История Тевтонского ордена by Watra

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IO)I(HbiX 3CTOB DpHH}'):{HJI K ynnaTe ,llaHH caM HOBropO.l{CKHH KID13b McTHcnas Y,naTHbiH (To ecTI> Y.naqJIHBbiH, xoTx H Ha3bisaeMbiH

HHOrAa HeTOqHo YAaJILIM). MeqeHOCI.lbi Hacrynan.H KpeiiOCT.liMH, C'fPO.ll HX OAHY 3a Apyroii -

BeHAeH (BLIHJIY, ~ecHc, KeeL), en-

nHH (BHnb.liHAH), 0AeHrre (0Teii.ll).

B 1217 r. pyccKHe ocaAHnH KperrocTh 0AeHIIe (Ho B3.l1Tb ee He CMOrJIH, BOIIpeKH OIIIH6oqlfbiM yrsep)[()l;eHH.llM HeKOTOpbiX HCTOpHKOB, H oTCTYIJHnH, BLIHYAHB Meqeuocl.leB OTK}'IIHTLC.ll). Boo6me cne)l;yeT 3aMeTHTb, qTo B OIIHCbiBaeMbiH rrepHOA KmoqenHeM -

3a peAKHM HC-

pycCKHM KIDI3b.liM HHKOr,ll;a He yAaBaJIOCb 3axBa-

THTb HH O)l;HOrQ H3 OCa)[(,l{aeMbiX HMH B JlHBOHHH 3aMKOB.

B TOM )f(e roAy B CesepHyro 3cTOHHIO BToprnacb AaTCKHe KpeCTOHOCI.lbi. B

1221 r. )l;aTCKHH Koponb Ban.LAeMap II IIo6eAHTenL, ycTa-

HOBHB MOpCI<)'IO 6noKa.ll}' PHrn, rrpHH)'AHn errHCKOIIa AJib6pexTa IIpH3HaTb BnaCTh AaTCKOH KOpOHbl HaA JlHBOHHeH H 3CTOHHeH.

B 1223

r. )l;aTCKHH KOpOnb ,ll;03BOnHn (~e CBOeH snaCTbiO) Op,ll;e-

HY MeqeHOCI.leB rrpOAOn)f(HTb xpHCTHaHH3al.lHIO rrpH6arrTHHCKHX 3eMenb B BOCTOqHOM HarrpasneHHH, C TeM «qT06bi OHH 6LIDH BepHbl eMY», TO eCTb ~aHHH, H rrpOAOn)f(anH pacump.liTb AaTCKHe snaAeHH.ll K

rory oT Pesen.ll (rro-pyccKH KonbiBaHH, rro-3CTOHCKH

TannHHHa-TaauH-liHHHa, TO ecTb «AaTcKoro 3aMKa»).

B 1223 r .

soiicKo senHKOro KH.ll3.ll IOpH.ll BcesonoAOBHqa oca-

AHno PeBenb, H AaTCKHH Koponb sepeyn rrpasa Ha 3cTOHHIO op~eey

MeqeHOCI.leB, IIOnyqHBilleMy OT pHMCKO-repMaHCKOro HMIIe-

paTOpa <l>pHApHXa

II foreHmTay<PeHa rrpaBa Ha 3eMnH K BOCTOI<)'

oT liHBOHHH. Pbll.lap.liM opAena Meqa, uarrpasn.lleMbiM pH)f(CKHM errHcKorroM Anb6pexToM <PoH EyKcreBAeHoM, yAanocb B3.l1Tb ropoA IOpbeB, o6opoH.lleMLIH pyccKHM KIDI3eM BjlqecnaBOM (B.llqKo) EopHCOBHqeM, H rrepeHMeHOBaTb ero B ~OpiiaT (~eprrT).

B 1224 r. HosropoA H IlcKOB IIOAIIHCanH c piDKCKHM errHCKOIIOM MHp s o6MeH ua BLIIIDaTY <oopLescKOH )l;aHm>. B 3TOM )Ke ro.zzy 6Lmo

yqpe>K.neHo ~eprrrcKoe eiiHci<OnCTBo. B KOHQe 20-x IT. XIII B. IIcKoB, o6D11BHB ce611 He3aBHCHMLIM OT HoBropo.na, yCT)'IIHJI eiiHcKony H op,neey MeqeHOCQeB Baccam.m.Ie npaaa Ha 3eMJIH 3CTOB, mrrrarroB H JIHBOB. BenHKHii KID13L jlpocnaa BceBono.noBI{q, B qernepTLrn pa3 npmnameHHLIH Ha KIDDKeHHe B HoBropo.n ( OTI<}'.l{a ero )')KC TPH pa3a H3I'OIDIJIH HOBI'OpO.l.{CKHe «BeqHHKH»!), no.nqHHHJI liCKOB, HO p11.l(y nCKOBCKHX (H HOBI'OpO.l.{CKHX) 601ip y.l.{aJIOCL 6e)f(aTL B enHCI<OnCKHe H op.neHcKHe 3eMJIH. B

1234 r. K.Wl3L jlpocnaB BLICT)'IIHJI Ha ~eprrr,

cpa3H1IC11 C BLIIIIe.l.{liiHM eMY HaBC'I'peqy BOHCKOM op,neHa Meqa, nopy6H11 HeMarro MeqeHocQeB, a qaCTL 3arHaJI Ha TOHKHH ne.n peKH 0MOB)I(H (nO-HCMeQKH 3M6ax, n0-3CTOHCKH 3MaHLire), HC 3aMC.l.{JIHBIIIHH no,n TeMH np0110MHTLC11 (BOT me CJie.l(yeT HCKaTh HCTOKH nereH.l.{LI o «HeMQax, npoBaJIHBlliHXC11 no.n ne.n tiy.z:tcKoro o3epa B

1242 r.», )')Ke npH CLIHe jlpocnaBa -

K.Wl3e AneKcaH.l.{pe!). «II B311JI

C HHMH MHp no BCeH npaa,ne CBOeH». jlpocnaB, C 3a HHM H K.Wl)I(HBIIIHH B HoBropo,ne C

1238

r. CLIH

jlpOCJiaBa A.JieKCaH.np, 6parr J,{aHL C I1pH6aJITHKH, KaK ee HCTHHHLIH CI03epeH. Me)f(.l(y TeM MeqeHOCQbi H enHcKon PH)f(CKHH (JlHBOHCKHH) paccMal'pHBaJIH B KaqecTBe Bna.nenLQeB I1pH6aJITHKH ce611, a B KaqecTBe ee BepXOBHOI'O CI03epeHa -

pHMCKO-repMaHCKOrO

HMneparopa, nOCKOJILKy, nO.l.{06HO .l.{pCBHHM pHM1111HaM H «BOCToqHLIM pHM1111HaM» -

pOMC11M-BH3aHTHHQaM, -

paCCMal'pHBaJIH B

KaqecTse Bna.neHHH «pHMCKoro Qecap11>> secL orbis terrarum (llam. «Kpyr 3CMHOH»), TO eCTL, B npHHQHne, BCCL MHp (no KpaHHCH Mepe, BCCL MHp o6HTaeMLIH, HMCHYCMbiH no-rpeqeCKH «0HKYMCHa», a no-naTLIHH -

«3KYMeHa»). B 3TOM JaKJiroqarracb ocHOBHa11

npHqHHa npaKTHqeCKH Hepa3peiiiHMOrO KOHJIHKTa MC>K.nY HHMH H pyCCKHMH KIDDKCCTBaMH. B

1237 r.

nana pHMCKHH fpHropHH

IX npH3BaJI mBe.nos K Kpe-

CTOBOMY nOXO.l(y Ha <l>HHHOB-TaBaCTOB, BCe Cine KOCHCBWHX B

Jl3bfliCCTBe, 'IIT06bi OKpCCTIITb HX B pHMCKO-KaTOJIH'IICCicyiO Bepy (XOTJI C pyCCKOH CTOpOHI>I cpHHHOB )')ICC Ha'CiaJIH o6pa~'WWrpeKO足 KaTOJIH'CICCicyiO sepy, HHa'Cie rosopH- B llpaaocnasHe). Ha BCJIKHH cnyqaH: JOHLIH KHJI3b AneKcan~ BLICTaBHJI CTPIDKY na peKe Hese. 3aHHB ycTLe HesLI, mse.ncKHe KpCCTOHOCUbi MOrnH 6Lr--oTpe3aTL PycL OT <l>HHMH.rtHH (TasaCTarran.na) H I1pH6aJITHKH.

K 1238 r.

TeBTOHCKHH op.nen 3aBepmHJI noKOpeHHe BOCTO'llloro

no6epe)l(b.si BarrTHH:cKoro MOpH ( OT yCTL.si BHCJILI .no yCTLH HeMana). B HJOHe

1238 r.

B pe3H.rteHUHH .naTcKoro KopoM BarrL.rteMapa II

I1o6e.r{HTCJIJI 6biJI 3aKJIIO'CICH J(OI'OBOp, llOJ(llHCaUHLIH KOpOJICM, JIHBOHCKHM npOBHH[(HaJibHLIM MarnCTPOM (naHJ(MCHCTepoM) TCBTOHOB ( Op.rteH MC'CICHOC[(CB K TOMY BpeMCHH )')ICC CTaJI JIHBOHCKHM cpHnHaJIOM TeBTOHCKoro op.nena) H neraTOM nanLI pHMCKoro B HpH6anTHKe BHJILrenLMOM Mo.nencKHM, no KOTOPOMY TeBToHCKHH op.nen B03Bpaw.an .narqanaM cesepH)'IO qacTL 3CTJIJIH.UHH, a ,[(aHIDI OTKa3biBarracb OT npeTCH3HH Ha OCTPOB 33CJib (eaapeMaa) H Ha 3alla.r{lfY10 'CiaCTb 3CTJIJIH,UHH.

K 3TOMY speMeHH JIHTOBCKHH I<)'HHHTaC (BeJIHKHH KHJI3L) MHH,ZJ;osr (Mmmayrac) CYMeJI o6be.zunnm, no.n csoeH: BJiaCTLJO HaJILmaHCKYJO, )l(eTyBCKYJO, )l(eMaHTCKYJO H qaCTL .51TIWKCKOH 3CMCJIL JlKrBLI. B

1240 r. JIHBOHCKHC TCBTOHbl BblcryllHJIH H3 TPCX KpCllOCTCH-

O.neune, ,[(epnTa H ennHHa, .naTCKHe KpCCTOHOCULI -

H3 PeseM,

a mse.ncKHe ornpaBHJIH H3 ropo.na I>HpKH (Tor.naniHeii CTOJIHULI CBOero KOpOJICBCTBa) BOCHHO-MOpCicyiO 3KCllCJ(H[(HIO B :llif<opCicyiO JeMnro, nnarnBIIJYIO .naHL Hosropo.nuaM.

K JIHBOHCKHM TeBTOHaM,

HacrynasmHM Ha llcKOB, npHCOC.l{HHHJICJI co csoeH: ~)')KHHOH H name.nnmii y6e>KHW.e so BJia.rteHIDIX op.neHa KHJI3L .51pocnas Bna.l{HMHpOBHq, CLIH H3rHaHHoro McrncnaaoM Y.naTHLIM H3 llcKosa KHJI3.si Bna.rtHMHpa, Ha.l{e.siBillHHCJI c noMOW.biO rna.nHcpepos sepHYTLCJI Ha omoscKoe KHJI>KeHHe.

JlHBOHCKHe TeBTOHbi OCa~HJIH Jf36opcK, XOpOmO )'KpeiiJieHHbiH

ropo~ Ha 3ai1MHOH rpaHHUe llCKOBCKHX 3eMeJib. llOCJie HeCKOJibKHX Hey~aqHLIX npH~TyiiOB lf36opCK 6LIJI B3fi. MeqeHOCULI, OCTaBHB TaM csoH: rapHH30H, BMeCTe c KH.113eM BJIMHMHpOM ~BHHY JIHCL ~aJILme, Ha ilCKOB. ilCKOBHqH BO rJiaBe C BOeBO~OH faBpHJIOH fopHCJiaBHqeM (Ha3HaqeHHbiM MOJIO~biM HOBropO~CKHM KID13eM

AneKcaH~pOM ..HpOCJiaBHqeM) BbiCTyiiHJIH HaBCTPetry COI03HHKaM, KOTOpbie ~aJIH HM 6oi:f, HeB3Hpa11 Ha qHcJieHHOe npeBOCXO~CTBO H OTJIHl-IHOe BOOp}')KeHHe llCKOBHl-leH. ilOCJie~Hee 06CT011TeJibCTBO 6LIJIO OC060 IlO~epKHyTO B «PH<l>MOBaHHOH XpOHHKe» feHpHXa JlaTBHHCKoro (JianrmcKoro):

:>KHTeJIH llCKOBa TOr,o;a He B03pa.o;osanHcL 3TOM}' H3BeCTHIO. TaK Ha3LJBaeTCJI ropo.o;, KoTopLiii pacnono)l(eH aa PycH. TaM nro,nH oqeaL KJ>YTOro apasa... 0HH He Me,nflHnH, 0HH co6panHcL s noxo.o; H nocKaKaJIH zy,na, MHorHe B 6necTHmeii 6poHe, Hx mneMLr cHHnH, KaK cTei<Jio.

C HHMH 6LIJIO MHOro CTPeflKOB. HaqancJI )l(eCTOKHH 6oii.

HeB3Hpa11 Ha «KpyroH HpaB», OTnHqHoe BOOp}')KeHHe H MHO)I(eCTBO CTPeJIKoB, rrcKOBHqH 6LmH pa36HTLI. B 6HTBe rrano 6onee

800 llCKOBifl.leH, B TOM qHcJie HX BOeBO~a faBpHJIO fopHCJiaBHl-1. llcKosHqH «B~aJIH nneruH», HJIH, nonpoczy rosop11, no6e)l(aJIH. llHBOHCKHe TeBTOHLI H pyccKa.s~ .DJJ)')KHHa ..HpocJiaBa BJIMHMHpo-

BH'la npecne,uoBaJIH HX, HO sopsaTbCJI B IIcKOB «Ha nne'lax» 6eryiilHX see )Ke He ycneJIH. IIocne He,uenbHOH oca,ubi, co6paswHcb c CHJiaMH, MeqeHOCU:bi p33opHJIH 3eMJIH BOKpyr IIcKosa H .uBHHYJIHCb Ha Bo,ubCKYIO IDITHHY (BJia,ueHHe rocnO,UHHa BeJIHKOro HoBropo.ua), OBJia,UeB TaM B Te'leHHe KOpOTKOro BpeMeiiH KpenOCTJIMH Konopbe (KanopHJJ:) H Tecos H co3,uas, TaKHM o6p33oM, onopHyro 633y ,wu~ 3asoesaHHJJ: Hosropo.ua. IIpH 3TOM OHH, He co6HpaJJ:cb rpaTHTb CHJibl B ,UOJirHX oca,uax, HaMepCBaJIHCb BbiHY.UHTb IlCKOB H Hosropo.u K c,uaqe npH noMOIIIH p33opeHHJJ: OKpeCTHbiX 3eMeJib H 3KOHOMH'leCKOH 6noKa.Ubi. 3To y,uaJiocL HM B OTHomeHHH IIcKosa, r,ue H 6e3 TOrO HMeJiaCb CHJibHaJI napTHJI CTOpOHHHKOB KIUI3JI Jlpocnasa H op.ueHa. IIcKoBCKHH noca,uHHK Tsep,uHno MsaHKOBH'l C,UaJI ropo,u JIHBOHCKHM TeBTOHaM H CTaJI npaBHTb IlCKOBOM BMeCTe c .UB)'MJI 6paTbJIMH-pbiU:apJJ:MH, noca)KeHHbiMH op,ueHoM B IIcKose B Ka'leCTBe HaMeCTHHKOB-4JOITOB (HJIH, no-pyCCKH, T.H)'HOB). B Hione 1240 r. wse,ucKru~ 4JnOTHJIIDI BOIIIJia B ycThe Hesbl, 'lT06bi noKopHTb lf)KopcKyro 3eMJIIO. IIpe.uso,UHTeneM wse,ucKHx KpecTOHocn:es rpa.uHU:HOHHO C'lHTaeTCJI JJ:pn EHprep (3JJ:Tb KopoM 3pHKa 3pHKCOHa), XOTJI MHOrHe COBpCMCHHbiC HCTOpHKH yrsep)K,UaiOT, 'ITO EHprep B noxo.ue He yqacTsosaJI, a npe.uso,uHTeJieM wse.uos 6Lm .upyroii soeHa'laJibHHK -

