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1722 I'OAY oaa co6pana noAaTeA Ha 45 17 ThiCJI'I Mep MYKH AJIJI MOCKOBCKHX BORCK; a B 140 ThiCX'i py6JieH H 40 ThiCJI'I Mep MyKH. 0AHO·

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17?4

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1723

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1724

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Ba HX MecTO DOCJiaH 6hJJI HOBhiH OTPXA K03aKOB, TO)f(e

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1725 roAa) HaMe&aJia OTHomeuax.

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414

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1727 roAa, YMepna EKarepuaa,

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415

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1727

ro,u;a BhiCJI8H 6hiJI

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reTM8HO~ KOro yrO,II;HO. AnOCTOJI K TOMy IQHM K8H,II;H,II;8TOM ,AJISl

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roBOpHJIH, 'ITO eMf 6&IJIO B 8TO BpeMR JieT ceMb,AecRT, a MO)f(eT

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OKTR6ps B rJiyxOBe DpOH30WJIO TOpmecTBeBHoe H3·

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me OTBeT, Ha-

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416

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p;ena,

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417

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1728 rO·

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B 1730

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XVIII

a. HMeeT xapaKTeP apucToKpaTH'IecKBii, naHCKHi (CTapwuH-

cKui).

nonaoi aa.aHCHMOCTH OT aero aaxo,~~;unucb ropoACKHe o6~u

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6on&WHe,

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XVIII B.

H&C'IHThiBa-

IOT ,D;ec.fiTb). Ho H HMH pacnOp.fl)l(810TC.fl n01IKOBHHKH .I{OBOJlbHO CaMOBJI&CTHO. ,lJ;yXOBeHCTBO, XOT.fl H IIO.I{'IHHS1I0Cb HeDOCpe.I{CTBeHHO CHHO,D;y 'lepe3 CBOHX 8118,1\hiK -

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PftAOBOM K03a'le•

CTBe U nOCD01IBTblX (n&HCKHX) nOA,D;aHHblX Be'lerO H rOBOPHTb, OHH H8XOAH1IHCI> B DOJIHOi B118CTH CTapWHHbl. nocne.I{Hee rocnOACTBO CTapmBHbl 00,11; •peruMeHTOM• P&3YMOB• CKOrO BoOO~e pa3BH1IO )tO KpaiHBX rp&HHD; H yTBep,l\H1IO 9TOT CTapWHHCKBi xapaKTep reTM&H~HBhl, H8'18BWHH CK83blBaTbC.fl y*S nepe,l\ TeM, c Kouu;a

XVII B.

OraptUICb no soaMO)l(HOCTH YIIOP.RAO'IHTb

434

11 aaaepmHTI> OCJ~eCTBeBHO· DOJIHTB'ieCKoe )'CTpOitCTBO

re-rxa~HHI>I , OTapWHHa coaH.z.ana ero II& CBOHX DaH• OKHX OCHOBaX

8, p83BHB83 DPHH~HDI>I

C'l'&pWHHCKHX apau, paapywana oKOJfliaore.n&uo OCTaTJCH cTaporo AeNOKpaTH'IeCKoro cTpos. CB.ni>BO

DO·

BJIH3JIH DPH tTOM Ba 3TH CTpeM.neHU3 CTapWHHI>I '1'8K)I(e 38KO· IIO~aTeJII>Hble

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HYe eJO OT CT8· poro CTPOR H aa 'He.z.ocTaTKOM

175. remMGHU4UH4 XVIII 8e1Ca. c pa30eAeHUeM noAICU ( c ~eapmw. ciJuaHHOil s 1780-x zoiJax

cuoero

nHcauoro npa-

AtjJ. matjJOHCICUM). KOAI>ijO c ICpecmUICOM oaHa~taem .wecmo nOAICa; tpGHUijl>l nOAIC08.

aa DpeBpaTHB· muecs B c6opHHKH o6saaTe.n~>&oro

npaaa.

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6wno YDOMSIHYTO (rn. 92), 'ITO 06bi'IHOe yKpaHHCKoe

upuo, no KOTOpoMy ~on~H 61olJI npoeaBO~HTJ>CR cy~ uo acex cy.z.e6-

uwx

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o6p~Cb K DOMOIQB c6opBHJ<OB npaaa, KRKHe 6LIJIH no~ PYKOA B

coxpausJIBc& B ropo~CKHX cy~ax K Mar~e6yprcKOMY npaay, a 'I'&K>Ke K JIHTOBCKOMY CT&T}'TY, B TO He B nepuoA pe~aK~H, 6onee 6JIH3KOA K MecTHOMy npaBy, a B D03~HeitmHX pe~aK~H3X

435

1566

1588 ro):IOB,

rJiyfiOKO DpoHBKHY'fhiX BJIBHHBJIMH DOJThCKOrO WJIJIXeT-

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1727 roAy,

Ba OCHOBa-

HHH •peWHTeJI.bH.biX IJyHKTOB•, 6h1Jla eo6paHa KOMBCCBS YJ<PaHHCKHX lOpHCTOB, 'lTOt5hl CBeCTH B OAHO ~eJIOe YKPaHHCKHe 3aKOHhl, 3Ta KOMHCCHH, BMeCTO TOrO 'ITOOhl 3AHJITbC$l 3ADHC.bl0 HapO):IHOrO npasa -

TOrO, 'ITO C'IHTaJIOC.b cnpaBeAJIHBhiM H 3aKOHHb1M CaMHM Ba-

pO):IOM, -

nonomHna B ocHosaaBe csoeit pa6oTw 3TH me roTOshle

ct5opHHKH npasa, ynoTpe(iJISBWHeCS B CYAaX yKpaBHCKHX: J!HTOBCKHit CTaTYT B Mar):let5yprcKoe npaso. H3 HHX COCTasHJia OHa CBOii: c6opBHK 3aKOHOB, OKOH'leHH.biH B

1743 roAY

B Ha3BaBHblH: «llpasa,

DO KOTOphiM CYAHTCS MaJIOpOCCHHCKHH HAPOA•. XOTS 3TOT ct5opHHK He 6hiJI YTBepm):leH DpaBBTeJibCTBOM, HO KOAHcpHKa~HOHHaS pa60Ta KOMHCCHH yKpeDHJIA em;e 60Jiee 3Ha'leHHe CTaTyTOB Mar):let5yprCKOrO npasa, H npaBHTeJI.&CTBO PaayxoscKoro rnasHeAme10 CBoelO 3QAa'le10 nOCTaBHJIO npoBecTH B :)f(H3Hb DOCTaHOBJieHBS J!HTOBCKOro CTaTYTA 0 CYAOYCTPOHCTBe H CYAOnpOB3BOACTBe BO sceA nonHOTe. 0AHH Ba yqeHeitwHX YKPai{HCKHX lOpHCTOs Toro speMe-

tw: ~eAOP qyHKeBH'l npeAJIOmHJI B 1750 rOAY HOBOMY reTM&By 3a· nHCKY DOA aarJiaBBeM •CYA H pacnpasa B npasax MaJIOpoCCHHCKBX• B, yKa3aB B BeH BeAOCT&TKH B npOOeJihl yKpaHHCKOrO CYAO· yCTpoHCTBa, DpeAJIOmHJI DJIAH pecpopM.bl ero B AYXe JluTOBCKOro CTaTyTa.

TAKOM BanpaBJieBBH AeHCTBHTeJThHO 6.biJia npoBeAeHa pe-

cpopMa B nocJieAHBe ro,D;hl npasJieHHS PaayMOBCKoro. reaepaJI.&HblH CYA ,D;OnoJIBeH fihiJI BhlfiopHhiMH AenyTaTaMH OT DOJIKOB, no o6paa~y nOJibCKoro TpHt5yBaJia. CyAhi nOJIKOBhle fihiJIH

npespa~eBW

B CYAhl

rOpOACKHe H AOJimHhl fihiJIH OTnpaBJIJIThCJI no o6paa~y nOJI.bCKHX CTApOCTHHCKHX CY,Il;OB •. )l;JIJI ):leJI rpamAaHCKHX H noaeMeJI.&H.biX 3aBeAeH.bl DOBeTOBhle CYAbl DOAKOMOPCKHe H 3eMCKHe, H3 B.b16opHbiX DlJISXeTCKHX (CTApWHHCKHX) cy):leH. reTMaH~HHA 6biJia pa3AeJieBa Ha

TaKHX •DOBeTOB•.

llpasAa, 3Ta pecpopMa He npocy~I~eCTBOsana AOJiro, HO oBa xapaKTepuayeT ot5m;ee aanpasneHHe cTapmHHCKHX CTPeMneBHii:. llpHHIJB 3A Aei:CTBYIOIII;ee npaso J!HTOBCKHit CTaTyT, CTapWHHA npH Kam):IOM CJiyqae npOBO):IBJia B :)i(H3Hb Te

npHH~Hnbi

COCJIOBHOCTH

H WJISXeTCKHX npHBHJierHA, KAKHMH npoHBKHY'f J!HTOBCKHH CTaTyT, CTapWHHA paCCM&TpHBaeT ce6s KAK WJI$1XeTCKOe COCJIOBHe (3TOT TepMHH -

•MaJIOpoCCHHCKOe WJISXeTCTBO• -

436

C cepeAHHbl

XVIII

B. sxo~HT see 6onee B ynOTpe6JieBHe B oc}JH~HaJihBOM aahi-

Ke). IlpHJiaraJI K ce6e UOCTaHOBJieBHS JIHTOBCKOrO CTaTYTa 0 WJIS· XeTCKHX npaBaX H npHBHJierHHX, CTapnm:aa

npeTeB~OBaJia

sa Ta·

KHe ate npua B YKPaHBCKOM cTpOe H ataaau, KaKHMH nonh3oaa.nac~o WJISXTa UOJihCKall. H

l10~06HO TOM}', K8K petlJOpMHPOBaJICS

OT&p!llit BOHCKOBOH CTpoit feTM&HiqHHhl, H8DO,D;06He WJIIIXeTCKOro OTPOII IloJl~omu, -

TaK ate TO'IHO nposo~HJIHCh nouaTua o mna-

XeTCKHX npHBHJierHSX CTapWHHhl B npaBO

HMy~eCTBeHHOe,

KOWeHHa llOCllOJibCTBa K naHaM, B UOJIOateBHe KpeCTbSH -

B OT·

TO'IHee,

a KPOOThiiHCKYIO tSecnpaaaocTh. Ha aToro o'le&b Maoroe y~eJieJlo H no y&H'lTOateHHH reTMaHcTBa.

Till<,

paa&hle nocTa&osneaua rpaat-

""aacKoro npasa, B311Thle ua JIHTOBCKoro.cTaTyTa, e~e H ~o cux nop KMeiOT CHJIY B CTapOH feTMaH~HHe -

TenepeWHHX ry6epBHSX

'l{epHHroBCKOH H IlOJITaBCKOH, KaK a~emHee MeCTHGe npuo; ,a DO· HSTHJI 0 WJIIIXeTCKHX npasax CTapmHHhl

sa~

llOCUOJibCTBOM CHJib•

BeitWHM o6pa30M UOBJIHSJIH Ha secb o6~eCTBeHHhlit YKJia~ feTMAH~HShl .

104. C.no6oza~aa Ocna6nes.~oit, 6onee 6ne~aoii, TaK CKa38Tb, Konueit feTMaH~H Bhl

XVIII

s. 6hlna co.ce~sJut yKpaHHCKaJI Cno6oataa~uaa, 3aHH·

xumaa HhiHemaJOJO XapbKOBCKYIO ry6epaa10 c coce)lHHMH 'laCTJI· MH KypCKOH H BoposeatCKOH. Mhl yate He paa CJihiWaJIH 0 sen, OS&eM, 'ITO osa aaceJIHJiaCb YKPaHHCKHMH TlfateJlhle MOMeBThl

BhiXO~HJIH

BhiXO~~aMH,

KOTOphle B

H3 yKpaHHCKHX aeMeJib, HaXOAHB•

WHXCII llO~ BJiaCTbiO IlOJibW~, 3a MOCKOBCKyiO rpaHH~y H ceJIHJIHCb 0& JlHHHeit DOrpaHH'IHhiX KpeUOCTeH, llOCTpOeBHhiX MOCKOBCKHM npaBHTeJibCTBOM -

38 TaK Sa3hiBaeMOit •6enropOACKOH '' lepTOih,

oarpaat~asweii TaTapaM ~opory B MOCKOBCKHe aeMJIH. Oce.ztall OAec:& Ha TaTapCKHX ~oporax, HamH BhiXOAIU>I 6paJIH Ha CeQII CTOPO· ateByiO CJiyat6y H BOeHSYIO o6oposy 3TOro nor paHH'lbJI, a 3a 3TO OT MOCKOBCKOrO UpaBHTeJlbCTBa llOJif'laJIH pa3Hhle npasa H npHBH· neruu. H3BecTHII 0 TaKHX yKpaHHCKHX BhiXOA~ax HMeeM e~e H3 BTO· poi\ noJlOBHHhl

XVI B.

HOM fi~KOM 0CTPJIHHBOM -

800 AYID,

XVII s. 3sa'IH· 1638 ro.zty c reTMa-

H 3aTeM B nepsoii nonosuae

Ten~oaaR · Macca TaKHX nepecene~es BhiWJla s

OAHHX TOJibKO K03aKOB 6hiJIO CBbJWe

Be C'IHTall ateH H ~eTeii . 0HH UOCeJIHJIHCb B OKpecTHOCTHX

'l{yryesa H opraHH30BaJIH 3,1tecb oco6oe K03~Koe BOHCKO, HO BCKOpe no'leMy-To ae noapuunoch HM TyT, OHH B36yaTosanHcb, y6anu OcTPIIHHHa H ymnH o6paTHO 3a UOJJbCKYJO rpaHH~Y. 3aTeM OC06eHHO

437

fion&moe ~BH~eBHe aaqanoc& oocne Toro, KaK Bapo.i. paaottaposanca B XMenLHHJ:U<OM H ero BOCCTllHHH, B oco6esaocTH nocne BepecretfKa, B

1651

I'O.i.Y· YKpllBHU.bt mna 6oJILWBMH oapTHSMH H MeHhmHMH

rpyllDaMH, CeJIHJIHCI> CJIOOo~aMR, CTpoHJIH ropo~a H oepeBOCHJIH B 3TH Kpaa Koaau.Koe ycTpoii:CTBO. TaK, B

1652 ro,Ay Tbtca:qa KoaaKOB c

DOJIKOBHHKOM ,A3HHI>KOBCKHl\l DpBUIJlH C CeMI>IIMH H CO BCeM X038HCTBOM H nocenunHc& BaA peKoH Coceoil, nOCTPOHJIH ropO.i. OCTporo~cK H DOJIO~HJIH H8'1MO 0cTPQI'O:IKCKOMy DOJIKy.

B 3TO ~e Bpe-

MSI.i.pyrue oapTHII oepeceneHU,eB DOCeJIHJIRCb Hap; IlCJIOM, OOCTpoRJIH ropo.n CyMI>t R nonomRJIH Ha'lano CyMCKOMY no.nKy.

B 1654 ro.ny

BCTpe'laeM nepshlx noceneHU.eB B Xap&Koue, aa cne,AyJOIU,HH ro~ oHH CTPORT a~ec& ropo~ H TaK .i.Mee. Ilocene&He aaTeM npo~o.n~ocb H noame, B

1660-1680-x ro~ax.

R aaxBaTHJlO orpoMHoe npOCTpaa-

CTBO, OpH6.1IH3HTe.1IbHO DOJIOBHHY reTMaBIU,BHhl, TOJibKO pe~e aace.neHifYIO.

CBOIO BOHCKOByJO cny~()y

3TH yKpauHCKHe c.nol5o~aae 6btJIH OCB060~,AeHbt OT BCSKHX DO~aTeii: H DOBHHHOCTeH, HM

003BOJieHO 6hlJIO :IKHTb H ynpaBJISTI>C$1 •no CBOHM 06hiK.1IOC· TRM•, H DO o6paaU,y reTMRBIU,H· Hhl OHH oprauuaoua.nu DOJIKH, 'IHCJIOM OSIT& -

a~ecb

CyM-

CKHH, AxTI>IpcKRH, Xap&KOBCKHH, OcTporo~cKHH H HaJOMCKHH .

flOJIKH pa3,lle.1I8.1IHCb HR COTHH H HMeJIH TaKoe ~e yCTPOHCTBO, Kal< B reTM8HIU,HHe, ynpaBJISI.IIHCb Bbt6opHOH CTapWHHOH, Henocpe,llCTBeBHO DO,lliJHHSIBWeHCSI MOCKOBCKHM OpHKaaaM; BoOOIU,e OHH COCTORJIH B fiom,meH 38BH· CHMOCTH OT MOCKOBCKOH Rp;MH· HHCTpaU,HH, 'leM OOJIKH reTMaHIU,HHhl. reTM8Hhl opo60BRJIH CKJlOBHTb MOCl<OBCKOe DpaBH· TeJlbCTBO, 'IT061d OBO OT.i.MO CJIOOO,llCKHe DOJIKH no.n reTMaHCKoe Ba'laJibCl'BO; OCo6eHHO .i.06HBaJI·

176.

Ko3aq~euu

(c UICOH&l HO'WAa

cmapwuHa

XVIII

se~ea)

csr sToro CaMoii:nouutt, Kor.na MOCKBa OTKa3M8Cb OT flpauo6epe~BOH YKpaHHhl B DOJib3Y

438

00JibWH. Ho MOCKOBCKoe Dp8.BHTeJibCTBO, uao(SopoT, HMMO B BH.AY co speMeueM H reTXaa~auy nocTaBHT& s no.qo6uoe

nonome-

CJIOOo~CKHe llOJlKH, H llOTOMy He BHH~aJIO 3THM Dpe,llCTaBJI8HHHM. Paao 6~a~no aue,lleuo is Cno6omauu::taue Mocxoscxoe npaso NHe, -

K8x

CY,IlHJIH DO MOCKOBCKOMY ynomeHHIO, TeM 6oJJee 'ITO Me>K,IlY YK·

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nerqe,

'leM B reTMaHu::tHHe. Cno6omaH~HHa CJIY·

)f(HJI8 ~Jill MOCKOBCKHX np&BHTeJieH K&K 61a1 npo6HhJM K&MBeM ~nJI nocreneuuoit OTMeRI>I Koaan;Kax nopn~Kos, H OOI>IKuoseHHo npuuTeJI&cTseualdM pecl>OpM&M B reTM8Hu::tHHe H8 HeCKOJlbKO ,lleCSTKOB neT npe,llmecTsosana no~o6u~a~e pecl>opMI>I s Cno6omaa~Hue. Y>Ke a

1732 l'O.zlY B

Cno6o~cKoit YKpaHae c~enaua 61dJia noni>ITKa sosce

YHH'lTO>KHTI> CT&poe K038.UKoe ycTpoHCTBO: BMeCTO K038.UKHX DOJIKOB 61dJIH BBe~eHid ~paryHCKHe, rO~Hide K CJiy>K6e K03&KH 38'lHCJieHid 6hJJIH B ~ryHI>I, OCTaJII>Hide nepeBe,lleHid 6hlJIH B KpecTI>IIHCKoe asuue; o<}lun;epos aaauaqanu senRKopoccuH:cKHX. O,nuaKo 3TH pe¢>opMI>l Bbl3BaJIH T8KOe Hey~OBOJII>CTBHe, 'ITO Hl\IDepaTpHD;8 EJIH38BeT8 B

1743

ro~y OTMeHHJI8 3TH pacnopii>KeHHS H B0300HOBH318

K038'l.HH CTpOit, HO B BOnpocax &,AMHHHCTP&THBHI>IX DO,Il'IHHHJia BCe'I'AKH 3TH DOJIKH 6enropo,llCKOMy ry6epuaropy. TaKOH DOPIIAOK npo.z.ep>KaJIC$1 eu::te ~BMD;&Tb JieT, ,llO

1763 -

1764

1'0~08, KOr,lla CJI0-

6o,llCKHe K038'li>H DOJIKH 61dJIH ynp&3,1lHeHhl H H8 HX MecTO yme uascer.~ta

sse,lleHhl nonKH rycapeKue.

06u::teCTBeHHide OTHOWeHHR CKJIMI>IBaJIHCI> 3,1lecb D0~06HI>IM >Ke o6p&30M, K8K B reTM&Hu::tHHe, TOJII>KO eu::te CKOpee llO,IlBO,IlHJIHCI>

DO~ MOCKOBCKHe o6pa3D;Id. Ha CT8pldX 38HMK&X H BOHCKOBhlX aeM· niiX Bldp&CTaJIJI CT&pWHHCKHe DOMeCTbll H 38CeJIRJIHCb DO,Il,ll&HHidMH; CTapWHHa nepeXO~HJia H8 DOJIO>KeHHe MOCKOBCKHX DOMeu::tH· KOB, ueK03&'1Le cen~ocKoe uaceneuue -

ll& nono>Keuue xpenocTHI>IX.

Co,lleHCTBOBaJIH 3TOMy orpOMHide DO>KaJIOB~HII MOCKOBCKOTO npaBHTeni>CTB& CT8pWHH8M, CyMeBWHM OC06eHHO 3&SBHTI> CBOlO BepHOCTI> H noKopuocTI>. CYMCKHH nonxosBHK KoH,Ilp&TLeB, uanpuMep,

3a CBOlO BepHOCTI> DOJIY'IHJI T8KHe OrpoMHble DO>Ka1JOB8HHJ!, 'ITO B

1780 l767

ro~y ero ceMLR BJI&,Ilena

120

TLIM'laMH ~ecnTHH. Kor,lla s

rOAY o6cy>K,IlaJICR npoeK_r Hosoro yno>KeHHH ,llJIR Poccuu,

KeKorop~oxe cno6o,llCKHe ~enyTaThl no,llHRJIH sonpoc o6 OTo6pauuu a&XBa'leHHidX CT&pWHHOlO BOHCKOBbiX aeMeJIL H 38KpeDOu::teHHOI'O MMH H&CeJieHHII H 0 B03Bpau::teHHH ero B CBOOO,IlHoe COCTORHHe; HO ITOT npoeKT He HMeJI HHK&KOrO ycnexa: MOCKOBCKHe llOMeu::tH'II>H H KpellOCTBH'lecKHe DOPRAKH ycoeJIH yme CnlfWKOM Dpo'IHO YKOpeHHTI>CJI.

439

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(1687), -

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XVI -

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XVIII

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XVII

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1728

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(1747)

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1694

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XVIII

B. aKa.QeMHR ocTasanacb s~a~cweii:

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466

1741

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I He 3HaB ae ai,AaB o caoe'i 6i,Ai. OA n'e Cua i ryJise, Jl$1XOM aapy6ae, A AO :lloro - ~011.0 CuH - rose~ npHl*.IVKae. •A ~0 TH 'cy'r, MaJIH:il XJIOnKy, "'H ace rap83A /I.OMa?• •llpOTomaaa, naHe, cTe)t(KB. 11.0 aamoro /I.BOpa. Ta ace rapa3A, Ta ace rapa3A - yce xopomeH&KO, BarJIH,IIaiOT& raiiAB.MaKH 3-3a ropa "'aCTes&Ko ••• • •OTTo Jiaxo, BHrJIH,IIaiOT&I H i:x ae ooiOcR, Xi6a * HeMa B MeHe aiiic&Ka? H He 3a6apiOCJI. CiAJis.H, xJioiiKy, ci,AJiaii, M8..JJJIH, Koss aopoHoro, Tioi:AeMO MH /1.0/I.OMy, XO'ia HaC HeMHOro•. iAe Cua 3 HeMHposa Ha aopoHiM KOHIO, ilHTaeTbC$1 "ieJIH,IIOSbKH! '!H BCe rap8.3/1. /1.0MB.? .rapa3A, rapa3A, naHe CaBo, 11\e JIY"i"ie 3 To6oiO, HK Tef5e MH nof5a"'HJIH sa aopoHiM KOHIOI• Oii cia Caaa Kiae~& CTOJia Ta JIHCTOH&KH name, A CaBHXa Ha Jii)t(OH&Ky AHTHHY KOJIHme. •lli.Au, AiBKO, y nuaHH~IO, YTO'ill ropiJIKB, Oii sexaii *e s aan'IOCR 38 3AOpoa'e )Ki HKH! TiiAH, AiBKO, y nuasH~IO Ta npHHecH nuaa, Oii: sexs.H *e s Han'IOCR Ta 38 caoro cuaa•. Oil: He acniJia 'ieJIRAOH&Ka 3 cTiHH KJIIO"'i 3HBTH, CTaB rHaT roJIHil: 3 Kp8.B'iHHOIO aopOTa Jl8.M8TH. HK ai/I.cyHe Ta naa Cua aiKos~e ai,A puH.Ky, A B)t(e Til raifAB.MB.KH 6JIYKB.IOTb no ciHKy. TiJI&KH * TaH 'ieJIBAOB&Ka sa nopir ccynae, A MHKHTKa naHy Cui 'iOJIOM OAAaBae: •3Aopoa, 3,Aopoa, naae Caao, BK ell cooi Maem? ~o6pux roCTeA co6i Maem, liK Ix npuaiTaem, OA 'iH MeAOM, oA 'iH n~aoM, oH. 'iH ropiJIKOIO? Tionpoll\8HCll 3 caoiM CHBOM, ;1 CaOeiO )t(iHKOIO!o •OH. "'HM MeHi sac, naaoBe, oii "'HM npuaiTaTH? ~apyaaa MHi rocnOAb CHH8 - 6YAY B KYMH ()paTH•. •He TOrO npHHIDJIH AO Te6e, T8 11\00 KYMYB8TH, A Toro npu:llmJIH .AO Te6e, 11\00 rOJIOBKY 3HliTHI ByJio 6 roii:, naae Cuo, rapA1 He pyii:syaaTH, KOJIH XOTia 38ll0po)K~B a KYMH COOi 6p8TH!• .

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467

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1734

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1750

1740 u

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181.

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XVI-XVII

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1734 l'O,Q8

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1750

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a pyRH

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1760-x

1750 ro,Qa

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469

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1753

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B Ka'lecTBe HryMe-

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npa-

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AHHcKHii H AP· -

cnymanH y6emHID;eM H onopoH: AJIH npaBocnaB-

RhlX. TaK p83BHBaeTcs B

1760

roAY ynopHM 6op&6a YHHH c npa-

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no,

a aa Hx NiecTo H8XOAHJJO npaBocnaBHhlX cBniD;eHHHKOB. YHH-

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470

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1768

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1734

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1768

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485

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486

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1783

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1763

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6y,ny~ee BpeMII BOCilpe~aJJOCh nepeXO){HTh OT O,IIHOI'O' llOMe~HK8 K APYI'OMY 6ea nucLMeHHoro corJtacHH cBoero noMemHKa. l3TuM yKaaoM JJOMeiQHKH BOCJJOJib30B8JIHCh AJI.It TOI'O, 'IT06bl yKpeJJHTb H yBeJIH'IHTh CBOK> BJI8CTb HSA KpeCTh$1H8MH, 8 KpeCTb$1He, o6eCJJOKOeHHble c:tTHMH Mep8MH K OKOH'I3.TeJihHOMy 38Kpeno~eHHK>, eme B 60JJh· meM 'IHCJie H8'18JJH nepeXOARTb H y6er8Tb OT CBOHX llOMemHKOB. TorAa yJ<aaoM

1783 ro){a,

npu BBeAeHHH aoaoro o6nomeHIUI ua YJ<-

paHae, J<pecThllH8M 6b1JJO yme COBepweHHO aanpem·eHO BbiXOAHTh H3 TOI'O llOMeCTb$1, I'){e HX 38CT8JI8 peBH3H.It, -

490

'IT06bl He 6biJIO llYT8·

MH~bl B KaaeHHwx c6opax. 9TBM aasepruunocJ. aaKpeno~euHe YK· PAHHCKOro KPeCTbHHCTBa; OHO 6~JIO DOP,Be,l\eHO 00}1, •o6~He rOCY· 1\UPCTBeHHble OOCT8HOBJieHHHt -

DOA Te 3aKOHbl, Ha KOTOpble ODB•

llllJIOCb TOrp,aruuee KpellOCTHOe COCTOHHHe B BMOepHH.

TOM )Ke rop,y yKpaHHCKHe ropop,a 6blJIH ypaBHeHbl C MOCKOB·

CKHMH ropop,aMH, a CTapWHHa yKpaHHCKaH -

C MOCKOBCKHM JI,BO·

pAHCTBOM. YKaaauo, KaKBe soilcKoswe 'IHHbl H P,OJI)KHOCTH p,a!OT upasa }I,BOpHHCTBa, H T8KHM o6pa30M CTapmHHa pe3KO OTP,eJieHa 6&rna OT psp,oaoro Koaa"'ecTsa, B Ka'leCTae oco6oro cocnoBHH. HaKO·

He~, BCHKOro pop,a orpaHH'IeHHH ~epKOBHOH aBTOHOMBH aaBepweHbi

1786

6blJlH B

rop,y OT06pauHeM MOH8CTblpCKHX H eDHCKODCKHX

DOMeCTHH; }I,JIH MOHaCTblpeil BB6A6Hbl 6blJIH WT8Tbl: 6blJIO yKa3aHO, CKOJibKO MOHaXOB ,11;0Jl)KH0 6blTb B K8)KJI,OM H K8KOe cop,ep)KaHHe uaauaqaeTCH eMy ua rocyp,apcTseuuoro KaauaqeJli:cTBa, a MouaCTblpCKHe DOMeCTb$1 OTo6paHbl 6blJIH B Ka3Hy. Monqa npuusno yKpauacKoe o6~eCTBO :no OKOH'IaTeJibHOe ynpaap,ueaHe cTaporo cTpoH. HeKoTopwe cropoHbl uosoil pe<PopMhl KaK DpH3H8HHe P,BOPHHCKHX npaB HJIH OKOH'IaTeJlbHOe HHe KpecTbHH -

3aKpeno~e

MOrJIH }1,8)Ke HpaBHTbCH CTapmHHe; MHOrHe )Ka}I,HO

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3Ta CTap-

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p,eiiCTBH·

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necue o

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491

l")l(e Tenep npa11,11a a naRis y nopora, A ~pa aenpa11,11a CK,IlH'!'I. xiaeiU> C'l'On:at Y)l(e Tenep npaBAY HOr&MH TODTBIOTio, A ~BPY aenpa&AY MeAOM aanya&IOTb. ~ecb T.H, DPaBAO, BMep.IIa 'lB TH 3&KJ!IO'leH&, ~o Tenep aenpas,Aa ysec& caiT 38)1(epna! Tin&KH a csiTi apa&AH ~o piAHilJl MaTH. }J.e fiB MH U MOrJIH 8 CBiTi OAicK&TH? Oil opJIHIJ.e-MaTHI }l.e )I( Te6e HaM B3JITH? Te6e Hi KynHTH, aui 3aCJiy)I(HTH! KOJIH 6 Te6e, npaBAO, B CBiTi YBHAiTH, QpJIOBHMH KPHJibMH PW 6 MH JieTiTH! Ox IlK )f(e THM AiTKaM fie3 MaTepi 6YTH? Ta ~OAHR 3&UJIB'lYTb, He MO)f(YTb oa6YTH! B)f(e )f( fio Kiue~b siKy OT)f(e npHMH)f(KBCJI: Xo'l pi,Auoro 6paTa Tenep c-repeli<HCR. I 3 HHM BB CYA CTBTH ~ npa&P,H He 31CK8TH, TiJibKH cpi6JIOM路3JiaTOM naHiB HBCH~BTH. XTO no trpaBAi cy,AHTb, TO TOrO KapaJOTb, A xro He no npasAi, TOro noaall<iuoT&.

'IACTb lliECTAH

YKPAHHCKOE B03POiK,li;EHHE

115. fipRCoeARReRRe

raJIR~RR

R ByxOBRBLI K ABCTPRR

O.o;soBpeMesso c TeM, KaK OKOH'IaTeJibHO paapyma.nucb yKpausCKHe nops.o;KH no neBoii cTopose ,D;aenpa H sa 3anopomhe Bo BTOpoii nonOBHKe XVITI BeKa, 6onhwue nepeMeHbi npoacxo.o;unu TaKme H sa llpaBo6epem&e H B 3ana.o;soii YKpaaae, coa.o;asaH HOBble yCJIOBHH H HOBble OCHOBbl yKpaHHCKOH. )KH3HH. lla,o;a.na llOJibWa: e.o;Ba ycnena osa no.o;aBHTb nocne.o;aue sapo.o;sble ,o;Bumesus sa llpaso6epem:&e u aasecTH nocne.o;sue y.o;apbl sau;uoaanhHOii mH3HH sse.o;eaaeM yauu B 3ana.o;soii YKpause, KaK sacTaJI aeomu.o;aHHblH Koseu; rocy.o;apcTBeaaoit muaau caMoii llon:&WH. B reqeaue secKOJib· KHX neT pa36upa.nu ee coce.o;sue .o;epmaBbl, H sanpacao cununacb DOTOM DOJ1bCK8$1 WJISIXTa BblpBaTb H3 HX pyK H BOCCT8HOBHTb CBOIO npemHIOIO rocy~apCTBeHHOCTb. He B DOJ1b3Y DOWJIH DOJ18K8M BX, orpOMHble npHo6peTeHH8 B 3eMJISIX YKpaHHCKHX, 6enopyccKH:x H JIHTOBCKux: aaBoeBaHHSI H ycunns, aanpaBJieHHble aa coxpaaesue 3THx aeMenb, o6eccHJIHJIH BKOaeu; llom.my, oaa ocna6ena H c.o;enanacb .o;o6br'leii coce.o;aux 6onee CDJlO'IeHHblX, 60Jiee Dpo'IHO Opi'aHH30BaHHblX rocy,o;apcTB. fiOJibCKM WJISXTa, 3aXBaTHB B CBOH pyKH npasneHHe, nopa60THJia HeiUJIHXeT· CKOe HaCeJieHHe, JlHIUHJia BCSKOro 3Ha'leHHH H CaMYIO KOpoJieBCKYJO BJiaCTb, OTHSJia see pecypCbl y npaBHTeJibCTBa, 'lTOObl JIHWHTb ero B03MO)KH0CTH, ynpO'IHB CBoe DOJIO)KeHue, npe,o;npHHSTb KaKHe·HH• 6y~b Mepbl K orpaHH'IeHHIO WJIXXeTCKRX npHBH,ziei'HO. fiOJILCKOe rocy.o;apcTBO se pacnonara.no au p;eaemHblMH cpe.o;cTBaMH, au BonCKOM, HH BJiaCTbiO. Bc10 CHJIY 38XBaTHJlH KpynHble 3eMJieBJI~eJib· U:bi-MaraaT:&I, so nx none'lesus sanpaanesbl 6hlnH se sa rocyp;apCTBeHHble HJIH o6ILJ;eCTBeHHble HHTepecbl, a sa o6ecne'l:esue csoero MoryiLJ;ecTsa, 6oraTCTBa, Kapbepbl, u B nocne.o;see speMH npe.o;cTaBHTenu 3TOH apHCTOKp8THH O'leHb '18CTO He 6pe3raJIH ,o;eHbi'aMH HHO· CTp8HHblX npaBHTeJibCTB, npo,o;aBaSI HM CBOe BJIHHHHe Ba ,D;eJia llonbmH H sanpasJISis ee nonHTHKY B uarepecax coce.o;eii, a se ee C8MOH. 493

Yme

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XMeJI'bHH~Koro HaHecJIO flOJI'bWe pOKOBOfi y,o;ap, OT KOTOporo oHa He HMeJia CHJI'bl OnpaBHT'b•

cs. C

Ha'laJia

XVIII

llon'bmeii npaBJIT yme He ee co6cTBeHH'ble npaBHTeJIH, a HHOCTPRHH'ble npaBHTeJI'bCTBa.

