SIX PRe. 403. BoeBaH: Koca, HHOrAa 1703, 1805 H 1809 fOAOB 1 HaKOHe{\ B noJ\.bno"leMy-ro Ha3LIBaeMaH: CKHX BOCCTaHH.SIX 18 3 0 H 1 8 4 9 fOAOB, rH3apMo:H. XIV B. KoMeK~HSI B. Bo speMeHa ocaAW BeHhl TYPKaMH B 1 6 8 3 f. Parrca. fOAY 3amHTHHKH HcnOJ\.b30BaJ\H oco6biH THn opyJKH.SI, He noxoJKH:H Ha APYf:He, KOTopoe yAa'tiHo npHMeH.SIJ\.ocb npH 6o.s~x B 6pemax. 0Ho COCTO.H.J\.0 H3 nAOCKOfO KJ\HHKa AJlliHOH 90 CM Ha KOpOTKOM APeBKe. np.SIMO nepeA BTYAKOH pa3MemaJ\Hcb f¥3a AOnOJ\.HHTeJ\.bHhiX KJ\HHKa,

l fH3dpMOH o6h!"lHO Hd3hiBdiOT HTa.AhSIHCKYJO aA.e6apAY· B fepMaHBB 3TOT TepMBH UO"'TH He ynOTpe6AH:eTCSI

(npUM. peg.).

§ 3. YAapHoe opyJKue. ByAaaa

251

HanpaBAeHHbiX 3aTo~eHHOH CTOpOHOH BBepx. KOHI.\bl HX OTCTO.SIAH OT OCHOBHOfO K.AHHKa Ha 80 CM. Oo~TH B cepeAJiHe 60KOBbiX KAHHKOB llpOAeAaHhi ~eTbipex yroAbHbie OTBepcnrn, npeAHa3Ha~eHHbie /J.,MI TOfO, qT06bi MOJKHO 6biAO COeAfiHHTb c noMOI.I\hlO 6oATOB B ~e.J\.biH PRA 3TH csoeo6pa3Hble «PYHKH», TaK qTo noAyqMocb AO HeKoTopoii cTeneHH eA1fHoe opYJKHe (pHc. 404). AMI npHKpbiTIUI 6peiiiH Heo6XOAifMOe ~HCJ\.0 «PYHOK» COCTaB.JUIJ\.H BMecTe, CO.J\AaTbl 6paAHCb 3a APeBKH H 6pocaAHcb B npoAoM, KaK 6bi «CKOBaHHbie OAHOH ~enhiO». 3To qacTO npHMeiUIBIIIeeCSI OpYJKHe Ka3a.J\.0Cb T)'pKaM CTOJ\.b yJKaCHbiM, ~0 OHH ropbKO JKMOBaAHCh 1-m «TIAOXYJO BOeHIJYIO MaHepy>> 3al.I\HTHHKOB. DpHMeHeHHe TaKoro poAa cHcTeM B TO speMR: He 6biAo HOBHHKOH. YJK.e MaKcHMHJ\HaH I B CBOHX apceHa.J\.aX xpaHHJ\ TaK Ha3biBaeMbie BOeHHbie Te.J\.eJKKH, KOTOpbie 6biAH o6opyAOBaHbl KOllhliMH, KOCaMH H AaJKe llHI.I\aJ\.SIMH. B XVlll seKe Ha Kopa6J\.SIX AYHaHCKOH soennoii lf>AoTHAHH HMe.J\HCb BbiCTaBAeHHbie no 6opTaM 6oeBhie KOChi (HeM. Czaikisten), ~o6bl npe~TcT sosaTh a6opAaJKY.

l'u c -104

Puc. 404. PyHKH, coeAHHeHHble BMecre AMI OTpaJKeHIDI aTaKH. 1683 r . l1MnepaTopcKHH H KopoAeBCKHH My3eH apMHH B BeHe.

§ 3. YAAPHOE OPY)I{HE

liYAABA

cpp.

Opoo6pa3oM 6 y A a B bl (HeM. Streitkolben, Aam. macia, mace, macue, macuete, tinel, awA. mace, um. mazza, ucn. maza, herrada) .siBASieTCSI ApesneiiIIIee H npocTeiiiiiee opyJKHe "tleAoBeKa Ay6HI-Ia, Y AfiBHTe.J\.bHO, qTo opyJKHe, KOTOpbiM IIOJ\L30BaJ\HCb IIepBOHaqaAbHO TO.hbKO Bapsapbl, B paHHeM cpeAfieBeKOBbe llOJ\ytiaeT BbiCOKYJO O~eHKy, CJ\.YJKHT rAaBHbiM o6pa30M BbJAaiOI.I\HMC.si AH~HOCT..SIM, cTaB npoo6pa30M 6yAyrqero JKe3Aa noAKOBoAAa. Ha Kospe H3 Eaiie enHcKon 0AO H rep~ or BHJ\.bre.J\.bM B 6HTBe npH racTHHrce ( 1 0 2 8-1 0. 8 7) 11

B. Bexa"AM

258

'llacn II. OpyJKue HanaAeBHJI

AepJKaT B p-yKax n a A u q hl (Aam. baculus - naJU<.a). 3-ro Ay6HHa AJUIHOH OKO.J\.O 10-8 0 CM, Ha KOHIJ;e KOTOpOH yrllAbiBaeTC.SI rpy6o Bbipe3aHHOe H3o6paJK.eHHe 3Bep.SI (pHc. 4 0 5). CpeAH 6eryiiJ.HX am.AocaKcos BHAHhl .J\.IOAH, soopYJKeHHhle HeKo:H pa3HOBHAHOCTbiO 6yAashi c HasepiiiHeM B BHAe po3eTKH H PYKO..SIThiO AJlliHOH OKO.J\.0 50 CM. 0Ha, Bepo.SITHO, AOBO.J\.bHO T.SIJKe.J\.a, llOCKO.J\.bKY ee Hecyr Ha ll.J\.eqe (pHC. 4 0 6). Q TOM, KaKHM npH3Ha.HHeM llO.J\.b30Ba.J\.OCb y HCKYCHhiX BOHHOB 3TO npocToe H, 6e3yCAOBHo, 3~~eKTHBHoe opyJKHe, MOJKHO CYAHTh no ~paHu;yscKOMY pol\taHY «AA.HcKaH» cepeAHHhi XIII cTo.J\.eTH.SI. fepoii poMaHa PeHBap oTBepraeT AaJKe rrpeAJ\.OJKeHHhiH eMY Meq H ~o6eJKAaeT capai:.\HHOB csoe:H 15-~yroso:H 6y.Aaso:H. BHo.J\.J\.e Ae NoK npHBOAHT H3o6pa.>KeHHe BOHHa, BOopyJKeHHOro IIpOCTOH rpy6o:H 6y.AaBOH, H3 MaeycKpHilTa TpHCTaHa, OTHOC.SIIl\eroc.SI npH6AH3HTe.J\.bHO K 1250 roAY· A.y6HHa 6bi.J\a CKOpee opYJKHeM KpecThSIHHHa, qeM nexoTHHu;a, ll03TOMY ee npHMeiDI.1\.H BO BCeX KpeCTb.SIHCKHX so:HHax. C XIV BeKa OHa CTaHOBIITC.SI Heo6brqa:HHo pacnpoCTpaHeHHhiM op~eM B KaBa.AepHH. B 3TO BpeM.SI BC~Ka IIp.SIMO-TaKH HeB03MOJKHO npeACTaBHTb ce6e 6e3 6yAaBhl. ByAaso:H, 6oesbiM MO.J\.OTOM H.J\.H TOllOpOM BC~K MOr pa36HTb IIIJ\..eM npoTHBHHKa H.J\.H TaK pa30pBaTb era xay6epT, ~06bl MOJKHO 6bi.J\.O IIpOHHKHYTh CKB03b Hero MeqoM. YAapoM 6yAaBbi MOJKHO 6bi.J\.O C.J\.OMaTb PYKY· AaJKe Puc. 405 Puc. 406 xopomo 3all\HmeHJIYIO Puc. 405. fepn;or BHALreALM 3aBoeBaTeAL B 6HTBe AaTaMH. He cnaca.AH npu faCTHHrce, c naAun;e:H. KoBep H3 Ea.He, OT 3TOro H Hall.J\.eqJJHKOH. XI B. KH, 'fO.J\.bKO Il\HT MOr Puc. 406. CaKe, cnacaro~HHCSI 6erCTBoM, HeKoTopoe speM.SI BoopyxeHHLIH 6yAaBo:H. KoBep H3 Ea:He, KOH. XI B. npoTHBocTo.SITb YAapaM. BAoTb AO XV seKa B rrexoTe HCllOJ\h3yeTc..si caMa..si npHMHTHBHa..si ~opMa 3Toro opyJKIDI naAHIJ;a (pHc. 407). /l,lul Taro, ~o6bl npopBaTb xay6epT, 6yAaBy YJK.e oKO.J\.O 1280 r0/¥1 CHa6JKa.AH TYJihiMH IIIHilaMH. CO.J\AaTCKHH IOMOp Aa.A TaKOH 6y.AaBe Ha3BaHHe Mop r e H w me pH «YTpeHH.IDI 3Be3Aa» (HeM. Morgenstern, pHc. 4 0 8).

§ 3. YAapHoe opyJKue. ByA.aBa

259

Ha pYJ<.05ITH MJIHOH He 6oAee MeTpa c rrpol:IHbiM KOJKaHbiM TeMASIKoM YJ<.perrMIAOCh :qHAHHApHtieCKOe .H..1'ili mapoo6pa3HOe HaBepllll:le H3 CB~a HAH JKeAe3a1 OCHall.\eHHOe illHilaMH. <l>opMa MeTaA.JllilieCKHX HaBepmHH B AeTaA5IX pa3AH1:1aAaCh, HO HaHAyqmHM o6pa30M rroKa3aAH ce651 IJ;HAiffiAPHtiecKHe HaBepnnrn. B KoHIJ;e XIV BeKa rrol:ITH 6e3 HCKAIOl:leHHH rrpHMeH51Aacb HMeHHo 3Ta <PopMa 1 rrocKoAhKY y TaKo:H 6yAaBhi 3Hal:IHTeAbHO 6oAbme YAapHa51 rroBepXHocTb H HaBepiiiHe HaAeJKHee KperrHTC51 Ha PYK05ITH rrpH rroMOII.\H JKeAe3HhiX mHH (pHc. 4 0 9, 4 1 0 1 4 11, 4 1 2 1 4 13). B Hal:laAe XV BeKa B KaBaAepHH rroRBMieTcR ol:leHb CBOeo6pa3Ha51 pa3HOBHAfiOCTb 6yAaBbll H3BeCTHaR IlOA Ha3BaHHeM «fl a A U q a A am R u K a>~ (cmapoReM. Kilri.Bbengel) HAH K yA a 11 R a R 6 y A a B a (ReM. Faustkolben). YJK.e B XIV BeKe 6yAaBy HHOrAa ocHamaAH pe6paMH, TaK Ha3biBae~IMH n e p b R M u (ReM. Schlagblatten, cpp. gradrelle), paAJfaAbHo pacxoAH11.\HMHCR B CTOpOHbl OT HaBepllll:IR1. O<PopMAeHHe 3Toro opyJKHR IlpHo6peAO 5IBHO BbipaJKeHHbie qepTbi roTHl:lecKoro cTHMI. PyK.o.siTb craAH AeAaTb JKeAe3Ho:HI B pe3yAhTaTe 1:1ero 6yAaBa rrpJto6peAa BHYIDHTeAbHhlli Bee. TaKoH mar 6biA Bhi3BaH crpeMAeHHeM IlpOTHBOilOCTaBHTb COOTBeTCTBYJ011.\ee opYJKHe HarraAeHIDI cro:HKHM ITAaCTifHtiaTbiM AocrrexaM. 3HaTHhiH phln;aph rrpeAfiOl:IHTaA mecTorrep APYJ'HM BlfAaM opyJKHR 1 OH rrpeACTaBARACR eMY 6oAee 6A.aropOAHhiMI l:leM 6oeBOH TOrrop HaeMHHKal TeM 6oAee l:ITO yJKe AaBHO BOIIIAO B o6bNaH HOmeHHe 6yAaBbl BOeHal:laAbHHKaMH1 a MOryiiJ;eCTBeHHbie BAacTHTeAH H AaJKe HMilepaTopbl HCIlOAb30BaAH B Kal:leCTBe CHMBOAa Puc. 408 Puc. 407 cBoero AOCTOHHCTBa rrpeAMeT I Puc. 401. fieniHH BOHII, OAeT B xay6epT, CKHIlOXOJKHH Ha 6yAaByl 6poHIO H 6oenyro HdKHAKy; BoopyJKeH ~HTOM H

rreTp (pHc. 4 1 4). B HaqaAe XVI UdAHD;eH. BeKa OilHCbiBaeMoe OpYJKHe Puc. 408. EpoH30Bd51 6yAaBa. Ha:H:Aeaa npu yrroTpe6.MIAOCb IlOBCeMeCTHO. pacKonKax 6AH3 Tapayna. XII B. npH6A.H31ITeAbHO C 15 4 0 fOAa 6yAaBa BCTpel:laeTCR B apMHRX peJKe 1 ITOA06Ho aAe6apAe oHa YMeHbmaeTCR B pa3Mepax: o6e oHH OTJKHAH cBo:H BeK, KorAa B KaBaAepHH Hal:laAH pacrrpocTpaHRTbC51 ITHCTOAeTbi. OAHaKo ell.\e AOA.ro OTAeAhHhle BCilAHifKH rroABeiiiHBaAH mecrorrep K ceMY1 a BeAbMOJKY BITAOTh AO XVII BeKa HeBo3MOJKHo 6b1Ao rrpeACTaBHTh 6e3 6yAaBhl HAH mecTo-

PyccKoe Ha3BdHHe 3TOro opyJKHsr mecronep BAH nepHa'l, Aa.Aee Mhl CAeAyeM 3TOMY Hd3BdHHIO (npUM. peg.).

17*

260 nepa B pJK.e. HMeHHO 3TO o6CTO..SITeJ\bCTBO no6y~aAo MacTepoB 6oraTo JK.parnaTh AaHHoe opyJKHe; HepeAKo BcTpeqaAHch npeKpacHo OTAeAaHHhie 6yAaBhl. B 3TOM HcKyccTBe oco6eHHoro ycnexa AOCTHrAH HTaAhliH~I, H B nepBYJO oqepeAh MacTepa H3 MHAaHa (pHc.

415). C TeqeHMeM BpeMeHH BO <l>paHI..\HH qaiiJ,e, qeM B APyrHx cTpaHax, 6yAaBa HCIIOJ\b3yeTCR IIpOCTO KaK CMMBOA AOCTOHHcTBa. Bo BpeMeHa feHpHxa IV 6yAaBa y IIapHJKCKHX CTpa>KeH BopoT, TaK Ha3hiBaeMhiX IIIBe~aJl!H'. ..J 10

Puc. 411

Puc. 409

Puc. 4 12

Puc.

413~

Puc. 409. )K.eAe3Hrul 6yAaBa, c AepeBSIHHOH pyKoSITbiO. PyKonHcb « PoMaH o6 AAeKcaHApe» , AaTHpyeMa» npH6J\.H3HTeJ\.bHO 1 2 8 0 r. Han;HoHaJ\.bHa» 6H6J\.HOTeKa B OapHJKe. Puc. 410. )K.eJ\.e3Ha» 6yAaBa, D;HJ\.HHAPH"leCKOH ¢opMb1, C AonaCTIIMH H mHnaMH. KoH. XIV B. ApxeoAorH"leCKHH My3e:H 3aMKa Obep¢oH. PRe. 411. )K.eJ\.e3HbiH MopreHIIITepH ( «YTPeHHSISI 3Be3Aa»), C AepeBSIHHOH cyq:KoBaTo:H PYKO»ThiO. XV B. KopoAeBCKHH n;e:Hxray3 B EepAHHe. Puc. 412. EoeBa» 6yAaBa, c rpymeBHAHhiM HaBepmHeM c MHHHbiMH JKeJ\.e3HbiMH mHnaMH; KpeCTbSIHCKoe opyJKHe. XV B. KopoAeBCKHH n;e:Hxray3 B EepAHHe. Puc. 413. TSIJKeJ\.a» 6oeBa» 6yAaBa, c HaBepmHeM B ¢opMe 6pyca, C lliHnaMH; pyKOSITL o6TH.HYTa MaTepHeH H o6HTa rBo3ASIMH. liTaAHSI, XV B. KopoAeBcKH:H n;e:Hxray3 B EepAHHe.

§ 3. Y,&,apuoe opyJKue. ByAaBa

261

poB, KaK l.f y np:HBpaTH:HKOB ~epKBeH, 6biAa CKopee 3HaKOM AOCTOI.fHCTBa, qeM opyJK:HeM. B HapoAe cTpaJKeii sopoT Ha3hiBaAH sergants massiers. no3JKe ~ep KOBHhie np:HBpaTHI.fKI.f BOOpYJK.aAHCh aAe6apAOH, a 6yAasa coxpaHI.f.J\.aCb y lliBeH~apoB :H npeo6pa3oBaAach B JKe3A nopThe. Ha BocToKe 6yAaBa, IIO IIpO:HCXOJKAeHHIO opyJK:He TaTapcKoe, :HcIIO.J\.h30BaAach, ITO-BI.fAHMOMY, e~e AO Haqa.J\.a XIII BeKa. 01m xopomo TIOAXOAH.J\.a MJ1 6opb6hi C T..IDKeAOBOOpyJKeHHbiMI.f BC6AHI.fKaM:H. )KyaHBI.f.J\.h B CBOeH «11CTOp:H:H luoAOB:HKa CBJIToro» MHoroKpamo yrroM:HHaeT, ~o TYPK:H 6bJJUI BoopyJKeHhi 6yAaBaM:H. Type~KaJI 6yAasa qa~e scero 6hi.J\.a :H3roToBAeHa ~e.JUIKOM H3 MeTaAAa l.f :HMeAa mapoo6pa3Hoe l.fJUI rpymeBHAfiOe HaBepm:He (p:Hc. 4 1 6). BcTpeqaroTc..si TaKJKe meCTonephi, HO OHI.f BCerAa ocpopMAeHhl B BOCToqHOM cTHJ\e. OT TYPOK :H TaTap 6yAasy nepeH..siAH BeHrphi, :H yJKe B XV BeKe 6yAaBa BOCTOqHhiX cpopM BCTpeqaAaCb y xopsaToB :H JK:HTeAeii t..Iex:H:H. E~e B XVI BeKe Hl.f OAI.fH BeHrepCKI.fH ~Op..siHI.fH IIOJIB.J\.JI.J\.C..sl np:H ~ope TO.J\.hKO C 6yPuc. 416 Puc. 415 Puc. 414 AaBOH 3a noJicoM. B BeHrpl.fl.f :H B oco6eHHoPuc. 414. napaAHhiH mecronep HMrieparopa <l>pHApHXa III, HMeeT «JlopMy o6hi'IHoro mecronepa HeMe.o;KHX CTH B no.J\.hme 6yAaBa TSIJKeAOBOOpyJKeHHhiX BCCiAHHKOB; U030J\.O'IeHHa51 J\.dTy-Hb, OCTaBaJ\.aCb B yrroTpe6TOHKa51 pa60Ta B rOTH'IeCKOM CTHJ\.e. repMaHH51, cep. XVI AeH:HI.f BTIAOTh AO XVIII B. Puc. 415. EoeBoH: wecronep, c BoceMbiO AonaCI'SIMH H3 BeKa l.f B KOH~e KO~OB JKeAe3a; 'laCTH'IHo no3oAo'leH. 11TaAH51, XVI B. TaKJKe CTaJ\.a C:HMBO.J\.OM KopoAeBCKHH .o;eiixray3 B EepAHHe. AOCTO:HHCTBa ocp:H~epa l.f Puc. 416. Type.o;Ka51 6yAaBa, H3 no3oAo'leHHoro cepe6pa, yxpameHa Aparo.o;eHHhiMH KaMH51MH. XVII B. BOeHaqa.J\.hHHKa.

qacn II. OpyJKHe

262

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§ 3. YAap&oe opyJKHe, :SoeBoA

MOAOT R

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263

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m oM (HeM. Faustharnmer, Reiterharnrner, c}lp. rnarteau d'armes de cavalier, aHrA. horsrnan-hamrner) r. HeMlthl H ciJP~Y3hl B03HJ\.H ero Ha rrepeAHe:H AYKe CeAJ\.a, HTaJ\h~ HOCHJ\.H Ha ITO.SICe, IT03TOMY HTaAh-" .IDICKHH KaBaAepHHCKHH MOAOT BCerAa Hl' 'eA IIO.SICHOH HaiTOMHHaAH KAIOB ~bl, 3a

Puc. 417

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Puc. 418

Puc. 419

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l:J:acu II. OpyJKue HBBBAeHUJI

264

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· ... ,

Puc. 420

Puc. 421

Puc. 422

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§ 3. YAapHoe opyJKHe. :SoeBOH TODOp

265

HMJI repo.SI Ha TeAe no6eJKAeHHoro. C nosceMeCTHbiM pacnpocTpaHeHHeM nHcToAeToB lJeKaH Be3Ae BhiilleA H3 yrroTpe6AeHH.SI. B eAHHHlJHhiX ~yqa.Six oH no..siBMIAC.SI eme B XVll BeKe B seHrepcKHX so:HcKax, rAe coxpaH.SIAC.SI AO BBeAeHH.SI IDTbiKa. B 3To speM.SI B BeHrpHH ero HcnoAh3YJOT B B.HAe csoero poAa TpOCTH (Cza'k.an) H lJaCTO B03.SIT C Co60H B CTpaHCTBH.SIX fl,l\JJ. 3amHThl OT pa360HHbiX HdiiaAeHHH.

liOEBOH TOllOP CpeAH HaxoAOK KaMeHHoro H paHHero 6pOH30Boro BeKoB 6 o e B o ii m on o p (HeM. Streitaxt, Aam. acha, pasticucium, bipennis, polaxis, cjJp. hache d'armes, aHrA. battle-axe, pole-axe, um. azza, ucn. hacha de arntas) .SIBA.SieTc.SI npeAMeToM HaCTOAbKO lJaCTO BCTpelJaiOmHMC.SI H IIpHMelJaTeAbHbiM, "'ITO ero B03paCT MOJKHO OTHeCTH AaAeKo B rAy6h speMeH. Ho rAe 6bi Mhi HH HdXOAHAH ero CAeAbi, B 6oAbillHHCTBe CAyqaeB 06CTO.SITeAbCTBa )'Ka3biBdiOT Ha TO, 'ITO paHbme scero B soeHHhiX ~eA.SIX ero HalJaAH npHMeiDITb cesepHbie HapoAbi. YJKe Ha KoAoHHe Tpa.SIHa ( 1 14 r.) MoJKHo B.HAeTb 6oeso:H Tonop B p)'KaX cpaJKaJOIIQUCC.SI sapsapos. 11 B pacKoiiKax 6oAee II03Aflero MepoBHHrcKoro BpeMeHH, HanpHMep, B MOrHAbHHKe napcl>oHAeBdAb (paHI.\H.SI) I IlOlfl'H IIOBCIOAY Hdp.SJ:Ay co CKpaMaCaKCOM HaxOAHAH cppaHI.\HcKy, rroxoJKee Ha o6bllJHhiH Tonop opyJKHe C KOpOTKOH p)'KO.SITbiO, KOTopoe, KaK coo6maJOT CHAOHHH AnoAAHHapHH ( 4 3 0-e4 8 3?) H npoKOIIHH KecapHHCKHH, yJKe B v BeKe CTaAO Hdl.\HOHaAbHbiM opyJKHeM repMaHI.\eB. Hap.JIAy c 3THMH 6eccnopHb1MH CB.HAePuc. 423 TeAbcTBaMH 6oeBOH TOIIOp H306paJKeH Ha cpeAfleBeKOBbiX pHCYHKdX eme AO XI CTOAePuc. 423. llemH:H a.HrAOCaKCOHCKHH BOHH C 6oeBhiM TH.SI, Ha Kospe H3 Baile HM soopYJKeHbi aHTonopoM. KoBep H3 Eaife, KOH. XI B. rAocaKcoHcKHe BoHHhl, npH1IeM H3o6paJKeHHe HaCTOAbKO OTlJeTAHBO, 'ITO Il03BOA.SieT AaJKe npeAcTaBHTh 6oeBbie npHeMbi BAaAeHH.SI TonopoM (pHc. 423). EcAH so speMeHa MepoBHHrOB MaAeHbKHH 6oeso:H Tonop, cppaHI,\HCKa, 6hiA MeTaTeAhHhiM opyJKHeM, KoTopoe 6pocaAH B p.SJ:Abi sparos c paccTo.SIHH.SI B 1 0-1 2 MeTpoB, To Torrop c AAHHHOH p)'KoJI'I'bJO H BhinyK.J\.hiM Ae3BHeM rrpHMeH.SIAC.SI KaK py6.srmee opyJKHe, KoTopoe nepeAoBo:H BOHH nycKaA B XOA, Bpbma.Sich B PHAhl sparos. ToAbKo noCAe Toro, KaK B CTpOJO rrpoTHBHHKa TonopaMH 6biAH «npopy6AeHbi» 6pemH, B 6o:H BCTyrraAH BOHHhl co mHTdMH, KOTOpbie pa3BHBaAH ycnex, OPYAY.SI KOilb.SIMH H MelJaMH (pHC. 424).

266

'lacn. II. OpyJKRe HaBBAeBR.H

XoT.H H3HaqaAbHO 6oeBOH Tonop 6hiA opYJKHeM nexoThi, HeAOCTaTOq}fa.JI 3lPlPeKTHBHOCTb KOllb.H H Meqa llpOTHB BCe 6oAee llp01ffibiX AOCneXOB noCTeneHHO npHBeAa K TOMy-, liTO TonopoM CTaAH noAb30BaThc.H H BCC!AHHKH. TaKoe H3MeHeHHe B BOOpyJKeHHH KaBaAepHH CTaHOBHTC.H 3aMeTHbiM yJKe B nepBOM KpeCTOBOM nOXOAe, H BeCbMa BepO.HTHO, liTO TOAliKOM /l,MJ. 3Toro noCAyJKHA npHMep BocToKa, rAe KaBaAepHHCKHH ronop no.HBHAC.H oqeHb paHo. OAflaKo pernmomee 3HaqeHHe Tonop coxpaHHA AHIIIb KaK opyJKHe nexoThi H TOAbKO y CeBepHbiX HapOAOB, 3TO 01'pa3HAOCb AaJKe B CBOeo6pa3HH lPOpM, no.HBHBIIIHXC.H y pa3HhiX HapOAOB, Ta.KHX KaK A 0 X a 6 e C K a R C e K Up a (ReM. Lochaberaxt) y rop~eB llloTAaHAIDf (pHc. 425); AaTCKHe, IIIBeAcKHe, IIIBe:fu.\apCKHe TOnOpbi; TOnopbi noA.HKOB H pyccKHX H T. A路 B HaqaAe XIII cToAeTH.H, KOrAa nyreM A06aBAeHH.H TOnopa H KpiOKa HaqaAH paciiiHp.HTh 6oeBhie B03MOJKHOCTH o6bNHOro KOnb.H H OHO npeBpaTHAOCb B aAe6apAy, aHaAomqHbiM o6pa3oM CTaAH MOAepiiH3HpOBaTh nexoTHhiH Tonop. K ero o6yxy A06aBHAH M oA 0 m, OCTJlbiH Ill U n HAH K p JO K, KAIOB006pa3HOH <t>opMhl. B KOHD;e XIV BeKa TOnop AOnOAHHAH xonbe qoM. TaKHM o6pa3oM, <t>opMbi CAHJ\HCb, TaK liTO HHOrAa TPYAHO KAaCCHlP~HpOBaTb Q6a BHAa opyJKH.H no HX <PopMe, noTOMY liTo OTAe.AbHhie o6pa3~ c paBHbiM Puc. 424 npaBOM MOryT 6b1Tb OTHePuc. 424. HacrynAIOm;H:H OTPSIA aarAocaxcoB. CeHhl KaK K OAHOMY, TaK TiepeAOBOH BOHH C 6oeBLIM TOUOpOM, OCTaAbHble H K APyroMy- BHAY路 TaK, BOOpYJKeHbl KOllhSIMH. KoBep H3 Ba:He, KOH . XI B. HanpHMep, 6oeBOH TOnop, B KO~e Xffi BeKa HCnOAb30BaBIIIHHC.H B nexoTe BO <DAaHAPHH H Ha .H3biKe CO~aTCKoro lOMopa noAyqHBIIIHH Ha3BaHHe 芦rogeRgar>) (1llVK1-leReM. 芦Ao6pbiH AeHb))), <t>opMo:H 6AH30K K aAe6apAe, XOT.H no oqepTaHHIO Ae3BH.H H no npHeMaM npHMeHeHH.H ero CAeAyeT OTHeCTH K 6oeBbiM TOnopaM (pHC. 4 2 6). 3Ta JK.e <t>opMa, TOAbKO 6e3 KOnbe~a, 6b1Aa pacnpoc1'paHeHa B XV H XVI BeKax y Bcex ceBepHbiX uapoAOB OT I.l.IBerurn AO PoCCHH (pHC. 4 2 7). TaKHe Tonophl 6hJAH y TeAoxpaHHTeAe:H IIIBeACKHX pereHToB C'fYPe ( 14 4 0-15 0 3) H KOP9A.H rycTaBa Ba3bl (1496-1560), KaK MOJKHO BJiAeTb Ha <l>pecKax HC!A-

§ 3. YAapsoe opylltlle. Jioeao:A Tooop

267

rpo6HoH qacoBHH Kopo~ B co6ope B YncaAa. Ao KOima XVIII BeKa oHH 6biAH TaKJKe OpyJKHeM CTpeJ\bi.J;OB, KOTOphle Hd3h1BaAH HX 6 e p g bl w; CAOBO BOCXOAH'f r BepoRTHO, K HeMeiJ;KOM}' Barte pa3HOBHAHOCTb 6oesoro Tonopa (pHc. 428). Tonop c oco6o"H, noxoJKeH Ha rypeiJ;Kyro, cpopMOH Ae3Bifj{ B BeHrpHH HOCHAH MJI AflqHOH 6e3onacHocTH. TaM HcnoKoH BeKOB cyw;eCTBOBaA o6~aH y BCaAHHKOB B03HTb «n 0 x o g R bl ii. mono p}) (HeM. Griesbeil,

!; i

li ·I~

,, 'I

Puc. 425

Puc. 426

Puc. 427

Psc. 425. J\.oxa6epCKa.SI ceKHpa. XV B. BhiBIIIee co6pauHe J\.. Me:HpHKa. Puc. 426. Tonophl - «I'OAeHAanu). no CTHXOTBOpHOMY onHCaHHJO H3 Y'le6HHKa <}>exTOBaHIDI fHHOMa ruapa. AaTHpYJOTCSI npH6AH3HTe.l\.bHO 12.98 r. Puc. 427. J\.erKHe 6epAbiWH neiiiHX BoHHoB. PocciDI, XVI B. · QapCKOCeAbCKHH apceHaA.

BeHrp. buzogany, myp. bozdoghSn) noABemeHHbiM K ceMy. a nem:HH nyTHHK llOAb30BaACR TaKHM TonopoM KdK TpOCTbiO. EoeBble Tonophl, meApO YKPameHHbie TpdBAeHHeM, OKOAO 15 3 0 rO/lil HOCHAH H BeHrepcKHe TeAOxpamrreAH

268

1Jacn II. OpyJKue HaDClAeHUJI

KopoAeH epAJ1HaHAa I H KapAa III 11crraHcKoro (BrroCAeACTBHH HMIIepaTop KapA VI, 1685-1740). 3TH 6oeBhte Torropht 6hi.J\H 6oraTo -yKparneHhi cepe6poM (pHc. 4 2 9). T.SIJKeAhiH ABYpyt~HhiH TOIIOp B cpeAJ-Uie BeKa KaBaAepHCTbl HCIIOAh30BaAH AHIIIh B OC06hiX CAytiiUIX, IIIHpOKO pacrrpocTpaHeH OH He 6biA HHKOrAa. EAHHifliHhiH IIpHMep MOJKHO HaHTH Ha MHHHaTiope, AaTHpoBarmo:H rrpH6AH3HTeAbHo 1 2 50 rOAOM H3 PYKOIIHCH «PoMaH o KpyrAoM cToAe», xpaiDIm;e:HcSI B cpoifAaX Hai.\HOHaAhHOH 6H6AHoTeKH B napHJKe. B XV cToAeTHH TSIJKeAoBoopy>KeHHhte phi0 :u;apH, a TaKJKe Hx opy..>KeHOCI.J;hi, II03JKe HeMeii;KHe TSIJKeAOBOopyJKeHHhle BCilAfiHKH H 0 cppaHII;y3cKHe JKaHAapMhi (ABop.SIHCKaSI TSIJKeAaSI KaBaAepHSI) HCIIOAh30BaAH pa3HOBifAHOCTh 0 Torropa, pacctiHTaHHYJO rrpe.JKAe Bcero Ha To, tiTo6ht pa36HBaTh AOcrrexH rrpoTHBHHKa. TaKHe TOIIOphi He HMeAH. OCTporo Ae3BHSI, OHM 6hi.J\H KJ\.HHOo6pa3HhiMH H OTAHtiaAHCh 60AbiiiOH IIpOtiHOCThiO H BeCOM. Y HHX 6biAH KOpOTKHe, o6hitiHO He 6oAee 6 0 CM, PYKO.SITH, HX B03HAH IIOASeiiieHHhiMH K CeAJ\.y Puc. 429 Puc. 430 Puc. 428 Ha rrpotiHOM TeMASIKe Puc. 428. TsnKeAhiH 6epAhllli npHABopHo:H crpaJKH, c (pHc. 430). 3HaTh rrpeAAe3BHeM HMeeT AAHHY 7 0 eM. PoccHSI, KOH. XV B. rrotiHTaAa TorropaM tieKaIJ;apcKOCeAbCKHH apceHdA. Puc. 429. TonopHK BeHrepcKo:H crpaJKH epAHHdHAa I. Hhi, a 6yAaBa, ropa3AO YKpameH T{ldBAeHhiM c 'lepHeHHeM rep6oM ra6c6yproB H 6oAee pacrrpocTpaHeHH306paJKeHHeM opAeHa 3oAOToro PyHa. repMaHHSl, HaSI Ha BocToKe, B 3anpeAnoAoJKHTeAbHo Ayrc6ypr, OK. 1530 r. Co6CTBeHHOCTb ropoAcKoro MarncrpaTa M9pHm-HoHIIITiJATa (llemcK. IIilAflbiX cTpaHax 6biAa YHH'IOB). oco6biM CHMBOAOM AOPuc. 430. HeMeQKHH 6oeBo:H TonopHK BCiJAHHKa BpeMeH CTOHHCTBa (pHC. 4 3 1 r MaKcHMHAHaiia I. OK. 1500 r. PyKoSITb pecraBpHpoBaHa B XVI B. 432).

§ 3. YAapHoe opyJKue. lioeaoii Touop

C XIV

269

cToAenrn HTa.J\.h.HHCKHe KaBaAepuiicKHe Tonopbi cTaHOB.HTC.H Y3KHMH

H AerKHMH; PYKO.HTH 6oAbiiiHHCTBa H3 HHX 6bi.J\.H MeTaAAWieCKHMH, xapaKTepHbiM

Puc. 431

Puc. 432

Puc. 431. nap(lAHhiH TonopHK TeAoxpaaHTeJ\.eH ABrycra I, Kyp¢10pCTa CaKcoacKoro (1553-1586). Tonop H PYKOSITL )Ke.1\.e3Hhle, yKpameHhl TpaBJ\.eHHeM; Ha .1\.e3BHH H3o6pa)KeHbl caKCOHCKHH H AaTCKHH rep6bl; MHHa PYKOSITH 7 3 CM. KopoAeBCKHH HcropH'IeCKHH My3e:H B Ape3AeHe. Puc. 432. floALCKHH TonopHK, cT. H. «6opoAu~i» H rpy6hiM yKpameaueM aa Ae3B'HH; PYKOSITL MHHOH 8 3 eM oKaH'IHBaeTcSI nocepe6peaao:H py-qKo:H . C SI6.1\.0KOM B HTaJ\.LSIHCKOM CTHJ\.e. Ha-q. XVII B. KopoAeBCKHH HcropH'IeCKHH My3e:H B Ape3AeHe.

210

qaCTII II.

OpyJIU~e BauilAeBUJI

npH3HaKOM 6b!A KpiOK Ha HaBepiiiHH. TaKHe Tonopbl HOCHJ\H He Ha AYKe ceMa, a Ha IIO.siCe, J1TaAhliHCKHe TOIIOpbi lJaCTO HMeJ\.H CBoeo6pa3Hble pyqKH, CHa6JKeHHble 3amHTilliiMH AHCKaMH (pHc. 433, 434). npHMelJaTeJ\.bHO, liTO YJK.e B HalJaAe XIII BeKa BCTpellaAHCh TOllOpbl C IIIHpOKHM J\.e3BHeM, 3TOT Q>aKT C yqeTOM 6oJ\.biDOH Ah:HHbl J\.e3BHH J\.oxa6epcKHX ceKHp, IIIBeACKHx TOIIopoB H pyccKHX 6epAbiiDe:H AaeT npeAcTaBJ\.eHHe 0 BbiCOKOM ypoBHe MaCTepcTBa KY3He~oB-OpYJKeH HHKOB. B rrexoTe <l>paHI.\HH. repMaHHH H lllBe:HQ.apHH HaH6oJ\.bmee pacnpOCTPdHeHHe IIOJ\.yqHAH IIIHpOKHe 6oeBble TOIIOpbl, y KOTOpbiX HaBepiiiHe AOIIOJUIHTeJ\.bHO KperrHJ\.och K PYKOHI'R umypoM HJ\H BHHTaMH. Ha caMOH PYKOHrH o6~Ho HMeJ\.HCh ABa KOJ\.b~a, K KOTOpbiM npHCTerHBaJ\.H peMeHh. Ha Mapme TOIIOp HOCHJ\H 3a llJ\.elJaMH. CTpeMAeHHe ysel\.HlJHTb CHJ\.y YAdPa YJKe B XIV seKe npHBeJ\.O K 3HalJHTeJ\.bHOMY yAh:HHeHlflO PYKOHrH. B pe3yJ\.bTaTe 3Toro H3MeHeHIDI, a TaKJK.e AOrroJ\.HeHIDI KOllbe~OM H KpiOKOM, 6oeso:H Torrop rrpespaTHJ\.c.SI B csoero poAa aAe6aPAY· TaKHM TonopoM c AhHHHhiM APeBKOM B cpa.>KeHHH B rremeM Puc. 434 Puc. 433 CTpOIO rroJ\.b30BaAHCh AaJK.e OC06bl p~apCKOI'O COCJ\.OBH.SI. }luc. 433. noeBOH TOITOpHK, B HTa.J\.hSIBCKOM CTHAe; Ae3BHe npope3Boe, c H3o6paJKenHeM 11HTepecHbiH 3K3eMII.Mip opy3Be3AJ>[; Bee JKeAe3Hhle 'ldCTH HMeiOT «}>BrypHhle JKH.SI TaKoro poAa XpaHHTC.SI B yKpameBIDI, OTAeAaBBhle IT030AOTdH no CHIIeMy 6oraTo:H KoJ\.1\.eKQ.HH B. X. PHrrBopoBeBoMy «}>ouy; pyKosrn. o6TSJHyra KoJKe:H. repMaHHSI, OK. 1500 r. ca. Y 3TOI'O TOllopa BMeCTO llpHBa.AAeJKaA PynpeXTY ll«}>aAI>QCKOMY KpiOKa MOJ\.OT, Ha 6oHKe MOJ\.0(YM· 1504). Ta lJeTblpexrpCtHHLie IIHpaMHAPuc. 434. HTa.J\.hSIBCKHH TonopHK, c noSICHhiM KpiOKOM; HBKpyCTHpOBdB cepe6poM; C «}>urypHhiMH 3M6AeMaMH, CAeAdHHhiMH TpaBAeBHeM C 30AO'leBHeM.

OK. 1530 r.

KH-mHIIbl H HaCMeiiiJ\.HBa.SI HaA-

llHCh: «de bon» (cjJp. <<OT A06poro cepAAa») (pHc. 4 3 5). Bo

ยง 3. YAapuoe opyJKue. :SoeBoii Tonop

Puc. 435

271

Puc. 436

Puc. 437

Puc. 435. EoeBOH TODOp nemero BOHHa, C DHKOH H MOAOTOM; HMeeT p.SIA aAMa3HLIX rpa11e:H Ha 6oii:Ke H HdAfiHCb MeJKAy HHMH. Ha"<I. XV B. KoAAe~HH B. X. Purrca. Puc. 436. ErnneTcKHH 6oeBoH Tonop. J\e3BHe c 6peHllam;HMH KOAb~aMH HMeeT npope3Hyro HdAfiHCb Ky<}JH"<IeCKHMH 3HaKaMH C H:t>leHeM BJ\.dAe.Ab~a; KaK Ae3BHe, TaK H noAa.SI JKe.Ae3Ha.SI pyK~.SITb HHKpyCTHpoBaHN 30.1\.0TOM. OpHHa.MeJKa.A cyATaHy MaMeAIOKoB MyxaMMeAy EeH KaHT-6ero (yM. 1499). Puc. 437. ErnneTcKHH 6oeBo:H ronop . Ha Ae3BHH BNpe3aH BCdAHHK, OXOTSIID;HHCSI Hd 3aH~a; BCe JKeJ\.e3HNe "'ldCTH HHKpyCTHpOBaHN 30.1\.0TOM. OpHHa.MeJKa.A noCAeAHeMY cyATaHY MaMeAIOKoB TyMaH- 6ero (y6HT 1517) . QapcKOCe.AbCKHH apceHaA.

272

qaCTII II. Opy.)f{He HanaAeHHJI

sTopoH noAoBHHe X~ BeKa H B 3TOM BHAe opyJKHR npoHBAHeTCH JKeAaHHe Ao6HThCR AaAbHOAeHCTBHR nyTeM o6~eAHHeHHR ero c orHecTPeAhHMM YCTPOHCTBoM. TaKOfO poAa 6oeBhie KoM6HHHpoBaHHble TOllOpbi C llHCTOAeTOM OKOAO 15 7 0 roAa B 6oAhiiiHX Ko..l\..WlecTsax npoH3BOAHJ\H B HIDpH6epre H EpernHH, qa~e scero OHH cHa6JKaAHCh 6oraThiM xyAoJKecTBeHHhiM ocpopMAeHHeM TpaBAeHHeM H TayrnHpOBKOH. Boo6~e. 3TOT nepHoA xapaKTepH3yeTCR no.HBAeHHeM 6oraTo YKparneHHoro opYJKHR. PyK.oRTH o6TRrHBaAH AopornMH TKaHHMH H ce~aToH BR3Koii (cpHAe) H oTAeAMBaAH TOHKOH 30AOTOH HAH Y30PHOH TeCbMOH, Oco6}'IO pa3HOBHAHOCTh TonopoB, npeACTaBAHBIIIHX co6oif HallOAOBHHY opyJKHe, HanoAoBHHY 3HaK npocpeci \! CHOHaAbHoH npHHaM.eJKHOCTH, RB.JIJIIOTCR m 0 n 0 p bl r 0 pH R K 0 B (HeM. Bergmannsbarten), cpopMa KoTophiX BOCXOAHT K llOAhCKHM 6oeBb1M TonopaM. Bo speMR npa3AHH'lHhiX IIIeCTBHR ropHHKH HOCRT HX H noHhiHe. HapRAy co Illse~Heii, AaHHeii, noAbme:H, BeHrpHeii H PocCHeii K qHcAy CTpaH, B KOTOpbiX 6oeBbie Tonopbi AO KOH~a X~ seKa HCllOAh30BaAH B BoopyJKeHHH TeAOxpaHHTeAeH, npHHaM.eJKHT TaKJKe CaKcoHHR. Ha BocToKe 6oeso:H Tonop, HecoMHeHHo, noRBHACR 3aAoAro AO MyxaMMeAa. On HMeA cpopMY AH6o noAyMeCH~a c noqrn KpyrAhiM BhinyKAbiM Ae3BHeM, B01'JIYThiMH 6oKOPuc. 439 Puc. 438 BhiMH llOBepXHOCTRMH; AH60 COBepPHc. 438. Apa6cKHH ABOHHOH Tonop c IIIeHHO rrpHMoH sepXHHH o6pe3 H nHKOH. KoH. XVII B. 11MnepaTopcKHH H HHJKHIOIO qacTb Ae3BHR, cpe3aHifYIO KopoAeBCKHH My3eH apMHH B BeHe. 6opoAaTo:H, xoTR qa~e scero oHa PHc. 439. MeKCHKdHCKHH 6oeBo:H: Tonop oKaHqHBaAaCb OCTpHeM. /J.,MJ. llpHH3 CHeHHTd, Ae3BHe npHBH3dHO mepCTSIHhiMH lliHypaloiH K AJ\.HHHOMY BAeqeHHR BHHMaHHR B 6HTBe BOHHhl APeBKy. flpHHaAAeJKd.l\. MoTeKycoMe II, HMeAH Tonophi, YKPaiiieHHhie KoAonpaBHTeJ\.10 rocyAapCTBa an;TeKOB KoAbqH:KaMH. 06pa3~hi o6eHX xa(1466-1520). paKTepHhiX cpopM, IlpHHCiMeJKaBIIIHe BhiAdlO~HMCH HCTOp:HlleCKHM AHqHoCTRM, rrpHBeAeHhi Ha pHc. 4 3 6 H 4 3 7. B X~I seKe y MAQAIIIHX KoMaHAHpos B TYPe~KoH KaBaAepHH 6MAH Tonophi c ABYMR Ae3BHRMH, Konhe~oM HAH 6e3 Hero, oqeHb llOXOJKHe Ha TOllOpM, rrpeACTaBAeHHbie B aH~HMX H3o6paJKeHHRX

§ 4. KoMfiHBHpoBaHHoe opyJKHe

2'13

6HTB aMa3oHoK. AsyxAe3BeHHbie Tonopbi c KOTihe.qoM qame YKPaiiieH'bl TaymHpoBKOH, Bepo.SITHO, OHH TipHHCiMeJKaJlli KOMaiJAHpaM 6oAee BbiCOKOro paHra (pHc. 438). APeBHHH MeKCHKaHCKHH 6oeso:H Tonop !1peACTaBAeH Ha pHc.

4 3 9.

§ 4. KOM:SHHHPOBAHHOE OPYJKHE

notiTH BCe QlOpMbl KOM6HHHpOBaHI-IOro opyJKH.SI noHBHAHCb npHMepHo B cepeAHHe XVI BeKa, B CBH3H c nporpeccoM ornecTpeALHoro opyJKH.SI. APesKosoe opyJKHe HHOrAa cHa6JKaAOCb OAHHM TIHCTOAeTHbiM CTBOAOM, ropa3AO qame HX 6biAO ABa, c o6eHx cTopoH APeBKa. 0Ho 6b1Ao notiTH 6e3 HCKJ\.IOtieHIDI 6oraTo YKParneHHhiM. 3To AOKa3hiBaeT, liTO Ha so:HHe OHO HAH He npHMeiDIJ\.OCb soo6me HAH npHMeHSIJ\.OCb peAKo H npHHCiMeJKaAO, sepo.SITHO, ABOPI.\OBOH CTPaJKe. TaKoro poAa opyJKHe HMe.J\.0 1 HeCOMHeHHO, 60AbiiiOe npeJ1MYmecTBO AMI HeCeHH.SI KapayALHOH CAyJK6bi. CTpaJKHHK 6AaroAapH eMY o6AfiAaA He TOALKO XOAOAHbiM opyJKHeM, HO H MOr nopa3HTb npoTHBHHKa H3Aa.Jlli H OAHOBpeMeHHO TIOAHHTb TPeBory. Ho B HatiaAe XVIII BeKa 3TO KOM6HHHposaHHoe

opyJKHe ABOPI.\OBOH rsapAHH notiTH BHe3anHO HCtie3AO (pHC. 440, 441). BcKope TIOCAe B03HHKHOBeHH.SI KOAeCI.\OBOro 3aMKa TIOSIBHJ\.HCb TaKJKe OXOTHHllbH poraTHHbl C OrHeCTPeAbHbiMH ycTpOHCTBaMH. npHMeHSIJ\.HCb OHH 06blllHO B OXOTe Ha Ka6aHa H HMe.J\.H 6oAbIIIYJO 3QlQleKTHBHOCTb. npocymeCTBOBaJlli 3TH KOTib.H AO cepeAHHhi XVII seKa «CBHHbie)) (pHc. 442).