JJ:pn YnL!l> <l>acH. B :>KHTHH

AneKcaH.upa HescKOro CK33aHo, 'ITO BO mase JKcne.uHD:HH CTOJIJI «Koponb qacTH PHMCbKLIJI OT noJI)'HOIIIHbiJI crpaHbD>, HJIH, rosopJJ: no-HaWeMY, «KOpOJib pHMCKOH (pHMCKO-KaTOJIH'leCKOH) BCpbi H3 IIoJI)'Homnoii cTpaHbi». IIo-BH.UHMoMy, wse,uLI HaMepesaJIHCb He 6paTb Hosropo.u, a nocrpoHTb KpenocTb ua no6epe)Kbe <l>HHCKOro 3aJIHBa, OnHpaJJ:Cb Ha KOTOpyiO MOrJIH 6bi llOMCWaTb MCCTHbiM nncMcHaM BbiXO.UHTb no peKe Hese s liaJITHHCKoe Mope H rpa6HTb TOprOBbJe cy,ua H npH6pC)Kllbie paHOHbl illBC[{HH (KaK 3TO ,UCJiaJIH, HanpHMep, BOHHCTBeHHbiC H OXO'lHe ,[(0 ,U06bi'lH KapeJibi, p33rpa51

6usmHe ~a)l(e cTonmzy Illsel{HH CHITyHy u rro~apusmue rro.z:v:tep)I(HBasmeM}' HX rocrro~HHY BenuKOMY Hosropo~ TaK Ha3LIBaeMLie «Kopc)'HCKHe spaTa», CIDITLie c Ka<l>e~panLHoro co6opa pa3rpa6neHHOH CunyHLI).

15 HIOJUI 1240 r. IOHLIH KHJI3b .AneKcaH~p

80 rnase CBOeH HOBropo~CKOH ~p~HHbl H na~O)I(CKO-KapenbCKO H)I(OpCKOro OIIOn'leHIDI, omenOMHB

lliBe~OB

BHe3aiiHbiM

HHeM, HaHeC HM Oll()'THMbie IIOTepu H paHun B KOHHOM

Harra~e

IIOe~HHKC

HX rrpe$O~HTeJUI (KaK 6bi TOrO HH 3BanH) B flHl{O («B03fl0)1(H)) CMY «IIe'laTb Ha flHl{e OC'fPLIM CBOHM KOIIHeM» ). floTepH BOHCKa AneKca~pa

COCTaBHnH, cornaCHO

HOBropo~CKHM

20 qenoseK. KaK TOnbKO omenoMneHHbie

HCTO'lHHKaM, scero

mse~LI orroMHHnHCb u

BbiC'fPOHflHCb B 6oeBOH IIOp&~OK, KH&3b OTCTyiiHn. florpy3HB CBOHX y6HTbiX (B 'IHCne KOTOpbiX, IIO HeKOTOpbiM CBe~eHIDIM, 6Lin H «6HCKYfi», TO ecTb errucKorr PnMcKo-KaTonuqecKo:H l{epKBu) Ha Kopa6nu (qacTb H3 KOTOpbiX 6Lma sene~ 3a TeM 3aTorrneHa), ymnu BOCBO&CH H WBe~LI. 3a :ny MOflHHeHOCl£YIO H 6neCTJilll)'lO rro6e~y KH&3b AneKca~p rronyqun rrpo3sume HescKH:H. O~HaKo 6y:HHLie Hosropo~l.'(bi He Hamnu HH'Iero nyqme KaK H3-

rHaTb KHJI3& .AneKCaH.zqJa ( OHH 6binH &BHO He~OBOflbHbl ero Harra~eHHeM Ha mse~os, cosepmeHHLIM IOHbiM KH&3eM Ha cso:H co6-

CTBeHHbiH C'fl'ax H pHCK, 6e3 cornaCOBaHIDI C 6oJipCTBOM H Be'leM), IIpH'IeM KaK pa3 B TOT MOMeHT,

KOr~a

BtiepamHHe Me'leHOCI.'(bi

(~e BnHBlliHeC& B PMLI TeBTOHCKOro op~eHa) B COI03e C BOHCKa-

MH ~epiiTCKOro eiiHCKOIIa B3&nH lf36opcK, IIOpy6HnH KHJI)I(eCKOro soeso~ u rrcKOBH'Ie:H, a rroca~HHK Tsep~uno HsaHKOBH'I u IICKOBCKHe 6ogpe, HaC'fPOeHHLie cerrapaTHCTCKH (IIO OTHOllieHHIO K csoeMy «CTapmeMY 6paTY» BenuKOMY Hosropo~y), srrycrunu s flcKoB TeBTOHCKHH rapHH30H. Hosropo~a :no He Kacanocb, o~HaKo nusoHcKHe TeBTOHbi crop&'la rrpo~BHHYJIHCL ~o rro6epe)l(b& HesLI, s Kapenuro (rrarra pHMCKHH asaHCOM rrepe~an 3TH 3eMJiu naTHH52

CKOMY enHcKony ocrposa 3Jem., mm, no-3CTOHCKH, CaapeMaa), BJg)JH Tecos H Haqa.JIH crpoHn. JaMoK B KonopLe. A 3TO 6LIJIH )')Ke JeMJIH focno~HHa BenHKoro Hosropo~a. B 1241 r. KIDI3L AJieKCaH~ BO rnaBe HOBropO~CKOH paTH H BCOOMOraTeJThHI:.IX orp.ll.l{OB Kpen.teHLIX B IlpaBOCJiaBHe nJieMeH IDKOpues H Kapen JaxBaTHJI TeBTOHCKHH rapHH30H spacnnox B Konop:r,e, OTnyCTHB qaCTL nJieHHLIX TeBTOHOB H DOBeCHB MeCTHLIX «nepeBeTHHKOB» (H3MeHHHKOB). 3HMOH )l(e 1242 r. OH npH DOMep*Ke ~y )I(HHJ:.J

csoero 6pa-ra KIDI3.11 ~e.11 .5Ipocnasos~a BJg)J IlcKOB (npH

mrypMe KOTOporo 6LIJIO y6HTO 70 Op~eHCKHX 6paTLeB -He TOJILKO p:r,r:uapeii, HO H cep)l(aHTOs-capHaHTOB), a JaTeM lf36opcK H BToprc.11 Ha reppHTOpmo ,[{epmcKOro enHcKonCTsa c soiicKOM H3 CesepoBocroqHoii PycH, socnoJIL3osaBWHCL BOCCTaHHeM npyccos npOTHB op~eHCKoii

BJiaCTH B IloMeJaHHH H BapMHH (3pMJia~e). ,[{aTL eMY

peiiiHTeJILHLIH omop TeBTOHI:.I 6LIJIH He B COCTO.IIHHH. 06W:a.11 'mCJieHHOCTL Op~eHCKHX BOUCK COCTaBJI.I1Jla He 6onee 1000--1200 qeJIOBeK. 0rp.ll.l{ )l(e, HanpaBJieHm.rn HMH npOTHB AneKc~a, e~a JIH HacqHTLJBaJI 6onee 500 qeJIOBeK (BKJIIO"'a.II BCDOMOraTeJILHLie BOHCKa ~epOTCKOro enHCKOOa fepMaHa <l>OH IiyKCreB~eHa H ~aT CKHX «KOponeBCKHX M)')KeH», npHCOe,lUf.HHBillHXC.II K JIHBOHCKHM TeBTOHaM, cornacHo «PH<l>MoBaHHOH xpOHHKe))). B nomJy ~aHHoro npe~noJio)l(eHH.II rosop..IIT cne.lJYIOD..tHe

<PaKTOpLI.

1) B onHCLIBaeMoe speMJI, nocne pa3rpoMa B 6HTse c TaTapoMoHronaMH npH Ba.JILIIITarre B 1241 r., 6paTLeB-pLruapeii B op~e He HacqHTLIBaJIOCL He 6onee 100; 2) PLIUapCKOe KOOLe (rne<Pa, IIIDHCC, JiaH:ue) 8 OOHCbiBaeMOe BpeMJI COCTO.IIJIO, BKJIIOqa.II B03rJiaBJUIBWero ero 6paTa-pLIUap.11, H3 rpex qenoseK: pLruap.11, op)')KeHocua (6paTa-capHaHTa) H KOHHoro cTpenKa-ap6aneTtJ:HKa (HMeBwHeC.II B TeBTOHCKOM soiicKe neXOTHHULI-KHeXTLI B COCTaB KOOHH He BXO.UHJIH); 53

PLn.{apeii B 6aHHepe (xopyrBH, 3HaMeHH), cornacHo no-

C'I'pOeHHIO OC'I'piDI KJIHHa («Ka6aHI:.eH roJIOBLI», HJIH «CBHHLH», 0 KOTOpOH y HaC eii(e IIOH~eT pe'II:. ~a.rree) ~OmKHO 6I:.IJIO 6LITI:. 35 qeJIOBeK. 3TOMY 'IHCJIY pLII.{apeii COOTBeTCTBOBa.JIH

365

neXOTHHI.{eB

KOJIOHHI:.I (BTOpoii qaCTH noC'I'poeHIDI). TaKHM o6pa30M, o6mee KOJIH'IeCTBO TeBTOHOB COCTaBJ:UIJIO npHMepHO «~eCRTh-~BeH~I.{aTI:.

Mep,

400

qeJIOBeK (a He

ThiC.!I'I BOHHCTBa>>, KaK YTBep)f(,l{aeT, HanpH-

Kapra.rroB B CBOeM oqepKe )I(H3HH H ~enenLHOCTH AneK-

ca~a HescKoro B KHHre «IlOJIKOBO~ULI

C. 96). C yqeTOM

X-XVI BB.», M., 1989.

)l(e ~aHHI:.IX HeMei.{KOH «PHMOBaHHOH XpOHH-

KH» 3TO 'IHCJIO, paBHO KaK H nOTepH,

onpe~eJIReTC.!I

C TO'IHOCTLIO

~0 'leJIOBeKa, 'ITO H ~eJiaiOT COBpeMeHHI:.Ie pOCCHHCKHe HCTOpHKH

A. KH60BCKHH B CBOeM 'I'py.l{e <<lle~OBOe no60HII(e» H n. ManeBH'I B CBOeH pa60Te «PyCI:. H Me'leHOCI.{I:.I». qTO )l(e Kacae-rcR qucneHHOCTH BOHCKa KHR3R AneKc~a HeBCKOro, TO Bp.JI,[( JIH OHO 3Ha'IHTeJII:.HO npeBOCXO~HJIO BOHCKO JIHBOHCKHX TeBTOHOB H HX coro3HHKOB. Ha 3TO TaiOKe 6~:.m

PAA npH'IHH:

BOHCKO KHR3R AneKca~pa nouecno neMa.rri:.Ie nOTepu npu

liiTYPMe KonopLR, lh6opcKa H IlcKosa;

2) 6LIJI KOHel.{ 3HMbl, KOr~a npO~OBOJibCTBHe 3aKaHqHBaeTC.!I B006II(e (a B pa3opeHHI:.IX BOHHOH 3eMJIRX TeM 6onee), CJie~OBaTeJIL HO, npoKopMHTL Mnoroqucneuuoe BOHCKO (~~e TaKoe TP~HUH OHHO HenpHXOTJIHBOe B IIHII(e, KaK pyCCKOe) He npe~CTaBJijiJIOCI:. B03M0)1(HbiM;

3) Ha'IHHa.JiaCb BeCeHHR.!I paCIIYTHUa, KOTOpaR 3aTOpM03HJia 6I:.I npo~BH)I(euue MHOroqucneuuoro BoiicKa, ~a eme OTRromeuuoro

60JII:.liiHM 06030M;

4) o~ep)l(aB

no6e~y B ne~oBoM no6onme, AneKcaH~p ue npo-

~OJI)I(HJI BOHHY C op~eHOM ('ITO CB~eTeJILCTBYeT 06 OTCYTCTBHH y nero ueo6xo~HMLIX ~ 3TOro cun).

3aMeTHM B CK06Kax, 'ITO KIDIJI> ArreKcaH,n:p HescKHii, >KeHaThiH Ha Bacce -

,n:ot~epu KIDI311 EpH"'HCJiasa llonouKoro, HMeJI B JlHBo-

HHH H JIH"'HI>IH HHTepec.

5 anpeM 1242 r.

Ha Jlb.li:Y (XOT11 ueJibiH p11,n: HCTOpHKOB, BOnpe-

KH yCT011BllleHC11 rpa,n:HUHH, H OrpHUaeT, tiTO «Ha JII>.n:y») lJy,n:CK01'0 03epa ( 03epa lleifnyc) COlllJIHCb COTHH TH>KeJIOBOOpY>KeHHbiX

BC~HHKOB. O;~uu H3 nux BcKoro, .n:pyrHe -

no.n: nat~anoM KWI311 ArreKcaH,n:pa He-

no.n: HatJ:aJIOM JIHBOHCKoro naH,n:MeiicTepa Tes-

ToncKoro op,n:eHa .ll:HTPHxa <PoH fpiOHHnreHa (XOTH ero JIHtJ:Hoe yqaCTHe B no60HI.I.{e TaiOKe OrpHUaeTC11 UeJibiM p11.D:OM HCTOpHKOB). BMecro fpiOHHHreHa (fpeHHHreHa) qacTo HaJI>IBaeTcH AH,n:peac <PoH BeJII>Be (ynoMHHaeMI>Iii B )l(HTHH ArreKcaH.n:pa HeacKoro XOT11 H 6e3 np11MOH CB113H C 6HTBOH Ha lJy,n:CKOM 03epe -

KaK <<AH-

,n:pealll», npH6biBlllHH IT03HaKOMHThC11 C KIDI3eM ArreKCaH,n:pOM C 3ana.n:a, OT «Tex, tiTO nMenyiOT ce611 c.rryraMu Eo>KI>HMH»). B ,n:eiiCTBHTeJibHOCTH Jle,n:osoe no6ourue npoucxo,n:HJio cosceM He TaK, KaK OITHCaHO B npHBbltJ:HbiX HaM yqe6HHKaX (H Y>K TeM 6onee He TaK, KaK OliO ITOKaJaHO B ¢lHJII>Me Cepre11 3if3eHlllTeHHa «ArreKcau,n:p .HCBCKHH»).