0HH

TOPM038T npoBe,o;eHHe B llOJibWe BCHKHX pe$OpM, KOTOpbie MOrJIH 61a1 YCHJIHT.b ee; BMeWHBa~TCB

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y.o;o6uoM cnyqae B ee BHYTPeHHHe ,o;eJia, IIO,Il;'bl· Ma~ u~a~x

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HH8 (KOH!}>e,o;epa~HH) H pacnop8malOTC8 cosepmeuuo 6ecu.epeMOHHO ee BHyTpeuue:l:t H suewHe:i:t

195. reopzuu KoHUCCICUU,

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apxuenuciCon t5eAopycciCuu,

BpeMa OT BpeMeHH B03-

t.JUUJa npCUIOCACUIHOii. ifep1C8U

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3JIOBeU(He IlpO·

eKT'bl 0 IIOJIHOM paa,o;eJie 3TOro 60JI'bWOrO, HO

6eCCHJI.bHOro, 6e3aJia6epuoro, HR )KHB~ HHTKY CIDHTOrO rocy,o;apCTBR, KRK 3TO M'bl BH,Il;eJIH yme BO BpeMeua XMeJI'bHHII,KOrO. no CMepTH KOpoJI8 DOJlbCKOro ABryCTa

III (1 763)

HMIIepaTPH·

~a EKaTepHHa, 110 COrJiaWeHH10 CO CBOHMH e,AHHOM'biiDJieHHHKRMH B flOJI'bme, BBeJia CBOH BOfiCKR, IlpoBeJia Ha IIOJI'bCKHH npeCTOJI CBOero ct~asopuTa CTa.uucnasa AsrycTa llouMoBcKoro u pacc'lHT'biBa· Jill ero HMeHeM npaBHT'b llOJibWeH DO CBoeMY YCMOTpeHH~. llOBOA K BMemareJtt.CTBaM B .o;ena nocne.o;ue:l:t .o;a.BaJI no-npemHeMy sonpoc o nonomeHHR npasocnauuo:l:t penHrHu B IIoJibme: pyccKoe npaBH· TeJibCTBO R3,11;RBHR C'lHTRJIO ce68 IIOKpOBHTeJieM npaBOCJiaBH'biX flOJibWR, H MecTHoe npaBOCJIIlBBOe ,o;yxOBeBCTBO o6paU(aJIOCb K ero

IIOMO~ R 3aiD;RTe B CBORX 3JIOKJI~'leHH8X. llOJibCKOe npaBHTeJlb· CTBO CTpeMBJIOCb OCBOOo,ll;HTI>C8 OT 3THX BJIH8HRA: POCCHH H .o;yMa· JIO BOCIIOJib30BaT'bc8 TeM, 'ITO POCCB11 C

1768

ro,o;a 3aiiYTaJiac& B

BOWiy C Typii,He:i:t, a CTOpoB}' Typii,HH CTaJia no.o;,o;ep)KHBaTb ,II;OBOJibHO

494

onpe,~teneHBo

AscTpas, ue men8.Bmas HOBoro pacruapeua11 Bn&Ae· HRI Poccaa ao JIHHHH Type~ax rpau~. PoccaJI cTaBHJia cBoeii oap;a.' feii yTBepmp;eaae cBoero rocao,~tCTBa B Kpw111y a Monp;aBHH a TPCOOBaJia, 'lTOOW Typu;Hft OTKa3aJiaCb OT BepXOBHOH BJiaCTH BAA 8THMH npoBHHJ:U!ftMR; ABCTpas He XOTeJia 3TOI'O p;onyCTHTb, TaK KaK c&Ma HMena BHAhl aa Mon,~t8.BCKHe aeMnH. llon~>cKoe IJPaBHTe.n~>· CTBO H&AeXJIOCb BOCnOJib30BaTbCft &THill paCXO)K,D;eHHeM, HO COBepWeHHO HeOmHAaHBWH o6opoT p;a;x BCeMy 3TOMY npyCCKHH KOpOJib: OH 38A)'MaJI HCnOJib30BaTb B. CBOHX HHTepecax &TO OOOCTpeaae OT• HOWeHHH Me)l(Ay Poccaeii H llOJibmeii: H BWCTynHJI C npoeKTOM, no KOTOpOMy POCCHft BMeCTO TypJ:U!H ,AOJI)l(Ha 6wna pacmHpHTb CBOH BJI&AeHHS ua C'leT llonbmH, a npa &TOM a llpyccas c ABcTpaeH: HMena nonyqHTb norpaHH'lHble nonbCKHe npoBHHIJ;HH. HMnepaT· pau;a EKaTepaaa ae 6wna oco6eaao pacnonmiceua K &THM nnaHaM, 'l'aK KaK B006rqe ae mena;xa p;eJIHTbCSI lloni>meii:, pacc'IHTWBaSI yp;epmaT& ee no,~t CBOHM BJIHSHHeM u;enHKOM. Ho Kor,~ta ABcTpHSI ua'laJia peruBTeJI&HO CKJIOHST&CSI B CTOpouy TY,pu;aa, EKaTepaaa ,AaJia caoe cornacae ua nnauw llpyccaa, 'lTo6LI yp;epmaTI> Ha CBoeii: CTO· poue &TY nocnep;HlOlO. Haqanac& neperoBopw no &TOMY Bonpocy, H HaKoueu; COCTOSIJIOCb cornaweuae, no KOTOpoMy Poccas p;eH:cT· BHTeJII>HO OTKa3aJiaCb OT CBOHX npeTeH3HH Ha Monp;8.BHlO (Op;HaKO KpwM Typu;as p;onmua 6Lina npnaHaTI> ueaaBHCHMbiM, a a 1783 rop;y OH 6wn 6eao acsKoH: BOHHLI npacoe,~taaeu K Poccaa, c cornacHSI ABcTpaa). BMeCTO Monp;aaaa PoccaSI B3Jina ce6e OT llOJibWR norpaHH'lHble 6enopyCCKHe 3eMJIH, AsCTpHSI - fan~HJO, llpyccas ~ aeM.nH npa6anTaii:cKae llonr.ma. Ha &Tax ycnoBHSIX a 8.BryCTe 1772 rop;a COCTOSIJIOCI> cpopMan&aoe cornaweuae, a BwcnauHhle BoHCKa 6ea 6oSI 38HSIJIH paao6paHHWe npOBHHIJ;HH, a nOJibCKHH ceii:M H npaBHTen&CTBO, 'laCT&JO aanyrauuwe, qacT&JO aaKynneHHWe, ,ltOJI)l(HbJ 6LIJIH lt8Tb COrnacae Ha &Ty KOM6HH8IJ;HJO H ycTynHTb 3a· XBa'leHHble 3eMJIH. AaCTpas TaKHM o6paaoM nonyqana u;enHKOM PyccKoe aoeBop;CTBo, nO'ITH Bee BenacKoe, coce,~taae 'laCTH llop;onr.cKoro a BonLIH· cKoro a XonMcKoii: aeMnH. Oaa ccwnanac& a a To, 'ITO &TH aeMJIB upemHee KHS)KecTBO fanHIJ;KO·BOJihiHCKoe, 6wamee BJI&AeHHeM BeHmpcKHX KoponeH:. Mw auaeM, 'lTO &Ta 38.BHCHMOCTb OT Beurpaa B Mono,~twe rop;w AaHKana ranau;Koro (eM. rn. 36) B p;eH:cTaHTen&aocTH 6wna O'leHb K.P8TKOBpeMeHBa, HO C TOrO Bpe:MeHH BeHrepcKHe I(Opona THTYJIOBanH ce6s •KoponsMH fa;xau;aa a Bonop;HMHpHHt, a TAK KaK c XVI B. seurepcKIUI Kopoua neperuna K 8.BCTpaiicKoii: AH· IIACTHH, TO Tenepl> HM.nepaTpau;a Mapas-Tepe3HSI 3IUIBHJia npeTeHDHIO Ha &TY CTapyto 6yp;TO 6bl aesrepcKYJO npOBBHU.HJO, •OKpyrJIH· Juu npa aTOM yKpaaacKae ae:Mna eiiJ;e coce,~tHHM.B non1>CKHMH a

495

Bee wro npucoe,ne&HJJa He K Be&rpeu, a aenocpe.nc:rBe&HO ~e eBOHM aBcTpHA:CKHM aeMJUIM. A 3&BJl&AeB TRKHM o6paaoM nope'<l&eM Bep~ uero llpyTa (lloKyTheM), HMnepaTpHtia, a e~e 6onee ee · cw& HocH!l> II pemHJJH npucoe,nHHHTb K 3TOMY H coce,n&IOIO 'I&CTb MonAaBHH! no6&IBaB B 1773 ro,ny B Tpaacun&Ba&HH, Mocu4> npumen K y6elK,ne&niO, 'ITO AscTpHu ueo6xo,nHMO aaBJia.QeT& cesepuoa Mon.nasnea ,ZtnJI TOI'O, 'iT06bl o6ecOe"'HTb C006~eHHe raJIHIUIH C TpaRCHJib· sauueii, H pemun aauxT& 3TY TeppHTOpHIO. B 1774 ro.zty ascTpHA:cKoe BOHCKO nepemJIGI MOJI,ZtaBCKYIO rpaHHUY H 38HliJIO 'tJ:epHOBUbl, CepeT, Cyqasy- TeDepemHIOIO ByKOBHHY·· H B 3TOM cny'lae ascTpuiicKoe npaBHTeJibCTBO B csoe onpas.naHHe CCbiJIMOCb Ha TO, 'ITO 3a&liTM TeppHTOPHll TOJKe npHH&AJie· JKMa HeKor.na K rMHIUIH. ,l{eHC.TBHTeJibHO, B XIII BeKe aeMJIH DO cpe.ztHeMy fiPYTY TO'IHO T8K me, KaK H DO cpe,n&eMy ,l{HeCTpy, CTO· JIJIH B 38BHCHMOCTH OT rMH~KOro KHHJKecTBa- 3TO T8K H83biBa· eMoe llouua1>e; aaTeM ouo Depemno no.n aenocpe,ncTseauyiO BJiacT& TaTap, a Kor.na B nonosuue XIV B. opra&H30BMOCb soeso,ncTBO Mon.nascKoe, TO BOeBOAbJ MOJl.Q8BCKHe 38BJl8AeJlH T8KJKe H aeMJlHMH Mem.ny CepeTOM H ,l{aecTpOM - TaK uaabiBaeMbiM lloKyT&eM H aeMJieiO IllHDHHCKOIO. lloame, KaK MI>I yme aaaeM, ua-aa 3THX aeMeJib ue paa npoHcxo.nuna 6op1>6a MelKAY llon1>meH: H Mon.nasueH: (rJI. 49), DOKa OHH He paaMeJKeBMHCb OKOH"'aTeJII>HO! DOJlbCKaH rpauuua npomna no KYT&I H CuHTHH, H TaKHM o6paaoM TeppHTO· pux c yKpauucKHM uaceneuueM Mem.zty ,l{uecTpOM H CepeTOM, TeDepemuHx cesepuas ByKosuua, OCTMacb aa MOn.ztascKHMH soeso.ztaMH, .zto caMoro 1774 ro.zta, Kor.zta ee aauxna ascTpHHCKHe BOH· CI<a. 3aceneua oua 6wna yKpaHHCKHMH KpeCTbliHaMH - aeMJie.zteJlb· U8MH H OBUeBO,Zt8MH, JKHBWHMH Ha 3eMJiliX BOeBO.QCKHX, OOliPCKHX, MOH8CTblpCKHX; DOBHHHOCTH HX 6blJIH CpaBHHTeJibHO HeBeJIHKH, H D03TOMY CIO,Zta HaDJibiBMO HaCeJieHHe H3 ranHUHH. 3Ta CesepHM yKpaHHCKM ByKOBHHa COCT8BJIJIJI8 qepHOBeUKHH OKpyr ; HO BMeCTe c ueit aaxsa'ieH 6MJI TaKme CyqaBCKHH oKpyr, npeHMy~ecTBeH HO pyMbiHCKHH, H DO,Zt06HO TOM}' KaK HOBaJI rMHUHll DOA aBC~pHH CKHM BJI&AeHHeM MeXaHH'IeCKH COCTaBJieHa 6blJI8 H3 yKp8HHCKHX H DOJII>CKHX aeMeJI&, TaK H HOBall ByKOBHHa HOCHJia xapaKTep YK· paHHCKO·PYMbiHCKHH! cesepHaJI '18CTb - yKpaHHCKall, IOJKH8ll PYMhiHCKax. Mon.nascKHH rocno,nap& 6h1Jl O'ieH:D paa.ztpameu ascTpHHCKHM aaxBaTOM H pe3KO npoTecTOBM DpOTHB Her o, HO TypeUKHH cynTaH, ero ciOaepea, ue DO,n,nepmu ero H B 1775 ro.zty AM «l><>PMM&Hoe cornacHe &a YCTYDKY AsCTpHH cesepo-aaD&AHOii 'iaCTH Momxasuu. Haa&a'leHhl 6hiJIH KOMHCCaphl; OHH OTMeJKeBMH OKKYDHPOBaH.HhiH AscTpHeiO Kpait, H OR nonyqan o!l>nuaan~ouoe uaasaaue ByKoBH-

496

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(ruthenische Sprache) suoAM pyccKHI, pacnpoc-rpaKRJI pyccKJie snumms. lloITOMY seurepcKaS apecTo"paTBS, CHOBa upeo6peBmB IJIBIIBBe B rocy~apcTBeH KWX .zteJiax, - no.zt sne'laTneuueM pyCCKOH OKKyna~H, YBH'ITO>KHBmeA Bee ee nnau111, npe>K.zte acero o6pa'Hnacb npoTBB ,lJ;o6pRBCKO· ro. Ct<opo ero OTCTpaBHJIH or acero, usee, 'ITO OTa&~sa Jiocb pycocllun&CTBOM B YKpauuct<ux aeMJI&x, OKpy>KeJIO ISbiJIO C8M&IM UO,It03PH· 'l'enbH&IM Ha.ztaopoM. Me>KAY TeM no.zt anusuueM Ao6p8HCKOro BC8 a.ztemuss KHTeJIJIBreH~H$1 npOHBK· .ll8Cb pycocllBJlbCTBOM B Te· nepb UO.zt YCHJieHHblM Ha.zt208. H8aH Kapnen~~:o·Kapblu tOpoM BeHrepcKOH a.ztMHHH· (To6U.IIe8U'/.} Cl'l'p8~HB OTKa3aJiaCb IIO'ITH or acsKoii .ztearen~>HocTB. Ha uapo.ztuoii yKpaHHCKOii no<~Be pa6oT&Tb oua ue xoTena, ua pyccKoii ue cMena; H Tat< nocJie 6ypuoro ,lBH>KeHH$1 1848 ro.zta uacTynaeT a,ztecb Ha.ztonro, no uacTOft~ee apeMJ~, noJIBblii aaCToii - xyme, <~eM r.zte-uu6y.zt& ua .ztpyroii YJ<paKHCKOH TeppBTOpBH. He CTOJib .ztonra8 H 38T8>KBM 1 BO Bce-TaKH CHJibHM peaK~H$1 nocne nonuoro ynoaauuii .ztBH>KeBH$1 1848 ro.zta uacTynuna B Byt<oaeue H .zta>Ke B raJIBll,BH. Cotoa 3,ztemuero yKpaRHCKOro o6~eCTBa c OpaBHTeJILCTBOM HMeix CBOH HeBblrO.ztHble CTOpOHbl. ,lJ;o6pble BaMepeRH$1 aBCTpHHCKHX npaBHTeneft UOMO'lb pa3BHTH10 yKpaHHCKOro Hapo.zta B OOJILmRBCTBe CJiy'iaeB He ocy~eCTBHJIHCb H a.zteCb. llo.ztaBJlB peBOJIIOll,HOHHOe .ztBH>KeHHe 1848 ro,zta, DpaBHTeJlbCTBO B006~t: Gpocuno csoo n nau111 pecllopM. Mem.zty reM YJ<pauacKoe o6~ecTBo ace HQAe:lK,zt&l CBOH OCHOB&IB8JIO Ha 3THX pectx>pMaX H Mepax npaBH'I'OJibCTBa, II KOr.zta YBH.zteJIO, 'ITO Dp8BBTeJILCTBO OCTaBHJIO none'leHMII o6 yKp8HHCKOM BaCeJieHBH, ORO OCT8BOBHJIOCb B 6ecnOMO~HO• CTII, He 3H811, 'ITO upe.ztnpJIH$1TL. Bcne.ztCTsue roro, 'ITo YKP!lHHCKoe .ztBH>Keuue onepaJIOCb ua co10:-te C npaBHTeJILCTBOM H ero UO.zt.ztep>KKe, pyKOBO,Itft~YIO pOJIL no-

531

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ranHU.HH TOR 3~aBajJa ~HTPODOJIH'IJ:.$1 KOHCHCTOpH$1, 4CBJrTOi

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TOpHIO K&K H8 CB~HX npR3HAHHhiX pyKOBO~HTeJieH. ~HTenH

8TH PYKOBO-

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1848 ro,Aa 38THXMH H aa6b1BanHCL

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rana~ O~M&CL

B DOJILCKHX pyKax, H DOJibCKBe

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124. Hoaoe ~BHSea&e _ a pocc&ii:cKOii YKpa&Be TaKHM ol5pa30M, a B Poccau nocne pa3rpOMa KupunJio-M $.ABeBcKoro 6paTCTBa, H B AsCTJ>HH DOCJle DOpA)J<eHH$1 peBOJIIO.u;HH 1848 ro,Aa J<oaeu. 40-x H 50-e ro,A&I CTMH spexeuex rJiyxoi peaK.u;HH, 3&TBmb3 a ocJ<y~aeuus yKpau ucKoA: )J<H3im. Ho B Poccua s-ra pe&K.u;H$1 KaK HACTYDHJia paHbme, 'rAJ< H OKOH'IHJI&Cb palQ>me.

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532

" ..-•euue, paa.noc.& K 111111111\ )KH3HH, H B 3TOM o6lllt1M B03po>K~e8HH O)KH'111 • DPH~8.BJieHHLte yKpaIIIWJ<He CT}>eMJieaus·. Kut•n.•rno-Jdetllo.l(HeBlUol, BOO• IIIIIITKBttlBC.b H3 CCLtJJKH, t ;t~l\plt.ltHC.b B fierept>ypr H IPIIHsnuc.& caoaa aa upe'fllHBLte n:naBLt yKpaua-.oro B03PO>K,AeBHS, 0co•tt1nro 3tHBYIO H3A8Ten.&•1tYIO B

opraHH38~0HHylO

lll'll'l'e.ll.bHOC'l'h B 31'0 apeMS tlfiOIIBBo/1 ll.Kynam, paa.&llti' IQ)yrHX B03B~eBHLtH

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209, HeaH tZ>paH.JCO

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533

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534

1840

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535

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1862

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125.

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1859

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536

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543

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544

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545

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546

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549

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1876

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550

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HM OT BeCbMa XaOTH'IHOH PeBOJIIOIJ;HOHHOH yKpaHHCKOR napniH

(1900),

KOTOpaR 06'be,ll.HHHJia onpe,IJ.eJieHHhle pa):IHKaJibHO·DOJIHTH-

'IeCKHe 3JieMeHThi H3 MOJIO~emH, H ~0 6oJiee Bblpa3HTeJibHbiX OpraHH3ali;HH, TaKHX KaK YKpaHHCKan PaAHKaJibHM napTHH, c yMepeHuoii uapo~HO·COU,HaJIHCTH'IeCKOH OKpaCKOH, H YKpaHHCKM COIJ;H· aJI·,Il.eMOKpaTH'leCKaH HapO~HaR napTHH

(1905),

KOTOpaR B o6~y10

COU,HaJI-,Il.eMOKpaTH'IeCKYIO nporpaMMY BHOCHJia HaU,HOHaJihHble DOnpaBKH. 06cTO.!ITCJihCTBa CKJla,LibiBaJIHCb TaK, 'ITO He CDOC06CTBO· BRJIH OOJIHTH'IeCKOMY paao6~eHHIO H conepHH'leCTBy, Ha060pOT, CKJIOHHJIH C03HaTCJibHble yKpaHHCKHe 3JieMeHTbl K 06'be):(HHCHHIO

DO~ 06~HMH JI03yHraMH, OOMOraiO~HMH He paCCbiOaTbCR BO BCe· o6~eM poCCHBCKOM ~BHmeHHH. Ho OO~'beM H ~BHmeHHe B HHX 6biJIH O'ICBH,Il.Hbl. ' C

Ha'laJIOM ~eBJITHCOTbiX rO~OB 3TO ~BH:>KeHHe CTaHOBHTCH

oqeab aaMeTHbiM. Hey~at~HaR pyccKo-RnoHcKaR soi!:Ha H BpeMeHa

4<~0BepHR npaBHTCJlbCTBa K o6~eCTBCHHOCTH• paa6y~HJIH erO eiJJ;e 60Jibllie H YBJICKJIH yKpaHHCKHX rpa:>K~aH B 06Ili,HH BHXpb poCCHB· CKOI'O OCB060:>K,Il.CHHR. Ha O'lepe,IJ.H OKR3aJIHCb BOITpOCbl nepeCTpOHKH PoccHHCKoro rocy~apcTBa: cneu;uanbHhie yKpaHHCKHe HHTepeChi OTOlliJIH Ha BTOpOH OJiaH. l'pynnHpOBKa poCCHHCKHX napTHH ysneKana H ~enuna Ha aHanorH'IHble napnm H yKpaHHCKoe o6xu.eCTBO. KpeCTbHHCTBO 6b1JIO yBJietteHO 3eMCJlbHbiM BOOpOCOM, HHTCJlJIHreHU,H.!I -

noJIHTH'ICCKHM. Cpe~H sceo6xu.ero sToro BOJIHeHHR He-

6onbmHe B TO BpeMH rpyDDbl opraHH30BaHHOH yKpaHHCKOH o6xu.eCTBCHHOCTH ObiTaJIHCb C OOMOill,biO npeCCbi, DeTHIJ;HH, pe30JIIOU,HH H T. ~· ,ll.06HTbCH OOCTaBOBKH yKpaHHCKOrO BOnpoca Horo pasuonpasu.11

~JIR

yKpausu,es, a

npem~e

HaU,HOHaJih·

scero OTMeHbl aan-

peTa· Ha yKpaHHCKOO CJIOBO, H ~JI.!I 3TOro CTapanHCb 06'be~HUHTb CO· 3HaTeJibHble 3JICMCHTbl, 'IT06bl 06IJJ;HMH YCHJIH.!IMH o6paTHTb BHH· MaHHe Ha 3TO

~eJIO.

~eKa6pe

1904

ro~a Ka6HHCT MHHHCTpoB COeU,HaJibHO 3aHRJI·

C$1 yKpaHHCKHM BODPOCOM H OpHllieJI K y6e:>K)\CHHIO, 'ITO YKPRHHCKOe ,ll.BH:>KeHHe •He CO}\ep:>KHT B ce6e CKOJibKO-HH6y,ll.b cepLe3HOH

558

onncHOCTH~, KOTOPM 6.bl onJltiBAbJBaJia aarrpeTHTeJibH.ble M11pbl npaBHTeJibCTB8 H TOT •J>OA, KaKOH aruipeT YKPaHH· CK'HX KHHI' HaHOCHT KpeCTb·

IKCTBy. OnpomeHHble HM rocyAapcTBeHHble opraHhl. llhiCK838JIHCb B TOM

AY·

11.e, a lleTep6yprCKM B.Ka,lleMHH Bl>ICTYUHJia C npoCTPaH-

Hoij 8BTOPHTeTHOH 38ITHC· I<UH no ,lleJiy yKpaHHCKOl'O

.n,abJKa.

ee:K BcKpblsaJiac~>

JllKHBOCTh pacxomero MHel(nn, 6y,liTO JIHTepaTypBbiH B ClJIHKOpyccKHH ~3blK IHiblK o6~epycCKHH, KOTO·

.pw:K

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nnymHTb TaKHM

po,li-

W.bJM .113biKOM, K8K H

,liJI~

liOJIHKOpOCCOB, ll03TOMY BeT

218. B. BepnaiJc"uu -

y.KpaHHcKH:K. HecMoTp~. o.z:~ HaKo, Ha see 3TH NH~,

AeJIO

KpynneuUJ.uU.

y'lenw.u·MbtC.JI.Ume.llr, XX se1ea,

Ke06XO,liHMOCTH p83BHB8Tb

opzanu3amop nay1eu

Y1epaune

paa'b~cHe-

38T~HYJIOCb,

H rrpaBHTeJibCTBO T8K H He H3,li8JIO crreiJ,H·

8JibH01'0 38KOHa 06 OTMeHe 3anpeTa yKpaHHCKOl'O CJIOBa: OHH 6blJIH )111pa3,liHeH.bl C8MH C060H 06~HMH 38KOHaMH: H3,li8HHble OCeHblO

1905 l'OA8 HOBble rrpasHJia

B OTHOmeHHH nepHO,liH'IecKHX H3,li8HHH

OTJ<p.blJIH yKpaHHqaM B03MO:lKHOCTb H3,llaB8Tb 1'83eTbl H mypHaJibl na yKpauecKOM

~3I>IKe,

MII,II8HKH .(B anpeJie

a npasuna,

1906

KacaJOm;Kec~

eenepHOAH'IeCKHx

r.), CH~JIH BCe orpaHH'IeHH~ C KHHI' 4H8

KKOCTpaHHbJX K HHOpO,ll'leCKHX Jf3.b1Kax•, B TOM "'KCJie H C yKpaIIHCKOl'O

~3bJK8.

llpas,lla, B .z:~e:KcTBHTeJibHOCTH H nocne 3Toro Ha,ll YKP8HHCKOH KHHI'OH H npeCCOH He nepeCT8B8JI J{OBJieT:& 6oJie~ npHCT8JlbHbJH H uo.rwapwreJibH.blH Ha,li30p. Ha yKpaHHCKOM ~3b1Ke perynlfpHo Kapanocb H 3anpem;aJIOCb TO, 'ITO CBOOO,liHO npoXO,liHJIO Ha pyCCKOM ~3bl Ke. YKpB.HHCKOe cnoso npo.z:~onmaJio asyqaTb ,liJI.Il a,liMHHHCTpa~. I<8K He"'TO Bp8:lK,lle6HOe H 3JIOBe~ee, H OHa HCK8JI8 B HeM K8KYIO·TO yl'p03y, npH31:dB K 6yHTY H BOCCT8HHJO. Ero CnOC06HOCTb rrpOHHK8Tb a ·raHHI:de l'Jiy6HHbl H8POA8, npo6y:lK,li8Tb B HeM C03H8HHe H Bl:d3.bl~ IIOT& coasyqHble HacTpoeHH~ 6eaMepao nyraJIH ee. OcTasa~cb rocuo>KoH: Kpa~, OHa He :lKaJieJia CBOHX Cpe,liCTB apOTHB Hero. Ha yKpa-

559

HHCKHC I'83eT.bl H3,llaBaJIHCb BCeB03MOmHble cne~HaJibH.ble aanpeTbi, K8KHX He 3H8JIH H3,tt8HHX Ha ,ttpyi'HX H3.bJKax: HX He TOJibKO aanpe~fl!!H

B.blllHC.bJB8Tb

CJiym~HM

JUO,l:IHM HJIB HaK83blBaJIH 38 llO,ll·

llHCKY, HO H npOCTO npHK83.bJB8JIH UO'IT8M BJIH CeJibCKHM ynpaBaM He Bbl,llaB8Tb a,npecaTaM llO CeJiaM, a C8Mble H3,1:18HHJI YHH'ITO)KSJIB

,~:~eaemHbiMH WTpa<i'aMH, apeCT8MH pe,ttaKTOpOB, 38KpbiTHeM THllOrpa«t>Hif, r.ne OHH ne'laTaJIHCb, HJIH npocro aaKp.blBaJIH raaeT.bl 6ea BCXKHX MOTHBOB.

Bonee Ba»tHhlM,

o,~:~HaKo, 6.bJJIO To, 'ITO B npHH~Hne yKpaHHCKoe

n:e'I8THOe CJIOBO 6biJIO ypaBHeHO C pyCCKBM H TeM•OTKpbiTa eMy, XOTJI H B Y3KHX paMKax H C Be'IB.blM pHCKOM H8K838HHH, ,nopora pacnpOCTpaHeHHJI H pa3BHTH$1.

. B

,nenax nonHTH'IeCKHX H o6~eCTBeHHbJX uapcKHH MaHH«t>ecT

OKT116pg

1905

1'0,1:18 C 06e~aHH11MH DOJIHTH'IeCKOH CB060,ttbl H

KOHCTHTY~HOHHOI'O CTp0$1 OTKpbiJI 6onbWHe nepcneKTHB.bl, H TPYA· ,HO 6biJIO npe,ttnonomHTb, 'KaK MaJIO H8 C8MOM ,lleJie H3 HHX ocy~e CTBHTC11 . BonbmBe Ha,Ae»tAhl B03JI&raJIHCb Ha

1906

~YMY, C03B8HHYJO BeCHOH

ro,~:~a. Cpe,~:~u KpecTb11BCKHX H HHTennureHTCKHX ,nenYTaTOB

ee H8WJIOCb BeMaJIO nro,~:~efl, H8CTpOeHHblX B OTHOWeHHH yKpaHHCTBa 6onee HnH MeHee 6narocKJIOHHO, H H3 hHX c«t>OpMHpOB8Jl8Cb ,l:IOCT8TO'IHO 6onbmax YKP8HHCK8H «l>PaK~HX, KOTopag MOrna 61>1 CblrpaTb HeMaJioe 3H8'ieHHe B ,llaJlbHeHWHX COB~~8HH11X ~YMbl . Ho

~YMY pacnyCTHJlli paHbWe, 'leM 3Ta «t>paK~HSI COOTBeTCTBeBHO 00· .A06pa.naCb ;.._ H3

nro,~:~efl npeHM~eCTBeHHO

MaJIO 3H8KOM.bJX C YK-

. paHHCKHMH .AeJiaMH, KOTOphle JIHWb 3~eCb, B ~}'Me, HMeJIB B03MOm· HOCTb cepbe3HO 38.AYM8TbCH H~ Hym,lla.MH yKpaHHCKOH mH3HH. Co3H8TeJibHblC yKpaHH~, KOTOpble COCTaBnSlJIH OCHOBY «t>paK~H, CTOHJIH Ha ll03H~HSlX KHpHJIJIO-Me«l>>AHeBCKHX Tpa,AH~HH, npHHSl· T.blX cospeMeHHhiMH yKpaHHCKHMH opraHH38UHHMH.

csoeii ~eK

nap~H, ony6nHKOB8HHOH TOI',ll8 me, OHH 3MBJISIJIH, 'ITO npHHHM8· lOT <l>e.nepa~HIO K8K H8H6onee COOTBeTCTBYIO~yiO «t>opMy I'OCy,~:~ap CTBeHHOI'O ycTpoHCTBa, a B .AaHBblH MOMeHT .A06HBaiOTCJI B~HOHaJib· HO·TeppHTOpHaJibHOH aBTOHOMHH ,llnH 'YI<paHHbl H ,l:IJIH ~pyrHX H8· ~HOHaJibHblX reppHTOPHH PoccHH -

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H KOHTpOJJSI, C

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~en .AYXOBHhiX, 06~eCTBeHHOH 6e30ll8CHOCTH H 3KOHOMH'IeCKHX CPCACTB. llporpaMMa 3Ta, OIJ;HaKO, He MOrna 6biTb CKOJibKO·HH6y,llb pa3BHT8 nepe~ ~}'MOH, DOCKOJlbKY H BbiHeCeHa 6hlna Be3a,AOJII'O ,liO ee pocnycKa. To me caMoe noBTopunoch no 6bJJJ TOme KOpOTKHM: yKpaHHCK8H

·560

~yMe, nei< KoTopoii

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He BblWJJ8 H3

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III

AY'My,

C03BaHHytO Ha OCHOBaHHH HOBOro H36Hpa'l'eJibHOI'O 38KOHil, KpeCTb· IIHCTBO YJKe He MOI'JIO IIOCJiaTb oaMOCTOIITeJlbHO H36paHHW ,QenyTaTOB, H yKpaHHCKoe CeJIO- e,D;HHCTBeHHblH SJieMeHT, Ha KOTOpblH IIIIOJKHO 6blJIO B03Jlaran. H~eJK,D;bl, OCTaJIOCb, COOcTBeHHO, 6ea upe,D;·

CTaBHTeneA. B peayJI.bTare aa Bee ~SITlo neT AYMCKoe aaKOHOAa· TeJibCTBO ue .QaJIO yKpaHHCKOH mHaHH uu:qero. AaJKe ,IIJUI BBe,lleHHJi yKpaHHCKoro Ji3b1Ka B uapop;soit mKone B

III

,nyMe He ua-

wnocb 60JibWHHCTBa, KaK ]J.JIJI HeKOTOpblX HHblX HHOpO,ll'leCKBX WKOJI. B

&TOM OTP83BJI8Cb He6JJai'OCKJIOBH8Ji H8CTpOeHHOCTb B OTHO·

meHHH yKpaHHCTBa npaBHTeJJbCTBeJIHhiX Kpyrou, aaHJIBWHX BPaJK· JJ,e6HyiO yKpauacKoMy a~HoaaJJbiiOMY p;numesHIO noau~HIO. lloc-

npHHJITHJi H36Hp8TeJibBOI'O 38KOHa

1901

I'O,Qa (sa 1'0 C03HaTeJib·

HO H HanpauneHaoro), OHH ucer,llh HMena B AyMe npaBHTeJJI>CTBeHHoe 60JibWHHCTBO H HMeJIH B03MO)KHOCTb BJJHJITb Ba )J.YMCKOe 38.KO· HO,D;aTeJJbCTBO. B yKpaHHCKOM uonpoce aTo 6blJIO TeM JJel"'e, 'ITO H KOHCepBaTHBHble, H JJH6epaJibHble, H

p;ame CO~HaJJHCTH'teCKHe KPY·

I'H poCCHACKHe K yKpaHHCTBY OTHOCHJIHCb oqes& HellpHJI3HeHHO, H 3JieMeHTbl, CKOJlbKO·HH6yp;b 6JiarOCKJIOHHbie K Ha~HOHaJibHOH 8BO· 6op;e, I'H6JIH 6e3 E:Jie,Qa B 3TOH B ~eJIOM He6Jiai'OCKJIOHHOH Macce. Co6CTBeHHO, TOT npOBaJI yKpaHHCKOI'O Ji3b1Ka B HapO.QHOH WKOJie H B ynpaBJJeH'leCKOM (Cy,lle6HOM) ynoTpe6JieHHH IIOK83aJI 3TO O'leBH,l(·

BO:

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Hapop;aMH, HO yKpaHH~eB H 6enopyCOB OT 3TOI'O npaua OTJiyqHJIH

(1910). TaKHM o6pa30M, paaBeJIJIHCb Ha,D;eJK,D;bl Tex, KOTOpble llOCJie Ma· BH<l>eCTa

OKTJI6pJI ,D;yMaJIH, 'ITO C paaBHTHeM KOHCTHTY~HOHHOH

JKH3HH B PoccHH yKpauHcKaH JKH3Hb CMomeT paaBHBaTbCJi cao6op;so H npaBHJII>HO. Ho OHa, XOTJI H BCTJ)eqa.Ji CTpamHble nperpap;bl, BCe· TaKH Henpecnuso paasHnanacb. AecaTHJieTHe

1905- 1914

ro,llOB,

HeCMOTpJI Ha BCe pa30'IapOB8HHH, aanpeTbl H I'OHeHHJi Ha yKpaHH· CTBO, OTMe'leHO 6blJIO 3H8'1HTeJibHblM nporpecCOM, npHHecJJO B8)K· Hble H ~eHHble )lOCTHJKeHHJI, KOTOpble rny60KO upe3aJIHCb B )KH3Hb H ~e MOI'JJH 6biTb BblpBaHbl H3 Bee HHKaKHMH aanpeTaMH H I'OHeHHJIMH, DOTOMy, Co6cTBeHHO, 'ITO 38BOOBaHbl 6biJIH HanepeKOp BCJi· KHM aanpeTaM H nperpap;aM. YKpau:scKaJI npecca, KOTopo:H OTKPblJI ,D;Opory MaHH<l>ecT

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tPiJIJISit H MHOI'He ,llpyrHe, JKYPHaJibl

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561

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(1907),

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H8ytzHLJe CHJILJ B pa3HbiX 06JiaCTSX 3H8HHH, 0603H8'!HJIO Tpe6oBaHHe UOJIHOTbl yKpaHBCKOH KYJibTypbl -

He B K8KOM-BH6yp;& 4):10-

MaWHeM o6Hxo.u;e• npemsero apeMeHH, a so scex o6nacTax Kyn&Typuoi! muasu. Cep&eauo o6ocsoaaua noTpe6socT& B YKPaHHcKox'f WKOJie. CaMLJe 6on&mue nperpMI>I BCTpe'l'HJIHCb ua nyTH pacnpocTpaHeHH.II o6paaOB8BHH H npaKTHtzeCKHX 3H8HHH B HapO,D;HLJX Maecax; •IlpOCBiTHt, KOTOpLle OpraHH30Bb!B8JIHCb .I(JIH 3TOH qeJIH B pa3Hb1X ropO/l8X, B O,!(HHX Mec•rax He paapeWaJIHCb, B APYrHX 3aKpb1BaJIHCb H BCKOpe 6&InH y6HTLJ DO'!TH IIOBCeMeCTHO. Ho UOnyJiapHaH JIHTepaTypa, KOTOpaR 3HatzHTeJibHO pa3BHJI8Cb 38 ;no Bpero~a, OXB8THJia WHpOKHe HapO,liHble KpyrH, -

H 3TO BCKOpe ce6a DOK83aJIO.