PRe. 440. Konbe c OTKHAHhiMH MHHKdMH H nHCToAeToM. fepMaHHSI, BTOpaSI noA. XVI B. Puc. 441. AAe6apAa <."''paJKHHKa c ABYMH fiHCTOAeTaMH, 6oraTO yKpanieHa TpBAeHHeM C -qepHeHHeM. fepMaHHSI, BTopaSI rroA. XVI B. 18

B. IiexaH:M

Puc. 440

Puc. 441

"'acn II. OpyJKue HaDC~AeHUJI

2'14

Puc. 路443

Puc. 442

Puc. 444

Puc. 442. OxOTHHllhll poraTHHa c ABYMSI DHCTOAeTaMH. lllapoKoe .1\.HCTOBHAifOe nepo Hd1$0He~HHKa DOKpbiTO 6oraTOH pe3:bOOH H D030.1\.0~eHO . Cep. XVII B. Puc. 443. KaBaAepa:HcKHH Me~. KoM6HHHpoBaHH:biH c nHCTOAeToM. Me~ C KpeCTOBHHOH H npoCT:biMH 3diD;HTH:biMH AyraMH; onpaBa H3 CHHero Bopoaeaoro JKeAe3a. TiepBa.H noA. XVI B. Puc. 444. lllnara c nHCTO.I\.eTOM. 3cj>ec H3 pe3Horo JKeAe3a, 6oraro D030.1\.0~eH; Ha K.I\.HHKe, yxpaweHHOM TpaBAeHHeM C ~epHeHHeM, KOAecn;oBLI:B nacro.l\.eT. Cep. XVI B. KopoAeBCKHH HCTOpHlleCKHH My3e:H B AfJe3AeHe.

搂 4. KoM6BBBpOBaBBoe opyxtue

275

Y TPa6rurroB npoTa3aHhl, aAe6apAJ>I H T 路A路 ocH~aJ\.HCh ornec'rpe.hhHhiMH YCTJ>OHCTBaMH C N3yx CTOpOH. 06a CTBOJ\.a 6hi.J\.H He AJUIHHee 2 0 CM H KperrnJ\.HCh K COOTBeTCTB)llOIIUIM BhiCTYflaM Ha BTy-J\.Ke. I<.JurnoK IIHKH BMeCTO pe6pa HMeJ\. nocepeAHJie JKeAo6KH AMI cBo6oAHoro noJ\.eTa nyAH. KoAecu;oBhie 3aMKH pacnoAaraJ\.Hch no o6e cTopoHhi APeBM. 3a cTBoAaMH. BhiCTJ>eA llp0H3BOAHJ\.Cn C noMOII\hiO T.SifH, llpOXOAHII\eH no cKphiTOMY JK.eAo6y BAO.hh APeBKa AO noCAeAHeH ero 'rpeTH. HepeAKo c ornecTpe.hhHhiM OpYJKHeM 6bi.J\.a CB.SI3aHa CHCTeMa OTKHAHbiX K.J\.HHKOB, TaKJKe ynpaBJUieMhiX c noMOII\hlO T.SifH C noCJ\.eAHeH TpeTH APeBKa. rAecphl H KY3hl HMeJ\.H, KaK. llpaBHJ\.0 1 TO.hhKO npocroe orneCTJ>e.hhHoe yc'rpOHCTBo. CTBoA HaxOAlfJ\.Cn 3Aech no3aAH KAHHKa H no 3TOH npwnm:e 6biBaJ\. HHorAa HecKo.hhKo AJlliHHee. KoAecu;oBhiH 3ilMOK o6bPIHo pacnoAaraAcn cnpasa oT KAHHKa. 06 ornec'rpe.hhHhiX npHcnoco6AeHH.SIX Ha Meqax H mnarax Mhl paCCKa3hiBaJ\.H B COOTBeTCTBYJO~X rAaBaX, 3AeCb npHBOAHM B Puc 446 Puc. 445 CB.SI3H C 3THM TO.hhKO Puc. 445. Tonop e nHCTOJ\.eTOM HTaAI>51HeKoro THna. HeCKOJ\.hKO npHMepoB Pyx.mtn. CAYJKHT CTBoJ\.oM; ee aaxoae'lHHK OTBHH'lHBaeTCSI (pHC. 443, 444). nepeA BLICTpeJ\.oM; Bee JKeJ\.e3HLie 'laCTH 6oraTo YKpameHLI Ornec'rpe.hhHhie ycTpaBJ\.eHHeM e 'lepaeaHeM. BTopasi noA. XVI B. KopoAeBeKH:H: HcropH'leeKHH MY3e:H: B AJ_Je3AeHe. TpOHCTBa llO.SIBHJ\.HCh H Puc. 446. Tonop e UHCTOAeTOM HTa.AhSIHeKoro THUd. Ha YNlPHOM opYJKHH B Pyx.oSITb CJ\.YJKHT CTBOJ\.Oltl; Bee JKeAe3HLie 'ldCTH yKpameHLI XVI H XVII BeKax, TpdBAeHHeM e qepaeaHeM. BTopasi nOA. XVI B. KopoAeBeKHH HcropH'leeKH:H: MY3e:H: B AJ_Je3Aeae. oco6eHHo Ha mecTone18*

'lacn II. OpyXUie

2'16

HauC~AeHHJI

pax

(pHc.

445, 446, 44 7).

OAHa H3 <l>opM opYJKIDI TaK Ha3biBaeMbiH MOpreHIIITepH, HAH «KpOnHTe.hh CB.HTOH BOAOH» BH}'TPH HaBepiiiiDI HMeA MHOro CTBOAHKOB 1 3afla.hhHble OTBepCTIDI KOTOpbiX BhiXOAJiAH Ha ApeBKO. H3o6peTeHHe 3T0 1 flO-BJiAHMOMy-, aHrAHHCKOe, T. K. TaKoe opyJKHe qarqe Bcero BCTPeqaeTc~ B aHrAHHCKHX co6paHIDIX, a BO <l>paHI.\HH H fepMaHHH ero MHoro MeHbme. APeBHe:Hurne npHHaMeJKaT K cepeAJiHe XVI BeKa (pH c. 4 4 8).

Puc. 44 7

Psc. 44'1.

Puc. 448 KaBaAepn:HcKH:H ronop , T. H. « mncxaKKe..u.,., c KOAecrtoBIJM

UHCTOAeTOM. PyKoSITL, UOXOJK<UI Ha UHCTOAeTHoe AOJKe, OTAeAa.Ha KOC'l'l>IO. repMa.HBSI, BTOpasl UOA. Puc.

448.

XVI

B. .QapCKOCeALCKHH apceHaA.

MopreHmrepH c omecrpeALHHM ycrpoikTBOM, T. H. «KponBTeAL

cB.srro:B BOAOH,.. KaK pyKo.SlTL, TaK H HaBepmne AepeBSIHHIJe H yxpameHIJ rpy6HMH KOCTSlHhiMB HaKAaAKaMB; HaBepmue HMeeT JKeAe3HyiO OKOBKY C mHnaMH; KOrAa BepXIDISl KphlmKa OTKHAf.JBaeTCSl UpH HaJKaTHH Ha UpYJKHHY, UOSIBMIIOTCSl 'leThlpe CTBOAa, 3aUaAI>Hhle OTBepCTHSl KOTOphiX HaxONITCSl B HHJKHe:H 'laCTH u 3aKpLIBaiOTCSl 3dABHJKKaMH. AHrAmi, KOH.

XVI

§ 5. MeTaTeJu.aoe opyJKue. llpam;a

277

§ 5. METATEAbHOE OPY)I{}IE DP~ Tipam;a KaK 6oeBoe opYJKHe BC1'peqaeTc.H 3a ThiCWJY .1\.eT AO HarneM: ::>phi em;e B EI'HIITe BpeMeH c}JapaoHOB. Tio3TOMy- HeyAJiBHTeAbHO, ~0 OHa BbiCryrraeT Ha nepBbiH II.haH yJK.e B paHHeM cpeAHeBeKOBbe. TipocTOTa 3Toro opyJKIDI ll03BO.J\.j{eT npeAflOJ\.araTb, ~0 OHO npHMeHj{J\.OCb BCeMH HapoAaMH, HCKJUOqM, B03MOJKHO, TOJ\.bKO repMaHI.teB H HapoAbl CeBepa. TipHo6peTeHHe 4 4 4 pHJKCKHX CBHHI.lOBhiX JIAep AMI npam;e:H Eep.J\.HHcKHM M)'JeeM B 1 8 7 5 fOAY AaAO TOJ\.qoK K 6o.J\.ee TIOAP06HOMY H3yqeHHJO cpeAHeBeKOhbiX npam;ei1.

Puc. 449

Puc. 449.

npa~HHK. HHJKHSISI

Puc. 450.

Puc. 450

KpOMKa KOBpa H3 Baile, KOH. XI B.

npa~a.

p a ~a (HeM. Schleuder, cpp. fronde, cmapocpp, fonde, aHr.ll. slinger, um. fromba, ucn. honda) qacTo npHMe~cb HaqHHM c KpecTOBhiX noXOAOB AO XV BeKa, oco6eHHO HTa.J\.b~aMH H ropHbiMH JKHTe.J\.j{MH Il.IBe.flqapHH. 0Ha HHKOfM He 6b1Aa opYJKHeM apHcToKpaToB. HanpoTHB, BII.hOTh AO BpeMeH c}lpaHizy3CKHX peAHI'H03HhiX BOHR, e10 BcerAa 6bll\.H BoopYJKeHbl HH3lllHe KJ\.accbi. Ha KoBpe H3 Ea:He Mhl BRAHM MeTaTe.J\.j{ H3 npam;H n p a ~ H u K a (HeM. Schleuderer). l13o6paJK.eHHe AaHO HaCTOJ\.bKO .HCHOe H npocToe, ~0 · He OCTaBA.HeT JK.el\.aTb HM:qero Ayqrnero no qeTKOCTH (pHc. 449). B XIII BeKe MeTaTe.J\.H H3 npam;H o6blqHo Ha3biBa.J\.HCh eslingur (aHr.ll. slinger). B XIII BeKe pa3.J\.Hqa.J\.H nparrzy 6 u 11. (HeM. Stockschleuder, aHr.ll. gibet). 113o6paJK.eHHe o6bAH}'IO H n p a noCAeAHeH BCTpeqaeTC.H B EH6AHH X BeKa B HartHoHa.J\.bHOH 6H6.1\.HoTeKe B napHJKe. B TO BpeM.H npam;a-6Hq npHMeH.HJ\.aCb npe~ecTBeHHO Ha cPJ\.OTe H npH OCfiAax. B Aa.J\.bHe:HrneM OHa Halli.J\.a lllHpOKoe npHMeHeHHe BO cPPaHI.tY3CKHX BoiicKax.

uc y-

1Jacn. II. Opy.zue BaD8AeBBJI

2'18

Dpama COCTOj{Ad H3 IleTAH, B CepeAlfHe KOTOpOH HdXOAJ-IAOCb rHe3.h.0 H3 KOJKH, KYf¥i BKACiAbiBaJ\.OCb KaMeHHOe HAH CBmnJ;OBOe ~0 HAH rry}\j{ (pHC. 450). DpH MeTamm: npam;HHK 6b1CTPO pacKpyqHBaJ\. npanzy ABaJK/lPI HAH TPHJKflPI H B noAXo~:H MOMeHT BbrnyCKaJ\. KOHe~ neTAH H3 PYK· DpH ynoTPe6Aerum npa.m;H-6Htla HYJKHO 6bi.J\.O npH 3aMaxe OCB06PAWI'b neT.JUO, HdAeTYJO Hd KOHe~ IlaJ\KH, 'tJTO AOCTHI'aJ\.OCb TO.J\.bKO llpH OC060H J\.OBKOCTH. Dpama-6Htl B 1

p-yK.aX TPeHHpOBaHHoro qe.J\.oBeKa 6bi.J\.a CTPaiiiHbiM opYJKHeM (pHc. 4 5 1). Ee 6eccnopHoe npe~ecTBO npH3HaBaAOCb H B XVII BeKe, T. K. oHa qacTo HCilO.J\.b30BaJ\aCb AMI MeTaHIDI pyqHbiX rpaHaT. Em;e B XIV BeKe npam;HHKH, KOTOpble H3 CBOero HCKYCCTBa CA~a.J\.H peMeC.J\.0, Bep60Ba.AHCb BO BCe BOHCKa TaK JKe OXOTHO, KaK H J\.yqHHKH. HeB3pa~ble H AaJKe BHemHe onycTHBmHeCH, Oirn llpH 3TOM 6biAH eme II.J\.oxo AJiCI.\IffiJ\.HHHpOBaHbi. Dpam;HHKH conpoBOJKAa.AH pblu;ape:H HMnepaTopa feHpHXa VII B 11Ta.AHIO (pHC. 4 52), B XV BeKe npam;a see 6o.J\.bme HCilO.J\.b30BaJ\aCb HdeMHHKaMH. DpeBOCXOAHOe MeTaTe.J\.bHOe opyJKHe 6bi.J\.O B c6opHOM BOHCKe, KOTopoe seA Ha BeArpClA HoaHH l<arrHCTPaH (1386-1456). CJ\.aBOH CaMbiX AOBKHX IlpaiD;HHKOB IlO.J\.b30Ba.AHCb BaAeapcKHX OCTPOBOB, JKHTe.AH CAYJKHBIIIHe B HcnaHCKHX so:HcKax. MeTKOCTb 6aAeapcKoro HAH KpHTcKoro npam;HHKa 6bi.J\.a TaKilll, trro Puc. 451 OH ' IlOpaJKaA qe.J\.oBeKa Ha paCCTO~ HHH 1 2 0-16 0 maroB. MoJKHo Puc. 451. BoHHhl ua 6op-ry Kopa6.MI. " npeAfiOJ\.OJKHTb, 'tJTO BeHrepCKHH CpeAH HHX OAHH C A}'KOM, APyroB- C KopoAb MaTb~m KopBHH ( 14 58np~o:H-6H11oM. MuuuaTIOpa H3 p}'Konucu MaTBe.sl TiapuxcKoro, XIII B. Eu6AHOTeKa 14 9 0) I 6yAyqH IlOKJ\.OHHHKOM p:HMEeueT-KoAAeAJKa, KeM6plfA)K. CKoro cnoco6a BeAeHH.SI BOHHhi, AepJKaJ\. B CBOeM BOHCKe npaii{HHKOB: B ~eHHOM

co6paHHH rpaQ>a

faHca

BHJ\bqeKa xpaHHTCH MaJ\.eHbKoe cs~osoe

~o, Ha KoTopoM B03.J\..e HeqeTKoro rep6a HanHCaHo :H~ «MaTb~m)),

CBifliitOBble ~a cpeAHeBeKOBb.SI HMe.AH QlOPMY QlHHHKa, TaKyro JKe, KdK B APeBHOCTH, OAHaKO oHH 6o.J\.bme:H qacTbiO He 6bi.AH OTAHTbi, a oT6HBaAHCb. H3 KYCO~OB CBifliitd, HeKOTOpble H3 HHX HMeiOT KAeifMa, Bb16HTbie 6o.J\.bmeif qacTbiO p£AOM C HilAilliOIMH 1 KOTOpble 0603HaqaAH (B OT.JU~qHe OT pHMCKHX £Aep, rAe 6bi.J\.H Bb16HTbl o6pame~ K Bpary THild «B03bMH)), «ellib>>, «re6e)) H T. A·) 6o.J\.bme:H qacTbiO HMeHa BAdAe.J\.b~eB H ropoAOB, TaKHX KaK MH.Aa.H, B~ToM, XoTeAHH H AP·

C npHMeHeHHeM phlllara 'fBeAHliHBaAaCh MOII.tHOCTb nopaxeuH.sl, uo YMeHbiiiMaCL MeTKoCTb (npUM. peg.).

~pYJKIDI,

Bee SJApa H AMl>HOCTb

§ 5. MeTaTe.usoe opyJKue. J\yK

2'19

Ao cHX nop HalfAeHbl TOAhKO HeMeiJ;KHe H cesepomaAMIHCKHe .HApa. B APyrHX CTPa.Hax ell\e MaAo o6pall\aiOT BHHMa.HH..SI Ha 3TOT npeAMeT. ()qeHb 6oAbUIOe KO~eCTBO CBHH~OBNX .HAep HMeAOCb B KOAAeK~HH fa.Hca BHAbqeKa (BeHa). AeAa.AH. HX B 3aMKax B6AH3H ropoAa TpeBH3o (11TaAIDI, puc. 453). AoKa3aTeALCTBa Toro, qoro npa:uzy ucnoAL30BaA B cpaJK.eHIDIX HMIIepaTop <l>pHAPHX Ill (1415-1493), HaifAeHbi B HHBemapHo:H KHHre BeHCKoro ~e:Hx rayaa oT 15 1 9 roAa, B KOTopo:H o6o3HaqeHN TPHAI-(aTb ll)3e npai!Uf KaK xpaiDIUV~eC..SI B «ApceHaAe>>. 0HH XpaHHAHCb TaM, HeCOMHeHHO, MHOrHe AeC..SITHAeTIDI, He .siBAIDICb 6oAee npeAMeTOM BOOpYJKeHIDI.

Puc. 452

Puc. 453

Puc. 452. Tipa~HUK. Muauanopa H3 KOAeKca Ba./\AyHHa TpupcKoro, cep. XIV B. Puc. 453. CBHH~oBLie nyAH MJ1 np~. Ji3 3aMKoB B oKpeCTHoCTSIX TpeBH30, Ha"'l. XV B.

AYK npoucxoJKAeHHe AyKa (HeM. Bogen, cpp. arc, cmrA. bow, um. H ucn. arco, Aam. arcus) yxoA.HT B AOHCTopuqecKHe speMeHa: cpeAH apxeoAoruqecKHx HaXOAOK HaKOHeqJlliKH CTpeA He peAJ<.OCTb. 3TO 06bNHO npeBOCXOAHOe opyJKHe BCTPeqaeTC..SI yxe Ha paHHHX H3o6paJKeHIDIX cpeAHeBeKOBhll. BeAHKoe nepeceAeHHe HapOAOB TIOBAeKAO 3a C060H KpynHoe H3MeHeHHe TaKTHKH, B pe3yALTaTe qero AYK npHo6peA 6oALmee 3HaqeHHe, qeM B aHTHqHoCTH. Amut:e noA~a, HaXJ\hiHYBnme c BocToKa, CToAKeyAHcb c COMKH}'TI>IMH P.HAaM.H nexoThl, BOOpYJKeHHOH KOllhliMH H ~aMH, a TaK)Ke J\.yqHHKaMH, 3aB.SI3biBaiOIWIMH 6o:H H npHKphiBaiOIIUfMH 4>Jurnrn. RAJ>oM BOMCKa H ero pemaiOJl\eH CHAOH 6biAa KOHHHI.\d. 3To UIAO Bpa3pe3 C pHMCKOH TaKTHKOH, HO B HCTopHH He pa3 CAyqaAOCb, q'fO llOAHOe H3MeHeHHe B TaKTHKe BeAeHH.SI 6o.SI BBOAHJ\.OCb CaMbiMH Heo6pa3oB~ JUOAJ>MH. Bo speMeHa BeAHKoro nepeceAeHH.SI HapoAOB a4>-

qacn II. Opylltlle HanilAeBIIJI

280

4JeKTHBHOe HCIIO.hb30BaHHe AYKOB B KOHHHI\e H IIeXOTe Toro BpeMeHH Bhl3biBaeT soc~eHHe H CAYJKHT AOKa3aTeAbCTBOM ycrrexa HOBOH TaK.THKH.

AerKHe BCaMIHKH CTaAH rrepBhiMH KOHHhiMH AyqHHKaMH, HO IIO CyrH OHH .HBMIAHCb rroAHo:H rrpoTHBorroAOJKHOCTbiO TIDKeAosoopYJKeHHOMY 4JeoAMy. CHAa HX 6bi.J\.a B Macce, Ho esporre:HcKoe cpeAHeBeKOBbe He NJ.eT IIpHMepoB TaKOrO HX HCIIO.hb30BiUIIDI IIOCAe BeAHKoro rrepeCeAeHIDI HapoAOB. OAHH HAH - HecKo.hbKo AyqHHKOB He MOrAH IIpOTHBOCTOHTb 3aKOBaHHOMY B JKeAe3o BC~y, II03TOMY 6hiCTPO CTaAH mpaTb scrroMoraTe.hbHYJO po.hb. Phll\apb o6bJ1IHO HMeA HeCKO.hbKO CTPeAKOB B csoe:H CBHTe. Hx 3aAaqe:H CTMO 6o.hbme o6cAYJKHBaTb csoero rocrroAHHa, tJeM CTPeAHTb. 3THM 06"bHCIDieTOI rrpeHe6peJKeHHe, KOTOpoe BbiKa3hiBaAH phll\apH K CBOHM AYtJHHKaM.

CoqeTaHHe B AYKe 34J4JeKTHBHOCTH c rrpocTOTOH KOHCTPYKWiH AeMeT ero BhlrOAHeHmHM OpYJKHeM: rH6Kasi BeTKa, K KOHI\aM m em U B a (ReM. KOTOpOH IIpHB.SI3aHa Sehne), AU AerKIDI cmpe.11a (ReM. Pfeil), AeTesmru~ Ha 200, a To H Ha 250 maroB c 60.hbillOH TOlJHOCTblO, - BOT H BeCb CeKpeT 3TOro opYJKIDI, KOTOphiH IIpHHec eMY CNiBY B BeKaX,

Puc. 454

3oAoTo:H KYBmHH H3 YJKe He pa3 yrroMH1 HaBmHXCH «CoKpOBHII\ ATI'H.hhl» HMeeT peAbe4J, Ha KOTOpOM H306paJKeH capMaTCKHH BC~ (?). 06epHyBmHCb Ha3aA, OH co6HpaeTOI rrycTHTb CTPeAY H3 csoero MaAeHbKoro AYKa. no-BlfAHMOMYr 3TO APeBHe:Hmee H3 coxpaHHBmHXOI H306paJKeHHe AyqHHKa paHHero CpeAHeBeKOBb.H (pHC.

454). HecMOTP.si Ha BaJKHOC'rb AYKa, OH 6hiA OpYJKHeM HH3mHX CAOeB o6~eCTBa, COCTaBPuc. 454. KoHHLIH A~HHK. AHBmHX rrexocy. Ha Kospe H3 Baiie AyqHHPeAbe«J? H3 30AOTOro KA8Aa KH cocraBAmOT oco6hi:H OTP-HA· CorAaCHO H(lAbco;eHTMHKAom, VII-IX BB. TPiiAH~HH, oHH H3o6paJKeHhl 3HatiHTeAbHO PRe. 455• .1\.~HHK, PSIAOM croHT MeHhmHMH, qeM 6AaropoAHhle so~. Hx KOA"tJaH MJ1 crpeA. KoBep H3 Baile, KOH. XI B. ~aqaAbHHK B MTax, CTPe.J\KH B 6oAee AerKo:H 3KHIIHposKe, soopYJKeHhl AYKaMH AJUIHOH rrpHMepHo 1,5 MeTPa. ()rqeTAHBO BlfAHa 4JopMa K o .11 'l a R a (ReM. Kocher, pHc. 4 55). KoHHhle CTPeAKH rrpHHi3AJteJKaAH K 6oAee BhiCOKHM cAo.siM o6~ecTBa, KaK MOJKHO BHAeTb Ha MHHHaTIOpe H3 PYKOIIHCH BTopo:H IIOAOBHHhl XI ·B eKa, Ha KoTopo:H rrpeACTaBPuc. 455

CM. CHOCKY Ha c.

K rAaBe «AocnexH BOHHa B KOr.IDAeKce» (npUM. peg.).

ยง 5. MeTaTeJU.Hoe opyJKue. AYK

281

1 AeH CaM KopoAb r CTpe.JUUOII\HH H3 A}'Ka (pHC. 456). )KyaHBHAb yrsepJKAaeT, liTO AYKif llpHMeiDIJ\HCb B KpecToBbiX noxoAax. Bo pmrn;HH 3HaTUble pbll.\apH OTBepra.llli 3TO opyJK.He H npeHe6peraAH HM, ynoTpe6ASUI OlJeHb peAJ{O (pHC. 4 51) r HO 3aTO OHO HCllOJ\b30BaAOCb B Epa6aHTe H AHI'AHH, H TaM 6bl.Jlli C03AaHbl nepBble pery.MipHhle OTp5J.Abi CTpe.J\KOB, npoCAUBHBmHeCH 6..1\iiTOAap.H CBOHM HCK.JUOtJHTe.AbHhiM cnoco6HOCT.HM:. AHr..1\..HHcK.Hii AYlJHHK npe3HpaA Toro, KTO He MOr B MHHyry Bbiii)'CTHTb 1 0-1 2 CTpeA H npH 3TOM xoT.H 6bl OAHOH cTpeAoii He nonHAaA B 1.\eAh, YAaAeHHa 1 0 0 rnaros. B BeKe NfK 6biA

HYJO

Puc. 456

BBeAeH nosceMecTHo B BOHcKax

repMaHHH

AaJK.e

11TaAHH. Bo paHI.\HH snepBble B

1 3 56

roAy B 6HTBe

npH nyaTbe 6bi.J\H BbiCTaBAeHbl cnei.\HaAbHO ccpopMHposaHHble

OTp.JIAhi

AYlJHH-

KoB.

11 XOT.fl yJK.e OKOAO 1 3 0 0 roAa B BOHCKax HMe-

AHCb KOHHhle BnepBble TOAbKO

CTpeAKH, C 14 50

roAa CTaAH o6bNHbiMH no~ CTO.HHHble HaeMHble OTp.SJ:Abl KOHHbiX AYlJHHKOB, l..JTo KacaeTc.SI cpopMbi H AeiicTBeHHocrn JKH.H,

3Toro

opy-

cpeAHife

BeKa

Henpes3oJ1AeHHhiM

o6pa3-

I.\OM OCTaBaAC.H aHrAHHCKHH A)'K. <l>paH~"f3CKHe AyK.H B Xlll cToAeTHH HMe.J\H AJ\.HHY llpH6AH3HTeAbHO

13 0

CM, B

TO BpeMR KaK aHrAHHCKHe HMeAH (pHC. 1

MHHY AO 2 MeTpoB

4 58).

MaTepHaAOM

Puc. 457

Puc. 456. <J>paHizy3CKHH KOpOAh, Cl'peASIIOIJ:lHH H3 AyKa. 113 pyxonHcH BTopou noA. XI B. Ha:qHOHaAbHrui 6H6AHOTeKa, TiapHJK. Puc. 457. PLI:qapb, crpeASIIOIJ:lHH H3 Ayxa. MHHHdTIOpa H3 4>PaHizy3CKOH pyKOUHCH, AaTHponauuou npH6AH3HTeAhHO 131 0 r.

113o6paJKeHHe KOpOMI j!BHO OTHOCHTCSI K MHpHOH JKH3HH, B03MOJKHO, 3TO OXOTa, U03TOMY K yTBepJKAeHHIO aBTopa: c<KOHHLie Cl'peAKH npHHaMeJKaAH K 6oAee Bll!COKHM CJ\.QjiM)) HHKdKOro OTHOllieHHjl He HMeeT (npUM. peg.).

282

'llacu II. OpyJKRe HaDilAeHRJI

MJI HHX CJ\.yJKHJ\. THe HAH KJ\.eH, AJUfHa cTpeAhi 6bi.Aa HeMHoro MeHbllle Me-rpa, TeTHBY AeAaJ\H H3 CKpyt~eHHOH neHbKH HAH llleAKa. DpeaocxoAHble KatJecTBa aHrAHHcKoro AYKa o6'b..SICIDIAHCb TeM, tJTo 3AacTHtJHOCTb ApeBeCHHbl HCTIOAb30BaAaCb TIOAHOCTbiO H TeM CaMbiM AOCTHraAaCb 66Abllla..SI AJUfHa HaT..SIJKeHIDI. OT noCJ\.eAHeH, 3aMeTHM, 3aBHceAa H AJUIHa cTpeAbi. no cpaBHeHHIO c npalq,HHKOM H ap6aAeTtJHKOM AyqHHK TIOBCIOAY 6biA AertJe ocHaiq,eH. B XV BeKe nelliHe AYtJHHKH HOCHAH 6pmaHTHHbl, Kopau;eHbl HAH o6AertJeHHble KOAhqyrH. OcHruu;eHHe BeHervmHcKoro AytiHHKa B KOHI.J;e XV BeKa

Puc. 458

Puc. 459

Puc. 458 • .J\.aHACKHexT c aHrAHHCKHM AYKOM. OK. 151 0 r. 113 apceHaADHbiX KHHr HMnepaTopa MaKcHMHAHaHa I (THpOAI>CKHH apceHaA). Puc. 459. BeHe~HaHCKHH A~HHK. C KapTHHI>I BHTTope Kapna'P!o, 1493 r. raAepe~ BeHe~HaHCKOH dKaAeMHH.

MoJKHo BHAeTh Ha KaPTHHaX BHTTope Kapnaqqo H A,JK.oaaHHH EeAAHHH H3 AKaAeMHH B BeHei.J;HH (pHc. 459). :HMeeTCSI Kpairne Ma.Ao paHHHX H3o6paJKeHH:H, KacaromuxCSI yno-rpe6AeHIDI AYKa Ha BocTOKe. npaBAa, Ha nepCHACKOH napaAHOH nocyAe AOBOAbHO tJaCTO BCTpetJaiOTCSI H3o6pa.JKeHIDI AYKOB, OAHaKo Ha HX ocHoBe HeAb3..SI CAeAaTb BhiBOA o AeTa.ASIX.

§ 5. MeTaTeAJ.Boe opyJKue. AyK

Brrepsble B Haqa.J\.e

283

BeKa rro..srBMUOTc..sr He-

KOTopbie CKYAHhie cBeAeHIDI B PYJ<.OITHC.HX, corAacHo KOTOpbiM KaK QJOpMa, Till< H rrpHMeHeHHe A }'Kd Ha BocToKe AOMoe speM.H ocTaBaAHCh TpaAJU\HOHHhiMH. B Haqa.J\.e

XVI

BeKa orrHcaHIDI A YKa

CTaHOB.HTC.H 6oAee o~eTAHBhiMH H I10AP06HbiMH.

3TOfO BpeMeHH COXpaHHAHCb H I10AMfHHble Ay-

KH, ~0 o6AerqaeT HX BCeCTOpOHHee HayqeHHe. Apa6cKHH

AYK

oT.J\Wia.J\.C.H

rype~Koro

60AbllieH AMfHOH, OH 60Abllie l10XOJK Ha rpeqe-

Puc. 460

CKHH, TaTapcKHH HAH BaAaiiiCKHH. KpHT.HHe HMeAH cocTaBHbie AYJ<.H c ABOHHhiM H3rn6oM. B HeKOTopbiX 06AaCT.HX AYJCH AeAaJ\H H3 pora ropHoro K03Aa,

ocTpose

Ka.HAJ1H -

H3 pora 6yii-

BoAa. Typei..\KHe AYJ<.H 6bl.lili OTHOCHTeAbHO He60AblliHMH

ITO pa3MepaM,

oqeHb yrrpyrHMH.

BoALmoif AYK Ha3biBaeTc..rr rro-rypei..\KH perwane keman -

«6a6oqKa)), a Ma.J\.eHbKHH -

BocToqHhie

AyqHHKH · He

jaj.

HOCHAH

Kpar

(pHc.

460)

H rrepqaToK. B OT.J\WIHe oT cesepHblx Hapo-

AOB,

AJ\HHHhie

AepeB.HHHhle

AYKH

KOTophiX

CAa6o HaT.HHyTOH TeTHBOH MOfAH Aei'KO

OTKAO-

H.HTbC.H B CTopoey, y

~eiTA.H

KOAh~OM

AaCb

BOCTOliHhiX TeTHBa

CO CITei..\HaAhHbiM BbiCTYTIOM H Ha-

T.HI'HBa.J\.aCb 6oAblliHM rraAh~eM rrpaBo:H PYKH· 3To KOAh~O

B COOTBeTCTBHH C B03MOJKHOCT.HMH BAa-

AeAh~a H3fOTaBAHBa.J\.OCb H3 6blllbero pora, CAOHOBOH KOCTH, cepe6pa HAH 30AOTa H YJ<.pama.J\.ocb AParol.\eHHhiMH KaMH.HMH. TaKoB 6biA

XVI

BeK,

oTKyAa AO Hac AOHeCAOCb BrrepBbie: «HHKaKOH HOBOH

MOAbl,

BCe

B03BpamaeTC.SI

KpyrH

CBO.S1>> • B

HMITCpaTopcKoM co6paHHH BeHbi xpaHHTC.SI

3HalUITeAbHOe KO.J\WieCTBO BOCTOqHbiX AYJ<.OB, KOTOphie CTaJ\H TpoQ:>e.HMH l10XOAOB roAOB

3pi..\I'ep~ora

( 1564-1595).

15 56

epAHHaHAa

15 6 6

THpoAbCKoro

113 scero co6paHH.SI 3AeCb rrpH-

BeAeHbi 6oAbmHe apa6cKHe HAH TaTapcKHe AYKH, a TaKJK.e Ma.J\.eHhKHe -

rypei.\KHe. 3TH rrpH:Mepbi

AOCTaToqHbl, ~06bi 3aMeTHTb pa31\WIIDI B KOHCTp)'K!ViH BOCTOqHbiX AYJ<.OB (pHC. Mhi

rrocMoTpHM

(pHc.

462),

Ha rypeJ1KHH

YBHAHM,

lffO

4 6 1, 4 6 2). ECAH AYK

6e3

TeTHBhi

CHJ\bHO BblfHYT

HapyJKy (a). npH ycTaHOBKe TeTHBbl AYK AOAJKeH

Puc. 460. )KeAe3Hasi Kpara. ~

AeBoro npeAUAe~bH AyqHHKa; yKpanieHa TpdBAeHHeM C ~epHeHHeM. AHrAHH, OK. 1570 r. BLIBmee co6paHHe A. Me:HpHKa. Puc. 461. Apa6cKHH AyK 6e3 TeTHBld, yKpameH H3HIIJ;HldMH apa6ecKaMH H3 30AOTa no 3eAeHoMy AaKHpOBdHHOMy rpYJITY; Bee ~aCTH pacKpameHLI. Tpo¢eif, B3HTLIH B noxoAe npomn TYPOK 1556 HAH 1566 r.

Belon Singularites 155. 1, 2. Kap. 89 Gaye V. Gloss. archeol. Ars. (npUM. aBm.).

'Iacn II. OpyJKHe

284

HanC~AeHHJI

CH.hbHO H30I'HY'fbOI BHyrPb (a'), fiOCAe qero OH fOTOB K HCfiOJ\.b30BaHHIO. npH HaT.SirHBaHHH TeTHBbl pora J\.}'Ka AO.J\JKHbl e~e 6oJ\.biiie OTOHTH Ha3C!A AO no.J\.oJKeHH.SI (a"), 6AaroAap.S1 1.1eMY H 6e3 TOfO CHJ\.bHOe HaT.HJKeHHe yse.J\.WIHBaeTC.SI eme 6oJ\.biiie, AO npeAeAa ynpyrocTH MaTepHaAoB, H3 KoTOphlx AYK CAeAaH. ToAbKO

6AaroAap.H

pa~OHaJ\.bHOH

KoM6HHa~

HcnoJ\.b3yeMhiX

MaTepHaAOB

MOJKHO 6biAO AOCTHllb CTOJ\.b BbiCOKOH 3QlQleKTHBHOCTH BOCTOlffibiX AYKOB (Aa.J\.b-

Puc. 462

Pac. 462. Type~KHH AYK H3 pora 6yiiBoAa, yxpameH H3SI~HhiMH 30AOThiMH apa6ecKaMH no KpaCHOMY AaKHpOBaHHOMY rpynry; nAe'IH H CUHHa AyxacaapyJKH, pyxoSITKa - c BHYTPeHae:R cropoHhi pacnHcaHhi. l13o6paJKeH: a 6e3 TeTHBhi; a' - C TeTHBOH; a" - B HaTSIHyroM UOAOJKeBHH. Tpo垄e:R, B3SITl.IH B UOXOAe npOTHB rypoK - 1556 BAH 1566 r.

HoCTh H Totn~ocTb) npH HX He3HaliHTe.J\bHbiX pa3Mepax. AaJKe caMble npocTble 路 socTO'tJHhle AYKH 6hi.AH YKPaiiieHbi

CHapyJKH H

Jia PYKO.SITKax AaKHpoBKo:H H

BOCXHTHTeAbHbiM opHaMeHTOM. TeTHBa BOCTOlUIOfO Ayx..a COCTOHT H3 KpenKHX HHTeH,

CBHTbiX H3 OBellbeH mepCTH,

CKpyqeHHbiMH IIIe.J\.KOBbiMH HHT.SIMH pa3HOf0

HAH

KOTOpbie KpenKo nepeT.SIHYTbl

~BeTa.

ยง 5. MeTaTeAJaBoe opyJKue. AVK

CTpehbl HopMaHHOB, aHr.J\.HliaH H lf>paHI.\y:30B

285

BeKa 6hi.J\H AJlliHOH He 6oAee

CM, liTO COOTBeTC'fBOBaAO AJlliHe AyKa. no-BHAHMOMY1 OHH HMe~ orrepeHHe

H pa3Hble HdKOHeqJIHKH: HeB03BpaTHble, AdHI.\eTOBHAJihie H lliHAOBHAflbie, AHrAHiicKHe, lf>paHI.\Y3CKHe H HeMei.\KHe cTpeAbi c

110

eM, AHaMeTp

1,5-1,8

eM. OrrepeHHe

AMI

BeKa HMeAH

AJ\.IiHY

6oeBbiX CTpeA H3roTaBAHBa-

AOCb H3 rrepraMeHTa, oKpameHHoro B .sipKHe 1.\BeTa. HaKoHel!HHKH 6blAH Aa.HI.\eTOBifAHOH <}lopMbl c KopoTKHMH BTYAKaMH. noflbiTKH Bbl.siBHTb 1.\eHTP T.siJKeCTH 3THX CTpeA He rrpeAfiPHHHMaAHCb, T. K. B co6paHHH He HdlliAOCb HH OAHOH

1.\eAo:H

ITOAJ\.HHHOH

HeMei.\-

Ko:H HAH aHrAHHCKOH CTpeAbi. BocToqHbie CTpehbl HMeiOT

MH-

B cpeAHeM 7 5 eM rrpH AHaMeTpe He 6oA.ee 7 MM. OrrepeHHe, KaK rrpaBHAO, COCTOHT H3 TpeX rrepbeB ITTHI.\ pa3Horo BJiAd. HaKoHelJHHKH

HCKAIOlJHTeAbHO TOHKHe H BCTdBAeHbi qepeHKOM B

APeBKo,

KoTopoe

H3~0

Ha BepXHeM KOHI.\e

OITAe-

TeHO H HHOrAP OKAeeHO HCKAIOl!HTeAbHO TOHKHM AbiKOM. HeKoTopbie BHAbi CTpeA HMeiOT cpa3y JKe ITOA HaKOHellHHKOM lliHpOKOe KOAbl.\0 H3 MeTaAAa. Ha 3dAlfeH cTopoHe y 6oraTo. OTAeAaHHbiX cTpeA rroMemaeTc.si KOCT.siHoe ymKO C BbieMKOH

AMI

TeTHBbi Ha KOHI.\e. 06blllHbie CTPe-

1\.bi 6e3 TaKHX HdCdAOK Bee TaKJKe HMeA.H TmdTeAbHO H3rOTOBJ\.eHHbie

AMI

BbieMKH CTH

TeTHBbi. Qemp T.siJKe-

HdXOAHAC.si

o6b~HO TOAbKO B

HeCKOAbKHX CaHTHMeTpax OT cepe-

AHJihl

6A.HJKe K HaKOHellHHKy. noq-

TH KdJKAa.si H3 rrpeACTdBAeHHbiX BOCTOllHbiX CTpeA YJ<pameHa rrpeKpacHbiMH

y:30pa.MH,

BbifiOJ\.HeHHbiMH

poCITHCbiO J\.dKOM, C fi030J\.OTOH, peJKe

3e -

HHKpycTdiJ;HeH, pe3b6o:H (puc.

BocTol!Hble XpaHHAH

CBOH

eme

HapoAbl J\.yKH

Pa3J\HliaiOT <}lyrA.sipbi

pe-

463). o6bllJHO

QJyrA.sipax.

AMI

A.YKOB -

a A y 1l U H lf>yrA.sipbi AMI CTpeA 1 K OA'l a H bl โ ข 3TH lf>yrA.sipbl AaBaAH BOCTOqHbJM

peMeC-

AeHHHKdM rrpo.siBHTb cao:H TaAaHT B YKpameHHH HX rroaepXHocTH. KoA.1

Puc. 463.

Puc. 464 Pa3HOBHAHOCTH BoCTo"'HhiX

a) TaTapcKasi.

B03MOJKHOCTb

Puc. 463

XVI

crpeA:

b) Type~Killl, c onepeHHeM, APeBKO yxpameHO TOHKHM AdKOM. XVI B. c),

d),

XVI B. XVII B .

e) Apa6cKHe.

Type~Killl. KoH.

Puc. 464. TaTapcKHH KOAllaH, noABeiiiHBaAC.SI Hd no.Sice; CAeAaH H3 KOJKH KOcyAH H yKpaiiieH annAHKd~H.SIMH H3 ~BeTIIOH K03:beH KOJKH H U030AO"'eHHLIMH MeTaAAH"'eCKHMH HaKAaAKdMH. Cep. XVI B .

Ha6op H3 HaAy'!d H KOA"'aHd Hd3LIBaAC.SI CdaAdK (npUM. peg.).

llacn II. Opyxtue HanB.AeHUJI

286

qaHhl XV BeKa .SIBMIIOTOI YAHBMTe.J\hHhlMM o6paa[.\aM:H aocToqHoro McKyccTBa, oco6eHHO B pa6oTax no KOJKe li BhiiilliBKax C li3yMIITe.J\hHO Kpac:HBb!Mli y:30paM:H (p:Hc. 464, 465). KoAqaHhl XVII BeKa CBlfAeTeAbcTBYJOT yJKe o6 yna.AKe 3Toro BocToqHoro McKyccTBa: npM ace:H KpacoTe pMcYHKa OH BblllOJ\.HeH C ITOMOmi>IO 6oAee AemeBbiX cpeACTB 3oAoqeHlf.SI Hl\H cepe6peHli.SI o6IIrnBKM. B eapone:HcK:Hx ao:HcKax AYKM He 1 xpaHlil\.licb B HaAyqax • TipM AOJK.MHao:H noroAe TOAhKo TeTHBa, KaK npaBlil\.o, xpaHliJ\.acb B CYMJ<.e. CTPeJ\.hl noMemaJ\.lich B MHHHhle Aepea.SIHHble KoJ\.qaHbi B ~opMe Ker.J\.H Hl\H npM3Mhl, KOTOpbie ITOKpbiBaJ\.li pe3b60H Hl\H o6epTbiBaJ\.li nepraMeHToM M pacKpamHBaJ\.li (p:Hc. 4 6 6, 4 6"7). BcTPe- "" qawTC.SI li ITJ\.OCKlie KoJ\.qaHbJ, KaK 1 Hallp:HMep, ~AopeHTMHCK:He, MMeiOUVie HeKOTopoe CXOACTBO C BOCTOqHbiMli (p:Hc. ~59).

Puc. 465

Puc. 465.

Typen;KHH caaAaK:

a) HaA~ . b) KoA'laH . 06a H3 3eAeHo:H KOJKH KOPAYaHa, WHTOrO cepe6poM H D;BeTHLIM WeAKOM, H C OKOBKaMH, yKpameHHLIMH B TeXHHKe XOAOAHOrO 3MaAHpo'BaHHH. Cep. XVI B. Puc.

466.

KoAliaH

AAH ' CTpeA,

o6TSIIfYThiH MeXOM, T. H . MeXOBOH KOAlJ.aH; BXOAHA B BoopyJKeHHe HMneparopcKHX A~HHKOB. OK. 151 0 r . 1-'13 ap·ceHaAbHhiX KHHr HMnepaTopa MaKCHMHAHaHa I (THpOAbCKHH apceHaA).

Puc. 46'1.

KoAliaH BeHeD;HaHCKoro

A~HHKa ,

H3 pe3Horo AepeBa, YKpameH no3oAo'leHHLIMH apa6ecKaMH Hd KpdCHOM 4JoHe. llepBaSI UOA. XVI B . MMnepaTopcKHH

Puc. 466

Puc. 467

LtapCKOCeAbCKHH apceHaA.

1 A YKH 0 6MdThiBaAH MdTepHeH v v HAH UOMeiD;aAH B AAHHHLIH MeWoK H3 KOJKH BAH TKdHH

(npUM. peg.).