J.f3 KpaCOtiHOH

KapTHHbl cpa>KeHHH, B KOTOpOM

AIICKCaH,n:p HeBCKHH (Y>Ke HOCHBlllHH 3TO npo3BHI.I.{e B tJ:eCTb CBOeii no6e,n:I>I Ha,n: lllBe,n:aMH Ha peKe Hese .D:BYMJI ro.n;aMH paHee) oKpy>KHJI JIHBOHCKHX TeBTOHOB ¢lJiaHroBOH aTaKOH KaaanepHH, a TeBT0111>1 npOJIOMHJIH CBOeH TH>KeCTbiO Jie,n:, sepHO JIHlllb TO, 'ITO TeBTO· Hbl BO BTOpOH pa3 aTaKOBaJIH «CBHHbeH». «CBHHbeH» ( «Ka6aHbeH rOJIOBOH») HMeHOBaJIC11 ITJIOTHblH CrpOH C TH>KeJIOBOOpY>KeHHbiMH BCa,n:HHKaMH B «"'eJie» ( nepBblX p11,n:ax, BblCrpOCHHbiX «KJIHHOM») H ITO 6oKaM H ITClllHMH paTHHKaMH (KIICXTaMH) B cepe,n:HHC. 3TOT 6oeBOH nop11.D:OK 6I>IJI Heo6I>ItJ:eH .D:JI11 CBCTCKHX pbiUapeif EspOITbl. EOJihlllHHCTBO HJ HHX HJ coo6pa>KeHHH JIHt~noii " <PaMHJII>Hoii rop.n:ocTH npOCTO He MOrJIO ,n:onyCTHTb, tiT06bi t{bC-TO 3HaM11 HaxO,n:H-

noeL Bnepe,ll.H. PLmapH c op}')KeHocqaMH H qeJUI,lJ.LJO araKoBanH Ka)f(,l{L!H caM no ce6e, o6pa3yH HenpaBHnLH)'JO qenL. HoBropo.D.CKHH neronHceq, nHcaBmHH no ropgqHM cne,ZJ.aM co6LITHH, B03.D.an ,lJ.OIDK.HOe Heo6LiqaifHO BLICOKOH ,ll.HCl{HnnHHe JIHBOHCKHX TeBTOHOB, KOTOpLie «npOmH6JIHCL CBHHLeJO CKB03L nOJIK)) pycCKHX. HoBropo.D.CKOH IIepBoif neTOnHCH -

B nepBoHcTOqHHKe -

rOBOpHTCH npOCTO: Ha BOCXO,ll.e COJIHI{a B cy66ozy HCMI{LI H qyJlL (3CTLI-3CTOHI{LI) aTaKoBanH pyccKHx «na qy.D.CKOM o3epe Ha YJMeHH y BopoHLero KaMHH ... H npomH6nHCL CBHHLeif CKB03L non K, H 6Lina

TYT ceqa BenHKa HeMqaM H

qy.lJ.H .•• H He 6Lmo BH.ll.HO JIL.D.a,

noxpLmocL Bee KpOBLIO ... H HeMl{LI

TYT nanH,

a qy.D.L ,ZJ.ana nneqH

(6e>Kana), H fOHH 6HJIH HX Ha 7-MH BepcTax no 1IL.lJ.Y ,ll.O Cy60nH%KOfO 6epera, H nano qy.D.H 6e3 qHcna, a HeMeq 400, a HHLIX

50 py-

xaMH B3HJIH H npHBenH B HoBropo,ZJ.». CornacHo

TeBTOHCKOH

«PHij>MoBaHHOH

xpoHHKe»

KOHqa

XIII B., «y pyccKHX 6Lmo MHoro crpeJIKOB, OHH orpa3HJIH nepBYJO aTaxy, M)'>KeCTBeHHO BLICTpOHBillHCL nepe,ll. BOHCKOM KOp01IH (KHH3$1 AnexcaH,ZJ.pa. Hep -

-B.A.).

BH.D.HO 6Lino, lffO OTpH.lJ. 6paTLeB (6aH-

xopyrBL, HnH 3HaMH, OTpH,ll. qHcJieHHOCTLIO

qapeif, a BCero -

,ll.O

400

BCa,ZJ.HHKOB. -

B.A.)

30--35

pbi-

CTpOH CTpeJIKOB

npOpBan, 6Lin CJILimeH 3BOH Meqeif H BH,ll.HO, KaK pacKanLIBanHCL mJieMLI. C o6eHX CTOpOH y6HTLie na,ZJ.anH Ha 3eMJIJO (HJIH Ha TpaBy, HO He Ha ne,ZJ.! -

B.A.).

Te, KTO 6Lm B BOHCKe 6paTLeB, 0Ka3a-

1IHCL B OKp}"KeHHH •.• 6paTLH ynopHO Cpa>KanHCL, BCe >Ke HX O,lJ.OJieJIH. qaCTL•.• BLiillJia H3 6oH, qTo6LI cnaCTHCL ... ,lJ.Ba,ZJ.l{aTL 6paTLeB OCTanHCL y6HTLIMH H m ecTepo nonanH B nneH». [(HQlpLI BnOJIHe cooTBeTCTBYJOT HoBropo.D.CKOH IIepBoif neronHcH: COnpOBO)f(,l{anO 6onee

400

pLrqapeif

KHeXTOB, HO B nneH HX BCer,ZJ.a 6panH

MeHLme (H3 B 06ll{CH CJIO>KHOCTH

HCMl{eB BCCfO

pLiqapeif).

BnpoqeM, cxopee Bcero, no,ZJ. «6paTLHMH» B «PHij>MoBaHHOH xpo-

HHKC» no,npa3)'MeBaiOTC.sl He TOflLKO op,neHCKHe 6paTL.sl-pLII.\apH, HO H 6paTL.sl-CapHaHTLI.

B omwrne OT <l>HJI})Ma 3ibeHIIITeiffia, «6paTL.srM» nHBoHcKoro <l>HJIHana TcBTOHcKoro op,neHa B :noH: ceqe rrpOTHBocro.srn BOBce He neWHH CTJ>OH HOBropO,D;CKOro onoJitieHIDI (yqaCTHe KOTOporo B 6HTBe rrpe,nCTaBn.srnOCL KpaHHe Ba)I(HLIM ,nn.sl COBeTCKOH KHHeMaTOrpa<l>HH H HCTOpHorpa<l>HH, ,na6LI nHIJ.IHHi:i pa3 no.u;qepJ<HYTL <<HCTOpH'ICCKH rrporpeCCHBHLIH», «HapO,D;HLIH» H «KnaCCOBLIH>> xapaKTep Jie,noBoro no6om.ua -3H3eiiWTeHHa -

Be,n.L H CaM KH.sr3L AneKcaH.ZqJ, no BepcHH

B KOTOpOH OH, KCTaTH, HH pa3y n6a He nepe-

KpeCTHT, rrpe,noCTaBHB TeBTOHCKHM «BparaM Hapo,na>> B H306HnHH nOflb30BaTLC.sl BCeB03MO:lKIIOH XpHCTHaHCKOH CHMBOnHKOH! -

BLI-

crynaeT KaK CBOeo6pa3HbiH «BO)I(,[(b HapO,nHLIX MaCe», pa3rpOM KOTOpbiMH TeBTOHCKOH nOXO,nHOH 'iaCOBHH, Cnocne.nyiOllJ,HM 6erCTBOM cnHcKona co CB.srTLIMH ~apaMH no.n MLIIIIKOH, oco6eHHo cMaKYeTC.sr TOB. 3H3eHWTeHHOM! -

B 6opL6e He TOJILKO C <<<l>eo,naJILHOH arpec-

CHeH» KOBapHOro naTHHCKOro 3arra,na, HO H C «C06CTBeHHLIMH 3KCrrnyaTaTOpaMH)) -

HOBropO,D;CKHMH H nCKOBCKHMH 6oraTe.slMH, cpe-

AH KOTOpLIX rrpHCYTCTBYeT, Me)K,lzy rrpotrnM, H Hei<HH npaBocnaBHLlli H3MeHHHK-MOHax). HHKaKHX cBe,neHHH: o6 yqaCTHH HOBropo,ncKoro OnOn'iCHH.sl B Jie,nOBOM no6omue (B OTnHtrne, CJ<a)l(eM, OT 6HTBLI C nHBOHCKHMH TeBTOHaMH H HX COl03HHKaMH IIpH PaKOBOpe B 1268 r.) .no Hac He .noiiUio. KcraTH, .n;IDKe ecnH 6LI B Jie,noBOM no6oHmc H yqaCTBOBanO «HapO,nHOe» HOBropOACKOe onon'ieHHe, OHO 6LinO 6LI OTnH'IHO BOOp)')KeHHLIM H BLIIIDI,lleno 6LI COBCeM He TaK y6oro, KaK B KHHO -

M)')KHKH-narrOTHHKH c .ny6HHaMH, ocnonaMH, orno6n.srMH,

B «KonLqy:lKI<ax» .srBHO He no pocry- «.na He (KnaccoBLlli. -B.A.) Bpar ,nan, CaM KOBan>>! Ho ,neno-TO COBCeM B .npyroM. JlHBOHCKHM TeBTOHaM IIpHIIUIOCL «IIp06HBaTLC.sl CBHHLeH» qepe3 Ilepe,nOBOH nonK OT60pHOH BJia,D;HMHpO-CYJ,D;aJILCKOH KIDDKeCKOH «KOBaHOH 51

panm 6pan.eB AneKcaH.ZqJa H AlmpeJI jJ:pocnaBH'ieH, rrpeBocxo~HB meu MapHaH (BOHCKO KOTOp.biX, KaK M.bl 3HaeM, COCTOJIJIO B OCHOBHOM H3 nerKO BOOpy>KeHH.biX qy,lUIHOB-3CTOB) TIDKeCThlO BOOpy>KeHIDI.

0 , no~aBJIJilOJneH

MOJnH pyccKHX ~py>KHHHHKOB B ~BOHH.blX

KOJI.b'lyrax H 6JIHCTaiOJnHX mJieMaX C006maroT BCe TeBTOHCKHe HCTO'IHHKH, Ha'IHHM c «PH4_}MOBaHHOH xpoHHKH»

XIII

B. B HeMeu-

KOM OTIHCaHHH q}'.l{CKOH 6HTB.bl TIO):{'lepKH)'TO eme, 'ITO CyJ~aJI.b CKM KOHIIM paT.b «KOpOJIJI AJieKCa~pa» B H306HJIHH HMeJia JIYKH,

o6na~aBmHe orpoMHOH y6oiiHOH CHJIOH. MMeHHO rpa~oM CTPeJI, B.binyiUeHH.biX H3 3THX JIYKOB, pyCCKHH Ilepe~OBOH TIOJIK QTPaJHJI nepByro aTaKY JIHBOHCKHX TeBTOHOB. Ho Te noBTOpHJIH aTaKY, npopBanH 6oeB.bie TIOpJI~KH Ilepe~OBOrO TIOJIKa H Bpy6HJIHC.b B OCHOBHYIO paT.b -

I>on.hmou nonK.

PaccTaHOBKa pyccKHX BOHCK 6.blna cTan~aPTHOH: KHJIJ.b BO rnaBe bOJI.blliOro TIOJIKa B l.{eHTPe, Bnepe~H 4_>nanrax -

Ilepe~OBOH TIOJIK, Ha

noJIKH IlpaBoii H JleBoii pyx<H. BoJMO)I(HO, HMCJICJI

eme H pe3CpBH.biH, 3aca~HblH TIOJIK (KaK B 4_}HJI.bMe 3ifJeHruTeHHa),

O~HaKO 06pbiBHCT.blH BOCTO'lHbiH 6eper qy~CKOrO 03epa B paHOHe BopOII.bero KaMHJI ~enan ero Heo6HJaTeJI.bH.biM. MaHeBpa ~ OKpy>KeHHJI JIHBOHCKHX TeBTOHOB AneKcaH~py HeBCKOMY He TPe6oBaJIOC.b -

Be~.b OHH CaMH 6YKBaJI.bHO pBaJIHC.b B OKpy>KeHHe, B

KOTOpOM H TIOrH6JIH. B CaMy6HHCTBeHHOH BTOpOH aTaKe yqaCTBOBaJIO 6onee

400 KOHHblX BOHIIOB,

B TOM 'lHCJie OKOJIO

6paT.beB-

pbii.{apeH. MeHee ~ecnKa cMorno npopBaTI>CJI HaJa~ H 6e)l(aTb no npHMepy 'l}'.l{HHOB-3CTOB, COCTaBJIJIBlliHX «TeJIO» )l(eJie3HOH TeBTOHCKOH «CBHH.bH».

20 6paT.beB-p.bii.{apeu nonerno B )l(apKOH Ce'le,

meCTb 61>mo BJHTO B nneH. B 3TOM TeBTOHCKM xpOHHKa TO'IHO co-

Bna~aeT C pyCCKOH (BMCCTe C KHCXTaMHH

400

TIJICHHbiX HeMI.{eB

y6HTbiX, yceJIBlliHX CBOHMH TeJiaMH OKpOBaBJieHH.biH Jie~

qy~cKoro oJepa).

CKopee Bcero, HHKaKon Jie.ll no.ll JIHBOHCKHMH TeBTOHaMH

5 anpeilll 1242 r. He llpOJiaMbiBaJICH,

H llO,ll Jie,ll OHH He yxO,llHJlH (.lla

H KaK B TaKOM CJiyt~ae OHH CMOrJIH 6bi <<yCeHTb Jie,ll CBOHMH TeJiaMH Ha npOTH)KeHHH HeCKOJihKHX BepCT»). Be,nh MecTo .llilll 6HTBhi BLI6Hpan caM KHH3b AJieKCaH,llp, KOTOpbiH )')K TOqHo He CTaJI 61>1 BblCTPaHBaTb CBOIO C06CTBeHH}'IO TH)KeJIOBOOp)')KeHH}'IO OT60pH)'IO KOHHHI.lY Ha TOHKOM, llO,llTMBWeM Jlb.llY (HMeHHO Ha 3TOM OCHOBaHHH p1I,ll HCTOpHKOB B006me CTaBHT llO,ll eOMHeHHe eaMbiH <t>aKT, qTO epa)KeHHe np0H30WJIO «Ha JIL,lly» qy,lleKOI'O 03epa, a He <<npH» qy,llCKOM 03epe)!

BOT B .llpyroM, )')Ke ynOMHHaBWeMC11 HaMH

BLiwe, epa)KeHHH e pyeeKHMH, BoeeMbiO ro,llaMH paHee, B KOlJ{a oTeQ AneKcaH,llpa HeBeKoro .UOBHq -

1234 r.,

KHH3L .51poenaB BeeBono-

llOTOllHJI 6paTbeB .JlHBOHeKOro Op,lleHa MeqeHOel.{eB (He

BJIHBweroeH eme B 6onee KpynHLIH H eHJibHhin TeBToHeKHn op,lleH) B peKe 3M6ax, llO,ll xpynKHH Jie,ll KOTOpOH HeKOTOpbie H3 HHX .nencTBHTeJibHO npoBaJIHJIHeL. BeebMa KpaeoqHbiH H ne,neHHIUHH .zzym:y MOTHB llOTOnJieHHH HeMel.{KHX pbii.{apeH, npOBaJIHBaiO~HX eH llO,ll Jie,ll, npHeyreTByeT He TOJibKO B <l>HJibMe 3u3eHWTeHHa, HO H noqTH Ha Ka)K,l{OH KapTHHe, noeBHIUeHHOH Jle,llOBOMY no60HIUy. Ho HCTOPHH ero npoHexo)K,lleHHH yxo,llHT B npownoe He ,llanee, qeM .llO

B., Kor,lla OH 6hln BnepBLie BHeeeH B onHeaHHe tiy.ll-

CKOH 6HTBhi, BKmoqeHHoe B Co<l>HiieK)'IO IIepByro neronHeL. YKa)KeM, KCTaTH, Bee 3aiUHTHoro Boop)')KeHHH pbiQapH nepBou nonOBHHLI

XIII B. :

1) KOJILqyra

C ,llJIHHHbiMH pyKaBaMH -

OKOJIO

14 Kr;

2) KOJlb~Hbie qyJIKH ( OKOJIO 8 Kr napa); 3) l.I.{HT (OKOJIO 4 Kr); 4) IIIJleM (OKOJIO 4 Kr). TaKHM o6pasoM, o6mHu Bee 3al.I.{HTHoro Boop)')KeHHH coCTaBJVIeT OKOJIO

30 Kr, npH 3TOM BeebMa paBHOMepHO paenpe,lleJieHHblX 59

no Terry H HHCKOJibKO He CKOBbiBaiOII.{HX ,UBH:>KeHHH (TaK 'ITO npe,uCTaBJieHHe 0 «HenOBOpOTJIHBhlX», «TJI:>KCJIOBeCHhiX>>, <<HeyKJIIO:>KHX» Jana,uHbiX pbiuapJ~x Ha noBepi<y OKa.JhiBaeTcJI He 6orree qeM MH<f>OM- BO BCJIKOM crryqae, B OTHOWeHHH pbiUapeif XIII B.). ,[{mi CpaBHCHHJI: noJIHM BbiKJia,l{Ka COBpeMeHHOT'O neXOTHHQa COCTaBJUieT 6orree

40 Kr. Ho 3To TaK, K

crroBy.