130. llepeA soiiuoii PyccKaa pesomo~u.a

1905

ro,~:~a 61>ma 6oni>IIIHM npaa,~:~HHKOM

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aTy

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562

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OCTRBHJIH CaMHM ceifMaM. ,ZJ;a H npoBe,lleHHe napJiaMeHT-

CJ<OJi pecl>opMbi BJIH$1TeJibHble napTHH HeMU:eB H OOJISIKOB DOCTapa· JIHCb 06cTaBHTb Tal<, ~IT06bl OHa KaJ< MO:IRHO MeHbWe DOBpe.ztHJIR HX HRUHOHRJibHOMY H KJiaCCOBOMY I'OCOO.I(CTBy. IlpHHU:HD paBeHCTBa HCKR3HJIH HeMHJIOCep.I(HO DpH BbiJ<paHBaHHH H36HpaTeJibHblX OKpyroB H pacnpe,lleJieHHH MRH,llaTOB: yKpaHHCKHe OKpyra CDell;HRJlbHO C,lleJiaJIH 60JibWHMH, DOJibCKHe MaJieHbKHMH, -

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yKpRHHeU: B KOHU:e KOHD;OB UOJIY'IHJI JIHWb DOJII'OJIOCa BMeCTO DOJJ• Horo ronoca. 3TO O'leHb OXJia.I(HJIO JIIO.I(CKOH DhiJJ, H .l(eHCTBHTeJibHO: •nepBblH HapO.I(HbiH oapJiaMeHT•, C03BRBHblH B

1907

I'O.I(y Ha OCHOBe 3THX

HOBbiX •o6I.qHX H paBHbiX• Bb160pOB, DPOAeMOHCTPHPOBaJI DOJlHblH Kpax scex Ha.l(em.zt, aoanomeHHbiX a a peclJopMY. HR.4HOHaJibHble MeHbWHHCTBa, XOT$1 H 3Ha'lHTeJibHO yseJUt'leHHble, OCTaJJHCb B TOM me Oe'laJibHOM OOJJO:IReHHH rpyoo, cpaKTH'ieCKH JIHWeHHbiX BCilKOI'O BJIHilHHa H ronoca B 3aKOHO,llaTeJibHOH pa6oTe. Peweane cou;HaJibHbiX aa,lla'l, KOTOpbie CT0$1JIH nepe,ll napJJaMeHTOM, 6e3HR.I(e:IRHO TOpM03HJJOCb uau:aoaaJibHbiMH coopaMH. YKpaHHCKoe npe.z~cTaBHTeJib cTBO, XOTSI H 3Ha'lHTeJibHO BblpocWee, OCTaJIOCb 6eCCHJlbHbiM OpOTHB 06'be.I(HHeHBbiX Ha HaD;HOHaJibHOH IIO'IBe (B «DOJibCKOM Kpyry~ ) OOJibCK HX napTHH H rpynO. rocOO.I(CTBO B ranHll;HH OCTaJIOCb aa OOJlbCKOH 6ypmya3Heif; DOJlbCKHe H~HOHRJl·.l(eMOKPRTbl, no6e,liHB OOCJJe OOCJie.I(HeH pecl>OpMbi WJJHXTY, BHeCJIH B HaD;HOHaJibHble OTHOWeHHSf eli(e 6onLwee aaopSimesue. Haunoaanbsaa apam.l(a ,qowna .1(0 KpaiiHHX opoJJBJieHHif. TaKHe ct>aKTLI, KaK y6HHCTBO raJIHll,KOI'O HaMecTHHKa IloTon;Koro yKpaHHCKHM CTy.l(eHTOM

CH'lHHCKHM,

KOTOpblH XOTeJI TaKHM 06pa30M OTOMCTHTL 3a DOJIHTH'ieCKHe 06H.I(bl CBOero Hapo.l(a

(1908),

HJIH KpOBaBaJi nepeCTpeJIKa YKPRHHCKHX

H DOJibCKHX CTY.I(eHTOB BO JlbBOBCKOM YHHBepCHTeTe

(1910),

OTpa-

maJJH CTeDeHL 3TOH Bpam.l(e6HOCTH. IIapnaMeHTCKHe yxpaHHCKHe JIH.I(epbl no.z~ BJIHHHHeM ropbKOro OObiTa H pa30'iapOBRHHH BCKOpe CTaHOBilTCH 60JibWeH 'iaCTbiO HR DYTb OlJDOpTyHH3Ma. HluYT B3aHMODOHHM3HHSI C npaBHTeJib·

563

CTBOM, OHO me KaJK,llbJH pa3 BbJ,ll8eT HX DOJUIK8M, H aTO B KOHD;e KOHD;OB, HecMOTPH Ha KpaHHIOIO HenonyJIHpHOCTb COrJiamaTeJibCKOH nonHTHKH c noJinKaMH cpe,~:~a YKPaHHCKHX rpam,~:~au, npHBO.ziHT raJIHD;KHX H 6yKOBHHCKHX DOJIHTH'leCKHX JiftAepOB K KOMDpoMHCCaM C DOJibCKOH rereMOHHeH. IlO'!BOH ,liJIR HHX DOCJIY>KHJIH neperoao-

p;w 0 pecpopMe B.WOOPOB B CeHM H Boo6~e npe,t~CTWIHTeJibCTBa B HeM: 6e3 CO!'Jl8CHR DOJibCKOrO 6oJibWHHCTBa ero HeJib3H 6biJIO

npo-

BecTH, H DOCJie ,liJIHTeJibHbJX, 6ypHbiX CDOpoB, o6cTPYKD;HH H 011110路 3HD;HH yKpaHHCKHe DOJIHTH'!eCKHe JIH,llepbi DOWJIH Ha pemHTeJibHbJe YCTYDKH. Ilocne 38TnmHbJX H ,!IOC8,!1HbJX TOprOB B !}>eBpane

1914

ro.z~a

(14.II)

npumnH K cornameHHIO. YKpaHHD;bl OTCTyna-

JIH OT CBoero llpHHD;HIIBaJibHO!'O Tpe60BaHHR, '!T06.bi ranHD;H$1 6&1Jia IIO,lleJieHa Ha ,liBe '!aCTB, yKpaBHCKyiO B DOJibCKyiO, H 'iT06bJ BMeCTe C TeM 6biJIH pa3,lleJieHbl CeHM B BbiCIDHe KpaeBble opraHbJ (KaK-TO KpaeBOfl OT,lleJJ, WKOJibHbJH COBeT H TOMY DO,li06Hoe). 0HH OTJIOmWIH aTOT BODpoC, a HbiHe npH3Ha.JIH eJIHHCTBO CeHMa H B 3TOM ceiiMe YAOBJICTBOpHJIHCb pOJib!O MeHbWHHCTBa: corJiaCHJIHCb Ha TaKoe

pacnpe,~:~eneuHe

XO,liHJIOCb

27%,

MaH.QaTOB, npu KOTOpoM ua YKPauun;eB npu-

a OCTa.JibHbJe ,QOCT8JIHCb DOJIRKaM ( BMeCTC C eBpe-

HMH), H D BbiCWHX KpaeBbiX OpraHaX OHH ,!I06HJJHC.b ,liJl$1 ce6H TOJibKO yBeJJH'ieHH$1 npe,liCTaBHTeJibCTBa COOTBeTCTBCHHO TOR me DpODOpD;HH. :tro .QOJimHO 6bJJIO yBeJIH'UlTb B ,QaHHbiH MOMeHT BJIHRHHe YK路 pauun;eB B KpaeBoii ynpue, HO B npuan;ane 3TO 6&ma Kan:aTyJIH-

n;aa yKpaHHCKOro aneMeHTa

nepe.z~

non&CKRM, npuauaaae

nocne,~:~ae-

ro X03HIIHOM Kpaa, H IIpHHRTHe TaKO!'O HenpHJITHOrO ,l1Jl11 oapO,liBOrO C8MOC03H8JmR DOJIHTH'leCKOro KypCa npHBeJIO K CHHmeHHIO yKpaHHCKOH DOJIHTH"leCKOH aKTHBHOCTH. 0HO DpOCJiemaBaeTCR B 3To aper.tn aec&Ma "leTKO. OcHOBHM uan;aouan&HO-,lleMoKpaTH'!ecKM rpynna, KOTOpas DOCJie npHCQe,liHHeHH$1 K HeH '!aCTH pa,t~H颅 Ka.JIOB CTaJia !'OCDO,liCTBOB8Tb 6e3pa3,lleJibHO B 3,lleiDHeH DOJIHTH"leCKOH mH3HH, B3HB B CBOH PYKH rnaBHble opraHbi npecCbl, SKOHOMH'leCKHe H !}>HHaHCOBble HHCTHTyTbl, B006~e 60JibWe BHHMaHHJl 06-

pa~ana Ha TO, "lT06bJ y,t~epmHB8Tb B DOCJIYW8HHH H 38BHCHMOCTH rpam,QaH, '!eM Ha pa3BHTHe HX DOJIHTH'iCCKOH C03H8TeJibHOCTH H CaMO,lleHTeJlbHOCTH.

,llpyroH CTOpOHbl, He6naronpHHTHO BJIHRJia

OCTpaH HaD;HOHa.JibHaH 6op&6a, B DbJJIY KOTOpOH B KOHD;e KOHD;OB TepHJIHCb H <;JCHOBHble npHHD;~IIbl, H BCRKHe MOpa.JibHble HOpMbi, npH3BaHHble pernaMeHTHpoaaTh MeTOAbJ 6op&6bl. MeTO,llbi

ana,

JlY'!We CK838Tb, npHeMbl STOH 6opb6bl, Bblpa60T8HHbJe B D OJlbCKHX WJI.SIXeTCK0-6IOpoKpaTH"leCKHX Kpyrax, nepeHHMaJIHCb yKpaHHCKHMH DOJIHTHKaMH C BeCbMa COMHHTeJibHOH D0Jih30H ,liJIR YKPaHHCKOH >KH3BB. HAeil:ubJe, KYJihTypHble HBTepecbl OTCTynana

564

nepe,~:~

IIC.RKHMH tpea.IIbHblMIH llOJIHTH'ICCKHMH H napTHHHblMH paC'lCTaMH, H TOT KYJibTYPHbiH llO~'beM, KOTOpbiH llOCTaBHJI ranH~HIO B

~CHTPC yKpaHHCKOH )f(H3HH B npe~IUCCTBYIO~eM ~eC.R'rHJieTE:H, 6blCTpO Cllii.AaJI B oTII I'O,i:ibl. YracaeT KHIII'OH3,D;aHliC, OT:X:O,ll.fiT Ha BTO· poH: nnaa Ha)T'iHble HHTepecbl, H HX He BOaMe~aiOT ycn:exH 3Kofto-

MU'leCRHX opraHHaa~HH 1 KOOIIepaTHBOB 1 6aHKOBj BO BCSIKOM CJI'j· 'lae .AJI.R TOH POJIH, KOTOPYIO ranH~H$1 Hrpana ~0 cux nop

*fi3HR

BCCH YKpaHHbl , OHH ~aBaJIH O'ICHb MaJIO HJIH COBCCM HH'Iero. CaMo no ce6e pacKpeno~eHHe YKpaHHbi yMCHbmaJro 9TY pOJJ!>, a 3TO ocna6neime KYJII>TypaoH: )f(H3HH B ranHUHH e~e 6oni>me ycKop.Rno CHH)f(CHHC HHTepeca K raJIH~KOH )f(H3HH Ha YKpaHHC. C noRBJieHHCM npeccbt, mypaanoB, KYJII>TypHbiX opraHHaa~HH Ha pocCHHCKOH Y Kpanae co:sepmeHHO ecTeCTBCHHO K HHM B03!3pa~aJIHCb TC CHJ!bl, KOTOpble paHbillC HCK8JIH ce6e llpHMCHCHH.Ii B ranH~HH.

0~HaKO BMCCTe C TCM yrpa'IHBaJCT ~Jl.li yKpaiUf~CB HHTepec H CaMH IIO Ce6e I'aJIH~KHC H3~aHHSI, ra.iiHIJ;Kl'lC OTHOIUCHHR, raJIH~KaR ITO· JJHTHKa H3·3a TOI'O, 'ITO 6C.QHCCT HX llpHH~HI1H8JibHOC CO.QCp)f(aHHC, H I'aJIH~KHC CHJlbl B ,QaJJbHCHIUCM Ha'IHHaiOT lfCI<aTb Ce6e OpHMC· aeHH.R B poccHHCKOH YKpaHae. Ha yKpaHBCKHX H3.ilaHHilx

1914

1907-

I'O.QOB 3TO 6biJIO BHJ{HO .QOCTa'rO"JHO Bblpa3HTC1IhHO, OC06CHIIO

aa npaMepe nepeHeceHHoro H3 Jli>BOBa B KHeB •JliT~paTypHo-Hay KOBoro BicTHHKa•. HecMO'l'PSI Ha nee npe!I.RTCTBH.Ii H TPY.Il.HOCTH, KOTOPI>Ie BCTp.e'la-

aa CBOeM nyTH yKp~MHCKOe Ha~uOHSJii>HOe pa3!lHTiie B Poccx.m

B 3TOT nepHO)l., yKpaHHCKaH )f(li3Hb 6H1!8Cb TYT CHJibHO -

MO)f(CT

6b1Tb, TeM CHJ!bHCC, 'ITO TOJ!bKO 'ITO pacKpeno~CHHS.ll, BbiiTY~C.H· Ha.ll H3 ITO.QllOJibJI Ha~HOHaJibHa.li 3HeprHSI BCTpeqaJia CTOJibKO npcrpa.l{ ua Ka)f(.QOM mary. I1pasnTe1!I>CTBCHHaR peaK~H.ll, KOTopar. H8'1aJI8Cb 6yKBaJ::hHO Ha CJie,llyiO~HH me ,llCHb ITOCJIC OnyOJ!HKOBaHHSI MaHH<PecTa

1905

ro.na, .n.anana ce6.11 aaaTI> aa npn:Mepe yKpa-

HHCTBa OC06eHHO SIBHO. He ynOMHHa.li 0 BCCB03MO)f(Hb!X 8).\MliHHC· TpaTHBHbiX penpeCCHHX !I<ICHCC 3Ha'IHTCJibH.biX, CTO:IiT OTMCTHTb HRHOOJICC npHH~HII11aJI'i>Hhle, ~eK.napaTHBlihle BblCTYllJ!Ct •HSI npaBH· TCJibCTBCHHblX opraHOB B 3TOH c<lJepe. TaKOH xapaKTep HMCJIO llO,[(TBCpm)l.CHHC CCHaTOM

(1908)

llOCTaHOBJICHJtH I10JI'I'8'BCKOI'O npHCYT·

CTBHH, KOTOpoe OTKa3a.JiO B perHCTpa~HH 4IlpOCBiT8:\U Ha TOM OCHOB8HHH, 'ITO llOMO~b KY1II>TYPHO·I1POCBe~eH-tCCKOMY pa3Bl1'Tlll0 MCCTHoro yKpaHHCKoro o6~ecTBa CKPhlBaeT n ce6e c~napaTUCTCKHe li8MepeHH8' 3Ty TO'IKY 3pCHHSJ pa::IBHJI BIIOC.IIC)l.CTBHH IIpOCJiaBJICH· HbiH ~HpKyJUJp MHHHCTpa BH:,!TpeHHHX )l.CJI C .liHBapn

1910

ro,aa,

KOTOpbiH, nonpei<H BCCM O«i>Hl.\HaJII>HblM TCOpHR.M 06 40,11HHilKOBO· (:TK pyCCKOI'O uapo.n.a• , npHtJHCJlliJI yKpaHHCKHC

op:raU:H38~UH

UIHOpO)l."JCCKiiM•, uapB.BHC C CBpCHCKHMH, H npe,llllHCaJI MCCTHOH

565

!IAMHHHCTpa~HH He paapemaTb BCHKHX T8KHX OpraHH38~HH HeaaBHCHMO OT HX ~eJieii ~HOH8JlbHLIX

•nOTOMY 'ITO 06'he,!IHHeHHe Ha DO'!Be Ha-

HHTepeCOB BeAeT K YCHJieHHIO H~HOH8JlbHOro B38H·

MOOT'IYmAeHHH•.

HaKOHe~ panOpT TOrO me MHHHCTpa (CTOJibiUHHa) DO DOBOAY OTKaaa perHcTp~HH OAHoro yKpauHcKoro TonapH!l.\eCTBa B MoCKBe B <l>eBp8Jle

1911

ro_na AM D0Ap06Hyl0 MOTHBHPOBKY 3TOMY nprum-

TeJihCTBeHHOMy Kypcy, CBH3aB ero CO CT8pOH •HCTOpH'leCKOH 38Aaqei{ poccai'!CKOH rOCYA8PCTBeHHOCTH -

60pb60H C ABHmeHHeM, B

HLIHeliiHee BpeMH Dp03B8HHLIM YKP8HHCKHM, KOTOpoe HeCeT B ce6e HAeiO B03pOmAeHHH CTapoii 'YKpaHHbl H ycTpOHCTBa M8JIOpOCCHHCKOH 'YKpaHHhl Ha aBTOHOMHLIX Ha~HOH8JlhHO·TeppaTopH8JlbHLIX OCHOBaX• . flpaBHTeJihCTBO, T8KHM o6pa30M, npH3H8B8JIO DOJIHYIO HC· TOpH'lHOCTh yKp8HHCKOrO ABHmeHlUI, BOnpeKH BCeM paaronopaM 0 TOM, 'ITO 3TO ABHmeHHe B03HHKJIO KaK BLIAYMKa KyqKH cP8HT83epOB, HO BCe-TaKH CTaHOBHJIOCb DpOTHB Hero H8 D03H~HH a6C01IIOTHO BpamAe6HLie H, He DLIT8HCb pa3JIH'l8Tb, rAe B HeM 38K8H'IHB810TCH KYJih· TypHO·H8~HOH8JlbHbie

38A8'1H H rAe Ha'IHHaiOTCH DOJIHTH'leCKHe,

C'IHT8JIO CBOeH 38Aa'leH YHH'ITOmaTb BCe pa3JIH'IHH, KOTOpLie pa3AeJIHIOT tBOCTO'IHOCJI8BHHCKHe H8POAHOCTHt! ITpu,llepmasaHcb 3THX HHCTPYI<~Hii, MecTHaH aAMHHHCTp~HH H8'18Jl8 B DOC1Ie,liHHe npeABOeHHbJe rOAbl DOAJJHHHble roHeHHH 118 yKpaaHcKHe opraHHaa~HH, Ha yKpauucKoe cnoso. 3anpell.\aJJHCb COBepmeHHO 6e30CHOB8TeJibHO •flpocBiTH-., rAe OHH ell.\e CY!l.\eCTBOBaJIH: yKpaHHCKHe KJiy6LI,

JieK~HH, KOH~epThi, 8cPHIDli1 06'bHBJieHHH1

BLIBeCKH, apeCTOBLIB8JJHCh 6H6JJHOTeKH, KHHrH Ha CKJJ8A8X, TaKHe K8K dCo6aaph•, KaK yKp8HHCKOe EBaHreJIHe, H3AaHHOe CHHOAOM1 H TOMY DOA06Hoe . BoaspaJl.\aiOTCH Kyphe3LI •HeAaBHHX A06phiX npeMeH• nocne yKaaa

1876 roAa-

B floJITaBe, HanpuMep, seneHo y6-

paTb H3 BHTpHH KHmKHOrO M8r83HHa KHHry •'YKpaiHChKa rpaM8THKa•, 'IT06LI He aruTaponaJia npoxomux; npHKaaauo acnpaBUTb Ha BLIBeCKe WKOJJLI HM. lCOTJIHpeBCKOrO ee H83BaHHe Ha pyCCKOe, BLI6pDCHB

H h; aaasaHHH yKpauHCKHX nhec aa a<t>amax npeAnHcaao

A8B8Tb B pyCCKOM nepeBO,lle, TaK 'ITO BMeCTO tfiOWHJJHCb y AYPHi• OAH8)K,!ILI DOHBHJIOCb •3anHcaJJHCb B AYP8KH•, H T. n. Bee aTH Kyp&eaLI, MeJJO'IH H cepbe3Hble YA8PLI -

BP OAe BBeAe-

HHH orpOMHOH DOliiJJHHLI Ha 3apy6emHLie yKpaHHCKHe H3A8HHH, KOTOpU: cPaKTH'IeCKH 3aKpLIJJa ,llopory B POCCHIO YKPaHHCKHM KHH· raM, H3A8HHLIM 3a rpauu~eii, BPOAe aanpell.\eHHH OAHOH H3 BamHeiiliiHX opraHH38~HH- KHeBCKOH tflpOCBiTH• , BpO,lle 38KPLITHH KHeBCKOro TosapuJl.\eCTBa rpaMOTHOCTH u KOHcPHCKa~uu ero •HapoAHoro )l;oMa• H ,lip. -

He DpOH3BO,!IHJJH Ha 0611.\eCTBO H TeHH TOro

rHeTyll.\ero sne'laTneHHR, K8K penpecCHH

566

1870- 1880-x rOAOB.

Pe-

IIOJUO~H.Ii

pacKpeno~eHHe

yKpaHHCKOI'O CJIOB8

Y~Ke

C.ll;eJiaJIH CBOH

r.ny6oKHe nepeMeHbl B HaCTpOeHH.IiX H C03H8HHH o6~eCTBa H IDHpOI(HX M8.CC, H DOBOpOT K CT8.POMY, BH.li;HMO, 6hlJI HeB03MO:lKeH. &l'o O~y W,8Jl0Cb, O'leBH.li;HO, H CaMOH a,D.MHHHCTJ)~Heif, KOTOpa.li lJP CaMOH BOH· H W. He pemaJiaCb 06'be.li;HHHTb H CSeCTH S O.li;HY CHCTeMy see 3TH ttOBbte penpeccHBHbte Mepbl, H OHH, npa sceii: csoeii: 6ecnap.noaaoif karJIOCTH, ocTaBaJIHCb paapoaaeaablMH Bhlna.naMH. YKpaHHCIUUI >KH3Hb ae CJia6ena H ae cna,D.aJia. Hanporns, Ha o6~eM 4>oae scepoccHHCKOH peaK~HH H CDa,D.a peBOJilO~HOHHOH BOJIHbi, DO cpasaeHHJO CO CHH:lKeHHeM rp8:lK.li;8HCKOH aKTHBHOCTH, KOTOpoe .li;8SaJIO Ce6JJ (llf8Tb B 3TH rO~bi cpe.li;H poCCHHCKOI'O rp8:lK.li;8.HCTBa, yKpaHHCKQe J(BHmeaHe c ero aeocna6esaJO~eif soneil K pa3BHTHJO a 6opb6e CTattOBHJIOCh .liBJieHHeM see 6onee 8pKHM H aaMeTHbiM. pOCCHHCKOH peSOJllO~HH

1905

so.nosopoTe

ro~a YKP RHHCKOe .li;BH:lKeHHe Kaaa-

JIOCb MeJIKHM npOBHH~aJIH3MOM, KOTOpblH .li;OJI:lKeH 6biJI, ~yMaJIOCb, co speMeHeM YTOHYTb H pac'l'BOPHTbCJJ B poccHHCKOM Mope. Tenepb JIOCCHHCK8SI peaK~USI O~eHHJia ero CHJIY H 3H8'leHHe, H C HHM H8'1HH 8lOT C'lHT8ThC8 KaK c .liSJieHHeM cepbe3HbiM H r.ny6oKHM.

opo-

a·p eccnsHbiX poccHikKHX Kpyrax aa•maaeT MeH.IiTbC$1 oTaomeane K

H8~HOHaJibHOMY ABH:lKeHHlO B006~e: HaH60Jiee BHHMaTeJibHbie H 'lfYTKHe JI!OAH H8'lHHaJOT OC03H8S8Tb SCJO HesepHOCTb B3ro~OB Ha

fla~HOHaJibHYJO 6op1>6y KaK CHJIY peaK~HOHHylO H 3~YMbiB8lOT BBeCTH 3TH n,neH S Kpyr TeX 3JieMeHTOB, Ha KOTOpbte ODHp8eTCJI pOCCHH· CKOe OCS060AHTeJibHoe ABH>Keaae, O:lKHBHTb ero yracaJO~YlO 3HepI'Hl0 peBOJllO~HOHHOH 3HeprHeH 6op~t6bi H8~HOH3JibHOH. C ,npyroii: c:TOpOHbi, Ha CHJIY H 3H8.'leHHe YKPRHHCKOI'O ABHmeHH$1 H8'1HH8eT

OGpa~aTb BHHM8.HHe pOCCHHCK8$1 HHTeJI~HreH~H.Ii H8 YKpanHe (Ha napTHH ilapo,naoif cso6o,nbt,

1914

Ka.ne?O~

Ha 3TOH noqse

B 1912-

ro~ax ,neJIO .li;OXOAHT AO Opi'8HH30B8HHOI'O KOHTaKT8 Me:m~y

n porpeCCHBHbiMH pOCCHHCKHMH napTHSIMH H yKpanH~aMH ( Tosa-

J)H ~eCTBOM yKpaHHCKHX nporpeccHcTO!J.

3TH ro.nhl, nocne Toro

K 8K ABe ,nyMbi 3aKpbiJIHCb AJI.Ii yKpaHHCKOI'O o6~CTB8 H napTHHII ble o praHH381.\HH YTP8THJIH CBOJO ~eJib, 'l'osapH~TBO OCTaJIOCb Uf\KHOI<OH npe,ncTaBaTeJihCKOH YKPBHHCKOH opraaHaa~HeH:).

ro~

AO DOHHbi opraHH30BaJICJ!' Co10a asTOHOMHCTOil-cl>eAepaJmc~s H3 llflCACTasHTeneii aerocyAapeTseHHhlX Hapo,nos PocCHH, KOTOpbie CTOJ!'T 1111 003Hl.\H.IiX aa~HOHMbHO-TeppHTOpHaJibHOH 8STOHOMHH; S HeM t1JHIHHM8JIH yqaC').'He <t>e,nepaJIHCTbl, BeJIHKOpOCCbl, a oupe,t~eJIJIIJO~YlO tJOJib urpanH YKPaHHCKHe npe,ncTaSHTenn . ~TaHOBWJOCb B38HMounnHMaaae Me)f(Ay TOH me YKPaHHCKOA opraHH38.l(Heif

(Tm) H

AyM-

t:KH MH cl>paK~H.IiMH TPYAOBHKOB H Ka,D.eTOS, KOTOpbie OO.Ii3biB8.JIHCb n pr.]t'bJ!'BJI$1Tb H DOA,llep:mHS8Tb yKpaHHCKHe TJ>eOOS8.HI'I$1 S c<t>epe

I<YJihTYPHO·H8~1'10~8JibHOI'O C8MOODpe,t~eJieHHJ!'.

561

3'J'O S38HMOllOHHMa-

HHe HaWJIO OTpameHHe B AYMCKHX Ae6aTax no nOBOAY aanpe~eHHS

npa3~HoBaHHS B KHese 100-neTHs co ,nHR pom~eHas illeB'IeHKa (l}>eBpaJII>,

1914). JlHAephl nporpeCCHBHhiX rpynn ~YMbl BhiCTYfiHJIH

C nporpaM.MBhiMH pe'laMH no yKpaHHCKOMY BOnpocy, BDepBhle pa3ropeJIHCI> cephe3Hiole Ae6aThl, u aTo npou3seno TaKoe

me Bne'laTne-

BHe, KaK H rpaH,tiH03Hhle MaHHcpeCT~HH B lCueBe B meB'IeHKOBCKHe AHH no noBOAY Tex 3anpeTOB. YKpaHHCTBO BnepBhle o6uapymHno CBOIO CHJiy H BJIHRBHe B POCCHH.

131. YHH'IToateHHe yKpaHHCTBa so s p eMa soliHLI 3TOT JIBHLIH poCT yKpaHHCKOH CHJibl CHJII>HO pa3,npa3HitJI BparoB yKpaHHCTBa B nOJibCKHX, a TRKme H B p0CCHHCKI1:X Kpyrax, H OHH TO'Jll>KO m,!laJIH CBOerO 'laCa, 'IT06hl pacnpaDHThC.II C HHM. ~8.B HO >K,n:a.JIH OHH CJJy'laH, KOrAa AOHAeT ,t\0 BOHHhl Me>K~Y Poccaeit H ABcTpaeH:, KOTOphle nocne npacoe,t~HHeHBH K ABcTpHH BocaHH croHJIH ,npyr npo-THB ,t~pyra B 6on~omoM HanpRmeHHH. KaeBCKHe 'lepHocoTeHn;hl, pa3,n:pa)KeHHble meB'IeBKOBCKHMH MRHHgJeCTaD;HHMH, rp03HJIH, tiTO,

Kai<

TOJILKO Ha'IHeTCH BOBHa, 6y~YT BemaTb yKpaHH·

n;eB Ha cl><>HapHhiX CTOJI6ax, H BCJI'IeCKH DO,tiTaJIKHBaJIH npaBHTeJII>· CTBO K ~KeCTO'IRHWHM ,AeHCTBH$1M B OTHOWeHHH YKPRHHCTBa.

ranHD;fiH 6eCTOJIKOBble npon;eCCbi, Ha'laTble npaBHTeJihCTBOM npoTHB MOCKBocPHJIOB, ,tla.JIH DOBO,tl BhiMeCTHTb BeCI> rHeB Ha yKpaHH· n;ax, C KOTOphiMH TOJihKO 'ITO KaK 6y,n:TO 6hl ~OCTHrJIH COrJIRCHJI.

Kor.z:~a rpRHyna BOHHa, DOJibCKaJI ~MHHHCTpau,HJI ranHIJ,HH, HCDOJib3Y$1 BOeHHOe DOJIO>KeHHe, Ha"'ana cl><>pMaJibHhle roHeHH$1 Ha yKpaHHCKYIQ HHTeJIJIHreHD;HIO. Ha'laJia KaK 6YATO C MOCKBocPHJIOB, 0~ HaKO DOTOM CTana 6e3 pa360pa XBaTRTb BCeX, ,tiOKR3biBR3 CJIOBaMH BhiCOKOrO "'IHHOBHHKa, "'ITQ

Me>K,t~y

MOCKBO<l>HJIOM H yKpaHHD;eM

TaKas me pa3HHD;R, KaKaJI Me>K,t~y >KHAOM H H3paeJIHTOM. Be3 BC.I!· KOrO nOBO,t~a, KaK 6yATO no no,n:oapeHHio B DOJIHTH'IeCKOH He6JiaroH~e>KHOCTH,

.'lOBHJIH, RpecTOBhlBaJIH, BloiChiJlaJIH BCeX, C KeM HMeJIH

,tiRBHHe C'leThl, a D03,t1Hee, KOr,tla cpe,t~H BCe06~eit DRHHKH HC'Ie3 BCJIKHH 3RKOHHhiH KOHTpoJih, KaK yBepJIJIH ynopBbie CJIYXH, ,t~a)Ke BewanH: 6e3 cy~a H cne,t~CTBHJI.