§ 5. MeTaTe.MaHOe opyJKHe. Ap6aAeT

287

AP:SAJ\.ET MexaJllilieCKHH npHHI.\Hn, Ha KOTOpOM OCHOBaHa KOHCTp)'KI.J;IDI a p 6 a A em a (HeM. Armrust, cjJp. arbalete, llHrA. cross-bow, arbalist, um. balestra, ucn. ballesta, A am. arcubalista, arbalista), BOCXOAHT K MeTaTe.J\bHhiM MaiiiHHaM Apesnocrn, AOBOJ\bHO noAPo6no onHcaHHhiM BHrpysHeM B ero coqmJeHHH «06 apXHTeKcype». np~ TSDKeJ\.hiX OCaNJhiX MaiiiHH 6biA peaAH30BaH B AerKOM pyqHOM opyJKHH eme B Konu;e aHTWIHOCTH. YJK.e B IV seKe Bereu;H:H B csoeM TpaKTaTe 0 BOeHHOM AeAe IIHIIIeT o6 apKa6aAHCTaX He KaK 0 TSIJK.eAOH MaiiiHHe, a KaK o AerKoM, seeM H3BecmoM pyqHOM opYJKHH oTpSJAOB cTpeAKoB. Ha AByx 6ape.hbeQ>ax B MY3ee nYJf, CAeJ\.aHHbiX, HeCOMHeHHo, panee IV BeKa, MOJKHO OTtleT~BO BJ1AeTb ap6aAeTbi C HX XapaKTepHbiMH npH3HaKaMH. nepsoe H306paJK.eHHe 06HapyJK.eHO Ha KOAOHHe (pHC. 468). BTopoe H306paJK.eHHe HMeeTCSI Ha Q>parMeHTe QJpH3a H3 pa3BaJ\.HH BHJ\.J\bl nYJf. nepBOHaqaAbHOe HeMeu;Koe Ha3BaHHe ap6aAeTa «Arrnrilstung» (opYJKHe AMI PYK) COCTOSIJ\.0 H3 AByx CAOB «Arm» (p)'Ka) H «Rilstung» (opYJK.He). TepMHH «armrust» noSIBJ\.SieTcSI yJK.e B XII BeKe. B Konu;e XV seKa CAOBO «Armrust» npHo6peTaeT HOBOe HanHCaHHe, npH KOTOpOM K «ID» npH6aB.JUieTCSI «b». TaKHM o6pa30M, Ha3BaHHe opyJKIDI npe·spaTHAOCh B «Armbrust». Ho noCAe Toro, KaK B COBpeMeHHOM Sl3h1Ke 3TO He6Aar03ByqHOe coqeTaHHe 3B)'KOB 6b1Ao noBCIOAY YHH~o JK.eno, CHOBa BepHYAHCh K npaBHJ\bHOMY, nepsonaqaAbHOMY nanHcaHHIO. C V no X BeKa Mhi ne HMeeM cBeAeHHH o6 ap6aAeTax B Espone, no3TOMY MO.JKHO npeAIIOAOJKHTh, ~0 eCAH B 3TOT nepHOA OHH H He 6biAH noJ\.HOCThiO npeAaHhl 3a6BeHHIO, To yrroTpe6J\.SIJ\.Hch peAKo. 11, AeiicTBHTe.J\bHO, ap6aAeTbl CHOBa noSIBHAHCh Ha MHHHaTIOpe J\.aTHHCKoro MaHYCKpHnTa BpeMeH J'uoAOBHPuc. 468 Ka IV (936-954) «YAbTpaMapHH» npHMepPuc. 468. Pe.AI>e<f> c KOAOHHhl. no 9 3 7 roflij.. Ha MHHHaTIOpe H3 BH6AHH HaB:AeHa B CoAHH1>51Ke-Ha-Ayape Konu;a X seKa, npHHaMe.JKame:H a66aTcTBy IV B. Cen-./KepMeH H naxoAffi.IJ:eHcSI ceiiqac B HaII;HOHaAbHOH 6H6AHOTeKe napHJK.a, MOJKHO BJ1AeTb AByx neiiiHX CTpeAKOB, KOTOpble cTpeJ\.SIIOT no cTenaM THpa SIBHO H3 ap6aAeToB (pHc. 469). Anna KoMHHHa ( 1 0 8 3-oK. 115 5), yqenrui AOllh BH3aHTH:HcKoro HMIIepaTopa AheKceSI, ( 1 0 4 8-1 1 1 8), B CBOeM CO~HeHHH «AJ\.eKCCUJAPHaAa» npH onHCaHHH nepsoro KpeCTOBOro nOXOflij. yrroMHHaeT A)'KH HOBOrO THIIa, KOTOpbie OHa Ha3biBaeT 3TO A)'KH, KoTopbie naM He3HaKOMhi». <<tzagrae». Ona nHIIIeT, ~o <<tzagra -

288

1JacTL II. OpyJK.ue HanilAeHHJI

3TO, BlfAHMO, Il03BOASieT CAeJ\.dTb BbiBOA, liTO ap6a.AeTbi, He H3BeCTHbie Ha BocToKe, 6bi.Jlli opyJKHeM, H3o6peTeHHbiM B 3anaAHOrepMaHcKoM rocyAapcTBe, 1 H3BeCTHhiM H IIpHMeiDieMbiM TOAhKO B 3anCIAHoii Eaporre • BrrepBbie ap6a.AeTbl IIOAytiHAH aceo6mee H mHpoKoe pacnpocTPaHeHHe B XII aeKe, oco6eHHO B AHrAHH H <l>paHu;HH. BTopo:H AaTepaHcKHH co6op B 1 1 3 9 rOAY 3arrpeTHA ynoTPe6AeHHe ap6a.AeTOB IIpOTHB XpHCTHaH KaK CMepTOHOCHOro opyJKIDI H pa3pemH.J\ IIpHMeiDITb HX TOJ\.bKO IIpOTHB HeBepHbiX. TeM He MeHee oKoAo 1 1 9 0 roAa ap6a.AeThl ynoTPe6MIJ\.H B aoiicKax KopoASI PwmpAa I AHrAHHcKoro H <l>HAHnna-ABrycTa <l>paHu;f3cKoro. B 3To JKe ape~ rroHBHAHCh rrepBbie OTPRAI>I rremHx H KOHHhiX ap6a.AeTtiHKOB, qoro Aa.AO rroBOA narre l1HHoKeHTHIO III ( 11 6 0-1 2 1 6) Bo3o6HOBHTh 3anpemeHHe Co6opa. HecMOTPSI Ha CTPOrHH 3anpeT, opyJKHe npHo6peTa.Ao ace 6o.Abmee 3HaqeHHe. KoMaHAyro~ ap6a.Ae~KaMH so <l>paHu;HH IIOAytiH.J\ THTYA «fpoccMeHcTep ap6a.AeTtiHKOB» H no3AHee 6biA rrpHpaaHen K Mapma.AaM <l>paHIJ;f3CKoro KopoAeBcTBa. B fepMaHHH B XII aeKe ap6a.AeTb! ynoTPe6ASIAHCh AOBOAhHO qacTo. ToMY HMelOTCSI f:¥3a CBHAeTeJ\.bcTBa, npHHilAJ\eJKa:mHe rroqTH K OAHOMY H TOMY JKe apeMeHH. 3To cTeHHhie pocrrHcH B AoMcKoM co6ope EpaYJIIDBeiira apeMeH feHpHxa Ahaa ( 11 2 9-11 9 5) H HaNpo6Hrui cTeA.J\a feHpHxa <}>oH <l>eAhAeKe, Ha KOTOpOH 3TO opyJKHe BIIepBbie Ha3BaHO «ap6a.AeTOM». CpeAH HeMeu;Koro phlu;apcTBa ap6a.AeT cHaqa.Aa paccMaTPHBa.ACSI KaK KoaapHoe H HepbiiJ;apcKoe opyJKHe H OTBepra.AcSI. To.AbKo ropo.>K.aHe c YAOBOAhCTBHeM HcrroAh30Ba.AH ero B cxaaTKax c pbiPuc. 469 u;ap.HMH. B HeMeu;KHX H HJiAepPuc. 469. Oc<tAa THpa. MHHHaTropa H3 AaiJACKHX ropOAaX, rAaBHbiM o6EH6AHH KOH~a X B. Ha~HOHaALHaH pa30M, B ropOAdX faH3bl, C03Aa6H6AHOTeKa, DapiUK. Ba.AHCb TdK Ha3biBaeMble rH.J\bAHH CTPeAKoB IIOA rroKpoaHTeJ\.bcTBoM ca. Ce6acThSIHa, ca. Mopm\a H AP· YJKe B XIII BeKe ap6a.AeTbl IDHpoKo npHMeH.HJOTCSI Ha OXOTe, IIOTeCHHB IIpd:mJi H AYKH• 0HH COXpaHHAH CBOlO rrorryASipHOCTb AdJKe TOrAa, KOrAa OI'HeCTPe.AbHOe opyJKHe CTa.J\.0 BeCbMa 3<}>QleKTHBHbiM, T. K. OXOT:HHqbH ap6a.AeThl He BCnyr'HBa.J\H AJ{tlb 3B'YKOM BbiCTPeAa H BCIIbiiDKOH. no cpaBHeHHlO c AYKOM ap6a.AeT o6AdAdA 66Abme:H MOm:HOCTblO H TQqHoCTbiO CTPe.Ab6hi. Ho npH 3TOM a6a.AeTtiHK BhirrycKaA f:¥3e CTPe.Abi B MHH)'TY, a AOBKHH AytiHHK, 3a 3TO JKe ape~. BhlrryCKa.A ceMb. 1 YMeCTHo oTMeTHTh, 'ITO npHBeAeHHLIH aBTOpoM nepeBOA OTpLIBKa He TO'leH. ApyrHe nepeBOA'lHKH npHAdiOT 3TOMY a63a~y np.SIMO npOTHBODOAOJKHLIH CMLICA. Do HX MHeHHIO, pe'lb HAeT 0 TOM, 'ITO ap6aAeT HAH CaMOCTpeA, npHMeH.SIBillHHC.SI BH3dHTHH~dMH, 6LIA COBepmeHHO He3HaKOM KpeCTOHOC~aM H HdBOAHA Ha HHX yJKaC (npUM. peg.).

§ 5. MeTaTeAJ»Hoe opyJKue. Ap6aAeT

289

B XIV BeKe uepa3AYJHhiM crryrHHKoM ap6aAe'J'llHKa cTaA ~HTouoce4, xoT.H Bo <l>paH4H.H ap6aAeTtiHK caM 3a~H~aAC51 nase3oH. KorAa BOIIIMI B ynoTpe6AeHHe npaCT~IaTbie AaTbl, ap6aAe'J'llHKH OTBeprAH T)' HOBYJO HeyA06HYJO BOHHCKYJO OAeJKAy, T. K. OHa MemaAa HM npH HCllOAh30BaHHH OpYJKH.H. BMeCTO 3Toro ap6aAeTtiHK ROCHA B fepMaHHH KOJKaHYJO KypTKY C HaiDHTbiMH MeTa.AAHlleCKHMH nAaCTHHKaMH, so <l>paHW'fH H viTaAHH - Kopau;eey HAH 6pHraHrney. l13roTOBAeHHe ap6aAeToB AOCTHrAo csoero Bhicmero pa3BHTH51 B XV H XVI BeKax B HcnaHHH, HHAepAaHAaX H fepMaHHH. Ayq:mHe CTa.J\hHhie AYJ<H noAyqaAH H3 l1TaAHH, TOI-Naiillrne H npoqHe:HmHe TeTHBhi H3roTaBAHBaAHCh B AHTBepneHe. CaMhiMH MeTKHMH ap6aAeTtiHKaMH B XIV H XV BeKax 6biAH reH)'331.1;hi. CTPeAOK HOCHA npH ce6e 1-2 CTPeA, KOTOpbiMH Mor nopa3HTh 4e.J\h C paCCTO.HHH51 B 2 0 0 maroB. Ap6aAeT cocToHT H3 .11o~a (HeM. Saute, cpp. arbrier), AyKa (HeM. Bogen, cpp. arc), me m u Bbl (HeM. Sehne, cpp. corbe), Ham R~n oro yc m p o ii c mBa (HeM. Spannvorrichtung) H c nyc KoBo r o y c m p o ii c mBa (HeM. Abzugsvorricbtung). no pa3MepaM pa3.J\HqaJOT C m Q H K 0 B bl e H p y ll. H bl e Q p 6 a .11 em bl. CTaHKOBhie npeACTaB.J\51IOT co6o:H HeqTo cpeAHee MeJKAy OCaAHhiMH MaiDHHUMH H pYJHhiM opyJKHeM. no cnoco6y HaT.HJKeHH51 pa3AHqaiOT a p 6 a .11 em bl c p y ll. H bl M H am R ~ e HUeM (cfJp. arba}ete main) , ap6a.11ein C 6AOKOM (cfJp. arba}ete tour, HAM moufle) , a p 6 a .11 em C B 0 p 0 m 0 M (cfJp. arbalete eric lf.!U1 cranequin) H, pied-de-biche). HaKOHe4, Q p 6 Q .11 em C K 0 3 be ii H 0 r 0 ii (cfJp. arba}ete B OTHOIDeHHH BhmyCKaeMbiX CHapJIAOB pa3.JU{qaJOT o6bNHbie ap6aAeTbl, MeTaBIDHe 6o .11m bl (HeM. Bolzen, cpp. guarels, viretons), 6 a .11.11 e c m p bl (HeM. Ballaster), CTPeARBmHe MeTa.AAHllecKHMH ny.J\51MH, KaMH.HMH, a Ha oxoTe r AHH.HHhiMH mapHKaM.H. B KOH4e XVI BeKa no.HB.JUUOTC51 ap6aAeThi AerKoro THIIa m H en n e p bl (HeM. Schnepper) . MaTepHaAoM AMI AYJ<a CAYJKHAo Aepeso, KoTopoe , B cHAy MaAoH ynpyrocTH, 1 ynoTpe6.J\..H.J\.OCh TOAhKO AMI npocToro opyJK.H51 , a TaKJKe CTaAh H por. CTaAbHhie .J\.yKH, HeCMOTp.H Ha 60AbiDYJO . ynpyroCTh, HMeAH TOT HeAOCTaTOK, qTo npH xoAoAe AerKo pa3AaMhiBaAHCh. no3TOMY 3HMoH oxoTHee HcnoAh30BaAH .J\.YJ<H H3 MHoroc.J\.oHHbiX nAaCTHH o.J\.eHbero pora, o6epH)'Tbie AHKOM H o6T.HH)'Thie nepraMeHTOM. npoqHoe coeAJ1HeHHe AYJ<a c .J\.OJKeM c~eCTBeHHoe YC.J\.OBHe AMI npHMeHeHH51 ap6a.J\.eTa. Oc~eCTB.J\..H.J\.oCh oHo nepsmmqa.J\.hHo c noMo~hiO mHypoB HAM KOJKaHbiX peMHeH, KOTOpbie He TOAhKO OXBaTbiBaAH .J\.OJKe H AYJ<, HO H yAepJKHBaAH KOAh4eo6pa3Hoe CTaAhHoe CTPeM51 (B CTapbie speMeHa oHo 6bi.J\.O Heo6xoAJ1MO AMI HaT.HJKeHH51 ap6a.J\.eTa, a no3AHee cTa.J\.o npeAMeToM YJ<pameHH51) 2. B KoHu;e XV cTo.J\.eTH.H B HcnaHHH H l1TaAHH AYJ< CTaAH KpenHTh c noMo~hiO AByx MeTaAAHqecKHX neTeAh, pacno.J\.oJKeHHhiX no o6eHM CTopoHaM .J\.oJKa, H napbi K.J\.HHheB, HA~Hx HaBcTPeqy APyr APyry qepe3 oTBepcTH.H B .J\.oJKe. KAHHh.H no3BO.J\51AH HaMepTBo npHJKaTh AYK K ocHoBaHHIO .J\.oJKa. B Ma-

AepeBHHH:ble

AYKH

6biAH

AemeB:ble,

noAeBbiX

yCAoBliHX

MOJKHo

61>1Ao

3a crpeMSI ap6aAeT llOABeiiiHBdAH Hd CTelfY, ll03TOMY OHO He HC"I!e3AO, a npeAMeTOM AeKopaTHBHoro yKpameHHSI (npUM. peg.) .

CTdAO

onepaTHBHeH 3dMeHHTb HAH llO"I!HHHTb (npUM. peg.) . 2

B. EexaiiM

290

"'acn II. OpyJKHe BaniiAeHHJI

AOMomHbiX OXOTHifllbHX ap6apaCKAHHHBaAc~

AeTaX AYK

nocpeACTBeHHO

He-

OTBepcnrn:

AOJKa.

HeKOTOpbiX ap6aAeTOB K neT~

MeTaAAHqeCKHM IlpOCTO

I I I I

AOJKa

HHJKHeH

KpeiiH.hC~

HAM

CTOpOHbl

Kp10K 1 Ha KOno~eummaAH

TOpOM 路 opyJKHe

410.

K rroJicy HAH ceMy (pnc.

G).

Ha rrpnBeAeHHoM pHCYHKe

(D)

BHAH0 1 'ITO IIAOCKOCTb

Ay-

Ka pacnoAoJKeHa He nepneH-

AHKY~pHo AO.>Ka 1

Harrpas~me:H

KOC0 1

(NL)

AYKa

a q en

(HeM.

Bbi Ha 0

p eX e

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qepe3

Rast) MJI Tent(HeM. NuB). noneTAH (B) MJI Kpen-

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TaK 1

npoxoAHT

noMombiD

rrpHTm'HBaiOT AYK

AOJKY qepe3 OTBepcTHe B HeM

(E).

APyrHX

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Kpe~c~

K AoJKy. a 3a-

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npoH3BOAHTC~

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KAHHbJIMH Bbiille Hero (B TOq-

C) . . CTaAbHbie AYKJil.

o6AaAaiO-

mne IlpH He3HaqlifTeJ\.bHOH TOAmHHe AOBOAbHO 6oAbmo:H pyrocTbiO.

3HaqlifTeAbHOM TorAa

KaK

yrr-

HYJKAaiOTC~

HaT.SIJKeHHH. AepeB.SIHHbiX

KOCT.SIHbiX AYKOB XOA TeTHBbi AOAJKeH

Puc. 470

Puc. 4'10. OxOTHH~H:H ap6aAeT AlOAOBHKa XII, KOpOASI <l>paHQHH. AyK CTaAhHOH, DOKp'hiT 1'paBJ\.eHHeM H D030J\.OTOH; Hd KA.eHOBOM J\.OJKe y3opHI>Ie HaKA.dAKH H3 KOCTH, pHcoBaHHI>Ie H3o6paJKeHHSI rep6oB paHQHH H MHAaHa, pe.Abe<f>Hhle HdKA.ilAKH c opAeHoM AuKo6pa3a H repaAI>AH~ecKo:H <f>Hrypo:H c rep6a AHHhl Epe-roHcKo:H - ropHocraeBI>IH xBoCTHK B cepMe, a TaiOKe 3HdK BAOBCTBd BHTo:H mHyp; apex He 3aKpenA.eH, TeTHBbl HeT. Ha BHAe c6oKy noKa3aHO KpenA.eHHe AyKa H cnycKoBoe ycrpo:HCTBo. paHitHSI, oK. 14 9 0 r.

6biTb

3HaqnTeAbHbiM.

H~eBaHIDI

A;uJ.

MOmHbiH

TeTHBbl

CTaAbHOH

AYK

Ha Ae-

<PopMHpOBaTb ero HYJKHO 6blAO BeCbMa He3HaqlifTe.hbHO.

MeHee MOmHble " AepeB.SIHHbie AYKH Heo6xoAJi1Mo 6bl.ho CHaqaAa H30rJIYTh H3 HeHTpaAbHOro

noAo.>KeHH.SI

(pHC. 4 7 1). npH

pa6oqee

H(lAeTOH Te-

THBe AYK YJKe HanoAOBiifHY ncnoAb30BaA Hero

B03MO.>KHYJO

Ae<PopMai..\HIO.

AYK

MJI H3

§ 5. MeTaTe.uaoe opyXtue. Ap6aAeT

291

Bh:II'HY'I'Oro IIOAO.>KeHIDI rrepeBOASI'f B IIpRMoe, a 3aTeM B 6oeBoe, Y CJ\.O.>K.HhiX AYKOB TeTHBa AO.JUKHa 6b1Th ropa3AO Kperrqe, qeM y CTaAhHhiX, T, K. OHa IJOCTO.SIHHO HCIIhiTbiBaeT 3HaiJHTeAbHOe ycHAHe paCT.siJKeHH.H. CrrycKoBoe ycTPOHCTBo rrpeTeprreAo cymeCTBeHHbie H3MeHemrn, oT caMhiX rrpocTeHnrnx AO caMhiX XlfTPOYMHhlX Q:>opM, XOT.H IIOIJTII BCe 3TH CHCTeMhl IJOCTO.HHHO B03BpaiiJ;aAHCh K rrepsoHaqaAhHOH cxeMe. CTape:Hmee ycTPoHcTBo npeAcTaBA.HeT H3 ce6.H rHe3AO, Bhlpe3aHHoe B AO.>Ke, B KOTOpOM IJ pa3MeiiJ;eHa KocT.siHa.H ma:H6oqKa (H30TOBAeHHa.H H3 KOIIhiT HAlf pora OAeH.si) r BhiCTYIJalOIIJ;a.si HdA IIOBepXHOCThlO AO.>Ka MeHee qeM HaiiOAOBHH)', TaK ·"' '· t{TO OHa MO.>KeT COBepmaTb .J\HIIIb spaiiJ;ctTeAhHOe ABH.>KeHHe B rne3Ae. 3Ta ma:H6a, Ha- .1" ~~~ · - ·- · - - - - - - - . 3hiBaeMa.si opex, B BhiCTYIJaiOI ' me:H qacTH CHa6.>KeHa 3al\eiiOM AMI TeTHBhl, a HarrpoTHB HMeeTc.si 3apy6Ka AMI crrycKoBoro d phlt{ara. B paHHHX ap6aAeTax opex He HMe.J\. Kpeii.J\.eHH.H, a

6biA 11(

CCCB06ogHO

fl.llUBUJ0-

u MJJ (HeM. freischwebend). B

cepeAifHe XV BeKa ero CTaAH KpeiiHTh K AO.>KY C IIOMOIIJ;blO IIIHYPOB, rrpoxoASIIIJ;HX qepe3 OCb H om6aiOIIJ;HX AO.>Ke (pHC. 4 7 1 r a) Ha rrepBhiH B3rA.s!Ar Ao.>Ke ap6aAeTa KaJKeTC.si o6MoTaHHhiM IIIHYPOM, H TaKyw CHCTeMY Ha3hiBaAH ceo p ex, 0

BpUU(UlOU(UUCJl.

HU-

(HeM. NuB, im Faden laufend). BhlcTPeA npoH3BOAHTCJI crrycKOBhiM phlt{arOM (HeM. B'Ogel, pH C. 4 1 0, R), KOTOphiH npeACTaBA.HeT co6o:H AByrrAeqeso:H pbNar, HMelOIIJ;HH OCh (M). EoAee KopoTK.oe II.J\.eqo yrrHpaeTcJI B 3apy6Ky opexa, npy.>KHHa (S) AaBHT Ha AJlliHHOe II.J\.eqo, yAep.>KHBa.si ero so B3BeAeHHoM rroAo.>KeHHH. B paHHHX ap6aAeTaX 3TOH rrpy- .

m u»

19*

Pu c --171

Puc. 471. TsnKeAhiH ap6aAeT, c poroBhiM AyKoM H ynopaMH AMI HeMe~Koro BOpoTa; AYK MHHOH 1 M o6nrHYT nepraMeHTO:M H pacKpameH; Ao)Ke AJ\.HHOH 11 0 CM HMeeT npocroe cnycKOBOe yCTpOHCTBO (a) C opeXOM, 3aKpenAeHHhiM HHTLIO; B HH)I{He:H "'aCTH ero - rep6 UJTHpH:HcKoro phl~apSI AHApeaca EaYMKHpxepa (o6e3rAaBAeH 1471). OK. 1450 r.

292 )I{HHhl He 6biAO, ll03TOMY CTpeAOK AOA)I{eH 6biA npH HfiT.H)I{eHHH ycTaHOBHTh opex B COOTBeTCTByIO~ee llOAO)I{eHHe, HeiAfiB.JUIBa.H Ha cnycKOBOH pbiqar, llOKa KOpoTKoe nAeqo He 3fiCKfiKHBaAO B 3apy6Ky opexa, TeM caMbiM npeAOTBp~a.SI npoH3BOAhHhiH cnycK. AaJ\hHe:Hrnee ycoBeprneHcTBoBaHHe cnycKOBOro ycTpOHCTBa OTHOCHTC.SI KO BpeMeHH HMllepaTopa MaKCHMH.JUt:aHa I (npHMepHo 1500 r.), KOTOpbiH, COrAfiCHO CBHAeTeAbCTBY To:H:epAaHKa, qyTh 6biAO He nont:6 H3-3a HeO)I{HAfiHHOro cnycKa CTpeAbi. HoBoe cnycKoBoe YCTPOHCTBO (pHC. 4 7 2) COCTOHT H3 n p e g 0 -

xpaHumeAbHoro

Puc. 472. Ap6a.A.eT HMnepaTopa MaKCHMHAHaHa I. J\..yK CTa.AbHOH, ITOKphlT 'I'paBAeHHeM H ll030AOTOH; AOJKe Kpacaoe, AaKHpoBaaaoe, yKpameao H3pe~eHHHMH HMnepaTopa, HdllHCdHHliiMH 30AOTliiMH 6yKBdMH; HaTSIJKeHHe TeTHBlil npOH3BOAHTOI BOparoM; opex He 3aKpenAeH; cnyCK npoH3BOAHTOI umeAAepoM (c). McnaaHSI. OK. 1500 r.

~dCTbiO

phlqara

(HeM. Sperrhebel. pHc .. 4 7 2. C), KoTopbiH yAep)I{HBaeT cnycKoBo:H pb~ar oT noBopoTa AO Tex nop, noKa HeT Heo6XOAHMOCTH BhiCTPe.JUt:Th. nepeA BbiCTpeAOM npeAoxpaHHTeAhHhiH p~ar noBopaqHBaAC.SI H OCB060~aA cnyCKOBYffi CKo6y. noCAe HfiT.H)I{eHH.H AYKa 6oAT (B CTapH:Hy Hfi3hiBfiBIIIHHC.SI B HeMeiJ;KOH nexoTe Hauspfeil) noMe~a.JUt: Ha AO)I{e nepeA opexoM~ Y MI-IOrHX ap6aAeTOB, OC06eHHO He HeMeu;KHX, AJ\51 3TOH u;e.JUt: Hfi BepXHeH llOBepXHOCTH AOJKa HMeAC.SI JKeAo6oK, B KOTOpbiH BKACiAbiBaAacb cTpeAa. HeMeu;KHe ap6aAeThi o6hJqHO He HMe.JUt: JKeA06Ka, H llOBepXHOCTb AOJKa y HHX rACiAKa.H. BoAT JKe cpHKCHpoBaAC.H porOBhiM 3 U .JK U M 0 M (HeM. Bolzenkleminer) r KOTOpbiH 1 3aKpenA.SIAc.SI no3fiAH opexa . l.JT06bi 3aJKHM He MeiiiaA npH Hil-

1 3TH 3aJKHMlil AAH CTpeA 60Abmeii OTC}'TCTBYIOT y ap6a.A.eTOB , npeACTdBAeHHliiX B MY3eHX. 0AHdKO y HHX He'I'pYAHO 3dMeTHTb TO~Ky, B KOTOpOH 3aJKHMlil 6liiAH 3aKpenAeHlil

(npUM. peg.).

§ 5. MeTaTeAJaaoe opylK.ue. Ap6ueT

T.SDKeHHH, ero OTBOpaqHBa.AH BAeBO (pHC. 4 73, c). MeJKAy TeM, o6paTHBIIIHCb K onucamno pa3.J\WUibiX HaT.siJKHhiX yCTpo:HcTB Ha MY3eHHbiX aKcnoHaTax, HeTJlYAHO 3aMCTHTb, ~0 COxpaHHBillHCCfl B co6paHH.siX ap6aAeThl OTHOCflTCfl K TOMY BpeMeHH, KOrAa MeTaTe.AbHOe opyJKHe YJK.e CTaJ\.0 BbiTeCHmbC.si OI'HeCTpe.AbHbiM. CTapeihiiHe ap6aAeThl, coxpaHHBIIIHeC.si B MY3e.s1x, ornoc.siTCfl K XV seKy. Ao XII BeKa ap6aAe~H HaT.sirHBaJ\.H ap6aAeThl 6e3 MeXaHHtleCKHX cpeACTB, o6eHMH p}'KaMH. noaToMY MOID;HOCTb ap6aAeTa AOJ\JK.Ha 6bi.J\.a cooTBeTcTBoBaTb cHAe PYK CTpeJ\Ka. 3a 3THM npocre:HnmM cnoco6oM B XIV seKe .floCAeAOBaJ\. HeMHoro 6o.J\.ee CAOJKHhiH, C TIOMO~IO Ham Jl JK. H bl X K p 10 K 0 B (HeM. Spannhaken, cjJp. crochet). OHH coxpaHHAHcb AO HaqaJ\.a XV cToJ\.eTHfl. HaTIDK.Ho:H KpiOK 6bi.J\. ABOHHhiM H HOCHACfl Ha IIIHpOKOM no11ce Ha 6eAPaX. Ap6aAeT npH HaT.siJKeHHH CTaBHAH J\.}'KOM Ha 3eMJ\IO, CTpe.J\.OK npuceAaJ\., HaCT)111aJ\. Horo:H B CTpeM.si, 1.\eTI..1\.IDl KpiOK 3a TeTHBy, H, Bhlnp.HM.IUUICb, HaT.sii'HBaJ\. ee. Pa3rH6aJ\.Cfl OH AO TeX nop, TIOKa TeTHBa He TIOTiilAaJ\.a B opex. CTpeJ\.OK AOJ\JKeH 6bi.J\. OTJKaTb cnycKOBYJO cKo6y oT J\.OJKa Al\JI Toro, ~o6bi ee «HOCHK)) some.J\. B 3apy6Ky opexa. TaKoH HaT.siJKHOH KpiOK MOJKHO ys:HAeTb B Mysee apTHJ\J\.epHH B napHJKe (pHC. 4 74). 3ToT cnoco6 «3ap.siJKaHHfl)) ap6aAeTa 6bi.J\. so scex OTHOilleHHflX 6o.J\.ee nporpeCCHBHhiM, qeM HaT.siJKeHHe ro.AbiMH p)1KaMH, ~o TI03BOJ\.fl.J\.O YBe.J\.HliHTb MOID;HOCTb J\.)'Ka. nocTO.siHHO B03paCTaiOID;ee 3HaqeHHe AaJ\.bH06o:HHoro MeTaTe.AbHOro OpYJKH11 TO.J\.KaJ\.0 K HeYKJ\.OHHOMY cosepmeHcTsosamno ap6aAeTa: npHXOAHJ\.OCb AeAaTb AYKH see 6o.J\.ee MOm;HbiMH. OAJioH MYCKYAbHOH c:HJ\.hl Al\JI HaT.siJKeirn.SI 6bi.J\.O YJK.e HeAOCTaTOq}{O, ll03TOMY no.siBHAHCb MexainNecKHe npHcnoco6J\.eHHfl, ~o6bi YB~ ary cHAy. OAJiaKo H3 cTape:Hnrnx cpCACTB HaT.siJKeHHfl J\.}'Ka ap6aAeTa a H r A U UC K U U B 0pom (HeM. englische Wmde), Ha3BaHHbiH no Mecry ero nepsoro npHMeHeHHfl. OH npeACTaBJ\.fl.J\. co6o:H B cyii\HOCTH He ~0 HHOe, KaK 06blqHhiH 6.1\.0K C JV3YM.slr peJKe c TpeM.si poAHKaMH. BAaroAap.si 3TOMY AOCTHraJ\.OCb JV30HHoe HAH Tpo:HHoe YBeAHqeHHe c:HJ\.hl PYK· YcTpoiicTBo MeXaHH3Ma npocToe, KaK BlfAHO Ha npuMepe JV3yxpOAHKOBOrO BOpOTa (pHC. 4 75). 3a KpiOKOM pacnoJ\.araJ\.cfl poAHK (B), TI03ilAH KOToporo 3a OTpOCTOK KpeiiH.J\.Cfl KOHel.\ TpOCHKa. rHe3AO (D) HaT.sDKHoro ycTpOHCTBa HilAeBaJ\.OCb Ha KOHel.\ J\.OJK.a ap-

293

.., .

f·

'' ' .... ' .... ........

.:.: .'

Puc. 473

Puc. 474

Puc. 473. YAepxaaue 6oATa 3aJKHMOM (c).

Puc. 474. HaTIDKHOH Ha'll. XIV B. BhiBmee co6paaue 3aMKa

KpiOK.

ll~>ep~OH.

294

'lacn II. OpylltBe BBDBAeBBJI

6aAeTa. HaTIDK.eHHe rrpoH3BOAHAOCb Ae6eAKOH, BaA (F), KOTOpbi:H IIpHBOAlf.J\.CJI B ABIDKCHHC ABYMH pyqKaMH (K). Cne~aAb足 HbiM KpiOKOM (J) BOpOT I.J;CII.MIJ\.CJI 3a IIORC npH B~CTPeAC HAH Ha Mapme. HeMe~e ap6aAeT.W co cTa.J\.bHbiMH HAH poros~ AYKaMH YJKC B KOH:u;e XIV BeKa HaTID'HBaAHCb TaK Ha3~ae~ HeMeqKUM BOpomoM (HeM. deutsche Wmde, pHc. 4 76). 3TOT CIIOC06 OKa3aACJI HaCTO.J\.bKO IIpOCTbiM H npaKTiflffibiM, liTO YJKC K cepeAHHe cToAeTHR BOIDe.J\. B YJlOTPe6AeHHe 3a npeAe.J\.aMH CBHmCHHOH PHMCKOH HMITepHH. Ap6aAeTtiHKH, ocHam;e~e HCMC~H BOpOTaMH, Ha3~aAHCb BO <l>paH:u;HH cranequinieurs. MexaHH3M TaKoro sopoTa c 3y6qaToH pe:H:Ko:H, H3o6pa.JK.eHHbiH Ha pHC, 4 7 7, KpaiiHe npocT. PyqKo:H (K) spam;a10T PYKO.SITKY (H) c YKPeiiAe~ Ha He:H qepWIKOM (D), KOTOpbiH BXOAHT B 3~eiiAeHHe c 3y6hliMH KoAeca (B), HMe10m;ero OCb Bpam;eHIDI (A). B 3TO KoAeco 3anpeccoBaHo TPH IDTHcpTa (C), KOTOpble H npHBOASIT B ABIDKeHHe 3y6qa'ry10 pe:H:Ky {E). 3y6~ pacnoAoJKeHbl csepxy 3y6qaTo:H pe:HKH. 'llam;e HCIIO.J\.b30BaAH He qepB~, a 3y6qa'ryl0 nepeAaqy. npH 3TOM 3y6~ pe:HKH pacno.AaraAHCb c npaso:H: cTopoHbi, a PYKO.SITKa BpaiD;aAa MaJ\.CHbKYJO mecTepeHKy, KOTOpaR HaxOAlf,AaCb B 3a:u;eiiAeHHH c 6o.J\.bmo:H mecTepeHKOH. IllmcpTW noCAeAHeii ABHraAH pe:H:Ky. PyKo.HTKa spam;aAacb B cy JK.e cTopoey, liTO H y qepBW~Horo BopoTa. Kp10~ (F), pacnoAoJKeHHhle Ha BepXHeM

Puc. 415 PBc. 475. AHrAH:iicxuii ap6aAeT AloAOBHKa (eM. puc. 470). )KeAe3H'ble ~acrH BOpOTa U030AO~eH'bl; TpOC UOAAftHH'biH.

XII

ยง S. MeTaTe.MaHoe opyJKBe. ApfiaAeT

295

KOHqe pe'HKH, CAYJKHJ\.H AMI 3aqeiiAeHIDI TeTHBhl. KpiDK (M), pacnoJ\.OJKeHHhiH Ha npoTHBonoJ\.OJK.HOM KoHqe 3y6qaToH peifKH, CAYJKHA AMI noABeiiiHBa.HKSI

Puc. 476

Puc. 478

PHc. 4'16. HeMe:Q;KHH BopOT. OT OXOTHH':ILero ap6aAeTa; c JKeAe3HhiM KOAb:Q;OM

AMI 3aKpeiiAeHIDI Ha Aoxe. OK. 1560 r. Puc. 4'1'1. MexaHH3M HeMe:Q;Koro BOpOTa. OT ap6ueTa 3p:Q;rep:Q;ora KapAa lliTHpu:HcKoro. AaTHpoBaH 1563 r. Puc. 4'18. 0XOTHH':IUH ap6aAeT. C roTOBhiM K Ha"l'51JKeHHIO BOpOTOM; IIITH<l>TLI UOKa3"biBaiOT, "'TT ap6aAeT MO.JKBO 6LIAO B3BOAlfTb H <<K03LeH HOrOHJt .

sopoTa K no.ncy. Ha HayqeHHOM HaMH MY3eiffioM 3K3eMIIMipe oH YTep.HH, Ho Ha pHc. 4 91 peKOHCTIJYHJlOBaH. PeAYK.TOp 3aKJ\IOqeH B MeTaJ\.J\HllecKHif Kopnyc CO CK060H (L) CH113Yr B KOTOpYJO BCTaBMLI\aCb KpellKrui n em A R (HeM.

296

tJacn.

II.

OpyJK.ue HanilAeHHJI

Windfaden) H3 neHhKOBbiX HHTeH. nepeA HaT.IDKeHHeM ap6aAeTa Ha 1\.0JK.e C3ClAI'f HC!AeBaJ\.aCb 3Ta neTJUI, TaK, trr06bi OHa ynepJ\.aCh B IIITHQlTbl, 3aTeM KproqMIMH pe.HKH u..enJUIAH 3a Ternsy H spameHHeM PYKO.HTKH HaT.siTHBaJ\.H 1 AYK (pHc. 4 78). MeJKAy 15 50 H 15 6 0 roAaMH oT HropH6epra AO Ayrc6ypra no.HBJUIIOTC.H nepBble ap6aAeTbl C 601\.ee CJ\.O~IM cnycKOBbiM MeXaHH3MOM, KOTOpbiH AOKa3aJ\. csoe npeHM)11IJ;ecrno, oco6eHHo npH CTpeJ\b6e B U..eJ\b H Ha OXOTe, 3TH HeMeu;KHe ap6aAeTbl llOJ\.yqHJ\.H CTOJ\.h BbiCOKYffi OIJ..eHKy, liTO BbiB03HJ\.HCb B 601\.hillOM KOJ\.HlleCTBe BO Bee CTpaHbl. no3TOMY ap6aJ\.eTbi C TaKHM cnycKOBbiM MeXaHH3MOM HMeiOTC.H BO BCeX CKOJ\.hKO-HH6yAb KpynHbiX co6paHH.HX opYJKH.H. Hx AerKo y3HaTb no pa3A)'TOMY 1\.o.JK.y B MecTe cnycKosoro ycTpo:Hcrsa. Ha pHc. 4 9 3 npHBeAeHa cxeMa noAo6Horo cnycKosoro ycTpOHCTBa. CHH3Y 1\.0JK.a, llOA opexoM, HMeeTC.H HaKJ\.OHHa.H CKBa)I{HHa (X), 3a KOTOpOH B Kopnyce B"AHa llJ\.OCKa.H MeTaJ\.J\.HlleCKa.H llJ\.aCTHHa c pbNa.JKKOM. Csepxy 3a opexoM HMeeTC.H BTOpa.H CKBa.JKHHa (R), yxoA.Hma.H BepTHKaJ\.bHO BHH3. CnycKOBa.H cKo6a (H) CJ\.YJKHT HCKJ\.JOqHTeJ\.hHO AMI 3all\HThi cnycKosoro KpiO'!Ka (F) oT CJ\.yqa.H:Horo Ha)l{aTH.H. CnycKoso:H KpiOliOK HMeeT mapHHp (S) r 61\.ai'OAap.H KOTOPOMY OH npH He06XOAlfMOCTH MOJKeT CJ\.OJKHTbC.H. /J.,MI. B3BeAeHH.H npoMeJKYTOl!Horo pbNara (B) HCllOJ\.h3YeTC.H illHJ\.0 M r llpOXOMJII.\ee qepe3 cKBa)I{HHY (X). HocHK phlllara (B) • 3aCKaKHBaeT 3a 3apy6Ky (L) Ha ABynAetiHOM pbNare (C). l.JTo6bl OH He Mor noBepHYTbC.H, phlllaJKoK (P) nosopal!HBaiOT H 3THM ero Q:>HKcHpyroT. HaT.IDKeHHe apPuc 479 6aAeTa llpOH3BOAlfTC.H C llOMOII.\hiO HePHc. 479. MeXaHH3M OXOTHH'ILero MeiJ..KOrO sopoTa. KorAa TeTHBa (K) npHap6a.AeTa B pa3pe3e. 1560 r. BOAlfT opex (A) B 6oesoe noJ\.o.JK.eHHe, qepe3 CKBa)I{HHY (R) HrJ\.OH (W) B3BOA.HT pbNa.JKOK (D) AO 3aiJ..ellJ\.eHH.H 3apy6KH cnycKosoro pbNara (E) ero KoHu;a. /J.,MI. llpHrOTOBJ\.eHH.H K cnycKy OCTaeTC.H BepHYTb pbllla)I{OK (P) B HaqaJ\.bHOe llOJ\.0.JK.eHHe, H cnycKOBOe ycTpOHCTBO 6yAeT roTOBO K BbiCTpeJ\.y, 1

. B co6paaHH opyJKHSI HMnepaTopCKoro ABOpn;a B BeHe xpaHHTCSI TaiOKe 6a.AAacrep,. B KOTOpOM 3Y6'1aTaSI peif:Ka CBSI3dHd C AOJK.eM, H MeXaHH3M B3BOAJITCSI C DOMOID;LIO KAIO'Id

(npUM. llBID.).

§ 5. MeTaTeJU.Boe opyxtRe. Ap6aAeT

Y.>Ke K cepeAJiHe XVI BeKa H Aa.>Ke paHhme cyru,ecTBOBa.J\H HeMel.\KHe ap6aAeTbi 1 cnycKoaoe yc1'pOHCTBol a 1103.>Ke H Kpe11e.>K KOTOpbiX o6epH}'Thi TKaHbiO H YKpameHhi 110MIIOHaMH. K XVII cToAeTHIO AYKH TaK.>Ke CTa.J\H YKPamaTb meAKOBbiMH H 30AOTbiMH KHCTOTIKaMH. A;ul ap6aAeTa C MaAOMOII.\HbiM 1 AYKOM cyru,ecTBOBaAa IIpOCTeHIIla.si HaTJIJKHil.SI MaiilHHa K o3 b R H or a (HeM. Geil3ful3). 0Ha 11peACTaBMIAa C060H He liTO HHOe 1 KaK OAJIOIIAetieBOH pblliar (pHc. 480). ToTIKa 0110pbi pblliara HaXOAHAaCh Ha mTHQ:>Te (E) I 6AH.>Ke K opexyl TieM B ap6aAeTax c HeMel.\KHM aopoTOM. HaTJIJKeHHe TeTHBhl 11pOH3BOAHAOCb C 110MOmbiO KpiOYIKoB (CD) I mapHHpHo 3aKpeiiAeHHbiX Ha pb11Iare (A) c PYKO.SITKOH (G) I Ha aepXHeM KOHI..\e KOTOpOH HdXOAHTCJI BpaJIJ;aiOmHHCJI KpiDK AMI 110ABecKH K 110JICy, K HaTiaAY XVI aeKa ap6aAeThi 1 oco6eHHO 6aJU\..eC1'phi 1 C1'peJUIBIDHe llYMIMH1 6biAH o6opyAOBaHhl K03he:H Horo:H, 3aKpeiiAeHHo:H Ha AOJKe JKeCTKO (pHC. 481). 3TO ycT}JOHCTBO B fepMaHHH Ha3biBa(HeM, AOCh «pblliar-KOAOHHa» Saulenhebel) 1 a so paHI..\HH arbalete jalet. Cyru,ecTBOBa.J\H pa3AHYIHhie Q:>opMbl TaKoro poAa yc1poiicTB. Oco6oro BHHMaHIDI 3aCAYJKHBaiOT HaTJIJKHbie yc1'pOHCTBa HaBepxy HAH BHYTPH AOJKa. 3AeCh OIIHCaHbl caMhle xapaKTepHhle KOHCTPYKI..\HH 1 110 KOTOpbiM MOJKHO AerKo CYAHTh o aapHaHTax.

297

Puc. 480

Puc. 480.

Ap6aAeT c «K03Le:H aoro:H». XV B.

paH~IDI, KOH.

1\Mf.

ap6aAeTOB C MaAOMO~HbiMH AYKaMH BOIIIAa B ynarpe6AeHHe Ha"nDKHasl MamHHa, KOTOpasl COCTOHT H3 He6oALmoro BaAa, OII.AeTeHHOrO peMHeM, Ha KOH~e KOTOporo 6biA KpiOK. 3<j><j>eKTHBHOCTL

TaKOro

npHcnoco6AeHIDI

ynOWIH)'TO AHW~ MHMOXOAOM (npUM.

aBm.).

6htAa

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He3Ha'IHTeALHa,

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3AeCL

OHO

298

11aCTJa II. Opylltue Bau&AeBBJI

J1crraHCKHe 6aAAeCTpbl 06J\.ClAdJOT OCTpOYMHO CKOHCTpYJipOBaHHbiMH HaT51JKHbiMH H crryCKOBbiMH ycTpOHCTBaMH (pHC.

4 8 1),

3TO ycTpOHCTBO COCTOHT H3 MHJIHoro Il.J\.eqesoro pbiqara

(A),

HeH

KOTOpbiH COeAH-

J\.OJKeM H

MO.JKeT

6b1Tb 3acpHKCHpOBaH B J\.0JKe CTOilOpOM

(D). Y

OCH

pacrroAoJKeH

xparroBHK,

:Q;eiiJUieTC.SI

KOTOpbiH

co6a'lJKa (g), 1IT06b1 rrpeAoTBpaTHTb

COCKaKHBaHHe

pbl'llara so speM.SI HaTj{JKenoA3YJI

HH.SI,

(B),

KOTO-

pb!H rrpH ITOA'beMe pbl'llara

(A) H

BbJABHraeTC.SI

srrepeA

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3a:Q;eil-

J\..SieT TeTHBy, HMeeT B ce6e

(d),

opex

KOTOpbiH

rrpH

orrycKaHHH

pbl'llara

(A)

HaT51rHBaeT

TeTHBy.

CrrycK Aeso:H

ocymecTBJ\..SieTC.SI PYKOH rryTeM

Ha-

JKaTH.SI Ila.J\.b:Q;eM Ha KHOITKy

(b).

crrycKosoro

pbl'llara

EaAAecTp c BblllleorrH-

CaHHbiM

IlpHCilOC06J\.eHH-

eM rrpeAf1a3HaqeH He rrpocTo

AMI

BbiCTpeAa, a

MeTKoro BbiCTpe.J\.a, COQTBeTCTBeHHO AOJ\.JKHO 6bl.J\.o IlOjJBHTbC.SJ: H IlpH:Q;e.J\.bHOe IlpHCilOC06J\.eHHe,

0HO

COCTOj{.J\.0 H3 IlOAB~OH qacTH

paCITOJ\.OJKeH-

HOH Ha rroA3YJie 3a opexoM, H H3 BHJ\KH

(d) r

Ha-

XO~eHC.SI rrepeA AYKOM. 06e CTOHKH BHJ\KH CBep-

xy Puc. 481

COeAJiHeHbl

HHTj{MH

HAH ToHKo:H npoBo.J\.oKo:H C HCiAeTOH Ha HHX 6ycHH-

Puc. 481. BaAAecrp HMDeparopa MaxcHMHA1UtBa I. AYK uoKpLIT TpaBA.eHHeM H D030J\.OTOH, A.oxe .HpKO-KpaCHhiM J\.aKOM B yKpameHO opHaMeHTaMH H3 cycaJ\.LHOro 30J\.OTa H 6ypryHACKHM rep6oM; CTa.A.LHOB «<phl'lar-KoA.oHHa» (c) HaDOJ\.OBftHY B3BeAeH. CxeMa H306paxaeT HaTSIJKHOe H cnyCKOBOe ycrpoHCTBa 6aAAecrpa. lloA.HOC'I'biO HAeHTJ111eH pa60Te lly36A.aca H3 MaApJIAa. OK. 1510 r.

KOH,

KOTopa.SI

CAYJKHAa

MYTIIKOH. 113o6paJKeHHbiH 3K3eMIIJUip

yrpaTHJ\.

3TO

IlpHCilOC06J\.eHHe, TaK JKe KaK H TeTHBy. noCJ\.eAfi.SI.SI COCTOj{J\.a

AByx

pa3-

§ 5. MeTaTe.uaoe opyJIItlle. Ap6aAeT

299

Ae.AbHhiX IIIHYPOB, KOTOphle coeAHJUIAHCb neT.MIMH Ha Ko~ax. B pa3BeAeHHoM noAoJKemrn HX YAepJKHBaJrn N3e CTOHKH H3 CJ\.OHoso:H KOCTH. Opex. 1..\eii.MIACJI 3a neTJUO, pacnoAoJKeHHYID C3B.AH me3Aa AMI rry.hH (pHc. 482). XoT.H BhiCTPeA (cKopee 6pocoK} H3 6aJ\J\.ecTPa 6hi.J\. MaJ\.03Q:)(peKTHBeH, BCe-TaKH 6aJ\J\.eCTphl COXpaiDI.J\HCb KaK OXOTJ-IHtlbe opyJKHe secb XVI BeK, noJ\.b3Y.HCb nocroJIIDIOH norry.MipHOCTbiO, T. K. TPe6osa.hH OT CTPeAKa MacTepcTBa B Ol..\eHKe AHCT~.

npHOpHTeTHoe nOJ\.OJKeHHe, KOTOporo AOCTHrJ\.a HcnaHH.H B XV seKe B H3rOTOBJ\.eHHH ap6aJ\.eTOB H 6aJ\J\.eCTpoB, npoAJ\Hl\.O em;e Ha HecKOJ\.bKO Aec.HTHJ\.eTH:H cyn:\eCTBOBaHHe MaBpHTaHCKOrO cTHMI. Em;e epAHJiaJIA I B 15 2 3 roAy 3aKa3biBaJ\. CBOH ap6aJ\.eTbl MaCTepaM H3 Caparochl H Bap6aCTPhl. HTa.J\.hliHCKHe 6aJ\J\.eCTPhl no Q:>opMe H / KOHCTPYKQHH OTJ\.HqaJlliCb _9T HcnaHcKHX H Ha3hiBaJlliCb rrmennepaMH (pHc. 4 8 3 ). OHH HaTMHBaJlliCb spyqHYIO HJ\H c noMOI.D;biO HaT.HJKHoro npHcnoco6AeHH.H (pHc. 4 8 4), npeACTaB.MIrom;ero co6o:H N3a KpiOKa c YCTPOHCTBOM AMI yAepJKaHH.H PYKOH (6oKoBhle pyqKH, CK06hl H neTAH). CTape:HUIHe nmennephl TaKoro poAa no.HBHJ\.HCb OKOJ\.O 15 50 roAa. CrrycKoBoe YCTPOHCTBO HX 6hi.J\.O Ca.MbiM npOCThiM. rJ\.aBHhiM npH3Ha.KOM HTaJ\.b.HHCKHX nmennepos 6hi.J\.o J\.OJKe H3omyro:H Q:>opMhl MeJKAy crrycKOM H AYKOM, HecoMHeHHo CAYJK.am;ee AMI 3am;HThl AeBOH PYKH OT N3IDKym;e:HC.H TeTHBhl. AoJKa TOHKa.H, CYJKaiOm;a.HC.H K Komzy, Ha KOTopo:H noMem;aJ\.acb ma:H6a. CrrycKosoe ycTPQHCTBo cocTOHT H3 N3yx pb111aros: nepeAJIHH ABynAeq}f:H:, Ha KOTOpoM HaxOAHTC.H KpiOK AMI TeTHBhl, orrycKaiOI.D;eHCJI Ha3HA H Q:>HKCHpyrom;eHCJI 3a cso:H AJ\HlilibiH KOHel.\, KOTOphm o6pa3yeT C KpiOq}{OM AMI TeTHBhl yroA. KproqoK OTXOAHT nOA np.HMhiM yrAoM oT crrycKosoro pb111ara. npH HHAaBJ\.HBaHHH Ha crrycKOBOH phlqar KproqoK BhiXOAHT H3 3aJ\eii.J\.eHH.H

Puc. 482

Pac. 482.