A eCJIH ,Ua:>Ke KTO-TO H3 TeBTOHOB H npOBaJIHJICJI no,u JIC,U, TO 3TO MOrJIH 6biTb TOJibKO Te «CJiyrH DO:>KHH», KOTOpbiX BOHHbl KHJI3Jl AJieKCaH.upa OTTeCHHJIH Ha TaK Ha.JbJBaeMble «CHroBHU})D> -

no,u-

TaJIBWHH Jie,U, He Bbi,Uep:>KaBWHH TJI:>KeCTH ,uepyll.{HXCJI H ACHCTBHTeJibHO nporroMHBWHHCJI no,u HHMH. BHAHMO, cpe,uu nux HeMHoroqucrreHHbiX npOBaJIHBWHXCJI 6biJIH He TOJibKO TeBTOHbl, 110 H ,l{py:>KHHHHKH KHJI3eH ArreKCaH.upa H AH,upeJI.

CyM

no HKOHO-

rpa<f>HqeCKHM HCTO~HKaM OIIHChlBaeMOT'O BpCMCHH, BOOpy:>KeHHe H ,UOCneXH pyCCKHX ,l{py:>KHHHHKOB npaKTH'IeCKH HC OTJIHqaJIHCb OT Boopy:>KeHHJ~ H ,uocnexoB 3ana,uuoeBponeiicKHX pbiUapeii H, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, BeCHJIH He MeHbWe. He 3pJI B «CJIOBe 0 nOJIKy HropeBe», onuchlBaiOII.{eM co6hlTHJI KOHUa npe,uLIAyll.{ero,

XII B.,

ynOMHHaiOTCJI «JiaTbiHCKHe» (JiaTHHCKHC, TO eCTb 3ana,l{HOeBpOneHCKHC) DlJICMhl pyCCKHX KHJI3eH. HoBropo,ucKM rreronHCh TaK H roBopHT: « .•• HHHX (HeKOTOpbiX, HeCKOJibKHX, KOe-KOro) BO,Ua nOTOnH .••» BnpoqeM, ,UOBOJibHO 06 3TOM.

C}')U

no HeMeQKOH XpOHHKC, JIHBOHCKHe TeBTOHbl H HX COI03-

HHKH 6pOCHJIHCb B 6oH: OT crpaxa nepe,u Moryqeif paThiO, C KOTOpoif «KOpOJib AJieKCaH,Up» OTBOCBaJI y HHX TICKOB H HOBrOpO,UCKHe Brra,ueuHJ~,

3axBaqeHHbie HeHa,uorrro «MapHaHaMH», a Tenepb werr

Ha .[(epnT. MMeHHO ,uepmcKHii enHcKon fepMaH <f>ou EyKcreB,ueH B3hiBaJI K op,ueuy o cnacenHH. M TeBTOHbl cnacrrH ero ueHoii co6cTBeHHhiX :>KH3HeH:.

xOT.R H

Bnpo"'eM, KIDI3h AneKcaH,Zq> He co6~~panc.11 ocrui<,Zl;aTh H

nrryp-

MOBaTh ,ll;epnT, npeTeH,llyJI JIHlllb Ha ,AaHb, KOTOpyro ,AepnTCKHH enHCKOll 6biJI 06.!1JaH nmrrHTh HOBrOpO,ACKOMY KID13JO Ja npaBO BJia,AeHHJI 3CTaMH. CpaJy )l{e llOCJie 6HTBbl rocnO,AHH BeJIHKHH HoBropO.A 3aKJIJO-

"'HJI MHp, npH"'eM He c JIHBOHCKHM cpunuanoM TeBTOHCKoro op,AeHa, a c enucKonaMH Puru H ,ll;epnTa. EnucKonhi npucnanu B Hosropo.n nocOJihCTBO c H3BHHeHHJIMH 3a BTOp)l{eHHe H npe.AJio)l{eHHeM npHMHpHTbCJI Ha rpaHHUax, CYJUeCTBOBaBlliHX ,AO

1240 r.,

npoHJBe.AJI paJMeH nJieHHhiX. KaK CKaJaHo B Hosropo.ACKOH IlepBOH JieTOllHCH, «B TOM )l{e

(1242) fO,Ay npHCJiaJIH HeMUhl C llOKJIO-

HOM» B OTCYTCTBHe KHJI3JI, 'ITO Mhi JaHJIJIH Bo.Ah,

Jlyry,

IlcKOB,

JlaTblfOJIY (JlaTraJIHJO) Me"'OM, TOrO Mhl BCe OTCrynaeM, a 'ITO Mbl B3.!1JIH MY*eH BalliHX, TeMH pa3MCHJieMC.!I, Mhl BalliHX OTllyCTHM, a Bhl HalliHX nyCTHTe, H 3aJIO)I{HHKOB llCKOBCKHX OTnyCTHJIH H yMHpHJIHCb». CTopoHbi 3aKJIJO"'HJIH MHp, npH'IeM o B0306HOBJieHHH BhlllJiaTbl ,AepnTCKHM enHCKOllOM «IOpbeBCKOH ,AaHH)) HOBropo,ACKOMY KHJI3JO H pe'IH He 6biJIO (XOTJI HMeHHO H3-3a HeBhlllJiaThl JTOH ,naHH ,Aeno H .AOlliJIO .AO Jie,noBoro no6ouma)! He JICHO, yqaCTBOBaJI JIH KIDI3h AJieKCaH,Ap B llO,AllHCaHHH MHpHOfO ,AOfOBOpa. Bo BC.!IKOM cnyqae, B

1243

r. OH Y*e 3aMeman Ha sna,nHMHpCKOM

CTOJie (BeJIHKOKIUDKeCKOM npeCTOJie) CBOero OTUa BeJIHKOfO KIDI3.!1 .51pocnasa BceBOJIO.AOBH"'a, Bhi3BaHHoro TaTapo-MOHI'OJihCKHM xaHOM B Op,Ay. Boo.AymesneHHhie pa3rpOMOM TeBTOHOB B Jle.AOBOM no6oume, B

1242

r. npOTHB BJiaCTH Op,AeHa BOCCTaJIH npycchl. Henocpe,n-

CTBeHHOH llpH"'HHOH BOCCTaHHJI llOCJIY*UJia, O,AHaKO, HC no6e,Aa KHJI3.!1 AneKCaH,Zq>a, a uap}'lllenue TeBTOHCKHM op,AeHOM ,Aorosopa, no KOTOPOMY npe,AcTaBHTeJIJIM npyccKoH po,AonneMeHHOH 3HaTH npe,AOCTaBJIJIJIOCb npaBO yqaCTBOBaTb B ynpaBJICHHH ,neJiaMH

JeMem•. BocCTa8mHe onycromHnH XenMHHCK}'lO JeMmo (KynoMepnaH.U), HO 6onolliHHCT80 Op,UCHCKHX 3aMK08 yCTOHnO nepe,u HX HaTHCKOM.

1 OKTH6pH 1243 r. 6om llO,UllHCaH ,UOro80p 0 83aHMHOH 3all(HTC H noMOU(H Me)l()l)' enHcKonaMH PHrH, ~epnTa, ocrpo8a 3Jeno H Te8TOHCKHM op,ueHoM. B 1244 r. s 6HTBe npH faJe s .uaneKOH CsRTOH JeMne soncKo Kpecrouocue8 6omo pa3rpOMneHo ofu.e,uHHeHHOH apMHen xope3MHHCKHX H erHneTcKHx MycyrroMaH. ITocrre noproKeHHH XpucroBoiX BOHHOB npH faJe y TeBTOHCKOro Op,ueHa OCTanOCo B C8RTOH 3CMJie BCero TPH 6paTa-pbiUapR (397 TCBTOHOB 6omH y6HTol HJIH nonanH B capaUHHCKHH nneH). B 1247 r. s IIpyccmo npu6omo nonorrHeHHe, coCTonmee 8 OCHOBHOM H3 6paToCB ,upyrHX BOCHHO-MOHallieCKHX Op,UCHOB, H TeBTOHoi nepemrrH s HacrynrrenHe Ha npyccKHX noscTaHues.

23 HOB6p.ll 1249 r. B 6HTBe npH KproKene npyccaM y.uanoco pa3rpOMHTo MHOro•IHCJICHHOIH OTpH,u TCBTOHOB. B CXBaTKC nano

54 op.uencKHX 6paTa. Pe,uKo Kor.ua npyccaM y,uasanocb .uo6HsaTbCR TaKoro ycnexa 8 norresoM cproKeHHH.

0 BbiCWEM PYKOBOACTBE TEBTOHCKOrO OPAEHA TeBTOHCKHH op,ueH HMCJI CTpOrHH yCTaB H "'eTKYIO uepapxH"'CCKYIO cTpynypy. Bo rrrase op,ueHa CTOM CoseT (KouseHT) Bl>ICIIIHX ,UOJI)I(IIOCTHbiX JIHU, HaJbiBaBIIIHXCR llO-HCMCUKH (rpocc) re6HTHrepbi, B nepCBO,UC Ha pyCCKHH -

(BCJIHKHC) llOBCJIHTCJIH,

H, B CBOIO O"'epe.zu,, B03rJiaB.illiBIIIHXC.ll Op,UCHCre6HTHrepOM, H36upaBlliHMCR no)I(HJHenHo feHepanbHOIM KanuzynoM (a.UMHHHCTpaTHBHoiM COBeTOM) H HOCHBIIIHM THzyn BCpXOBHOro MarHCTpa -

«CynpeMyc MarHCTep» (supremus magister) unu «Maru-

cTep reHepa.n:Hc» (magister generalis) rro-nan.IHH H «roxMeHcTep» (Hochmeister) rro-HeMerurn (cmapoHeM. homeyster). ,l{aHHoe o6croHTeJihCTBO cne;:zyeT oco6o rro.l{'IepKHyTh, rroCKOJI:E.K)' rnasa TeBTOHCKoro op.l{eHa B pyccKO.li3:E.IqHoH JIHTeparype rroqeMy-TO (BepO.liTHO, B IIO~li)l(aHHe rJiaBaM .l{pyrHX BOeHHOMOHameCKHX Op.l{eHOB -

HarrpHMep, xpaMOBHHKOB HJIH roCIIH-

TaJI:bepoB) yrropHO HMeH)'eTC.ll He «BepXOBH:biM», a «BeJIHKHM» MarHCTJ>OM. JlaTHHCKOe CJIOBO «MarHCTep» (HaM 6onee IIpHB:blqHa pycH!l>HI.lHpOBaHHa.ll !l>opMa «MarHCTJ>»), paBHO KaK Hero HeMel.l-

KHH 3KBHBaJieHT «MeiicTep» («MaiicTep»), 03HaqaeT «MacTep» B aHTHqHO-Cpe.l{HeBeKOBOM 3HaqeHHH 3TOro CJIOBa («HaqaJI:bHHK», «yqHTeJI:b», «HaCTaBHHK» HJIH, KaK TOr.l{a rOBOpHJIH, «peKTOp» CpaBHHTe Harne COBpeMeHHOe «M31'p» B 3HaqeHHH «aBTOpHTeT», «BemlqHHa B csoeii o6naCTH»). HarrpHMep, B HeMel.lKOM rrepeso.l{e EsaHreJIHH yqeHHKH I1HcycoB:E.I HMeH)'IOT csoero lio)f(eCTBeHHoro YqHTeJIH «MeiiCTep» (6YKBa.JihHO «MacTep», «MarHCTJ>»). foXMeHCTep Op.l{eHa, ocyn.teCTBJI.liBWHH B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CBOHM THTYJIOM BepXOBH)'IO

~OBH)'IO

H CBeTCK)'IO BJiaCTh H

IIO~

HeHH:biH Herrocpe.l{CTBCHHO pHMCKOMy rrarre, H36HpaJIC.ll IIO)f(H3HeHHO, XOTH HHOr.l{a pbll{apH ero cMell{aJIH (HarrpHMep, feprap.l{a 4>oH MaJib6epra HJIH feHpHXa 4>oH IlnapHa), a rropoii -

.l{li)l(e y6HBaJIH

(KaK BepHepa !l>oH Op3eJI:E.Ha). roxMeHCTep KapJI !l>oH TpHp (Kaporryc .l{e TpeBepH), CMell{eHH:brH CBOHM OKp~eHHeM B 1317 r., IIOKHH)'JI CBOIO MapHeH6yprCK)'IO pe3~eHUHIO, 6hm B 1318 r. BOCCTaHOBJieH B .l{OJI)f(HOCTH Ha Op.l{eHCKOM KOHBeHTe B ropO.l{e 3p4>YPTe, HO B MapHeH6ypr 6onhme He sepH)'JICH, npo.l{OJI)f(a.ll yrrpaBJIHTb op.l{eHoM IlpHCHO.l{eBbi MapHH H3 csoero po~oro HeMel.lKOro ropo.l{a TpHpa. foXMeHcTep liypKXap.l{ !l>oH lllse~eH (liyprap;:zyc .l{e C~eH), BhlXO.l{el.l H3 lllseiinapHH, rrepe.l{ CaMbiM OT6hrrneM B CBHTYJO 3eMmo HeO~aHHO BbiDieJI H3 TeBTOHCKOro Op.l{eHa H BCTYIIHJI B Op.l{eH 63

rociiHTanapueB (rocrrHTa.m,epoB), 'l.lieHoM KOTOporo oCTaBaJic.ll .l{O CaMOH CMepTH (XOT.ll H IThlTaJIC.ll BIIOCne.l{CTBHH BeplfYTI>C.ll B Op.l{eH .[(eBLI MapHH). Ho rro.l{o6HLie CJI)"'aH 6LIJIH KpaiiHe pe.zu<H. ITo CBOeM)' .l{OCTOHHCTBY BepXOBHLIH MarHCTP KaK JzyXOBHOe

nu~o cqHTaJIC.ll paBHLIM errncKorry PuMcKo-KaTonH"'eCKOH ~epKBH, B 3HaK qero HOCHn IIOJI)"'eHHLIH OT IIaiiLI eiiHCKOIICKHH rrepcTeHL ( «KOnL~O BepXOBHOI'O MarHCTPa») H IIOCOX . .[(o HalliHX .l{HeH COxpaHHnC.ll rrepcTeHL, .l{aTHpyeMLIH rrepBoii rronoBHHOH .liK06LI rro.l{apeHHLIH (aHTH)rrarroii foHopneM

III

XIII

B.,

qeTBePTOMY rox-

MeiiCTepy TeBTOHOB fepMaHy <PoH 3aJIL~a. 3To MaCCHBHOe nHTOe

KOnL~O H3 qepBOHHOI'O 30nOTa, yKpameHHOe 6onLlliHM, HerrpaBHnLHOH <PopMLI KpOBaBO-KpaCHLIM py6HHOM, o6paMneHHLIM IIO 6oKaM .l{BYM.lf KpyiiHLIMH aJIMa3aMH. IIepBoHaqanLHO BepxoBHLie MarHCTPLI TeBTOHOB HOCHnH TaKoe )l(e 6enoe, c qepHLIM KpeCToM Ha neBoM nneqe, o6naqeHHe, qro H BCe 6paTL.ll-pLI~apH CBOero Op.z:teHa, He3aBHCHMO OT 3aHHMaeMOH ,llOn)I(HOCTH. E.l{HHCTBeHHLIM BHemHHM OTnuqneM roxMeiicTepa OT ocTanLHLIX pLIUapeH Op.l{eHa .[(eBLI MapHH B OIIHCLIBaeMLIH paHHHH rrepHO,ll Op.z:teHCKOH HCTOpHH .liBJIJIJIC.ll HalliHTLIH Ha rpynH ero 6enoro Ka<PTaHa (KOTTLI) HnH IIOnyKa<PTaHL.ll (CIOpKO) qepHLIH KpeCT C cepe6p.liHOH OKaHTOBKOH - - nepBOHaqaJILHO IIp.liMOH, HO CO BpeMeHeM npeBpaTHBlliHHC.ll B narrqaTLIH. K KoHey

B. cepe-

6p.liH)'IO OKaHTOBKY, Cyn.ll IIO .l{Ollie.l{lliHM .l{O HaC HnniOCTPaUH.liM H rpaBropaM, rrOJI)"'HnH H qepHLie narrqaTLie KpeCTLI Ha 6enLIX nnamax pLI~apeii H CB.llllleHHHKOB TeBToHcKoro op.l{eHa. MMeHHO :noT qepHLIH, IIpOlliHTLIH cepe6pOM TeBTOHCKHH KpeCT BIIOCJie.l{CTBHH, B Haqane

XIX B.,

B.l{OXHOBHn rrpycCKHX xy.llO)I(HHKOB Ha co3.z:taHue

3HaKa )l(ene3Horo KpecTa, a B ro.z:tLI IIepBoii MHpOBOH BOHHLI - 3M6neM .l{n.ll 6oeBLIX MalliHH H CaMOneTOB repMaHCKOH apMHH.