YKpaHHe poccBiicKoii roHeBHe Ha yKpaBHCTBO Benoc~o e~e

6onee CDJia&HpoBaHHO H CHCTeMaTH'IecKH, yme C CRMOI'O uaqana BOH· Hbi, a C eir(e 60JibWeH 3HeprBeit Ha'laJIOCb OHO, KOr,tla pOCCHHCKoe BOiiCKO 3aHJIJIO JlbBOB H BCIO BOCTO'IHYIO riUIHD;HIO. Y BCeX BparOB }'""KpaHHCTBa DOJIBHJIRCb TBep,t~aR H~e>K~a R .z:~ame yBepeHBOCTb, 'ITO TeDepb MO>KHO 6y~eT 311.t\Y.WRT.b yKpRHHCTBO ,t\0 OCHOBaHHJI -

568

B ca-

NOH ero KOJILI6eJIB, KOTOpOH C'lBTilJIH OHB raJIBQ;HlO, H Ha BCe:ii YKpaHHe poccuiicKoii. cKoae~ yKpaHHCTBy!• -

TaKOB 6LIJI noayar poc-

caiicKoii ~MHHBCTpaQ;HB. ,lJ;O CHX IIOp OHa He pema.naCb BO BCe:ii IIOJIHOTe IIOCJie,l{OBaTb COBeTaM 'lepHOCOTeH~eB B OTHOWeHHH HCKOpeHeHH$1 YKPaHHCTBa, -

Tenepb )Ke

6onee ae Kone6anact••

Cpaay )Ke C Ha'illJlOM BOBHbl 6bl11H 38Kpb1TW DCC IIOIIHTH'leCKBe YKPaHHC.K He aa~aHBn. Apecroaaabl u BLlCJiaHLl - TO)Ke 6ea acnKHX ocaosaauB: u;enwii psr~ yKpauacKHX .l{eSITeJieR. KuescKasr ~eHaypa

C ~aBHHMB BparaMH YKPaHHCTBa BO I'JI8.Be, IIOJib3YRCb TeM,

'ITO paapemeHHe aa BCRKHe B3.!{8HHRIIepemJIO K BQeHHLIM, O&l.RBH-

110, 'ITO aa yKpaBHCKHe B3.l{aHHR paapemeaue 6y~eT .l{aBaTbCR TOJibKO TOI',l{a, KOr~a OHH 6y.l{yT neqaTaTbCR OOII(epyCCKHM np8.BOIIHCa-

HB~M. :3TO 6e33aKOHHOe B0306HOBJieHHe yKa3a 1876 I'O.l{a npHBeJIO K TOMY, 'ITO ae aanpeii(eauwe eii(e aenonHTH'IecKue B3AaHHn TaK)Ke nepeCTilJIH BLIXO,l{HT:b H y HHX 6LI11B OT06paHbi CBH.l{eTeJibCTBa Ha H3,l{aHHe. BbiJIH npouase,D;eHbi KOH$HCKS.UHH a aattaTLl npo~eccbl npoTHB pa3HLIX aBTOpOB COBCeM HeBHHHbiX npoH3Be,D;eHHH, H TaKHM o6pa30M 6Llna cosepmeHao npeKpa.II(eaa scnttecKan nurepaTypaan u B3.D;aTeJibCKan .l{eHTeJibBOCTb B Kuese . Pe.D;aKTOpLl, aa.QaTenu IILITanucJ. nepeuecTB ee Ky.Qa-au6y.l{h aa npe,l{eJILI ,l{ocsrraeMocTB KHeBCKoii a,QMHHHCTPS.UHH H KHeBCKHX ~eH30POB, HO BCIO.D;Y BX BCTpe'JaJIH ecJIH He IIOJIHLie H a6COJilOTHLle 3anpeTLl cpaay, TO pa3Hhle HeQ)KH• ~auaocTH, TaKBe, aanpBMep, KaK o,D;eccKoe TPe6oBaHae, 'IT06Ll B ~eaaypy 6LIJIH npHCJiaHLI Ha paCCMOTPeHHe PYKOIIHCH B TPeX KOIIH-

IIX, B npoTHBHOM CJiyqae H3,l{aHHe KOH$HCKOBLlBaJIOC:b H TBIIOrpa4tHJI aaKpwsa.nacb y)Ke no BLIXOAe nepaoro HOMepa. llo.D;o6able BbiXO.l{KH 6LlJIH 3JIOBpe,QHee KaTeroputteCKOrO aanpeTa, BOO H3-3a HHX JIIO.D;H aanpaCHO TpaTBJIH BpeMR, CHJibi, cpe,D;CTBa, Temach Ha,Qe)I(,QOH

HaJI~BTb B3,1{aTeJibCKyiO pa6oTy, H CJie,D;OBaBmee KpymeHBe 3TOH H~em,~tl>I eii(e 6onee .QeaopraHB30BbiBano pa6oTy. HaBBbtcmero pac~BeTa 3Ta ny:KasaJI CBCTeMa .l{OCTHrJia B Ha'la.ne

1917

ro,D;a, aa ae-

CKOJibKO He.QeJib ,l(O peBOJIIO~BH, KOr,Qa KHeBCKaJI 8.QMHHHCTpa~HR ,D;aJia THnorpa$HJIM CeKpeTHOe pacnopR)KeHHe B006II(e He IIPBHHJotaTb· H He ne"'aTaTb HH"'el'O yKpaHHCKOI'O , Ka:KHM 6bl TO HH 6biJIO n pasonucaaaeM! ••

TO apeMn, Kor.zta YKPaHHCKaa )KH3Hb B Pocczu HCKyccTaeaao

paapymanacJ., npeKpaii(a.nacJ., aaMopa)KHBaiiacb sceMH 3'l'HMH cnoco6aMH, ra.nu~an muaab y HH'iToma.nacb eii(e 6onee rpy6o, aacHJILCTBeHHO B aapaapcKH. 'l!epe3 l!eCKOJibKO He,D;eJib IIOCJie B3JITHJI JlbBOBa, c oceau

1914

ro,~ta aosa11 a,D;emaJIR poccuiicKaJI a.QMHHHCTpau;un, c

rpa$0M Bo6pHHCKHM BO rnase, CTilJla pa3BHBaTL CBOIO nporpaMMY IIHKBH.Qa.Q;HH BCeX 38.BOeBaBHii yKpaHHCKOR KYJibTypaoii )I(H3HH B

569

ra.mU.\HH. BblJIH npHOCTaHOBJieHbl Bee yKpaHHCKHe nepHO~H'lleeKae

H3~aHH$1, 3aKPETbl KHH.>KHhle Mara3HHbl, 6H6JIHOTeKH, a 3jlTeM Bee yKpaHHeKHe TOBapHIQeeTBa. IloebiDa.JIHeb apeCTbl H BblebiJIKH B Poceuro •ae6naroaAAe>KHhlX• H •noAoapuTeJI&HbiJU yKpauaeKHX

~eRTeJieH . ,l(enonpoaaso~eTBO H o6}"1eaue aa YJCpaaueKOM RabiKe

npeKpaTWIOCJ>. Oran.u npHHHl'.taTI>Ca Mepbl Ali& aa.MeBbl

YHHH

poc-

cuii:cKHM npasoeJiaBHeM. r,Ae He 6biJIO Ha MeCTe yKpaHHCKOI'O YHHaTeKOI'O CBSI:QeHHHKa -

BbiBe3JIH ero HJIH CaM BbleXaJI, -

Ty,Aa

DOCbiJiaJIH npaBOCJiaBHOrO, a I',Ae 6biJIH CBRIQeHHHKH Ba MecTaX, HX DPH3b1Bll.Jlll DepeXOABTb B npasoeJiaBBe HJIH ,A06HBaJIHCb OT CeJibCKBX 06tqHH DOCTaHOBJieHHR 0 Ha3H8'll6HHH npasOCJiaBHOI'O CB$1~6H HHKa. PoceHHCKaR AAMHHHeTpaJ.\HSI, Q$HI.\Ha.JibHhlMH COBeTHHKaMH KOTOpoH CTa.JIH I'a.JIH~KHe MOCKB<>$HJibl, a He<>$BI.\Ha.nbHbi.MH DOJI$1KH, Be~a.na Ha TY D03HJ.\HIO, 'liTO B raJIHI.\HH ,1\0JI.>KHbl 6bi'Pb BDOJIH6 npHaaaHbl npasa nOJibCKoro HaceJieHHR, HO yKpaHHJ.\aM a espeRM He MO.>K6T 6b1Tb HHKaKHX Jlbl'OT: AJI$1 HHX ,AOJI.>KHbl 6b1Tb TOJib,.KO poccuH:cKHH (seJIHKopyccKHH) R3biK, poccaitcKa.R KYJil>Typa. B TaKOM p;yxe e}\eJiaJI 3MBJI6HHe rpacp Bo6pHHeKHH BO BpeMJI esoero npueaAa B Poecaro seCHoii

1916 ro,Aa' nocne nocne,Aaero poceuiieKo-

ro TpeyMcpa B ra.nu~HH -

B311TH$1 IlepeMbiWJI$1, KOTOpoe, KaK TOrAa

Ka3a.JIOCb, peWHT6JlbHO 3aKp6DJI11JIO DpHCOe~HH6HH6 ra.nHI.\HH K PoccaH . Ilpose,AeHHe B .>KH3Hb 3TOH paapymHTeJibHOH nporpaMMbl

o6o-

CTPJ1Jl0 CHTYanuiO e~e OOJthme 6naro,Aapa MeTOAaM, KOTOphlMH 9Ta nporpaMMa ocyiQeCTB.Il$IJiacl>. KaK noToM npuaaa.JIH poceuiieKHe ocpHI.\Ha.JibHbl6 KpyrH, ra.nHJ.\H$1 B nepHO~ OKJcy'D81.\HH OK83aJI8Cb B pyKax BeRKOH DOJIHI.\eHCKOH H 'IHHOBKII'ibeH CBOJIO'IH, npaeJiaHHOH eiOAa Ha HeDOJIH6BHe lJ,OJl.>KHOCTeH, a OHa, DOJib3fReh BQeHHbiM DOJIO>KeHHeM, AeJIMa, 'ITO eii aa6Jiarop~: He TOJibKO 6YKBMl>HO rpa6HJia lJ,OMa H JIIO,Aeii, H3AeBaJI&Cb Ha,A yttpa.HHCKHM H espeH:eKHM HaceJieHHeM, HO H BHOCHJia JI6IITY B paapymeHHe YKPaHHeKOH .>KH3HH, ee KYIIIflYPHhlX CHJI. MecTaMH, HanpHMep, DOrOJIOBHO BhlCbiJla.JIHCb yKpaHJKKHe MaCCOBO -

eBR~eHHHKH

HJIH BCJI HHt'eJIJIHI'eHJ.\H$1,

CaMble C03HaTeJibBb16 Iq>ecTbJIH6 H Me~aae. Bcex HX

eaMhlM He'lleJioseqecKHM enoco6oM xBaTanH s 'leM aaCTanu, apeCTOBbiBaJiu, BOJIO'lWJH DO TIOpbMaM H aTanaMH BbiCbiJla.nH B CH6Hpb, 003 pa3JIH'IRJI -

.>KeH~HH, ~eTeH, C'TapHKOB, 60JibHbiX H Ka-

JieK. CKOJibKO TaHHM o6paaoM SaRTO a

yau'l'!'omeso JIIOAeii -

H6HMOBepHO.. 0AHH KHeBCKHH YKP&HBCKHit KOMHTeT DOMOI:QH aaperHCTPHpoBa.n HX lJ.O

TbiC., HO 3TO., O'leBHlJ.HO, TOJil>KO 'l&CTb.

CKHTaHHJI H CTPQ.AaHH11 TeX JIIO~J,eli BWXOAftT aa paMKH BeRKHX npeAeTasJieHuA. CnyqaJIOCI», 'l'l'O XBilTMH cyMaome,l\mHX H rnyxoueMbiX H HX •NfJI C'leTa• DOC'hlJiaJIH B CH6Hpb B3aM6H TeX, KTO

570

ycnen OTKyDHT:&CSI OT csoero onpH'iHHKa. Bec-qacneHHoe Kon:aqeCTBO mo.zteii yr..nrpan:o B Tex cc:DIJIKax. YKpaHHCKrul rrum~HSI6biJla .zteHCTBHTeJll>HO YHH'iTOmeHa aa TOT I'O,lt poCCHHCKOH OKKyna~H,

1914-1915.

Kor.zta BeCHOH TOI'O

ro.zta HeMU,hi Ha~Ia.JI!f CBOO HaCTyDJieHHe Ha 3aKapnaT:&e H pOCCHHCKHM BOHCKaM DPHWJIOCb OTCTYDHT.b, PQCCHRCKHe BJiaCTH, DOKH,ttaa KpaH, eii\e Ha DPOII\aHHe BhiB03HJIH ~eJlhiMH napTHJIMH, KOI'O ycneB8JIH cxsaT"nT:&. Bhle:DK8JIH TaKme see, KTO OOJIJICJI B03BpaTa nonLCKoii

BJ(MHHHCTPa~HH, BeMeriKHX

l!l BeBrepcKHX DOHCK, KOTOphle, He pa3-

6HpaJICh B MeCTHhiX OTHOWeHH'JfX1 Be yMeJI OTJlH'iHTh MeCTHOI'G pyCHHa OT Bpara-pocCHJIHHHa, BeJIH ce6JI Ha I'aJIH~KOH YKpaHHe, KaK BO Bpa3<ecKOH CTpaHe. Exan:H H Te, KOTOphle KYDHJIHCh Ha nocynhl poCCHHCKHX .z;;eMai'OI'OB, o6eiQaBWHX HM 3eMnlO H .zteHbi'H B POCCHH H COOJla3HHBWHX TeM ,l{eCJITKH ThiCJI'i I'aJIH~HX KpeCTbSIH. ilOTOM, KOI',lta HeMe~KOe BOHCKO DO,ltCTYDHJlO K pOCCHHCKOH rpaHH~e, DPR• mna 6e.zta Ha norpaHuqHhle yKpaRBCKHe aeMJIH PoccRH -

XonM:-

II\RHy, llo.ztJIJIWLe, BoJihlHh, llo.ztonmo. BoeHHM snacT:& poccdcKaJI DpHHJI.IlaCh HaCHJlbHO, BOOpymeHHhiMH yrp03aMH BhlCe.IISTh YKPaHHU,eB B rny6HHY PoccHH. CTPaWHhiM H HeHMOBepHhiM 6hlno a-ro onyCTomeHHe, KaKoro YKpanHa Be aHan:a, nomanyii, co speMeH PYHHBOro •CroHa•

1670-x

ro,ttoB.

JIIO,l{H WJlH H I'H6JIH .ztOporoii, DpoDa,l{aJIH HX CKOT H HMYIQeCTBO. He cnpamHBas, Ca3<aJIH HX B uoea.zta, .ztOHeJib3B Ha6Hsas saroHhl, u Je3JIH Ky,tta-ro B KaaaHh, IIepMh RJIH aa Ypan. ()qeBH,t{Il,hi paccKa3hl· JaiOT'CTPawBhle BeJ.QH. MBe CaMOMY paccKa3hiBaJI oqesH,tte~. spaq B MocKae, KaK, npHHHM:as TaKHe •6e:H<eHCKHe• (no CYII\eCTBY, Bhlce.-e!AecKHe) DOe3,l{a, OH B~eJl TOBapHhle Bai'OHhl, Ba6HThle O,l{BHMH 'l!OJJbKO .zteT:&MB, .zto e.ztnHoro YMePWRMH HJIH noNewaswuMBcs. HTaK, co BpeMeB senHKOH PyHHhl XVII B. YKpaHHa Be nepemHsana TaKOro onyCTomeBus H PYHBhl. H BHBa aa nocne.ztcTBHs nomnTCJI TeM 6oJibWHM rpeXOM Ba BCeX, KTO ,l{OBeJI ,!tO STOI'O, eJ.Qe H IIOTOMy, 'iTO

'fYT

6hiJIO MHOI'O He TOJlbKO rpy60CTH H HeDOHHMaHHB, HO H 3JIOI'O

YM~CJia npOTHB yKpaHHD;eB, HaqHH&JI C TeX, KTO C06Hpan:cs, II0Jlb3Y·

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MecTaX .CChiJIOK He

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canaNH. He .ztasanu o6'be.ztHBBT:& YKPaHHCKHX 6emeBu;es, yKpanBc· KHX .zteTeii B oco6hle rpynn~o~, oco6~o~e KOJIOHHH. He paapeman:H opraHH30BhiB&Th yKpaHHCKHX WKOJl ,l{Jl$1 BHX, TaK KaK OpraBH30BhlBa-

571

JIHCh !'!OJibCKHe, .JiH'l'OSCKHe, JiaTbliDC:KHe H T. n. raJIH~l<!ie CCb!Jii,Hbie H DJieHHble CC7llB!!.lll1Cb, 1(8!< npaBHJIO, DO,& oner<OH riOJlhCKviX ynoJI.aOMO'IeHHblX, H ,i:l~e B rJiyr.:Hx yr;rax 3asomKb~ H

Cv.6Hpu

'IYBCTBOsa.'lH o.tui Ha ce6e aTy ~6paTcKyiO PYKY•. llaMJITYJl Cl30H HeA8BtlHH C0103 C JieBbTMli <}>patnt;I-IJIMH )J;yMbl,

pOCCHHCKHe yKpaUH~.hi DblT8JIHCb H8HTH 3AeCb I~aKylQ-HHOYllb 3ll· ~HTy. HanpacHo! •BHyTpeHHee corJiacue~ no o6I.Qeii JIHHHH, npHHJJTOe a Poccuu c yqe·roM aarpaHH'IHOH BOHHbl, paailHab!BaJio PYKH npaBHTeJihCTBY, JieiicT.soBaBmeMy .KaK t5hi B H:HTepecax ee ycnexa. Kor,l(a MHHHCTP HHOCTpaHHbiX .l(eJI CaaoHoB B H a'!aJie

1915

ro~a

DOBTOpBJl C ,lzyMCKOH TpH6yH.bi Mepa.KyiO JIO)Kb 0 TOM, 'ITO yKp8HHCKOe ~BH:>Kemie B POCCHH opraHH30BaJIOCb Ha HeMei.V<Iie ,1(8Hhl'H, HHKTO H3 y.KpaHHCKHX •coi03HHKOB~ He Bbipa3HJI CBOero DpOTeCTa DpOTHB 3~01'0 IIO,IlJIOI'O 110.1\Jtena. Bee HanOMHHaHliJJ 0 6e33aKOHTJblX penpeCCHJ!X, BCe MaTepHaJibl 0 CTpaWHbiX pOCCBHCKHX paapymeHHJ!X B

raJIH~HH, Y.OT-<>pble nepeCbiJI8JIHCb HM, npHHHMaJliiiCb B OCHO:iJHOM C DJI8TOHH'IecKHM CO'IYBCTBHeM H CARBaJIHCb B apXI-IBbi. IlOTOMY 'ITO ,l(a:>Ke 6JIH>KaHmHe npHJITeJIH yKpaHH~eB npHJ~epJKHB8JIHCb TOI'O MHeHHR, 'ITO B AaHHblH MOMeHT HeJih3Jl C03)J,aBaTh npaBH'l'eJlbCTBy HHKaKHX TPY/.lHOCTeH ITO IIOBO.liY TaKHX cpaBHHTeJlbHO H€3HalJHTe.ru,. HbiX aem;eii. KaK roHe.lum Ha yKpaHH~eB. Bparu :>Ke yKpaHH~es npaBblX H nu6epallbHMX Kpyros (KaK MaBeCTH&Ji! npo<}>eccop CTpyne H .l(p.) cnemmm CJJ.e.ii:lTh »Ce, <tT06bt ymr'lTO>KJUb HX Hascer.na H npHBaJIHTb K8MHeM. 1

KaK TOJlbKO Ha'iaJIHCb qepHble AHH AJI5! pOCCHHCKOJ'O EOHCK8,

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(19

HIOJIJI), 6t.IJtO CK8:18HO

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KaK 0 .IIHHIHM:l.JibHOH

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1915 ron;a, BKJtiO'iHTb

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589

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590

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596

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606

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601

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1911

I'pywescKoro 6wna

r. B Te'leHHe rrocneAYIO~Hx AecsTu neT

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1917 r.

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1894

r . no

1913

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1898 r.

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XVII

s. Co speMeHeM oao rrpuo5peno cnasy Knacca'leCKoro TPYAa

IJO HCTOPHH "YKpaHHhl, HMeJJO HecKOJibKO rrepeR3,llaHHH H rrpHHeCJJO CBOeMy C03,llaTeJJIO MHpOBYIO HayqHyiO H3BeCTHOCTJ.. 8THM TPYAOM

M. rpyweBCKHH 6poCHJJ 81>1308 Ocl>Hu;Hani>HOH pycCKOH HCTOpuorpaII>HH, paccMaTPBBaBWeH HCTOpHIO BOCTO'IHbiX CJiaBJIH HCKJJIO'IHTeJihHO ttcpea npuaMy poccuii:cKoii: rocy~apcTaeHHOCTH.

1 MuxauJI CepreeBH'l I'pymeBCKHH PO.IIHJICH a 1866 r. Tiepsoe yBJie'ieIIH~: yKp&HHCKOH HCTOpHeH upHWJIO K HeM}' BO BpeMH o6yqeHHH B rHMH&· :mH. Tor,11a OR 1103H&KOMUJlCH c TPYA&MH uaaeCTHbiX a XIX a. HCTOPHKOB II. J<ocTOM&poBa, KyJIHWa, M. MaKCHMOBH'l&, A. MeTJIHHCKOro, A . CK&· KnJu.cKoro H AP· IOaowecKoe yBJieqeaue npeAODpeAeJIHJIO Bb16op 6YAY~eH IIJimllcccHH. C 1886 r. no 1890 r. M. I'pyweaCKHii H3Y'I&JI HCTOPHIO H ciiHJIO· I!INJIHIO H J(HeBCJ<OM YBliBepcHTeTe, TAM me B 1894 r. 3a~HTHJI M&rHCTepI:Kytu 1\HccepTau;uJO H no peKOMeHA&u;HH B. AHTOROBH'Ia ao3rJI&BHJI K&clleP.IIY nt:t•olllu;eif HCTOPHH JI~oaoscJ<oro YJIH&epcureTa.

)H I, .. .... •• ,.._un

609

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rny

610

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1917

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cocpeAOTO'IHJIOCb Bee 6oraTCTBO CTp&Hhl. fiocneABee MOmHO

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JIIO~HH . fiOCJie OKTH6pJI

1917

r. OHH pacCM8TpHBaJIHCb HCKJIIO'IH·

Ten~ouo KaK 6ypmyaaao-aa~HOHaJIHCTH'IecJ<aJI KOBTPPeBoJIIO~BH. HecMOTPJI aa M&PKCHCTCKYIO pHTOPHKY o TOM, 'ITO nponeTapcJ<He D8}>THH npH3HaiOT opaBO H8IUfH B8 CB.MOODpeAeJieHHe, O'leBH,!UIO, 'ITO

H8~HOHaJibHO·OCBoOOAHTeJibBble H KOMMYHHCTJftlecKHe ABHlKeHHH onapanuc~o ua npHBIUfDHaJibHO paaJIH'IBYIO MeTOAOJIOrHIO. OAHU BHAeJIH OCHOBODOJiaraiO~HM 3JieMeHTOM CBOeH HAeoJIOrHH H&~HIO, DOABepmeHHYIO eAHHCTBY DOJIHTH'IecKOA BOJIH, HanpasneHHOH H8 C03A8HHe CyBepeBBOrO B&~HOHaJibHOrO roCyARPCTBa. ):Ulyrue HCDOBeAOBaJIH KJI&CCOBhle

DpHH~HDhl,

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1917 r.

MemAY CoaeroM HapoABhlX

KoMHCcapOB H B&IUIOBaJibHhlMH Up8BHTeJibCTB8.1dH, B03HHKWHMH H8 reppHTopuu TaTapcTaua, KaaKaaa, Kapraaau, B03HBKJIH KOHC\lJIBKThl.

AeKa6pH

1917

r. CHK BhiABHHyn yn~tTHM&THBHhle Tpe6oaa-

HHR YKp&.HHCKOR ~eHTPan&uoA P&Ae, B KOTOpwx, no c~ecTBy, BHJI eA cocTOHHHe BOHHbl.

OO'WI-

AMI>HeiimeM 6on~omeBHKH ue npouyc-

KaJIH cnyqaJI HHCDHpHpOB&Tb 3TY BOHHY DOA BHAOM 6opb6hl 38 COBeTCKYIO BJI&CTb.

Ha~HOHaJibHO-OCBOOOAHTen~ouwe ABHmeHHH ue cMornH RUTH o6~ero nouuMaHHJI H c 6enbiM ABHmeuaeM, 'ITO B ~enoM ocna6mr-

no, KaK OTMe'laJIOCb BbiWe, aHTHKOMMYHHCTH'IeCKHe CHJihl, npHBOAHJIO K e~e 6on~omeMy o6ocTpeHHIO rpamARHCKOA aoAuhl ua ua~ao

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00·

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~HH. •Hama YKPaHHCKaH pesoniO~Hsr, K comaneuHIO, ue paaauaanac& C&MOCTOIITeJihHO, 088 BCe BpeMJI BhlHYmAeHa 6h1Jla COH3MepJITb CBOit Mapm C KOHBYJibCHBHhlMH ABHmeBHJil\IH H 6pOCK8.1\IH peBOJIIO-

~HH pocCHHCKOH, X&OTH'IBOH H CTpamuoil, -

626

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POCCHHCKIUI peBOJIIO~HR DOTSHyJia Hac CKB03h KpoBh,

CKB03b paapyxy, CKB03h oroah•. KaK B'lepamHRR COBeTCKa$1 npaKTHKa He3pHMO DpHCY'fCTBYeT B Haweii cero,AH$1WHeH peaJibHOCTH, OKa3hiBaR Ha Hee DOCTORHHOe ,AaBJieHHe, TaK H CTOJieTH$1 npe6b1BaHH$1 B COCTaBe POCCHHCKOii: HMnepBH H8KJia,AhiBIUIH OrpOMHhlH OTDe'laTOK Ha XO,A B p83BBTHe YKpaHHCKOH peBOJIIO~HB. YKpaHH~hl He DpOCTO HCDhlThlBaJIH Ha~HO HIUihHblii: I'HeT CO cTOpOHhl uapH31118, HX o6~ecTBeHHOe pa3BHTHe DO,ABeprJIOCh 3H8'1HTeJihHhlM .AecllOPM~HRM, OHH pa3BHBIUIHCh K8K HeDOJIHIUI HaUHR, HMe$1 O'leHh cna6o p83BHTble KJiaCChl 6yp)Kya3HH H nponeTapaaTa, o6paaosaaae KOTOPhlX npoxo.ztHJIO B ycnoaasx cy-

~ecTBOBaHHR o6~eHr«ilepcKoii xoasii:cTBeHHOH cacTeMhl. Bea6yp)KyaaaOCTh yKpaHHCKOH H~HH CJie,AyeT DOBHMaTh He KaK C'lacTJIHBYIO OCOOeHHOCTb ee, a KaK C~eCTBeHHblii: .zt$KT, pe3yJihTaT HM· nepcKoro HaCHJIHR. YKpaHHCKOe KpecTb$1HCTBO, COCTaBJISBmee DO-

.ztaBJIRIO~YIO 'laCTb H8D;HH, HMeJIO CJia6opa3BHTOe H~HOHaJibHQe caMOC03HaHHe, OHO CKOpee npe,ACTaBJI$1.110 3THH'IecKyJO Macey, 38KOH· cepBHpOBaHHYIO B I'Jiy6HHaX DOJiy<}leo,ItaJibHhJX OTHOWeHHii:. ~.11$1 Hero H~HOHaJihHOe OCBOOO)K,IteHHe BH,IteJIOCh CKB03b DPH3MY COUH·

an~>HhiX npHo6pereauH:.

HaKoeeu, yKpaHHcKaJI HHTennHreHUHR,

BblcTynasmas I'JiaBHWM ,!tBHI'8TeJieM HaUHOHaJibHO-QCBOOOAHTeJibHOii: 6oph6w, 6bl.11a DOABeP)KeHa BJIHRHHIO TeH,AeHUHH o6~epoccuii: cKOro peBOJIIOD;HOHHOro ABH)KeHHR H, npe)K,Ite BCei'O, H,IteH COIUI8JIH3M8. CouHanHCTH'IecKaR <}lpaaeonorus npacyTCTBOBana B nporpaMMax YJCpaHHCKHX napTBii H AO

1917

r. Ho nocne na,AeHHR caMo-

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pan~>Hoii Pa,Ahl, BXOAHJIH B COCTaB ee pyKOBOARmero R,Apa, B031'JiaBJl$1JIH feeepaJihHWH CeKpeTapuaT. ~m1 yKpaHHCKHX 3Cepos, coo;aan-.zteMoKpaTOB -

a 3TO K TOMy )Ke 6blJia DO,ABep)KeHHIUI peBOJIIO-

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1918 1'.,

H TOJih·

Ko 6onJ.meaacTcKoe BOOPY*eaeoe aacTyrureeae aa Kaea BWHYAH-

ee npoaoarnacHTh

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YHHBepcanoM aeaaaHCHMOCTb YKpaaaw.

627

CKPhiB8.7l y~osneTBopeHHJI, npuaaa.sa.JI, 'ITO nocne nononHeHHJI IJ;eaTpaJI&Hoii P~w npe~CTaBHTeJIJIMH BceyKpauacKoro pa6o'lero C'bea-

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III

YausepcaJie IJ;eaTPaJI&aoii P~w. r~e Haps,ny c o6paaoaaHHeM

YKpaHHCKOii Hapo~aoA: Pecny6nHKH nposoarnamaJiac& JIHKBH~a

~HJI HeTPy~osoA: co6CTseHHOCTH aa aeMJilO, ase~eHue rocy~apcTaea aoro KOHTpoJIJI 38 DpoMhlmJieHHbiM

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JIJI ~0 OKTJI6pn1917 1'., MO>KHO CK838T'b, 'ITO OHa, KaK H pOCCHHCKRJI peBOJIIO~HJI,

a ~enoM npowna aa aTo apeMJI nepuo~ ~eMoKpaTH'lec

KOro, poMIUITH'leCKOI'O pa3BHTHJI, KOTOpoMy HaH60Jiee COOTBeTCTBO· BaJia ~eJITeJibHOCTb IJ;eaTpaJibHOH P~bl. nonbiTKH DOCJieAHeu BanpaBHTb pa3BHTHe

peBOJilO~HH

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Koe pyCJIO Bhi3hiB810T O~HOBpeMeBHO H 'lYBCTBO CHMD8THH, H I'OpbKYJO KOHCTftTft~HlO 6ecnepcneKTHBHOCTH TftKOI'O nyTH B KOHKpeTHhiX o6cTOJITen&cTaax 1917 r . ,I:(eMOKpaTHJI oKaaanact. MaJioacll«<leKTHBHhlM opy>KHeM 6op&6hi 38 He3ftBHCHMOCTb. KaK BbiHym~eH noa>Ke npuaaaT& MJI WJIO OT

M. I'pyweacKHH, yKpaHHcKoe ~BH>KeHHe

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H MHOI'O paa OK83hiB8JIOCh DOA

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~HRapRhiX ycnoaunx Heo6xo~HMO 6wno npe>K~e acero C03AaBaT& TBep,~tylO rocy,~tapCTBeHayiO BJIRCTL, He06XO,ltHMhle I'OCYA8PCTBeHHhle HBCTHTYThi, npe>KAe BCei'O Ha~OHaJibHYJO apMHlO. C 3TOH 3~a'leH IJ;eHTPaJI&HaJI Pa~a He cnpaaunac&, ee aaTopuTeT K oceuu 1917 r . YDaJI , 'lftCTO OHft WJia 38 C06blTHHMU, CTpOHJia CBOIO DOJIHTHKY Ha HJIJI103HJIX H omu6Kax. Ee ~eJITeJIJIM He xaaTaJIO nonHTH'lecKoro ODbiTa, K TOMY >Ke YKP8HHCKaJI DOJIHTH'leCKaJI ~eMOKpaTHJI OKa3aJI8Cb KOJIH'IeCTBeHHO HeMHOI'O'lHCJie.HHOH H H.UeHHO pnao6~eBHOH. Ba>KHO OTMeTHTb H TO, 'ITO aapo~ OK838JICA He I'OTOBblM B CBOeM 6on&mHHCTBe ua~uoaan&ao-rocy,~tapcTaeHH&Ie HHTepecbl nocTa&HTL BbiWe CO~HaJibHblX. llpHMepOB 3TOI'O B HCTOpHH peBOJIIO~HH H rpa>K-

~aBCKOH aoiiaw B YKpauae 6onee 'leM ,~tocTaTO'IHO. Ha'laT& MO>KHO C KOH~a 1917 r., KOI'~a arpapHaH peBOJIIO~H$1 BblWJI8 H3·DOA KOHT· poJIJI IJ;eHTpaJI&Hoii P~LI. CTpeMneaue K aaxaaTy noMe~H'l&eii C06CTBeHHOCTH DO~aBHJIO BCe ,~tpyrHe ROJIHTH'leCKHe HHTepeC:LI.

Ha-

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628

3eMJIH•.' •BMeCTO D8TPHOTH3M8 I'epOH'IeCKOrO, D8TpHOTH3Ma DOCBSl-

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~BHmeHHe ,

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,ASeT KpeCTbSIHCKOe 00-

B nepBylO O'lepe,Ab MSXHOBCKOe, OCTpHe KQo-

TOpOrO 6hiJIO HanpaBJieHO npOTHB BCSIKOH rocy~apCTBeBHOH BJiac. TH, DhiT8BmeHCSl Y'J'Bep,AHTbCSl B yKpaHHCKOH ,Aepeaae. B 3TOH CBSI3H MO)KHO CK838Tb, 'ITO YKP8HHCKOMY KpecTbSIHCTBY 6hiJia npHCY-

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3a~HTHTb

CBOH HHTepecbl B OpeAeJiaX CeJia, BOJIOCTH,

yeaAa.