Iia.A.Aecrp

Ha"nDKHhlM

MexaHH3MOM, DOMe~eHHhlM B Da3 AOJK.a H COCTOB~HM H3 3y6TiaTOB peBKH, npHBOAftMOB B ABHJKeHHe C DOMO~LIO

KOAeHT~aro:H PYKOBTKB Ha npHKAaAe; 6a.AA.ecrp HMeeT KOMDAeKTHym TeTHBy: ABo:Haym, c pacnopKaMH H c rHe3AOM DOA nyAIO; npHD;eALHast BHAKa ( «Kopa6AHK») H3ornyra. OK. 1580 r.

300

'IJ:acn II. OpyJKHe BanctAeBJU

c AJUIHHbiM II.heqoM crrycKOBoro KpiOKa, KOTOpbiH fiOA AeHCTBHeM TeTHBbl noBopa~BaeTOI H OCB060JKAaeT ee. npH:qe.J\bHOe YCTPOHCTBO aHaJ\.OI'Hq}{Q onH-

caHHOMY Bblme.

Puc. 484

Puc. 484. PyqKa M51 HaniJKeHHSI 6aAAecrpa C UOSICHhiM KpiOKOM. OK. 1580 r.

Puc. 483

Puc. 483. HTa..u.siHCKBH mHennep MJ1 OXO'l'hl Ha nTH~. )l(eAe3Hhle qaCTB OTIIOABJ>OBilBhl H yx.pameHLI BHK.pycr~eii 30AOTOM; AOJKe pe3Hoe. OK. 1590 r.

HTaAhiDicKne IIIHennepbi Obi.JUI HcK.JUOqHTe.J\bHO norryMipHbiM MeTaTe.J\bHbiM OpYJKHeM H HCfiOAb30BaAHCb MJ1 OXOTbl so BTopo:H noAOBHHe XVI H B JiaqaAe XVII seKa. Ha HJU\IOCTPai.\HIDC HoraHHa C~aHa, oco6eHHO B ero cepHH <<Venatio)), OTipaBHpoBaHHo:H Pa<J>a3AeM 3aMepoM, a TaKJK.e Ha HJ\AIOC'I'Pai.\HIDC 15 7 8 roAa, nocs~eHHblx Ko3HMO MeAWIH ( 15 1 9-15 7 4) H OTipaBHpOBaHHhiX <l>HAHnnOM raAAe, H306paJKeHO MHoro TaKHX IIIHennepos. Oco6oro poAa IIIHennepbi, KOTOpbie HeOAHOKpaTHO o6o3HaqaAHcb B AOKYMeHTax KaK <<HeMe:qKHe)), npoH3BOAHAHCh B HTaAHH H B rpei.\HH, OTKYAa npOAaBaAHCb Ha cesep. B OTAHliHe OT scex npo~x ap6aAeToB, AOJKa y HHX AeAaAHCb :qeAbHOJKeAe3HOH, KpOMe npHK.J\.aAa. noA06Hbie IIIHennepbi no CBOHM pa3MepaM OTJ\HllaAHCb OT o6bll1Horo ap6aAeTa. CaMbi:H MaAeHbKHH H3 HHX HMeA AJU1HY AOJKa Bcero 3 5 CM. TaKo:H ap6aAeT o6bll1Ho npHMeiDIAc.sr Ha OXOTe BepXOM (pHc. 485) H HMeA o6WIHO <<pb111ar-KOA0~) HCfiaHCKOrO o6pa3:qa, OnpeAeAeHHoe BHemHee CXOACTBO c

搂 5. MeTaTeJUaBoe opyJKae. Ap6aAeT

301

HeMei\KHM HMeeT HTMh.siHCKHH IIIHennep KOHJ.\a XVI seKa. 3m IIIHennepbi TaKJKe HMeiOT 1.\e.J\bHOMeTaAJ\HlleCKOe AOJKe C H3rH60M, OnHCaHHbiM Bbiille, H KpyrAhi:H AepeBIDIHbl:H llpHKAClA. Bo.J\bmHHCTBO H3 HHX He HMeAO HaT..IDKHoro ycTPOHCTBa H HaT.m'HBaAOCb BpyqHyK> HAH c noMOIIV>IO pyqeK. 0KOAO 15 3 0 roAa B J1TaAHH llO.HBHAHCb COBCeM Kpomelffible ap6aAeTbi, KOTOpbie HOCHAH noA oAeJKAoH. OHH HaxoAHAHCh noA CTPOI'HM 3anpeToM npasHTe.J\bCTBa. CeHaT BeHe:qHH B 15 4 2 roAy YCTaHOBHA 60AblliOH nrrpa$ 3a HCllOAb30BaHHe TaKoro OPYJKIDI路 npeKpaCHbiH 3K3eMIIASip ero xpaHHTC.si B MY3ee Koppep B BeHe:qHH. K Komzy XVI BeKa, KOrAa Bo3pacTaeT 1.\eHHocTb orHeCTPeAbHoro opY7.KH.si ~ OXOTbi, CHOBa HaXOAH'f npHMeHeHHe 6aAAeCTPbir KOM6HHHpOBaHHble C nHCTOAeTaMH. 0HH Ha3biBaAHCb B J1TaAHH 6 a A A e c m p u H o -n u c m o A a (um. ballestrinopistola). 3AeCb pa3JllitlaAH {l)le KOHCTPYKTHBHble CHCTeMbi. ECAH 6aAJ\.eCTP HMeA phlllar HaBepxy AOJKH, TO nHCTOAeT 6b!A CHH3Y H KOAeCI.\OBbiH 3aMOK Ha npaso:H CTOpOHe, a eCAH pblllar CHH3y, TO 3aMOK Ha AeBOH CTOpOHe. nepBbiH THn 6oAee pacnpOCTPaHeH H mHpOKO H3BeCTeH. Mbi npHBOAHM npHMep noCAeAJiero, peJKe BCTPeqaroll\eroc.s~. 3To 6oraTo YKPaiiieHHhiH HeMei.\KHH 6aAJ\.eCTP c n y A e B o ii ll a w K 0 ii (HeM. Kugelschale) HAH TeAeJKKOH ~ nyAh, OTHO~HC.sl K 15 8 0 fOAYr H3 opyJKeHHOH KOAAeK:qHH HMnepaTopcKoro fl)lOpa B BeHe. Ha pHc. 4 8 6 llpeAC1'aBAeHo ycTPoiicTBo 6aAJ\.eCTPa c rAy60KOH HHKpycTai.\HeH CAOHOBOH KOCPuc. 485 TbiO Ha AOJKe H3 rpymesoro Aepesa, a Puc. 485, ~aAeHLKHH HeMe~KHH TaKJKe llpHHIVfi1HaJ\hHa.si CXeMa KOAeCI.\0mHennep. llpHKAilA AepeBSIHHLiii; BOfO 3aMKa H (oTtiacm) HaT..IDKHoro MeTeTHBd UOMHHHdSI. KOAAeKIJ;HSI xaHH3Ma CTMhHOro AYKa. npH onycKaOpYJKHSI B KdHOHH'IeCKOM MOHdCTLipe B KAocrepHoii6ypre. HHH pbNara (F) cnycKOBOH MeXaHH3M C opexoM B~HraeTC.si AO 3~enAeHH.si c IDTHcPTaMH TeAeJKKH (A), B KOTopo:H 3aKpenAeHa TeTHBa (a). Pe:HKo:H (g) npH 3TOM B3BOAHTCH 6oesa.s~ npyJKHHa KOAecn:osoro 3iiMKa. KypoK (d) c KpeMHeM OTKHHyr BBepx. A,MI BI:.ICTpeAa AaB1'1T Ha cnyCKOBOH KpiOqOK (r), KOTOpbiH OCB060JKAaeT TJUY (p) C llOMOIIV>IO pbNara (k), coeAHHeHHoro c 6oeso:H npyJKHHo:H, KOTopa.s~ 3aCTaBAHeT Bp~aTbC.si KoAecrto. BHe 6oeso:H o6cTaHOBKH CTBOA 3aTbiKaAC.si npo6Ko:H (n).

302 Ap6aAeTHble 6oATbi, npeAJia3Ha'laBmHec.H KaK AMI BOHHhi, TaK H AMI oxoThi, 6hi.J\H BeChMa pa3Hoo6pa3Hbl. HeKorophle H3 HHX npoCTbi H qame scero rpy6oro H3rOTOBJ\.eHH.H. APyr~~e, KaK npaBHAO, H3 Ayqmero MaTepHaAa, TmaTeJ\.hHOH pa6oThi H HMeiOT HeHC'IHCAHMOC MHOJKeCTBO pd3.J\WllihiX cpopM.

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Puc. 486

Puc. 486. KoM6HHHpOBaHHI>IH 6aAAecrp c nHcroAeTOM. CxeMa npeAcraBMieT HdnDKHOB H cnycKOBOB MexaHH3MI>I AYKd H 3dMOK llHCI'OAeTd. repMaHHSI, npeAfiOAOJKHTeAbHO Ayrc6ypr, OK. 1580 r. H3 KOAAe~HH 3pJU'ep~ora epAHHaHAd THpOALCKoro.

35 KaK

§ S. Me-raTe.uuoe opylltlle. Ap6aAeT

303

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Puc. 487 PRe. 487. :Sa..u.ecrp C pRe. 50 1 B H30MeTpB'IeCKOH DpoeKQHH, CO B3BeAeHHhiM KypKOM H rOTOBOH K HdTIIJKeHHIO TeTHBhl «K03LeH aoro:H».

HanpaBAeHHe onepe~ 6b1Ao HAH rrpRMoe, HAH crmpa.J\bHoe, noA yrAoM K OCH APeBKa rrpH6AH3HTeAbHO 15°r 6AaroAapR tieMY CTpeAa noAyqaAa B noAeTe

qacn, II. Opy...ue UilllilAeHHJI

304

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4 91, b)

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Puc. 488

KOAWICCTBO

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Puc. 489

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a) «AoMamHSISI>> crpeAa c npSIMO pacnoAoJKeHHLIM AepeBSIHHLIM onepeHHeM; A.JUIHa 33,5 CM.

Puc. 489.

lliocKHe HAM CAei'K.a 3aKpyrAeHHhle Ha-

Puc. 488.

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ยง 5. MeTaTe.uBoe opylltue. Apt'iueT HaKoHel.\, ynoMIDieM e~e AOAOTOSHAHhle 60ATbl (pHC. SHAe TIOAyMeOI:qa, HaKOHelffiHKOM (pHC.

4 91,

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490, s, c). <l>yrMipbi

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492).

Puc. 490

Puc. 490. THULl oxoTHII'ILHX 6oAToB: a) Ocrpoi<.oHe'IHLIH 6e3 ouepeHHSI.

XVI

b) OcrpoKoHe'IHLIH co CAeAaMH CUHpaAeBHAHOrO ouepeHHSI H3 Ae6eAHHhiX uepLeB. XVI B. c) OcrpoKoHe'IHLIH co CAeAaMH cuHpaAeBHAHoro ouepeHHSI. XVI B. d) KopoH'IaTLI:H 6e3 ouepeHHSI. XV B. e) AoAOTOBHAHLIH. MHAaH. KoH. XV B. Puc. 491. THULl HaKoHe'IHHKOB ap6aAeTHLIX 60ATOB: a) OcrpoKOHe'IHLIH. b) BoALmo:H c AByMSI IDHUaMH. c) AoAOTOBHAHLIH. d) BHAoo6pa3HLI:H. KopoAeBCKHB ~e:Hxrays B BepAHHe.

Puc. 49 1 I

KopOTKHe 6oATLI C TOACTLIMH rpymeBHAHLIMH HaKOHe'IHHKaMH UpHMeHSIAHCL UpH oTcrpeAax nTH~. B 'laCTHoCTH uouyraeB (npwc. aBm.).

B. EexaAM

tJacTJo II. OpyJKRe HanilAeHRJI

306

Puc. 492

Puc. 492.

THnhl KOA':IaHoB

AMI

ap6aAeTHhiX 6oATOB.

a) 06hi':IHhiH H3 THCHeHOH KOJKH.

b) 06hi':IHhiH AepeBSIHHhiH, o6TSJ:IcyT CBHHOH KOJKeii: H OTAeAaH THCHeHhiM OUOHKOM. XV B. c) OXOTHH'IHH AepeBSIHHhiH, o6TSIH}'T CBHHOH KOJKeH; KphlmKa H OTAeAKa- KOJKaHhle; C UOSICHhiM peMHeM. XV B.

ยง 6. OfHECTPEALHOE OPY)KHE

PA3BHTHE OfHECTPEALHOfO OPY)KH.H Dpoiii.Jlli BeKa, npeJKAe qeM Aa-BHO H3BeCTHrui B3phiBHrui CHJ\.a nopoxa CTaJ\d HCITO.J\b30BaTbC.SI MJ1 BOeHHbiX 1.\eJ\.eH, a rAy60KOe npeAy6eJKAeHHe K orneCTPeA.bHOMY opyJKHIO BOHHa, KOTOphi:H AO Tex nop repoJiqeCKH 3am;:mn;aA ce6.SI co6CTBeHHOH QlH3JiqeCKOH CHJ\.OH H AOBKOCTbiO, 6b1Ao npeOAOAeHO CHJ\.OH o6CTOSITe.AbCTB. B3phiBHrui CHJ\.a nopoxa BHaqaAe He Ham.J\a ITOKAOHHHKOB, H BeCTb 0 HeH po6KO IOTHAaCb B Aa6opaTOpiD1X yqeHhiX H B MOHamecKHX KeA.b.SIX, rAe coxpaH.SIAaCb AO cepeAHHhl XIII BeKa KaK ceKpeT a.AXHMHKoB. XapaKTepHo, ~o B

§ 6. OruecTpeM&oe opyJRRe. Pil3BRTRe omeCTpeJUa&oro opyJRRJI

307

Espone nopox MJ1 soeHHbiX 1.\eAe:H snepBbie npHMeHHA He 3aiTaAflbiH HapoA, a a3HaTCKHH - TaTapbl, y KOTOpbiX noiDJ.THe 0 repoHCTBe c~ecTBeHHO OT.Jllitla.1\.0Cb oT 3anaAJioro. Co3HaBrui cso10 cAa6ocTb, oHH CTPeMHAHcb ypaBIDITb fVICnponopi.\HIO CHA 3a cqeT pocTa AeHCTBeHHocTH csoero opYJKIDI H, TaKHM o6pa30M, HeBOAbHO AaAH HMIIYAbC MJ1 noAJUfHHoro nepesopoTa B BeAeHHH so:Hm,r. Alo6ollbiTHO, liTO TO~O TaKOH JKe 6apbep npeAy6eJKAeHIDI KOrAa-TO BbiHYJKAe:Hbl 6biAH npeOAOJ\.eTb BOHHbl no OTHOllieHHIO K AyKy, a BnOCAeACTBHH H ap6aAery, 3TO OpYJKHe TOJKe HaxOAHAOCb B llpOTHBOpe~H C noiDI.THeM repoHCTBa, pbll.\apcTBa, pacnpocrpaHeHHbiM y 3HaTH cpeAfieBeKOBhll. TeM He MeHee npeH~ecTBa HOBbiX cpeACTB 60pb6bi OKa3aAHCb CAHIIIKOM co6Aa3HHTeAbHbl KaK MJI CAa6oro, TaK H MJ1 CHAbHoro, KOrAa 3aAaqa COCTO.HAa B TOM, trr06bi cnacTH CBOe c~eCTBoBaHHe HAH HaB113aTb BpaJKAe6HOMY COCeAy CBOIO BOAIO, TaK liTO noCTeneHHO OT CTapbi:X npHHI.\HITOB llpHlliJ\OCb OTK.a3aTbC11, B KaqecTBe OAfiOro H3 HaH6oAee paHHHX npHMepos npHMeHeHIDI opyfVIH B Espone npHBOMJT 6HTBy noA KboAJKe:H ( 1 3 8 1) B HTaAHH. OAHaKo H3BecTeH ceHaTcKH:H AeKpeT BeHei.\HH 1 3 2 4 roAa, B KOTopoM npasHTeAbCTBO nopyqaeT roHQ>aJ\.oHhepy H ABeHamaTH AOBepeHHhiM J\HI\aM 3aroToBHTb «cannoni», T. e. 1 rryiiiKH, H «eiseme» (JKeAe3Hhre) 11APa MJ1 3~ ropoAa • nepBbie marH B pa3BHTHH ornecTPeAbHoro opYJKIDI AO cHx nop em;e HeAocTaToqHo H3yqeHbl, Ho, CY/VI no KpaTKHM YKa3aHIDIM AeTonHCI.\eB, MoJKHo CAeAaTb BbiBOA, trro cHaqaAa no11BHAHCb rpoM03AK.He ornecTPeAbHble npHcnoco6AeHIDI, K.oTopbie oqeHb MeAJ\.eHHo H c 6oAbiiiHM TPYAOM npHXOAHAOCb nepeTaCKHBaTb 3a BOHCKaMH BO BpeMH noXOAa, no3TOMY AaHHoe opyJKHe MOJKHO 6biAO paccMaTPHBaTb AHllib KaK n03HI.\HOHHOe. OrnecTPeJ\.hHOe opYJKHe npHIDITo pa3AeMITh Ha ABe KaTeropHH: o p y g u R (ReM. Geschiltz), KOTOpble noKomc11 Ha 3eMAe H HX MOJKHO nepeABHraTh c noMOID;blO qeJ\.oBeqecKOH HAH .1\.0lli~OH T.HrH, H p y 1.l R 0 e 0 r H e C m p e A b R oe o p y .JK u e (HeM. Handfeuerwaffe), KOTopoe nepeHOCHT H o6CAYJKHBaeT OAHH CTPeAOK. 113 CBHAeTeJ\.hCTB ~CTO~KOB CAeAyeT r liTO C pa3BHTHeM TeXHHKH H BOeHHOro HCKyccTBa OrHeCTPeAbHOe OpYJKHe CTaHOBHAOCb BCE; .1\.eNe, nOABHJKHeH, YA06Hee, noKa ero nepeABHJKeHHe H o6CAYJKHBaHHe He 6biAO Bo3AoJKeHo Ha OAfiOro CTPe.J\Ka. 3ToT nyTb, KOrAa OTKpbiTHe nopoxa OKOWiaTeAbHO npo6HAO ce6e Aopory, 6biA llpOAeAaH 3a cpaBHHTeAbHO KOpOTKHH cpoK. nepBbie ynoMHHaHIDI o6 ynoTPe6AeHHH nopoxa TaTapaMH noA llpeABOAHTeJ\.hcTBoM Bary-xaHa noA .1\.erHHI.\eH npOTHB noA.HK.OB H CHAe31.\eB - OTHOC11TC.SI K 1 2 4 1 rOAYr HO YJK.e OKOJ\.0 1 3 2 0 roAa KaJKAbiH KpynHbiH ropOA HMeA opy~, a c 1 3 50 roAa H3rOTaBAHBaA HX caM. npHMepHO B 1360 roAy BCTPeqaJOTC..SI pyqHb!e pyJKhll «AJ\.HHOIO B OAHY IDJAh», a B 1 3 8 0 roAy - OTJ\.HTble H3 6poH3bi CTBOAbi. nepBbie opy~ 6biAH H3 JKeAe3a, KOBaHHbie Ha OllpaBKe, H COCTO.SIAH H3 HecKOAbKHX CAoes. BHYTpeHHH:H CAOH AeAaAH H3 AOBOAbHO TOACTo:H JKeAe3HOH ITAaCTHHbi, KOTOpYJO CrH6aAH BOKpyr onpaBKH, CBapHBaAH H llpOKOBbiBaAH B TPy6y. nosepx Hero o6~o YKA~BaAH CAOH llpOAOAbHbiX I.llHH, KOTOpbie CXBaTbiBaAHCb HeCKOAbKHMH HaT.snryi'biMH B paCKaAeHHOM COCTOIDIHH KOAbl.\aMH. 1

Gelcich, G. «Die Erzgie.Ber der Republik Ragusa». Mitt. der k. k. Zentr.-Kommission,

1890 (npUM. CIBm.).

20*

308

'Iacn. II. OpyJKBe BauctAeBHJI

XoTJI nepBhle opyAIDJ: H 6bi.JUI OtJeHh rpoM03AKlfMH H TJIJKeAbiMH, CTBO.hhl OHH HMe.JUf OTHOCHTeAhHO KOpOTKHe. .1\.mm, B KOHI.J;e XIV BeKa MaCTepa CTapa.AHCh npeB3oHTH APyr APyra AJUIHOH CTBO.J\.OB. Ao cmc nop HeH3BecTHo, C.J\.YJKHAH .JUf nepshle opyAIDJ: MJI np.HMoro BhiC1'peAa. HaH6oAee sepo.HTHO, liTO BHatJMe OHM 6bi.JUI yc1'poeHhl .Jllilllh MJI MeTaHIDI, T. e. CTIJeAb6hl no HasecHoH 1'paeKTopHM. CHapJIAaMH cHa~a.J\a C.J\.YJf<H.Jlli 6o.hhmHe Heo6pa6oTamibie KaMHH, no3JKe, oKoAo cepeAifHhl XIV BeKa, mapoBlfAHO o6TeCaHHbie KaMHH, a MJI opyAHH MeHbillHX Ka.AH6poB CTa.AH HCnOAb30BaTb JKe.J\e3Hhle JIApa, KOTOphle, KOHetJHO, He OTAHBa.AH, a KOBa.AH. C 3Toro BpeMeHH HatJHHaeTCJI, XOTJI noHatiMY H 6eCCHCTeMHoe, onpeAe.J\eHMe K a A U 6 p a (HeM. Kaliber) - BHYTIJeHHero pa3Mepa cTBoAa B csery (pHc. 4 9 3).

Puc. 493

Puc. 493. JKeAe3Hasi 6oM6ap,a,a, T. H. opyAHe rAaBHoro KaAH6pa, npo3BaHHasi «6emeHOH rpero:H)), reHT (Aa.HApH51), XIV B.

nepBhle H3BeCT.IDI 0 npHMeHeHHH ornec1'pe.J\hHOro opyJK.IDI nona.AH B Esporry c BocToKa, OAHaKO <l>aKTHtJeCKH oHo npollliK.J\.o Ha KOHTHHeHT qepe3 11cnaHmO, rAe yJKe B pa3BHTOH <l>opMe ero yno1'pe6.J\ID\.H MaBphl. MeMeHHo oHo pacnpocTpaHID\.och no paHI.J;HH H AHrAHH, rAe TJJfiAHI\HH phlll;apcTBll 6bi.JUI eme C.JUfiiiKOM JKHByqH, H ropa3AO 6hiCTpee no J1TMHH, JKHTe.Jlli KOTOpOH, aKTHBHO 3aHHMaBmHeC.H ToproB.J\eH, 6hl.J\H 6oAee npeAPClCnOAOJKeHhl K BOCnpiDITHIO llO.J\.e3HOI'O. OKoAo 1 3 6 0 roAa KpynHbiM opyAIDJ:M CTa.AH AaBaTh .J\Hlllihie HMeHa. Ao Tex nop OHM HMe.Jlli pa3.JUflJHhle npoH3BO.J\hHO Bhl6paHHbie Ha3BaHIDI THna ccorneHHhie MamHHbi» H T. n. B ctJeTax H3 BMaHCheHa oT 13 6 3 roAa ropoAcKHe opyAIDJ: Ha3hiBaiOTC.H <<Bombardes de Ia ville». HecoMHeHHo, 3To Ha3saHHe npoHCXOAlfT H3 11TaAHH H BOCXOAlfT K rpetieCKOMY C.J\.OBY <<bombos», liTO 03HatJaeT <<ryAeAKa». Ha3BaHMe 6 oM 6 a p g a (HeM. Bombarde) opyAIDJ: coxpaHHJ\li so paHI.J;HH, 11cnaHHH, 11TaAHM H H:HAepAafiAax AO KoH:u;a XV BeKa; .J\.HII1h B fepMaHHH co cTaphiX speMeH npHH.HTo Ha3BaHHe Bilchse, B pa3.J\HliHhiX sapHaHTax coxpamiB-

§ 6. OrHecTpeMHoe opyJKHe. Pil3BHTHe omeCTpeMHoro opyJKH.JI

309

meec..SI AO XVII seKa, no Kpa:i'rnei% Mepe, KaK o611\ee noiDITHe. MeAKHe 6oM6apAbl no..SIBMIIOTC..SI SO <l>pa~HH nOA Ha3SaHHeM «bombardelles», HO YJKe OKOAO 1 3 0 0 roAa KaK «CanonS)) (s nepeSOAe C rpeqecKoro - Tpy6Ka), nepsoHa'laAbHO 3TO CAOSO OTHOCHAOCh KO SCeM MaAbiM KaAH6paM SllAOTh AO pytrnoro ornecTpeAhHoro opYJKH..SI. AMI T..SIJKeAoro MeTaTe.A.hHoro opyAIDI s Ko~e XV seKa so3HHKaeT Ha3saHHe mortier (MopTHpa). TepMHH a p m u A A e p u R (ReM. Artillerie) so3HHK s Eypi')'HAifH H <l>pa~HH S XIV seKe S OTHOllieHHH SC..SIK.oro opyAJUI, He3aBHCHMO OT TOro, npeAHa3Ha'laAOCh oHo AMI MeTaHH..SI HAH np..SIMoro ShiCTpeAa. Bo.A.ee pacnpocTpaHeHHhiM 3TOT TepMHH CTaA s XV seKe. B repMamno OH nonaA HCKaJKeHHhiM H, sepo..SITHO, HenpaBHAbHO npoH3SOAHAC..SI OT «dfCO» AYJ<.. l13rOTOSHTeAeH AYJ<.OS H 'ap6aAeTOS Ha3bffia.A.H «apTHAep», tfi'O 3Hd'IHT «XYAO.>KHHK)), 0TCIOAa npoH30lliAH H HeKoTopbie QlaMHAHH, HanpHMep )KaH A'ApT:HHep, H3roToSHTeAh AYJ<.OS s Bprocce.A.e s Hd'la.A.e XV seKa. no3AHee see CTpeAKOSOe OpYJKHe o6'beAHHHAH noA noH..SITHeM apTH.A.AepH..SI, HO S KOHe'IHOM C'leTe ero CTaAH OTHOCHTh TOAhKO K nyiiiKaM. Bee OCTaAbHhle o6o3Ha'leHIDI s HeMei.\KOM, KaK HanpHMep «Arkeleb>, «Arkolei» H T. A·r ..SISMIIOTC..SI HCKaJKeHHeM CAOSd, YJKe OKOAO 1305 rOAd S 11Ta.A.HH ynoMHHaeTC..SI «nyiiiKd H3 MeTaAAa», HO S fepMaHHH AHThle opyAJUI KpynHhiX pa3Mepos no..SIBMIIOTC..SI S 3Hd~eAhHOM KO.A.H'IeCTBe AHIIIh S KO~e XIV seKa. 0HH He 6biAH csepAeHhiMH, T. e. CTBOA nOA)TllaAC..SI roTOShiM noCAe OTAHBKH. no Mepe HaKOnAeHH..SI onbiTa llhiTaAHCh oTAHBaTh see 6o.A.hmHe no pa3MepaM opyAJUI. TaK so3HHKAH CaMbie KpynHhle opyAJUI, Ha3biBaeMble «r A a B R bl M K a A U 6 p 0 M». noMHMO 3Toro ell\e AO KOHI.\a XV seKa KOSaAH H3 JKeAe3a opyAJUI MeHhmero Ka.A.H6pa H 6o.A.hmei% MJiHhi CTBOAa, EAHJKa:immMH no Se.A.H'IHHe K opyAJUIM rAasHoro Ka.A.H6pa 6hiJ\l:l Me q bl (ReM. Metze) H w a p cp Me q bl (ReM. Scharfrnetze). fpy6hiH COJ\AdTCKHH IOMOp Tyr JKe 1 no3soAHA cpasH:HTh HeYKAJOJKee opYJKHe c JKeHII.\HHOH AerKoro noseAeHH..SI • XoA MhiCAH npH 3TOM cne~Q>:H'IecKH sepxHeHeMei.\KHH. CaMo JK.e Ha3saHHe, sepo..SITHo, npoHcXOAHT oT HTaAb..SIHcKoro mezza-bombarda (cpeAIDUI 6oM6apAa). 113 cTaphlx KHHI', noCS..SIII.\eHHhlx nHpoTeXHHKe, H3BecTHo, 'ITO YJKe s XIV seKe Ha'laAOCh aKTHBHOe COSepmeHCTBOSaHHe opyAillfHoro AeAa KaK S KOHCTpYJ<.THBHOM oTHomeHHH, TaK H s qacTH cocTasa nopoxa. OAHH npoeKT o6roiDIA Apyroi%, OAHH pYJKeHHhiH MacTep cTapaAC..SI npes3oHTH Apyroro. HeyAHBHTeAhHO no3TOMY· trro s pa3HhiX CTpaHax so3HHKaAH pa3Hoo6pa3Hhie H secbMa csoeo6pa3Hhle QlOpMhl opyA:Hi% C 6ecqHCAeHHbiMH Ha3BaHH..SIMH, TaK 'ITO npHBeCTH 3TOT XdOC S CHCTeMY npoCTO HeB03MOJKHO. BoM6apAa, HAH n y M x a p m (pumhart), KaK oHa cHa'laAa Ha3hiBaAdCh s HeMei\KHX 3eMMIX, Ha nepshiX nopax He HMeAa HHKaKoro AaQ>eTa. Ee npocTo YKAdAbiBaAH Ha T..SIJKeAble 6pych..SI, no so3MOJKHOCTH HanpaBMIAH s cTopoey qeAH H noCAe AJUiTe.A.hHoro 3ap.IDKdHH..SI llpOH3SOAHAH ShiCTpeA. npH 3TOM ShUIBHAC..SI 60AblliOH HeAOCTaTOK - OTAd'la opyAJUI, KOTOpa..SI S 60AblliHHCTBe CA)TlldeS c6paCbiBMa CTBOA C 6pycheB. TipofiOBaAH BKdilhiBdTh B 3eMJ\lO ll03aMf CTBO.l\.d 1

peg.).

HeM. Metze -

AeBKa, Scharfmetze -

pemHTeAbHa51 AeBKa, C<KPYTa51» AeBKa (npUM.

310

'IJ:acu II. OpylltHe BaD&AeBHJI

MOII.\Hbie 6aJ\KH pHKomeTHHKH, HO 3TO ITOMOfaJ\.0 6opOTbCR C OTAal:ieH AHIIIb B MaAOH Mepe, ITOCKOAhKy, KaK coo6maeT H10pH6eprCKCUI XpOHHK.a, TaKoe ycTPOHCTBO npHXOAHJ\.OCh BOCCTaHaBAHBaTb KaJKAble TPH-l:ieTblpe AIDJ.. HeKoTopwe opyJK.eHHHKH CTPeMHAHCb <<yrOITHTh» CTBOA KaK MOJKHO fAy6JKe . B 3eMJUO. npH ocfiAe opyAHe YKPhiBaAH OT rAa3 Bpara AomaTbiM mHTOM, KOTopw::H noAHHMa.ACR nepeA BbiCTPeAOM (pHc. 4 9 4 ). J'urnn, B HaqaAe XV BeKa crnoA cTaAH YKAfiAbiBaTh Ha BbiAOA6AeHHY10 6aAKy (AoJK.e), KOTOprui HMeAa C3aAH HaKAOHeHHbiH BHH3 XBOCTOBHK1 'tiT06bi OTAa-qy HanpaBHTb TaKJKe BHH3. AoJK.e ycTaHaBAHBaAOCb Ha HH3KHX, HaiTOMHHaiOmHX cKaMhiO K03Aax. 3To 6biA nepBbiH mar K KAaccH'tiecKoMY A a em y (HeM. Lafette) 1 KOTOpbiH CBOHM 3f1AHHM KOHI(OM (XBOCTOM) ITOKOHACR Ha 3eMAe (pHC. 495). B XVll BeKe cTBoAbl pacnoAaraAHch eme oqeHb HH3KO, H nepeAKH HMeAH npH MaAOM AacpeTHOM yrAe 60AbmylO MHHY· no KOHCTPYKI.\HH pa3AH'tiaJOT Jl a p em bl H3 6 0 K 0 B U H (HeM. Wandlafette) H K oA o goo 6p a 3 H bl e (HeM. Blocklafette) 1• ""--nepBble npeACTaB.MIAH co6o::H I~----=====-=-~-:::::::;- ~-ABe napaAAeAbHble cTaHHHhl, coeAHHeHHhle APyr c APyroM pHreMIMH 1 BTOpble - KAHH006pa3HbiH, CYJKaiOmHHCR Ha3fiA AepeB.siHHbiH cyxaph. AacpeT H3 6oKOBHH B03HHK H3 KOAOA006pa3HOfO; OH npHMeiDIJ\.CR MapTHHOM Mepu;eM OKOAO 14 9 0 roAa H 6hiA pacnpocTPaHeH B fepMaHHH, B TO BpeMSI KaK BO <J>paHI_\HH H B 11Ta.AHH llpHMeiDIu~-.. AH npe~ecrneHHO KOAOAOo6pa3HhiH AacpeT. Ha raAepax KpynHLie opyAIDI ITOKOHAHCb Ha opyAHHHhiX CTaHKax, KOTOpble MO~AH nepePuc. 494 MemaTbCR Ha l:ieTblpeX KOAeCHKax. 3Aecb OTAal:ia aMopTH3HpOPuc. 494. OcaAHoe opyAHe sa no3H~HH. CTBoA BaAacb C ITOMOmLIO llpOTHBOOTrAy6oKO BKOfiaH B 3eMAIO, CHd6JKeH KaTHbiX KaHaTOB 1 llpHB.SI3aHHbiX pHKOWeTHHKOM H 3dnJ;HTHLIM 3KpdHOM. XIV B. K paMaM, 3aKpeiTAeHHbiM Ha MeAKHe 6opTOBhiX cTeHKax. CTBOAbl ITOKOHAHCb Ha TaK Ha3biBaeMbiX n 0 B 0 p 0 m H blX B U Jl K a X (HeM. Drehbasse). B MopcKo::H apTHAAepHH cpeAH eBpone::HcKHX rocyAapcTB TOH 3f1AaBaAa BeHei.\H.SI. KaK YJKe ynoMHHaAOCh~ B nepBo::H noAOBHHe XIV BeKa opyAHiiHhle CTBOAhl CTaAH OTAHBaTb H3 6pOH3bl. B 1 3 4 6 fOAY OAOB.SIHmHK nerep EpHITe H3fOTOBHA B Typi.\HH MaAeHbKoe 6poH30Boe opyAHe ITOA AByxcl>YJITOBble cBHHI(OBble MPa.

,-- ~~

-v

Tio3AHee 3TH THnLI Aa«PeToB

Aa«PeTOM COOTBeTCI'BeHHO (npUM.

craAH Hd3LIBdTLCSI ABYCTaHHHHLIM

peg.).

OAHOCTdHHHHLIM

311

搂 6. OruecTpeALuoe opyJKHe. Pa:JBHTHe oruecTpeAhnoro opyJKHSI

1370 (1372?)

roAy TieTep

6poH30BbiX opyAHHHhiX CTBOJ\OB. B

Aapay

OTJ\HJ\

Ayrc6ypre

yJKe

Beneu;HH HX OTJ\HBKY BBeJ\ B

ABaAIJ;aTb

13 7 6

roAy

HeMeiJ;KHM MacTep. TaMOlliHIDI J\HTei1Ha.H MaCTepcKa.H AOAroe BpeM.H 6blJ\a eAHHCTBeHHoi1: B J1TaAHH. MeraHHe rpaAa Kal\tHeM BCKope OKa3aJ\OCb HeAOCTaTOqHblM cpeACTBOM HaTiaAeHIDI. TibiTaJ\.HCh AeAaTb 6oM6apAI>I MeHblllero pa3Mepa, qTo6bi MeTaTb MeHbme

KaMHei1: , 1 -

Haufnitze)

6oAblllei1:

ToqHoCThiO.

TaK

B03HHKAa

ray 6

u 4a

(HeM.

Aer Koe opyAJ1e, KoTopoe ycnelliHO npuM:eH51J\OCh elll.e B 6yprYH-

ACKHX BOMHax ( 14 7 4-14 7 7). Ho JKeJ\aeMa.H ToqHocTb C1'peAb6bl 6biJ\a AOCTHrHyra TOrAa, KOfAa KaJ\H6p KaMeHHbiX HJ\H JKeJ\.e3HbiX RAep CTaJ\H TOqHo ll0Af0H51Tb TIOA pa3Mep CTBOJ\OB, qT06bi MeJKAy HHMH HMeJ\C.H J\Hlllb He60J\blliOH 3a3op. 0AHOBpeMeHHO TihiTaJ\.HCh YAJ\HHHTh CTBOJ\hi, cquTa.H, qTo npH 3TOM yseAHqHTC51

Puc. 495 PHc. 495. nsiTHCPYHTOBaSI nyrnKa, B .1\.0JKe H Ha K03J\.ax. XV B. AaAbHo6oi1:HoCTh. TuKHM o6pa3oM no.HBJ\.51eTOI 路H oBbiM BHA opyAHii -

p uH

(urn. coulevrine OT

l/Jp.

y>K).

couleuvre -

yA e B -

fepMaHHH TaKHe opyAH.H

w A a H r a (HeM. Schlange - 3Me.H), B HTaJ\HH c e p 2 (urn. serpentina) , B HcnaHHH- KyAe6pUllbl (urn. culebrina).

H3BeCTHhi TIOA Ha3BaHHeM naHrnUHbl

Tio.HBHJ\OCb

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npHMepHo

1400

c.fpeJ\..HJ\.H CBHHIJ;OBhiMH 5J:ApaMH

(puc.

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6oM6apAI>I 6blJ\H T.HJKeJ\biMH

opyAH.HMH, TO KyAeBpHHbl pa3J\.HqHbiX pa3MepoB COCTaBJ\..HJ\.H J\efKYJO TIOJ\eBYJO apTHJ\.J\epHIO.

HX BBeAeHHe:M npHo6peA 3HaqeiiHe BblCTpeA np.HMOM HaBOAJ<.OM.

OpyAH.H 3TOfO THTia HalliJ\11 oqeHb TIOJ\e3HbiMH, H BCKope CTaJ\H H3fOTaBJ\.HBaTb AaJKe KyAeBpHHbl TaKHX MaJ\biX pa3MepoB, qTo HX MOr HOCHTb H o6CAyJKHBaTb OAHH qeAoBeK.

Pyt~Hhie

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p y ll H u 4 bl,

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CTUAH nepBbiM orHecTpeAhHhiM opyJKHeM nexoThi. YJKe B

14 2 0

npH3HaHHe

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p .n g H o ii

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(neM.

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6oAblliHHCTBe

roAy BCTpeqa-

CJ\yqaeB

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CJ\.aBSIHCKoe npoHcXOJKAeHHe 3Toro TepMHHa ITOATBep}KAaeTcSI TeM, 'ITO nepnhle ray6HD;LI npHMeHH./\.HCh B soiicKe rycHTOB. CAaBa l..JexHlf KaK crpaHhl caMLIX HcKycnhlx apTHJ\..1\.epHCTOB BOCXOAHT K rycHTCKlfM BOHHdM ( 14 1 9-14 3 7) (npUN. aBm.).

2 113 HTaJ\.hSIHCKOH serpentinelle B XVI B. B ueMeD;KHX no:H:cKax B03HHK 1TO 03Ha1JaeT MaAeHhKyiO, HJ\.H lJeTBepTHyiO, KyJ\.eBpHHY (npUN. aBm.).

Scharfentindl.

qacu II. OpyJKBe BaDC~AeBB.Iil

312

KyAeBpHH KOBaJUI H3 JK.e.J\.esa no orrn:caHHOH Bblllle TeXHOJ\.OI'HH, H AHIIIb opyAIDI MaAoro Krurn6pa OTAHBaJUI B XV seKe ·Hs 6poHsbl. B KOH~e CTOJ\.eTH.SI noRBHAHCh H 6o.J\.ee KpynHble KyJ\.eBpHHhl H3 6pOH3bl, CaMble KpaCHBble H3 BeHe~H. AMI paspymeHH.SI YKPellJ\.eHHH AaJKe 6oM6apAbl rAaBHoro KaAH6pa OKa3aAHCb CJ\.HIIIKOM CJ\.a6bl. np~eJ\.bHa.SI CTPeAb6a Ha 6o.J\.ee HAH MeHee npHAHqHOe paCCTO.SIHHe H3 HHX 6bl.J\.a notiTH HesosMoJK.Ha. EopoTbC.SI c 3THM HeAOCTaTKoM crrurn nyreM yse.J\.HlleHH.SI CHAhi sap.SIAa, TIT06bl np¥fAaTb cHaP.SIAY 6o.J\.bmyro HaqaAblfYIO cKopocTb, a TaKJK.e Beca .sJApa AMI 6oAee 3$$eKTHBHoro paspymHTeJ\.bHoro B03AeHCTBIDI. B pesyJ\.bTaTe no.SIBHJ\.acb Mop m up a (ReM. Morser) c 6oAbmo:H AaAbHOCTblO noJ\.eTa .sJApa, qero A06HAHCh c noMO:mi>IO cne~HaAbHO npHKoBaHHOH K aM o p bl (HeM. Kammer). CTapeHmH:H H KpynHeimrn:H 3K3eMIIMip 3Toro opyAIDI «6o.J\.bmo:H KaMHeMeT H3 WTa:Hpa» (pHc. 4 97). TaKHM o6pasoM, YJK,e oKoJ\.o 14 50 roAa no.SIBHAHCh ocHoBaHHhle HenocpeAcTBeHHO Ha npaKTHKe 3J\.eMeHTbi 6yAYJI(eH ynop.SIAoqeHHOH CHCTeMbl opyA¥fH. 0KOHqaTeJ\.bHO 3Ta CHCTeMa CJ\.OJKHJ\.acb AHIIIb K HaqaAy X~ BeKa OAHOBpeMeHHO B fepMaHHH H l1Ta.J\.HH,

Puc. 496

Puc. 496. Kopa6e..u.Hasi KyAeBpHHa, H3 KOBaHOro JKeAe3d. XV B. MMneparopcKHii H KopoAeBCKHH MY3eii apMHH B BeHe. 1

B cTapeHmHX nHpoTeJCHHlleCKHX TPaKTaTax, KOTopble B CllHCKax 6hiAH mHpOKO pacnpoCTPaHeHbl cpeAH OpYJK.eHHHKOB, yAe.lUIJ\.OCh BHHMaHHe H YCTPOHCTBaM AMI noBblllleHH.SI cKopocTPeAhHOCTH, MHome H3 npeMOJKeHHbiX npoeKTOB OKa3aJUICb HeBblflOJ\.HHMbiMH, KaK, HanpHMep, «J\.OKTeBoe opyA¥fe» (HeM. EllenbogengeschUtz). Ho BCTPeqaroTc.SI H KOHCTPYK~H, KOTOpble HBBepH.SIKa HCnOJ\.b30BaJUICb Ha npaKTHKe. K ~ OTHOC.SITC.SI ycTaHOBKH B BHAe llOKO~XC.SI Ha noBopoTHhiX AHCK.a.X CABOeHHbiX HAH CTPoeHHbiX CTBOJ\.OB, MopmpKH, YKPellJ\.eHHble Ha sepTHKaAbHhiX AHCKax. 0KOJ\.O cepeAHHhl XV BeKa nORB.J\.SIIOTC.SI TaK Ha3biBaeMble ceo p r UH bl C Me p m UJJ (HeM. Totenorgel), HAH «r p oM o 6 o i1 K u» (HeM. Hagelstilck), KOTopble HMeAHCb B apceHaAax e:me npH HMnepaTope MaKCHMHAHaHe I. Y TaKoro opyAIDI AO copoKa coeA¥fHeHHbiX BMecTe CTBOJ\.OB, ycTaHOBJ\.eHHbiX Ha AByxKOJ\.eCHOH TeJ\.eJK.Ke (pHC. 4 98). BnoCAeACTBHH Ko.J\.HllecTBo H pacnoJ\.oJKeHHe CTBOJ\.OB npH TOH JKe CHCTeMe pa3J\.HllaJUICb: OHH rpynnHpOBaJUICb AH60 no P.SIAaM, AH6o na~aMH. BhiCTPeA npoH3BOAHJ\.C.SI c noMo:mhro o6:me:H saTPaBKH HAH no OTAeJ\.bHOCTH, nocpeACTBOM Q>HTH.JUr. McnoJ\.b30BaHHe opraHoB 6bl.J\.o orpaHWieHHbiM H YJK.e B XV BeKe nOJ\.yqHJ\O npaBHAbJIYIO o~eHKy. B KOAeKce 1 4 8 8 roAa roBOpHTC.SI: «...H HMH CJ\.eAyeT nOJ\.b30BaTbC.SI OKOJ\.0 BOpOT H TaM, rAe HenpH.SITeJ\.b roToBHTC.SI K IIITYPMY· OHH ·noJ\.e3Hhi TaK1 JKe B sareH6ypre» • CToJ\.b co6Aa3HHTeJ\.bHWI CHCTeMa opraHa

Bare H 6 y p r - noAeBoe yx.penAeHHe H3 cne:o;HaALHo oCHameHHhiX noBo3oK. BoifcKo B HeM pa36HBaAO Aarepb (npUM. peg.).

o6:w~Ho

§ 6. OmecrpeJU»Boe opylK.Re. Pa3BRTRe orsecrpeJU»soro opylK.RJI

313

B Tel!eHHe lleTblpeX BeKOB He AdBaJ\.a TIOKO.H npoJK.eKTepaM, 1'paHCQ>opMHpy.HCh B pa3Hhle BHAblr TIOKa HaKOHel.\ BO BTOpOH TIOAOBHHe XIX BeKa He llO.HBHAaCh M umpaAbesa. Ao KOJma XV BeKa AaQ>eThi 6biAH CAOJK.Hhl H Heo6h:NaiiHo rpoM03AKH. KaK yJK.e OTMellaAOCb, CTBOAhl KpenHAH B BhJAOA6AeHHhiX K 0 A 0 g a X (HeM. Lade, cjJp. chantier) 1 KOTOphle B CBOIO OllepeAh ycTaHdB.JlliBaAH Hd T.HJK.eAble KOAeca. TaKoii AaQ>eT AOIIYCKaJ\. AHIIIh He3Hal!HTeAhHhiH yroA Bo3BhiiiieHIDI. Y ray6HI.\, KopoTKHX MeTaTeAbHhiX opyAHii, AaQ>eT 6hiA 6oAee Aei'KHM H noABIDKHhiM. To o6CTO.HTeAbCTBO, liTO llpH BhiC1'peAe CHAOH OTAaqH CTBOA CphiBaJ\.0 C AaQ>eTa, 3dCTdBHAO OKOAO 14 50 rOAd A06aBHTh K HeMY qeTbipe ~an<J>hl, npeAOTBpa.I.I.\aBIIIHe ABHJK.eHHe cTBoAa Hd3aA. EoAhiiiHHCTBO cTapHHHhiX 6oAhiiiHX 6oM6apA HMnepaTopa MaKCHMHAHaHa I e~e CHa6JK.eHo TaKHMH 1.\anQ>aMH (pHc. 499). KpoMe AepeB.HHHhiX AaQ>eToB B TelleHHe scero XV BeKa Ha Q>AoTe H B noAesoii apTHAAepHH BCTPe~aAHCh noKOHBmHec.H Ha JK.eAe3HhiX nosopoTHhiX BHAKax Ma-

Puc. 497

PRe. 497. MopTHpa. CTBOA R3 KoBaHoro JKeJ\.e3a c npBKOBaHHOH 3apBAHOH KaMepo:ft; KaAB6p 88,2 CM; T. H. cc60A:bllOH KaMHeMeT B3 liiTaBpa,,. OK. 1350 r. HMnepaTopcKB:H B KopoAeBCKBH My3eii apMBB B BeHe. Able KyAeBpHHhl, 3dp.HJK.aeMhie o6h:NHO C Ka3eHHOH lldCTH. Amnb OKOAO 14 9 0 roAa no.HBHAHCh nepBhle opyAH.H c npocTbiMH Be p mA 10 raM u (HeM. Schildzapfen). 3To 6aAKH, K KOTOphiM Ha cKo6ax KpenHAHch cTBoAhl. EaAKH ycTaHdB.JlliBaAHCh Ha OC.HX B AaQ>eTaX, liTO ll03BOA.HAO npocTeHIIIHM CllOC060M llOAyqHTb H}'JK.HhiH yroA B03BhiiiieHH.H CTBOAa. 113o6peTeHhl BepTAIOrH, Bepo.HTHO, npH KapAe VIII B Aarepe DoHT A'ApK. 3To npocToe yc1'poiicTBo MOJK.Ho ornecTH K BaJK.HeiiliiHM ycosepmeHCTBOBaHH.HM B apTHAAepHikKoM AeAe. CaMhiM 6oAhliiHM HeAOCTaTKoM apTHAAepHH e~e B KOH~e XV BeKa 6hiA.o ·cosepmermo 6eccHcTeMHoe MHoroo6pa3He CTBOAOB, liTO He TOAhKO r.temaAo o~eHK.e a<):><):>eKTHBHocrn, Ho H C03AaBaJ\.o 6o.hhiiiHe TPYAHOcm npH cHa6JK.eHHH 6oenpHnacaMH. B 11TaAHH, oco6ermo B BeHe~ H feeye, a TaKJK.e Bo paJmHH IIhiTaAHCh yc1'paHHTh aToT HeAolleT, Ho pe3yAhTaT He onpaBAaJ\. OJKHAaHHii. D03A1fee, oKoAo 14 9 8 roAa, HMnepaTop MaKCHMHAHaH npoBeA o6mHpHYJO

314

peopraHM3aiJ;Mio csoe:H apTM.J\AepMM. CMcTeMa MaKCMMMJUmHa, BHeApeHMe KoTo1 po:H ocym;ecTBMA ero 4 e i1 x M e i1 c me p EapTo.J\.oMeyc <l>paHCJ\.e6eH, 113.7\.o.>KeHa s ynoM.siHYThiX paHee apceHa.J\.hHhiX KHMrax. CKo.J\h ocTpOYMHOM oHa HM Ka3aJ\.ach, ee 6hicTpo c se.J\.o Ha HeT HacTynMsmee B Ha"~:Ia.J\.e XVI BeKa no.J\.J-IOe npeo6pa3oBaHMe scero soeHHoro Ae.J\.a 11 TaKTMKM BOHR. Cor.J\acHo apceHaJ\hHhiM KHMraM, opyAMHHhiH napK MaKCMMMAMana I cocTo51J\. 113 pa3Hoo6pa3HhiX TMnos opyAMH, pa3Ae.J\.51eMhiX Ha rpynnhi 110 TeM 6oeBbiM 3aAa"tJaM, KOTOpbie OHM MOr.J\H BhiiiOJ\.H51Th, T. e. C Y"IJCTOM Beca Bhi6pacbiBaeMbiX CHap.siAOB, Aa.J\LH060HHOCTM MAP·

Puc. 498

PHc. 498. CopoKacrBOII.l>HhiH opraH. KoH. XV B. 113 apceHaJ\.hHhiX KHHr HMIIepaTopa MaKCHMHJ\.HaHa I 3a 1514 r. PHc. 499. OcaAHilll rryiiiKa, OTII.HTa H3 6pOH3IJ, cHa6JKeHa ABYJ"ISI rrapa!IIH n;arr¢; rrpo3BaHa: «XopOlliO HacrpoeHHaSI 3aCaAHaSI AYAKa». 11Hc6pyKcKaSI .1\.HTelinsr, XV B. no MOAeJ\.H B opyJKeHHOlll co6paHHH HMnepaTopcKoro AOllla B BeHe.