M3&PAHME BEPXOBHOrO MArMCTPA MAPMAH Bec~>Ma

mo6omnHoif npe~cTaBJIJ~eTCj[, Ha Haw B3rrum, npo-

~e.rcypa Bbi60pOB rOXMeHCTepa TeBTOHOB.

CHaqana Ha 3ace~aHHH reHepaJibHOro KanH'ryJia JaqHThiBaJIC.ll scnyx yCTaB TeBTOHCKoro op~eHa. 3aTeM CJI)')KHJIH o6e~HIO, so BpeM.ll KOTOpLIH KIDK,l{biH qJieH KaiiHTYJia IIJITH~~aTb pa3 qHTaJI MOJIHTBY «Pater nosten> («O~e Ham»). Tiocne :noro TOp)l(ecTBeHHoro 6orocn~eHH.ll ycTPaHsanacJ> TP~H~OHHM ~apoBM TPaiie3a ~

13 y6ornx. 3aTeM seJIHKHH KOMTYP (3aMecTHTeJI~> sepxosHoro

MarHCTPa) Ha3HaqaJI nepsoro 3JieKTopa (Bbi60piiUiKa), TOT, B CBOIO oqepe~L -

BTOporo, DOTOM nepBLIH H BTOpOH BLJ6opmHKH BMeCTe

HaJHaqanH TPeTLero sLJ6opmHKa, H TaK ~anee, noKa o6mee qHcJio scex BJ>I6opmHKOB He ~ocTHraJIO TPHH~~aTH. 3To qHcJio cqHTaJIOCb cs.llmeHHLIM -

B naM.liTL XpHcTa H 12 ero anocToJioB -

CKJI~LIBaJIOCL H3 O~Oro 6paTa-CB.llmeHHHKa, 8 6paTheB-pLI~apeif H 4 ycJI~aiOmHX 6paTbeB, npe~CTaBJI.liBWHX pa3JIHqHLJe KOMMeH~bl

(KoMzypHH, KOMaH~opcTBa) TeBTOHCKoro op~eHa. BJ>I6opmHKH

npHC.llraJIH Ha Cs.liTOM EsaHreJIHH qecTHO HcnoJIHHTL csoif ~onr, nocne qero npHczynaJIH K

npo~e.rcype

BI>I6opos Hosoro roXMeif-

cTepa. KaK npasHJIO, sLJ6opLI npoTeKaJIH cnoKoifHo, 6e3 oco6LIX pa3HornacHif, H JasepwanHcL neHHeM «Te Deum laudamus» («Te6j[ bOra XBaJIHM ...» ). 3aTeM 3aMeCTHTeJIL rnaBbl Op~eHa TOp)l(eCTBeHHO spyqan BHOBb H36paHHOMy sepXOBHOMy MarHCTPY 60JibmyiO Op~CHCKYIO

BJiaCTb

neqaTb H nepcTeHL, CHMBOJIH3HpOBaBWHH BLICwyiO

Ha~ Op~eHOM. Tio~

KOJIOKOJibHbiH 3BOH roxMeHCTep, ero

3aMeCTHTeJib H OTnpaBmiBillHH TOp)l(eCTBeHHOe 6oroC.Jl)')l(eHHe 6paT-CBJ~meHHHK

o6MeHHBaJIHCL TaK Ha3biBaeMLIM «no~eeyeM

MHpa», nocne qero sepxoBHLIH MarHCTP, c cornacH.ll reHepanb3 HCTOpK• TeoTOHCKoro opAeHa

Horo Kamrryna, Ha.JHa'lan Ha BbiCWHe .non)I{HOCTH op.neHa HOBbiX «re6HTHrepOB» (HJIH OCTaBJUlJI B .l{On)I{HOCTH npe)I{HHX). CocTO.liHHe op.neHCKOH Ka.JHbi .nep)l{anocb B crpo)l{aHweH TaliHe. EonbWa.li ne'laTb Op.l{eHa xpaHHnaCb B noTaHHOM WKa<l.>y CrpcM.ll 3aMKaMH.

Kmoq OT nepBoro 3aMKa xpaHHnC.li y caMoro BcpxoB-

Horo MarHcrpa, KJIIO'I OT BTOporo 3aMKa KJIIO'I OT rperbero 3aMKa -

y BenHKOI"' KOMrypa,

y <<Tpeccnepa» (K3.3Ha'le.l1). IloJTOMy

OTKpbiTb 3TOT wKa<l> OHH MOmH ronbKO BrpoeM. TaKHM o6p3.3oM, BnacTh roxMeHcTepa, XOT.ll H 6bma, no cyrH .nena, caMo.nep)l{aBHOH, TeM He MeHee, orpaHH'IHBanacb feHepanbHbiM

Kam~rynoM

Ha-

npHMep, B CTOJib BaX<HbiX <l>HHaHCOBbiX BOnpocax.

0 aon >KHOCTHOM r EP&E BE..XOBHOrO MArHCTPA ITp.liMOH qepHbiH KpeCT BepxoBHoro Mamcrpa TeBTOHCKoro op.neHa Ha 6enoM none 6biJI YI<paweH B ueHrpe qepHbiM o.nHomaBbiM opnoM CB.llmeHHOH PHMCKOH HMnepHH repMaHCKOH naUHH Ha 3onoroM mHTe. Ha qepHbiH KpecT 6biJI HaJIO)I{eH 6onee y3KHH 30nOTOH KpeCT KOponeBCTBa HepycanHMCKOI"', OCHOBaHHOI"' KpeCTOHOCUaMH B 3eMne o6eTOBaHHOH (TaK H3.3biBaCMbiH «KpecT HMneparopa KoHCTaHUIDI» -

no .npeBHeH nereH.ne, pHMCKOMY

HMnepaTopy KoHcTaHUHIO, CbiHY nepBoro xpHCTHaHcKoro HMneparopa -

CB.liToro paBHoanocronbHoro uapx KoHCTaHTHHa Be-

nHKoro, -

B He6e HM HepycanHMOM npHBH.nencx KpeCT HMeHHO

TaKoH <l>opMbi), 'lame Bcero HMeBWHH <PopMy, HMeeyromyrocx B repanb.l{HKe «KOCTbiJibHOH» HJIH «yCHneHHOH)) (C nonepe'IHbiMH nepeKJia.l{HHaMH Ha KOHUax nyqeH KpCCTa), OKaH'IHBaiomHHC.ll Ha KOHUaX 30nOTbiMH repanb.l{H'IeCKHMH nHniDIMH. qepHbiH O.l{HOfJiaBbiH HMnepCKHH open Ha rep6e roxMeHCTepa MapHaH CB.ll3aH C 6ynnoH pHMCKO-repMaHCKOI"' HMnepaTopa <l>pH66

,upuxa II foreHmTay<f>eHa 1226 r., ,uapoaaamero TeBToHcKOMY aepxoBHOMY ManiCTPY Hacne,ucTaeHHbie rrpaaa CYBepeHHoro BJia,ueTenLnoro rocy.uapH B 3aBOeBaHHOH IlpyCCHH (He BXO,UHBUieH B COCTaB CsHmeHHOH PHMCKOH HMnepuu) H THTYJI KIUI3H (no-HeMeUKH «<f>IOpcTa», no-JiaThiHH «npuHuenca») CBHll{eHHOH PuMcKoii HMnepuu repMaHCKOH HaQHH (BO BXO,UHBUIHX B COCTaB HMnepHH op.UeHCKHX BJia,UeHIUIX TeBTOHOB). 30JIOTOH HepyCaJIHMCKHH KpeCT 6Lm ,uapoBaH roXMeHCTepaM op,ueHa KoponeM MepycanHMCKHM fau,uo(HoM) JlyJHHMIHOM BMeCTe C pH,UOM DpHBHJierHH 3a 3aCJI)'TH TeBTOHCKHX pbiUapeH B 6opL6e npoTHB capauuH s CaHTOH JeMJie. 3onoTble )l{e JIHJIHH Ha KoHuax KpecTa B rep6e sepxoanoro MarncTPa TeBTOHCKHH op,ueH 3a aHanOrK'IHble 3aCJIYTH DOJIY'IIDI OT <f>paHizy3CKOro KOpOIDIKpeCTOHOCQa JIIO,uoBHKa IX CBHToro. K cepe,uHHe XIV a., B :moxy pacusen TeBToncKoro op,ueHa B Ilpyccuu, noT ~e ,uaneKHH OT ncpBOHatiaJibHOH MOHaUieCKOH npOCTOTbi, DbiUIHblH rep6 )'KpaUiaJI 6eJioe o6natieHHe, .uocneXH, ll{HT, KOHCK)'lO nonoHY, lioJILUI)'lO H Many1o xopYTB» sepxoaHoro MarncTPa (a c cepe,uHHbi XV B. H no ceH: ,ueHL -

6oraTo yKpameHHLiH meiiHbiH KpeCT Ha qepHoii

JieHTe H MeTaJIJIHtieCKHH KpecT, KOTOpblH roXMeHCTepbl HOC1IT CJieBa Ha rpy.uu s KatiecTBe csoeo6pa3Horo 3KBHBaneHTa op,ueHCKOH 3Be3,ULI).

BCE nM TEBTOHCKME PbiL&APM &blnM ABOPJIHCKOrO nPOMCXO>KAEHMJI?

B KatiecTBc nonHonpaBHLIX qnenoa a TeBTOHCKHH op,ueH B nepBLie CTOJieTIUI ero cyll{eCTBOBaHIUI IIpHHHMaJIHCL rnaBHbiM o6pa30M OTDpbiCKH ,UBOpHHCKHX pO,UOB (KaK npaBHJIO, MJia,UUIHe CLIHOBLH MeJIKODOMeCTHhiX pLIQapeH, He DOJI)"'aBUIHe ,UOJIH B OT3*

QOBCKOM HacJie,D;CTBe), HO Hapx,n:y C HHMH TaiOKe H He npHHa,n:Jie)KaBWHe B pbiQapcKOMY cocnoBHIO

(Ram.

ao: «BCa,D;HH'IeCKOMY COCJIOBHIO» -

ordo equester, 6yi<BaJib-

TepMHH, 3aHMCTBOBaHHblH

H3 TepMHHOJIOrHH ,Z:WesHero PuMa, r,n:e sca,n:nuKaMH MH -

3KBHTa-

HMeHOBaJIOCb BTOpOe no 3HaTHOCTH, 6oraTCTBY H 3Ha'JeHHJO

COCJIOBHC llOCJie naTpHQHeB-CeHaTOpOB) 610prep1>1 (ropO)KaHe)rJiaBHblM o6pa30M, rpa)l(.l{aHe TOprOBblX raH3eHCKHX ropo,n:OB .6peMCHa H Jl106eKa (KaK ,n:aHb YBIDKCHIDI nepBblM TeBTOHCKHM CTpaHHOllpHHMUaM, npOHCXO,D;HBWHM H3 3THX ,n:Byx ropo,n:OB) -

H XOpO-

WO 3apeKOMeH,D;OBaBDIHC ce6JI HC3HaTHbie BOHHbl-KpeCTOHOCI.{bl. ITocne,n:Hue 3a oco6ble 3acnyrn, npoH,n:x nepuo,n: nocnywHHqecTBa H llOCJie llpHHeCeHIDl He06XO,D;HMbiX 06eTOB H npHIDlTIDl MoaawecKoro noCTpHra, so3so,n:HJIHCI> B caH 6paTa- pi>mapx

(Ram .

«fl>paTep MHJieC» HJIH «fl>paTep MHJIHTapHyC», 6yi<BaJibHO 6paTaBOHHa) TesTOHCKoro op,n:eaa JIHtiHO roxMeifcTepoM (KoTOpbiH caM 06bJqHo 6bJJI BDIXO,D;QeM H3 HeTHzyJIOBaHHOfO pbiQapCKOfO COCJIOBWl, H JIHlliD B pe,D;KHX CJI}"'MX -

H3 apHCTOKpaTH'JeCKHX pO,D;OB

CsJ~meHHOH PHMCKOH HMnepHH repMaHCKOH HaQHH). ITo,n:HHMaTI>cx DO CJIY)Ke6HOH JieCTHHQe ,D;O BblCWHX a,n:MHHHCTpaTHBHblX ,D;OJDKHOCTeH MOrJIH, KaK npaBHJIO, JIHillb 6paTbX-pbiQapH, XOTJI 61>1BaJIH H HCKJIIOtieHIDl. TaK, HanpuMep, BI>IweynoMJIHYTI>Iii sepxosHI>IH MarnCTp Kapn fl>oa Tpup 61>m CI>IHOM ropo)KaHHHa (610prepa) H3 HeMeQKoro ropo,n:a Tpupa Ha PeifHe . .DpaTI>X-pi>IQapu, 6paTI>XcapuaHTI>I H 6paTbJI- CBJIII.{eHHHKH npHHOCHJIH o6eT ll0)KH3HeHHOro CJIY)KeHWl TeBTOHCKOMY op,n:eey. .DpaTI>JI, scrynHBlliHe B op,n:eH ~eBI>I Mapuu, nepe,n:asanu eMy BCIO CBOIO ,D;BH)KHMOCTb H He,D;BH)KHMOCTb ( eCJIH TaKOBM HMCJiaCb), HaBe'JHO BeWaJIH Il{HTbl CO CBOHMH fl>aMHJibHbiMH rep6aMH (eCJIH 06Jia,n:aJIH TaKOBbiMH) Ha CTCHbl Op,n:eHCKOH QepKBH H OTHblHe YKpaWaJIH CBOH Il{HT TOJibKO qepHbJM Ha 6eJIOM llOJie KpeCTOM

TeBToncKoro op,llena. KcTaTH, no'leM}', co6cTBeHHO roBop.si, TeBTOHCKoro H KaKoe OTHOIIIeHHe TeBTOHI:.I, HJIH TeBTOHI..U>I, HMeiOT K

UeM~aM H repMaHHH?