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p~ax oposcxo~sna p~HKMH3~H sacTpoessii, opOHBHsmaSICSl B Bhl~eJieHHH H3 yKpaHHCKHX oapTHii JieBhlX rpyoo (6opOTb6HCTbl, 6op6HCTbl, He3aBHCHMhle), 6JIH3KHX DO H8CTpOeHHJIM My, HCK8BillHX C HHM KOMDpoMHCC8 H B

J< 60JibilleBH3-

KOH~e KOH~OB DOrJIO~eH

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1918

r. YKpaHHCKOH ~epmasbl .

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ecna 6bl eii y~anoch B&IpsaTbCH sa pesonro~Hosuoro DOTOJUl B Ka'lecTBe CaMOCTOJIT8JibHOI'O rocy~apcTB8. 3a

KopoTKoe cy~ecTaosasse YKpaHscKoii ~epmashl eit YAaJIOcb aaa-

629

"'HTeJlbHO Upo,!I;BHHYTbCH HMCHHO TaM, r.o;e 6.b1Jl0 B03MO)f(H0 3cP<l>eKTHBHoe rocy.o;apCTBeHHoe CTpoHTeJlbCTBO. 3TO, Dpe)f(Ae BCero, BHCWHHH DOJIHTHKa, pe3yJlbT8TOM KOTOpoH CTaJIO DpH3H8HHe YKpaHH.bl MHO)f(eCTBOM rocy.o;apCTB Espon.hl, no.o;nucauue npenHMHHapaoro Mnpaoro .o;orosopa c PoccueH:, se.o;eaue MHpH.biX neperosopos o paarpauuqeuuu Teppuropuit. He Meuee B8)f(H.hle peaynbTaT.hl 6.hlnH ,!I;OCTHrHYThl B KYJibTypHO·UpOCBCTHTeJibHOH OOJ18CTH. JleTOM·OCeHbiO

1918

r. aa YKpauHe 6LIJIO coa.o;aHo

150

yKpauscKux ruMsaauH:, B

PYCCKHX WKOJiaX YKP8HHCKHH .113b1K H JIHTepaTypa, HCTOpH.II H reorpacl>HH 6b1JIH BBC)I;CH.bl KaK 06.R38TeJibHble npe,!I;MeTbi. B OKT.116pe B Kuese H KaMese~-IIo.o;oJibCKe OTKPLinHCb YKP8HHCKue rocy.o;apcTBeHH.hle YHHBepCHTeTbi, H, HaKOHe~, B HO.R6pe 6biJI 3aKOH"'CH npO~eCC no.o;roTOBKH u

o6paaosaua YKpaHHCKa.R AKaACMHH uayK. Oco6o

CJie.o;yeT OTMCTHTb M8CCOBoe H3,!1;aHHe pa3JIH'iHOH JIHTepaTypbi Ha yKpauacKOM B3.h1Ke .

soaspa~eHHeM ci>a6pHK u aaso.o;os B pyKH

HX npe)f(BHX BJI8)1;CJib~CB HaMeTHJIHCb npo~CCCbl CTa6HJIH3~HH 3KO· HOMHKJI. 3eMCJibHLIH 38KOH, paapa6aTbiBaBWHHC.II reTM8HCKHM npaBHTCJibCTBOM, HCTOpHK ):{. ,l{opoWCBKO H83BaJI O,!I;HHM H3 JlY'fWHX B Espone. HecMOTPH Ha aTO, yKpaHHcKa.R pesoniO~HOHHas .o;eMOKpaTH.R He nomna ua coTpy.o;HH"'ecTBO c HOBLIMH rocy.o;apcTseHHLIMH CTPYKTY· paMH, CTana K HHM B ODU03H~HIO, a l:{8H60Jiee pa.o;HKaJibHblC

ene-

MCHT.bl ee BO rJiaBe C B . BHHHH"'CHKOM Ha"'aJIH DO,!I;rOTOBKY BOOCTaHJIH. Msrepecabl MOTHBbl, KOTOPblMH npH 3TOM pyKOBO.ACTBOBaJIC.R B . BHHHH"'CBKO H KOTOp.hle aeCKOJibKO U03)f(C H3Jl0)f(HJI B •Bi.,Apo.o;)f(CHHi ua~ii:•. YKpaHHCKYIO .o;ep*asy os onpe.o;ensn KaK peayJILTaT •aasepWCHH.II cP0PMBpOB8HH.II KOHTppeBOJIIO~HOHHOH 6yp)f(ya3HOH rocy.o;apCTBCHHOCTB no YKpaHue, Ha"'aToro IJ;eaTPanbHOH P8AOH npu UOMOillH HCMC~KOrO MHJIHT8pH3Ma•. A UOCKOJibKY YKP8HHCK8H Ha-

~HH ae HMeJia CBOeH 6yp)f(ya3HH, TO YKpaBBCKM .o;ep)f(aBa, C"'HTaJI BuuuuqeuKo, ue 6Lina yKpauucKHM rocy.o;apcTBOM. B.hlasaTb n8AeHHe YKpaHHCKOH .o;ep)f(aBbl, CblrpaB Ha CO~BaJibHblX HHCTHHKTaX KpCCTbRHCTBa, BHHHH'leHKY H C03,AaHHOH HM ,l{BpeKTOPHH YAaJIOCb, a BOT .o;OCTH"'b ycnexos ua nyTH coa.o;auuR YKpauHcKoii Hapo.o;uoil Pecny6JIHKH OK83aJIOCb He DO,!I; CBJIY. B ~eJIOM OT.o;asa.R .o;aub nucaTeJlbCKOMY TanaHTY BuHHB'leHKO, OTMCTHM, "'TO OH 6bl11 60JibWHM DYTaHBKOM B DOJIHTHKC. B

1917 r.

B ero ,AeHTCJlbHOCTH HpKO UpO.IIBHJIHCb 3JICMCHTbi ,ACMOKpaTH3Ma, UOHCKH KOMDpOMHCCHblX UYTeH pa3BHTH.II peBOJ'IIO~HH. ,l{anee Mbl BH.O:HM see 6onee u 6onee neBeiO~ero BuuuuqeuKo, yme.o;wero c nocTa PYKOBO.ABTeJIH yKpauacKoro npasuTeJibCTsa, paaopsaswero OTHOWCHH.II C IJ;eHTpaJibHOH P8AOji B KOH~e

1918 -

Ha'laJie

1919

ro.o;a, CKJIOH.RBmeroc.R K MO,!I;CJIH COBCTCKOH BJI8CT.H Bee 6oJibWCBHCT-

630

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1920 r.

OH H31>SI-

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DO~

BnetJ8TJieHReM 3TOro KOMllpOMHCCa OH H8TK8..1I CBOIO tJpea•

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6onee HJIH MeHee CDOKOHHO npO:IKHTb OCTaBWYIOCH '!aCTb :IKH3HH. Ho, HaBepuoe, He 6hlnO B ucropuu yKpauncKOH peBOJIIO.IJ,HH <}lurypbi, KOTOpaSI 6bl TaK TO'lHO, DOJIHO H· ~paMaTH'IHO COOTBeTCTBOBana ee xapaKTepy, KaK <}lurypa BHHHH'IeHKO.

~eKa6pst

1918

r. anacTb B YKpauue nepewna B pyKH .D;u-

peKTOPHH, nposoarnacHBmeii: BOCCTauoBJieHue YKpaHHCKOH Hapo~ aoii Pecny6JIHKH Ha OCHOBe TPY.AOBoro npHHI.Ufll8, KOTOPbiH MO:IKHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK D8..1IH8THB COBeTCKOH BJiaCTH. 0H COCTOHJI B TOM, 'ITO Bhlcman BJiaCTb B YHP .AOJI:IKHa 6hlna npuu~ne:~KaTb Tpy,AOBOMY Kourpeccy, a ua MecTax uaxo,AHTbCH B pyKax Tpy.zto· BhiX coBeToB ( •TPYAOBhlX pa.zt• ). Ha6upaTeni>HhlM npaBOM u~e mJJIHCh TOJII>KO TPYASI~uecn. Ilpu 3TOM uenOHHTHO

6blnO, KaK

npoBecTH 'Iepry Me:IKAY TPY.ASI~HMHCSI u sKcnnyaTaTopaMH. B ~eK napa~HH ,lJ;upeKTOpHH OT

26 ,AeKa6pSI

3TO pa3JIH1J:He 6blJIO yCT8HOB-

JieHO TaK: •KnacCbl HeTPYAOBble, 3KCllJIY8T8TOpcKHe, KOTOpble :IKHBYT H HruKHB810TCSI C Tpy,~ta t<JiacCOB TPYAOBhiX, I<JlaCCbl, KOTOphle yHH'ITO:IKaJIH t<paii:, paapywanH X03SIHCTBO H OTMeTHJIH CBOe npaBneHHe mecTOKOCTSIMH H peaK~ueii:, ue HMeiOT npasa ronoca B pacnopsmenuu rocy,~tapcTBOM•. B ,~teKnap~HH roBopunoci> o6 oTMeue l'eTMaHCKOro 3aKOHO,A8TeJibCTBa, nepe,~ta'le DOMe~H\{beH 3eMJIH 6e3· 3eMeJibHblM H MaJI03eMCJ1bHhiM, paapa6oTKC pa6o'lero 3aKOHO,AaTeJibCT88. B TOT me ,AeBh ,D;upeKTOpHR o6paaosana co~uanocTH'lecKoe upaBHTen&CTBO YKpaHHhl BO rnase c yKpauucKHM co~uan-.zteMo KpaTOM B. lJexoBCKHM H npuusna peweuue o coawBe Tpy,AOB9ro KOIII'PCCCa. lloCCT8HHe ,lJ;opeKTOpHH npOTHB l'eTMIUICKOrO npaBHTeJibCTBa llp011:.l0WJIO B DOBOpOTBblH .AJIR MHpOBOH HcTOpHH MOMeHT. 3asepUU!Jl8Cb nepBan MBposas BOHHa. repM8BH8 H ABCTpo-BenrpBR rio,~t IIHC8JIH K8DHTYJISI~HIO, H HX BOHCKa He MOrJIB ,AaJibWe BhlDOJIHSITb pOJib CT86HJIH3HPYIO~eii: CHJihl B YKpaHHe,

6onee TOro, HX rpa6u-

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631

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Jl .

C'hea.Qe CoaeToB PC<PCP

Tpo~KHH npH3hlBaJI aaXB8THTh YKp8HHy, DOKa STO He CAeJiana

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AJift 6onbmeaaKOB AspeKTOPHII BhlrJJB.Qe-

na aemenaTeJibHhiM npenBTCTBHeM AocTaTO'IHO TO'IHO coaAaamyIOCft CHTY~HIO O'lepTHJJ H3BeCTHhlH yt<paHHCKHH DOJIHTH'IecKHH ,Qe ftTeJib u HCTOPHK A. q,e.QeHKO: •MocKsa ae menana AOOPOCOCeACKHX OTHOmeHHH C CB06oAHOH, He3aBHCHMOH YKpaHHO:it, a HMeJia CBoeH aenocpeACTBeaaoi 3aAa'leH aaxaaT yKpasacKoii Teppuropss pyccKoii Kpacaoii ApMHeii rocy.QapcTBa AHT8HThl T8K>Ke se )KeJlaJIH 3H8Th YKpauay: nx npeACTaBHTeJIH sa yKpanacKoH Teppuropuu co6upanu aeAo6HThiX poccsHcKHX Ao6poBOJih~eB-MOHapxHCTOB, 'IT06hl C Hfll4H BllleCTe C YKp8HHhl H8'18Th BOCCT8HOBJieSHe teAHHOH H aeAeJinMoii • Poccaa • . QqyTBBWHCb Me)I(Ay 1\IOJIOTOIII H HaKOBaJibHeii, yKpaHHCKaft pe BOJIIO~OHH8ft

AeMOKp8Tflft He H8WJI8 HH'Iero nyqme, 'leM paCKO-

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•

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Maaena. -

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8 D03TOMY H Ha

H8~HOHaJibHOe

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11.·".

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1919

r., HO aTO 6hJJIH

DOpGH H 3H8'1HTeJibHhle, HO BCe )Ke TOJlbKO 3DH30,1{hl B HCTOpHH YKpaRHCKOH peBOJIIO~HH. no cy~ecTBY AeftTeJlbHOCTh ~speKTOPHH CBeJiaCb K npOKJlftAhiBaHHIO DYTH B YKpassy 60JibWeBHCTCKOH BJ18· CTH. Mhl He 6yAeM AeTaJibHO 3aHHMaTbCft HCCJleAOBaHHeM npoaaJIOB B OOJIHTHKe ~HpeKTOpHH, O'leBHAHO, AJIII aToro OOTpe6yeTCft

632

cne~Ha.JI&Ha8 pa6oTa. OrpaHH'IBMCJI BDIBO~OM, 'ITO c nopa*eaaeM ~HpeKTOPHH aa~HOHSJlbHM pcsonro~an a YKpaaae npaKTH'IeCKH

38MepJia, ASJlbHeHWHe nepHDeTHH 60pb6bl 6biJIH CBR38Hbl npeHMY~eCTBeHHO C CO~Ha.JlhHbiM nepeyCTpOHCTBOM )KH3HH. ~8Tb O~CBKY H~HOHSJlbHOH peBOJIIO~HH aenpocTO. MO)KHO KOHCT8THpoB8Tb nopameaae 1.\eHTPMbHOii Pa,u;bl, reTMaHCKoro pe*HMa, ~apeKTOpHH H npHHTH K BbiBOAY 0 aeapeJIOCTH, aerOTOBHOCTH YK· paHHCKOH H~HH B TeX YCJIOBHIIX K C8MOCT0$1TeJibHOH I'OCYAilpcTBeHHOH maaaa, MO)KHO yKa3aT& aa ~eJI&Iii p~ saemaax o6cTOJITeJibCTB, KOTOpbie DOJ\I!eruaJIH 06pa30B8HHlO ae3aBHCHMOI'O yKp8HHCKOrO rocy~apcTBa. H 3TO 6y~eT, O'leBHAHO, npasHJibHO Ho, aa aam B3rJJ8A, pe3yJJbT8T, HTOr H8~HOH8.JlbHOH peBOJilOli,HH B YKpaaae BH~HTCH B ~pyroM CKeDTH'IecKH OTHOC8Cb K aaaBaHHOMy TpeXTOMHHKY B. Baa HH'IeHKO, no~qepKaeM YAHBHTeJI&ao TO'Iaoe aaasaaae 3Toro TPY~a. aane'laTneamee naclloc paccMaTpasaeMbiX co6biTHii - aoapo*Aeaae aa~HH.

3a aecKOJibKO pesonro~oaa&IX neT YKP8HH~bl npomna nyTD, KOTopwii Apyrae H~HH a npo~ecce caMocoaaaHHH npoxoAHJIH aa Aec3THJJeTHJI, STOMy CIIoco6cTBoBaJJ8 HUOJIHTH'IecKa$1, H CO~bHaJI', H H8~HOH8JlbHO·OCBo60AHTeJJbH8$1 6op&6a EcJJH B H8'18.Jle peBOJJlO~HH M. I'pymescKOMY rrpumnoc& o6pa~aT:&C$1 K conneMeHHHKaM CO CTaT:&eH •XTO T8Kl YKPaiH~l 1 '101'0 BOHH XO'Iy"Ti>t>, TO K aasep meP.:HlO rp1UKA8HCKOH BOHHhi TepMHHbi 4YKp8HH8~, 4YKP8HH~hi•, 4YKP8HHCKa$1 peBOJilO~HSt> WHpOKO BOWJIXi B IIOJIHTH'IeCKHil JieK• CHKOH. Yme nposoarnameaae I(eaTpM&aoii PaAoii' YKpaaacKoii HaPOAHOii Pecny6nHKH BDIHYAHJio 6oJI&weBHKOB C'IHTaT&C$1 c 3TOii reononHTH'IecKoii peaJJbHOCTbiO. KalKAbiH H3 CBOHX TPeX DPHXOAOB B YKpaaay, T~aTen:&ao nnaaapoaasmuxC3 a MocKse, oaa nperrOAHOcunH KaK IIOMO~b PYCCKOrO rrponeTapHaTa yKpaHHCKOMY B AeJJe YCT8HOBJieHHH COBeTCKO~ B118CTH. llponeTapCK8$1 AHKT8Typa ycTaHaBJJHB8.Jl8Cb a YKpaaae ae HHa'le KaK a <llopMe YKpaHHCKOii co~u aJIHCTH'lecKoii COBeTCKOM pecny6JIHKH. l ly CTb H <lJOpMaJibHO, 60Jibwe no saewaeii ¢opMe, a o 6oJI&WeBHKH BbiHY*JieHbl 6biJI'i'l npaaaaBaT& If C'IHTaT&C.R c cy ru;ecTsosaaaeM yKpaaacKoir r ocy):(apcTBeaaocTII. Oco6eaao aacTasano ax o6 3TOM AYMBTh 6wcTPoe naAeaae coBeTCKOii snacTH B YI<paaae JJeTOM 1919 r . llon~IHB ):(OBon&ao nerKO BJI8CTb H3 pyK pacTepSIBWeHC$1 ~HpeKTOPHH, 6oJJ&WeBHKH Ba'laJIH npoBOAHTb B YKpaaae noJIHTHI<y, aaMoraqayro poccniicKoii, 6ea Y'feTa aa~HOHSJlbH&IX oco6eaaocreii, naw& <t>opMMbHO rrposoarJiaCHB o6paaoaaaae YCCP. H 11epea aecKOJILKO Mecs~ea AOJI)KHhi 6biJJJ1 ocTasHTL YKpaHay, 06'WITyiO IIOa<apOM 8HTHKOMMYHHCTH'IeCKHX KpeCTbJIHCKHX BOCCTa-

633

uuA. Paa6opoM coa"'umeACII CHTYIU\HH cneiJ,Ha.n~ouo aaHHMaJiac~o

VIII BcepoccdcKa~r KOB$epeu~ux PKll(6), KOTopu

s peaon.10n;uu,

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1918

r. CTanHH, ue cKpwsaR

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1922 r.

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npe,AceAaTen& CHK YCCP

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634

3TOM 6y.QeM rosopHTb .QBJn.me, KOr.Qa aa c'leT ee pecypcos,

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1920

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28 AeKa6pft 1920 r.

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685

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636

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1920 r.

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639

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649

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647

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648

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649

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*** 22 HIOH$1 1941 r. aaqanac& aeMe~Ko-coueTc:Kas uoiiHa. Ha aeCKOJI'bKO JleT BC$1 TeppHTOpH$1 YKpaHRLI CTaJia 30HOH aKTHBHhJX BO· eaahlx .z~e~cTBHii. Bo~ua npuaecna HeHC'IHCnHMLie ucnLITaHH$1 aapo.z~y. 0rcTynaiO~Re COBCTCKRe BOHCKa npOH3BO,liHJIH 3BaKya~HIO npoMhtWJICHHOl'O OOOpy,liOBaHH$1, npo,liOBOJihCTBH$1, a He OO,ll,llaiO~He C$1 3BaKya~RR o61>eKThi yHR'ITOmanu. lJaCTo TaKue aK~HH, KaK B3phiB Kpe~aTRKa, He RMeJIR BOeHHOro 3Ha'leRR$1, flO CTaBRJIH B T$lmenoe nonomeaue aaceneaue. TaKHM me o6paaoM npu OTCTynneHHR ,lleHCTBOBaJIH HCM~LI, OHH 6e3 aaapeBRH COBeCTH BLIB03HJIH B repMaHRIO KYJII>TYPHLie ~eHHOCTH, OOJie3RLie HCKOnaeMble H .z~ame qepaoaeM. Ha6asuswuc& OT po.z~aoro TOTaJIHTapaoro pemuMa, yKpaHHCKHii aapo.z~ nonan no.z~ BJiaCTb .z~pyroro, ee Meeee mecTOKoro. HeM~LI ycTaeouunu aa YKpauae OKKyna~HOHHhiii nop.H,ZIOK, aanpauneHHhl~ aa o6ecneqeeue csoeii apMHH H rocy.z~apcTBeHHhlX HHTepecos. Oau 6wcTpo npeceKnH nonLITKY OYH nposoar nacHTh BO JII>BOBe 30 HIOH$1 1941 r. C03,llaHHe YKpaHHCKOro rocy.z~apCTBa H npaBHTeJib· CTBa so rnaue c H . CTe~hi:COM. B .z~eKa6pe 1941 r. OHH apecToBann B Kuese, a qepea .z~ua Mecn~a paccTpennnu rpynny oyaou~eB, cpeP.H KOTOpLix aaxo,li.HJiaCb H3BecTHM yKpanecKa$1 no3Tecca E. Tenura. Maccoso yHH'I.TOmanocb aeM~aMH eupeiicKoe aaceneaue YKpauaw. Ton&Ko B Ba6I>eM Hpy s Kuese 6hJJIO paccTpenHHO OKOJIO 100 ThlC. 'leJIOBeK. C 1942 r. Ha pa60TLI B repMaHHIO npHHY,liHTeJihHO BhlB03HJI8Cb MOJIO,ll.emh, ceJibCKOe aaceJieHHe npHHym,llaJIOCb K pa60Te B KOJIX03aX. TaKM O~JIHTHKa BCTpeTHJia CO CTOpOHbl yKpaHH~eB OTOOp, KOTOpblH BblJIHJIC.II B 3Ha'IHTeJI&Hoe nap-TR3aHCKoe ,li.BH)I(eHHe, KaK npOCOBeTCKoe, T8K H OyHOBCKOe. ~eOJIOl'H:<IecKHe paCXOm,lleHHSI npHBO,liHJIH K 6oBM Mem)ly HRMH. B 1943 r. Kpacean ApMH.H ceoua soaspaTRJiacb aa YKpauay, B KOH~e 1944 r. TeppHTOPHB YKpauHLI 6LIJia OOJIHOCTbiO OCB060m,lleHa OT HeMeiU<HX BO~CK. B 1945 1'. OOCJie OKOH'IaHH.II BOHH.hl TeppRTOpH.H YKpaHHhl OODOJIHHJI8Cb 3aKapnaTbeM, oT KoTOporo •OTKaaanacb• lJexocn oBaKRB. B <Peapane 1954 r. npouaomen o6MeH Mem.z~y TeppnTopHHMH Poccueil H YK650

paHHOH. Ilocne.n;H1Ul B peaynLTare 3TOro nony'IHJia Kp:biM H o6pena CBOH COBpeMeBH.ble rpaHH~. Ee TeppaTopun no epasHeauJO c .n;osoeaHo:H yseJIH'IHJiacb 6onee 'leM Ha 150 T.ble. KM 2 H COeTaBHJia 603 TbiC. KM 2, 'ITO npespaTHJIO YKpauHy no nJIO~aAH so BTOPYJO nocne Poccuu CTpaHy Esponhl. B anpene 1945 r. YKpauHa 6biJia npHHJITa B 'IJieHhl OOH. &ro, nO.lK8.JiyH, H see nOJIOlKHTeJibHhle MOMeHT.bl, KOTOp.ble BbiHec H3 BOHHbl YKPaHBCKHH Hapo.n;. Ha,n:e)K,~Uol Ha TO, 'ITO e OKOB'iaB.HeM BOHHbi, see TJiroTbl KOTOpoH: 6biJIH BOOJiomeubl Ha nne'IH Tpy.n;n~uxcn, npouao:H.n;eT nu6epaJiu3a.I.UfJI coseTcKoro pemuMa, He onpas.n;anacb. Hao6opOT, BORHa npusena K ycuneHHlO pemuMa. HHKOr.n;a OH He 'lyBeTBOBaJI ce6JI TaKHM MO~eCTBeHHhiM, KaK Ba MOMeHT OKOH'IaHHJI BOHHhl. Y ero HOr Jie)KaJI He TOJibKO C06CTBeHHhiH Hapo.n;, HO H BCJI •ocso6om.n;eHHaJit Espona. Ilo6e.n;a BaA ruTJiepoM c.n;enana CTaJIHua <t>urypo:H nnaHeTapuoro MaemTa6a, ou sepmun ey.n;b6hl cTpau H aapo.L{OB. 06ycTpausanacb uosan aanaAHaJI rpauuu:a CCCP, uaMeqeuuaH ua KaJ)Te Kapau.n;amoM CTanuua. B IJ;K BKII(6) paapa6aThiBaJIC.II IIJiaH coa.n;aHH.II con.HaJIRCTH'IecKoro narep.11. TeppHTopuanbHhle paa.n;enhl nosneKnu aa co6oii orpoMable Maccoa&te nepeMe~e HH.II HaCeJielJHJI. )];o 1946 r. OKOJIO 800 ThiC. DOJIJIKOB 6biJIH ~enop TRPOBaHbl B IloJI&my, TaKHM me o6pa30M H3 IlOJibWH B YKpauHy nepeceJIHJIH 500 TbiC. yKpauau:ea. Heo6bi'IaHHO mecTOKHMH MeTO.n;aMH nposo.n;unach B 1947-1949 r. onepau:un •Buena• no nepeceneuuJO 150 TbiC. yKpauuu:es c BOCTO'IH&IX aeMeJib IloJJbWH Ha npuo6peTeHHbie e10 aana.n;uble. 3Ta onepau:un <l>aKTH'IecKR cTana STHHqecKOH aHTHyKpaHHCKOH 'IHCTKOH lOrO-BOCTO'lHOH IlOJibUUf H 6hiJia npose.n;eua DOTOMy, 'lTO yKpaRHU:hl 6biJIH B 3TOM perHOHe KOpeHHbiM uaceneaHeM. E~e 6onee meCTKOH 6biJia noJIHTHKa coseTcKoro pemHMa ua aana.n;uoyKpauacKHX aeMJI.IIX, r.n;e uacam.n;anca coseTCKHH CTpoii. 3anaAHan YKpauua .n;onmaa 6biJia npo:HTH ycKopeHHhiMH MeTO,o;aMH eTaJIHHCKYlO •MO,o;epauaau:RJO• (HH.O:YCTpUaJIH3aU:H.II, KOJIJieKTHBuaau:un, KYJIJ>TypHan peaoJIJOU:HSJ), KOTopan np:usena 6hl ee K nonHoii yHucpuKau::uu c ocHOBHOH TeppuTop:ue:H YCCP. IlpoMbtwJieaaocTb 6hlna uan.uoaanuaupoBaaa, a B .n;epeE\He paasepHynocb DPHHY.O:HTeJibHOe coa.n;auue KOJIX030B. K 1950 r. B HHX 6biJIO aaruauo 93% KpeCTb.IIK peruoua. BoaMomao, uau6oJiee not<aaaTeJI&HOH aKu:ue:H B o6JiaCTH ~KYJibTYPHbtX>) npeo6paaoBaau:H cTano yuH'lTomeaue rpeKo-KaTOJia'lecKoii u:epKBH (YrKI.l;), KOTopaH, c o~ao:H eTOpOHbi, 6hlna KaU:HOHaJibHOH KOHCOJIH.O:KPYIOIIJ.eH eHJIOH, a C .n;pyroii - no.n;'lHHHJiae~o CB.~tTeiimeMy npeCTony B PuMe. 3TH ,1.\Ba o6CTO.IITeJibCTBa H npe.n;onpe}.(eJIRJIH ee ,l:laJibHeHWYlO CYAb6y B TOTaJIHTapHOH CHCTeMe. YcHJIH.IIMH cnym6&I roc6eaonacuocTK a PyccKo:H npaBOCJiaBHOH u;epKBH YrKIJ;, KOTOpaJI HaC'lHT.biBaJia 6onee 3 TbiC.

651

napacpHA:, 4,4 TbiCS'IH ~epKBeft, 127 MOH&CTI>IpeH, MHTPODOJIHT&, 10 8DHCKODOB, OKOJIO 3 Tt.IC. CBSfiQeHHHKOB, 15t.IJI8 B lll&pTe 1946 r .

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TO)f(eHa, KaK •cnyra BaTHKaHat H •opy~He yKpaHHCKOro 6ypmyaauoro H8~HOHMH3Mat. Bee ~epKOBHt.Ie HepapXH H IIIHO)f(eCTBO CM~eHHHKOB 6t.IJIH penpeCCHpOB8Hhl. -

CoseTcKoe •npeo6paaosaHHet 3ana~Hoii YKpaHHt.I npoHcxo~K

B yCJIOBHSX mecTKOro CODpoTHBJieHH$1 YKpaHHCKOil: DOBCT&H'Ie-

CKOil: apMHH H eiQe 15onee meCTKOH 15opbl5t.I C H.eH MO~HOH KapaTeJibHO-penpecCHBHOH COBeTCKOH CHCT8Mt.l. COBeTCK&$1 BJ18CTb ycTaHaBJIHBanac& OrHeM H Jlle'ION. ,ll;ame oc}IH~HaJJhHM CT8THCTHKa, HaBepHoe, He O'leHb TO'IHM, DOKa3t.IB8eT M8CWT86bl H CJie~CTBHa' KapaTeJihHidX ~eHCTBHil:: apeCTOB&HO 104>TI>IC. •6aH~HTOBt, Bt.ICeneHO Ha BOCTOK 204 Tt.IC. 'leJIOBeK, KpoMe TOro, apecTOB8HO 38 8HTHCOBeTCKyiO ~MTeJihHOC'I:h 36340 '18JIOBeK, a CKOJihKO 61dJIO npe~HaMepeH HO ocym~eHO 38 MeJl'KOe XYJIHI'&.HCTBO HJIH DO ~pyrHIII KpHIIIHHanhBt.IM CT8Th8111 H OTDp&BJieBO Ba BOCCTaHOBJJeHHe ,ll;oH6acca KaK ~ap MOBM pa60'I88 CHJI&. Bnpo'leM, aTa yqaCTJ. He o6owna H ~pyrue perHOHt.I YKpaHHhl. Hx nonomeuue nocne OKOH'IaHHa BOHHid 6&~no ue Meuee KaTacTpocpH'IeCKHM. Ban cppoHTOBOro orHa npoKaTHnca DO YKp&HHe ~Bam

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C 3808~8 Ha BOCTOK H o6paTBO. B pyuuax OK83aJJOCh 6onee

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H 28 ThlC. CeJI (250 H3 HHX 61dJJH DOJIHOCThlO YHH'ITO·

meHw). B peayn~>Tare aBaKya~HH aa BOCTOK H soii:Hw s YKpaHae oCT&JfacJ. TOJJhKO naTaa 'I&CTh ~oBoeHHidX npo~~~t.~wneHHhlX Dpe~ npHaTHil. Hacene&ue pecny6nuKu yMeHJ.WHJJOC& &a 10 IIIJl'H 'len. (DO'ITH 4 IIIJIH H3 HHX DOI'HfiJIH, 2,2 MJJH 6t.IJJH BhJBeaeHbl B repMaHHIO, OCTanhBhle DODanH DO~ COBeTCKHe BOeHHble H Tpy~OBhle M06H-

JIH~HH). IJpoH3BO~CTBO 3JieKTp03HeprHH B 1945 r. COCTaBHJIO TOJibKO 23% OT DOK83aTeJJeil: 1940 r., yrna- 36, 'IYrYJi8 -17, CTanH 15%. IlorepH, noaeceH&Ide YI~paH&oA:, o~eHHBanHc& B ~eHema~>~x

e~HHH~ax Toro speMeHH cyMIIIOA B 12 TPJJH py6. BoccTaHosneHHe 3KOHOMHKH DpOH3BO~HJIOCh HCDbiT&HHt.ll\1 MeTO~OM M06HJIH38~HH Tpy~oBwx pecypcos H Hx mecTO'Iaii:weii aKcnnyaTa~HeA. 70% npoxwmneHnwx pa6o11nx 6wnH aaaaThl py'IHidM TPY~OM, o KpecTJ.aHCTBe H roBOpHTh He npHXO,IIHTCSI. Tpy~ KOJIX03HHK8 MMO 'leM OT-. JJH'Ia.nca OT pa6cKoro. B 1948 r. 6btJJ Ha.t~aH TaAHI>IA yKaa o swceneBHH Ha YCCP JJH~, KOTOP~>Ie yKnoHnnnch oT Tpy~osou ~eaTeJJ&Hoc TH s'"ceJibCKOM X03JIHCTBe, a

~pyrHMH CJIOB8MK,

He CMOI'JHf Bldpa6o-

'.1'8Tb MHHHMaJihHYIO HOpMy Tpy~o~Heii. 3a ~Ba ro.u;a DO~ ~eHCTBHe aToro yKaaa DODan u 12 Tide. l(pecThaH. BapsapcKoe H3'bJITHe npo-

~OBOJJhCTBeHHI>IX pecypcos cena npHBeJio YKpauHy B 19461947 rr. K HOBOMY D OTpsceHHIO I'OJIO,D;OM. Ha aapa6oTaHHidH Tpy~Op;eHh B 1946 r. KpecTbaHe nonyqann OT 50 ~o 150 r aepHa.

652

peayJI&TaT-e meJ)TB8MH roJIO.Qa CTaJIH OKOJIO 800 ThiC. qeJIOBeK, BeeHOB 1947 r. 6wno aaperHCTJ>HPOBaHO 900 ThiC. 6on&HhiX AHCTJ>O<tlHeA. B 3TO spei\UI, Kor,Aa rono,AaJia He TOJI&Ko YI<PaHHa, so H Mon,AaBHR, lloBOJI>K&e, UeHTpaJI&Ho-qepsoaeMswA paiios Poccss, eeep ~e.Qpo 3KCnopTHPOBaJI 3epHO B 6y,~:~y~He CTpaHhl HapO.QHOH .QeMO· KpaTHH: BonrapHIO, PyMhiHHIO, non&my, qeXOCJIOBil.XHIO. B 1946 r. cosoKynHwii aKcnopT aepHOBhiX Ha eeep cocTaBHJI 1, 7 MJIH. T. Bo speMR rono.Qa Ha YKpasse paasepHynac& Hosan KaMnaHHn no HCKOpeHeHHIO yKpaHHCKOrO 6ypmya3HOrO H8D;HOH8JIH3Ma, KOCMOnOJIHTH3M8, 4JopMaJIH3M8 H 8HTHH8pO.QHOCTH. 24 asrycTa 1946 r. UK Kll(6)Y paapaauncn nocTaHosneHHeM o6 HCKpHBneHHH H OWHOKax B OCBe~eHHH HCTOpHH YKPRHHCKOH JIHTepaTyphl B •HapHCH iCTOpi1 yKpa1HC&Ko1 niTepaTypu•, noTOM 6wnH npussTbl COOTBeTCTBYIO~He .Qyxy KaMfiaHHH nOCTaHOBJieHHft no mypHaJlaM •llepeu;&•, •Bi~Haoa•, o penePTYape .QpaMaTH'IecKHX H onepHbiX TeaTpoB. B 1947 r. c sa3Ha'leHHeM Ha .QonmHOCTb nepsoro ceKpeTapn UK Kll YKpaHHbl KaraHOBH'la peaKoA KpHTHKe 6wnH no,~:~seprHYTbl A. ,lJ;osmeHKO, n. llaHll, M. PbiJihCKHH, B. eociOpa, IO. SIHOBCKHA. Ha 6H6JIHOTeK H3b1MaJIHCh KHHrH KJiaCCHKOB yKpasucKoA JIHTepaTypbl B. I'pHH'IeHKO, n. Kynsma, B. BHHHH'leHKO. Ha .PoB'e uana.QOK aa YKPaHBCKYIO KYJILTYPY ua6upana paaMa· xa KaMnaBHn socxsaneuss .QOCTHmeHHH pyccKoii HaYKH, KYJILTY· pbl, TeXHHKH. ,lJ;enaJIOCh 3TO opHMHTHBBO, Ba ypoBHe aeocnopHMbiX YTBepm.QeBHH, 'ITO TO HJIH HBoe OTKpbiTHe HJIH H300peTeHHe ObiJIO C.Qenauo B Poccss.