Puc. 499 OcaAHhie opyAM..si rAaBHoro Ka.J\.M6pa npeAHa3Haqa.J\.Mch AMI pa3pymeHM.si KpenocTHhiX CTeH. K HMM OTHOCMJ\.MCh 6 0 M 6 a p g bl, cpeAM KOTOphiX 6bi.J\.O HeMa.J\.0 TPOQJeHHhix; c peg Hue 6 oM 6 a p g bl ·M.J\.H mapQ:>MeiJ;bi (p11c. 500); B a c u Auc K u (HeM. Basilisken); 11. em B e p m H bl e n y w K u (HeM. Viertelbiichsen); 3 u H rep u H bl (HeM. Singerinen «nesMu;a»). no.J\.eBa.SI apTH.J\AepM51, npeAHa3HaqeHHa51 AMI ycTaHOBKM Ha TI03MIJ;MIO, BKJ\10qa.J\a B ce651 6 0 A b ll1 U e K y A e B p U 1-l bl {pMC. 50 1), K y A e B p U 1-l bl, n 0 A y K yA eBp u Hbl, ra y6u 4hl. HaM6o.J\.ee pa3Hoo6pa3HOH 6hi.J\.a J\erKa.si apTM.J\AepH.SI, MCI10J\.h3osasma.sic51 AMI 6biCTporo MaHeBpMposaHM.SI Ha TIOJ\.e cpa.>KeHM51. 3TO 6hiJ\M 6 0 A b Ul U e ·c/J (1 A bK o H em bl (pH c. 50 2), nepeso3HBII1Mec.si .7\.0lll~MM Ha cnei.J;Ma.J\.hH~l\1 J\erKoM AacpeTe 11 MMesmMe sepTAIOr AMI npMAaHM.si CTBOJ\.Y HYJKHoro yrAa B03BhimenM.si; l CMOTpHTell.b apTH.I\..AepHH, BIIOC.I\eACfBHH BOHHCKHH ':lHH (npUM. peg.).

315

ยง 6. OrHecTpeALHoe opyJKHe. Pa3BHTHe orHecTpeALHoro opyJKH.SI

pH bl e K y A e B p U H bl, 3ap.SI}KaJOI.U;11eC.SI C Ka3eHHOH tiaCTI1 11 YJ<.peiiAeHHbie Ha TIOBopoTHOH BHAKe; MaAhie opyA11.SI g 0 pH g p e A bl (HeM. Dorndrell, um. tornarello), na3hiBaBIIIHec.SI TaK}Ke me p a c - py}Kh.SI (oT ucn. terasca, teraxaTapaCK, tiYAOB11I.U;e). CpeAI1 MOpT11p, KOTOpbie 11MeAI1 pa3Hoo6pa3Hble pa3Mepbl 11 QJOPMYr pa3AHl!aAM 6oAhiiiHe (p11c. 50 3) H MaAhie MopTHphi A e p x A e ii H hl (HeM. Lerchlein), CO 3Be3AqaThiM CetieHHeM KaHaAa CTBOAa. KaAH6pbl He YJ<.il3aHhl, Ha OCHOBaHI111 aKBapeAeH HX MO}KHO ou;eHHTh AHIIIh npH6AH>KeHHO.

K aM 0

Puc. 500

Puc. 501 PHc. 500. CpeAHSISI 6oM6apAil Ha 6AoqHoM AacpeTe, XV B. 113 apceHaJ\.bHbiX KHHr HMIIepaTopa MaKCHMHJ\.HaHa I (AscrpHHCKHH apceHaA). PHc. 501. EoAbiiiaSI KyAeBpHHa HaT. H. 6ypryHACKOM AacpeTe. XV B. 113 apceHaJ\.bHbiX KHHr HMrrepaTopa MaKCHMHJ\.HaHa I.

Opn HMnepaTope MaKCHMHAHane I CTBOAhi naqaAM cBepAHTh c noMOI.U;hiO T.SI}KeAhiX cBepA, KoTopbie Bpai.U;aAMCh B Ka6ecTanax, no 3To 6hiAa ei.U;e TPYAOeMKa.SI 11 HeHaAe}KHa.SI pa6oTa, c HeTotino:H u;enTpoBKOH. B XVI BeKe BHOCHAOCh MHOro ApyrHX ycoBepiiieHCTBOBaHHH, HO 6oAhiiii1HCTBO opyAJ-IHHhiX CTBOAOB OTAHBaAI1 no-npe}KHeMy c roToBhiM KaHaAOM. AHIIIh B natiaAe

XVIII

BeKa

Ma-

pHTD; H3o6peA. B EepHe TOKapHhiH CTaHOK M5f. paCTOtiKI1 CTBOAOB, KOTOpbiH o6ecnetiHBaA AOBOAhHO TOtiHYJO u;enTpOBKy. Opn HMnepaTope KapAe V 6biA.a BBeAeHa cncTeMa KAaccncpHKau;HH opyAHH no KaAH6paM, KoTopyro c He3HatiH-

1JacTL II. OpyJKBe HauBA,eBBJI

316

TeAhHhiMH H3MeHeHIDIMH nepeiDI.MI BO <l>paHIJ;HH If B OCHOBHhiX HTaAMIHCKHX ropoAax. l13o6peTaTeAeM 3TOH CHCTeMbi, OCHOBaHHOH Ha OTHOllieHHH AlfaMeTPa KaHaAa CTBOAa K Becy .sJAPa, 6biA BHKapHH u;epKBH CB. 3e6aAhAa B H10pH6epre feopr XapTMaHH ( 14 8 9-15 6 4) r a C03AaTeAeM COOTBeTCTBYIQmero p1JAa opyAifH reffilaAbHhiH nymeqHhiH AHTeifmHK fperop AeliJliJAep. HoBCUI CHCTeMa coxpaHHAa, B o6meM, npeJKHHe o6o3HaqeHIDI opyAHif, pa3AeAHB HX no BecoBbiM COOTHOllieHIDIM Ha TPH rpynilhl: n y Ul K u (HeM. Kanonen) r K YA e B p u H bl If cp aAbK u (HeM. Falk- coKoA). ApceHaA KapAa V cocTo.SIA H3 40- H 12-liJYHTOBhiX nymeK, 24-, 12- If 6-liJYHTOBbiX KyAeBpHH If 6 1/2- If 3-liJYHTOBbiX 1 liJaAbKOB. Bee 6biA paCCqlfTaH no KaMeHHbiM .sJAPaM H coxpaHeH NJ.JKe noCAe Toro, KaK OKOAO 15 2 0 roAa llOBCIOAY nepemAH Ha npHMeHeHHe JKeAe3HbiX 1JAep - CHaqaAa KOBaHbiX, a 3aTeM If AHTbiX. 4 0-liJYHTOBbie nyiilKH Ha3biBaAHCb o6~Ho KapmayHaMu (oT um. quartana, a BepHee qarantana). ToqHo TaK JKe KyAeBpHHhl AeAHAH Ha «u;eALie», «ITOAOBHHHhie» H «qeTBepTHbie». MeAKHe pa3HOBifAHOCTH liJaAbKOB HMeHOBaAH cpa A b K o Hem aM u (HeM. Falkonet).

Puc. 502. <l>aAI>KOHeT aa Aei'KOM Aa¢eTe, XV B. 113 apeeHaAI>HI:JX KHHr HMnepaTopa MaKeHMHAHaHa I (ABcrpHiicKHH apeeHaA).

l1TaAb.SIHCKaH apTHAAepiDI eme B 14 8 0 rOAY COCTaBASIAa qpe3BblliaHHO MHOroo6pa3HbiH apceHaA opyAifH. B Hee BXOAifAH 6oM6apAbi KaAH6poM AO 3 0 0 · lPYHTOB, MOpTHpbi OT He60AhlliHX 2-liJYHTOBbiX AO T.SIJKeAbiX OCClAHhiX 300lPYHTOBbiX, 50-liJYHTOBbie opyAIDI (um. comuna), 60-1 00-liJYHTOBbie opyAIDI ( um. cortana) r CTPeASIBllilfe JKeAe30-CBHHu;OBbiMH .sJAPaMH 1 6-liJYHTOBbie opyAIDI (um. passa volante), 20-liJYHTOBbie BacHAHCKH M.SI CTPeAh6bi 6poH30BhiMH H .>KeAe3HhiMH .sJAPaMH, 2-3-liJYHTOBbie MeAK.He opyAIDI (um. cerbatana) H, HaKoHeu;, CTPeASIBmHe 1 0-15-liJYHTOBhiMH KaMeHHhiMH .sJAPaMH c n u H rap g bl ( um. 2 espingarde) • 1 TaK Ha31:JBaeMI:JH HIOpH6epreKHH, HJ\.H KaMeHHLIH, Bee npHMeHSIJ\.CSI B repMaHHH npHMH3HTeJ\.bHO AO 1860 roAa. JKeAe3HI:Je SJApa B 3TOH eHCTeMe llOAY'JaiOT HaHMeHOBaHHSI Ka.MeHHI:JX, eOBll(lAaiO~HX e HHMH no pa3Mepa.M, XOTSI peaAbHI:JH Bee JK.eJ\.e3HOro SIApa MOr OTAH'IaTI>CSI OT KaMeHHoro (npUM. aBm.). 2

eKo6Kax AaHI:J HTa.AbSIHeKHe Ha3BaHHSI B HeMeqKo:H TpaHeKpHnD;HH, KaK B opHrHHa.Ae

(npUM. peg.).

§ 6. Or&ecrpeJUosoe opyJKue. Pa3BBTBe omecTpeJUo&oro opyJKIIJI

317

Bo p~ 3TY CHCTeMY npHMepHo B 15 50 roAy AO Kpa:HHoCTH ynpocTHAH. noAeBble opyAlf.H BKJUOlJaAH TOrAa nyniKH no 3 3 Q>ym'a, 60.J\blllHe KyAeBpHHbl no 15, cpeAHHe no 7, npoMeJKyrotJHble no 2 ci>YIJTa, Q>aAbKH no 1 cPYHTY H Q>aAbKOHeTbl no 1 4 YHI.J;HH KaMeHHoro seca. HeTPYAHO BlfAeTh, tJTo Q>paHizy3CKrui CHCTeMa 6AHJK.e BCero K HeMei.J;KOH, AHIIIb KaAH6p 6biA, KaK npaBHAO, 3HaqJITe.J\bHO MeHbme C TeX nop, KaK OKOAO 15 4 0 fOAa H3 apceHaAOB HCKJUO"'H.hH BaCHAHCKH no 6 6 Q>paJII.\Y3CKHX cPYIJTOB H TIDK.e.J\ble cepnaHTHHbi. MeJKAy TeM no-npeJKHeMY C~eCTBOBaAO HeHKOAHtleCTBO MOBepHoe BHAOB opyAHii (oco6eHHo BO <l>paHI.J;HH H 11TaAHH) r KOTOpbiM tJaCTO AHmb COJ\AaTCKWI CMeKaAKa AaBaAa KaKHe-AH6o HaHMe~ HOBaHRSI. Csoeo6pa3eH B03HHKmH:H B XVI BeKe o6hitJaH npHCBaHBaTb opyAIDIM co6cTBeHHbie HMeHa. BnepBbie OH CTaA npoRB~c~ B }QV BeKe B fepMaHHH H 06'b~CHSieT~ CKAOHHOCTbiD BOHHOB nepcoHHQ>HquposaTb opyJK.He H BocnpHHHMaTb ero KaK JKHBOe ~eCTBO. l..JaCTO 3TH HMeHa 6hJAH HeQeH3ypHhlMH. o6bf'laH HCtJe3 B fepMaHHH AHIIIb K 1 7 1 0 fOAY· Puc. 503 Bo p~ HMeHa Puc. 503. KpynuoxaAH6eparu~ 6poH30BCUI MopTHpa, opyAlf.HM npHCBaHBaAH He ocaameaaru~ ~tanct>aMH. XV B. H3 apceaa.u.HhiX KHHr BcerAa. npH .fuoAOBHKe HMnepaTOpa MaKcHMHAHaHa I. XII BCTJletiaeT~ nosceMecTHo TO.J\bKO «AJn<o6pa3» (cHMBOA Kopo~). a npH <l>paHQHcKe I «CaAaMruwa». BoAee no3~ Q>paHI.J;y3CKWI apTHM.ep~ HMeAa B CBOeM COCTaBe TaKHe opyAlf.H, KaK «Heno6eAI'fMOe», «l..JYAOB~e», «0peA», «APaKoH» H T. n., HO Ha3BaHRSI ·B AdHHOM CAyqae HrpaAH He CTO.J\bKO aAA.eropWiecKyw, CKO.J\b npaKTHtiecKyw po.J\b, B 11TaAHH HatJHHrur c XIV BeKa BCTJletiaiDTC~ MHQ>oAorHtJecKHe HMeHa opyAH:H. 3ToT o6hllJaH CB~3aH CO CTJleMAeHHeM Bee CTHAH30BaTb B Ayxe BpeMeHH, CAeAy~ HOpMaM aHTHlJHOfO HCKYCCTBa, nopOX nepBOHatJaAbHO H3fOTaBAHBaAH B BlfAe nopomKa, nyreM CMemHB~ pacTepThiX Bem;eCTB • ..1\.mrrb B cepeAJIHe XV BeKa ero HatJa.MI 3epHHTb, a TaKJKe, cyMJ. no AOK-yMeHTaJ\.bHhiM coo6m;e~. pa3Ae.MITb Ha rrymetJHhlli H pYJKe:iffibm nopox. BhiCTJleA oc~ec~c~ nepsoHatJaAbHo c noMOJithiD pacKaAeHHoro yro.J\bKa, KOTOpbiH KJ\.aAH Ha tJameo6pa3Icyi<> TIAaHKy 3aTiaAbHOro OTBepcTIDI.

APHHWH

318

Tio3JKe IJAaHKY 3aiiOJ\.IDIJ\.H nopOXOM H BOCIJAaMeiDIJ\H ero paCKaJ\.eHHhiM c OAHOro Ko~a JKeAe3HhiM npyroM. Amm, B Ko~e XIV BeKa AMI ::no:H ~eAR CTaAH npHMeiDITh m p ym, a TaKJKe -rpyxy pa3.JUfliHbiX nopoA AepeBa, HarrpHMep 6YKa. Ha3BaHHe «'rpyr)) coxpaiDIJ\.OCb npHMeHHTeALHO K BepeBoqHoMY $HTHMO BIJAOTb AO XVI BeKa. TipHMepHO B 14 2 0 rOAY 6biA H3o6peTeH cp u m u A b (c/Jp. meche) H3 neHbKOBOH BepeBKH TO.J\.IqHHOH C na.J\.e~, npOIIHTaHHOH CeAH-rpOH, lJTO npHAilBa.J\.0 e:H cnoco6HoCTb TAeTb noCAe noAJKHraHIDI. MopTHphl nepBoHaqa.J\bHO HMeAH 6o.J\bmHe pa3Mephl H 6hiAH paccqHTaHbl Ha MeTaHHe KpynHhiX KaMHe:H. B XV BeKe oHH CTaHoB.srrOI 3Ha~eALHO MeHbme. KaMopa, noHaqaAy CAHIIIKOM Ma.J\.CUI AMI npHeMa nopoxoBoro 3apJJAa, nocreneHHO npHo6peAa Ayqmee cooTHomeHHe c AY.J\bHo:H qacTbiO. MopTHpo:H no.J\b3oBaAHCb AMI MeTaHIDI KaMeHHhiX JIAep, a TaKJKe JIAep H3 rAHHbl, KOTOphle 3anoAHAAH 3aJKHI'aTeAbHOH HJ\.H B3pbmqaTOH CMeCblO H O.IJY'I'hiBaAH CeTKOH H3 JKeAe3HOH npoBOAOKH. AMI MeTaHIDI nHpOTeXHH"qeCKHX cpeACTB (paKeT) B HaqaAe XVI BeKa no.J\b30BaAHCb Ma.J\biMH MOprnpaMH CO 3Be3AqaTbiM ceqeHHeM KaHaAa CTBOAa AMI AOCTYfia B03A}'Xa K 3aJKJKeHHOMY B AYAe BOCIJAaMeiDIIOII\eMY Beii\ecTBy. B HHAePJ\.ClHACKo:H Bo:HHe XVI BeKa BnepBhle no.SIBJUIIOTCH Ma.J\bie MopTHphl AMI 7-<l>YHTOBbiX no.hbiX JIAep, npeKpacHo · 3apeKoMeiJAoBaBmHe ce6H B 'rpaHmeHX 6AarOAapH CBOeH M06HJ\.bHOCTH. TI03AHee OHH CTaAH H3BeCTHbl nOA Ha3BaHHeM K y x e pH c K a R Mop m up a (Coehornscher Mlirser no HMeHH HHAepAa.JJACKoro reHepaAa, c 1688 roAa qacro ee npHMeiDIBmero). HaqHHaH c XIV BeKa no.SIBJUIIOTCH cBeAeHIDI o npHMeHeHHH K o JK a H bl x 0 p yg U U (HeM. lederne Geschtltze). TipeAfiOAOJKHTeAbHO 3TO HOBilleCTBO OCHOBhiBaAOCb Ha 3AaC~OCTH H Ma.J\.OM Bece MaTepHaAa. MaAeHbKCUI KOJKaHCUI MOpTHpa B apceHaJ\.e BeHeWlli HCnO.J\b30BaAaCb .HK06bl B 1 379 H 1·3 8 0 roAax noA l<hoAJKeH B BOHcKax BHTTOpHo TIH3aHH H KapAo A3eHo. rVia.AeHbKaH KOJKaHaH nynn<.a XVI BeKa c rep6oM MeAWDf xpaHHTOI B BeHCKOM co6paHHH MoAeHa. l13BecTHo, lJTO B36YHTOBaBmHeCH 3a.J\b~6ypJKJ-\bi B 15 2 5 roAy ocaJKAaAH cBoero cysepeHa, apxHeiiHCKona MaTTeyca AaHra B ero 3aMKe c npHMeHeHHeM nymeK, H3rOTOBAeHHbiX H3 TOACTOH KOJKH. B IDBeACKOH apMHH KOJKaHble nymKH 6biAH BBeAeHhl B 16 2 6 roAy amAH:HcKHM 6apoHeTOM Po6epToM CKOTOM, KOTOphiH nocryiiHA C 200 BOHHaMH Ha CAyJK6y K rycTaBy-AAo.J\b$y (1594-1632). 0AHaKO 3TH nyiiiKH CIDIAH C BoopyJKeHIDI B 1631 rOAYr noCKO.J\bKY OHH IJAOXO OnpaBAaAH ce6H B 6HTBe noA .1\.e:Hrn.prroM. TioCAeAJUIH KOJKaHaH rryiiiKa HaXOAH'fCH B BeHcKoM HMneparopcKoM BOeHHoM MY3ee. 0Ha nocTYJIHNl TYAa B 1702 roAy KaK noAapoK ropoAa Ayrc6ypra asc-rpiDicKOMY rocyAapro 11ocH$y I ( 1 678-1711) H no CyrH HBJUieTCH J\HIIIb AeMoHc-rpa~ OHHOH MOAe.J\biO. CAeAyeT ynoMHHyrL H el.l.\e ONJ.Y apTHAAepHHCKYJO «ftACKYJO Mannmy» nemapgy (Petarde). 0Ha H3o6peTeHa B XVI BeKe B HHAepJ\.ClHAax AMI noApbma KpenOCTHbiX BopoT, qacTOKOAOB H APyrHX nperpftA. TieTapAa COCTOHT H3 OTAHTOrO MeTa.J\.J\HliecKoro KOTAa, KOTOphiH CBOHM OTBepcTHeM HaBJflilleH Ha KBaAPaTH:hiH 6pyc Mag p u A b H y 10 go c K y (HeM. Madrillbrett). BociJAaMeIDIIOII\ee ycTpOHCTBO HaXOAJ{TC.si Ha AHe KOTJ\.a, nepeA yriO'rpe6AeHHeM neTaPAY 3apHJKaAH cne~a.J\bHO 3aMemaHHhiM «KpyrhiM)) nopoxoM. C AB~ noMOII\HHKaMH, KOTOpble HeCAH KOTeA, neTapAifCT npH6AHJKaJ\.CH K B3pbiBaeMbiM BOpOTaM H npH6HBaA HJ\.H npHBHHqHBaJ\. KpiDK K OAHOH H3 cTBopoK. Ha Hero BemaAH

§ 6. Omecrpe.u.aoe opyxtae. Pa3BRTRe omecrpe.u.aoro opyxtRJI

319

neTaPAY sa KOAb~o Ha M<lAJlHAhHOH AOCKe H HeMeMeHHo noAJKHraAH. neTapAy HcnoAh30BaJ\H B 1579 fOAY ryreHoTbi noA Cem-3MHAHoHoM, Ho oco6ermo ycneiUHo - npH B3jJTHH Paa6a {.A,bepa) B 1 59 8 roAY· PyqHoe ornecrpe.hbHOe opYJK.He ynoMHHaeTCJI YJK.e B 1 3 6 4 fOAY· ropOA nepyAJI{a nopyqHA H3fOTOBHTb 50 0 PYli~ AJlliHOH B OAHY IDJAb~ KOTOpbie MOJKHo 6b1Ao HOCHTb B PYKe H nyAH KoTopbiX MorAH 6bi npo6HTb M06o'H Aocnex. B 1 3 8 1 fOAY ayrc6yprcKHii CoseT nocrasHA AMI Bo:iffibl c QJpaHKcKHM H lliBa6cKHM ABop.srncTBoM 3 0 CTJleAKOB H3 pyqmi~. B 13 8 8 roAy HropH6epr ToJKe HactrnThiBaA 48 crpeAKoB, YMeBIDHX o6pall\aTbCJI c pyqHhiM ornecrpeAbHhiM opYJK.HeM, a B 1 3 9 9 roAy oHo npHMeiDV\ocb npH ocaAe 3aMKa TaHHeH6epr B recceHe. nepBbie ynoTPe6.MIBIIIHeCJI rteXOTOH pyqHHI\bl «OrR e B bl e m p y 6 K u» (ReM. Feuerrohr) no cyTH 6biAH nepeXOAHWM BHAOM OT opyAJUI K pyqHOMY opYJKHIO. 0HH o6CAyJKHBaJ\HCh ABYMH BOHHaMH, a nepesosHAH HX Ha AerKHX KoAecHhiX napax. Y 3THX opyAHH ITO.SIBHAHCb YJK.e nepBbie npH3HaKH AOJKH: CTBOA 6biA 3aKpeiTAeH Ha AJ\.HHHOM mecTe. 3THM meCTOM OAJIH lleAOBeK YAepJKHBaA cTBoA B HYJKHOM HanpaBAemm, B To speMH KaK APyro:H npOH3BOAJIA BbiCTpeA. nepsoe pyquoe opYJK.He 6b1Ao HeHaAeJKHbiM, MaA03QJQJeKTHBHbiM B 6010, HO Bee JKe OT Hero He XOTeAH oTK.asbiBaTbOI B HaAeJKAe nocreneHPuc. 5_D4 Ho ycosepmeHcTBoBaTb. 11 3Ta HaonpaBAaAeJKAa AeHCTBHTe.hbHo Pac. 504. CKOUifTYC. «PyKonHcL CB. Aacb, H6o B TetieHHe XV BeKa ONJ.o flaBAa», H3 6H6AHOTeKH PHIDeAJ.e. 1460 r. TOAKOBOe HOBilleCTBO CMeJUIJ\.OCb APyrHM· 0KOAO 14 6 0 fOAa HTaAh.SIHCKHe AerKHe KaBaAepHCTbl, a BfiOCAeACTBHH H Qlpa.mzy3CKHe, 6hiAH soopYJK.eHhl c K on u my coM (;lam. scopitus - npyr, posra) CTBOAOM AJUfHOIO B IDJAb, KOTOpblH C3aAH OKaHliHBaACJI meCTOM C KOAb~OM Ha KOHJ\e. KoHHHK HOCHA 3TO opYJK.He Ha peMHe BOKpyr meH H CTaBHA ero AMI BhiCTPeAa Ha sHAKy, YJCpeiTAeiDJYIO Ha nepeAJie:H AYJCe ceAJ\.a. 3TH CKOIIHTbl (oT HHX B03HHKAO 6oAee fi03NJ.ee Ha3BaHHe escopette AMI KOpOTKHX KaBaAepHHCKHX BHHTOBOK) ynoTPe6AAAH BO <l>paHI.(HH C pa3HbiMH ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHIDIMH eme AOAfO, H TaM OT o6blllrul npHCTaBJUITb HX K HarpYAfiHKY OHH noAyq~ H:assauHe n em puR a A (cjJp. petrinal, oT poitrine - fPYAh)· BbiCTPeA H3 9TOfO opyJKIDI npoH3BOAJIACR C ITOMOI.IU>IO QJHTHAR (pHC. 50 4 ). BoAbiiiHM HeAOCTaTKoM nepBbiX p~ 6b1Aa CHAhHIDI OTAatia. Ee IlhiTaJ\HCh nepeHecTH Ha APyro:H, HenoABHJKHhiH npeAMeT. /l;MI 3To:H ~eAH cTBoA ITOA AYAOM CHa6AlfAH KpiOKOM, KOTOpbiH BO BpeMH BbiCTpeAa ynHpaACJI B CTeHhl HAH

qacn. II. OpyJKHe &aua.a,e&HJI

320

CTOA6. OT aToro KproKa npoHCXOAJIT HecoMHeHHo 6oAee II03AHee a p K e 6 y1 3 a (HeM. Hakenbtlchse) • npeAMeTOM ycHAeHHOH 3a6oTbl 6hiAa Heo6XOAJiMa.SI AMf. o6pcu.qeHIDI co CTBOAOM AOJK.a. nepBhle p~hl He HMeAH AepeBmiHOH AOJK.H, a BMeCTO 3T0f0 OK~BaAHCb C3~ IlleCTOM -XBOCTOBHKOM. BrroCAeACTBHH K XBOCToBHKY cmr3y nplfAeAhiBaAH oCTphiH nnrn, KOTOphiH 3arrpaBJUIJ\.Cj{ B llpOAOAfOBaThiH, npH3MaTWiecKHH KycoK Aepesa -- n p u KA a g (HeM. Kolben). Amnh oKoAo 14 7 0 roAa cTBoA CTaAH YKPerrAj{Tb B KaHaBKY ~eAbHo.H AepeBj{HHOH J\.OJK.H. Y rrepBhiX AOJK. llpHKAaAbl 6biJ\H DpjiMbiMH, a CTBOA KpeiiHACji C rroMOIIU»JO lliTHcPTOB. 3Ta CTapHHHa.SI Q>opMa CTaAa npeATeqe.H HeMe qxo ii. AO:JK u (pHc. 50 5). B 11TaAHH H paHI.\HH BcrpeqaJOTCji HHhle Q>opMhl AOJK.H, B oco6ennocTH Ha yqacTKe npHKAaAa.

PRe. 505. raKOBHB~ta. co CBep.AeHLIM 6pOH30BhiM CTBOJ\.OM H UOJ\.KOH; 3aMOK OTCYTCTBYeT, nepBoHa"'a.ALHO 6hi.A yMpHo-«PHTHALHhiM; cnycK npoHCXOAHA npH HaJKaTHH phl'tlaJKKa, noae 11ero OTOABHra.ACSI IDTH«l>T H OCB060JKAa.ACSI YMPHhiH KYPOK; 06IItasi MHHa 160 CM.; Ha CTBOJ\.eHIOpH6eprcKoe KAeiiMo. OK. 1520 r . PHc. 506. Kpenocraoe pYJKI>e. CTBoA AaTyHHhiH, AAHHOH 123 CM, HMeeT AHOIITpH"'eC.KHH npH:~teA; npHK.AaA C3ilAH H30rayT B «PopMe pora AMI ynopa B nAelJ:o; aa no.AKOH yKpen.AeH 3a!ItHTHLIH 3KpaH H3 KOJKH. HTaAIDI, OK, 1515 r. Puc. 505 1

Puc. 506

Ha3BaHHe «apKe6yaa» npoHaoiiiJ\.o He OT KpiOKoo6pa3Horo KYPKa «PHTHALHoro 3aMKa, H60 CAOBO arcubusari BCTpelJ:aeTCSI 3itAOArO AO H306peTeHWI «l>HTHALHOrO aaMKa, B 1417 r. B KOMMeHTapHSIX <l>p. KapneaaHH. Cp. Gay, Glossaire, pag. 73 (npUM. aBm.). To11Ka apeHIDI dBTOpa He pa3AeA51eTCSI B COBpeMeHHOM OpYJKHeBeAeHHH. TipHH.SITO TSDKeALie PYJKLSI AMI crpe.AL6LI c ynopa, c ynoWIHYThiM aBropoM KpiOKOM, o6o3Ha1!aTL TepMHHOM raxoBHuqa (HeM. Hak.enbtichse), a AerKHe nexOTHLie HAH KaBa.AepHHCKHe PYJKLSI AMI crpe.AL6LI c PYK 6ea comKH- TepMHHOM apxe6y3a (HeM. Arkebuse). B Aa.AbHeiimeM MLI 6yAeM npUAepJKHBaTbOI ~TOH CBCTeMLI. qTO KaCaeTOI paBHero ynoTpe6AeHHSI HTa.ALSIHCKOro TepMHHa arcubusari, 0603Ha1J:aiOIItero ap6a.AeT1IHKOB, TO OHO TOJ\.LKO UOATBepJKAaeT rHUOTeay npOHCXOJKAeHHSI CAOBa ccapKe6yaa» OT KpiOKoo6pa3BOro KYPKa. KypKH paHBHX apKe6ya BHemHe H no KOHcrpy~HH Ae~CTBHTeALHO OlJ:eHL UOXOJKH Ha KYPOK ap6a.AeTa (npUM. peg.).

§ 6. OraecTpe.Mo&oe opyxtae. Pil3BBTBe or&eCTpe.Mo&oro opyxtBJI

321

no.smJUIIOTCSI <IJHIJ'PHhie llpHKAilAblr a TaiOKe 3a.KaJiliHBaiOiqHeCSI HaTIOA06He KpiOKa, qoro6hl AdTh yrrop IIAeqy (pHc. 50 6) r H, HdKOHeu;, OTOJ'HYThle BHH3. Bee 3TH H3MeHeHIDI npHBeAH BTIOCJ\.eACTBHH K onpeAeAeHHbiM Hau;HOHaAbHhiM <!JopMdM AOJK, 0 KOTOphiX pellb TIOHAeT HHJK.e. BociiAaMeHeHHe nopoxa npHMHTHBHhiM cnoco6oM, OT PYKH (pHc. 50 7), oqeHb 3dTPYAJUIAO npHu;eAHBaHHe, nocKOJ\hKY rAa3oM HYJKHO 6h1Ao CAeAJITb 3d TPyroM HAH cpHTHAeM. no3TOMY HaqaAHCb TIOHCKH CTIOC06a, TI03BOJUIBWero BOCII.J\.aMeHHTb nopox Mex~ecKHM nyTeM. BcKope noCAe 14 2 0 roAa B03HHKAH nepBhle 3aqaTKH <PHTHAhHoro 3dMKa. CHaqaAa oH cocro.RA H3 ABYIIAeqero p~ara, Ha KOHI.J;e KOToporo B Iqe.J\b BTHCKHBdAH TPyr (pHc. 508) 1• HaJK.ame Ha HHJK.Hee IIAeqo p~ara (crrycKa) TiaAbi.J;eM Bhl3hiBaAO orrycKaHHe sepXHero IIAeqa (KypKa), H TPyr TiaAaA Hd noAKy, Cnoco6 HMeA cBoH KpyrrHble HeAOCTdTKH, TIOCKOJ\hKY TPyr HAH <PHTHAh qacro 3aAYBaACSI HAH BhJ:6pachiBdACSI H3 KpeiiAeHIDI AaBAeHHeM, B03HHKaBIIIHM npH cropamm 3dTPaBHoro nopoxa. TorAa cB.H3dAH phlPuc. 507 qar-crrycK c HaJKHMHOH llpYJKHHOH, 6Adi'OPac. 501. CTpe.A.OK, npoB3BONUilBB Bhlcrpe.A. &3 «OI'HeBoii Adp.H qeMY cpu m UAbTpy6KB». AaB.Hoe opyABe npoBCXOAHT, no Bce:ii BBABMOCTB, OT apa6CKOB MOAcllhl. 113 PYKODBCB B YJIBBepCBTeTCKOB R bl U K y p 0 K (ReM. 6B6ABOTeKe B fe"ITBHreHe. Luntenhahn, c/Jp. chien, 1405 r. um. cane, ucn. gatillo) TIOCJ\.e BOCII.J\.aMeHeHIDI nopoxa B03Bpd!qdACSI B npeJK.Hee TIOAOJK.eHHe. 3TO 6biA nepBhiH m p ym 0 B bl ii 3 aM 0 K (ReM. Schwammschloss) r KdK ero Hd3hiBdAH B XV BeKe. no3AHee 3Td KOHCTP}7KIUUI TIOAyqHAd Hd3BaHHe n A a B a 10 Ill U U 3 aM 0 K, BMeCTO TPyra Mor HCTIOJ\h30BdTbCSI <IJHTHAb (pHC. 509). 0KOAO 1530 roAd B 3TOM 3d.MKOBOM MeXan 0 B 0 p 0 m H a R. HH3Me B03HHKaeT HOBOe BaJK.HOe ycoBepmeHCTBOBdHHe K p bl w K a no A K u (ReM. Pfannendeckel, pHc. 5 1 0). MeJKAy 14 8 0 H 15 0 0 roMMH cp u m u A b R bl i1 3 aMoK (ReM. Luntenschlo.B) pa3BHBdACSI AaAbme, H KypOK CHd6AHJUI BTopo:H llpYJKHHOH - YAdPHOH. noCJ\.e cpa6aThiBaHIDI crrycKa KypoK Tenepb OAJIHM yAapoM orrycKaACSI Ha noAK.y. 3TH 3aMKH, npHHSIThle, BnpoqeM, He BCIOAY· K XVII BeKy noAHOCThiO Hcqe3AH. 1

B apceaaALHhiX KHBrax MaKCBMBABaHa I Bcrpe'laeTCSI, a BMeHHo B Pa3Ae.A.e cOcrepBBTII,; B Kpa:iiae», B3o6paJKeHBe TJ>YTd B cnoco6a ero aape3aHIDI HOJKOM. Ho sa APyrBX B306paJKeHIDIX B Ka'leCTBe BOCDAaMeHB'l'eASI BBAeH TaiOKe BepeBO'IHhiB cllBTHAb (npUM. aBID.).

B. JiexaAK

322

Ha3hiBdAH HX y gap H bl M u K y p K aM u (HeM. Schnapphtlhne, pHc. 5 11). 3THM JK.e CAOBOM CTaJ\.H Ha3b1BaTb MapOAepcTByro:n::tHH c6poA H3 pacrrycKaeMbiX noCAe soim HaeMHHKoB so BTopo:H noAOBHHe XVI BeKa, CKHTaBIIIHHC.SI c TaKHM opYJK.HeM no AOporaM B noHcKax A06LNH, B HOBOM opyxeimoM AeAe AaHHbie KYJlKH CTMH Ha3b1BaTb, B OTAHtme OT 6oAee ll03AJIHX HCllaHCKHX H HHAepAaHACKHX YAapHo-KpeMHeBbiX 3aMKOB, YAapHo-<}>HTHJ\bHhiMH 3aMKa.MH.

Puc. 508

Pu c. 509

Puc. 510

Pac. 508. PytiHH~a c TpyroBLIM 3a.MKOM. PBAoM - o6HTLiii JKeAe30M AepeBSIHHLIH WOMUOA (3aOOHHHK) H HeCKOALKO JcyCKOB Hape3a.HHoro Tpyra. OK. 1500 r. H3 apceHaALHhiX KHHr HMneparopa MaKCHMHAHa.Ha I. Pac. 509, PytiHH~a. BpoH30BhiH CTBOA HMeeT D;eAHK; . HeMeD;KaSI AOJK.a BliDOAHeHa H3 AHJihl; 4J111'BJUJHI:al:H KYJ>OK (K COJKaAeHHIO, DOBpeJ!CAeHHl>IH) DpHBOAHTCSI B ABHJKeHHe HaJKaTHeM OOALmoro DaALD;a Ha DpYJKHBY. repMa.HHSI, OK. 1510 r. Pac. 510. HTHALHI:>IH 3aMOK. Co cnyaoBI:>IM pi:>I~aroM H Kpl>ImKo:H DOAKH. HTaAHSI, OK. 1530 r.

AASI

§ 6. OmecTpeAJa&oe opyJKBe. Pa3BBTBe or&ectpe.u&oro opy&BJI

323

1 BeKa (no o6II\eMY MHeHHIO, B 15 15 r.) no.HB.MieTOI K o A e cq o B bl ii 3 aMoK (HeM. Radschlo.B). AaHHhle xpoHHK o ero H3o6peTeHHH oqeHb COMHHTeAbHhl._ 3Ta CHCTeMa, no BCeH BlfAHMOCTH, OKOH'tJaTeAbHO cll>opMHpOBaAaCb B H10pH6epre, HO OTAeAbHhle KOHC'I'p-yKTHBHble 3AeMeHTbl, ee COCTaB.MIIO-

Ha"tJaAe

XVI

II\He, cyii\eCTBOBaAH H paHbiDe. Hasep:IDIKa KOAeCI.\OBbiH · 3aMOK o6JI3aH CBOHM npoHCXOJKA.eHHeM BCe 6oAee mHpOKOMf HCnOAb30BaHHIO 0 r H U B a (HeM.. 2 Feuerstahl) • B csoeM oKoH"tJaTeAbHOM BHAe KOAeCI.\OBbtii 3aMOK COCTOHT H3 nAOCKOrO KOAeCHKa c HaceqKaMH no Kpaw, yKpenAeHHoro Ha ocH. KoAecHKo CHa6JKeHo npyJKHHoH H BbiCTYnaeT HaA BepXHHM KpaeM noAKH. C noMOII\biO KAIO'tJa MeXaHH3M 3aT.m'HBaAH TaK., 'tJT06bl KOAeCHKO B3BeAOCb Ha 'I'pH 'tJeTBepTH o6opoTa. nepeA BbiC'I'peAOM KypOK, B ry6Kax KOTOporo 3aKpenAeH KYCOK IIHpHTa (JKeAe3Horo KOA'tleAaHa), TaKHM o6pa30M nplUKHMaAOI K nOJU{e, 'tJTO IIHpHT CaAHAOI Ha KpaH KOAeCHKa. HaJKaTHe Ha cnycKOBOH KypoK OCB060JKAaAO npYJKHHY, H KOAeCHKO 6biC'I'pO Bp~aAOCb. npH 'I'peHHH ero 0 IIHpHT B03HHKaAa HCKpa, BOCnAaMeiDIIOII\rul 3a~aso'tJHh!H nopox (pHc. 512, 513}. Ha nepBbiX CTaAIDIX ocsoeHHJI np~a 'I'peHHJI KOAecHKa B MeXaHH3Me 3aJKHraHIDI ell\e He 6biAO. nepBOHa'tJaAbHO 'I'pe:AHe C03AaBa.J\.OCb ue6oAbmHM 6pyCKoM C rpy6oH HaCeliKOH, KOTopbtii ABHI'a.J\.01 OT PYKH• a BnOCAeACTBHH nepeM~II\a.J\.01 CHAOH npYJKHHbi. 3ToT npHHI\HI1 cyII\eCTBOBaA napaAAeAbHO C KOAeCI.\OBbiM, H ell\e B XVII BeKe pyxe:HlmKH To H AeAO B03Bpiill\ClAHCb K HeMf B CBOHX KOHC'I'p-yKI.UUIX. KOAeCI.\OBOrO 3aMKa C'tJHTaAaCb nporpeCCHBHOH, OAHaK.O 3aMOK HMeA MHOJKeCTBO HeAOCTaTKOB, 'tJT06bl HM MOJKHO 6biAO nOAb30BaTbOI so BpeMH soHHbl. MexaHH3M ero 6biA CAHIDKOM CAOJKeH, KOAeCHKO 'tJaCTO 3a6HBaAOCb

l-fAeR

OCTaTKaMH nopoxa,

pYJKbe AaBaAO OCeqKy.

Puc. 511

Pac. 511. YAapuo-cl>BTHAI>HI:.Iii 3aMOK. TIOAKa ocuam;eua DOBOpOTHOH Kpl:oiWKOH. liTMIDI, OK. 1500 r.

HeCMO'I'pJI Ha TO 'tJTO B KOHHHI.\e KOAeCI.\OBbiH 3aMOK HcnoAb30Ba.J\.OI c 6oAbmHM ycnexoM, Aa H B neXOTe npH3HaBaAH ero npHrOAHOCTb npH HO'tJHhiX HanaAeHIDIX, AMI sceo6II\ero BoopyxeHHJI nexoTbl AO KOHI.\a XVII BeKa npHMeHJIAH li>HTHJ\.bHhlii 3aMOK. B KOHI.\e XVI BeKa B poTe M)11IIKeTepoB TOAbKO AeCHTb 'tJeAOBeK 6biAH. BOOpYJKeHhl KOAeCI.\OBbiMH M)11IIKeTaMH.

1 Cym;eCTByeT HeCKOAI>KO npeAJIOAOJKeHHB 0 BpeMeHH H306peTeHHSI KOAeC~OBOro 3aMKa, CaMI:oiH crapNB 3K3eMDAS1p KOTOporo OTBOCHTCSI K 1504 r. (Ha apKe6y3e H3 My3eSI apMHH, TiapHJK). Mecro ero H3roTOBAeHHSI H10pu6epr. C'IHTaeTCSI TaKJKe, 'ITO 'leCTb H3o6peTeHHSI KOAec~oBoro 3aMKa npHH~eJKHT AeouapAo Aa BHH'IH (1452-1519), B ero a.AL6oMax, OTHOCSIJI:UIXCSI K 1500 roAaM MOJKHO BlfAeTL 3CKH3 TaKOro 3aMKa (npUM. peg.). 2 . cKpeMHeBaSI OrHeB~a», COCTOSI~aSI H3 KpeMHSI, KpecaAa H muennepa, CTaAa CHMBOAOM Y'IPeJKAeHHoro B 1429 r. opAeHa 3oAOTOro pyua (npUM. aBm.).

21*

'IJacn II. Opylltue

324

BilllilAeBIIJI

HaqmJCUI co BTopo:H rroAOBHHhl XVI seKa CTaA BHeAPHI'bCJI (rrpWieM B rrepsyro oqepeAb B HCIIaHCKHX so:HcKax) poA opyxe:iflihlx 3aMKOB. KOTOphle CAeAYeT paccMaTPHBaTb KaK rrpoToTHII 6oAee II03AHero KpeMHesoro 3aMKa. 3To u c n a H c K u ii 3 a .M o K c YAapHhiM KypKoM. B o6~HX qepTax ero MexaHHKa He OTJ\.HllaJ\.aCb OT KpeMHeBoro 3aMKa 1 TOJ\.bKO OTCyrCTBOBaJ\.a A 0 g bl.}l{ K a C W en m a A 0 .M H 60.1\.billCUI qaCTb MeXaHH3Ma Hax:OAHJ\.aCb CHapyJKH. KypoK. rrpo-

Puc. 512

Puc. 512. HeMen;KHii KoAecn;oBLIH 3aMOK c ilJKypHLIM 3KpaHoM KoAeca; UOAJCYPKOBa51 npYJKBHa o6BHBaeTCSI BOKpyr KOAeca; UOAKa OTKphiBaeTCSI HaJKaTHeM Ha npYJKBay; OCHan:teH IDHe.AAepoM AMI B3BeAeHWI cnycKa. nepBa51 noA. XVI B.