0 nPOMCXO>KAEHMM tnOBA «TEBTOHbl)) ITepBhiC ynoMHHaHH.si o TeBTOHax

(!lam. teutoni) OTHOC.IITC.Il K

350- 320 rr. .llO P. X., KOr,lla ,llpeBHerpeqecKHH MoperniaBaTem, I1HQ.>eif {KOTOpi:.IH, KCTaTH, BllepBbie llOBe,llaJI MHpy 0 cymecTBOBaHHH Ja noJUipHbiM KpyroM TaHHCTBeHHOH JeMnH «KpaifiDUI Tyne», HnH «Kpaifn.IDI yna»

(flam . Ultima Thule) H3 MaccHnHH (MapceJUI)

,llOCTHr ceBepo-Jana,llHOI'O no6epe)Kb.ll COBpeMeHHOH repMaHJm H

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104--101

IT. ,llO

P. X., KOr,lla

OHM B COI03e C ruieMeHeM

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6onee 'ITO aHTH'IIIbie HCTOpHKH

He Cpa3y naqanH OTRH'IaTb ,llpeBHHX coce,llCH -

repMaH~eB

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(H ux KopoJIJI TeBTo6o.u,a, HeM. Teutobod), pa36HTbiX pHMJIJIHaMH B

102 r. .u,o P. X.

B faJIJIHH, c ueKoTOpbiMH COMHeHIDIMH (sbiCKa3bi-

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(!lam. Regnum Francorum) -

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npocTo «<l>paHKeH», Franken,

TO ecTb 6}'I<BaJibHO «<l>paHKH»), Hao6opoT, coxpaHHJIH csoif .113biK «THOTHCK» (tiotisk). Ho ero Ha3BaHHe Tenepb ~e npoH3HOCHJIOCb KaK «TeH'i>>, HJIH «TOH'i» (teutsch), H3 qero, B CBOIO oqepe.U,b,

npOH30IllJIO COBpeMeHHOe Ha3BaHHe HeMCI.{KOrO .li3LIKa -

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(deutsch), HJIH, KaK 'lame TIHIII)'T no-pyccKH, <<.Aeii'i». TaK cnoso, 03Ha'iaBIIIee «npOCTOHapO,llHLIH», CTaJIO 3THOHHMOM, TO eCTb o6o3Ha'ieHHeM repMaHO.ll3bl'iHOH neMel{KOH Hal{HH. O,uuaKo cpe,uueseKOBbie KHH)f(HHKH-JiaTHHHCTbi, B cooTBeTCTBHH CO CTOJib pacnpocrpaneHHOH B Te BpeMeHa «<t>aHTaCTH'ieCKOH 3THMOJIOrHeih>, TO eCTb HCKJIIO'iHTeJibHO no C03By<iHIO, B03BeJIH CJIOBO «TOH'i» = teutsch («HeMCI.{KHlh>) K He COBCeM .liCHbiM no CBOeMY npOHCXO)f(,l{eHHIO, HO npOCJiaBHBIIIHMC.ll B BOHHaX c senHKHM PHMOM H reM caMbiM c,uenasmHM po.ncTBo c HHMH JieCTHbiM

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HcMCUKHH op,neH («Teiiqep op,ueu»=Teutscher Orden, a noJ,unee «.[(eiiqep op,nem>=Deutscher Orden) cTan s nepeso.ue ua naThiHb HMCHOBaTbC.ll «Op,uo TeiiTOHHKOPYM» (Ordo Teutonicorurn HJIH Ordo Theutonicorum), a op,ueHCKa.ll npOBHHI.{H.ll repMaHH.ll (A.JineManH.ll) CTaJia Ha3biBaTbC.ll «TeBTOHHeH» (Teutonia).

3HAMEHA M XOPYrBM Ha masnoii xopyrsH TesTOHCKOro op,neua IIpecsnoii ,[(cBbi MapHH 6hiJIH H3o6pa)f(eubl IIpecsna.ll Eoropo.nHu:a c EoroMna,ueuI(CM HHcycoM na pyKax, a cnpasa oT Eoropo.nHUbi na -

rep6 op.ue-

np.liMOH qepHbiH KpecT Ha 6enoM (cepe6p.liHOM) none. Bepo71

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c masHoii xopyrs.biO JIHBOHCKoro <l>HJIHana TeBTOHCKoro

op~eHa

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op~eH

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MHOrOlfHCJICHH.biMH XpOHHKaMH H ~yrHMH

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o ee HaJIHlfHH s p11~ax TeBTOHCKoro BOHCKa

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qero oHo He nonano B PYKH no6e~HTeneii H, cooTBCT-

CTBeHHO, s H3BeCTH.biH cnHcoK xopyrseii H 3HaMeH TesTOHCKoro op~eHa

(llam. «oa~epHa IlpYTeHOPYM», TO ecn «llpyccKHe 3Ha-

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ry sepXOBHOro MarHCTPa). 3eMCKHH

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IIIeecR XOpyrB.blO HJIH 6aHHepoM) C pa31IHlfH.blMH repan.b~HlfeCKH MH H306pa)l(eHHRMH. 72

Ha 3HaMenocQeB B03naran:ach sechMa TeM H BeCbMa onaCHa.si MHCCIDI -

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B03HTb 3HaMJI, 6epe'Ib ero KaK

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3naMenocQeM (xopyrnenocQeM) 61>mo He6e3onacno. 3naMe73

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22 op.n;eHCKOro ycTaBa TeB-

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1253 r. ynoMHHaBlliHHC" Bbillle JIHTOBCKHH KIDI3b-j13bltJHHK

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1248 r. ~e

6LIJI KperueH B npaBOCJiaBHyiO sepy), llOJiyt-:IHJI OT nanbi pHMCKOro HHHOKeHTIDI

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106

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1260 r.

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1260 r., 13

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156

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1261 r. TeBTOHI:.I B COI03e C DOJII:.CKHMH KpeCTOHOCQa-

MH COBepWHJIH Ha6er Ha JIHTOBCKHe 3eMJIH, HO 6r:.IJIH pa36HThi.

107

B nancKOM PnMe s onucbiBaeMoe speMH CBJI3biBaJIH c TeBToHCKHM Op,Zl;eHOM 60JibWHe Ha,ll;e)f(,Zl;bl H ,Zl;aJieKO H.ZzyiUHe nrraHbl. EMy 6biJIO nopyqeHO HH MHOfO HH MaJIO -

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1259 r., nOpa)KeHHeM Op,Zl;eHCKOfO BOHCKa B )!(eMaHTHH B 1260 r. H BCTibiXH)'BWHM BCJie,Zl; 3a TeM BOCCTaHHeM npyccOB, OCJIO)I(HeHHbiM H3MeHoii peHeraTa MnH,Zl;osra TesTOHCKOMY op,Zl;eey. BocnOJib30saswucb TeM, ~o ocHOBHble CHJibi MapuaH 6LmH 3aHJIThi no,Zl;aBJieHHeM socCTaHHJI npyccos, MHHAOBr orpeKCJI oT xpHCTHaHCTBa, OTKa3aJICJI OT ,Zl;apoBaHHOfO eMY nanOH pHMCKHM KOpOJieBCKOfO nrryna H COBepWHJI Ha6er Ha Op,Zl;eHCK}'lO IJpycCHIO, pa3rpOMHB B ,Zl;Byx Cpa)l{eHHJIX npyccKHX TeBTOHOB H onyCTOWHB 60Jibiii)'lO qaCTb CTpaHbl. 3a seporroMCTBO £or noKapan MHHAOBra, BCKope naswero oT pyx MHTe)I(Horo KHJI3.!1 ,nosMoHTa, 6e)Kasmero nocrre y6uiicTBa noseJIHTeM JlHTBbi Ha Pycb, KpecTusmeroc.s~ TaM B

1266 r. H CTaswero TICKOBCKHM KHJI3eM TIO,Zl; HMeHeM THMOcpeif.

KHJI3b AOBMOHT M TEBTOHbl Bee csoe ncKoscKoe KHJI)KeHHe THMocpeii-,nosMOHT nposerr B TIOXO,Zl;ax H 6HTBaX HaMH. B KOHI.(e

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1267 r.

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(30 000

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108

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18 <t>esparu~ 1268 (13

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109

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Hans des Kompans

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208

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1363

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144 CKOTa.

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211

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275

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276

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6pa3HOH op.L{eHcKOH: 3Be3.L{OH Ha rp~. KoMMeH.L{LI 6LmH peKoucrpyHpOBaHbi H rrpeBpaiUeHbl B MOI.I{Hbie 060pOHHTeJibHbie KOMIIJieKCbl, OXpaHy KOTOpbiX HeCJIH pbiUapH Op.L{eHa.

B coOTBerCTBHH c rrepepa60TaHHI.IM yCTaBoM TeBTOHCKOro opACHa 1606 r. Ka)l(,l:{OMY 6pary-pLIUapro Op.L{eHa BMeH.!IJIOCb B 06.!13aHHOCTh He MeHee 1pex JieT HeCTH IIOI'pa.Hlf'IHYIO cny:>K6y B Op.L{eHCKHX 3aMKax.

Oxpauy 3aMKa opAeHa B ropo.L{e MepremreH:Me (peJHAeHUHH ,l:{eH:'IMeHCTepa) 'I'pa.L{HUHOHHO OXpaH.!IJia TaK Ha3biBaeMa.!l «Op.L{eHCKa.!l para» (cmapmteM. Ordens Compagnie). HHoma .L{OIIOJIHHTeJibHbie BOHHCKHe KOifl'HHreHThi TeBTOHCKoro op.L{eHa, no BOJie MarHCTpa repMaHHH, Bbl,l:{eJI.!IJIHCb H .L{JI.!I OXpaHbi 21 6aWHH H qe'fbipeX I'JiaBHbiX BOpOT KpeiiOCTHbiX CTeH caMoro ropo.L{a MepremreH:Ma.

B 1695- 1696 rr. B MepreuTreH:Me 6Lm cf}>opMHpoBaH op.L{eHCKHH rronK «TeifqMeH:crep» («ToH:qMaH:cTep», cmapoHeM. Teutschmeister), KOMaH.L{HpOM H wef}>OM KOTOpOro CTaJI JIH'IHO MepreHTreHMCKHH AeifqMeH:cTep (reH:qMeH:crep) TeBToHcKoro opAeHa. Ho oxpaey MepTeHTreHMCKoro JaMKa TeBTOHOB rrpo.L{OJI)I(aJia HecTH op.L{eHCKa.!l poTa. CornacHo coxpaHHBWHMC.!I HHC'I'pyKUIDIM B e:>Ke.L{HeBHOM BaxTrrapa.L{e Ha rnaBHOH pbiHO'IHOH IIJIOI.Ua.L{H MepreHTreH:Ma yqacTBOBaJIO 48 qenoBeK, 5 yuTep-of}>HUepoB, 4 ef}>peH:ropa, 281

1 6apa6aH~HK H 38 p.SI,llOBLIX, 1 Kanparr H 6 qcJIOBeK .UparyH (He.M. 48 Mann, 5 Unterofficier, 4 Gefreyten, 1 Dambor und 38 Gemeine, 1 Corporal und 6 Mann von den Dragonern). liHHLI rronKa H pOTLI TeBTOHCKOfO MarHCTPa fepMaHHH HOCHJIH 6eJio-qepHyiO <f>opM}' Op,llCHCKHX ~BCTOB (3aMCHCHHylO BIIOCJIC)lCTBHH Ha 6eJIO-CHHIOIO). MepreHTreiiMCKHii rroJIK «TciiqMeiicTep» He cne.uyeT rryraTL HJIH cMeWHBaTL c .upyrHM, aBCTPHiiCKHM HMrrepaTOpCKHM H KoponeBCKHM IIOJIKOM, HMCBWHM IIOXO>Kee Ha3BaHHe, 0 KOTOpOM rroii)leT peq~o

HH>Ke.

Ha IIpOTIDKCHHH XVll H XVITI BB. 3HaqHTCJII,Hrul qaCTL CHJI H cpe.uCTB TeBTOHCKOro op.ueHa yxo)lHJia Ha 6op~o6y c zypKaMH, B coCTaBe BOiiCK HMIIepHH ra6c6yproB. OcHOBHLie cpa:>KeHIDI c TYPKaMH npa3Bopaq}IBaJIHCL Ha TeppHTOpHH BeHrpHH, a Brrocne.uCTBHH DaJIK3.HCKOro IIOJIYOCTPOBa. 0p.UCH C:>KCI"')lHO BLICTaBJUUI nponm TYPOK BOeHHbie KOHTirni'CHThi, qHCJieHHOCTL KOTOpLIX KOJie6anaCL OT

500 )lO I 000 KOHHbiX H rreiiiHX 60HuOB. B COCTaBe COBpeMeHHOii aBCTPHiiCKOii apMHH (e.uepaJILHLIX BOOpy>KeHHLIX CHJI, HJIH 6)'H)lecreepa) IIOHLIHe Cyn.(eCTByeT I-ii BeHCKHii erepcKHii 6aTaJILOH «fox-yH.u-,L(eiiqMeiicTep» (ue.M. Jaegerbataillon Wien I Hoch-und-Deutschrneister), 6LIBWHii I-ii BeHCKHii 6aTaJILOH MHJIH~HH (Milizbataillon Wien) qacTL,

jfBIDJIO~CUICjf

IIpjfMOii

BeHcKoro rrexomoro

rrpeeMHH~eii

BOHHCKCUI

OCHOBaHHOfO B 1696 r.

rronKa «fox-yH)l-,L(eiiqMeiicTep» (HeM.:

Regiment Hoch-und-Deutschrncister), HJIH rrpocTO «,L(eiiqMeiicTep» (Regiment Deutschmeister), .uo caMoro rra.ueH}ljf MOHapXHH fa6c6yproB B 1918 r. B03rJiaBMBWerOCjf aBCTPHiiCKHMH IIpHH~a MH, HOCHBWHMH THTYJI «BepXOBHOro H repMaHCKOrO MarHCTP3» TcBTOHCKoro op.ucHa. O<f>~:~~epcKHii cocTaB :nora rronKa CTOJieT}ljfMH KOMIIJICKTOBaJICjf JIQqTH HCKJIIOqHTeJILHO H3 TeBTOHCKHX pLI~a peii. ,L(a:>Ke IIOJIKOBCUI <f>opMa «.UeiiqMeiicTepOB» )lOJiroe BpeWI 6LIJI3

282

TJ>anH~HoHm.rx

1.\BeTOB TeBToHcKoro opneHa- 6enoro c qepHLIM

(IIOKa He CTaJia 6eJIOH C CHHHM, rrono6HO <lJopMe YIIOWilfY'IbiX Bhlllie MepreHTreHMCKHX <<TeHtiMeHCTepOB», H He 6bma, HaKOHe~, 3aMeHeHa so BTopoit rronoBHHe XIX B. He6ecHo-ro.rry6biMH c )f(eJITbiM M)'HnHpaMH H TeMHO-CepbiMH 6piOKaMH-IIaHTaJIOHaMH).