*** llocne cMepTH eTanssa H oco6euuo nocne paao6na'leHHfl H. Xpy~eswM aa XX c'hea.Qe Knee KYJI&Ta nH'IsocTH eTanHua o6cTaaosKa B eeeP H ua YKpaaue asa'lHTeJI&HO JIH6epanaa.:>sanac&. B HIOHe 1953 r., sanpuMep, sa nocT nepsoro ceKpeTapn ~ Kll YKpassw snepBhle 6wn sa6pa.s YKpaHBeu;. HM cTan A. KHpH'IeuKO. nonOJIHHJICft YKPaHBD;8MH H UK KllY, B 1954 r. l!X 6biJIO TaM 72%, a B BepxossoM eoseTe YeeP - 75%. 3tHaH:& cTana 6onee CB06o.Qsoii, KpecT:&nHCTBO ocso6o.QHJIOC& OT o6saaren:&H&IX nOCTasOK npo.QyKD;HH, C npHyCa.QeOHbiX Y'lf8CTKOB yMeHhWHJIHCb B .QB8 paaa rpa6HTen~ocKHe HaJiorH. Ho B u;enoM KOMaH.QHo-a.QMHHHCTpaTHBHoe ynpaBJieHHe 3KOHOMHKoii se npe-rep~;~eno H3MeHeHHH. BhlnonHeHHe Ha'leJ)TaHHbiX napTHHHhlMH C'be3.Q8Mlf nJiaHOB OCTaBaJIOCb ee OTJIH· 'IHTeJI&Hoii H o6saaTeJI&Hoii 'leJ)Toii. ECJIH SKOHOMHKa H paasssanac:&, TO HCKJIIO'IHTeJlbHO 38 ClleT 3KCTeHCHBHbiX MeTO.QOB, CTpOHTeJih· CTBa HOBbiX npe.QnpHftTHH.

653

Hau6onee noKaaaTeJit.BWM B 3TOM nnaue MO:IKHO c'IHTaTt. ocEOOHHe qenHHBWx aeMent. B KaaaxCTaue, Ky,zta no pemeuunM ~K Rnee 6hlJIH 6pomeuhl COTHH ThlCR'I JIIO.Aeit, B TOM 'IHCJie H orpoMuwii OTPRA yKpaHHCKHX arpapHeB. IlpOeKT 6blJI He)I;OCTaTO'IHO Bay'IHO OOocHOBaH, ocyxqeCTBJIRJICR B OrpON:IIOM MaCWTaOO H O'leHb 6WCTpo npHBeJI K 6oJibWHM 8KOJIOrH'Ie<:KHM OCJIO:IKH6HHRM, TaKHM, K npuMepy, KB.K apoauu DO'IBhl H DaAesue ypo:~KaiiHOCTH. Hapn.~ty c KaaaxcTaBOM BHTeucuuuo pacnaxauanacb IO:IKBO-yKpaaucKae CTeDH, C I.l;eJiblO yseJlH'IeHHR IIJIO!qaAH 3aDaiDKH Y KOJIX03HHKOB OT6HpaJiaCI> 'laCTb npuycaAe6uoii aeMJIH, Bhlcymasanucb H pacnaxauanucb aa6ono11euuwe noiiMhl ue6oni>mux peK, TB.KBX KaK Hpneat., Tpy6e:IK, TeTepes, BABB:IK. Menuopa~un B 50-e ro.~thl C'IHTanacb O)I;BOii H3 UaHai(eii, CDOCo6HWX DO.I{HRTb COBeTCKoe KOJIJieKTHBHoe CeJibCKoe X03RiiCTBO, KOTOpoe CTaHOBHJIOCb OlqfTHMO CJia6b1M aBe· HOM 3KOHOMHKH. B Ka'lecTBe uefMenoro npsMepa aKCTeHculj;lsKa:u;HH MO:IKBO BCDOMHHTb opaKTBKY CTpOBTeJibCTBa orpoMBLfX rBA· poaneKTpocTauqaii aa pB.BHHHHhlX peKax, s nepByiO oqepe.~tr. Bonre 11 Auenpe. Sa 50-60-e I'O.ztW ua ,IJ;aenpe 6wno noCTpoeuo 'leThlpe orpoMHwe I".3C a peKOHCTpYHPQBaH ,IJ;uenporac. Ilpe.~tnonaranocr., 'ITO 3TH CTauu;sa o6ecne'laT c naxuoii YKpaBBy aneKTpoauepraeii, HO He npHHHMaJIOCb DO BHHMaHHe, 'ITO aMepHKaH~ e~e B 30·e I'OAhl OTKaaanuct. OT np8.KTHKB CTposTeJI&eTsa I'9C sa p&.Buauuwx peKax. SKonoru'lecKue a coqaant.uhle nocne.~tCTBHR amx npoeKTou' 6wna rytiHTeJII>HhlMB. eTpoaTeJI&eTBo •PYKOTBopubtx Mopeit. TpeOOB8JIO OrpoMHhlX nepeceJieH'IeCKHX pa60T, BWBO,!tHJlO H3 o60poTa COTHH TWCR'l reKTapos Jly'IWBX ceJibCKOX03HiiCTBeHHhlX yroAHH, MeHRJlO MHKpoKJJHMaT, DpHBO.I{HJIO K rHHeHHIO BO.I{hl. '8aTpaThl H 6y.l{ytqHe DOTepH, 3aJIO:IKeHHhle B 3THX DpoeKTax, He DOKphlBaJIHCb nonyqesuoii aaepraeii. Koae~ 50-x roAOB npomen DOA GHaKOM •KYKYPY3HOii JIHXOPaAKH•, KOTOPM O'leBb HCHO DOKaaana HCCOCTOHTeJibHOCTb aAMHBHCTpaTHBHO•KOM8B.I{HhlX MeTO,AOB B CeJIJ>• CKOM X03RHCTBe, .I{OMHBHpoBaHHe H.l{eOJIOrHH BaA opaKTHKOii u;enecoo6pa3HOCTH. B 1957 r. nepshlii ceKpeTapt. ~K Knee H. Xpy~qes Bbf)I;BHBYJI CTaBWHii BCKOpe DOnyJIRpHWM JI03yHr •}J;oruaTb H ueper-uaTJ> AMepuKyl•. eua11ana .AeJIO Kacanoc& upouaBO.I{CTBa MRC· HhlX H N!OJIO'IHhlX DPO.AYKTOB, KOTOPhlX B ropo,ztax OII.I;YTHMO He xsaTano, a aareM 3TOT noayur npuo6pen rno6anJ>aoe auaqeuue. lleM :IKe DhlTanucr. DOOeAHTb AMepuKy? YKpynaeuueM KOJixoaou, JIHK· BH.I{~Heii MTC, nocwnKoA B ceno OTPSI.zta e30-ThlCH'IHHK?B•, o6paaosauueM coauapxoaos, a TaK:IKe uue.~~;euueM paaJIH'IHhlX orpauutreuuii Ha CO.I{ep:~KaHHe KOJIX03HHKaMH C06cTBeHHOrO CKOTa, KOTO· pr.:ii nepeBOAHJJH ea Konxoauoe co,ztep>KaHHe. Bee 3TH auaaTIOpuwe x~;ytu;escKae Ha'lauauun HMeJIH oJia'leBahle peayJII>TaThl. epe.ztann

654

ypo>KaiiHOCTb aepaoswx B CCeP n~ana, a ceni>cKoxoasilcTseuaoe DpoH3BO~CTBO ~0po)K8JI0, 'ITO, B KOBe'IHOl\1 C'leTe, o6epuyJIOCb 3KO· uoMH'I:ecKHM KpuaucoM 1962-1963 rr. B ropo~ax. BKniO'IM Kues, DOIIBHJIHCb OrpoMBWe O'lepe~H 3a xne6oM, M}'KOH, MacnOM, OHH DJIOXO CO'ICT8JIHCb c BOBOH llporpaMMOH KllCC, KOTopas nposoarnacuna CTpoHTeni>CTBO KOMMYlfH3Ma B CCCP u o6e~ana aasepmHTb ero B Te'leHHe KaKHX·HH6y~b 20-TH JleT.

*** 0KTs6p~>cKuil (1964 r.) nneuyM IJ;K Knee •Y~oaneTBopun npoch6y T. XpyiiieBa o6 ocso6o)K~eauu ero OT o6saauuocTeA llepBOro ceKpe-rapSI IJ;K Knee... •. Ha 22 ro~a pynb cTpaaLI 6wn OT~au B pyKu JI. H. Bpe)Kueaa, KOTopwil, aayqeaawA 4BOJIIOHTapucTCKHM• ODWTOM CBOero npe~mecTBCHHHKa, pemun He PHCKOB&Tb C 3KOHO· MH'ICCKHMH 3KCDepHMe~TaMH H 3ftHSJIC$1 C03~ftHHCM o6paaa 6op~a aa MHp. llooToMy oonwTKa H. Kocwruua (npe~ce~aTeni> eoseTa MuuuCTpOB eeeP) nposecTu so BTopoil nonosuue 60-x ro~os 3KOHOMH· 'lecKYIO pectJopMY, ocuosaauy10 aa npu~unax xoapac'leTa, 3<Pcl>eK· THBHOCTH DpOH3BO~CTBa, JIH'IHOH 3ftHHTepecOBaHHOCTH pa60THHKa B KOHC'IBblX peayJibTaTax CBoero Tpy~a, 6Ltna THXO CBCACHa Hft BeT. BLipyquna 6naronpHSITHall KOH'blOHKTYPft ua MHPOBOM pLIHKe 3HeproaOCHTeJICH. 3aepreTH'ICCKHH KPH3HC Ha 3an&.Ae B Ha'lane 70-x ro~os no~HJIJI ~eHDJ aa aectJn u raa. llpo)Karrur aectJre~onnapLI, eCCP onasuo somen B aooxy aacro11. XpyiiieBCKM «OTreneni>t 'ICM·TO aanoMauaeT pefl>opMLI AneKcau~pa II. PacKpenocTBB o6~eCTso, XpYIIIeB BLinycTun ero Ha TIO· peMHOH KJICTKH I'YJIAra, HO BMCCTO TOro, 'ITOOW Bft'lftTb nepennaHHpoBKy H oepecTpOii:Ky TIOpbMLl B HOpMaJibHLlH )KHJIOH ~OM, aaBe· CTH B HeM HOpMaJibHWH ~eMOKpaTH'ICCKHH DOPIIAOK 06IIICCTBCHHOH )KB3HH, HCDyraJIC$1 DOTCp.IITb BJiftCTb H Hft'laJI TOPODJIHBO aarOHHTb napo~w aa npHBbl'IHble TIOpel\IHLlC MCCTft. ,ll.BOHCTBeHHOCTb xpy~eB· CKOH •oTTenenu• .IIPKO npo~eMOHCTpuposaaa ·~enoM t B. llacTepHaKa, nonyqusmero B 1958 r . Ho6enescKyiO npeMHIO aa poMau •.ll.OK· TOp musarot. TpaBJIH DHCftTeJI$1 npuo6pena yr}X»KaiO~HH, HCTCPH· 'lecKHH xapaKTep. llacTepHaKa BLIHYAHJIH ny6JIB'IHO ('lepea raaeTy dlpas~a• ) OTKaaaT&CJI OT npeMuu, a KpoMe Toro, ero ~eno ucnon&aoBanH ~118 nposepKB Ha JIO.IIJibHOCTb DHCftTCJibCKOH ny6JIHKH. llO· ~aBJI.IIIO~ft.ll 'lftCTb ee OKft3aJiftCb HCCDOCOOHOH IIPOTHBOCTO.IITb BJiftC· TH. B nocne~YIOIIICM aro no~TBep)K~anoc& aeOAHOKpaTao. O~aaKo, c ApyroH: cTopoBbl, ·~eno• llacrepa&Ka ~ano TOJI'IOK aapo~eua10 uaaKOMbiCJIHH (~uccu~eHTCTBa) u npaKTHKe CaMH3AaTa. Haqano ~uc-

655

cap;eaTCTBy B YKpauue noJIO;)I(HJIO coap;aBHe B 1959 r. rpynnoit JI. JlyKWIHeHKO • YKpaiHCbKOi po6iTHINO-cemtHCbKoi cniJIKH•. HeCKOJibKHMH rop;aMH II03;)1(e B03HBKJIH •YKpaiBCbKHH HaqiOHaJibHHH cppoan, •Coi03 YKPaiHCbKOi MOJIOAi ra.na'IBHB•. B 1965 r. B caxB3,D;aTe nOJIBHJiac~ pa6oTa H. ~ai06~>t •laTepaaqioaa.niaM 'IJB pycacpiKru.Usu . IIepsble p;accap;eaTCKBe rpynnbl 6biJIB MaJJoimcneHHhl (IO. Bap;abO, 6paT~ M. H B. ropbiHH, B. MopQ3, B. qopHOBHJI, B. CTyc), BbiCKa3biBaTbCst OTKPbiTO nponxB pe;)l(aMa aaTeJIJJHI'eaqWI 6biJia e~e He roTOBa, HO ee BayTpeHHee COCTOSIHHe HaiiOJIHSIJJOCb HOB· KOHcpOpMHCTCKBMH HBTOHa~SIMH, KOTOpbiM e~e npep;CTOSIJIO Bbl· KPHCTMJIH30B8.TbCSI B 6onee ocoaaaaaoe onnoanqaoauoe OTaoweHHe K KOMMYHBCTH'lecKOMY pe;)I(HMy. Bopb6a c uaaKOMbiCJUJeM ae cocTaBJJSIJia 6oru.moro TPYAa p;JISI KrB. B ceaTst6pe 1965 r. so Maorux ropop;ax YKpaHHbl 6hiJIH npoH3BeAeHbl apecTbl nop;oapeBaeMbiX. CKJIOHHOCTb Bpe*HeBa K KOHcepsaT&aMy, KOTOpaSI BCSI'leCKH nop;p;ep;)I(HBMaCb ccepbiM Kap,D;H· aa.nox• noJI&T6IOpo M. CycJIOBbiM, B aa'IJaJJe 70-x rop;os o6epaynacb HOBbiM aaCTYIIJJeHHeM napTHHHOH BJtaCTH Ha ap;eOJtOratteCKOM cflpoaTe. B nepBYJO ottepep;b p;ocTMOCb YKpaaae. B 1972 r. 6hiJI CHSIT c nocTa nepsoro ceKpeTapst ~ KII YKpaHHbi II. llieJtecT. Ero o6BHHSIJJH B npoJIBneaaa TepnaMOCTH K yKpanacKoMy HaqHOHaJJH3MY H H3J1HWHHX H3qBOHaJJbHbiX aKqeHTaX B ~HHre • YKpaiaa Most pap;SIHCbKa•. Ha xecTo illenecTa, KoTopbiH noasoJtJIJt c'e6e HeKOTOpyiO CaMOCTOSITeJibHOCTb H HaJJH'lHe C06CTBeHHOro MHeHH.Il, 6biJI IIOCTaBJieH npe,D;CTaBHTeJtb CAHenponeTpOBCKOH rpyiiIIHpOBKH• B. ~ep6aqKHi. ~a p;eCSITHJieTHSI ero npe6biBaBHSI npa BJJaCTH 6biJIH OKpameHhl BeYKJtOHHblM COKpaii\eBHeM ccflepbl <l>yaK• quoauposaaast yKpaaHcKoro Sl3biKa. B 1979 r. H3 36,6 MJJH YKPaBBqes, npo;)I(HBaBWBX aa TeppHTOpHH YKpaHHbl, nottTH 11 MJJH HM ae BJiap;eJta. IIop; oco6blM &p;eonor~NecKHM KOHTpoJteM aaxo· ,D;BJtHCb ryMaHHTapHhle HayKH, JIHTepaTypa, KHHO, p;pyrae BH,II;bl HCKYCCTBa. YKpaHHCKaSI BaqHOHaJti>H3SI TeMaTHKa He IIOOiqpSIJtaCb, nponaraap;a BCe 6oJJee HaCTOH'lHBO roBOpHJJa o6 o6pa30BaHHH HO· BOH COLI,HaJibBOH OO~BOCTH - COBeTCKOro Bapop;a. ~eHCTBHTeJtb~ BO, npOHCXO,D;HJtO *YTKOe ycpep;HeHHe HaqHOHaJJbHbiX KYJtbTyp, B KOTOpOM HHBeJtHpOBaJJHCb aaqBOHaJibHble OC06eHHOCTH, a 3TO, K3K DpaBHJIO, HaHOOJJee Bblpa3HTeJihHble Ka'leCTBa, TepSISI KOTOpble, Ha· pop; TepSIJI ce6st. JII06ble npoTecTbl npoTHB reaepanbaoii JIHHHH napTHH *eCTKO nop;asnstJIHCb CJIY*6axu KI'B. H see ;)l(e ronoca TaKoro npoTecTa ae yMOJIKaJIH. Oaa npaaap;nemana yKpaaacKHM p;HccHp;eaTaM: H. CBHTJIINHOMy, B. qepaosony, E. CsepcTIOKy, H . ,Il;a106e, B. CTYCY, M . Ocap;t~eMy, H. Pyp;eHKO, JI. J!yKbSIReHKO H MaorHM JJ.PYrHM. ~uc-

656

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1980 r. no cpasHeauiO c 1960 r. cMepT-

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Ilepexo.zx BJiaCTH K HOBOMY DOKOJieHHIO 6blJI TOJibKO HCXOAHOH TO'IKOH, C KOTOPOH AOJI)KeH 6blJI Ha'laTbCH HOBblH STan B HCTOpHH COBeTCKoro rocy,zxapCTBa. Hapo,zx He xoren )KilTb no-cTapoMY, HO HHKTO He 3HM, KaK )KHTb DO·HOBOMY• 0'1eBHAHO, H CaM fop6a'leB He DOHHMM oceif CJIO)KHOCTH aa,zxa'IH, KOTOpyiO HCTOpHJI BblHY~HJia ero peWaTb.

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660

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ro~w· tnepecTJ)OHKH• DODblTKH ~eMOHCTpa~HH H~HOHaJibHOI'O ca-

MOC03H&HHR C~ep>KHBaJIHCb H npeceKMHCb KOMRH.l{OH B. IIJ;ep6H~ l<OI'O, KOTOpblH ~0 OceHH 1989 r. OC'l'&BaJICa H& DOCTY nepsoro ce:KpeTaps ~K KoMnapTHH YKpaHHbl. HposuqecKH YKpaasy saaMsanH t3anOBe,D;HHKOM 3aC'l'Oa•. "'I'OJibKO B 1989 r., KOr~a nepecTpOHKa npHol5pena seo5paTHMble cpopMI:d, yp;anoch peanuaosaT& up;e10 coap;asus •Hapop;soro pyxy YKpaiHH aa nepe6yp;osy•. B cesTs6pe 3TOro me rop;a B Kaese cocTO.IIJICH yqpep;HTeJibHblH C'beap; Pyxa, u KOTopoM sac'IHTI:dBanocb 280 Tl:dc. qnesos. Heo6bi'Ia:Kso sne'laTJI.I'IIO~eii aK~Heii Pyxa CTana •mssas ~en&• Memp;y KsesoM H JlbBOBOM; Bl:dCTpOeHHaH H3 CHMDaTHKOB Pyxa DO CJiyqaiO 80-JieTHJI npo· aoarnaweuas Co6opsocTH Y.KpaHHI:d a 1919 r. B 1989 r. yKpassCKHH R3blK nonyqun cTaTyc rocy)tapcTBesuoro. B ~eJIOM sa~uo HaJibBI:de TeH,D;eH~HH, KOTOpl:de ,D;OMHHHpoBaJIH Ha aanap;e YKpaHHI:d, TecHO nepeDJieTaJIHCb C o6~enOJIRTH'IeCKHMH, ,D;eMOKpaTH'IeCKHMH H CO~HaJibHI:dMH TPe60BRHH.IIMH, 'ITO cpaKTH'IecKH C03,D;RBMO e,D;H• HblH cppoiiT 6opbl5bl. B 1990 r. B03HHKJIH nepBble YJ<PaHHCKHe DO· JIHTH'IecKae oapTHH: ,ll;eMOKpaTH'lecKas napTHS YKpassbl, YKpaHHCKaH pecny6JIHKaHCKaS oapTHS, flapTHS ,D;eMOKpaTH'lecKOrO B03· pomp;esus YKpassw. B 3TO speMs KoMnapTHS YKpaHHbl, ocTaBasc& cpopMMbBO CRMOH MHOI'O'IHCJieHHOH, CTpeMHTeJibBO Tepsna CBOH aBTOPHTeT. B 1990 r. sa see swwno 220 Twc. qenose:K, no~asnsiO ~ee 6oJibWHHC'l'BO KOMMYHHCTOB He 3aHHMaJIOCb aKTHBHOH p;esTeJib· HOCTblO. 1990 r: opowen B npOTHBOCTOSHHH KoMnapTHH YKpaHHbl (rnaBHblM o6pa30M ee annapaTOB) H rpa>K~RHCKOH H DOJIHTH'lecKOH OD· noau~HH. CuTya~as 6wna cnomsoii H seo~soaHa"lHOH. Canw op;soii a ~pyroii CTOPOHbl MasespuposanH. 16 HIOJis 1990 r. 15wna npusaTa ,ll;eKnapa~ua o rocyp;apcTseHHOM cysepeHHTeTe YKpassw, aa J<OTOPYIO a BepxossoM CQBeTe ronocosanu u KOMMYHHCTbl, B asrycTe 1990 r. BepxoBHblH CoseT npHHSJI aaKOH o6 aKOHOMH'IeCKOH caMocTOaTeJibHOCTH pecny6nHKH. AsryCTOBCKHH DYT'l 1991 r. B MocKBe OKOH'IaTeJibHO nop;opsan p;osepae K KTICC H up;ee coiOaHoro .norosopa. llo'l.yBCTBOBaB Bityc K DOJIHO~eHHOH caMOCTOSTeJibHOH >KH3HH, aJIHTa Hal\HOHaJibHbiX pecny6JIHK C,D;eJiaJia OKOH'IaTeJibHblH Bb160p B DOJib3y He3aBHCH• MOCTH. 24 asrycTa 1991 r. Bepxonsas Pa,Qa YKPaHHbi 346 ronocaMH •aa• npH 1 - •npoiHa• npHH.IIJia AKT nposo;rnawesHa seaaBHCHMOCTH Yt,paHHbl, KOTOpbiH BCKOpe 6hiii 13biHeCeH Ha BCeHapO,D;HbiH

661

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1991

9.0,3%

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10 JieT OHa yTBep)l;HJiaCb J<aK

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154 CTPaHaMH,

138 Ha unx

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1991 r.

MHOrHe AYMEUIH, 'ITO OH 6y)l;eT HMeHHO T8KHM. To, 'ITO 3TOI'O

He npOH30WJIO, JIHWHHH paa yKa3biBaeT Ha CJIO>KHOCTb aa,lla'IH MO,llepHH38l(HH DOCTTOTaJIHTapHOI'O 06uteCTBa. CerO,llH$1 Mbl DOHHMaeMt 'C.f.TO M'O He O,llHa, a )l;eC.RTKH, a MO>KeT 6b1Tb 1 COTHH 60JibWHX paaHODJiaHOBbiX 38)l;8'1 1 pewaTb KOTOpble npHXO)l;HTC.R O,llHOBpeMeHHO. <PopMHPOBaHHe HOBOH rocy)l;apCTBeHHOH MaWHHbl, HOBOi{ DOJIHTH路 'leCKOH CHCTeMbl, paarOCy)l;apCTBJieHHe 3KOHOMHKH, npeO)l;OJieHHe ee aaT.RHyBweroc.R ua ,lleC.RTHJieTH.R KPB3Hca, peopraunaal(H.R arpapuoro DpOH3BO,llCTBa, CC\3,llaHHe 6naronpH.RTHOI'O HHBeCTHI.(HOHHOI'O KJIHMaTa H C06CTBeHHOH Hal(HOHaJibHOH BaJIJOTHOH CHCTeMbl, a,llMHHHCTpaTHBHO-TeppHTOpHaJibHa.R pecpopMal(H.R H peopraHH3all;H.R BOOpy>KeHHbiX CHJI.

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662

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2002

XPECTOMATHSI ,li;OKYMEHTAJILHbiX MATEPHAJIOB flO HCTOPHH YKPAHHLI fipHCK fiaBBKCKHH •BH38HTHKCK8R HCTOpHRll 1l.

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.Aa TOrAa uaeMeuee a~emaa, KOr.l{a ReT qepeA ae10 Kpyqeaw H spara, a nyqmas

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ee -

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B.biJIO 6bl O'leB& xopomo, 'IT06bl DO DOJ111K8M p a30M, COBMeCTHO, Be

OTKJI~.b1Ba11, O.I{HHM YA8POM K033KH H KpeCT&SIBe y,l{apHJIH. Mue KameTC.!I, 'ITO 'lecTHee, Jiyqme H H~eJKaee 6y.l{eT, 'ITOUhi DOJl.!IKH DO'IYBCTBOBIUIH meneao B COOcTBeBHbiX BHY'fpeBBOCTSIX, KOr,l{a Kam.I{O.I{HeBBO 6YAYT uepe.l{ O<faMH BHAeTh BparOB, 6YAYT BHAeTb, KaK 3aBOeBhiB810TCjl H OT O.I{HOrO JIHIDh ymaca 38XB8T.biBaiOTC.!I ropOAa, -

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3anucKu HayKoeozo moeapucmea u.M. mee'l.eH.Ka. Jl&eoe.- T. XXIII-XXIV.- C. 4--6. Am.6epTo BHMHBa. 41,lJ;OBeceBHe 0 DpOHCXOJKJJ;ellBH' H OfiLI'I3SX K03aKOB*ll Ilpo.I{OJI)KHTeJihH.!>Ie U Tpy,4H&Ie nyTemeCT811a 8 M8JlOH3BCCTHh!e CTpaHhi coe.aaaeaw c GoJibWV.MH aey,Ao6cTsaMH, ao y,~~;osneTaop.!lroT nro6oaaaTeJihHOCTH.

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Maxima pars hominum nee et pulcherrimam curat Pomam, nee Ausonil armas timet.

717

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718

He xenme, 11ex B ue6e, aaxe'laeTCa TaM Hao6uae a MOJIO'Iawx npoAYJ(Tax, Mace H pw6e, 6Jiaroo~u•pa xaooe naCT6u~ a MBOll<ecTBY DPYAOB. Kpoxe ~aenpa, ApyrHX CYAOXOAHWX peK B &TOft CTpa&e BeT. HatOJ• HM 0'1' BHCJIW, opoTeKaJO~eA DOA Bapmaaou HJIH DOA JII06nHHOM (?), H AO ~Benpa (T8K Ba3WBaeTC$1 BopBc41eB JlpeBBHX), sa DpoTR>KeBHH AO

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738

maniJO'IB cBOro ZBTTJI, ooopoHJIJIH ,~to6pooyr i BOJIIO samoro uapo,Ay. Hapo,AHJI 'YKpai:uc&Ka AeplKasa nosuaua CiyrH O'IH~eaa si.A aacnaHHX 3 lle'rpO~Y Ba£MB.HX Bal3,ABHKiB, $1Ki H&pymytOTb npasa 'Yl<palHCbKOl Peeuy6Jruta. Be3MipHO TSIJKKa BlHHa, IJO'IaTa 6ypmya3HHMH npaBHTeJibCTBaMH, BH· MY'IH.Ila Wllii Bapo,A, BHBH~HJia sam Kpaii:, 3HiBe'IHJI8 .A06po6yT. Teoep CLOMY TpeCia IJOKJI8C'l'H Kpd. 0ABO'IBCHO 3 THM, KOJIH apMiSI 6y,Ae ,AeMo6iJii3ysaTHCSI, DOpY'faeMO p03DYCK8TH CaJI,AaTiB, a DlCJill 38TBep,AJKeHHH MHPOBHX .qorosopis p03· DYCTHTH apMiiO 30BCiM, Ba Mico.e DOCTiHHOl apMii 3aBeCTH aapO)lHIO MiJiiitiJO, ~oCi uame siAcbKO CJiyJKHJIO o6opoai po6o'loro JIIO.AY, a se 3a6arauKaM DaHYJO'lHX sepcTB. 3BH~eai siiiBOIO .it ,AeMOOiJii3aJtieiO Micu,eBOCTi M810Tb 6yTH si,A6y)lOBaHi DpH DOMO'IH )lepJK8BHOro CKap6y. KoJIH Hami BOSIKH sepHyrbCJI )lO,AOMy, sapO,ABi pa,AH - rpoMa)lCbKi A nosiTosi A ropo,llc&Ki JIYMH MalOTI> 6yru oepesu6paai a 'laci, SIKHH 6y.z~e YCTaHOBJieBHH, ~00 i BOHH MaJIH B HHX rOJIOC. MiJKTHM, ~06 ycTaHOBHTB TaKy BJI8CTb, JIO SKOl M8JIH·6 JIOBippa H SIKa cnipaJiacsr-6 Ha sci peBOJIIOO.HiBO·,AeMOKpaTH'IBi BepCTBH aapo,11a, Mae llpaBHTeJibCTBO .110.118· TH AO DOMO'IH MlCU,eBHM CaM08pJIAYB8HKJIM pa.Qfl po6iTHH'IO·CeJIJIBCb· KHX i CaJI,IIaTCbKHX ,lleDyTaTiB, BB6pamrx i3 Micu,eBHX JIIO,IIeH. B 3eMeJibHHX cnpasax K<IMicisr, su6paua sa ocTaaaie cecil I.J;eHTpaJibaoi Pa.ztH, sme sapo6aJia 3aKoH npo nepe.z~aqy 3eMni TPY.AOBOMY Bapo.ztOBi 6e3 BHKYIIY, DpHHHXBIDH 38 OCBOBY CKaCyBaHH$1 BJI8CHOCTi H coo.iaJiiaau,iJO 3eMJii 3ri,llao 3 samo10 nocTasosoJO aa 7 cecil. Ceil 38KOH 6y.~te po3rnnseso 3a KiJI&Ka .~tHis ua nosaie cecil I.J;eaTpaJI&Hoi Pa.AH il Pa)la Mi.HiCTpi s ymuse acix cnoco6is, 111,00 oepe,~:~na 3eMJii 3eMeJibHHMB KOMiTeTaMH B pyKH TPYAJ!lli,HX si,ll6ynac11 111,e 3 DO· '18TKOM BeCBHHHX pooiT. Jlics, BOJIH ii: yci ni,D;aeMui CiaraTCTsa, JIK .AOOJ:!O yKpai:sc&Koro TPY.AOsoro aapo.z~y, nepexo,AJin. y po3nopa.zt>Kessa Hapo.ztHLOI YKpaisc&Ko1 Pecuy6JiiKu. Biisa 3a6paJia.Qna ce6e sci TPY.AOBi cans: aamoi Kpai:ss. Bin&micT& Di,llllpHeMCTB, <l>a6pHK i po6iTeHb BHpo6JIHJIH TiJibKH Te, 111,0 6yJIO HeOO· xi.z~se ,AJia sii!:au, ii: sapo,~:~ 30CTascJl 3osciM 6e3 Tosapis. Tenep sil:iai Kiseu&. PaAi Hapo,~:~uix MisicTpis oopY'faeMo aeraiso opacrocysaTH sci 3aBO.I{H H <t>a6pHKI'I ,1:10 MHPHHX 06cTaBHH, .AO BHpo6y npo,AyKTiB, Heo6Xi):l· HHK ):IJI$1 po60"lHX MaC. Ta ca.Ma siiiaa AaJia COTKH THCR'I 6e3po6iTHHX i iasaJii.zds. B caMOCTiii:siii: Hapo.~tuiii: Pecoy6niui YKpai:au ae oos:uses cTpaJK,~:~aTH ai o,~:~ua TPYAH~Hii qonosiK. llpas:uTeJI&CTBO Pecny6JiiKM Mae niAHJITH opoMncn ,~:~ep>Ka.BH, Mae 3a'laTH Tsopqy po6oTy no scix raJiy3JlX, .Ae sci 6e3po6iTHi MOrJIH-6 HaHTH DpaUIO i!: npHJIO>KHTB CBOl CHJIH, R IIPHHRRTH BCi MipH .l{JI$1 o6e3ne'leHBJI IlOKaJii'leUHM i IJOTepniBmHM Bi)t Bimm.