' ,路: t' -

I : I i I (

Puc. 513

Puc. 513. HeMen;KHii xoAecn;oBLIH 3aMOK c He3aKphiThiM KoAecoM H IcypKoM, onyiD;eHHLIM Ha OTKphi'l'}'IO noAicy. KoH. XVI B.

o6pa3 KOToporo MoJKHo ysHAeTb B cTapoM qnrmAhHO-yAapHoM KypKe. 6beT CBOHM KpeMHeM 110 OI'HHBY1 OT TPeHIDI IIOjffiAffi()TCJI HCKphl. 0AHOBpeMellliO OT YAapa orHHBo BMeCTo c KphllliKoH rroAKH OTKHAbiBaeTCJI BBepx. rropox aa rroAKe

§ 6. OraecTpeJU.Hoe opyxue. Pa3BUTue oraecrpeA!IHoro opy.>KIDI

325

OTKpbiBaeTC51 M BOCili\aMeiDieTC51 llOA AeHCTBMeM n onaBIIIMX Ha Hero MCKp. OpoMCXOAifT

BhiCTpeA

XVIII

Bili\OTh AO

(pHC.

BeKa y

5 14). 3Ta KOHCTpYJ<ll;IDI 3 a MKa qacTO 1 pyJKe.H BOCToqHoro npoHcXOJKAeHIDI •

BCTpeqaAaCh

HugepAaHgcKu ii 3aMoK c yAapHhiM KypKOM ,

HeCOMHeHHO,

B03HMK M3 MCllaHCKOrO M ocHOBaJI Ha TOH JKe cMcT eMe. OH o6AaAaeT TeM

npeHM)'lll;eCTBOM,

qTo

MexaHM3M

AeH

YJ<pen-

BHYTpeHHe.H

CTOpOHe 3aMKOBOH AOCKM,

KOM,

TeM

qTo

HeAOCTaT-

orHMBO

06'beA1fHeHO

Kphiiii-

KOH noAKM - - 3To He o6ecneqMBaAO BaHMe

3aKphi-

3aTpaBoqHoro

Puc. 51 4

nopoxa nepeA BhiCTpeAOM (pHC.

515) .

CAeAyeT ynoM.siHYTh

Puc. 514. 11cnaHcKu:H KpeMHeBbiH 3aMoK. Pa6oTa Macrepa paHCH CKO .1\on eca . MaAPHA, Ha'l!. XVIII B.

TaKJKe oco6oe MexaHMqecKoe ycTpOHCTBO - -

WHeAAep

(HeM.

Stechschlofi), ~oTopoe, OAHaKo,

51BA51eTc51

OTAeAhHhiM MOM,

MeXaHM3-

AHIIIh

npMCllO-

C06AeHMeM, qT06hi o6AertiMTh

no-

Mo:rn;hiO 513hJqKa y

cnycK

AI0-

6oro BHAa 3aMKOB. 3To npHcnoco6AeHMe

npH-

MeH51AOCh B ap6aAeTax e:rn;e

1550

.AHaAorlfqHhie

rOAY·

npHcno-

co6AeHIDI BCTpeqaAHch B

yAapHo-cpMTMAhHhiX M3rOTOBAeH-

3aMKaX, HhiX

APyrMx

H10pH6epre HeMert;KMX

poAaX.

M ro-

Puc. 515. HuAepAaHACKHH KpeMHeBbiH 3aMoK oT OHCTOAeTa. Pa6oTa opyJKeHHHKa ApMaHa EoHrapAa. ArocceAbAop¢ , OK. 1680 r.

B XVII BeKe TYPKH cBoH pyJKeHHbie 3dMKU noAy'l!aAH B 6oAbJJIHX KOAH'l!eCTBa.x H 3 EBponbi. C6MT ocy~eCTB.MIAH c 6oAbJJio:H npH6biAbiO rpe'l!eCKHe H BeHen;HaHcKHe Ky nn;bi (npUM. aBm.).

qacTb II. OpyJKHe Han(lAeHHJI

326

ECAH

He rrpHHHMdTb so sHHMdHHe rrepsbie o6pd3IJ;bi pyq:Horo orHecTpeAbHoro

opyJKRH XIV seKd, TO AO KOHIJ;d XV seKd 01-10 AeAHAOCb Hd ABd SlfAd: o6cAyJK.HsdeMbie OAHHM qeA<;meKOM pyq:HHIJ;bl If ABYMJl g B 0 ii H bl e r a K 0 B H U l.{bl (HeM. Doppelhdken). nocAeAHHe HMe.l\.H MHHY rroqTlf 2 M If sec AO 30 Kr, CTpe.J\5I.lili rry.JUIMH SeCOM AO 11 6 r If YKJ\.dAbiSa.l\.HCb IIpH 3TOM Hd K03Abl (pHC. 516). 06bNHCUI rdKOSHHIJ;d HMeAd MHHY 1 M H 6oAee, sec oKoAo 15 Kr H CTpelUIAd rry.JUIMH SeCOM 4 0 r. OKoAo 1 4 9 9 roAd MaKcHM11.1\.HdH

qdcTb AdHACKHexTos CHd6AHA pyq:HbiM

opyJK.HeM H c<PopMHposaA IIOAPd3AeAeHIDI cTpeAKos. Hx pyq:HHIJ;bi HMeAH MdAYJO MHHY H sec (oHH 6bl.l\.H AdJKe Aerqe, qeM rrocAeAywm;we MYWKeThi) H Hd3biSaAHCb n oAyra KOBH u qa M u (HeM. Hdlbndken). CTSOAhi rroAyr<iKosHHIJ; 1

6bl.l\.H yJK.e SbiCSepAeHbi ,

Puc. 516 PHc. 516 • .1\alfACKHeXThl, crpeMIIOm;He H3 ABOHHOH raKoBHH~bi, ycraHoBAeHHOH Ha K03Aax. OK. MaKcHMHAHaHa I.

1514

Bee 3TH SlfAhi pyJK.e:H HMeAH AO

15 10

1-'13

apceHaAbHbiX KHHr HMrrepaTopa

roAd em;e <l>HTHAhHbie KypKH, AeiicT-

sosdsiiiHe OT HdJKHMd Ila.Abi.J;d Hd rrpyJKHey. J\Jo60IIbiTHO, qTo MHOrHe IIOAyrdKOSHHIJ;bl HMe.l\.H .1\.eSbiH IIpHKAdA. 0pHMepHO C

1 4 10

rOAd .1\.0JK.d pytrHHIJ; 6bl.l\.d

yJK.e rrpwcrroco6AeHd MJI KpeiiJ\.eHIDI Aepes.HHHoro, o6HToro JKeCTbiO m oM n o 2 A a (HeM. Ladestock, pwc. 517) • <<0TAHTO H XOpOiliO npocBepAeHO», MaKcHMHAHaHa

(npuM.

roBopHTCSI B apceHaAbHbiX KHHrax HMIIepaTopa

aBm.).

nocKOAbKY dBTOp He pa3AeMieT IIOHSITHH <<rdKOBHH~d>> H <<dpKe6y3a», Hd pHcyHKe Oil IlpHBeA He IIOAyraKOBHH~y, a o6bPIHYIO apKe6y3y HeCKOAbKO 6oAee II03AHero nepHOAd, T. e. 2

pyJKbe MSI CTpeAb6bi 6e3 ynopa. Becb TeKCT HHJKe OTHOCHTCSI K raKOBHH~dM (npUM.

peg.).

ยง 6. OrHecrpeJn.Hoe opyJKHe. Pa3BIITIIe orHecrpeAIIHoro opyJKH.H

327

Ho 3Ta CI1CTeMa 11Me.J\.a cepbe3Hhll1 HeAOCTaTOK: T.SDK.e.J\.hie CTBOJ\.hl Heo6xoAI1MO 6hi.J\.O on11paTh np11 BhiCTpeAe Ha KaKOH-HI16YAh npeAMeT. Em;e MaKCI1M11-

J\.11aH

noHID\. 3TO 11 BeAeA CAeAaTh K031\.hi

53 4).

CKJ\.aAHhiMI1 (p11c.

fl.J\51 ABOHHhiX 11 o6brtiHhiX raKOBH11JJ;

0HI1 COCTOR.J\..11 .113 lieT.hipex liaCTeH, KOTOpbie nonapHO

HeC.J\.11 ABa lieAoBeKa. Co6paTI-> Ha Bhi6panno:H no3MJJ;MM MX MOJK.Ho 6hi.J\.O 3a "..JAHY MI1HYTY. PyqHhie cmo.J\.bi H:Me.J\.11 TaKoe CAa6oe AeHCTB11e, liTO MX ny.J\.11 Ha MaAhiX paccTOSIHIDIX He scerAa .Mur.J\.11 AaJKe npo611Th naHu;11ph.

15 2 0

0KoAo

MymKem AJUfHHhiH AJUfHa

roAa B

(HeM.

HcnaHMM no.SIBMAOCh HOBoe CT.peAKoBoe opyJKMe -

Muskete,

cjJp.

mousquete,

um.

moscheta). OH 11MeA 6oAee

CTBO.J\.! TaK liTO

scero

cTaBA.SIAa

pyJKF.,.si

co-

1,5

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A,MJ.

KJ\.a.J\.11 Ha

5 18).

(p11c.

BhiCTpeAa

MyniKeT

ill K

y (HeM.

Gewehrgabel). Ero o6cAyJKI1BaHI1e

CTaAO

npoCThiM,

6oAee

llOCKOJ\.hKY

MymKemep Musketier, taire,

um.

3ap.SIJKaA

(HeM.

cpp.

mousque-

moschettiere) csoe

He06XOAI1MhiM BOM

nopoxa

opyJKI1e KOJ\.11lieCT-

AepeB.SIH-

HOH naTpOHHo:H rnAh3e, B TO BpeM.SI KaK CTpeAOK 113. raKOBH11JJ;bl

BhiHYJK.AeH

6bi.J\. HacbmaTh nopox 113 KOJKaHOH nopOXOBHI1JJ;hl. EAaroAap.SI 3TOMY BaJKHOMY

ycoseprneHcmosa-

Puc. 517

HI1IO CTpeAOK CTaHOBI11\.C.SI 6oAee He3aBI1CHMbiM, MOr MaHeBp11poBaTh

noAe

6o.SI, liTO ll03BOJ\..SI.J\.O opra-

P11c. 517. AaHACKHeXT, crpe.MIIOII.J;HH H3 apKe6y3hl. Ha cnHHe BHAHa HaTpycKa. OK. 1514 r. 113 apceHd.J\.bHhiX KHHr HMnepaTopa MaKCHMH.J\.HaHa I (ABCTpHHCKHH apceHd.J\.).

HI130BaTh orHeC1'pe.J\.bHbiH 6o:H.

Do.SIBI1AC.SI

HOBbiH

TaKTI1lJeCKI1H np11eM: KO.J\.OHHhl lli1KI1HepoB COCTaBJ\.SIIOT onopy 6oesoro nop.SIAI<a, a MymKeTepbl llOMepJKHBalOT 11X aTaKy CBOI1M OrHeM, np11 onaCHOCTI1 np.SiliaCh B

11X p.SIAaX.

3Ta TaKTI1Ka np11MeH.SIJ\.aCh llOBCIOAY 11,

Ha3BaHI1e opyJKH.SI 11 HOBOrO Blf.Aa neXOT.hl AaHHOM cAyqae c

Bepo.SIT.HO,

MymKeTepoB,

o6ycAOBI1.J\.a

cpaBHHBaeMhiX B

Ha3o:i11\.11BhiMI1 HcnaHCK11MI1 MOCKI1TaMH (mosquitos). DoMHMO

3Toro MHOrHe APYTHe Ha3BaHI1.SI B soeHHOM AeAe o6.SI3aHbi CBOHM npoHCXOJK.AeHI1eM CO.J\AaTCKOMY IOMopy. 113 HcnaHHH :r-ryrnKeT 6bicTpq nonaA so <l>paHJJ;HIO 11 B HH.AepAaJIAhi, no3JK.e 11. B fepMaHHIO.

oT.HoiiieHHH ero KOHCTPYKJJ;HH CAeAyeT OTMeTHTh, liTO y

Hero

BnepBhie ll0.SIBI11\.C.SI llOJ\.HOCThlO <l>HTHJ\.hHhiH 3aMOK CO CTepJKHeBbiM cnycKOM.

328 AerKasi KaBaAepiDI nepBOHaqaAbHO fibiAa BOopy>KeHa TOAbKO TIHeTOJ\.eTaMH e KOJ\.eeu;oBbiM 3aMKoM.

Opy>KHe 3TO 6biAO MaAo3<P<l>eKTHBHhiM 1 T. K. H3 Hero HeB03MOJKHO 6biAO BeeTH npHIJ;eAbHbiH OI'OHb1 H HeTIOAb30BaAOeb TOAbKO AMI eTpeAb6bi B ynopl ~o no6y>KAaAO see 6o.hhiiie YAJ\.HIDITh eTBOAhi. B pe3yAhTaTe B03HHK THTI KOpOTKHX H J\.el'KHX KaBaAepHHeKHX py>KeHI KOTOpbie TOJK.e Ha3biBa.J\.H apKe6y3aMH 1 XOT.SI OHH eyrn;eeTBeHHO OTJ\.~aAHeb OT HaeTOmiJ;HX apKe6y3 nexoThi.

B 1 58 8

B03HHKJ\.O

roAy so <l>paHu;y3eKoi1 apMHH AMI 3THX KaBaAepHHeKHX py>Kei1 1 K ap a6 uH (cjJp. earabine) I eoxpaH.SIBIIIeee.SI BTIAOTh AO

Ha3BaHHe

HOB.hro BpeMeHH noqTH BO Beex apMIDIX. nepBble pOTbl Be~HKOB-apKe6y3HpOB TIO.SIBHJ\.Heb B

l1TaAHH.

HHAepAafiAeKHe H

py>Kh.SI Ha nepeB.SI3.SIX -

6 a H g e Abe pax

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(HeM. Bandelieren) I KOTopbie nepe-

6aH

KHAbiBaAH qepe3 J\.eBoe TIJ\.eqol TI03TOMY HX TIOBeiOAY TaK H Ha3biBaAH -

geAbepaMu. B

HenaHeKoM soi1eKe npH KapAe

(oK.

1530)

OTAeAhHhie eTpeAKH 6biAH

soopy>KeHbi KopoTKHMHI Ho T.SIJK.e.hhiMH py>Kh.SIMH. Hx eT.BOAhi OKOJ\.o AYAa HMe-

AH BOpOHK006pa3Hoe paeiiiHpeHHe KpyrAOH HJ\.H nonepeqHo-OBaAbHOH <l>opMbi. no eXOAeTBY e eHI'HaAbHOH Tpy6oi1 (trompa) 3TH PY>Kh.SI Ha3b1Ba.J\.Heb m p 0 M -

6 A o HaM u

1 57 0

(HeM.

Tromblon)

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m p oM 6 o HaM u

(HeM.

Trombon).

OKoAo

I'OAa BeHeu;HaHIJ;bl BBe.J\.H HX Ha I'aAepaxl B 3TO JK.e BpeM.SI J\.el'KHH THTI

TpoM60HOB TIO.SIBHJ\.e.SI B HTaAb.SIHeKOH J\.el'KOH KaBaAepHH

(no-BlfAHMOMYI H3-3a

HeHaAeJKHOH eTpeAb6bi BepXoM). 0TAeJ\.bHbie 3K3eMTIASipbl 3THX py>KeH BeTpe-

XVII

qa.J\.Heh ell.\e B

BeKe.

l1x

3ap.SI>KaAH py6AeHbiM eBHHIJ;OMI H Ha He6o.hhiiiHX

paeeTO.SIHIDIX OHH 6biAH AOBOAbHO 3<P<PeKTHBHbl (pHe.

519).

no Mepe poeTa KaqeeTBa OrHeeTpeAbHOI'O opy>KH.SI pa3H006pa3Hee eTaHOBHTe.SI ero npHMeHeHIDI. CooT.BeTeT.BeHHo no.SIBHAHeb H HOBble ero THTihi. ToAqKOM

AMI

Bbipa60T.KH oeo6biX <PopM opy>KIDI

3aBHeHMOeTH OT Ha3HaqeHIDI

noeAy>KHAa oxoTa. CbirpaAo eso10 poAb H paenpoeTpaHHBIIIeee.SI B KoHu;e

BeKa B HeMeu;KHX H HlfAepAafiAeKHX ropOAaX ysAeqeHHe eTpeAb60H TIO MHIIIe-

XVI BeKe no.SIBJ\..SIIOTe.SI MHoroqHeAeHHbie BHAhl py>KeH 1 paHee eosepIIIeHHo HeH3BeeTHbiX. npe>K.Ae seen) pa3AeJ\..SIIOTe.SI <l>opMbl py>KeH AMI BOHHbll

H.SIM. B

AMI

oxoTbi H

HOe1

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eBOIO

oqepeAbl

paeTiaAaiOTe.SI Ha p.SJ:A

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(3Aeeb npHBeAeHbl J\.HIIIb HaH60Aee xapaKTepHbie). l13 H10pH6epra H Ayre6ypra BXOAHT B ynoTpe6AeHHe nepBhle

g By c m B o A

e paenoAoJK.eHHhiMH APYI' HaA APYI'OM eTBOJ\.aMH (HeM. Boekgewehre) I HeeKoAhKO ll03JK.e e I'OpH30HTaAbHO paeTIOJ\.OJK.eHHbiMH eT.BOJ\.aMH (HeM.

Doppellaufbilehse). TaKoe HOBIIIeeTBo npHBeAo K eAOJK.HhiM eHeTeMaM KoAeeu;oBhiX 3aMKOB -

ABYKPaTHhiM 1 TpexKpaTHhiM H T. n. Oeo6eHHO TIAOAOT.BopHbiM B 3TOM OTHOIIIeHHH 6biA nepHOA noeAeAHHX ABYX Aee.SITHAeTHH XVI H HaqaAa XVII

BeKOB. noe.J\.e

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1 55 0

KaAH6pal e eHAhH'o

onyrn;eHHhiM npHKAaAOMI o6bJqHO 6oraTo YKPaiiieHHhiM HH-

KpyeTau;HeH. 0HH eAy>KHAH Tsehinkel pHe.

520).

AMI

OXOTbl Ha TITHIJ; H Ha3b1Ba.J\.Heh 11. U H K

(HeM.

npoHeXOJKAeHHe HX ell.\e He onpeAeAeHOI- HO Bee YKa3bi-

saeT Ha CAaB.SIHeKHe 3eMAH eesepo-soeToqHo:H: Esponhi 1 o

qeM rosopHT H Ha-

esoeM 6o.hhiiiHHeT.Be

3BaHHe1 1160 teska 03HaqaeT no-qeiiieKH «nopoxoBHHIJ;a)),

qlfHKH HMe.J\.H KOJ\.eeu;oBble 3aMKH 1 MeXaHHKa KOTOpbiX paeTIOJ\.OJK.eHa eHapyJKH 1

Ha3BaHHe npoH30illAO OT 6oKoBoro KpiOKa Ha pyJKI>e, TI03BOMIBIIIero BC<iAHHKY HOCHTb cBoe opyJKHe Ha nepeBSI3H ~epe3 nAe~o (npUM. peg.).

§ 6. OrHecTpeALHoe opyxue. Pa3BUTUe orHecrpeALHoro opyxu11

329

(rro-BifAHMOMy-, H3-3a MaAhiX pa3Mepos cpeAHe:H t.IaCTH AOJKH). AaHHrui KOHCTPYK~lrn ,

KCTaTH, BCTpet.IaBillruiCJI yJKe y

paHHHX

KoAec~oBhiX

3aMKOB, l.J:HCAHTCJI

Puc. 518

Puc. 519

Puc. 520

Puc. 518. MyiiiKeT c ¢uTU.J\.bHhlM 3aMKOM. TioAKa 3aKphlBaeTCH Kpi>IIIIKoii; Ha .J\.OJKe - 6oraTaH UHKpycran;uH KOCTI>IO u rrepAaMYTPOM; PHAOM pyxeii:HaH coiiiKa. OK. 16 2 0 r. Puc. 519. TpoM6oH c ¢paHD;y3cKUM rrpHKAaAOM H HCIIaHcKHM KpeMHeBhlM 3aMKOM. KoH. XVII B. Puc. 520. llHHKa c 6oraTo:H HHKpycran;He:H Ha AoJKe. Cep. XVII B.

330

B onHc~x KopoAeBCKOH opyJKeHHOH raAepeH B APe3~eHe noA Ha3BaHHeM KypqTo ToJKe YKa3hiBaeT Ha ceBepo-BoCTOK . CaM~ cTap~ qHHKa, BCTpeTHBIII~c~ aBTopy, HaXOAHTC~ B opyJKeHHOH naAaTe 3MAeHa; Ha HeM YKa3aH 1558 roA. B cepeAHHe XVII BeKa no~BJUIIOTC~ KopoTKoCTBOAhHhie oxoTHWihH py1Kh~. KoTopbie H3-3a csoeo6pa3HOM KOHCTp~HH 3aMKa noAyqHAM Ha3BaHHe pyJKh~ C «AbiMOXOAOM». Hx oco6eHHOCTh COCTO~Aa B TOM, q'f0 Ha llOAKY 6hiJ\a HaCa2 JKeHa Tpy6Ka- nAaMeyKpbl.BameAb (HeM. Rauchfang- AhiMOXOA) • CAyJKH.I\H 3TH PYJKh~ npeHMyrn;ecTBeHHO AMI oxoThi Ha YTOK, a Tpy6Ka npeAHa3HaqaAach AMI Toro, qTo6hi YKPhiTh oT rryrAMBOH AWIH BCllhiiiiKY 3aTpasoqHoro nopoxa. TaKHe pyJK~ coxpaHHAHCh B ocHOBHOM B aBCTpHHCKHX co6paH~X (pHC.

~HACKOH,

521). YJKe B cepeAHHe XVI BeKa BCT}JeqaTe CHCTeMbl, KOTOpbie Mhl cerOAH~ Ha3hiBaeM peBOAbBepaM u (HeM. Revolver) .. Oo CBOeH KOHCTp~HH OHM, C06CTBeHHO, OTHOC~TC~ K OllHCaHI·IhiM paHee nosopoTH~M CHCTeMaM opyAHH H HaHBhiCIIIero COBepiiieHCTBa AOCTHrAH B XVII BeKe. .1\.HIIIh HenoAXOMID;HM MeToAOM BOCll.l\aMeHeHH~ nopoxa o6"b~c~eT c~ TOT cpaKT, qTO BCe 3TH CHCTeM~ B03HHKaAH 3llH30AHqecKH H IIIHpOKoro pacnpocTpaHeH~ ne noAyqHAH. My3eH Puc. 521 opy~ B TypHHe xpaHHT peBOAhBepHhiH nHcToAeT c rep6oM H AeBH3oM KapPHc. 521. KoAecn;oBhiH 3dMOK c «AhlMOXOAOM>). KoAeco ero MexaHH3Ma Aa V: «Plus ultra» (Aam. «Em;e AaAee»). HdXOAHTCSI BH}'TpH 3dM01JHOH AOCKH; 3To CTapeHIIIee H3 H3BeCTHhiX opyJKHe (<AhlMOXOA>) -nAaMeyKphlBdTeJ\.h peBOAbBepHOH KOHCTp~HH. 3dKpenAeH Hd IlldpHHpe H OITyCKdeTCSI Ao no~BAeHH~ KpeMHeBoro 3aMKa BnepeA. Pa6oTa pyJKe:H:Horo Macrepa cppaH~Y3CKoro THlla OKOAO 1 6 50 roAa KpHCTHaHa Ea:H:epa, OK. 1640 r. cpopMa AOJKH H oco6eHHO npHKAaA npeTepne.I\H BO BCeX CTpaHaX xapaKTepHbie H3MeHeH~. KaK H3BeCTHO, H3 CTapeHIIIHX np~MhiX AOJK 6e3 npHKACiAa o6pa30BaAaCb TaK Ha3~BaeMa~ «HeMe~Ka51 AoJKa» c np~MhiM, HHorAa cyJKaiOID;HMC~ Ha3ClA npHKACtAOM. B HaqaAe XVI BeKa HCnaHCKHe, a BllOCAeACTBHH HHAepAaHACKHe H cppaH~Y3CKHe apKe6Y3HP~ HMe.1\H PYJKh~ c OTOrnyThiM BHH3 npHK.I\ClAOM (pHC. 522). no3JKe H3 HTaAHH noCT}'I1aiOT pyJKh~ c np~MhiMH npHKAClAaMH, 3aKanqHBaiOID;HMHC~ c3aAM cnHpaAhiO IOTC~

HepeAKo lJHHKH

owH6o1JHo Hd3hlBdiOT rypen;KHMH

pyJKbSIMH

no ro:H: npHliHHe,

liTO

pHCYHOK HHKpycraD;HH Hd AOJKe HMeeT lJyJKepOAHhlH, AepeBeHCKHH CTH.hb, KOTOphlH Kd3 dACSI TeM, KTO He HcKyweH B xyAoJKecrseHHbiX CTHASIX, BOCTO'IHhlM. B 6oAee wHpoKoM CMhlCAe 3TO

npoTHBOpeliHT

BOCTO'IHOMY BAHSIHHIO 2

A dHHOe

HCTHHe,

llOCKOAbKY

CAdBSIHCKHe

MOTHBbl

llOABeprAHCb

CHAbHOMY

(npUM. UBm.).

~ ycrpOHCTBO CAyJKHAO

AhSI

CKphiTHSI OT AHlJH BCllbllliKH 3aTpaB01JHoro nopoxa,

ll03TOMY Mhl BBOAHM TepMHH ITAdMeyKpbiBdTeJ\.h, KOTOphlH He COBlld,l\deT C HeMeD;KHM

peg.).

(npUM.

§ 6.

OruecTpeAI>Hoe opyJKHe.

Pa3BHTHe oruecTpeAI>Horo opyJKH.H

331

(pHc. 523). 3Ta cpopMa 6biCTpo pacnpocTpaHHAacb B fepMaHHH. OAHaKo npHKAa.z\LI 3TOH H llOA06HbiX cpopM He ll03BO.MIAM npHKA~IBaTb opyJKHe K IlJ\.e-qy. TorAa oKoAo 15 60 roAa, no-BlfAHMOMY, H3 l1TaAHH, no.HBA.SIIOTC.H CTapbie MYIDKeTIIhie IlpHKA~I, yJKe HMeBIIIHe HeCKOAhKO OTOriJYTYIO BHH3 IIIeHKY H ynop /"0.H 6oAhrnoro naAhu;a npasoi1: pYJ<.H. KpoMe Toro, C3ilAfl npHKACiA YI1AomeH, l:IT06hi ero Aerl:le 6biAo npHAOJKHTh K 11Ae-qy (pHc. 5 2 4, 5 2 5). 3Ta cpopMa npHKAaAa oKoAo 1570 roAa pacnpocTpaHHAacb no seeM BOHCKaM H coxpaH.HAacb AO cepeAHHhi XVII seKa, a y HeKOTOpbiX cesepHbiX apMHH npoAepJKaAacb eme AOAhiiie. CoeAHHeHHe CTBOAa C AOJKeH c AaBHHX nop ocymecTBA.SIAOCh IIITHcpTaMH, 3aKpe11AeHHhiMH B u;eshe. 06HapyJKeHHOe K KOHIJ;Y XVI seKa Ha BOCTOLlHhiX PYJKh.HX COeAHHeHHe C llOMOmhiO TaK Ha3hiBaeMbiX C K 0 A b 3 R U{ U X K 0 A e q (HeM. Laufringe) no.HBHAOCh B 3anaAJioH Espone AHIIIh B cepeAHHe cAeAYJOmero seKa, cnepBa B J1TaAHH, 3aTeM BO <l>paHIJ;HH H HHAepAaHAaX. CAeAyeT TaKJKe ynoM.HHYTh pyJKb.H I"0.H cTpeAb6hi PYlJHhiMH rpaHaTaMH TaK Ha3hiBaeMbie ll K 0 U1 a ll b U r 0 A 0 B bl>J (HeM. 1 Katzenkopfe) . Hx CTBOA o6bitiHo 6biA H3rOTOBAeH 113 6pOH3bl H, KaK npaBHAO, AAlfHOH 6biA He 6oAee 3 0 eM. KaAH6p 6-7 eM, AOJKa H 3aMOK MYJllKeTHbie. BnepBbie HX HcnoAh30BaAH so BTopoH noAoBHHe XVI BeKa B HlfAepAaHACKOH OCB060AHTeAbHOH BOHHe. OpH ocaAaX KpenocTeH OHM npHMeH.HAHch B XVII H Hal:laAe XVIII seKa (pHc. 52 6). OpeJKAe l:leM nepeHTH K nePHc. 522. ApKe6y3a co craphlM HcnaHCKHM npHKAd.AOM H ¢HTH.J\.bH:biM 3dMKOM; .1\.0JKd pHOAY KpeMHeBoro 3aMKa, CTaBHHKpycrHpOBdHd KOCTbiO; CTBOA H10pH6eprcKOH IIIeMY BaJKHhiM 3TallOM B HCTOpa6oT:bl. OK. 1560 r. pHH orHecTpeAbHoro opYJKH.H, PHc. 523. MyiiiKeT c HTaAbHHCKHM paCCMOTpRM KpaTKO ero pa3BHnpHKAd.AOM H .1\.0JKeH, OTAeAdHHOH KOCTbiO; 3dMOK KOM6HHHp0BdHH:biH, THC Ha BocToKe. KOAeCD;OBO-¢HTHAbH:biH. repMdHHH, 1571 • r . HecMoTp.H Ha TO, liTO nopox npHrneA B Espony c BocToKa, qepe3 TaTapHIO H ApaBHIO, orHecTpeAbHoe opyJKHe MeAJ\.eHHO pacnpocTPaH.HAocb cpeAH BOCTOl:IHhiX HapoAOB. EoAee Toro, B XV BeKe T)J>KH BhrnyJKAeHhi 6biAH

06bi'IHO HX Hd3hlBaiOT PY'IHhlMH MOpTHpKaMH

(npuM. peg.).

332 TIOAb30BaTbC.SI ycAyraMM HeMeiJ;KMX, MTaAb.SIHCKMX M rpetieCKMX pyJKeHHMKOB M rryrnKape:H. OcHOBHOH ynop Ha BocToKe scerAa AeAa.J\.c.SI Ha yse.J\.M'1eHMe pa3pyIIIMTeAhHoro 3QJQJeKTa, TI03TOMY TIO.SIB.J\..SI.J\.MCb tiYAOBM~Hbie opyAJf.SI, C KOTOpbiMM TYPKM

ompaB.J\..SI.J\.MCb B

KpenocTM.

AMIIIb

3aBoeBaTeAbHbie

XVII

BeKe

OHM

TIOXOAbl

CTa.J\.M

Puc. 524

KOTOpbie

OCHa~a.AM

noHeMHory BBOAlfTh

CBOM

espone:HcKMe

fl ue. 526

Puc. 525

PHc. 524. MymKeT c HTdJ\.bHHCKHM npHKAa.AOM H KOM6HHHpoBaHHhlM <f>HTHJ\.bHO-KOJ\.ecn;oBhlM 3aMKoM. HTdJ\.HH, OK. 1620 r. PHc. 525. MymKeT c HTdJ\.bHHCKHM npHKAa.AOM (nepexoAHIDI ¢opMa K <f>paHD;Y3CKoMy) H KOJ\.eCD;OBhlM 3aMKOM C ABYMH KypKaMH. Pa6oTa Macrepa AHTOHHO paH"tJHHH. EpemHH, oK. 1600 r. PHc. 526. PY"IJHIDI MOpTHpKa AJ\..51 crpeAb6bl rpaHaTa.MH, T. H. ((Koma"tJbH rOJ\.OBa)); CfBOJ\. OTJ\.HT H3 MeTaJ\..1\.a, KaMopa llpOCBepAeHa. fepMaHH.sl, OK.

CMCTeMbl

opyAJfH,

TOJKe

'1YJKOH

TIOMO~biO

AOBOAhHO

KO.J\.e6AnCb MeJKAY MMnepCKMM M QJpaHIJ;Y3CKMM opyJKMeM.

1620

6eCCMCTeMHO,

§ 6. OrHeCTpeJU.Hoe opy>KHe. Pa:JBHTHe o.rHeCTpeJU.Horo opy>KHJI

333

ApT11AAep11HCKoe ACAO, xoT.H Ha Hero 11 TpaTHAHCh orpoMHhie cyMMhi, fihiAO nAoxo nocTaBAeHo B rypeu;Ko:H· apM1111. B TO JKe BpeM.H pyqHoe orHecTpe.AhHoe opy>KI1C pa3BI1BaJ\.OCh TaM OT.J'ililiHO no CpaBHCHI110 C 3anaAOM. 3TO fihiAO o6ycAOBJ\.CHO ycnexaMI1 KY3HeqHoro peMeCAa, no3BOA.HBIIIero C03AaBaTb OCHOBHYJO qacTh py>Kh.H Y]Ke B

XVI

CTBOA -

11 no YKPaiiieirniO, o6pa3IJ;hl.

KYAa Ayqiiiero KaqecTBa 11 l}JopMhi, qeM Ha 3anaAe.

BeKe BOCTOqHhJe HapoAbi HMeAH HaHAyqiiiHe AaMaCCKHe CTBO.Ahi, Aa

AMI

113~HhiM l}JopMaM OHI1 AaAeKo npesocxoAH.AH 3anilAflhie

OTACAKI1

30AOTa.H TaYIIIHpOBKa,

npHMeH.HAHCh

rpaB11pOBKa

CTa.AH,

cepe6p.HHa.H

qacTO HHKpycTaiJ;H.H KaMHHMH 11 KOpaJ\.J\.aMI1. npaBAa,

TypCIJ;KI1C pyJKh.H fibiAH eiiJ,e T.HJKCJ\.hiMH 11 HC-yKJ\.IOJKHMH, OAHaKO OTACAhHhiC HX ACTaJ\.11 AOKa3hiBaiOT nopa3HTC.AhHOe 3HaHI1e np11HIJ;I1noB 6aJ\.J\.HCTI1KH (narrpHMep, noCTO.HHHhiC npHIJ;CAhHble HaCaAKI1 Ha CTBOJ\.aX

XVI

BCKa) 11 TCXHI1KI1 113rOTOB-

ACHH.H (cBepACHHC KaHaAa CTBOAa · fihiAO 6e3ynpC"l!HhiM). B

OTHOIIICilliH KOHCTpYKIJ;HH 3aMKa,

'fYPKI1

no~

nOJ\.HOCThiO

3a 11CKAJOqeirneM CAlfHlfqHbiX CAyqaeB,

HrHOpHpOBaJ\.11

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nepeiiiAH

QJI1TH.AhHoro 3aMKa HerrocpeACTBCHHO K yAapHOMY· EAaroAap51 3TOMY rypK11 B

XVII

BeKe AaAeKo npeB30IIIJ\.11 eBponeHCKYJO nexory c

ee QJHTHAhHhiMI1

MYIII-

KeTaMI1. A

Terrepb nepeifAeM K

CTpe.AhHoro opyJKH.H -

qpe3BhJl:IaHHo Ba>KHOMY nepHOAY B

K 3pe K

p eM H

e B oro

3 aM K a

11CTop1111 orHe-

(Flintenschloss). B cne-

IJ;Ha.AhHOH AHTeparype 11HOrAa eiiJ,e IIHUiyf, ~0 11306peTaTe.ACM l}JpaHl\Y3CKOro 6aTapei1Horo KpeMHeBoro 3aMKa 6biA reirna.AhHhrn l}JpaHIJ;Y3CKHH MapiiiaA Bo6aH

(1633-1707).

3To HCBepHO noTOMY, qTo KpeMHeBbiH 3aMOK B CBOeH OKOH-

qaTe.AhHOH

1648

KOHCTPYKIJ;HI1 113roTOBA51J\.C.H nap11>KCKI1MH pyJKeHHI1KaMI1 yJKe B 1 roAy , KOrAa Bo6any 6biAO TOAbKO 15 ACT. noBOAOM AAH 3Toro OIIIHfioq-

HOro YTBepJKAeHH.H CTaAo, no>KaAyH, To .o6cTo.HTe.AhCTBo, qTo Bo6aH ACHCTBHTe.AhHO BHCAPHA KpCMHCBhiH 3aMOK BO BCIO l}JpaHIJ;Y3CKYJO apMHIO, npaBAa J\.HIIIh

1 6 9 2 roAy, B TO y>Ke c 1671 roAa.

BpeM.H KaK no.AK KOpOACBCKI1X QJY3HAepoB

CyiiJ,CCTBOBaJ\.

YJKe B CTapbiX YAapHhiX 3aMKax qacTo rrpHMeH51AH BMecTo rrHpHTa KpeMeHh, KOTOpbiH 6AaroAap.H CBOCH TBepAOCTH 60.Abiiie COOTBCTCTBOBaJ\. Ha3HaqeirniO. 0T 3

Hero KpeMHCBhiH 3aMOK nOAyqHA CBOe Ha3BaHI1e • 06pa60TaHHhiC KpCMHI1 nepBOHaqa.AhHO nocTYIIa.AH, Bepo.HTHO, 113 H11AepAaHAOB. A

nepBbie BI1HTOBKH, npeA-

KaK craHoBHTCSI noHSITHo H3 AaAbHe:Hmero TeKCTa, aBTop onpeAeASieT 3TY AaTY npH6AH3HTeAbHO, B3SIB CTapeHIIlHH H3 H3BeCTHbiX eMy o6pa3~0B KpeMHeBoro 3aMKa (1652) H o~e HHB npHMepHO B 3-4 roAa BpeMSI, Heo6XOAHMOe A.J\.SI Toro, 'IT06bl HOBIIleCTBO IIOAY'IHAO pacrrpocrpaHeHHe. Ho B03MO>KHo, 'ITO 3Ta AaTa TO'IHO onpeAeAeHa B CTaTbe aBTopa, Ha KOTopyro OH CCbiAaeTCSI. floCAeAHee BpeMSI 6oAblliHHCTBO HCCAeAOBaTeAeH CKAOHSIIOTCSI K ToMy, 'ITO ¢paH~Y3CKHH 6aTapeHllbiH 3aMOK IIOSIBHACSI B nepBOH IIOAOBHHe XVII BeKa H H3o6peTaTeAeM ero 6biA opy>K.eHHHK Map3H Ae Eyp>Kya (npu.M. peg.). 2 fleXOTIIOe py>Kbe C KpeMHeBLIM 3aMKOM IIOAY'JHAO Ha3BaHHe ¢y3eSI, COOTBeTCTBeHHO COJ\AaT, BOopy>KeHHbiH ¢y3eeH, CTaA Ha3biBaTbCSI ¢y3eAepoM (npUM. peg.). 3 He Bb13biBaeT coMHeHHH To, 'ITo HcnaH~bl H apa6bl, paBHo KaK H HHAepAaHA~bl, AaBHo noAb30Ba.J\.HCb KpeMHeM H IIHpHTOM y CBOHX pyJKeH C yAapHbiM KypKOM. l1cnaH~bl H apa6bl HaxOAHAH A.J\.SI 3Toro npeKpacHbiH MaTepHaA Ha BOCTO'IHOM rro6epe>Kbe Aq>pHKH, a HHAepAaHA~I.I OTAH'IHO BAaAeAH TeXHHKOH o6pa60TKH TBepAbiX MaTepHaAOB H llaBepHSIKa CYMeAH 1IpHCIIOC06HTb A.J\.SI 3TOH ~eAH TBepAbiH KBapn;. 06pa6oTKa KpeMHSI, 110 cyTH, 3a6b1Toe HCKycCTBO, ymeAmee B 3a6BeHHe 3a HeHaAo6HOCTbiO (npu.M. aBm.).

334 Ha3HaqeHHbie B KaqecTBe npeAMeTOB poCKOIIIH MJI OXOThl, H3rOTOB.J\.51.MICh B flapH>Ke. flo::nor.-JY, ecAH y>K HCKaTb HM.SI H3o6peTaTeJ\51 HAH, cKopee, MoAepHH3aTopa YAapHoro 3aMKa, cAeAOBaAo 6bi noToqHee noHHTepecosaTbDI Aej!TeJ\hHOCThiO PY>KeHHHKOB He no3AHee 1 6 4 8 roAa. 06paTHMCjJ K cpaKTaM. HeocnopHMo, qTo napH.>KaHHH <DHAHnn KopAbe A' 06eBHJ\.h ( 1 6 3 5-1 6 6 5) B csoHX 1 rpaswpax 1 6 54 roAa y>Ke npHBOAI:fT H3o6pa>Keime KpeMHesoro 3aMKa • OAHaKo MO>K.Ho YKa3aTh Ha em;e 6oAee cTapbiM, cym;ecTsywm;Hi1 B opHrHHaAe 3aMoK. B seHcKoM co6paHHH no HcTopHH HcKyccTBa HaXoAI:fTCjJ MaAeHbKoe, AerKoe KasaAepHMCKoe py>Khe c AaTYHHhiM CTBoAoM H qepHeHoM Ao>Kei1 (pHc. 52 7), see AeTaAH KpeMHesoro 3aMKa KoToporo pacnoAo>KeHhi BHyrpH: 3aMKo2 BajJ AOCKa CAeJ\.aHa H3 ..7\.a'ryHH H rpaBHpoBaHa, KypoK H 6aTapeji H3 llO}\}fpOBaHHOM cTaAH. Ha CTBoAe HaADHCh: «<DeAHKC BepAep, H3o6peTaTeJ\.h H3 IJ;wpHxa 1652». TaKHM o6pa3oM, Mbi HMeeM AeAO c u;wpHXCKHM MacTepoM, H30TOBHTeAeM cTapei1IIIero py>Khji. 5lsJ\5leTCjJ AH oH TaK>Ke H3o6peTaTeAeM KpeMHesoro 3aMKa, HeH3BeCTHO, H6o CJ\.OBO «H3o6peTaTeJ\.b» B HaADHCH OTHOCHTCji HaBepHj!Ka TOJ\.hKo K H3roToBAeHHIO, a He K _C9MOM KOHCTPYKIJ;HH 3aMKa. AaAee,

Puc. 527

Puc. 521. KpeMHeBnrH: 3dMOK oT KaBaAepHHCKoro Kapa6HHa. 0AHH H3 crape:Humx KpeMHeBliiX 3dMKoB. Pa6oTa <l>eAHKca BepAepa. IJ;ropHx, 1652 r. pa3BHT~ cpopMa KypKa :ll03BOJ\5leT 3aKJ\.IOqHTb, qTo CHCTeMa y>Ke npeOAOJ\.eJ\.a H3BeCTHYIO CTYDeHb pa3BHT:Hj!. Bo BCjJKOM cAyqae 3Ta MaAeHhK~ BHHTOBKa jJBJ\5leTCji IJ;eHHhiM BKJ\.aAOM B HCTOpHIO KpeMHeBoro 3aMKa. BBeAeHHe ¢>paHIJ;Y3CKoro 6aTapei1Horo 3aMKa npHBeAo K noAHoMY H3MeHeHHIO npe>K.Hei1 cpopMbi py>Khj!, B nepsyw oqepeAh Ao>KH, KoTopyw Tenepb 1 0 pa3BHTHH ¢paHn;y3cKoro py>KeiiHoro HcKyccrsa eM. craThiO aBropa B ((Blattern fur Kunstgewerbe)) , Wien, Waldheim, 1866, Heft VII u. VIII: <<Die Luxusgewehrfabrikation in Frankreich im 11. und 18. Jahrhunderb (npuM. aBm.). 2

5 am a peR - orHHBo, o6neAHHeHHoe c KplillliKo:H noAKH H yKpenAeHHoe Ha OAHOH c He:H ocH. XoTH HOBliiH ¢paHD;Y3CKHH KpeMHeBliiH 3dMoK H Hd3liiBdACH 6aTape:HHhiM, 3To ne 6Ii1Ao era ocHOBHliiM oTAHqHeM oT paHHHX 3dMKOB. B HClldHCKoM YAdPHOM 3dMKe orHHno H KplillliKd llOAKH TdKJKe COeAHHHAHCh B BHAe 6aTapeH (npUM. peg.).

§ 6. OrHecTpeALHOe opyJKue. Pa:JBUTUe oruecTpeALHoro opyJKU.R HY~Ho

6biAo

335

npHcnoco6HTh

K HOBOMY1 KOMTiaKTHOMY MeXaHH3MY· rneHI<a

06pa30BaJ\.aCh

npHKJ\aAa,

caM

CTaJ\. em;e 6oAee OTOfHYT I q To o6Ael"'tJHAO

3ry

·npHI.\eAHBaHHe.

OPMY TipHKAaAal KOTO-

pa.H B OCHOBHOM COXpaHHAaCh AO HaiiiHX AHeiil npHH.HTo Ha-

c/J p a H q y 3 C K

3hiBaTh

np UKA a goM ero

(p11c.

KOHCTPYKJ.UUO

528). B BXOAHT

TaK.>Ke HeMei.\Ka.H npHKAaAHa.H BhieMKa

C'beMHOH BOR

xpaHHJ\.Hm;e KphiiiiKOH

cTopoHe

npa-

npHKJ\aAal

rAe

xpaHHAH llpMHClAJ\.e>K.HOCTH TIO yxoAy 3a opy>KHeM Ka1

npo6oiiHHK1

(oTBepT3anacHoii

KpeMeHh H AP·)· l1cKyccTBO

HHAHRCKHX

apa6CKHX MaCTepoB npHBeAO K C03AaHIDO AJlliHHhiX H TOH(pHC. 5 291 KOTOpbie H3-3a 3HaqH-

KHX

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530) 1

TeAhHOR

AefKOCTH

ChiBaeMOR

npHllH-

HM TOqHOCTH

6o.H

HaiiiAH IIIHpOKOe npHMel'IeHHe cpeAH:

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BhiCOKO

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TaKHMH

py~h.H

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>KH C 3afHYThiMHI

CIIAIOIIJ;eH-

HhiMH Ha KOHI.\aX npHKAaAaMH (pH C.

53 1)

THJ\.hHbie I

H MaJ\.eHhKHe <l>Ha

KpeMHeBhle

5 3 2), Aal

snocAeACTBHM 3aMKH

(pHC.

0HH BhiiiiAH 113 06HXO-

Puc. 528

Puc. 529

Puc. 530

KOrAa ChiHOBh.H nycThiHH

HayqHAHch

1.\eHHTh

3ap~aiOIIJ;HeC.H

py>Kh.HI Ka3eHHOH

qacTH.

KOHI.\Y

XVII

BeKa B

AA.-

6aHHH H l..JepHoropHH BCTpeqaJ\.aCh csoeo6pa3Ha.H <PopMa

py~h.H1 KOTopa.H B 6hiCTPO

XVIII

seKe

pacnpocTPaHHAach

Puc. 528. PyJKne c ¢paHI(Y3CKHM npHKAdAOM . CTBOA HMeeT 6oraryro pe3n6y . C TBOA pa60Tbl AdA3dpHHO KoMHHdi(I(O, oK. 1700 r. Puc. 529 • .SlnoHcKoe p y JKne c KOPH"~IHeao:H AdKHpOBdHHOH AOJKeH H cfJHTHAbH:biM 3dMKOM. XVIII B. l<opoAeBcKH:H 11cropH'lecKHii My3e:H B Ape3AeHe. Puc. 530. 11HAHHCKoe pyJKne c cpHTH.h.bH:biM 3dMKOM. 1\.a.xop (11HAHSI). I...lapcKoce.h.bcKHH apceHd.h..

l:Jacn II. OpyJKHe Haiii\AeHHJI

336

no esponeikKoii qacTH (pHC.

53 3).

Typ~HH.

3To TaK Ha3hiBaeMoe

a pH a y m c K o e p y JK. b e 1

0HO HMe.J\.0 oqeHb MHHHhiH TOHKHH CTBO.J\. H CBOeo6pa3lfYIO .J\.oJKy,

YKPaiiieHifYIO 6o.J\.hrne:H qacThiO cepe6p.su-IhiMH HaKAaAK.aMH, BCTaBKaMH H HHK-

pycTa~IDIMH H3 KaMHeii H KOpa.J\..J\.oB. CaMbie cTapbie o6pa3J..V>I cHa6JKeHhi YAap-

HhiM

3aMKOM,

XVIII

BeKa -

HeBhiM.