KPATKMM O'tEPK MCTOPMM ABCTPMMCKMX <<AEM'tMEMCTEPOB)) B 1696 r. Me)K.lzy Jleorroni.noM ABCTJ>HHCKHM (HMrreparopoM CBJII.IJ;eHHOH PHMCKOH HMrrepHH repMaHCKOH Ha~HH) H KYP<lJIOpcroM ( onHHM H3 KHJI3eH-3JieKTOpOB, H36HpaBlliHX pHMCKOrepMaHCKOrO HMIIeparopa) JlronBHrOM Il<lJanb~-Heit6yprcKHM (TornamHHM sepxosHbiM MarHCTJ>OM H MarHCTJ>OM fepMaHHH TesTOHCKoro opneua) 6Lm 3aKJIIOtieH norosop, rro KOTopoM)' TeBToHCKHH opneu o6R3aJICJI c<tJopMHposaTb H rrpenocTaBHTb s pacrropR)f(eHHe HMIIepaTOpCKOrO noMa IIeXOTHLIH IIOJIK.

B TOM )f(e 1696 r. HMrreparop JleorroJII.n Ha3HatiHJI roXMeitcrepa TeBToHcKoro opneua KYP<PropcTa JlronsHra KOMaHnHpOM (1-M rronKOBHHKOM,

HeM.

I. Qbrist) H me<IJOM HOBOro IIOJIKa, IIO.rryqHBlliero

Ha3BaHHe <<nOJIK II<lJanb~-Heit6ypr Teit'!Meitcrep»

(HeM.

Regiment

Pfalz-Neuburg Teutschmeister). IloJIK, c<tJopMHpOBaHHbiH B ropone )J;oHaysepTe, 6bm rrepe6pomeH rro )J;yuaro Ha EanKaHbi, rne rrocryIIHJI s pacrropJI)f(eHHe rronKoso~a HMrrepcKoH apMHH rrpHH~a EsreHHJI CasoikKoro, soesasmero c rypKaMH-ocMaHaMH. 0TJIH'iHBmHCb B rro6enoHOCHOH ~ aBCTJ>H~eB (HJIH, KaK rorna rosopHJIH B PocCHH, ~ecap~eB) 6HTBe CrypKaMH IIpH 3eHTe B 1697 r., IIOJIK «TeHtiMeHCTep» 6Lm rrepeHMeHoBaH s <illMrreparopcKHit (H) Koponescl<HH rrexOTm.Iit IIOJIK "fox-}'H.A-,[(eitqMeitcrep"» (HeM . Kaiserliches (und) Koenigliches Infanterie Regiment Hoch-und-Deutschmeister).

283

18 moiDI 1757 r. noJIK «fox-)'H,l{-,Ae~eHCTep» nOKpbiJI ce6.sr CmlBOH B 6IITBe C npyccKOH apMHeH «KOpOIDI-cl>HJIOCOcl>a>> <l>pJmPHxa II BeJIHI<Oro (np.siMoro nOTOMK.a seponoMHoro Am.6peXTa 4>oH roreHl{OJIJiepH-AHc6axa op~eHa

nocne,ZU~ero

roXMeHcrepa TeBTOHCKoro

B IIpyccHH, H3Memmmero pHMcKO-IGITOJIH'lleCKOH sepe, npu-

csousmero ce6e npyccKHe BJia.rteHH.sJ npe~aHHoro HM op~eHa H TeM nOJIO)IQ{Bmero Haqano cserCKOMY IIpyccKOMY rocy.napCTBy!) no~ KOJIHHOM (O,ZUIOM H3 CaMbiX KpOBOIIpOmrnn.IX Cpa>KeHHH B HCTOpHH CeMHJierHeH BOHHbi). Hcxo~ :m>H 6IITBbi B noJib3y aBCTpH.siKOB 6bm pemeH OT'ICUIIDIOH IIITbiKOBOH aTaKOH <<.ne~eHCTepOB» BO rnase C o6pHCTOM-BaXMHCTpOM (MaHopoM) HoraHHoM rpacpoM cpoH Copo, pbmapeM TeBTOHcKoro op~eHa, nOTep.srsmHM B 6oro npasyro nory ~o KOJieHa (HO He OCTaBHBD.IHM CJI)')K6y B p~ax l.{ecapCKOH apMHH ~a>Ke nocne :noro TIDKenoro paHeHH.si). C 1757 no 1914 r. 18 moiDI 01Meqanc.sr aBCTpHHCKHMH <<,neHqMeHCTepaMID> KaK nOJIKOBOH IIpa3,rnrnK (B 1967 r. :na lpa,zumHJI 6biJia B0306HOBJieHa B BOHHCKHX qacnrx. aBCTpHHCKOH pecny6JIHKaHCKOH apMHH, C'IHTaiOIIU{XC.si npeeMHHI.{a.MH paTHOH CJiaBbl H lpa,z(HI..(Hii HMneparopCKHX <<.ne~eHCTepOB»). Bo speM.si A:scrpo-npyccKOH BOHHbi 1966 r. (Koropyro B HeMeUKOH lpa,zufi..(HH

IIpHH.siTO Ha3biBaTb «fepMaHO-repMaHCKOH») nOJIK «fox-

)'H,l{-,Ae~eHCTep» noHec TIDI<eneHmne nOTepH B 6IITBe c npyccaKa-

MH H HX ceseporepMaHCKHMH COI03HHKaMH IIpH Ca.rtOBOH (KeHHJTpeue,

HJIH

fpa,uue-Kpanose), nOTepHB y6HTbiMH H paHeHbiMH 426 con-

~aT u oct>uuepos.

Y 4-ro HMneparopcKoro (u) KoponescKOro nexOTHoro noJIKa «fox-)'H,l{-,Ae~eHCTep»

apMHH fa6c6ypros 6Lma cso.sr oco6a.sr pe-

qesKa: «Ml.r H3 HMneparopcKoro H KoponescKoro nexOTHoro noJIKa I "fox-)'H.l{ ,Ae~eHCTep" HOMep qerblpe».

284

HJIH,

no-HeMeUKH:

«Wir sind vom k.(kaiserlichen. -

B.A.) u.(und - B.A.) k.(koeniglichen. -B.A.) Infanterieregiment I Hoch-und Deutschmeister Nummero Viem. Mapum:pyg Ha napa.uax, <<.UeH<IMeikrep:r:.m oco6eHHo CHJII,Ho neqara;rn ('iei<aHHJIH) I<IDK,!U>m qeTBepn.m mar, HaMel<aj{ Ha HOMep csoero noJII<a. 18 HIOHj{ (s ror )l(e ~eHI:., Ha KOTop:r:.m B 1757 r. npHIIIJiac:r:. 6HTsa c npyccai<aMH no~ KoJIHHoM!) 1915 ro~a <<.lleiNMeiicrep:r:.I» 6:r:.IIDI llO'ITH nOf0110BHO Hcrpe6neHI:.I no6e~OHOCH:biMH :SOHCKaMH PyCCKOH MMneparopcKoii apMHH no~ CoKOnoM. nocne csep)l(eHHj{ MOHapXHH fa6c6ypros s 1918 r. noJIK He 6:r:.m pac<t>opMHpoBaH, soii,.u,g s coCTas apMHH (e~epani:.HI:.IX soop~eH HI:.IX CH11) nepsoii ABCTpHHCKOH pecny6JIHKH no~ Ha3BaHHeM 5-ro nexornoro noJIKa <<fox-~-,D;eH<IM:eiicrep» (HeM.: Infanterieregiment Hoch-und-Deutschmeister Nr. 5).

B 1956 r. B COCTase BOCCOJ,AaBaeMOH nocne BOiiHI:.J aBCTpHHCKOH e~epani:.Hoii apMHH (6~ecreepa) 6:r:.m c<t>opMHpoBaH 5-ii

<l>eni:.-

.zn,erepcKHii 6aTani:.oH (Feldjaegerbataillon Nr. 5), nepeHMeHoBaHH:r:.m s 1963 r. s 4-ii erepcKHii 6arani:.oH (Hew. Jaegerbataillon Nr. 4). HoMepa :moe. HOBI:.IX qaCTeii aBCTpHHCKoii pecny6JIHI<aHcKoii apMHH ~O]I)l(H:bl 6I:.IIDI HallOMHHaT:b 06 HX npe,rnneCTBeHHHI<ax- <<,lleHtiMeH-

crepax» speMeH fa6c6yprcKOH MOHapXHH (1896-1918) H llepsoii ABcrpHiicKoii pecny6JIHKH (1916-1938). C 1974 r. 4-ii erepcKHii 6aTani:.OH Haqan B:bffiO]IHj{Th Me)l(,!zyllapOk HI:.Ie onepawrn B COCTase

Me)l(,!zyllapo~IX

MHpOTBOp'ieCKHX CH11

(soiicK) OOH («rorry6I:.IX I<aCOK») H nOTOMY 6:r:.m nepeHMeHoBaH s 4-ii erepcKHii 6aranwH (OOH) (Hew. Jaegerbataillon 4 (UN). ,ZJ;o 30 HlOHj{ 2007 r. B COCTase aBCTpHHCKHX TeppHTOpHani:.H:biX BOHCK (11a.H.l{Bepa) cymeCTBOBa.JI 21-H Ka,zq>OB:biH noJIK 11a.H,l{Bepa

285

<<fox-)'H,l{-,l(eHtl:Meiicrep» (ueM. Landwehrstanunregiment 21 Hochund-Deutscluneister). Ilocne ero pac¢opMHp<>BaHIDI B 2007 r. HCTOplf'lecKHe 3HaMeHa I H II 6aTa.JlbOHOB noJIKa «rox-)'H,l{-,l(eHtl:Mciicrep» (CH306piDI<eHHeM HMnepCKOro ,llByrnaBoro opna ra6c6yproB Ha O,nHOH H o6pa3a IlpHcHo,neBbi MapHH - ua ,llpyroii cropoue 6enoro 3HaMeHH

I 6ara.JlboHa H c H3o6proKeHHeM HMnepci<Oro ,llByrnaBoro opna ua o6eHX cropouax )l(emoro 3HaMeHH II 6aram,oua) 6biJIH nepe,nami ua BeqHoe xpaHeHHe 1-MY BcucKOM}' 6ara.JlbOH)' MHJIHIU{H ( ononqeHIDJ), HnH, no-HeMeJ.V<H, Milizbataillon Wien 1, nepeHMeHoBaHHOM)' no 3TOM}' cnyqa10 B 1-ii Beuci<IDi erepci<IDi 6ara.JlboH «rox-)'H,l{-,l(eHtl:Meiicrep»

(HeM. Jaegerbataillon Wien 1 Hoch-und Deutscluneister). 3TH crapiDIHI>Ie 3HaMeua I H II 6ara.r.n.ouoB nom<a BepxoBHoro H repMaHCKoro Mamcrpa TeBTOHCKoro op,neua .no cHX nop BbiHOCHT Ha l.(epeMOHmO npHBe,neHIDI K npHC.sire HOB06paHI.(eB <l>e,nepanbHbiX BOOpYJKeHHbiX CHn Bropoii (COBpeMeHHOH) ABcrpHHCKOH pecny6.JIKKH. IlpH 3TOM 6aTa.r.n.OHHhiM 3HaMeHeM 1-ro BeHCKoro erepcKoro 6aTa.m:.oua <<fox-)'H,l{-,l(eif<IMeiicrep» o¢HI{Ha.JlbHO cqHTaeTcJI 6enoe 3HaMJI I 6ara.JlboHa ra6c6yprcKHX «.neHtl:MeiicrepoB», B ro BpeMJ~ KaK )l(emoe 3HaMJI II 6aTanboHa <<.neiiqMeiicTepOB>> {KaK OTm'Om;eHHoe «HenoiDITI<oppeKTHOID> naMJIThiO o 134-M rpeua,nepcKOM noJIKe «rox)'H.l{

,l(eHtl:Meiicrep» H o6 MM:nepcKoii rpeua,nepcKoH J{HBH3HH «rox-

)'H,l{-,l(eHtl:Meiicrep» rHTnepoBCKoro BepMaxrn, o KOTOpbiX noi{.neT pe'ib qyTb HIDKe) BbiHOCHTCJI -

Hepe.z:u<O B npHCyrCTBHH BepXOBHOro

MarHCTPa COBpeMeHHOro, qJiCTO KnepHKa.JlbHOro (ro eCTb MOHaiiiCCKOro) TeBTOHCI<Oro op,neua- TOJibKO ua OT.l{eJibHbiX rop)l(ecTBeHHbiX QepeMOHIDIX (npa3,li;HHKe qaCTH, QepeMOHHH npHBe,neHIDI HOB06paHI.(eB K npHC.sire H T.,n.). BnpoqeM, 3TO )?Ke ,llpyraJI HCTOpiDI... Jli06oiibiTHbiH ¢aKT: nocne npHcoe,nHHeHHJ~ ABcrpHH K rHTnepoBcKOM}' TpeneM}' peH:xy B 1938 r. H BKJIIOqeHIDJ 6biBilleii aBcrpHiici<Oii apMHH B COCTaB repMaHCKOro BepMaxTa HMeHHO B non-

286

Ky <<I'ox-~-,D;eW!Meifcrep»

rrpomomerr 6YHT, scrreJ(CTBHe 11ero on

6I>m pac<t>opMHpoBaH H no):( ero HaJBaHHeM co3J(au HOBI>rn (6I>miiiHH 134-H nexOTHI>rn noJIK repMaucKOro sepMaxra, c<t>opMHpOBaHHI>lli H3 aBCTp~es) .

3TOT uosi>rn noJIK «rox-~-)J;eH'IMeifcrep», pa3poc-

lllHHcJ1 J(O pa3Mepos ,llHBH3HH, 6I>m no'ITH l.{eJIHKOM HCTpe6neu no):( Cra.JIHHipaJ(OM, OJ(HaKO OCTaTKaM «,lleWweHCTepOB» )'.llaJIOCb BblpBlrrbCJI H3 KOTJia H nOCJI)')KHTh OCHOBOH J(M <t>opMHpOBaHHJI HOBOH ,AHBH3HH BepMaxTa, 3aKOH'IH8illeH BOHuy B KypiDIH,llCKOM KOTJie BecHOH 1945 r. nocne CTaJIHHipaJ(CKOH I<aTaCTIJO<l>bi norom.1 coJIJ(aT, ~p o<t>HI.{epcKOro COCTasa H O<l>HI.{epOB 3TOH TeBTOHCKOH ,llH.BH3HH (MMnepcKOH rpeHaJ(epCKOH J(HBH3HH <tlOX-~-)J;eH'IMeHCTep»,

HeM.

Reichs-Grenadier-Division Hoch-und-Deutschmeister), B cocrase KOTOpoif 'IHCJIHJICJI socc03J(llHHI>IH nocne yuwrro)f(eHIDI no):( CTaJIHHrpaJ(OM 134-H neXOTHbiH noJIK (BCKOpe nepeHMeHOBllHHI>IH B rpeuaJ(epCKHH noJIK <<I'ox-~-,[(eH'IMeifcrep»,

HeM.

Grenadier-Regiment

Hoch-und Deutschmeister), YJ<Pamana cneUHa.JibHaJI3M6JieMa B <PopMe KpeCTa sepxosuoro MarnCTpa TeBTOHCKoro op,llena B CO'IeTaHHH c uaJIO)f(eHHI>IM ua KpeCT sepMaxTOBCKHM sapHaHTOM opna Tpenero peiixa (c pacrrpoCTepThiMH KpbiJibJIMH). lJmn.I rpenaJ(epcKOro noJIKa «rox-~-,D;eW!Meifcrep» (a snocneJ(CTBHH H J(pyrHX 'laCTeH HM:n:epCKOH rpeHaJ(epCKOH ,llH.BH3HH «rox-~-,D;eH'IMeifcrep»)

uocHJIH Hal( o6mnaroM rrpasoro p}'KaBa

MyH.rCHpa 11epuyro MaH)f(eTH)'IO nemy C 6eJIOH KaHMOH H Ha,mrnCblO 6eJihiMH I"'TH''ecKHMH nHTepaMH «rox-~-,[(eH'IMeifcrep».