24*

739

flp& CTapix .Jia,rd roprosu.i Ji BCUUIKi nocepe,ASBKH Sa>KBBU~ sa 6i,ABBX, DpHI'Bi'leB·BX KJUIC8X Ba,AMipai KaDiT~B. Bj,ATenep YKpaisc~oKa Hapo.ztaa · Pe'cny6niKa 6epe a caoi pyKB s&Haa>~<siitmi o6Jlacm roprosJli Ji yci .ztoxo.ztH 3 irei: o6epTae sa KopacTJo sapo,Ay. ToproBJIIO TOBBpaMH, JIKi MBE:TI>CJI DpBB03HTH 338 rpa&HD,i it BH• B03BTH aa rpasau.ro, BeCTHMe caxa aama .ztep*aaa, ~o6 se 6yno "J:aKOi: ,AOpi)Ksj, 'lepe3 JIKY 3aB,A$1KH CDeKyJIRBT8l\l TepnJIRTI> HaH6i,Asiiimi aepcTBH. Amr B&Kosaasa c~ooro nopyqaeMo rlpaBHTeni>CTay Pecny6niKH BH· po6&TH A npe,ACTaBHTH AO 3aTaep,AJKessR 3BKOBH npo ce, a T&KO* npo MOBODoJii :iam.aa, JiyrJlJI, DIKyp, TlOTIOsy H HHUIHX Dpo,AyKTiB i TOBapiB, 3 KOTpBX DO,It8TKB BaH6iJI&me o6T3)KYB8J1H po6oqi KJISfCH B KOpHCTb Be· TPYAOBHX. T&K caMo nopyqaeMo ycTasoBHTH .zteP*asso-aapo.ztHIO KOBTpoJIIO Ba,A yciMB 6a&KaMH, ~0 qepe3 Kpe.ztBTH SeTPYAOBHM KJlJICaM DOMBraJIH eKcDJiyaTyaam TPYAOBi Maca. Bi,Arenep Kpe.IUlToaa noMi'l 6aaKiB Mae Am uepe,I{OBCiM sa uwep)KKY TPY.AOBOMY aaceJieBBIO A Ha po3BBTOK aapo,AB&Oro rocuo.ztapcTaa YKpaillCI>KOi Hapo,As&oi Pecny6niKH, a se JI)IR cneKyJISfiJ.U A piJKaopo.ztsoi 6asKoaoi eKcDJiyaTaD,il. Ha I'pysTi aaapxu, aecnoKois y *BTTIO A se,I{OCTa'li npO.ztYl<TiB 3p0· CTae HeB,I{OBOJieBHSf cepe.zt ,l{eJIKHX "'aCTBH B8ceJieHH3. THM BeB,I{OBOJleH· BJIM KOpBCTYJOTbCJI pj)Ksi TeMSi CBJlH A TJirByrb SeOCBi,AOIIVIeBHX JIIO• .AeJi ,AO CTBPBX DOPRAKiB. Ci TeMBi npoTHpeBOJliOD,iiiBi CBJIH 6a>Kai0Tb 3HOBY nwam sci aom.ui sapo,I{H ni.A O,ASO u.apc&Ke HpMO - Pocii. Pa,Aa,Hapo,Asix MisicTpiB nosasaa 6e3no~a,Aao 6opoTHCJI3 yciMa KOB· TppeBOJIIOD,iiisBMB CBJlaMB ii KOJK,I{OI"', XTO npK3HB8E: ,1{0 IIOBCTaHBJI npoTB C8.Moc'riitaoi YKpaisc&Koi Hapo.ztsbOI Pecuy6niKH A .zto noaopoTY cTaporo Jia,Ay,- KapaTH JIKO 3a ,Aep)KaBHy 3P8.AY· Bci .zteMoKpaTH"'&i CBOOOAH, nporoJlomesi TperiM YsisepcaJioM YKpaiscbKoi D;esTpaJI&soi Pa,Aa, DOTBeP.A*YE:TbCH A oKpeMo oporoJiomyeTb· ex: B caMOCTiAaiA YKpaisc&KiA Hapo.ztaiii PecnY6niu.i J:ici sapo.AB KO· pHcTyiOTbCJI upaBOM BaD,iOHBJ1bHO·DepcosBJ1bSOl aBTOHOMil, 3KY Iq)H· 3HaHO 38 HHMH 38KOHOM 22 Ci'IH3. Bee nepe'IHCJiese B 'YRiBepcaJii, 'iOro He BCIIit:MO BHKOHaT.H MH, D;esTpaJII>sa Pa.Aa A sama Pa,Aa MisicTpiB, y iraA6na~i TBJKHi BBKO· HBIOTb, cnpaBAJITb i ,1{0 OKOHe'lBOro Jia,Ay ,AOBeAYTb YKp&iHCbKi YcTa· HOB'Ii 36opH. Me uopyqaeMo sciM samHM rpoMa.AHHaM nposecTa BH6opa HK HaH6iJibm eaepri'IBO, Di,AsHTH BCi 3YCBJ1JIJI, ~o6 DiAPBXYHOK l'OJIOCiB 6ya 38Ki8'1eHHii JIK HBHCKOpme, ID,OO 3a uapy TH)I(SiB 3i6paJIHCH Rami 'YCTa&OB'Ii 36opa, - IIB.iiBHID,HA rocno,Aap& i yupaaHTeJU» samoi: 3eMJli, A KosCTiTYu.iero samoi se3aJie)KHOi YKpaisc&Koi Hapo.zts&oi Pecny6JiiKH 38KpiDBJIH CBoOO,Ay, DOPH.AOK i .zto6po6yr Ha ,Ao6po BC&Oro TPYAOBO· ro sapoAy ii lia Tenep i sa 6y,l{yqi <~aca. Ceii saitsa~Hii sam opras Mae

740

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741

CKa3aBWB T&K, BOHH su6pa.ns 3 noMim ce6e Hac, YKpa'isc&Ky ~eHT· pa.n:&Hy PAAy, ii H8Ka3a.n:H HaM 6YTH Ha 'lOJii Haworo napop;y, CTOJITH 3a Aoro npaua ii TBOPHTH HOBHii JIAA siJI&aoi: aaToaoMno1 YKpa'ian, I MH, YKpa'iHc&Ka ~eHTpa.n:&Ha Pa.na, BBOJIHJIH aonro caoro napop;y, B3JIJIH Ha ce6e BeJIISKHR TJirap 6y,I{OBH HOBOI'O lKHTTJI R npHCTYDHJIH ,1{0 Tiel BeJIHKOl pOOOTH. Mu raAa.n:u, TO ~eaTpa.n&He Pociii:c&Ke IlpasHTeJI&CTBO npoCTJirae saM PYKY B eiii po6oTi, ~o s 3ro.ni 3 HHM MH, YKpa'iac&Ka ~eHTpaJI&Ha PaAa, 3MomeMo .naTH JIBA aawUi: 3eMJii. Ane THM'lacose PociH:c&Ke IlpaBHTeJI&CTBO OAKHHYJIO sci aawi p;oMaraHaJI, OADXHyJIO DPOCTJirHeHy pyKy yKpai:HCbKOro aapop;y. MH BHCJiaJIH AO IleTporpap;y CBOlX ,l{eJiel'aTiB (nOCJiiB), ~o6 BOHR Dpe,I{CTBBHJIH pociiiCbKOMY THM'I8COBOMY IlpaBHTeJibCTBY Hami AOM8· rasaJI. A HaHI'OJIOBHiWi AOMarB.BHJI Ti 6yJIH TaKi: Jno6 PociHC&Ke IlpaBHTeJibCTBO npWilO,Il;HO OKpeMHM aKTOM 3WIBHJIO, ~0 BOHO He CTolTb DpOTH HatUOHaJlbHOl BOJii YKpalHR, npOTH npasa Hamoro HapoAY Ha ABTOHOMiiO. m o6 QeHTPaJII>He Pociii:c&Ke IIpaBHTeJI&CTBO no scix cnpasax, ~0 TOpKanT&cs YKpai'au, Ma.n:o !JPH eo6i Hamoro KOMicapJI no YKPa'iHc&KHX cr.pasax. Jno6 Mic~esa BJI8CTb Ha BKpa'iai 6yJia o6't:AHaHa O,I{HHM Dpe,I{CTaBHHKOM sip; QeHTpaJibHOI'O PociHCbKOI'O IlpaBHTeJlbCTB8, ce-6-TO BH6p8· HHM H8MH KOMiccapoM Ha BKpalHi. IU;o6 nessa 'laCTHHa rpomeii, HKi 36iparoT&eJI s ~eHTpa.n&sy Ka3HY 3 Hamoro sapop;y, 6yna si,t(p;aHa saM, npe.ncTaBHHKaM c&oro sapo.ny aa Ha~iOHaJibHO·KYJibTypBi DOTpe6H HOI'O. Bci u;i AOMarasas aawi QeHTpaJI&Be Pocrnc&Ke IlpaBHTeJI&eTBO OA· KHHYJIO. BOHO He CXOTiJIO CKa3aTH, 'lH npH3Hae 3a HBmHM aapO,I{OM npaBO Ha ABTOHOMiiO, Ta npaso CaMOMy DOPJIAKYBaTH CBOIM lKHTTJIM. Boso yxHJIHJIOCb op; Bi,nnosip;i, op;icJiaBmH sac AO Maii6yTH&Oro BcepociiicbKOro Y'lpeAHTeJI&Horo 3i6paaaJI. ~eHTpaJibHe PociiiC&Ke IlpaBHTeJlbCTBO He CXOTiJIO MaTH npH co6i H8WOI'O KOMiCBpJI, He CXOTiJIO pa30M 3 H8MH TBOpHTH HOBHH JI8,1{. TaK CaMO He CXOTiJIO npH3H8TH KOMiCaps Ha BCIO YKpa'iay, ~06 MH MOI'JlH p830M 3 HHM BeCTH Ham Kpaii AO JIB,I{y H DOPHAKy. I rpowi, ~o 36HpaiOTbCJI 3 Hamo'i 3eMJii, OAMOBHJIOCb nosepHyTH aa noTpe6H aawoi WKOJIH, ocsiT.H if opl'aai3a~il. I renep, Hapo.ne YKpaiac&KHH, aac npH&eaoneHo, ~o6 MH caMi TBO· pWI.H aamy ,I{OJIIO. MH Be MOlKeMO p;onyCTHTH Kpaif HaW Ha 6e3JI8AAJI Ta aaHenap;. KoJiu TnM'lacOBe Pociifc&Ke IlpaBHTeJI&eTBO He Mome ,!laTH JISA y aac, KOJIH He XO'Ie CT8TH pa30M 3 HaMH ,1{0 BeJIHKOl po60TH, TO MH CaMi DOBHHHi B3JITH ii: H8 ce6e. ~e Ham 06oB'H30K oepep; aaWHM KpaeM i nepep; THMB Hap0,1{8MH, ID;O lKHBYTb H8 HBWiH 3eMJii.

742

I '1Cpe3 Te MH, YKpai:sc&Ka IJ;earpan&aa P~a. BH.ztaeMo ~eii YHi.sept:an .AO ac&Oro aamoro aapo.zty A onosim;aeMo: OA HHHi caMi ISy.zteMO TBOpHTH same )KHTT$1. Orme, xaii KO)KeH 'IJieH &aWOl aaujl, KO)KCH rpoM~RHHB CeJia 'lH I'Opo.zta O.A HHBi 3Hae, lll;O BaCTaB 'l8.C BeJIHXOl poOOTH. O.zt C&OrO qacy KO)KHe CCJIO, KOmBa BOJIOCTL, KOlKBa ynpaaa DOBiTOBa 'lH 3CMC&Ka, RKa CTOlTL 3a iHTepecH YJtpalBCt>KOro Hapo,~:~y, DOBHHHa MaTH uaATicsim;i opraai3a~iiiai aaocHHH 3 IJ;eaTpaJI&HOIO Pa.ztoiO. · TaM, .zte 'lepe3 sKic& npH'lHRH ~MiaicTpaTHsaa BJI~a aocTanac& y pYJtaX JUO.zteif, oopomux AO yKpalHCTBa, npunucyeMo samuM rpoM~R· HAM DOBCCTH WHpoKy, .ztymy Opl'aW3~ Ta OCBi.ztOMJieBH$1 aapo.zty, H TO.Ai nepeou6paTH ~Mi.HiCTpa~IO. B ropo.ztax i THX MiC~SX, Ae YKpalB· ChKA JIIO.ztBiCTL )KHBC BCYJI(iW 3 HHWHMH aa~iOHaJlbHOCTRMH, DpHIIBCYt:· MO BIIWHM rpoM~RHaM HCraHBO 1IpHHTH AO 3roAH H nopoayMhiHR 3 .qeMOKpaTit:IO THX H~OHaJlbHOCTeH i P830M 3 BBMH npHc:ryDHTH ,[{0 Di):II'OTOBKH HOBOro npaBWibHOro )KBTT$1. IJ;eHl'paJlbHII P~a DOKJI~ae H~iiO, lll;O sapo.ztH ae-YJtpai:BChKi, lll;O mBBYTL sa uamiii 3CMJii, TaKom A6aTHMYTb npo JI~ Ta cnoKiii y samiM KpaiO H y ~eH TR)KKHH qac BCe.ztepmasaoro 6e3JIII.AAR AJIY'KHO, 0.AHOCT8H· HO 3 HaMH CT8HYTb .AO npa~i KOJIO opl'aBi3a~i' aBTOBOMil YKpaum. I KOJIH MH 3p06HMO ~10 ni.ztrOTOB'lY opraHi3~iifHy po60Ty, MH CKJIH· 'lCMO npe.ztcTaBHHKio oi.zt ycix aapoAiB 3eMJii yKpalBCbKOi: ii supo6HMO 3aKOHH .ztJIR ael. Ti 3aKoau, roii yoec& Jia.zt, RKHH MB ni,ArOTOBHMo, Bcepociiic&Ke YqpeAHTeJl&He 3i6paHHR Mae 3aTBep.ztHTH coo1M aaxosoM. Hapo.zte YKpai:scr.Kuiil Tiepe.zt TBOlM su6plllmllt opi'aaoM - YJ<pai:sC&KOIO IJ;eaTpaJILHOIO P~OIO CTOlTb BeJIHK8 H BHCOKa CTiua, RKY lH Tpe· 6a DOBaJIHTH, m;o6 BHBCCTH HapO,lt CBiH Ha BiJihBHH WJIJIX. Tpe6a CHJI .ztnR roro. Tpe6a .ztymux, CMiJIHBHX pyK. Tpe6a BCJIHKOI sapo.AHOi: npa~i. A J111Sf ycnixy roi: npa~i sacaMIIepe.zt noTpi6si oeJIHKi KOWTH (rpomi). ,lJ;O U.&Oro 'fiiCY yKpalHCbKHH sapo,o; yci KOWTH COOl OAAaoao y Bcepociiic&Ky IJ;esTpanr.sy Kaasy, a caM ue Mas, Ta se Mae 8 Tenep Bi.zt HCl TOrO, lll;O DOBHHCH 6H MaTH 38 ~e. I qepe3 Te MH, YKpai:acr.Ka [(eHTpanr.sa P~a, npunucyeMo ociM Opr'aHi30BIIRHM rpOM8AJIH8M CCJI i ropo.ztiB, yCiM yKpatHCbKHM r pO· M~CbKHM ynpaBaM i ycTaHOBaM 31-ro 'lHCJia MiCRLVI JIHDHJI ( iiOJIR) HaKJI8CTH Ha JIIO,ARiCTb OC06JIHBHH DO.AIITOK Ha pi):IHy Cnpaoy B TO'IHO, aeraiiao ii pel'ynRpao uepecunaTH il:oro B cKap6a~ YKpai:ac&KOl IJ;esrpanr.aoi: P~u. •Hapo.zte YKpai:Hc&KRiil Y Taoi:x pyKax .AOJIJJ TBoa. B ueii TPYABHH 'l8C BCCCBiTH&OrO 6e3JiaA,!1JI if p03DIIAY AOKamH CB0£10 OAHOCTaHBiCTJO H ,qepmaBHHM poayMOM, lll;O TH, HIIPOA po6iTHHKiB, aapo,!1 XJii6opo6io, MO· mem rop,qo if AOCTOifHO CTIITH nopyq 3 KO)KHHM Opr'aHi30BaBHM, ,qep)KaBHHM HapOAOM, JIK piBHHH 3 piBBHM. Yxoaneso: Kui:o. PoKy 1917, Micii~R qepBHJJ (iiOHR) 'IHCJia 10.•

743

llpHCK llamd:cKBA. tBB38BTHBCKaR BCTOpBR• 0o.ReaB.Be BB3aBTBi:CKOI'O IIOCOJIJ.CTB8 K

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1) BuaaBTHHCKHA HCTOPHK llpucK llasuAcKBH- aurop PR.D.a TPY· .AOB, B TOM 'lHc.ite H 4BB3aHTHii:CKOH HCTOpHR•. llpe6b!B8Jl B COCTaBe uN:nepaTopcKoro uocoJibCTBa K ~ap10 ryasou ATTHJie B 448 r. s. a. llpHBO,AHMble OTPbiBKH CO,!tep>KaT HKTepeCHble CBe,AeKHSI 0 >KH3HH H o6bl'l&SIX ryBHOB - TlOpKOR3bl'IIILIX KO'leBLIX DJieMeK, IIepeceJIHBWHX• CSI B BOCTO'lBYlO Eupony H3 AaaH B IV s. H. s. Ha TeppuTOpuu ryascKO· ro rocy,AapcTBa npO>KHBBJIO H BOCTO'lKOCJI&BHBCKoe H&CeJieBHe, B TOM 'lHCJie H IIpa!I\ypLI yKpaHK~eB. 2) EiJeiCoH - ryBBCKHi soeua'I8Jll>BHK. 3)Ammwra- Qap:& ryaaos, npu KOTOpoM ax rocy,~tapcTueinioe o&J.. e,~tusease ,ltOCTsrno saH6oJI&mero Mory:~ecTsa (YMep s 453 r.). 4) B .AaBHOM c.uyqae - ryuaLI . 5) Pe'l:& H.AeT o HMneparope Buaasruu. 6) Buzwra - BH3aBTHilCKHA IIOCOJI. 7) MaiCCUMUH - rJI&BRLiil: OOCOJI HMOepaTOpa K ryRR&M. 8) 0HUZUCUU - O.AHH H3 ryBHCKHX CTapmHK. 9) EciCaM - ryaacKHA BO>KA&. tq) JtpuiCOH, Tuzac, TIU}Jucac - ,Apesuerpe'leCKHe aaasaHHH upHTO· KOB ~YB&SI. 11) CupMUJl- ropo.A aa cpe,~taeM Te'leauu ,[(yau. 12) IIpunoHmuikiCaR - llpH'IepaoMopcK&SI CKuct>us. 13) Pam'lupUJl - 6BJIKaHCKaR uposuaunR 3ana.AHoA PuMcKoii HMnepss.

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744

•lloaecn. apexeaawx neT• Paeeeneaae e.JIUSB H IIX *K3B• 1) 3,Aecb DpHBO,AaTCII mecTb OTPblBKOB H3 •fioBecTB BpeMeHHblX JleT•, C03.AaHsoA aa Pycu B XII a. HecropoK·JieTonuc~eM. 2) HeBo- JI~o*cKoe oaepo. 3) BapR:IICcKoe - BMTBHCKoe Mope. 4) IIoHm, HJIH PyccKoe- qepsoe xope. 5) BOJJICOBCICUU .11ec saxo.ARTCJI sa Ba.n.AaiCKO:li B03BblmesHOCTH. 6) BoJJzapw - BoJI)I(CK811 BoJirapun. 7) XBaAucw - XopeaM. 8) 3,Aecb HMelOTCR B BHAY JlereB,A8pHbie C06biTHH, B KOTOpbiX pacCK83biB8eTCR o paa,11ene aeMJIH Me)l(.lly TpeMII HoeabiMH CbiHOBbHMH: CaMOM, XaMOM a Acl>eTOM. 9) C~eyrpw - CKBcJ>bl. 10) Ko3apw (xaaapbi) - nonyKO"leBble TlOpKoll3bl'tHble llJieMeHa, coa,11asmue s VII a. a. a. paHaecJ>eot~aJtbHoe rocy,AapcTBO XaaapcKuA KaraaaT. 11) Yzpw 6eAwe UJJU yzpw 11.epnwe- sesrepcKHe nneMesa, nepeceJIBBmuecn B Kosne IX B. c ITpuypMbll qepea lO)I(HOpyccKHe cTenu sa )l;yaa:li. 12) 06pbt (asapbl) - TlOPKOII3bl"lHble liJieMeHa.

PtopaK, 0.11er, Drop• (862-945 rr.) 1) Bap.RZU - BOHHCTBeHBble .CK8H,AHH8BCKHe nneMeHa. 2) OAMun iJBop - ot~sa aa yc~e6 KHeBCKHX 6o11p.

lloxo.l{ KHeBCKoro KBJI3JI Onera aa BuaaBTHJO B Aoroaop ero e BaaaHTHeii (907, 911 rr.) 1) FpeiCW- BH38HTHII. 38JIHB 3oJIOTOH Por, OT.AeJinro~uA KosCTaHTHHODOJib OT ero npe,IIMeCTbll r8JI8Tbl. 3) JIO.AKH H Kopa6nH, DOCT88JieHHb1e Ha KOJieCa B YCJIOBHHX pe"lHOro CYAOXO.lXCTBa, sa ceaepe Pycu 6b1JIH OObl'tBbiM nanesueM. SToT cnoco6 nepe,Aaumesun BDOJIHe MOr HCIIOJib30BaTb Oner npu oca,~~e KoHCTaHTHsononn. 4) ~apb Jieon- BH38HTHHCKHH HMDepa·;op JleB CI>HJIOCocJ> (yMep B

2) CyiJ -

911 r.). 5) Koncmanmun BazpsnopoiJnl>tf'.l -

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(912-959 rr.). 6) XpucmUJtHI>t - 3.lleCb: BuaaBTHH. 7) llo·BH.lXHMOMy, HMeeren s BH.IXY nucen Haas.

745

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(988 r.)

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746

1~ BpaT Bna,quMupa MosoMaxa O!UITOCJiaB.

11) I!OJlbCKOe KOpOJleBCTBO. MoHOM!lX XO)l.HJl Ha DOMOID;b llOJlRKQM upOTHB 'leXOB. 12) TfeUlCICUfl AeC paCUOJIOll<eB B paHOHe BO)l.Op83,1leJia ,IJ;yHIUI H BJITBBLJ. 13) CTapmuil CblH Bna,quMupa, McTBCJiaB, POAHJICR B 1076 r. 14) CaRTOCJIBB Hpoe.nasoBH'I YMeP a .o.eKa6pe 1076 r. 15) IIoMOID;b rne6y CBJJTOCJIBBOBH'IY Hoaropo)l.CKOMY npOTHB BceCJIBBa Bpg'IHCJIBBOBH'Ia IIonouKoro. 16) CaaTOUOJIK HaacJiaBOBH"l Ha'laJI KBRli<HTb B Hosropo.o.e B 1078 r. 17) BeTpe"la Bna.O.HMHPa c OneroM CBJJTOCJIBBOBH'IeM MOrJia cocro..ST&cs TOJlbKO B HB'IaJie 1078 r . 18) HMeeTCR B BHAY 6HTBa 6JIH3 ~epsHroBB 8 oKTa6pH 1078 r. Meli<,Ay OTUOM MOHOMaxa BceBOJIO,IlOM, COBMeCTHO C 6paTOM HaSICJiaBOBH'IeM, upoTHB KHHaeii Bopuca Bll'lecJiaBOBH'Ia H Onera CBRTOCJiaBOBH'Ia. 19) JlyteaMAb, JlOZO:JtCCIC, ~piOmcK- ropo,Aa I!OJIOUKOrO KRHll<eCTBB. 20) rocno:JtCuH. iJenb - npaa.o.uuK ¥cueHHR Eoropo.o.HU.bl (15 asrycTa). 21) HponoJIK Haltcnasosu'l 6blJI y6HT 22 HOH6pR 1086 r. JleB )l;HaKOH. +HCTOpHJn

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747

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T81< B83B8H O,IIHH H3 pyCCI<HX 6oraTb1peH. CbiH

conpaBHTen& 3MHpa KPHTHH A6A-:m&-AsHaa.

o6pJ1,11e CO~eHHJI pyCH'I8MH y6HThiX BOHHOB 38CBH,IIe-

TeJibCTBOB8HO TaJ<~e apa6cKHMH asropaMH H6u-PycTe. H6u-$aJlnaHOM H .AP·

22) 8AAUHbt - ,llpeBHHe rpeKH. 23) .Axa:capcuc, 3aMOA1CCUC - ,llpeBHerpeqecKHe lf!HJIOCoctlbi (VI B . B. 3.). 24) A:cUAA - OAHH H3 repoeB r pe'leCKOH MHcpoJIOrHH. 25) AppuaH cf>Aaeuu - aHTH'IHbiH HCTOPHK II B. u. a., aaTop CO'IH -

HeHHB • IInaB8HHe BOKpyr IIOHT8 EBKCHHCKOro•.

26) MupMwcuoH - noceneaHe no6nH30CTH Kept~H. 27) Meomuactcoe o3epo- AaoBcKoe Mope. 28) AzaMeMHOH - repoii rpeq:ecKoi!: MH$onorHH, yt~acTHHK TponaCKOH BOHHhl.

' 29) He3etcuu.tt&- OAHH H3 6H6neH:cKHX npopol<oB. 30) KoMeHm - npOHCXO~eHHe 3TOro CJIOB8 ,llO CHX nop He HCCJ1e,noB8HO.

31) CseAeHHJI

JlbBa ~HaJ<oHa o caMoy6HHCTBe pycHt~eii HHrAe nOA·

TBep~,lleHHH He HMeiOT. B03MO~HO, OH npHBOAHT 3TOT 00hi'18R DO 8H8-

JIOrHH JIBJieHHH, pacnpocTp8HeHHbiX B TO BpeMII y TJOpKOB H BeHrpoa.

32) t:fleoaop Cmpamu.ttam

cttHT&nCB B BHaaHTHH aacTynHHKOM

npo-

THB pycH'Ieii:.

33)

:.tra OWH60'IH&$1 J.lH$pa nepeKO'l:eBana H B HeKOTOphle TPYAbl

HCCJie.AOB&TeJieH.

34) Coi'Jiacao AOroBopy Me~AY Pyc&JO H 35) MeauMH- oKoJio 8-10 Kr aepaa.

BnaaHTH<!H

944

llyTemeCTBHe llnauo KapnHHH

qepea 1)

Bcmwu~o H

KuesJQHRY (1246 r .)

KaroJIH'I:ecKHH MOHaX-AOMHHHKaHel.l Ilnaao KapnnHH ~~OBBH ·

HH 6biJI nocnaa nanoA pH~CKHM HHROKeHTHeM cauuu csoero nyrewecTBHB

1245-1247

748

K TaTa p aM. B on;,-

r r ., H3 KOTOporo l.lHTHPYJOTCB

3Jlech OTphiBKH, OR DpHBOJlBT BalKHhle CBe.neBHH 0 TOI'JlBWHeH JKH3HB Bonwsu a KaeacKoH. sexnu. 2) JleH'lUH KoupaiJ - 6paT DOJihCKoro KoponH JlemKa Benoro

(Xlll a.). 3) KHII:Jb BaCUAI>ICO - I\IJIII,AWBH ChiR C03JlBTeJIH fanH~O-BOJihiH· cKoro KBHJKecTaa PoxaHa McTacnaaoauqa, 4) KHR3h ,nasBJio PoMaHOBH'I (1205- 1264 rr.). 5) TWCIL'tHUK - pyKOBOJlHTeJih I'OpoJlCKOro ODOJI'IeHB$1. 6) Cpemenue - npaaocnaaswa upas.n&HK (15 ct>eapanH). 7) Capa~un - y xpHCTHBHCKHx cpeAHeaeKoawx nHcaTeneii - pas6oAHHK. 8) Muxa.UJl lfepnutoscKuu- KHHSb .llBHBCTHB OnbrOBH'IeA: (XIII a.). 9) <ReaH,I{HO, chiH KHH3H Hpocnaaa Bceaono,I{OBH'Ia (1139-1200) HponoJII<. 10) 3oJIOTBR Op,l{a. 11) KyJttaHCKaiL - IlonoaeiJ,KaH seMJIH. 12) CapaquncKaR. 3eM.II.R - anepawe ynoMHHaeTcH IlToJieMeeK KBK TeppHTOpBH aa BnHJKHeM BOCToKe, saceneasag pas6oiiHH'IbHM nneMeaeM. Muxaun JIHTBHB. nHTOB~.teB H MOCICBHTSB1t

•0 Upa&aX TBTap,

(1550 r.)

0Tpb1BKH

1) Muxau.n Jlurnaun - JIHTOBCKHH .z:tHDJIOMaT a KpbiMY a I non. XVI cT., aaTop aanucoK, a KOTOpwx onHCbiBaeTCJ! 6biT JIHTOB~ea, pycCKHx, yKpaHH~ea, KphiMCKHX TaTap. BnepBbte H3ABHbl a 1615 r. a Baaene IIO,I{ HB3BBHHeM •0 Hpaaax TaTap, JIHTOB~eB H MOCKBHTJ!H•. · 2) Bapucrpen- ,nsenp. 3) Ka'lu6eeBbtu - aepoJ!Tao, aarop HMeJI a BHJlY X8JlatH6eiiCKHH nsMaa, nema~uii a6JIH3H H&Iaewaee O.z:teccw. 4) Kat/Ja - COBpeMeaaag <lleOAOCHH. 5) 0cbMeHHK HB3BB'IBJICJ! KHeBCKHM BOeBO,IIOIO ,I{JI$1 c6opa IIOQIJIHB C TOBBpOB, IIPHB03HMbiX B Kuea. 6) KHeao-Ile'lepcKHH MosacTwpb.

Pe'll. JI. ,ZJ;epeaaacKoro ua BapmaacKOM ceiMe (1620 r.) 1) lfawnuK -

no'leTawH. THTYJI OIJIHXThl a Pe'IH IlocnoJIHTOH.

2) CutU3MyniJ III - KOPOJib Pe'IH IlocnOJIHTOH (1586- 1632 rr.). 3) HMelOTCH B BH~y DOJIHKH H JIHTOB~bl, COe,I{HHHBWHCCJ! B e.z:tH· aoe rocy,l{apcTBO Pe'lb IlocnoJIHTyJO B pesyJibTaTe JIJ06JIHHCKOH yauu

1569 r. 4) Bocmo'lnaR., HJIH fpe'lecKu, - Ilpaaocnasaaa IJ;epKOBh. 749

5) Pyccxozo 6) Mapw,aJIOIC

yKpauaci<oro sapo.aa. (CeHM8) -

CnHKep.

7) BpecTCKa.JI YHIUI 1596

r. JIHKBHARpoBana npauoCJiausyiO uepap-

XHIO B 'YKp8~He H B BeJiopycs.

8) 9)

Y~tuamw

npzBep*eHIJ,hl rpeKO-KaTOJilNecKoro o6pH,Aa.

KoscTasTHsonoJI&CKHH naTpuapx j(BJIHJICJI rJiaaoii llpauocJiaB-

soii I.J;epKBH. CorJiacso pemeHHIO BpecTcKoro Co6opa, YKpauacKan I.J;epKOB& nepenoA'IHHHnac& BaTDKSHy.

~eBBBK

CuMeoua OicoJJI>CKoro

(1637-1638

rr.)

0TpbJBKR

1) CUMeOH 01COJlbC1CUil -

MOH8X AOMHHHK8HCKOrO op.aesa; B 'IHHe

soeasoro KaneJIJiasa conpoBO*AaJI Koposaoe soiicKo so speMSI KapaTeJI&Hhlx 3KCneAH~HH B YKp8Hse B

1637-1638 rr.

H COCT8.BHJI

o6 3TOM

no.apo6able 3anHCKH.

lloJI&H&IB reTMaH HHKOJiali IIoTO~KRH

3) BoziJaH Ku3UM -

(1637-1638

rr.).

OAHH H3 pyKOBOAHTeJieB nOBCT8H"'ecKHX OT·

Pj(AOB.

4) llaemox-

(1637

BOHCI<a

aapo.asoe npo3BH~e IIasJia ByTa, reTMaaa Ka3a'l&ero

r.).

5) AiJa..w KuceAb -

I<OponeucKRH KOMHCcap no I<83a~KHM .aeJiaM B

YKpazae.

6) llOiJH:OMOpuu -

'I.J ieH Cne~H8JlbHOrO cy.aa, KOTOp&Ji!: 38HHM,aJICH

RCKJIIO'lHTeJI&HO 3eMeJI&HbiMR BOnpOC8MH. 1

7) flpa3iJHU1C C8.RmOZO HUICOJIQ.R- 19 AeKa6pH 8) Mapc- MRcponoruqecKHH 6or BOHH&I.

no BOBOMY CTHJIIO.

I'lliioM BonJJaB. •Ouacauae YKpauu~ou 0Tpb1BKH

1) TuuOM BOnJialt OKOJIO

cpp8HI..tY3CKRH soesHbiH HHmesep, KOTOpbiH

JieT npe6b1BaJI Ha CJiy*6e y DOJibCKOro KOpOJI$1 H $1BJUieTCjl

aBTOPOM H3BecTaoro onHcasHH YKpaHH&I pyccKoM jl3bJI<e H3.aasaoro B

1832

noJI.

XVII

B., unepsble sa

r. no.a sa3saaaeM •OnacaaHe YI<-

paHHbl HJIH o6JiaCTeH KOpOJieBCTB8 fiOJibCKOro, pacnOJIO*eHH&Il{ Mem.ay t'JI&HH~aMH MocKOBHR H TpaacHJibBaHMH ~.

3AeC&: KOWeBOrO 8T8M8H8. Ho sepeAKO OH B03rJI8BJI$1JI K8381J,·

KYIO 3I<Cne,[(H~HIO, BO BpeMJI KOTOPOH HMeBOBaJICJI reTM8HOM.

3) 0

K83BH K838K8 38 OTK83 OT AOJI)KHOCTH KOweuoro 8T8M8H8 APY·

rHX CBe,!(eHHH He HMeeTCH; 3TO HBHOe npeyaeJIH"'eHHe 85TOpa.

4) I.J;epeMOHHJI

Bb160poB OK8H'IHB8JI8Cb TeM, 'ITO CT8p&le K838KH JIO·

mHJJR ropCTKy 3eMJIH Ha rOJIOBY HOBOH:::6paaaoro. 3-ro 3H8'1HJIO, 'ITO OH JIHWb CJJyra TOBapH~eCTB8, KOTOpoe ~!8C7a;mJJO ero CSOHM BJI8Ab1KOH.

750

Hal'ipunHhlil Ha Ce'IH .QJUI noxo.Qa reTMaH naahlsa.ncs TaK3te aaxaaa&JM IITIIM8110M. 5) 4Ja.JrblroH.em - MeJIKOKa.nH6epau nywKa, HcnOJib3yeMaR s XVIXVIII 88. 6) nOKy-MeHT8.JihllWX e.Be,l(eHHH 0 3HaKe Ha qmarMaBCKHX. JIOAK8X uc coxpaHHJIOCb. Momao npe.QnonomHT.b, 'ITO HM CJIY3tHJIO aooMOIXt>· uoe H3o6pamesHe no aHa.norHH c Hao6pameHHeM aa 4Jnarax ApeBHe-

pycei<Ol"!! .oepJ:tO.U.. 7) Py.MeAUJl. - npoBHH~WI OcM:aac«<if HMilepBB, Koropu Ha npoT..-eBHH XIV-XVI u. oXJtaThiBaJJa 6aJIKaHCKue aelllJIB, Kpoxe BocIIHH H no6epembJI 3reHCKOro M:OpR. Ceuqac PyMeJIHeH H83hiBaeTCJI es~ l{aefi,

TyPf(llfL 8) HMeeTCR s BHAY Aao8cKoe !llope. 9) T{Pt.(Moaa - 'l'ellepio p. BoJIWJ - npHTOK CesepcKoro

,l{oa~a.