KpeM-

KpeMHeBhiH

3aMOK

6AaroAap.SI

npocToH

koHcTpYK-

~HH

AorrycKaeT

MeHeHHe

M.SI

cpeACTB HIDI

OrH$1.

HHK.J\.H Hbie

npH-

pa3AHqHhiX ycKope-

TaK

B03-

MHOroqHC.J\.eH-

CHCTeMbi

JKaHH.SI

3 ap.SI-

Ka3eHHOH

qacTH H AaJKe MHoro3ap.SJAHbie

CHCTeMhl,

H60 OHH TOJKe .SIB.J\.SIIOTC.SI

H306peTeHHeM

3Toro nepHoAa. C

llO.SIB.J\eHHeM or-

HeCTpe.J\.bHOrO JKH.SI

opy-

B03HHKaeT

CTpeMJ\.eHHe K HX xyAOJKeCTBeHHOMY parneHHio, oqepeAb

YK-

B nepsyro

OXOTHifqbHX

pyJKe:H. HTaAH$1 3AeCh Oll$1Th oKa3a.J\.aCh sne-

peAJi. B APyrHX crpaHax 3TOT HMITYAhC Hc-

XOAH.J\. HhiX

JYHAHH

Puc. 53 1

Puc. 532

PHc. 531. Typen;Koe pyJKbe c rypen;KHM yAapHhlM 3dMKOM; AOJKa 6oraTO HHKpyCTHpOBaHa CAOHOBOH KOCTbiO. XVII B. PHc. 532. Typen;Koe pyJKbe. Ha AOJKe AdTYHHhle HHKpycran;HH. XVIII B. PHc. 533. ApuayrcKoe PYJKbe. Typen;KH:H yAapHhlH 3aMoK; Ha AOJKe - 6oraTrul HHKpycraD;HSI MeTaAAOM. qepHoropHSI. l..lapcKOCe.hbCKHH apceHdh.. 1

peg.).

J..UfH).

DpJiABOp-

Kpyros

Eyp¢paH-

BnAOTh AO

seKa

XVI

YKPaiiieHHbie

cpHTHAhHbie

PYJKMI

Ha3b1Ba.J\.H

«CTapo-

cppaHKCKHMH». B 11TaAHH

CTa.J\hHbie

YKpaiiiaAH

qaCTH

rprumpos-

Ko:H H ll030.J\.OTOH, .J\.0JKH-

pe3b6o:H.

3To aA6aHCKHH THn PYJKbSI. CAoBo «arnavut» no-rypen;KH 03Ha'laeT «AA6aHHSI» (npUM.

ยง 6. Or&eCTpe.u.Hoe opylltlle. Py.zeAm.dt

CTBOA

33'1

BypryHAHH J\.OJKH o6T.HI'HBaJ\H 6apxaTOM, Ha KOTopbi:H Ha6HBaJ\H H3~Hble no3oJ\.oqeHHble cepe6pHHble I'B03AHKlf. B repMaHHH yJK.e B Haq~e XVI seKa B03HHK csoeo6pa3HbiH cnoco6 YKPameHIDI, KOTOpbiH, eCJ\.H OTBJ\.e%CH OT CTHJ\HCTHtleCKHX pa3HOBHAHOCTeH, npoAepJK.a.hC.SI AO Ko~a XVII seKa. 3To HHKPYCTa.I.\IDI CJ\.oHoso:H KOCTbiO, oJ\.eHbHM poroM, AepesoM, a no3JK.e nepAaMYTPOM H MeTaJ\.J\.OM (HHTapciDI) . 11HK.pycTai..\IDI HeMe[\KHX MaCTepoB 6biJ\.a 6ecnOA06HOH no pHcyHKy H no TeXHHKe HCnOJ\.HeHIDI. B To JK.e speM.SI, Ha~a.SI c XVI seKa, y MHJ\.aHCKHX H Q>J\.opeHTHikKHX AeKopHpOBaHHbiX pYJKeH BCTpellaJ\.aCb rpaBHpOBKa no CTaJ\H H TaymHpOBKa. no3JK.e, OKOJ\.0 15 6 0 roAa, 6pemHaHCKHe pYJKeHHHKH TOJK.e AOCTHI'J\.H YAHBHTeJ\.bHbiX pe3yJ\.bTaTOB B rpaBHpOBKe TIO CTaJ\H, a HaqHHa.SI npHMepHO C 15 9 0 roAfi B xyAoJK.eCTBeHHOM ocpopMJ\.eHHH pYJKeH Ha nepaoe MeCTO BbiXOAHT <l>paH1..\IDI, rAe J\HAHPOBaJ\. napHJK, O'I"I'eCHHB BCeX TipOliHX Ha 3aAJIHH TIJ\.aH, rpasHpoBKa H pe.hbecpHa.SI qeKaHKa cppaH~OB AaAeKo npesocxoAHT no pHcyHKy H H3.SIII\eCTBY HCnOJ\.HeHIDI npeJKHIOIO pa6ocy HTaJ\.b.snmes. To JK.e MOJKHO CKa3aTb 0 MeTa.J\.J\.HqeCKHX BCTaBKax. noCJ\.eAHHe PYJKb.SI c KOJ\.eCIJ,OBbiM 3aMKOM, H3roTOBJ\.eHHble B repMaHHH, OTJ\.HllaiOTC.SI opHrHHa.hbHOH pe3b60H Ha J\.OJK.ax H rpaBIOpaMH, 6J\.eCTHme HCnoJ\.HeHHbiMH OTibiTHhiMH MaCTepaMH, Hosoe TIOKOJ\.eHHe, HaliHHa.SI C 1 6 8 0 roAa, C03AaBaJ\.O CBOH pYJKb.SI noJ\.HOCTbiO no cpp~Y3CKHM o6pa3IJ,aM, HO :MHOrHe MOJ\.OAhle KilAPbl MaCTepoB npeB301IlJ\H CBOHX yqHTeJ\.eH. K coJK.aJ\.eHHIO, B HacTo~ee speM.SI npHXOAH'fC.SI rosopHTb J\.HIIIb o cpa6plfqHOM KaqecTBe pYJKe:H, a He o6 HX xyAoJK.eCTBeHHoM ocpopMAeHHH.

PY}KEUHbiH CTBOA PyJK.e:HHble CTBOJ\.bl npolllJ\H CJ\.OJK.HbiH IJYTb AO caoero noJ\.Horo ocpopMAeHIDI. npaaAa, ell:\e B XIV BeKe OTJ\.HBaJ\H CTBOJ\.bl H3 6pOH3bl, HO oqelfb Ma.J\.OH MHJibi, noCKOJ\.bKY csepAHTb TOrAa ell:\e He YMeAH H TipHXOAHJ\.OCb OTJ\.HBaTb CTBOJ\. BMecTe c BHYTPeHHHM oTBepcmeM. Heo6xoAJfMOCTb B AOTIOJ\.HHTeJ\.bHOM csepJ\.eHHH C03Af1Ba.J\.a 'fPYAfiOCTH. no-rpe6HOCTb B 6oJ\.ee AJlliHHbiX CTBOJ\.aX H He06XOAJiMOCTb COKpameHIDI paCXOAa 6poH3bl TipHBeJ\.H K H3rOTOBJ\.elrniO CTaJ\.bHbiX CTBOJ\.OB. /J.,MI 3Toro 6paJ\H TIJ\.OCKHe KYCKH JKeJ\.e3a H KOBaJ\H Ha OnpaBKe OTK.pbiTble C o6oHX KO~OB Tpy6KH. /J.,MI o6pa30BaHIDI 3arJ\.ymKH B pacKaAeHH}'IO- TbiJ\.bHYIO qaCTb 3arOIDV\H JKeJ\.e3HbiH KJ\.HH, 3ana.hbHOe OTBepCTHe 6biJ\.O nepBOHallaJ\.bHO HaBepxy, HO B XV BeKe OHO nOCTeneHHO CMell:\aJ\.OCb K npaBOH CTOpoHe CTBOJ\.a, /J.,MI HaCbffia1 HIDI 3a-rpaso11Horo nopoxa npeAJia3Ha'laAacb qama y 3aTiaJ\.bHoro oTBepcTIDI , KOTOpa.SI B KO~e KO~OB TipHH.SIJ\.a cpopMY noJ\.KH, TaKHe CTBOJ\.bl, KaK npaBHJ\.0,

6bi.J\.H l

IIpH3MaTJ~qeCKHMH.

CHa'laAa 3Ta 'lama BhiKOBhiBaAaCb BMeCTe CO CTBOAOM B3 HaiiAhiBa MeTaAAa, UOTOM ee

CTaAB AeAaTh OTAeAhHO, TaKBM o6pa30M UOBBBAaCb UOAKa

B. BexdM

(npUM. peg.).

1:Jacn II. OpyJKBe BBD8AeBBJI

338

np~e.J\bHOe llpHCllOC06J\.eHHe y 06hNHbiX CTBOJ\.OB MOJKHO o6HapYJKHTb J\.Hlllb B cepeAHJie XV BeKa. K KOHey cToJ\.eTIDI BCTPellaJOTC.SI nepBbie nollbiTKH 3aMKIJYI'b CTBOJ\. c noMOII\blO BHHTa K a 3 e H H u K a (HeM. Schwanzschraube). Ero H3o6peTeHHe CAeAyeT paccMaTPHBaTb KaK c~eCTBeHHoe ycoBepmeHcTBoBaHHe, nocKO.J\bKY no.HBHJ\.acb B03MOJKHOCTb Ayqme npo~aTb BHYTPeHHocTb CTBOJ\.a H OH CTa.J\. 6o.J\.ee HiiAeJKHbiM. KpoMe TOro, CTBOJ\. MOJKHO 6bl.J\.O C 1 llOMOII\blO mTH4lTa llpOlffiO COeAHJIHTb C J\.OJKeH , BcKope llO.HBHJ\.aCb He06XOAlfMOCTb ycHJ\.HTb CTBOJ\., T. K. B HeKOTOpbiX CJ\.ylJ:ruiX cBapHo:H moB npH BbiCTPe.J\.e AonMc.SI. TaKHe ycHJ\.eHH.SI BCTPellaAHCb em;e B cepeAHJie XVI BeKa. BaJKHbiM HOBmecTBOM CTMO Hatiasmeec.SI B XVI BeKe B HcnaHHH HJ\.H 11TaAHH cBepAeHHe CTBOJ\.OB. Tenepb MOJKHO 6bl.J\.o H3rOTOBJ\.SITb cTBOJ\. H3 Ayqme:H CTa.J\.H H BhiT.SII'HBaTb (BoJ\.otiHTh) ero no onpase. HeKoTopbie npH3HaKH YKa3biBaJOT Ha To, liTO apa6bi paHbme eBpone~eB cBep.J\HJ\.H pyxe:HHble CTBOJ\.bl, nocTeneHHO MaCTepCTBO CBepAeHH.SI HaCTO.J\bKO B03pOCJ\.0 1 liTO yxe OKOJ\.o 15 7 0 roAa YAaBMOCb H3roTOBHTb qpe3BbllJ:aHHo TOHKHe H AJUIHHble cTBo.J\.bl, B KOJ\.J\.eKI.\HH OPYJKHSI· HMIIepaTopcKoro AOMa B BeHe XpaHHTc.SI pYJKbe C KOJ\.eCI..\OBbiM 3aMKOM npHMepHO 15 9 0 roAa, CTBOJ\. KOTOporo llpH AJlliHe 1, 9 5 M HMeeT AlfaMeTP CBepAeHH.SI 1 9 MM. APyro:H pyxe:iffib!H CTBOJ\. H3 Toil JKe KOJ\.J\.eKI.\HH em;e 6o.J\bme Bbi3biBaeT JAHBJ\.eHHe. OH HMeeT AJlliHY -275,5 eM C OTBepcTHeM Bcero 14 MM AlfaMeTPOM H AaTHpyeTc.SI npHMepHO 16 2 0 rOAOM, CoBepmeHCTBOBaHHe CTBOJ\.a AMO nepBb!H HMrry.J\bc K no..SIBJ\.eHHIO M}'IIIKeTa, H6o CHH3HJ\.c.SI Bee OpYJKHSI H llO..SIBHAaCb B03MO.>KHOCTb OTKa3aTbc.SI OT KplOKa, C 3 noMOID;blO KOToporo opyxHe omq>a.J\.H Ha noACTaBKY • AaJKe caMbie cTapbie M}'IIIKeTbi HMe.J\.H BbiCBepJ\.eHHhiH CTBOJ\., ~e np~e.J\.bHble npHc.noco6AeHH.SI HMeAHCb yxe Ha cTBoJ\.ax BTopo:H noJ\.OBHHbi XV BeKa. B HalJ:Me XVI BeKa yxe noBceMecTHo BCTPetiMaCb My w ·K a (HeM. Kom), a Ha MecTe ceroAH.SJlliHero Alfompa BepTHKa.J\.bHa.SI ll.J\.acTHHKa c oTBepcTHeM, TaK Ha3biBaeMbi:H guo H m p (HeM. Visierrohr). 3To AOKa3biBaeT, liTO ~eKTopmo noAeTa rry.J\.H 8 TO BpeM.SI npeACTaBJ\.SIJ\.H ce6e CMYfHO, no-BHAHMOMY KYAa 6o.J\.ee HacTHJ\.bHOH, lJ:eM 3TO 6bl.J\.o B AeHCTBHTe.J\.bHOCTH. CTPeAKH H3 6a.J\.J\.eCTPOB (KaMHeMeTOB) H ap6MeTOB npHo6peAH 3HalJ:HTe.J\bHO 6biCTPee npaKTHlleCKHH OIIbiT B OTHOmeHHH ~eKTOpHH llOJ\.eTa H ycnemHO ero npHMeH.SIJ\.H.

06pam;aeT Ha ce6.SI BHHMaHHe oTcyrcTBHe KaKoro-J\.H6o HaCiiAOlffioro npHcnoco6Aemrn Ha omecTPe.J\.bHOM opYJKHH. AaJKe KOrAa OCHOBbi 6a.J\.J\.HcTHKH yxe CTa.J\.H o6m;HM AOCTO.SIHHeM, llp~e.J\.bHa.SI HaCaAKa Ha Ma.J\.biX AlfCTlllii..\IDIX y BO1 B opyxeiiuoii KOJV\.eK~HH cmryCTHHOBCKoro MOHaCThlpSI B KAocrepHoii6ypre no.a, Beuoii XpaHHTCSI 6oAbmoe KOJUflleCTBO KOBaHidX CTBOAOB Hd"'aAa XV-Ko~a XVI BeKa. no 3TOH KOJV\.eKIUIH MOJKBO "'eTKO npoCAe.a,HTh UOCTeneBBoe HX COBepmeHCTBOBaHHe (npUM. a.Bm.). 2

C.a,eAaA ero Macrep rauc <l>pBApHX q,ou AaneHAaAb. Ho 3TO em;e He npe.a,eA~>Hoe .A,OCTHJKeHHe. PyJKeHBHK neTpHBH B CBoeM MaHYCKpHIITe 1642 ro.a,a (6H6AHOTeKa MaAbS16e11) coo6m;aeT o Macrepe Mat}:lt}:leH B nHcroiie, KOTOphlii H31'0TaBAHBaA CTBOALI MHHOH 1 0 apmHB (AOKTeii), npaB.a,a, O"'eBL TSIJKeALie (npUM. a.Bm.). 3

raKOBHHQhl 6LIAH CAHillKOM HeUOBOpOTA.HBhl H TSIJK.eAhl, apKe6y3hl OKa3aAHCL MaA03t}:lt}:leKTHBHhl .a,aJKe ua cpe.a,BHX ABCTaH~HSIX. AoAJKeH 6LIA nosrBHTLOI npoMeJKYTO"'Hhlii THU OpyJKHSI, Coe.a,HBHBWHH B ce6e .A,dALBOOOHHOCTL raKOBHH~hl · C y.a,o6CTBOM apKe6y3hl. TaKBM OpyJKHeM H CTdA MYJIIKeT. 113 MYJIIKeTa CTpeASIAH C ynopa COmKH (H3 raKOBBH~hl C K03eA, H3 apKe6y3hl 6e3 ynopa) (npUM. peg.).

§ 6. OmeCTpeJUtBoe opyliUie. Py.ll(eABt.IA: CTBOA

339

eHHbiX- pYJK.eH rroqom He rrpHMeHSIAacb. TeM YAifBHTeJ\bHee, TITo oHa BCTJ>e'tlaeTCH Ha BOCTO'tiHhiX CTBoAax y-JK.e B XVII BeKe. HacilAKH HeiiOABHJKHo yx.peiiJ\.eHhl Ha CTBOAe H ;HMeiOT B BepTHKaAbHOM HarrpaBAeHHH PRA OTBepcTHH, COOTBeTCTBYIOIIUIX pa3HhiM paccTo.m-IIDIM. BepoHTHo, H B 3TOH o6AacTH BocToK orrepeAHJ\. EBporry (pH c. 53 4). nepBhle Hape3Hhle CTBO.J\.hl 6hi.1\.H H3rOTOBAeHhl CKopee Bcero B HIOpH6epre, rrplNeM CHa'tlaAa HX HCII0.1\.b30BaAH J\.HIIIb AMI C'rpeJ\b6hl IIO MHmeHSIM. 3To H306peTeHHe CAeAyeT OTHeCTH K cepeAHJie XVI BeKa. nepBhle CTBO.J\.hl TaK.Oro poAa HMe.J\.H J\.HIIIb IIpJIMOHAymHe Hape3hl H 6hiAH HeMHOrHM .1\.yqiiie rAilAKHX CTBOAOB C IIpHMeHeHHeM K a A U 6 p 0 BaRR bl X n y A b (HeM. PaJlkugeln). 0KOAO 15 6 0 roAa Hape3hl BHYTPH CTBOAa CTaAH HMeTb CIIHpaAbHOe HarrpaBAeHHe. Bc'rpe'tlaAHCb pa3.1\.H't1Hble 4>opMbi rrorrepe'tiHoro ce'tleHIDI Hape3oB, BapbHpOBaAOCb H HX HarrpaBAeHHe. B KoHQe XVI BeKa ABrycTHHYC KoTTep H3 Ayrc6ypra (YM· rroCAe 1635) H3roTOBHA rrepBhle TaK Ha3biBaeMhle B u H moB bl e H a p e 3 bl (ReM. HaarzC.tge, pHc. 53 5). 0AHaKo AMI BoeHHbiX 1.\eAeii Hape3Hhle pYJK.b.si B To BpeM.si rrpHMeHSIAHCb qpe3BhJllaHHO peA,Ko, B OCHOBHOM J\.HIIIb IIpH 3Clii\HTe yx.peiiJ\.eHHbiX rro3~. B XVIII BeKe y-JK.e 1.\e.J\.ble rroAPa3AeAeHIDI Cl'JleAKOI' cHa6JKaAHCb Hape3HhiMH pYJK.bHMH. B Ko~e XVI BeKa MacTepcKHe BpeiiiHH rrpoCAaBH.J\.HCb rrpeKpacHo cpa6oTaHHhiMH CTBOMMH AMI pYJK.e:H H IIHCToAeToB. TaKHe BhJAaiOIIU~eCH MaCTepa, Ka.K <l>paHtiHHO H KoMHH~I.\Hr 'rpe60BaAH 3a CBOH CTBO.J\.hl 6aCHOCAOBHhle AeHbrH H paCChiAaAH HX IIOK)'IlaTeMIM B KOJKaHhiX 4>yrA.sipax, Ka.K roTOBaAbHH HAH 30AOTble yx.pameHIDI. HeXOTJI, HO He 6e3 ycrrexa, OHH o6paTHAHCb K H3rOTOBAeHHIO Hape3HhiX CTBOAOB, OKa3aBUIHCb YMHee HCIIaHI.\eB, · KOTOpbie AOMO OCTaBaAHCb rrpHBepJKe~aMH rJUiAKHX CTBO.J\.OB. B XVI BeKe MHoroKpaTHo coBepmeHCTBOBaAOCb oco6oe YCTJ>OHCTBo Ha cTBoAe 3aiiaAbHOe OTBepcTHe, HAH W n y p, pa3Mephl, 4lopMa H HarrpaBAeHHe KOToporo IIOCTOJIHHO MeHSIAHCb. Bo.J\.bUIHM HeAOCTaTKOM CTaAO BbiTOpaHHe mrrypa, KOTOpbiH H3-3a 3Toro CTaHOBH.J\.C.si BCe urnpe. l.J:To6hl HCKAIOlffiTb BbiTOpaHHe, HCIIaHCKHe MacTepa B Ko~e XVII BeKa BCTaBA.si.J\.H TYAa 3aTJ>aBKH H3 - trncToro 30.hOTa. 0HH BC'rpe'tlaiOTCH y HCIIaHCKHX, a HHOrAa H 4lpaHizy3CKHX OXOTHHllbHX pYJK.eH BIIJ\.OTb AO Ko~a XVIII BeKa. B rrpeAhiA~eM croAeTHH CAOJKH.J\.HCb pa3Hhle 4lopMbl H Ha3BaHIDI CTBOAOB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Ha3Ha'tleHIDI: Hape3HOH 1 cTBoA AMI CTJ>eAb6hl B 1.\e.J\b H AMI oxoThl Ha Tme , r~ AMI Bo:HHbi H AMI 2 oxoThl B oTKpbiToM noAe • C10Aa CAeAyeT A06aBHTb H APyrHe MoAH4>HKai.\}IH pYJK.b.si, TaKHe, KaK ABYCTBoAKa c PRAOM AeJKClii\HMH H cBapeHHbiMH APyr c APyroM cTBoAaMH AMI oxoThl B rroAe, ABYCTBoAKa co CTBOAaMH, pacrroAoJKeHHhiMH APyr HHA APyroM, H3 KoTophiX qacTo OAHJI Hape3Hoii, a APyroii r.J'WAKHH, 60.1\.bmeii 'tlaCTbiO AMI oxoThl Ha Tme, o'tleHb MHJIHhie r.J\.aAI{He CTBO.J\.hl AMI oxoThl Ha BOAOIIJ\.aBaiOIIzyiO AH'tJ:b, OTKYAa HX Ha3BaHHe «y m u H bl e» c m BoA bl 1

BHA oxOThl aa B¥LAJIIHena. Becao:H aa 3aKare COAHQa caMeQ Ha'IHHaer «TSIH}'Tb» · KpyJKHTL HilA AecoM B noHCKax naphl. OxoTHHK 3aHHMaer YA06HYJO no3HQHIO H 61.er IITHQY BAeT. ABrop omu6aerCSI, -yTBepJKAasi, ~ /!!J.,MI. sro:H QeAH npHMeiDIAHC:E. Hape3Hhle Cl'BOA.hl. /)..Mr. oxOThl aa IITHQ H MeAK}'IO AJili:E. ucnoA1>3oBaAHC:E. rAaAKOCI'BOA:E.Hhle pYJKhSI-Apo6oBHKH, crpeASIBmHe 3ap.HAOM Apo6H. Ha Kpynaoro 3Bepsr (Ka6aaa, MeABeASf, oAeiDI HAP-) oxOTHAHc:E. C Hape3HhiMH BHHTOBKaMH, o6AaAaBmHMH /!!J.,MI. 3TOro BCeMH AOCTOHHCI'BaMH: TO'lHOCTI>IO 6osr, y6o:Haoit cHAo:i, xopome:H Aa.JU.HOCTI>IO erpeA:E.6hl· (npUM. peg.). · 2

22*

OxoTa aa 1ITHQ H MeAKoro 3Bepsr, aanpuMep 3aHQa (npUM. peg.).

1JaCTJ. II. OpyJKue uanilAeUuJil

340

(ReM. Entenlaufe). Ha.KoHe:q, cym;ecTBoaaAH em;e peaoAbaepHbie PYJK.h.SI ca.Mo:H: pa3Hoo6pa3Ho:H: KOHCTPYK~路 OHH CAYJKHAH TOAhKO AMI oxoThi. HeKoTOpbie HMeAH 6apa6aH Ha 3-5 3ap.SIAoa C Ta.KHM JK.e KO.J'1HtleCTBOM OAfiOapeMeHHO noaopaqlfBaJOm;HXC.SI noAOK c 6aTape.SIMH. .l\.mnh HeMHorne H3 3THX KOHCTJlYKJ..J;HH MOJK.Ho C"tJHTaTh :qeAecoo6pa3HbiMH (pHC. 53 6). CAeAyeT cKa3aTh HeCKOAhKO CAoa o6 yc1'po:H:cTae CTBOAOa AMI 3ap.HJKaHH.SI c Ka3eHHo:H: qacTH. Ca.Moe cTapoe H3 TaKHX yc1po:HcTB (oK. 15 50) HMeeT C'heMJiYID KaMopy, TOqHO Ta.KYJO JK.e, Ka.K y opyAH:H: XV aeKa. TaKYJO CHCTeMY oco6eHHO :qe-

HHAH,

000 b)

Puc. 534

Puc. 534.

Puc. 535

Puc. 536

Type~KHii CI'BOA c 4>HKcupoBaHHhlMH

BH3HpHLIMH oTBepCTHSIMH.

Puc. 535.

XVII

Ce11eHID1 aape3HLIX crBoAoB:

a) I<AHHOBifAHiUI Hape3Ka. flpH3MaTHlleCKiUI Hape3Ka.

c) HHTeBifAHiUI (MeAKiUI) aape3Ka.

Puc. 536.

PeBoADBepaoe pyJK:be c nSIThiO noAKaMH,

CB.H3aHHLIMH C 6apa6aHOM, H 6aTapeHHLIMH KpLimKaMH; noAyAoJKa c 4>PaHitY3CKHM npHKAaAOM.

XVIII

alfAHMO,

aCaAfiHKH,

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1JaCT• II. OpylltBe HanBAe&BJI

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Puc. 537

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Puc. 538

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Puc. 539

Puc. 539.

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搂 6. OruecTpe.u.uoe opylltue. Pyxei:HitiA

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Puc. 540

Puc. 540.

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nepeXOASI K paccMOTJleHHIO CHCTeM YAapHoro 3aMKa CAeAyeT OTMeTHTh, ~0 HerroH.SITHo, rroqeMY HCilaHCKHH KpeMHeBhiH 3aMoK c YAapHhiM KypKoM, KOTopbl:H HaBepH.SIKa 110$HAC.SI llOqTH OAHOBpeMeHHO C KOAeC~OBbiM, He llOAyqHA paBHOro C HHM pacrrpOCTJlaHeHH.SI. npH BCeX KOHCTJlYKTHBHhiX HeAOCTaTKax rrpeHMYJI\eCTBO 3TOH CHCTeMhl 6b1Ao HaCTOAhKO oqeBifAHO, 'ITO HaM AHIIIb rrpHXOAJITC.SI YAiffiA.SITbC.SI AJUITeAbHOCTH rrpHMeHeHH.SI QlHTHAhHhiX H. KoAec~oBhiX 3a.MKOB. Mb1

Puc. 541

Pac. 541. KoAecQOBLIH 3aMoK c KAIO'IIOM. Tio3AHeiimru~ <t>opMa KoAecQOBoro 3aMKa. OxoTHIPibe PYJKI>e pa60TLI ABryCTHayca KoTTepa no npo3BBIIcy lllnapp, HIOpH6epr. rpaBBpOBKa BLIUOAHeHa BBAbreALMOM BeiiepoM, BeHa. KoAAeKQBSI rpa<t>a BAi\ABMBpa MBTrpoBCKH, 3aMOK TiepHIIITaHH B MopaBBB. Ha3biBaeM CTape:H~ KOHCTJl~IO c YAapHhiM KypKoM HCilaHCKOH, rroTOMY 'ITO oHa rrocTerreHHo pacrrpoCTJldH.SIAaCb H3 McrraHHH qepe3 p~ H HHAePAaHAhl. Ho He llOAJ\,eJKHT COMHeHHIO, qTo 11pOHCXOAH'f OHa OT MaBpos: H6o ee ropa3AO qarn;e BCTJleqaeillb Ha apa6cKHX H T}'Pe~ pYJKhliX, qeM Ha esporre:HcKHX XVI BeKa (pHc. 542). B HeKoTophlx TPYAax oHa Ha3biBaeTc.SI TaK}I{e a 3 u am c K u M x p eM ReB bl M 3 aM K oM. Bepo.SITHee scero, oHa .SIBA.SIeTc.SI Maspo-apa6cKHM H3o6peTeHHeM BTopo:H rroAOBHHhl XV BeKa. Y 3THX 3aMKOB rrp~a.SI CHCTeMa HaxOAJITC.SI Ha BHeDIHeH CTOpOHe 3aMO~OH AOCKH, H 3TO HeCOMHeHHhiH HeAOCTaTOK. 1\.oAbi}KKH HeT B KOHCTJlYJUUIH B3BOAa, ABH}I{eHHe KypKa rrpoHCXOAH'f BMeCTO 3Toro Hd}KaTHeM 6oeso:H rrpYJKHHhl Ha XBOCT KypKa. CrrycK o~eCTBA.SieTC.SI rryreM BT.SII'HBaHH.SI OTpOCTKOB

§ 6. Or&eCTpe.u.aoe opyllt&e. Pylltel:awl:

3BMOK

34'1

mema.J\.a, KOTophle npoxoAHJUf qepe3 3aMO~ fl.OCKY H yfl,epJKHBaJ\.H KypoK so B3Befl.eHHoM noAoJKeHHH. Ho caMoe _BCUKHoe H reHHMbHoe ycTpoiicTBo COCTOHT B o6'befl,HHeHHH OrHHBa C KphllliKOH DOJ\.Ka BMecTe B 6 am ape 10 (HeM. BaUerle) 1 BCJ\.efl.CTBHe qero DOJ\.Ka OTKphiBaeTC.SI B TO MrHOBeHHe, KOffl,a llpOHC1 XOfl.HT Yfl.ap • no3TOMY cosepmeHHO HeDOIDITHO, noqeMY HH/l,ep.J\.ilHACKHe MacTepa, KOTOphle oKoJ\.o 1 5 60 roAa nepeH.SIJ\.H H pa3BHAH fl.Mhme y/l,apHhl:H 3aMOK, OTBeprAH CaMOe BhlrOfl.HOe ycTpOHCTBO 6aTapeiO, COXpa.HHB KphllliK.y DOJ\.KH oT K.oAec~osoro 3aMKa H co3AaB or H H B o Ha cro:HKe, noxoJKee Ha MOJ\.OTOK 2 Ha p)1Ko.siTKe • 3TH 3aMKH npHMeH.SIJ\.Hcb {j>paHJ.zy3aMH H IDfAepAaiWJ;aMH eme AO 1680 roAa (pHc. 5 15). HecoMHeHHoe yAyqmeHHe H ugepAaHgcKoro y gap H 0 r 0 3 aM K a COCTOHT B TOM, lffO np}'JKHHHhlii MeXaHH3M paCDOJ\.OJKeH BHyrpH. B HeKoTopbiX CJ\.ytla.SIX 3aMeTHhl yJK.e noiihiTKH yAyqiiiHTb cHcTeMY.

Puc. 542

PRe. 542. HcnaacKHii yAapHLiii 3aMOK. Pa60Ta paacHcKo .honeca. MaAPHA.

XVIII

KypoK- no csoe:H (j>opMe ToJKe npH6J\.HJKaeTc.SI yJK.e K no3fl.HeHmeM}'. CJ\.e/l,yeT oTMeTHTb, lffO Ha rypei.\KHX pYJKhliX c Yfl.ilPHbiM 3aMKOM Mhl, Ha~a.SI c HaqaA.a XVII seKa, BCTpeqaeM npefl.oxpaHHTeAb. 3AeCb Mhl TOJK.e BlfAHM, lffo HaHAyqnrne ycTpoiicTBa KYAa crapee, qeM Mbi AO CHX nop npeAfiOAiii'aJ\.H, H socxoA.SJ:T K BocToKy. HaKoHe~ ynoM.SIHeM, lffO cTape:Hmee H3BecTHoe IDfAep.J\.ilHACKoe KpeMHesoe pyJK.be B 11crop~ecKoM MY3ee APe3fl.eHa AaTHpoBaHo 1 59 8 fOfl,OM. 1 floKa e~e npHMeiDIACSI nHpHT, YAdPHyiO noBep:xuocn. npHXoA&Aoct, cHa6JKan. HanpaBAeHHLIM BHH3 pH«<JAeHHeM MSJ. c6epeJKeHIDI KaMIDI; y KpeMHSI 3Ta npeAOCTOpOJKBOCI'L 6LI.Aa yxe H3AHmHeii: (npUM. llBm.). 2 flpH'IHHa, Bepo.HTHO, COCTOBAa B TOM, 'ITO HHAepAaHACKHe pyxeiiHHKH HaxOAHAHCL fiOA CABWKOM 6oALmHM BAIDIHHeM HeMeJ:U(HX H 6LIAB CABmKOM BLICOKOrO MHeHIDI 0 CABHraiO~eHCSI KpLimKe fiOAKH KOAeCJ:1:0BOro 3aMKa (npUM. CJBm.).

348

llacn II. OpyJKue HanaAeHHJI

C]) paH qy3CKU ii. KpeMHeBbl ii. 3aMOK MOJKHO paCCMaTJlHBaTh KaK OAHO H3 BaJKHeimrnx ycoBepmeHCTBOBa.mrii B opyJKe:iffioM AeAe. TeM CaMbiM 6bU\.a C03AaHa CHCTeMa 1 COOTBeTCTBOBaBillrul BCeM 1pe6oBaHHSIM AMI HaAeJKHOH H 6biCTJlOH C1pe.Ab6bl. XOTfl OHa H BCTJleTHAa HeAOBepHe B KOHcepBaTHBHbiX Kpyrax cppamzyscKHX BOeHHbiX1 AO ~oima XVII BeKa Q>H'I'HJ\bHbi:H: 3aMOK ocTaBaACfl OCHOBHhiM AMI BOopyJKeHIDI neXOTbl. Y KpeMHeBoro 3aMKa1 3a HcKMOqeHHeM K y p K a (HeM. Hahn) 1 n o Jl K u (HeM. Pfanne) c 6aTapeirnhiM or H u B oM (HeM. Batteriedeckel) I no go rH u B H o ii. n p y JK u H bl (HeM. Deckelfeder) I Becb MexaHH3M cocTo.SIJ\. H3 Jl o g bl JK K u (HeM. NuB) 1 6oeBo:H: npyJKHHbi (HeM. Schlagfeder) I Jl o g bl JK H o ii. H a K Jl a g K ul n e pxu (HeM. Stu del) H w en m a Jl a (HeM. Stange) c BHYTPeHHe:H: cTopoHbl 3 aM o ll H o i1 go CK U (HeM. Schlofiplatte) , Y CTapeirurnx cppamzy3CKHX KpeMHeBhiX 3aM-

Puc. 543

Puc. 543. PYJK.eHHLIH 3aMOK. BoraTo yKpamea pe3b6o:H no craAH; OT PYJKbSI c

puc. 528. OK. 1700 r.

KOB KpbiiiiKH IIOAKH OI'HHBa 6bl.hH pa3AeAeHhll 'tJTO KaJKeTCfl AOKa3aTe.AbCTBOM TOrol 'tJTO cppaHizy3CKHe opyJKeHHHKH 1 C03AaJOIIVfe KpeMHeBble 3aMKHI B311AH 3a o6pa3eu; IDfAepAa.IJACKHH 3aMOK. KpblmKa IIOAKH OTKpbiBaAaCb e~e nocpeACTBOM T.HI'H. 3To HeyAo6cTBo napiDKcKHe MacTepa CYMeAH yc1paHHTh1 coeAHJIHB KphiiiiKY IIOAKH C KypKOM nocpeACTBOM TOAKaTe.JUII TaK 'tJTO KphlmKa npH B3BOAe OTKpbiBaAaCb. Cym;ecTBeHHhiM H xapaKTepHbiM HOBmeCTBOM j{BJ\..SIJ\.Cfl KypOK C ABYMfl B3BOAaMH; HO .hHliib IIOCAe MHOrOq}{CAeHHhiX IIOllbiTOK OH npHo6peA 3aKOHlleHIJYIO <PoPMY路 npHMepHO AO 1 6 6 0 roAa Mbi qacTo BCTJleqaeM e~e pHcpAeHhle YAapHhle rroBepxHocrn ormma AMI rmpHTal a BnoCAeACTBHH TOhhKO rAaAJGie. K 3TOMY JKe BpeMeHH HCqe3aJOT pa3Ae.J\.bHble OI'HHBO H IIOAKal KOTOpble He3aCAyJKeHHO TaK AOMO ocTaBaAHCb B yno1pe6AeHHH. HaliHHrui c B03HHKHOBeHIDI 3Toro 6aTape:HHoro K p eM ReB oro 3 aM K a oTMeqaeTCfl pacllBeT

搂 6. OraecTpeJU.&oe opy.xtae. DacToAeT

349

lf>paHizy3CKHX OpYJKeHHblx MaCTepcKHX, 'lJeM OHH 6biJUf o6.sl3aHbi llOKpOBHTe.h.bCTBY MIDIHCTPa lf>HHaHCOB KoAh6epa. Hx H3Ae.J\IDIM npHc~a KpacoTa H 3AeraHTHocTb, KOTophle 3aCAYJKHBaiOT BCH'lJeCKOH noxBa.J\bi. Ha YKPaiiieHHe 3aMKOB H cTBoAoB oKa3hiBilAH BJ\.IDIHHe AyqiiiHe AeKopaTophl <l>paimHJ~: A.e6peH, BepeH, EpHCBHAh H MHome APYrHe (pHc. 543) . .1\.Hmh nocTeneHHo HeMe~e opy>Ke:HHHKH pemHAHCb oTKa3aTbCH oT csoero H3AJ06AeHHoro KoAec~oBoro 3aMKa H nepe:iiTH K llpOH3BOACTBY KpeMHeBhiX npH OTAH'lJHbiX npolf>ecCHOHa.J\bHbiX HaBhiKax B XVIII BeKe. 11M YAaAOCb cocTaBHTh OiqyTHMyiO KOHKype~IO lf>paHizy3aM H 6e.h.b~aM: TaKHe MacTepa, KaK Y AhpHX MeHJ.l B Epa)!HIIIBeiire, C. t.IaymKa B BoAblf>eH610TTe.Ae, AHApeac KyxeHpoiiTep B PoreHc6ypre, A. Bexep B KapAc6aAe, reopr Ka:H3ep B BeHe H APYrHe BCKope npeB30IIIAH lf>pa:HI.zy3oB no KpaCOTe H Ka'lJeCTBY CBOHX H3AeAHH. npocToTa H KOMITaKTHOCTb KOHCTP~H MexaHH3Ma o6ecne'lJHAa 6e3 KaKHXAH6o 3aTPyAJieHHH npeo6pa3oBaHHe KpeMHesoro 3ai\IK.a B KaiiCIOAhHhiH. TaKHe 3aMKH BCTPe'llaiOTCH yJK.e B Ha'llaAe XVIII BeKe no'lJTH B TOH JK.e lf>opMe, 'liTO H BeK cnycTH.

llHCTOAET Mb1 y>Ke paHee yrroMHHaAH, 'liTO nHCTOAeT B03HHK H3 p~ B XIV BeKe. BcaAHHK llpOH3BOAJIT BhiCTPe.A H3 3TOro llpHCIIOC06AeHHH, OimpaHCb COlliKOH Ha ceAe.h.bHYJO AYKY (eM. pHc. 504). Pyq~bi-CKOnHTYChl HMeAH C3aAJI cTepJK.Heo6pa3HhiH OTPOCTOK, KOTOpbiH llpH np~e.AHBaHHH yriHpaJ\.CH B HarpyAJIHK. 113 3THX HeYKAJOJK.HX H THJK.e.AhiX npHcnoco6AeHH:ii, noCAe Toro KaK YAaAOCb CHH3HTh sec CTBOA.a, B03HHKAH II~HHeJ\Abl, KOTOphle, IIpaBAa, Bee e~e npHXOAJIAOCb yrrJIPaTb B rpyAb, Ho KoTophiM y>Ke He TPe6oBaAacb coUIKa. 3TH IIeTPHHe.JU\bl HMeiOT y>Ke Aepesmrnyro AoJK.y, AMI ycHAeHHH rycTo ycemrnyro I'B03AJIKaMH. BhiCTPe.A npoH3BOAJIACH c rroMo~ro lf>HTHJUI; AMI BCaAHJIKa 3TO 6h1Ao O'lJeHb o6peMeHHTeAbHO H AaJK.e OIIaCHO. 0KOAO 15 3 0 roAa B repMdHHH IIOHBMIIOTCH nepBhle llHCTOAeThl, BhiCTPe.A H3 KOTOphiX llpOH3BOAJIACH BhiT.SIJIYTOH PYKOH. Pe3yAhTaToM 3Toro 6h1Ao npeo6pa3oBaHHe B soopy>KeHHH BCaAHJIKOB. Ae.Ao B TOM, 'liTo nHCTOAeT oKa3aJ\.CH npeKpacHhiM opyJK.HeM B 6AHJK.HeM 6oro, yAapHbie BJIAbl opy>KHH spoAe 6yMBhl, MOAOTa H ceKHphl oKa3aAHCb .JllilllHHMH. OHH CTaAH HC'lJe3aTb H3 o6HXoAa Ko~. Millh B BeHrpHH, TioAhme, PoccHH H CTPaHax BocToKa, .JK.:wreAH KoTophiX 6biJUf HCKJ\IO'lJHTeAhHO npHBepJK.eHhl K TP~OHHOMY soeHHoMY 路ycTPOHCTBy, YAapHoe opYJK.He ocTaBaJ\.OCb B yrroTpe6AeHHH BIIJ\.OTb AO xvn BeKa. B apMIDIX JK.e IOJK.HOH H 3arraAHOH Espollhl BCaAHJIKH oT6pocHAH CBOH 6yAaBhl H 'lJeKaHbi, KOTOphle B IIOCAeAJiee .BpeMH HrpaAH poAh 3HaKoB OTAH'llHH KOMaJIAYJO~ero KaKHM-AH6o IIOAPa3Ae.AeHHeM. 3aTO KaJKAbl}i KaBaAepHCT IIOAyqHA napy llHCTOAeTOB, KOTOphle HOCHAHCb B Ko6ypax, OAhCTPax Ha nepeAJieH CeAeAhHOH AYKe. AJurna 3THX nHCToAeToB 6h1Aa pa3HaH. KopoTKHH Ha3hiBaJ\.CH o6hl'lJHo n y cjJ cjJ e p oM (HeM. Puffer) H roAJIACH AHillh AMI caMoH KopoTKoH AJICTa~H. 11M noAb30BaAHCb AHillh B PYKO-

qacn II. OpyJ~tBe BanilAeBBJI

350

nanrnoM 6oro, rAe OH noCJ\.e pa3p~ CAYJKHA HepeAJ{o KaK llilJ\Hl\a. ~ IIHCTOJ\.eT MOr Ha CTbl01.

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AMI

llpOH3BOACTBa BhiCTPeAa llOAb30BaTbCJI TOAbKO

OAJIOH p}'KOH. CTape:Hnrne rrn:croAeThl c KoJ\.ecu;oBhiMH 3aMKaMH, eCAH nposeCTH aHaAOrHIO C cpopMOH J\.OJKH, o6pa30BaJ\.HCb H3 neTPHHeJV\., T. K. y HHX eme np.HMaR H J\.HIDb He3Haq:HTeAbHO BHH3

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Puc. 544

Puc. 545

Puc. 546

PBc. 544.

KopOTKHB DBCTOAeT, T. B. ny«J>«J>ep. C BeMe:Q;KOB AOJKeB, BBKpyCTBpOBaBBOH KOCTI>IO, B mapoBifABLIM Ba6aAAamBBKOM. HIOpB6epr, KA.eBMo «rp03Ab BBBOrpaAa» r OK. 1560 r. PBC. 545. A-ufBBLIB DBCTOAeT C TpOHBLIM KOAeC:Q;OBLIM 3aMKOM; KOAeca 3aKpLITLI, DepeAHBH 3aTBop DOKa3aB OTKpLITLIM; opexOBasl AOJKa BBB3Y BBKpyCTBpoBaBa rpaBBpOBaBBOH CAOBOBOB KOCTI>IO. liTa.ABSI, npeAIJOAOJKBTeAI,BO EpemiiSI. Ee3 MapKB, OK. 1570 r.

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1580

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Pac. 546. ABYCTBOAbBLIB DBCTOAeT c ABYMSI pacnOAoJKeBBLIMB APyr BaA APyroM CTBOAaMB MBBoii DO 51 CM B ABYMSI KOAeC:Q;OBLIMB 3aMKaMB; AOJKa 6oraro BBKpyCTBpOBaBa CAOBOBOH KOCTI>IO B

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15 4 0

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Aacraa::QBH 3«J>«J>eKTBBBoB CTpe.Ab6LI aBTOpoM CBAbHO npe}'BeAB'IeBa. To"'BOCTI> CTpe.Ab6LI B3 3TOro OpYJKIDI BPJIA AB MOrAa 6:YTb B03MOJKBa Ba AHCfaB:QBB OOAee 15 M.

§ 6. OruecTpeJUoBoe opylltHe. DHcToAeT

351

CTBOM. CTapeifimfe U3 U3BeCTHbiX OCHOBaHbi Ha CUCTeMe CMeHHOH KaMOpbl C 60KOBbiM mapHHpHbiM 3aiTOpOM. 0KOAO 15 60 rOAa B 06HXOA BOmAH oqeHb U3miUihle ABYCTBO.hbHbie IIHCTOAeTbl HAH g B 0 ii R bl e cjJ a y C me p bl (HeM. Doppelfaustrohre UAU Doppelfauster). nepBble U3 HHX IIOIIaAaJOT B fepMaHHIO U3 11TaAHH. CTBOAhl pacnoAoJK.eHbl pa3Ae.hbHO APYI' HaA APYI'OM u conpuKacaJOTCH TO.hhKO y AYA; Ha KaJKAOM CTBOAe HaXOAH'fCH KOAec:QoBhiH 3aMOK, .SI6AoKo HaXOAH'fCH IIpHMO IIO OCU opyJK.HH, TaK ~0 IIHCTOAeT AOCTaTO~O IIOBepHJTb, ~06bl IIpOU3BeC'l'H BTOpOH BbiCTpeA (puc. 54 6). 0KOAO 15 8 0 roAa, a MOJK.eT 6b1Tb U paHbme, BXOAH'f B 06HXOA IIepBble peBO.hbBepbi, 60.hbmHHCTBO U3 KOTOpbiX o6opyAoBaHo mecTH3ap.JIAHbiM 6apa6aHOM. HeT B03MOJK.HOCTH YKa3aTb, KaKOMY HapOAY CAeAyeT IIp:mrncaTb 3TO OCTpOYMHOe U306peTeHHe; Te o6pa3J.U>I, KOTOpbie IIOIIaAaAHCb aBTopy, HMeJOT, IIpaBAa, AOJK.H HTaAb.SIHCKOH QlOpMbi, U3roTOBAeHbl, OAfiaKO, HeMeJ.VUIMH peMeCAeHHHKaMH, B OCHOBHOM U3 H10pH6epra (puc. 54 7). B xoAe TpHAU;aTHAerne:H BOHHhl Q>opMa AOJK.U rrn:cToAeToB U3MeiD:~;eTCH B TOM CMhiCAe, ~o mapoo6pa3Hoe .SI6AoKo ucqe3aeT, PYKO.SITKa cTaHOBHTCH HeCKO.hhKO u3omyro:H u OKaHqHBaeTCH YMepeHHbiX pa3MepoB .SI6AOKOM, o6HTbiM MeTa.AAHqecKHM Ha6aJ\AamHHKOM. HalJHHa.SI npHMepHo c 165 0 roAa Bee 6o.hhme cKa3biBaeTc.SI Q>pa~yscKoe BAHHHHe B QlOpMoo6pa30BaHHU, COBpeMeHHWH IIHCTOAeT 06.SI3aH CBOHM B03HHKHOBeHHeM 3TOH TeHAeHIUfH, C Toro JK.e BpeMeHH CTaHOBHTCH Bee norry.A.SipHee Ha3BaHHe «n u c m o A em» (c/Jp. pistole), KOTopoe B KOFme KOimOB CTaHOBHTCH Bceo6~. To, ~0 Ha3BaHHe o6pa~OBaAOCb OT IIpOBiflii.Uill nucTo:H.Sl, CTO.hb JK.e MaAO o60CHOBaHo, KaK HM.SI «6aHOHeT» OT ropoAa Ba:HoHHa. J1ciiaHel..\ Ha3biBaeT CAOBOM pistoresa, IIpOUCXOAHJIUIM, Bepo.SITHO, OT «piston», ~0 0603HaqaAO AJ06oe KOpOTKOe, CIIOAPyqHOe opyJK.ue, TaKOe KaK KOpOTKUH KHHJKaA u np., a HTaAb.SIHel..\ o6o3HaqaeT qepe3 «pistolesa» - KopOTKYJO ca6AJO; TaKHM o6pa3oM, Ha3BaHHe opYJKHH qacTo .SIBA.SieTCH npou3BOAHbiM oT Ha3BaHHH 1 CXOAfiOro IIpeAMeTa • B XVIII BeKe no cBoeMY Ha3HaqeHHJO pa3AW1aJOT TpU BlfAa rrn:cToAeToB: K a B a A e p u ii c K u ii n u c m o A em (HeM. Reiterpistole, puc. 54 8) MJI 6oeBbiX AeHCTBHH C AJlliHHhiM CTBOAOM U MaAOro KaAH6pa, 0 X 0 m R U ll U ii n U C m 0 A em (HeM. Jagdpistole) 60.hbmoro KaAH6pa, HHOrAa TaKJK.e C TpOM60HHbiM CTBOAOM MJI 3ap.JIAa AP06bl0; q e A e B o ii n u c m o A em (HeM. Scheiberipistole) MaAoro KaAH6pa, KaiiCJO.hhHhiM 3aMKOM u HepeAJ{o AaJK.e c Hape3HbiM CTBOAOM. A y3 A b R bl ii n u c m o A em· (HeM~ Duellpistole), KaK npaBHAo, HMeeT Q>opMY KaBaAep:uHcKoro rrn:cToAeTa. B 3TOT nepuoA pacnpocTpaH.SIJOTCH ABYCTBO.hhHbie rrn:cToAeTbl, IIepBbie o6pa3J.U>I KOTOpbiX U3rOTaBAHBaAHCb BO <l>p~. npe:HM"YmeCTBa KpeMHeBoro 3aMKa MJI IIHCTOAeTa 6biCTpO CTaAO .SICHbiM; Mhi BlfAHM qaCTO TaKJK.e npHMeHeHHe KypKoBoro npeAOXpaHHTeA.SI. Cnei..\HaAbHOe Ha3HaqeHue HMeJOT MaAeHbKHe rrn:cToAeTbl me p q e p oA e (um. terzerolle, pistolese) u, HaKOHel..\, 'l'aK Ha3biBaeMble K a p MaR R bl e n u c m o A em bl (ReM. Taschenpuffer), KOTopbie CAeAyeT YJK.e paccMaTpHBaTh KaK csoero poAa HrpymKH. KpeMHeBbiH 3aMOK AOIIYCKaA y IIHCTOAeTOB He TO.hbKO CUCTeMY C 3-4-IIOBOpOTHbiMH CTBOAa.MH, HO TaKJK.e peBO.hbBepHYJO CUCTeMY. K aK Dpa.BHAO, MeCTBhle DpOH3BOAifhle 0 603Ha1JeBHH ~ B OpYJKeHHOM ~ AeAe CAeAyeT BOCDpHHHMaTL C ocropoJKHOCThlO. llo'ITH BCe CBOASITCSI K 3BYKODOAPaJKaHHI0 1 KOTOpM AHWeHa BCSIKOrO HcropH"'IeCKOro OCHOBaHIDI (npUM. aBID.). 1

1Jacn II. OpyxtBe

352

HaBBAeHBJI

TIHCTOJ\.eT cpa3y noCJ\.e CBOero BBeAeHHR CTaJ\. ~6HMbnM opyJKHeM 3HaTHoro scwrn:Ka, KoTop!JH acerAa B03HA c co6o:H BO Bpe~ CBOHX noe3AOK napy llHCTOJ\.eTOB. 06bNHble llHCTOJ\.eTbl B03HJ\.HCb 1 KaK H cerOAiffir B oJ\.bcTpax Ha nepeAHeH ceAeJ\.bHo:H AYKer KOTOpble 6oJ\.bme:H qaCTbiO 6bi.J\.H o61tthl 6apxaToM. B XVII H XVIII BeKax srn oJ\.bCTphl cHa6JKaAHCh 6oJ\.bmHMH qeXJ\.aMH, o6pa.MMieMbiMH 6axpoMOH, YKpameHHhiMH 3M6AeMaMH HJ\.H MOHOrpaMMaMH. A,MrnHble llHCTOJ\.eTbl, KOTOpble no CBOeH BeAH'liHHe 6bi.J\.H nepeXOAHOH «i>opMOH K KaBaAepHHCKOH apKe6yse H AaAee K Kapa6HHYr HOCHJ\.H TaKJKe Ha npaBOH CTopoHe y 3WJeH ceAeJ\.bHo:H AYKH B T.IDK.eJ\.oH OJ\.bCTpe. KaBaAepHHCKHe llHCTOJ\.eTbl 3HaTH yJKe B nepBOH noJ\.OBHHe XVI BeKa CTaAH H3~6J\.eHHhlM npeAMeTOM xyAoJKecTBeHHOH OTAeAKHr np:H'lleM HeMIJ;hl OT.J\.HtlaJ\.HCh CBOHMH qpe3Bhitia:ifiiO TOHKHMH H KpaCHBbiMH HHKpycTaiJ;H.HMH H3 CJ\.OHOBOH KOCTH, HTaJ\.b.SIHu;bl CBOeH llblillHOH pe3b6oH no CTaJUf, TaKJKe CBOHM H3y-

Puc. 547

Puc. 548

Pae. 54'1.

llHCTOJ\.eT peBoJU.Bepuoii CHCTeMhl c 3aMKOM H mecrH3apSJAHhiM 6apa6aHoM, yxpameHHhiM IDKYPHhiMH J\.aT}'HHhiMH HaKJ\.aAKaMH C H306paJKeHIDIMH lleiDCKOro ALBa. fepMaHIDI, OK. 1590 r. KOJ\.eC~OBhiM

PRe. 548. KaBaJ\.epuiicKHii nucroJ\.eT c pe3HhiMH crBOJ\.OM H 3aMKOM; J\.OJKe HHKpycrupoBaHo nepAaMYTIJOM. Pa60Ta 1\.a Mappa, napHJK, OK. 1'130 r.

MHTeJ\.b~ AeKopoM B TeXHHKe TayniHpOBKH. B XVIII BeKe, nepHoAe KpeMHeBoro 3aMKa, YKpameHHe J\.OJKH OTCTYflaeT Ha BTOpOH llJ\.aH, 3aTO npHo6peTaeT nepaocTenermoe 3Ha'lleHHe AeKop CTBOJ\.OB, 3aMKOB H HaKJ\.ilAOK (pHC, 548), Mb1 CTaAKHBaeMC.SI 3AeCb C qyAeCHOH pe3b60H H rpaBHpOBKOH 1 KOTOpble HHOrAa .HBJ\HIOTC.SI noAJUIHHbiMH npoH3BeAeHH.SIMH HcKyccTBa. 3oAo'lleHHe H 'llepHeHHe, TpaBJ\.eHHe, KOTOpble HeKOrAa 6bi.J\.H O'lleHb H3J\.106J\.eHbl, BCTpe'llaiOTC.SI BCe peJKe H HaKOHeU co-

§ 6. OruecTpeAJJHoe opyJKue. HucTpyMeHT!II H npu6op11o1 •••

353

BCeM Hcqe3aiOT. .1\.0JKH Terrepb peAKO HMelOT MeTa.J\A}fqeCKHe HaKAiiAK.H, HX -yKpamaroT IIJ\.OCKo:H pe3h6o:H, H Boo6me HM rrpeAJ1oqHTaJlli ocTaB.J\JITb HaTYPaJ\bHYIO oKpacKy AepeBa HAH o6pa6aTbiBaTb HX TeMHo:H MopHAKo:H. Ha BocToKe B XVI BeKe ITHCTOAeTb} HMeJ\HCb TOJ\bKO y 3HaTH H 60J\biiiee pacrrpocTpaHeHHe OHH rroAyntJ\H J\HIIIb B XVII BeKe, HO TOrAa yJK HaqaAH n;eHHTbC.H TaK BbiCOKO, qTO HapaBHe C KHHJKaJ\.OM CTaJlli Hepa3AyqHbiMH CrryTHHKaMH AJ06oro BOHHa. B OTJ\HqHe OT CTpaH 3anaAa, ero HOCHAH He B K06ype, a BCerAa 3a ITO.HCOM BOHHa. CTBOJ\bl qpe3BbNaHHO TOHKHe H HMeJ\H MaJ\biH KaAH6p, 3aMKH 6oJ\biiie:H qacTbro eBporre:HcKHe, MaAeHbKHe, AoJKa qame Bcero o6HTa MeTaAAOM H -yKpameHa AParon;eHHhiMH KaMH.HMH. J\.HIIIb 6oAee cTapble BOCToqHbie ITHCTOAeThi rrpeACTaBA.HIOT co6o:H XYAOJKecTBeHHYJO n;eHHOCTh; 6oAee HOBble XOTb H HMelOT 6oraTbiH AeKop, HO CTHJ\HCTHtleCKH He BbJAepJKHBaiOT KpHTHKH.

HHCTPYMEHThl H llPHiiOPLI, llPEAHA3HAqEHHLIE AMI OfHECTPEALHOfO OPY}I{H11 B CTapoe BpeM.SI ycTpOHCTBa, COCTO.HBIIIHe Ha CAYJK6e orneCTpeJ\bHOro opyJKH.H, 6hiAH coBeprneHHO HeOAHOPOAHhThiH. · OpyAH:HHoe AeAO rrepBoHaqaJ\bHO pa3BHBaAOCb B KaJKAOH apMHH CaMOCTO.HTeJ\bHO, I103TOMY B03HHKAO 60.1\biiiOe pa3Hoo6pa3He ycTpo:HcTB, o6AaAaiOIIUIX o6mHMH cBo:HcTBaMH, ITPI:f.AYMaHHbiX pa3HbiMH H3o6peTaTeA.HMH He3aBHCHMO APyr oT APyra. KorAa H3 opyAH:H CTpe.1\.HAH eme 6e3 AacpeTOB, I1p.SIMO C 6pycKOB 1 CaMbiM rAaBHbiM HHCTpYMeHTOM apTHAAepHCTa 6blA 06biKHOBeHHbiH IIJ\.O~HH TOITop; ITOMHMO 3TOrO npHMeH.HJ\H lU y cjJ A y (HeM. Ladeschaufel 1 pHC. 54 9) 1 C ITOMOI.ll.blO KOTOpOH nopox 3aCbillaAC.SI B CTBOA, 6 a H H UK (HeM. Wischer), 3 a 6 0 ii H UK (HeM. Ladestock) 1 Bar U (HeM. Hebebaume) 1 K03b u H OJKKU1 Ha3biBaeMble TaKJKe Kyca llKaM u (HeM. Bei.Ber); apTHAAepHHCKHH MacTep HOCHA n a A b H u K (HeM. Luntenstock) 1 csoero pOAa KOITbe, OT. Ae3BH.H KOTOporo ITO 6oKaM OTXOAHJ\H OTpOCTKH 1 Ha KOTOpble HaMaTbiBaAH cpHTHAb, naJ\bHHK .SIBA.HJ\C.SI OAHOBpeMeHHO 3HaKOM AOCTOHHCTBa MacTepa (pHc. 3691 370 1 550). YJKe B rrepBo:H rroAOBHHe XV BeKa MJI HaBeAeHH.H opyAH:H rrpHMeH.HAc.H n p o c m o ii K Bag p a H m (HeM. Quadrant) I KaK 3TO BlfAHO B MaHYCKpHITTe H3 6H6J\HOTeKH HCKYCCTBOBeAqecKOH KOJ\AeKn;HH BeHhii AaTHpOBaHHOM OKOAO 14 4 0 roAa. no Mepe TOrO KaK opyAH.JI I1pH06peTaAH 6oAee COBepiiieHHble H CTaHAapTHbie AacpeTbl 1 rrpome H 6oAee CITen;HaAH3HpOBaHHbiM CTaHOBHTC.H HHCTpYMeHTapHH. Torrop Ha ITOAeBbiX I103HI.J;H.HX D;e.l\HKOM Hcqe3aeT1 3aTO ITO.SIBA.HIOTC.H oqeHb OCTpOYMHO 3aAYMaHHbie H AerKOTpaHCI10pTa6eJ\bHbie ITOA'beMHbie ycTpOHCTBa H APyrHe ycoseprneHcTBoBaHH.H. KorAa OKOAO 16 8 0 roAa rrocTerreHHO CTaAH BBOAHTb K a p m y 3 bl (HeM. Hebezeuge) I H3 o6HXOAa rroAHOCTblO Hcqe3J\H TaKJKe 1 rnycpJ\bi • 06CAYJKHBaHHe opyAH.JI cTaHOBHTC.H 6oAee AeJ\HKaTHbiM, opyAHHHa.H

K ap'cy"3 COAepJKaA CTaHAapTHhiH ~ 3apJ1A nopoxa, Heo 6XOAHMhiH ~ M5J. BhiCTpeAa, 'ITO COKpaTHAO BpeMSI 3apSIJKaHHSI, HO my4JAhl BOBCe He HC'Ie3AH M5J. 6o.Aee TOHKOH crpe.IU>6hi, HanpHMep B OCdAHOH BOHHe OHH llpHMeHSIAHCh AOBO.I\.bHO AOAro (npUM. peg.). 1

B. BexaH:M

IJ:acn II. OpyJKue BauaAeBuJI

354

Puc. 549

Puc. 550 Puc. 551

Puc. 549. IIIy«t>J\.a, BAH aarpyao"'IHdSI J\.OJKKa. Ha apceHdJ\.bHLIX KHHr HMneparopa MaKcHMuJ\.uaua I. Puc. 550. llpyccKH:H UdJ\.bHHK. 1720-1740 rr. KopoJ\.eBcKH:H Qe8xraya B EepJ\.BHe. Puc. 551. nopOXOBdSI npo6a, T. H. crepJKHeBdSI npo6a no ypTeu6axy. 1642 r.

npHCAyra cHa6JKaeTCJI 6oAee TOHKHM HHCTPYMeHToM. ApTH.JV\.epHcT noAyqaeT TaK Hd3hiBaeMbiH R a 6 o p (ReM. Besteck), KoTophlli, noMHMo pa3gBUJKRoro xaA u 6 p a (ReM. Kaliberstab) H KHHJKaAa B HO>K.Hax, ConpoAepJKHT TaKJKe mpaBR UK (ReM. Raumnadel), 6 yp aB (ReM. Bohrpfriemen), Ran u A bRUK (ReM. Feile) H qupK y A b (ReM. Zirkel). CxoJK.ee, xoT.si H 6oAee npoCToe CHap.siJKeHHe HMe.JUI HTaAbHHCKHe apT.HAAepHCTbl BTopo:H noAOBHHhl XVI BeKa. /lMJ. onpeAeAeHH.si CHAhl nopoxa B XVII BeKe H3o6pelUI O'leHb OCTJlOYMHhiH HHCTJlYMeHT ITOA Ha3BaHHeM «nO poXOBO U n p o 6 R u K» (ReM. Pulverprobe). HMeeTCJI HeCKOAhKo pa3J\.HllHhiX MeXaHJ{lleCKHX CHCTeM, H3 KOTOpbiX B TO BpeMH CaMOH AyqiiieH 6hi.J\.a cTepJKHeBM npo6a no <l>ypTeH6axy 1 6 4 2 roAa, 3K3eMIIJUip KOTOpoH HaXOAH'fCJI B ~epaTopcKOH KO}\}\e~HH B BeHe (pHc.

551' 552).

/lMJ. apTH.JV\.epHH H pyqHoro orHec-rpeAbHoro opyJKHH B CTapble BpeMeHa He CYII\eCTBOBaJ\.0 eAHH006pa3HbiX TeXHOJ\.O~eCKHX npHHil.AJ\eJKHOCTeH . .1\.mm, B noCAeAHHe roAbl XIV BeKa Puc. 552 B HTaAHH 3aMeTHhl noilbiTKH BBeCTH OAH006pa3He B Puc. 552. nopoXOBdSI npo6a c pLI'IaroM H OCH~eHHe CTJleAKd 3KHxpanoBBKOM. OK. 1750 r. IIHpOBKOH. CaMM cTapM 3KHimpOBKa BCilAflHKd, BoOpYJK.eHHoro CKomrrycoM, AOCTdTO'IHO npocTa (pHC, 55 2): OHa COCTO.siJ\.a H3 JKeAe3Horo moMnoAa, comKH M.si YKMAbiBaHHH cTBoAHKa Ha ceAeAbHYJO AYKY· KOJKdHOH nopOXOBHHI\hl H Memo'IKa /l,MI rryAh. OeXOTHHeJJ; OKOJ\.0 14 0 0 rOAd

§ 6. OmeCTpeAio&oe opyxtue. HacrpyMeBTJd u upufiopw •••

355

BrOiffih BHJ\KY B 3eMJ\10, Ha Hero OH KAaA CBOH CTBO.J\. (pHC. 507). Ho yJKe OKO.J\.0 14 2 0 rOAd Mhi BCTpeqaeMC.SI C IIpHMeHeHHeM COlliKH, KOTOpoe, OAHaKO, scKope npeKpamaeTcr:t. 0Ko.J\.o BTopo:H IIO.J\.OBHHhl XV seKa, KorAa sceo6mee pacnpocTPd"eHHe IIO.J\.yqHA II.J\.dCTHHtldThiH AOCIIeX, ClfliTaAOCb, q'fO .J\.Hllib C IIOMOmblo pyJKeH 60.hbiDOro KaAH6pa B03MOJKHO npeOAO.J\.eTb 3TO 3dii\HTHOe BOOpyJKeHHe, KOTOpoe, KCTaTH, BcerAa IIepeoi..teHHBaAOCb. TaK B03HHKAH raKOBHHI..td Hd IDTaTHBax; HX o6CAYJKHBaAH Af3d qeAoBeKa, H3 KOTOpbiX OAJffi HOCH.J\. IDTaTHB, a APyro:H raKoBHHI..tY (pHc. 5 16). . B so:HcKax AaHAcKHeXToB caMoro nepsoro nepHoAa ( 14 9 0-15 2 0) Mbi snepBhle CTa.J\KHBaeMC.SI C IIOpOXOBHHI..teH, IIpW:IeM y BCeX CTpe.J\KOB H3 pyqHoro OrHeCTpe.hhHOro OpYJKIDI OHH AOBOJ\hHO CXOJKeH <}>opMbi. 0Ha HMeeT <}>opMY AHCKa, AHaMeTpOM He 6o.J\.ee 1 0 CM, HMeeT Tpy6Ky H HOCHTC.SI Ha urnypKe Ha

111/C'. 553

Puc. 554

Puc. 553. nopoXOBHH~a c npYJKHHHhiM 3dTBOpOM, H3 pora, c cepe6p51HhiMH Hd.KAdAI{aMH; C OAHOH CTOpOHhl Hd Kopnyce HdXOASI'fCil 'lldChl, C Apyroii KOMnac. CaKcoHHil, OK. 1580 r. KoAAeK~HSI rpalf>HHH L(HpoTHH, 3aMoK EAayAa B MopaBHH. Puc. 554. llopOXOBHH~a, H3 CAOHOBOH KOCTH, C llpYJKHHHhiM 3dTBOpOM H CBeTAo-roAy6NMH KHCTSIMH; B cepeAftHe AHCKOB C o6eHX CTOpOH HdXOASI'fCil MeAa.,u,oHhl: Hd OAHOH CTopoHe - C pe.hl>elf>HhiM nop1J>eTOM rpalf>a 3pHCTd PIOAHrepa lf>oH lliTapeM6epra (1638-1701), B03rAaBASIBmero o6opoHy BeHN B 1683 r., c Apyro:H - c BHAOM BeHN. OK. 1690 r.

CIIHHe; cnepeAH >Ke, Ha rpyAH, BHCHT MaAeHbKHH pOJKOK AMI 3dTpaBKH, H.J\.H HaTpycKa (pHc. 517). BHA TaKOH KpyrAo:H nopoxOBHHI..tbi AMI soeHHbiX H oxoTHINhHX I..teAe:H coxpaH.SIIOT AO KOHI..ta XVIII seKa (pHc. 55 3, 55 4). 0Ko.J\.o 15 1 0 roAa npHMeH.SieTC.SI YJKe w m on o p gAR n yA b (HeM. Kugelbohrer) H C K p e 6 Jl 0 (HeM. Kratzer), q'f06bl BhiTdCKHBaTb 3dPRAhl H3 CTBO.J\.a KaK Mbl BlfAHM H3 apceHa.hbHbiX KHHr MaKcHMHAHaHa I. C pocTOM HCKyccrna CTpe.hh6bl IIOpOXOBHHI..tbi, COXpaH.SI.SI AHCKOo6pa3lfYIO <}>opMY, IIOCTeiieHHO CTaHOB.SITC.SI KpynHee, TaK q'fO B HeMei..tKHx so:HcKax AOCTHraiOT yJKe AHaMeTpa B 15 CM. J1Ta.AhliHI..tbl nepBble OKO.J\.0 15 60 rOAd BBe.J\H Ha HlfAepAaHA-

23*

lJ:acu II. OpyJK.ue uanaAeHU11

356

CKOM TeaTpe soeHHhiX AeiicTBHH oKaHToBaHHhle MeTaJ\.J\OM nopoxoBHH~bi. OHM HMeAH TPane~eBHNJYIO cpopMy c BOrnyTbiMH KpCUIMH TO.JUI.\HHOH 6-7 eM. Kop-

Puc. 555

Puc. 555. MymKeTepcKrur nopoxoBHH:qa (a) H HaTpycKa (b), c npyJKUHHLIMH 3dTBOpdMH, H3 aJKypHoro JKeJ\.e3a, Hd ITOAKAdAKe H3 JKeJ\.TOro 6apXdTd, yKpameHI.I 3f'AeHI.IMH KHCTSIMH. J1TaAHSI, OK. 1570 r.

l'uc. 551J

l'llc. :)58

Puc. 556. BeHe:quaHCKHH apTHAAepuH:cKHH nopoxoaoH: poJKoK, KOJKdHLIH, fKpameH THCHeHHeM. OK. 1580 r. Puc. 557. llopOXOBHH:qa H3 THCHeHOH KOJKH, MOHTHpOBdHHOH Hd AHCTOBOM JKeJ\.e3e. J1TaAHSI, OK. 1570 r. Puc; 558. ComKa 3p:qrep:qora .1\.eono.hbAd V Tupo.hhCKoro (1586-1632). TpoCTb 6oraTO HHKpyCTHpOBdHd C.hOHOBOH KOCTbiO, HdBepxy - H306paJKeHHe Ao6poro naCTblpH co CAoBaMu: (<EGO SUM PASTOR BONUS)) ('<A3 ecMh Ao6pi.IH ITdCTblph))), repMdHHSI, OK. 1628 r.

§ 6. OrHecTpe.MoHoe opyxue. liiHcTpyMeHTJ:oi H npu6op1:o1 •••

35'1

nyc 6hiJ\. BhiTIOAHeH 113 Aepesa 11 o611T npope3HhiM JKeJ\.e3oM. Tru<.yro nopoxoBHH~Y YKPaiiiBAH IIIH)'PKa.MI1 c KHCT.SIMH 11 HOC.HJ\H C3ClAif Ha npasoM 6oKy, B To BpeM.SI KaK CXOJKHH COCYA• HO 3Haqi1TeAhHO MeHhiiiero pa3Mepa, HaTpycKa AMI 3aTpaBKH HocHAach Ha TOM JKe cTopoHe, HO cnepeAH (pHc. 555). B CTpaHax Cesepa 3TH cocyAhr qacTo no..lUipOBBAH, npaBAa cpopMY HHOrAa 113MeiUI.JUI. HepeAKo MOJKHO ysHAeTh nopoxoBHH~ B BRAe yceqeHHoro Koeyca, ciiAIOm;eHHhie C3ClAif; Tpy6Ka OCTaBaAaCb np11 3TOM 6e3 H3MeHeHHH. B 11TaAHI1 11X 113fOTaBAHBaAH H3 pa3AHlllihiX MaTep11aAOB, HO oco6enno qacTO H3 THCHeHOH KOJKI1 (p11c. 55 6, 55 7). 0AHOBpeMeHHO C MYIIIKeTOM TIO.SIBHAaCh COIIIKa, KOTOpa.SI AO KOH~a XVII seKa ocTaBaAach xapaKTepHhiM aTPI16)'TOM MYIIIKeTepa (p11c. 55 8). /lrMJ. H:HAepAaHAOB xapaKTepHhiM .SIB.JUV\.C.SI no pox o B o ii p or (HeM. Pulverhom, p11c. 559). OTT'fNi OH BOIIIeJ\. B ynoTpe6AeHI1e 11 B APyrHX MecTax. CocTo.SI.J\. OH 113 TI.J\.OCKO cnpeccoBaHHoro KopoBbero pora, IIIHpOKI1H KoHe~ KOToporo 6biJ\. 3aKphiT JKeCThiO 11 o6pa30BhiBaJ\ AHO, B TO BpeM.SI KaK Ha TOHKOM KO~e HaXOAHJ\.aCh TPy6Ka c no pox o B bl M 3 amBo p oM (HeM. Pulversperre). 06bNHO por HOCHJ\.C.SI Ha IIIH)'PKe qepe3 TI.J\.eqo .HJ\H1 KaK B HHAepAaHACKO:H KaBaAepHHI Ha KpiO~e y no.Sical Ha KOTopoM YKPeTI.J\..SI.J\.Hch nopoxoBHI1~a~ K.J\.IOq 11 MemoK AMI rryAh. HaTpycKI1 B HaqaAe XVII seKa 6hiJ\.H pa3AJiqHhiMH. OxoTHHKI1 HOC.HJ\H npe11~eCTBeHHO HaTpyCKH 1 113fOTOB.J\.eHHble 113 oAeHhHX porosl np:HqeM AMI 3TOf0 11CTIOAh30Ba.J\.C.SI yqaCTOKI rAe pora pa3BeTBJ\.SIIOTC.SI. Bo Puc. 559 BTopo:H: noAOBI1He XVI seKal KOrAa y .1\.erKOH KaBaAep1111 11 Puc. 559. PoJKoK AMI nopoxa. YKpameH npe11~ecrBeHHo y apKe6Y3erpy6o:H rpaBHpoBKo:H. HHAePAdHAhl, OK. 1580 r. poB BXOAHT B ynoTPe6AeHHe naTpOH 1 TIO.SIB.JUIIOTC.SI n am p oHm am u (HeM. Patronbiichse) 1 KoTopwe np11cTerHBBAHCh K no.Sicy. P.SIAoBhie BCClAJlliKH 11MnepaTopcKoro BoHcKa HOC.HJ\H B HeM 1 0-15 naTPOHOB (p11c. 56 0) I y ocp11~epos OHI1 6hiJ\.H 1 KaK npasHAol MeHhiiie 11 qacTo 6oraTo YKPaiiieHhl. 0HI1 113fOTOB.J\.eHbi 113 AHCTOBOfO JKe.J\.e3a 1 TIOKpbiToro TpaBAeHHeM. no cpopMe 3TH naTpoHTamH HanoMHHBAH Ko.J\.qaH AMI 6oATOB 1 HO 6hiJ\.H ropa3AO HHJKe. B XVII BeKe HeMe~Ka.SI AHCKoo6pa3Ha.SI nopoxoBH~a Koe-rAe eme HaxoAHJ\.aCh B ynoTpe6AeHHH1 Tip:HqeM qam;e BCero ee TQq.HJ\H 113 AepeBa. Y BOCTO~X HapOAOBI B esponeHCKOH Typ~11H 1 B TIOAhCKOH H BeHrepCKOH Ha~HOHaAbHhiX apMH.SIX P.SIAOBOH BOHH qaCTO TIOAh30BaJ\C.SI TaK Ha3biBaeMOH r 0 pAR H K 0 ii (HeM. Flaschenkilrbis) 1 KOTopa.SI y. JKepAa CHa6JKaAach npHMHTHBHOH Tpy6KoH. nopoXOBHH~a 11Me.J\.a TOT HeAOCTaTOK1 qTo CTPeJ\.OK He 11MeJ\. B03MOJKHOCTH TO~O OTMepliTb He06XOAHMOe AMI BhiCTpeAa KO.J\.HqeCTBO nopoxa 11 MOf BTIOribiXax 3aChiTiaTb ero ropa3AO 60Ahiiiel T.ITO llpHBOAJ-IAO K pa3pbiBY CTBOJ\.a. l ..J:To6hi ycTpaHHTh 3TOT HeAOCTaToKI MYIDKeTepa cHa6JKaAH AepeBmiHhiMH ToqeHhiMH n amp o H H bl M u r u A b 3 aM u (HeM. Patronenhiilsen) 1 .HJ\H « 6 e p e H g e ii K aM U)), B KOTOphiX HaxOAHJ\.OCh ToqHo OTMepeHHoe AMI BhiCTpeAa KO.J\.H-

qacn II. OpyJKue

358

BaDilAeBUJI

qecrno nopoxa. 3TH 6epeJJAefurn, KOTOphiX 6blho 1 1-1 2 urryK, noABeiiiHBaAHCb C llOMOIII.biO riJ\.eTeHbiX peMeillKOB Ha nepeB..s13H cpeAJieH illHpHHbl, KOTOp)'IO HOCHAH qepe3 Aesoe ll.J\.eqo (pHc. 56 1 ). Ha 3TOH nepeB..si3H - 6 aHA e A be p e BHceA TaKJKe MemoqeK MJ1 rryAh H TP..slllKa, a TaKJKe HaTPyCKa, KpoMe Toro, BOKpyr Hee ern.e HaBHBaAH 3anac <J>HTH.JUI. 3TH 6aiJAeAbepb1 no..siBHAHCb snepsble, no-BifAHMOMY, B CaKCOHHH B KOH~e XVI seKe; B HaqaAe XVII BeKa oHH YJKe BCTPeqaAHcb B 6oAbillHHcTBe espone:HcKHX apMH:H. B 11TaAHID oHH npoHHKAH no3.>Ke scero. HeAoCTaTOK 6aJJAeAbep 3aKAIDqaAc..s~ B TOM, qTO npH ABH.>KeHHH 6epeJJAeHKH co3AaBaAH APe6e3.>KaiqHH myM, KOTopbiH BbJAaBaA noAXOA llOAPa3AeAe~ npH CKpbiTHOM HanaAeHHH.

Puc. 560

Puc. 56 1

Puc. 560. llaTpomaw HMnepaTopcKoro apKe6y3upa; ua TpHHdAllaTb naTpOHOB, JKeAe3HLIH, noAHpOBdHHLIH, YKPameH TpaBAeHHeM c "tiepHeHHeM. repMdHHSI, OK. 1570 r. Puc. 561. EaHAeALepa nyAL H HdTpYCKOH.

UdTpOHHdSI nepeBSI3L MymKeTepa; C MeWO'tJKOM /l,l\51

C BBeAeHHeM 6 yM a~ H hl x n amp o H o B (HeM. Papierpatrone) B KOH~e XVII BeKa neXOTa OTKa3aAaCb OT 6aJJAeAbepOB H OOAyqH.ha n 0 g C YM K U (HeM. 1 Patrontasche), KOTOpble HOCHAH cnepsa Ha npasoM 6oKy, a no3AJiee 3a cnHHo:H .

Bceo611.\ee BBeAeHHe 6YMaJKHOro UdTpOHd U UOAcyMKd CAeAyeT OTHeCTH npHMepHO K r. B O"'eHL umepecHoM npoH3BeAeHHH <l>paH"tJecKo MaTD;OAH, BoAoHLSI, 1673 r., nHKHHepLI UOKd3dHLI yJK.e C TOp'tidii.\HM 3a UOSICOM UHCTOAeTOM C KpeMHeBLIM 3dMKOM H He60AbWHMH naTpoHTamaMH. ABTop npeAAaraeT H /l,l\51 MymKeTepOB naTpomamu c 1 2 JKeCTSIHLIMH rHAL3dMH, a B HHX 6yMaJKHLie UdTpOHLI C nyASIMH (npUM. a.Bm.).

1670

359

§ 6. OrHecTpenHoe opy.xtue. HHcTpyMeHTJJI u upu6op:w •••

Ho Ha1pycKa coxpaiDIAacb AOJ\.bme, noKa y na1poHoB 3a1paBKa He cTaHOBHTC.si qaCTblO HaqHHKH lld1pOHal, Y C~J\.KOB H OXOTHHKOB, KOTOpble 6biAH BOopyJKeHbi Hape3Hb1M OpYJKHeM H.hH TdK Hd3biBaeMbiMH W my q epa M U (HeM. Stutzen) Hape3HbiMH KOpOTKHMH BHHTOBKaMH, Ha1pyCKH C 3anpaBKOH 6b1AH B yno1pe6AeHHH e~e AO BTopo:H noAOBHHbi XIX BeKa. HeyAo6cTBo CHTYaiUfH AMI M}'IIIKeTepa, KOrAa OH AOAJKeH nocTo.siHHo AepJKaTb MeJKAy llaJ\.b~aMH 3aJKJKeHHbi:H lj>HTHJ\.b, no6yAHAo BBecTH e~e B XVII se-

Puc. 562

Puc. 563

Puc. 564

Puc. 562. npyccKaH ~HTHALHaH KOpo6Ka. no KapTHHe MaCAOM H3 KopoAeBCKoro Qe:Hxra-y3a B EepAUHe. OK. 1720 r. Puc. 563. I<Aro"'H OT KOAeCD;OBhiX 3aMKOB. a) OT oxoTHH"'Lero py)KLSI HMnepaTopa PyAoAL~a II, o6'beAHHeH c OTBepnm:R; H3 pe3Horo JKeAe3a, YJaCTH"'HO no3oAo"'eH. Ayrc6ypr, OK. 1605 r. b) 06'beAHHeH c nopoXOBOH Mepo:R; BopoHeHaH CTaAb. repMdHHH, XVII B. Puc. 564. Cnoco6bl HomeHHH KAIO"'a oT KoAecn;oBoro 3aMKa. a) nopoxoBo:R poJKoK HaTpycKa, AAH 3dTpaBO"'Horo nopoxa, ' 6e3 nopoxoBoro 3dTBopa, porOBOH, C HaKAdAKaMH H3 rpaBHpOBdHHOH AdT'fHH, C KBdAPdTHbiM OTBepCTHeM AAH KAIO"'a OT KOAecn;oBoro 3aMKa. repMdHHH, XVII B. b) J\onaCTb, AJ\.j{ xpaHeHHH nyAL B MeWOYJKe, HaTpyCKH C 3dTpaBO"'HbiM nopoxoM H KAIO"'a.

Ke K o p o 6 K y gAR u m u A e ii. (HeM. Luntenberger). OHH H3roTOB.JUIAHCh H3 AHCTOBOro JKeAe3a H.hH AaryHH B BlfAe J.lHAHHAPd, KOTOpbiH CBepxy 3aKpb1BaAC.si Koeycoo6pa3HOH HAH llAOCKOH KpblmKOH. Kopo6Ka HMeAa OTBepCTH.si ITO BCeH llOBepXHOCTH; ee HOCHAH Ha rpyAH, rrpHKpenAeHHOH K nepeB.si3H llOACYMKa,

noCAe 3TOrO HOBOBBeAeHHH AOCTdTO"'HO 6biAO DOAKYCHTb DdTpOH H H3 Hero HdCbiDdTb nopox Ha noAKy (npUM. peg.).

llacu II. OpyJKHe Hana.AeHH.R

360

B XVIII BeKe 3THM npHenoeo6AeHHeM IIIHpoKo noAb30BaAHeh rpeHiiAepbi, no1 CAeAifHe neXOTHH:qhl, ern;e npHMeiDIBIIIHe <lJHTHAb (pHe. 562). XapaKTepHoe AJ\51 PYJKMI e KOAeeu.oBhiM 3aMKOM npHenoeo6AeHHe - K A 10 11. (HeM. Radsehlo.Bspanner, pHe. 563), e noMOIIJ;biO KOTOporo B3BOAJIAH KOAeeHKO 3aMKa. 3ToT KAJOq BedAHHKH Ha py6eJKe XVI BeKa HoeHAH Ha enei.J.HaAbHOH noABeeKe HAH Ha no.s~ee (pHe. 56 4).

IliTbiK UUThiK HeAh3.si paeeMaTpHBaTh npoeTo KaK npHH~eJKHOeTh orHeeTpeAbHoro opyJKH.si. 3TO AOnOAHeHHe, KOTopoe B H3BeeTHOM eMbiCAe MeiDieT Ha3HaqeHHe pyJKh.si, npeBpaTHB ero B KoAJOrn;ee opyJKHe. Mhl BlfAeAH, qTo ern;e e HaqaAa XVI BeKa, a B OTAeAhHhiX CAyqa.six H e XIV BeKa, nhiTaAHeh eo3AaTh KOM6HHHpoBaHHoe opyJKHe: KOAJOID;e-py6.s~m;ee H OAHOBpeMeHHO eTpeA.siiOID;ee. fAaBHOH I.J.eAbiO eqHTaAOeh e03AaHHe YHHBepeaAbHoro opyJKH.si, KoTopoe AonyeKaAO 6bl AJ06oe npHMeHeHHe. K KOHI.J.Y XVI BeKa B IDfAepAaHAeKHx BoifeKax noeTeneHHo MeiDieTC.si enoeo6 6opb6hi, orneBo:H 6o:H Bee 6oAbiiie paenpoeTpaiDieTe.si H TaKTHKa Bee 6oAbiiie OTXOAifT oT epeAHeBeKOBhiX TPdAifi.J.HH. C orHeBhiM 6oeM npeo6AiiAarorn;ee 3HaqeHHe npHo6peTaeT riexoTHoe pyJKhe. Ho npH aTaKe npoTHBHHKa see JKe HeAb3.si 6biAO nOAHOeTbiO OTKa3aTbe.si OT KOAJOID;ero opyJKH.si 1 no3TOMY nHKa, Hap.sJ:Ay e MYITIKeToM, ern;e I.J.eAbiH BeK oeTaBaAaeh Heo6XOAifMhiM opyJKHeM. Cy~ no eoxpaHHBIIIeMYC.si nHebMY HeKoero XoTMaHa K HKo6y KaneAAyey B CeAaHe OT 15 7 5 roAa, IIIThiK yJKe TOrAa 6biA H3BeeTeH B KaqeeTBe opyJKH.si, H6o B nHebMe peqb lfAeT 0 no30AoqeHHOM KHHJKaAe: «0HH Ha3hiBaiOT ero 6 a H 0 H e T... » no KpaHHeH Mepe, B TO BpeM.si eym;eeTBOBaAO yJKe CAOBO, a Bepo.siTHo, H eerOAIDJIIIHee npHMeHeHHe o6o3HaqeHHoro HM opYJKH.si, noeKOAhKY eTapeHIIIHH IIIThiK npeAeTaBA.siA eo6o:H npoeTo AfillHHhiH KHHJKaA, PYKOSITKY KoToporo BeoBhiBaAH B AYAO, npeBparn;a.si TeM eaMhiM pyJKhe B KoAJOrn;ee opyJKHe. YJKe Ha 3TOH eTaAifH pa3BHTH.si eyAb6a KOnh.si 6biAa npeApeiiieHa, OHO eTaAO AHIIIHHM H Heqe3AO H3 BOHeK. OAHaKo H3 TeKeTa ynoM.siHYToro nHebMa MoJKHo 3aKAJOqHTh, ~o nepBoHaqaAbHO Ha3BaHHe 6a:HoHeT (HeM. Bajonett) (HAH 6arHHeT) 03HaqaAo H3roTOBAeHHYIO B EaifoHHe <PoPMY KHHJKaAa H AHIIIh no3JKe no aHaAorHH 6biAo nepeHeeeHo Ha «pyJKeHHOe KOnhe». noAKOBHHK M. THp6ax OTMeTHA B eBoeM npeBoeXOAHOM TPYAe «HeTopWieeKoe pa3BHTHe pyqHoro orHeeTpeAbHoro opyJKH.si», qTo 6arHHeT BnepBbie npHMeH.siAe.si, nO-BHAifMOMYr Ha OXOTe, B KaqeeTBe poraTHHhl. 3TO npeAflOAOJKCJUfe B H3BeeTHo:H eTeneHH o6oeHoBaHo, H6o B KoAAeKU.HH opyJKH.si HMnepaTopeKoro AOMa BeHhl AeifcTBHTe.J\hHO xpaHHTC.H BcTas.MieMhiH B AYAO THnWIHbiH oxoTHI~1

O a a eo6XOAHM 6hlA rpeHaAepaM M5I Toro, ..IT06hl ITONKHraTb 3anaAhl KOTOp hle HdXOAHAHCb Hd BOopyJKeHHH AdH f iOro B HAd nexOThl (npUM. peg.).

p~HhlX

r p-a HiiT,

362

llacu II. OpyXtHe HaBC!AeHHJI

rryAH H AaTb B03MOJKHOCTb CTJleJUITb npH HacaJKeHHOM m m bl K e (HeM. DillenBajonett), ero cHa6AHAH TaK Ha3biBaeMoi1 mei1Koi1 (pHc. 567). 3ToT cnoco6 KpeiiJ\.eHIDI BO MHOfOM OCTdBAAA JKeJ\.aTb Ayqmero, no3TOMY HepeAKO npH CTpeAb6e lliTbiKH naAaAH H B pyx.onamHOM 6010 J\.erKO MOrAH 6b1Tb «CTRJIYTb})). AHrnh oKoAo 174 0 roAa Bo palfl\HH A06HAHcb 6oAee CO.MfAHoro KpeiiJ\.eHIDI TeM, qoro B'fYJ\.Kd noAyqHAa npollHJ\.eHHbiH «f»-o6pa3HbiH na3, no KOTOpor.ry HanpaBAAAdCb MYillKa HAH npHBapeHHbiH K CTBOJ\.y BbiCTYII· HacaJKeHHbiH lliTbiK YAepJKHBaJ\.CR npYJKHHOH. nepBbie 6arHHeTbl HMeAH npRMbie J\.e3BIDI H HaTIOMHHaJ\.H KOpOTKHe MeqH, HepeAKO C 3a3y6pHHdMH AMI yrro1'pe6AeHIDI Ha npHBaAe B KaqecTBe nHJ\.bi. no3JKe, c XVIII BIIJ\.OTb AO XIX BeKOB, IIITbiKH CTdHOBRTCR see Kopo'Ic H 6o.J\.hme HanoMHHaiOT HOJKH. B XVIII BeKe caKcoHCKaR nexoTa HMeAa TaKJKe IIITbiKH c ca6eAbHOH pyx.oRTKoi%, KOTOpbie yx.peiiAAAHcb c6oKy Ha CTBOJ\.e, Bo <l>pa~HH nORBHAHCb TpexrpaHHble, IIIHJ\.Oo6pa3Hble IIITbiKH, pacnpoCTpaHHBmHeC.SI 3aTeM B APYfHX apMH.Six. Hx H3roTaBAHBaJ\.H B 6oAblliHX KOAH"tJecTBax B AbeJKe, 3TOH KpyrrHe:Hmei% opyJKei%Hoi1 MacTepcKoi%. BnoCAeACTBHH J\e3BHe npHo6peAo 6o.l\bmyro MHHY H qeTblpexrparmoe ceqeHHe c BOrJIYTbiMH nosepXHOCT.SIMH. Il.Iei1Ka IIITbiKa B HaqaAe XIX BeKa cTaAa ~pwtecKoi% H OTOfH}'TOH, J\e3BHe, AMI npeAOXpaHeHIDI OT rryAH, BbiAeTaiO~eH H3 CTBOAa, nOAytiHJ\.0 He6o.J\.hlliOH YKJ\.OH B CTopony. AHlllb OKOJ\0 18 4 0 fOAa BCTpe"tJaiOTC.SI nepBbie py6R~e lliTbiKH 6e3 B'fYAOK, nOXOJKHe Hd CTapbie CdKCOHCKHe, HO C .SITaraHonoA06HbiMH Ae3BIDIMH no c H c T eM e A e A h B H H 11, KoTopbiMH cnepBa 6biAH BOopyJKeHbl opAeaHCKHe CTJleAKH (pH C. 5 6 8).

OfAABAEHHE

OpeAJ1CAOBHe

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BBEAEHHE BHAbi opy)KIDI H HX pa3BHTHe ~CTb

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. OBOPOHHTEAhHOE OPY)I(HE H CHAP.R)I(EHHE

Il.IJ\.eM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3all\HTa rueH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3all\HTa PYK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oep~aTKH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 3all\HTa rpyAH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3all\HTa CllHHhl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3amHTa Hor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AocnexH BOHHa B KOMll.J\.eKce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l.l\HT . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KoHcKa5I c6py5I H KOHCKHH AOcnex . . . . . . . . . . lllnophi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~CTh

. . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.............. . . . . . , . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . , . .

. . . . . . . .

27 54 59 68 74 87 90 96

13 2 14 9 17 0

II. OPY)I(HE HATIAAEHH.R

§ 1. XOAOAHOE OPY)KlfE Me~.................................................

177

KpHBoi1 Me~ H ca6A5I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lllnara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KHH)Ka.J\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

202 2 10 2 18

§ 2. APEBKOBOE OPY)KHE

Konhe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AAe6apAa . . . . . . . . . . . . . fAecpa H Ky3a . . . . . . . . . . PyHKa H npoTa3aH . . . . . . . CneryM, Konhe c KpiOKOM,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6oeBhie BHAhi

. . . .

. . . . H

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6oeBa5I Koca

. . . . ,

. . . . .

• . . . .

. . . . .

226 24 1 248 2 52 2 54

§ 3. YAAPHOE OPY)KHE

257 262 265 § 4. KOMBHHHPOBAHHOE OPY)KHE • • • • • • . . • . • • • • • . • • . . . . • • • . . . • 2 7 3 EyAaBa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EoeBoi1 MOAOT H ~eKaH . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . EoeBoi1 Tonop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . .

§ 5. METATEALHOE OPY)KHE

Opama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

277

AYK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

279

Ap6aAeT

287

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

§ 6. OrHECTPEALHOE OPY)KHE

Pa3BHTHe orHecTpeAhHoro opy)KH5I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Py)KeHHhiH CTBOA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .

306 337

. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , , , , , , , , , orHecTpe.l\.hHoro . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... . , .

34 1

3HaMeHa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . My3hiKa.l\.bHhie HHcTp}'MeHThi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . .

365 372

PyJK.eHHhiH 3aMoK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . flHCTO.l\.eT . . . , , . . , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , . , , 11HcTp}'MeHThi 11 npH6opbi, npeAifa3HaqeHHhie AJ\51 opyJK.H.si . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lliThiK . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

349 35 3 360

"liACTh III. BOEHHhiE ATPHiiYThl

_"liACTh IV. TYPHHPhl TypHHpHoe BoopyJK.eHHe . . . . . . • • . . . • • • . • . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . .

379

"liACTh V. KOAAEKQHOHHPOBAHHE OPY)I(H.JI § 1. OTIPEAEAEHHE TIOAAlfHHOCTH H QEHbl OPY)I(HJI . • . . . • • . . • . . .

419

§ 2. «llOPMHPOBAHHE BbiCTABKH OPY)I(HJI . . . . . . . • . . . . . • . • • . . . • . .

. ••••. . ••. •. . ••. . . .

427 430

"liACTh VI. OPY)I(EHHOE AEAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 35

"liACTh VII. KPYilHEHWHE COiiPAHH.JI OPY)I(H.JI . . . . . . . . . . . .

465

"liACTh VIII. MACTEPA OPY)I(EHHHKH

485

§ 3. HECKOJ\bKO CJ\OB 0 XPAHEHHH OPY)I(HJI

llPHAO)I(EHH.JI

. . • . . . . .

54 1 54 5 56 9

. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .

572

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