10) Pean.- nopTyra.n&CKa.R H Hcnas:cKaR MOHeTa XIV-XIX ss. 11) CeK.UHW (.IJ,eJUitu.l) - BeHC~HaHCKaJI 30Jl0Ta.R 1\lOHCTa, KOTOpaa Ha IIpoT113tCHHH HeCKOJibKHX BCKOB 6hiJia B 06opore B Espone H Ba BJUI2<&eM BoeToKe.

12) 3A;eet. BoDJiaB nponmope'IHT caM ce6e, OII.Hchlsaa pas:&me pe· MCCJlft H npOMbiCJibi, KOTOpbiMH 38HHMaJIHCb K83aKH. Ha yHHBepcana Bor.z.ana XMeJibHHUKoro K yKp&BHCKOMJ .Bapo~y C npH3WBOM K BOCCTaBHJO

(1648 r.)

1) tfUH08HUH:U - n~CTaBHTeJIH IIOJlbCKO·WJl$1XeTCKOH 8,l(MHHH· CTpaUHH. 2) HMeeTCs !I B.H.IlY 3aaop03tCK8JI Ce'lb. 3) &acTH aanperuu peecTposoMy soifcKy aKcneAHI.lHH aa tfepaoe MOpe. Aru.6epyo BHMHHa. •p;oHeceane o opoH.CXOJ~tAeBHa a

o6w'laax KoaaKos•

1) Beae~aucKHH uoeon An&6epTo BaMHBa noceTHJI Y ·K paHHY u

1650 r. c

~eJI&IO

CKJIOHHTb BorAaHa XMeJibHHI.lKOro aa AHBepcHIO npo ·

'l'BB Typo,HH aa liepHOM Mope. T aKHM o6paaoM npaBHTeJI&CTBO Beae-

I.l.HaBCKOH peeny6JJHKII DhlTaJIOCb OTBJIC'Ib CHJlhl Typeo,KOI'O CYJITaBa, rp03HBWHe ei% nOJIHbiM ynaAKOM. BHMHHa OCTIBBJJ HHTepecB.hie aanacKH DOA Ha388HHeM c,l{oHeceHlle o IJPOl!ICXOOJCAearu~ H OOhltJa.RX Koaaxosr. 2) .l{oHecenHe 6&Ino aApecosaHo npaBHTeJIIO BeHeiJ.HaHcKoif pecny6JIHKH. 3) IIOBTOl)JICTCft pacnpoCTpaHCHHbJH B TO BpeMH Te3.HC 0 npOHCX03t,l.\eHHH Ka38KOB OT K03. 4) 06UiJUU - pHMCKMH D03T (43 r. AO H, a. - 18 r. H. 3.).

751

5) .AJrrop OIJHCJ.IBaeT rpaBH~W: Kll3alU(OI'O rocy,l{apcTBa IJOCJie 8()o. poBCKOI'O ,I{Ol'OBOpa 1649 t'. 6) BepoaTBO, llBTOp BMeeT B BH,I{y BW:CIIJHe COpTa IJOJIOTHa, H6o XOJI· ~oBoe 6eJt..e eecoMueauo !Sw:no y KaaaKOB XVII B. 7) JlaBKU, HJIB •no.-., ~ Tp8,1J.H~BOBHOe MecTO NUl OT.I{IalXa B HHTe· p&epe YKPaHBCKOro mena~a (xaTw). 8) CeHam - 3Aec&: Kaaaqu p8,1J.a. , 9) 0 upHCTPACTBH KaaaKOB K aJIKOroJJJO, HCKJIJO'IIUI BpeMH aKCIJeAH· ~HA, ecn. cBeAe&usr H y Apyrax aBropoB. 10) CeHeKa - pBMcKd cliBJJ~, IIHcaTem. a rocyAapcTBeHHwif AeJI'l'eJib (4 r. AO H. a. - 65 r. u. a.). 11) PoMy.- ,;,_ cornacso npe){aBHIO, ocuosaTeJJ& Pe111a H nepawA pBM· cKBA ~ap& (754-717 rr. AO a. a.). 12) HyMa IloMnuAufl - BTOpoA ~ap& .l(pesaero PuMa (717673 rr. AO B. a.). 13) Il.;r.ymapx - ApeBHerpeqecKd IJHCaTeJib H cliHJJOCO«ll (45127 rr. e. a.). 14) Bpamu Tu6epufl u rau. rpa1CXU (ll B. AO a. a.) - pHKCKHe Tpu!Syaw:, npose,Amae pSIA arpapuwx pecllop111 c ~eJJJ>IO OCTaBOBHTb paaopeaue KpecTbJIHCKOl'O X03JiiCTBa. 15) Azat/X11CA - npasaTeJJI> (Tupas) CupaKya c 316 r. AO s. a. ,1J;OI'OB0p B DOCTBBOBJI~BHe Me~y reTM&BOM 0p.11HKOM B BO:i:CKOM 3BD0pm!ICCKHM B

1710

1"0~

(KoHcmumy1fUA) 1) 3Aecb npHBOAHTCSI Te3HC 0 npoHCXO)I(,AeBRH Ka38KOB OT xaaap, f5J.ITOBaBWHif B TO BpeMSI Cpe,liH Ka3a"'ecKHX JleTODHC~eB, B "'aCTBOCTH r. rpai5JiaKu. 2) ABTOpW: •KOBCTHT)'D,HH• C03Aa10T KRell, COI'JJaCBO KOTOpoMy nepBJ.IM npauJIJI xpacTaaucTBO Karas xaaapoB·Ka3aKOB, a ue BJI&AHMHP CBSITOCJiaBOBH'I, 'ITOOW: TaKHM o6pa30N OTAaTI> npaopHTeT B oprauaaa~HH PyccKoro rocy,AapcTsa Kaa&KaM. 3) 'YuaaTCKIUI IJ;epKOBJ> BBOAHJiac& BpecTCKHM ~epKOBHI>IM Cofio. poM 1596 r. 4) Pe'll> H,l{eT 0 86opoBCKOM AOl'OBOpe 1649 r., KOTOpi>IA Onpe,lleJIHJI rpaua~w: Ka3a"'ecKoro rocy,llapcTsa (TepparopRSI KaescKoro, Bp~u CKOI'O H 'JepHHl'OBCKOl'O BoeBO,liCTB). 5) BoeaawA co103 reTMaua Bor.z~aua XMeJJI>BH~Koro c KphlMCKHM XaBOM HcnaN-rupeeM, DOADHCaBHW:A B 1648 r.,l5b!JJ uanpasJJeB DpoTRB Pe'IH llocnoneroA. 6) Ha p.CaNape pyccKHM npasHTeJJbCTBOM npa yqacTBH reTMaBa HBaua Ma3enw tiw:na coopymesa BoropoA~KIUI KpenOCT&, a TaKme sa nesoM tiepery ,l(aenpa B03Jie KaMeuuoro 3aTosa c Ilem.IO KOHTpoJJJI H&A BoAcKolll. 3anopomcKHM.

752

Cornacuo DOCT8HOBJieHHIO KOPOJIII Pe'IH nocnOJJHTOA CTeel>aua

Baropua 1578 r. o BOCC03.AaBHH Kaaauero peecTP&, r. TepexTeMHpoa Dpe,AOCT8BJJJIJICII BO BJia,AeHHe K83&KOB K&K rocDHTaJJb H MecTO o6HT8路 HHII DpeCT8peJJbiX 3aDOp03ti~eB. 8) MapTOBCKBMH cTaTWIMH 1654 r. yCTaBaBJIH&anca KOHTPOJJ& pycCIUIX 'IBBOBBHKOB Ba,A K83a'lbHMH cl5op~B RaJJOroB. CofipaRB.ble Cpe,ACTB8 nepe,A8BaJJHCb B ~apcKYJO K83&y H ya<e H3 RRX 0TDYCKaJJ8Cb '18CT& ,Aeaer &a. nOTpe6socTB soAcKa 3aoopolKcKoro.

9) KoMnaueftqN -

KORHoe BOiiCKO, cep,AIOKH -

nexOTa; OBH BXO.AH路

JJH B COCT8B l"eTMaBCKOA neii6-raap,AHH. 3MCKBH )'Ka3

1) 8McKuft yKa3 -

1876 r.

pacnopJut<euue ~apcKoro npaaaTeJt&CT&a, ua-

upaBJieBHoe sa npnrecseRHe yKpauscxoii KyJJ&Typw; 6&JJI no,Anucau MU

1876 r.

AneKcaBAPQM II a ropo,Ae 3Mce (repMauna). PoccHicKoA HMDepuu.

PeecTp KBeBCKHX KBsaeii:1l

1. Oner - KH$DKBJI rne·TO AO ro~a Hrop& B ro~ax r.t~e-To On&ra KaK pereRTma r~e-ro CMTOCJtaB, C&IH Hropx, r.t~e-ro HpononK, CbJH CsxTOCJiasa Bna,IIHMHp, c&JH CMTocnasa CBXTOJIOJIK, C&IH Bna,~~HMHpa Hpocnas, c&IH Bna,~~HMHpa 9. H3Jicnas, ewe Hpocnasa 10. Bcecnas, ua nononKHX RexaeA 11. HaJtcnas (9) so sropo8 paa 12. CBIITOCJias, C&IH Hpocnasa 13. Ha11cnas (9) B TPeTHA paa 14. Bcesono,A, C&IH Hpocnasa 15. CsaTononK, C&IH HaJtcnasa 16. MouoMax, C&IH Bcesono,Aa 17. McT.Hcnas, c&IH MouoMaxa 18. HpononK, c&IH MoHoMaxa 19. Ba'lecnas, C&IH MoaoMaxa 20. BcesoJIO.A, BHYK CBllTOcnasa (12), , li3 "'epHIU'OBCKHX KHJt3eA 21. Mrop&, 6paT Bcesono.o.a (20) 22. Mallcnas, c&IH McTHCJiasa 23. IOpeA, C&IH MouoMaxa 24. M3JICJJaB (22) BO BTOpOH paa 25. IOpHA(23) so sTopoA paa 26. HaRcnas (22) H Bx'lecnas (19) BMecTe 27. Pocntcnas, 6paT Maxcnasa (22) 28. MaRcnas, BHYK CsaTocnasa (12), H3 'lepHHl'OBCKHX KHH3eH 29. IOpHA (23) s TpeTHA paa 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

913 HJIH 914 914-946 946-960 960.:....972 972-979 979-1015 1015- 1019 1019- 1054 1054-1068 1068-1069 1069-1073 1073-1076 1076- 1077 1077-1093 1093- 1113 1113- 1125 1125- 1132 1132-1139 1139 1139-1146 1146 1146- 1149 1149-1150 1150 1150 1150- 1154 1154 1154-1155 1155-1157

1) l.J:HCJIO B CKo6KaX 0603Ha'laeT HOMep, JlOA KOTOp&IM ,AaHH&IH KHJI3b snepswe ynoMHHaeTCJI s aTOM peecTpe; 3HaK ? H cnoso u.o.e-ro• soan e ,AaT yKaa&IsaeT, 'ITO onpe.o.eneHHe TOJJ&KO npaB,IIOJlO,II06Hoe, HO He ,!~OCTO· sepuoe. ECJIH KHH3b KHHJKHJI ('. nepep&TBaMH - 6&IJI H31'HaH HJIH nepeXOJ).HJI Ha APYI'OH CTOJI, - ero HOBOe KHJIJKeHHe 0603Ha'laeTcJI CJIOBaMH 4 80 BTOpoH paa~, 48 TpeTRH paa• H T. A· POACTBO KHJI3eH JIOKa3aHO HHJKe, B pOJ).OCJIOBBbiX.

754

30.

113HCJIBB

(28)

BO BTOpoi PB3

:n . PocTucnas (27) so srop<>H pa3 :J2. Ha11cnas (28) B TpeTujl paa 33. POCTHCJtaB (27) B TpeTRH pa3 34. M CTHCJiaB, Ch!B H311CJI888 (22) 35. r ne6, CDIB IOpHfl (23) 36. BnaAHMHp, Ch!B MoaoMaxa (16) 37. PoMaH, Ch!R PocTacnaaa (27) 38. MH XaJIKO, Ch!B IOpHH (23),

1157- 1158 1159- 1161 1161 1161- 1167 1167- 1169 1169- 1111 1171 1171 1172

H3 Cy3J(aJtbCKHX KBH3eif

39. P10puK, Ch!H PocTHcnasa (27) 40. ~pocnas, Ch!B HaHcnasa (22) 41. POM8H (37) BO BTOpOH pa3 42. CBHTOCJias, Ch!H Bcesono.E(a (20),

1173 1174 1175- 1176 1176- 1180

U3 'lepBHI'OBCKHX KRJI3eH

43. P 10puK (39) so sropoii paa 44, CBJITOCJtaB (42) BO BTOpoH pa3 45. PIOpHK (39) a TpeTuii paa 46. HHraap, Cb!B Slpocnaaa (40) 47. P10puR (39) a 'leTsepTbiH paa 48. P ocTHCJiaa, CbiH P10puKa (39) 49. P10puK (39) a nHTDIH paa 50. BcesonoA tJepMHDIH, Ch!H CsnTocnasa (42),

11801181 11941200?-

1181 1194 1209 1202 1203 1204- 1205 1205- 1206 1206

H3 'lepHHI'OBCKHX KHJI3eH

51. P10puR (39) a mecrou paa 52. BcesonoA (50) so sropoif paa 53. P10pHK (39) a ce.E(bMOH paa 54. BceBOJIOJ( (50) B TpeTHH pa3 55. H u rsap (46) so 8ropoif paa 56. M cTHcnas, Ch!H PoMaaa (37) 57. 8Jt8J(HMHp, CblH P10pHK8 (39) 58. Hasrcn-as , CDIH McTHcnasa (56) 59. B naAHMRP (57) so BTopoif paa 60. Slpocnaa, sayR IOpiur (23), 61.

62. 63. 64. 65.

H3 CY3AaJtbCl<HX KUH3eH MHxaun, cwa BcesonoAa (50), H3 'lepBH['OBCKHX KBH3eH P ocTucnas, CDIH McTucnasa (56?) Jl.&BHJIO I'aJ!H~KHH MHX8HJI (61) BO BTOpoH pa3 Slpocnas (60) so aropoi1 paa

755

120 7121012121223-

1236-

1206 1207 1210 1212 1212 1223 1234 1235 1236 1238

1238- 1239 1239 1240 1241- 1246 1246

II. PeeeTp ra~KHX B 1'8JJH..KG-BOJIWBCKMX KBJJ3e:ii 1. BopHC, CblB BJI&.QHM8pa BeJIHKOrO KHeBCKOro 2. BcesoJIOA, c&~a &a.r:tHMHpa BeJIHKoro 3. POCTHCJiaB, CINB &a.r:tHMHpa, BHYK Hpoc.Jiasa KBeBCKoro, nporBaH 83 raJI8q8H? 4. HponoJIK, CINH H:uiCJiasa KHeBcKoro . 6. PIOpHK, BonOAap, BacHJI&Ko, CblRbl PocTucnasa (3) 6. BJI&.QHMHpKo, CINH BoJIOAapa (5) 7. Hpoc.Jias, CbiH BJI&.QHMHpKa (6) 8. Oner H &a.r:tHMKp, CINHIN Hpocnasa (7) 9. PoMaH, CINH MCTHCJiasa, KHR3b BOJIINHCKHii 10. BJI~HMHp ·(8) BO BTOpoH pa3 11. POMaH BO BTOpoA: pa3 12• .U:aHHJio, CINB PoMaHa (9) 13. Bna.r:tHMHP HropeBH'l, 83 qepHuroscKHX KHH3eA 14. PoMaH, 6paT Bna.r:tHMHpa (13) 15. PocTHCJiaB, CblH PJOpHKa KHeBcKoro 16. PoMaH (14) BO BTOpoi pa3 17. BJI&.QHMBp (13) BO BTOpoH pa3 18. Jl:aHHJIO (12) BO BTOpoH paa 19. McTucnas HeMoif, 83 BOJIINHCKHX KHR3eif 20.BJI&.QHCJiaB,6oapBHraJJHqKHH 21. ;ftOJIO'MaH, KOpo.neB8'1 BeBrepcKHH 22. ¥CTHCJI8B 'YAaJIOH, H3 KHH3eH KHeBO·BOJiblHCKBX 23. KoJIOMaB (21) BO BTOpoH paa 24. MCTHCJiaB 'YAaJIOH BO BTOpoH paa 25. AHAPeA, KoponeBH'I seHrepcKHH 26. Jl:aRBJIO B TpeTHH pa3 27. AHApeit, KOpoJieBH'I, BO BTOpoH pa3 28. Jl:aBHJIO ('12) B 'leTBepTblH pa3 29. Muxau.n H CINH ero PocT8CJiaB, H3 'lepHBrOBCKHX KHR3eit 30. Jl:aHHJIO (12) B DJITblH paa 31. JleB, CblH Jl:aHH1!8 (12) 32. IOpait, CblB JlbBa (31) 33. JleB, CblH lOpHR (32) 34. lOpHH·BoJiecJiaB, H3 Ma30BeD.KHX KBH3eH 35. Jl106apT, H3 JIHTOBCKHX KHJWeH

756

1064 1077- 1084 1084-1124 1124- 1153 1153- 1187 1187- 1188 1188- 1189 1189-1199? 1199?- 1205 1205- 1206 1206- 1208 1208-1209 • 1210 1210 1210-1211 1211- 1212 1212-1213 1213-1214 1214-1219 1219 1219-1221? 1221?-1227 1227- 1230 1230- 1232 1232-1233 1233-1235 1236- 1238 1238-1264 1264- 1300? 1300?-1308? 1308?-1323 1325- 1340 1340-1·349

III.

PeecTp ytepaHHCKHX reTMaaoa•>

I. )l,MwrpHH BHwHeseUKHH

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~. CaMoftno 36opoacKHA r.ne-ro s ro,ny

6. MHXBHJI H KMpHK PylKI!HCKHe 7. 3axap (?) Kynara, Bor,naH MHKOWHHCKHH, JlyK&~H

1550-1563 1575- 1576 1576-1577 1578 1581 1585 1586

qepBHHCKHH

tt BoAuex qBHOBHUKHH

9. Kpamrocp KocHHCKHii 10. fpHropuA Jlo6o.na (c nepep&IBsMH) 11. Bor.nas MHKOWHHCKHH 12. <l>e,nop llonoyc 13. MaTseH: illayna 14. KpeM_ncKHH H KpHmToct> He~Kosc1mii 15. HrilaT BacHJieBH'I 16. THXOH Ba86y3a H «l>e.nop llonoyc 17. CaMoiino KHwKa 18. raspHJt KpyTHeBW-1 (c nepep:b188MH) 19. HsaH KyuKosH•r 20. HsaH Kocoii 21. fpHrOpHii HaanosH'! ynOMHH. s KOHUe 22. 36oposcKHH, Ones'IeHKO, KaJieH!IfK Aa,npeesH'I 23. fpHl'OpHH THCKHHeBH'I ynOMHII. B Mae 24. lleTp Caraii,na•mwii (c nepep&IsaMH) 25. }l;MHTpHA Bapa6am 26 . .HuKo Hepo,nH'I Bopo.nasKa 27. On11cpep foJiy6:b . 28. MHX8HJt ,nopoweHKO (c nepepwsaMn) 29. fpHUKO CasH'I q epawii 30. KaJieHHK Aa.npeesu'l 31.llHpCKHH,~M8Hn0

32. M11xaun ,nopoweaKo 33. fpHUKO "tlepaBiii, Haas CynuMa 34. fpHUKO Casuq qepHbiH

1590 1591- 1593 1593-1596 neTo 1594 secaa 1595 HS'I. 1596 JieTO 1596 15.96- 1597 1598 1600- 1602 1602- 1603 1602 1602-1603 1606 1609-1610 1610 1614- 1622 M8pT 1617 1619- 1621 1622- 1623 1623-1625 1624 1624-1625 1625 1625-1628 1628 1629- 1630

I) feTM8HCK8R BJ18CT:b C03,li8B8JI8Cb OOCTeneHI:IO, D03TOMY peecTp KO· 381J,KHX BOlK8KOB MO)I(HO H8'1HH8Tb C JJI06oro speMeHR, BH,ASl B HHX npe,nmecTseHHHKOB noJ,nHeiiwux reTMBHOB. 3,nec& Ha'IHHaeM c BHwaeseu.Koro fJOTOMy. 'ITO nepe,n HHM 3H8eM exue MeH&We 0 T0l',li8WHHX BOlK8K8X; XOTSl Jl 003AHee HHOl'.A8 TPYAHO OTJIH'IHT& MeHee H3Bec1"HblX npe,nBO,AHTeJieH OT reTM8HOB, 1Ipi13HBHHWX BCeriiH, HJHf llpOCJie,AHTb DO· PR.AOK reTMaHCTsa 6e3 nepep&Isa.

757

35. Tapac <lleAOpoBH'I THMo<Peii Ope~apeRKO HBas IleTpiUKfiU.KHA-Kynara. AHAPeii .I(HAeHKO 39. TeMocj>eii: OpeaAapesKo 40. HBaH CyneMa 41. BacHJinif ToMHneRKO 42. CasBa KoRoHOBH'I, IlaBJIIOK BYT, .I(MHTpnii fyHH 43. Hu.Ko OcTpHHHH, .I(MHTPHH ryua

36. 37. 38.

44. BorAaH XMen&HHU.KHH

45. HBaH B&n'OBCKHH 46. IOpach XMeJI&HHU.KHH 47. Ilasen TeTepH, npaBo6epe:>KHhiH 48. HBaH BpiOxoBeU.KHif, neBo6epemHblH 49. CTenaH Onapa, npaso6epemHhiH 50. IleTp .I(opowenKo 51. CyxoBeenKo, 3anopomcKHH

52 . .l(eMhHH MaororpHWHblR, neBo6epe:>KHblH 53. MHxaHJI XaueRKO, npaBo6epe:>KHblii

54.

HBaH CaMoifnoBH'I

55. HBaH Ma3ena

56. 57.

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581 .I(asHHJI 59.

1630 1630-1631 1631-1632 1632 1633-1634 1635 1636- 1637 1637 1638 1648- 1657 1657-1659 1659-1663 1663-1665 1663- 1668 1665 1665-1676 1668 1668-1672 1669-1674 1672- 1687 1687-1709 1709- 1722 1710-?) 1727-1784

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1750-1764

KnpHJIJI Pa3yMOBCKHH

758

IV . PoAOCJJOBBaR )'ICpaaacKHX KBRaei. KaeacKoii AHBaCTBB1> Hropr.

946, .g. 972

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'IIACTL llEPBA.H: ):(0 OCHOBAHIUI KHEBCKOrO rocYMJ>CTBA .................. 5

1. HCTopus H ~OHCTOpH'IecKas >KH3Hh ............... .......... .. 5 2. ITpomJioe YKpaHHhi ................................ .. .. ............ 7 3. ITepsbie cJie.Ahl 'leJioseKa .... ........... ... ............ .. ....... 10 4. Hoseliman KaMeHHaH KYJILTypa .............................. 12 5. Me.z~L, 6poHaa H meJieao ......................................... 14 6. I'peqeCKHe KOJIOHHH ......................................... .... 17 7. CTeDHhle sapo~hi ............................................... .. 19 8. Hpa»hl CTeDHJIKOB ................................................ 21 D. CJia»JJHCKHe noceJieBHs ......................................... 23 10. YKpaHHCKoe pacceneeue. AHThi ............................ 26 11. YKpaescKue nne:MeHa ..........................., ............. 29 12. BhiT yKpaHHCKHX nJie~H .................................... 31 13. XapaKTep, upashi H penurun .... . ............. ... ...... ..... 34 14. Ce:MhJJ, poA H o6~HHa .............. ....... : .................... 37 15. Toprosns ...... .................... ...... ... ...... ................. 40 16. Kusaba: e ~pymuHa ............................................ 42

'lfACTb BTOPAll 3110XA rOCY,n;APCTBEHHO:A: mH3HH ............................ 45 17. KHescKHe npe~a.aea: ............ .... .. ...................... ... 45 18. PaccKa3 KHeBcKoro neTonHc~a ......................... .... 4 7 19. Pyci> •••••••••••.••.•••••••••••••••.••••••.•••••••••• .••.••..• ...••••• 48 20. IToxo~hl pyccKHX .APY>KHH ................................... 50 21. ):(pessei!mHe KHR3hH u KHH3b Oner ....................... 53 22. Hroph H Onhra ...... ....... ........................... ........... 59 23. CsnTocnas u ero ChlHOBhs .................................... 65 24. Bna~HMHp .......... ..................... .......... ........... ..... 71 25. XpucTHaHCTBO ....................................... ..... ....... 75 26. Rosas KYJihTypa ................................................ 79 27. Bopb6a c op~oJO .................................................. 82 28. BJJ~HMHpoBH'IH ................................ ..... .. . ....... . 84 29. HpocJiaB .......... .. ............................................... 88 30. HpocJiaBH'lH .................................. ......... ... ..... . .. 93

762

31. IIonoseu;KM 6e~a ......... ....... .... ..... .. ......... ... ........ 97 32. 060Co6JieHHe 3eMenh H RX CTpoH .. ....................... 101 33. 3eMJIH·KHH~eCTBa ............. . ... .. ....... .................. 105 34. Bopb6a aa KaeB Hero yn~oK .......... .................. 108 35. rocy,11.apCTBO ranan;KO-BoJihlHCKOe. KHaab PoMaH ......... .. ....... .. ..... .... ..................... 111 36. POMaHOBH'lH .................... ......... ......... ........ .. .... 114 37. TaTapcKHH norpoM ........................................... 117 38. TaTapiiJ;HHa ................................ ................... .. 121 39. Kopo.111> AasHJIO ......................................... ...... 123 40. ranHD;KO·BOJibiHCKOe rocy,~J.apCTBO npa Aauanouaqax ... ................................... ...... 127 41.

06~HH Barna,~~. aa yKpaHHCKYIO ~H3Hh

B nepHO,II.hl KHeBCKHH H raJIHD;KHH ...................... 132 ~H3Hb 'YKpaHHhl 3TOH :moxa H ee 3Ha'leHHC ............. ... : ....... ......................... 134

42. KyJihTYllHaH

lJACTb TPETMI JIHTOBCKO-IIOJibCKASI 3IIOXA ................................... 43. IIepexo,11. yx<paHHCKHX aeMeJI& DO,II. BJiaCTb JIHTOBCKHX KHH3eH ... ............. . .. ........ 44. Bop&6a aa raJIHUKO·BOJibJHCKHe aeMJIH H paa,11.en ax ...................................... .............. 45. 'YBHH IIon.&ruH c JlHTBOii ............. .......... ............ 46. Hoshle aanpaBneaaa B DOJIHTHKe BenaKoro KHa~ecTBa JiuTOBcKoro .. .................... 4 7. Bop&6a aa pasHonpasae (CBHTpuraH:noshl BOHHhl) ..................... .............. 48. liODhlTKH BOCCTaHHH C DOMOID;biO MocKBhl ............ 49. ITODblTKH BOCCTaHHH B raJIHD;HH H Ha'iaJIO HaD;HOHaJibHOt'O ,II.BH~eHHH ••••••••••••••• •.. • 50. Haqano KoaaqecTBB. ... . .. ..... .. ..... ... ... ...... .. ........... 51. KoaaqecTBO H K03all;KHe DOXO,II.bl B nepsoii noJIOBHHe XVI BeKa ......... ........ .. ......... 52. Ha'lano Ce'IH . ............................................ ...... 53. 06paaosaaae Koaau;l<oro KJiacca .......... ................ 54. ITpacoe,II.HHeHHe BOCTO'lHhlX yKpaaacKHX aeMeJib K ITon&rue .......... 55. ITepeMeH&l B 3KOHOMH'ICCKKX H 06~eCTBeHHbiX OTHOWeHHHX ..... ...................... 56. ITepeMea&I B 3KOHOMH'leCKoii ~H3HH a aaceneHae BocTOlJHOii 'YKpauHhl ......................

753

139 139 142 146 149 152 158 165 171 176 180 184 192 198 202

57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64.

PoeT Koaa1JecTBa a KOHI(e XVI aeKa ••• .. .••••••.••.••... Koaa~KHe BOHHhl 1590-x ro.z(OB ••••.••.••••.•......•••.•. Boifua 1596 ro,!(a ....... .... ............ .. .......... .... ...... Yna,!(oK Hal(HORaJI:t.HOH YKP&HHCKOH )KH3HH H YCHJIH$1 K ee B03p0)K,!(eHHIO ••.•..•..•.•.•••••••••••••••• ITpocaeTHTen:t.Hoe .-aulKeuue .•.••••••••..•.•.....••••..••• BpaTCTBa .................................. ...................... YHH$1 ............................................................. Bop:t.6a c yuueii ............................ , ...................

207 212 216 221 225 230 235 240

liACTb qETBEPTA.S: IC03AIJ;KAH SITOXA ..................................................... 65. ICoaa'lecTBO noc.11e ny6eacKoro norpoMa ................ 66. lc038l(KHH CTpoit .............................................. 6 7. MopcKHe noxo.~:~:t.i .................... ......................... 68. ITon:t.CKHe neperosop:t.I c K038KaMH H reTMaH Carait.na'IH:t.IH .................................... 69. JCueB CTSHOBHTC$1 ~eHTpoM KyJibTYPHOif YKPaHHCKOH lKH3HH ........................ 70. Hoaaa uepapxun .............................................. 71. XoTHHCKan soiiaa H Koae~ CaraiiA&t~aoro ............ 72. Koa$nHKT c npasuren:t.CTBOM ...... ....................... 73. YKpauacKue mraa:t.r u soitua 1625 ro.Aa ............... 74. Boiiua 1630 ro.z(a .........................................: .... 75. BecKoponesbe .. ............. ................................... 76. CynuMa u llaBJIIOK .......... ................................. 77. 0CTPJIHHHOBa BOHH8 H yrHeTeHHe K038tlecTB8 ........ 78. BoccTaaiie Xr.ten:t.HH~Koro .... : .. .......................... 79. Bop:t.6a aa ocso6olK.neuue YKpauHhl ..................... 80. ~arpaHHt{H:t.Ie coiOahl . ... ..................................... 81. MocKOBCKoe aepxoseHCTBO ................................. 82. Me}KJ:\Y MocKsoH: u illBel(HeH ............................. 83. reTMRHIIIHHa .. , . , ..... , ........................................ 84. r8):1JI<ICK8$1 YHHR ........................................ ...... 85. Bop:t.6a c MocKBOH ............................................ 86. Paa.~:~aoeuue YKpaHHhl ....................................... 87. 3aM:t.Icn:t.I ,L(o'poweHKa ....................................... 88. ll8):1esue ,L(opoweuKa ........................................ 89. PyuHa ........... ... .............................................. 90. •3riH• H HOBOe K03a'leCTBO Ha fipaso6epelKbe ....... 91. B reTMa..'i.Il(HHe ............................... . ... ............. 92. CTapwuua H o5II:~ecTBO ..................................... .

764

24 7 24 7 251 256 262 268 272 276 279 283 286 292 296 301 305 312 318 322 327 331 337 343 348 352 358 364 368 371 375

93. 94. 95. 96. 97.

IlpaBJieuae MaaenDI ·· ··· ····· · ·· ····· ·· ········· · ·· ··· · ·· ~··· Ilepe.n; paapDIBOM ............. ....... ............. ............. Col03 co illseuaeii .................................... ........ IlorpoM MaaenDI ............................ ................ .. IlonhlTKH OpJIRKa ............... ...................... .......

381 386 392 396 399

1ACTL llSTAJI Yl l.A,.D;OK K03AqECTBA U YKPAIDICKO:A: mH3HH ...... . ...... . ..................... .... ..... 403 98. OrpauH'IeHHe reTM8.HCKoro npaaneHWI ....... .......... 403 99. Ilepsoe ynpaa.n;aeuHe reTM8.HCTsa. Ilo.ny6oToK ....... 409 100. BoccTauosneuHe reTMaHCTBa H re'i'MaH AuOCTOJI ................... ......... .. ...... ...... 414 101. BTopaa OTlileua reTMaHCTBa ................ .... .......... 420 102. reTMaHCTBO PaayMOBCKOro ................. ........ . ..... 427 103. CTpoii H o6~ecTseaH:ble oTuomeaaa reTMaHI:qHHhl .................................. ... ........... 432 104. Cno6omaaxqHua .............. . .......... .................... 437 105. KynbTypHaa JKH3Hb BocTO'IHOH YKpaHHhlJIHTepaTypa H WKOJia ................. ............... ...... 440 106. HauHoHMbHM muaub BocTO'IHOi YKpaHHhl ..................... ................. 446 107. Yna.n;oK YKP8.HHCKoi JKH3BH 1

B 3ana.n;uQH: YKpaHue ........ ........... ................... 3a.KapnaTCKHe aeMnH ...................................... Ilpaso6epemuaa YKpaHua ............................... raB,ll;aM8T'UIHa ............................ ................... KoJIHHBJ:qHHa .......................................... .. .. .. 112. 0KOH'IaTeJibH8Jl OTMeBa reTMaHCTBa ....... . .......... . 113. YHH'ITOmeuue Ce'IH ......... .............. .......... . .... .. 114. Koueu. reTM8.H~HHhl •..•• : .. ... .... .. ... ~ ......... .. ......

108. 109. 110. 111.

'IJ.ACTL mECTAS YKPAHHCKOE B03POm,ll;EHHE .............................. ...... 115. IlpHCoe.n;HHeHHe ranHWfH H ByKOBHBhl K ABCTPHH ....... ................... ... ..... 116. Koueu. IlonbmH H npHcoe.n;HueuHe llpaao6epemuoi YKpaHHhl K PoccHH ....... .......... 117. Ha'laTKH soapom.n;eaua s 3ana.n;aoi YKpaaue ..... 118. Ha'laTKH soapom.n;euua B BocTO'IHOii YKpaaae ... 119. H.n;eu aapo.n;uocTH. Ha'laTKH coauaTeJibHOro .n;eMoKpaTH3Ma ... ..........

765

450 455 460 ~64

469 4 74

481 489

493 493 497 500 505 511

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