Y HHX 6I>m csoif J(eBH3: «51 C.JIY'KY PeH:xy (MMnepHH), MOH ropo,ll Ha3I>IBaeTCJI Bena» (HeM. Dem Reich ich dien', mein' Stadt heisst Wien). KpoMe roro, 134-if rpeuaJ(epcKHH noJIK «rox-~-,D;eiAMeifcrep» nOJI)"'HJJ OC06)'10 IIpHBHJiermo HMeTh OJ(HOBpeMeHHO 2 3HaMeHH.

287

O.IUIHM H3 HHX 6I>mo o6I>Itrnoe 3Hawl nexOTIIoro nom<a repMaHCI<Oro BepMaxTa, .l{pyrHM -

crapmmoe )l(eJITOe 3HaWI ill 6ara.m.OHa 4-ro

nexOTIIoro nom<a «fox-}'H',n-):{eift:IMeH:CTep» 6~>mmeH: aBCTpHHCI<OH apMHH. C 3THM 3HaMeHeM 6bUia, B CBOIO oqepe,ll;b, CBH3aHa OC06aH HCTOpiDI. B 1868 r. B aBCTpHHCI<OH apMHH 6I>Uia BBe~eHa HOBaH HHCTp)'KUIDI, COI'JlaCHO KOTOpOH B neXOTIIbiX llOJIKaX 3HaMeHa OCTaBmiJIHCb TOJILI<O I H II 6ara.m.oHaM. 3HaMeHa I 6ara.m.oHOB 6I>UIH 6enoro UBeTa. C H306pa)l(eHHeM ~ByrJiaBOI'O HMnepCI<OI'O opna fa6c6yproB Ha aBepce H o6pa3oM IIpHcHo~eBbi MapHH Ha peBepce; 3HaMeHa II 6araJILOHOB -

)l(eJITOro UBeTa, CH306pa)l(eHHeM HMIIepci<Oro .z:tByrJiaBOI'O

opna Ha o6eHX CTOpoHax. II 6aTanbOHY 4-ro nexOTIIoro MMneparopci<Oro (H) KoponeBci<Oro nexOTIIoro nom<a «fox-}'H',n-,[{eifo:IMeH:crep», B KaqeCTBe HCKJDO'llil'eJThHOH npHBHJierHH, 6bUIO BpyqeHO 6biBmee 3Hawr ill 6ara.m.oHa nom<a, npocnaBHBmerocg cBOeH: ~o6neCThiO B ABcrpo-npyccKoH soifiie 1866 r. B 1889 r. 6bUIH ynpa3.rtHeHbi Bee 3HaMeHa Bcex II-x 6ara.m.oHoB llOnKOB aBCTpHHCI<OH apMHH; 3HaMeHa OCTanHCb J1HIIIb 8 1-X 6ara.m.oHax. OAHai<O 4-H: MMneparopcmH: (H) Koponescl<Hii nexOTIIbrn nonK «fox-}'H'.n-):{e~eHCTep»,

no.z:taB COOTBeTCTByiOmee npomeHHe Ha

HWI HMneparopa·<l>paHUa-HocH<Pa I, nonyqHJI npHBHJierniO coxpaHHTh B KaqeCTBe e,nHHCTBeHHoro 3HaMeHH 3Hawr He I, a ill 6aTa.m.oHa. 3Hawr I 6arani>oHa oCTanoc~> B nonKy Ha se~oe xpaHeHHe. B nepHO.z:t fa6c6yprci<OH MOHapXHH K.npeBKaM 3HaMeH «~e~eH CTepOB» 6bUIH npmq>enneHbl llO'leTHbie llawiTHbie neHThi He6eCHOrony6oro UBeTa c 30flOTOH KaifMoH: H BbliiiHTbiMH 30flOTOH HHThlO MeCTaMH H ~aTaMH KpymteHmHX cpa)l(emrli: C 'l)'pKaMH-OCMaHaMH, npyccaKaMH <l>pH.npHXa BeJIHI<Oro, <PPaHJlY3aMH HanoneoHa EoHanapra, HTaJILmcKoH: apMHeH: Cap,nHHCI<Oro I<OponesCTBa (Th.eMoHTa) H BOHCKaMH B03rnaBJUJ:eMoro IlpyccHeH: CeBeporepMaHCI<Oro coi03a,

288

B KOTOpLIX OTJIH'IHJIHCL aBCipHHCKHe TeBTOHLI: «3EHTA 1699», «KO~

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292

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HOCHJICJI He Ha qepHOH, a Ha 6eJIOH C 'IepHhiMH llOJIOCKaMH weJll(()BOH neHTe. B OTJIH'IHe OT caMoro TeBTOHCKOro phlllapcKOro op.n:ena fa6c6yproB, OCTaBaBWefOCJI llO CBOeM}' COCTaB}' CTpOI'O pHMCKOKaTO.IDI'leCKHM H He .n:onycKaBwero B csou PJI.ll:hi <<HHOCJiaBHhOO>, B «MapHaHCK)'IO JIHHHIO)) 6Lm OTKpLIT ,n:ocryn H IIpOTeCTa.HTaM. B nee 61.m npHHJIT B Ka':leCTBe noqemoro KOMTypa .n:ll)Ke repMaHci<HH HMneparop BHJIL:rem.M II roreHI.{OJIJiepH (HeB3HpiDI Ha TO,

'ITO

JIBJllUICJI np.!IMLIM noroMKOM <<y:JypnaTOpa>> B1IaCTH TeBTOHcKOro op.n:ena HM Ilpyccueii -

ueponoMHoro roXMeiicrepa A.m.6pexra ¢on

roreHUOJIJiepu-AHc6axa!). HMO CKa3aTb,

'ITO

KaH3ep BHJILreJihM II

BeCbMa rop,n:HJICJI CBOeH IIpHHa,u.Jie)I(J{OCThiO K TeBTOHCKOM}' op,n:eny. b}?zy'IH O,n:HOBpeMeHHO ,n:ep)l(aBHhiM IIpOTeKTOpoM (llOKpOBHTeJieM)

IIpOTeCTaHTCKOH BeTBH .n:pyroro -

HOaHHHTCKOI'O (MaJihmHCKOI'O)

op,n:eua (TaK Ha3hl8aeMoro <<IipaH,n:eu6yprcKOro 6aJIJie11 phlllapcKOro op.n:ena rocmrra.Jij{ Cugroro HoaHHa,

'ITO

B HepycaJIHMe))), BHJIL-

reJibM II uocHJI ua mee couepmeHHo )'HHK3.JibHhiH, KOM6mmposaHHhiH 3HaK CBOeH IIpHHa,u.Jie)I(J{OCTH K o60HM op,n:eHaM -

60JiblliOH

6eJibiH BOCLMH)THOJibHhiH HOaHHHTCKHH (MaJihmHCKHH) KpeCT C 30JIOTbiMH KOpOHOBaHHhiMH O,n:HOIJiaBLIMH npyccKHMH OpJiaMH Me)I(,Ay nyqaMH H c HaJIO)I(eHHLIM ua nero Jian':lan.IM ':lepHhiM, c cepe6pmoii KaHMOH H KpaCHhiM KpeCTOM B KpyrnOM 6eJIOM ueUTpaJihHOM Me,n:aJibOHe, KOM'I)'PCKHM KpeCTOM <<MapnaHCKOH JIHHHH)) TeBTOHCKoro op,n:ena ua 6enoii, c ':lepHhiMH nonocKaMH, MapHaHCKOH neHTe.

296

IlpH roXMeiiCTepe aBCTpHHCKHX TeBTOHOB 3pQrepuore Ma.KcHMHJimme fa6c6ypre, rnaBHLIM o6pa30M 6naro.rtap.11 ycHJIHJIM pe<l>opMaropa op.z:teHa Ilerepa PHrnepa, 6para-CB.J~meHHHI<a H npo<Peccopa 6orocnosHJI, op.z:teH ,ll;eBI>I MapHH 6I>m -

s oqepe.z:tHOH pa3 -

no.rt-

sepmyr KOpeHHOH 1paHC<l>OpMaQHH. Ta.K, B ero paMK.aX 6I>m BOCC03.z:laH HHcnnyr op.z:teHCKHX ceCTep. Op.z:teH no-npe:>KHeMY npHHHMan B P.IIJU>l CBOHX 6parbeB-phlllapeH npe.z:tCTaBHTeneH 6naropO.z:tHI>IX potlOB, HO s Hero TaJOKe scrynano see 6oni>llle CTy.UeHTOs 6orocnosHJI, ycJIY)KaiOII.tHX 6pan.es H Ta.K Ha3I>maeMI>IX cecrep-acDHpaHTOK (coHCKaTe1II>HHI(). Bcero 3a HecKOJihKO neT npH OpAeHe o6pa3osanach seci>Ma coBpeMeHHaJI H tlHHaMH'IHaJI tlJIJI TOI'O BpeMeHH CeCTpHHCKaJI KOHrpera.I.'(HJI.

K 1900 r. Ha reppHTOpHH ABC1pO-BeHrepCKOH, HJIH, Ka.K ror-

.rta rosopHJIH, ,ll;yaaiicKOii, MOHapXHH fa6c6ypros Hac<nlThiB3JIOCh 6onee 1000 CeCTep TeBTOHCKOI'O Op.z:teHa, HeCIIIHX CBOC CJIY)KeHHe B

70 op.rteHCKHX rocmrra.IDIX, 6om,HHI(ax, npiDOTax, IIII<Dnax, .rteTCKHX ca,uax H npHXo.rtax, a KpOMe roro, 6onee 1000 p~>mapeii, <l>aMHJIHapos H csJIII{eHHHKOB TeBTOHCKoro op.z:teHa, no.rto6Ho HOaHHHTaM, 3aHJIThiM I1IaBHLIM o6pa30M CaHHTapHOH (rocmrrani>HOH) cJI}?K6oH B ycnOBHHX KaK soiim.I, Ta.K H MHpa. Ilocne na,ueHHJI ABcrpo-BeHrepCKOH MOHapXHH s 1918 r. 3eMem,m.Ie sna,ueHHJI TeBTOHCKoro opAeHa OKa3aJIHCh Ha reppHTOpHH llleCTH I'OC)'tlapcTB, DOCDCIIlliBIIIHX (3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM HTanHH) HX IIpHCBOHTh. foXMCHCTep (.rteH<IMeHCTepOM OH ce6.11 )')ICC He HMCHOBan, B CBJI3H c He.llcHocn.ro sonpoca, JIBnJieTCJI JIH ABcrpiDicKaJI pecny6nHKa qacn.IO fepMaHHH) 3purepUOr 0HreH {EsreHHif) <l>oH fa6c6ypr npeo6pa3osan TeBTOHCKHH p~>mapcKHii op.rteH s qHCTO ,eyxosm.IH, HJIH KnepHKaJ'Ihm.IH {MOHaiiiecKHii), op.z:teH, so rnaBe KOTOporo c

1923 I:,

KaK

)')ICC I'OBOpHJIOCh B.blllle, CTOHT Karo~CCKHH CBJilllCH-

HHK. IJocne):tHee 6J>IDO CBJI3aHO C HaMepeHHeM He tlarh HOBhiM aB-

297

CTpHHCKHM pecny6moomcKHM BJiaCTIIM KOHtPHCKOBaTb HM)'IlleCTBO op,neHa KaK -

.sn<o6LI! -

qacn, HM)'IlleCTBa cseprnyroif .wrnacnm

fa6c6ypros. HHcnnyr TeBI'OHCKHX 6pan.es-p1>~apeif 61>m JIHKBHAHposaH, e,nHHCTBeHHbiMH qneHa.MH Op,neHa He CB~eHHHtieCKOfO 3BaHIDI OCTa.rrHCb tPaMHJIHapbi, H3 tiHCfla KOTOpbiX BepXOBHbiH MailiCTp nocne Bropoif MHpOBOH BOHHLI Ha3Haqaer noqeTHI>rx p~>mapeif (pLIuapeif tieCTH).

TEBTOHCKMM OPAEH B 3nOXY AMKTATOPOB ITocne aHIIIJilOCa {BK1IlOtieHIDI ABcrpHH B cocras HaQHOHanCOUHa.rrHCTHtiecKOif BCJIHI<OrepMaHCKOH HMIIepHH) B 1938 r. TeBrOHcKHif op,neH (s OTnHtiHe, HanpHMep, or op,neHa Cs.srroro MoauHa MepycanHMcKOro) 6bUI 3anpemeH, ero HM)'IlleCTBO KOHtPHCKOBaHO. B <Pespane 193 8 r. Ta )J(e cym.6a nocrnrna op,neHCJ<YIO rrpoBHHilHIO B qexocnoBaKHH, no3,nHee- B CnoseHHH. TeBTOHCKHH op,neH coxpaHHnc~

,no KOHUa BOHHLI TOJII>KO Ha TeppHTOpHH HTaJibmCKOro lQ)l(-

HOfO THpo~, x~ H TaM no,nsepranc~ rrpHTecHeHIDIM co cropOIIbi tPaiiiHCTCKHX BJiaCTCH, HO ~e DO coo6pa)l(eHIDIM Hai.(HOHa.rrHCTHtieCKOro, a He H,neonornqecKoro nop.R,lO<a. B HOBOH «PHMcKOH: HMnepHH» MycconHHH see ,noJDKHo 6Lmo 6blTh poMaHCKHM, HTani>mCKHM, H Ha 3TOM tl>oHe HeMeuKHif TeBTOHcKHii (nyCTh _na)l(e crporo KaTOJIH'leCKHH, sepHO rrpe,naHHbiH pHMCKOM)' nanCKOM)' rrpecrony) op,neH BOCIIpHHHMaflC~ KaK ~Hbrn ,nHccoHaHc.

TeM He MeHee ,n;yqe HTaJibmCKO-

ro <PamH3Ma H3 ~eHIDI K nane, c KOTOpbiM tl>aiiiHCTCKM MTaniDI 3aKIIIOtiHna KOHKOp,naT, oCTaBHJI He6oJiblliHe BJia,ueHIDI TeBTOHcKoro op,neua B IO)l(HOM THpone (aHHCKCHpOBaHHOM MTa.rrHCH y ABcrpHH nocne ITepsoH: MHpOBOH somlbr) B HerrpHKocuoseHHOCTH. . Jlro60DbiTHO,

tiTO

napanneJibHO C IIpHTeCHeHIDIMH COBpeMeH-

HOfO HM TeBrOHCKOro op,neHa repMaHCKHe HaUHOHan-coUHa.rrHCThi

298

HeyCTaHHO BOCneBaJIH CJiaBHLie ,l:(e.JIHIDI cpe,lllleBeKOBbiX TeBTOHCKHX p~>mapeii

B I1pyccmr. PeanLHLlli opJJ;eH 6Lm JIHKBH.ZnfPOBaH, ero CB.JI-

meHHHIGf H MOHaxHHH mmieHLI cpeJJ;CTB C)'llleCTBOBaHIDI, pbiUapH 3<meceHLI B <<'lepHLie CnHCKH». Ho ycep,m~oe HJJ;eonornqecKoe «KIDKJJ;eHHe» ua~CTOB OTllaM-ocnoBaren.JIM npecneJJ;yeMoro HMH B peamnoii )I(H3HH TeBTOHCKoro opJJ;ena 6pocHna na nocne,llHHH TaK]'lO TeHL, 'ITO HCManO KpHTH'!CCKHX CTpeJI H no CeH JJ;eHL JieTHT B Hero KaK B.JIK06LI! -

npeATeqy naQnonan-co~aJIH3Ma. Bee ofu..JICH.JieTC.JI JJ;o-

BOJILHO IIpOCTO. Bo-nepB~>IX, snacT.s~M

npeJJ;ep:>KaiUHM nrrnepoBcKoro TpeTbero

peiixa ue upaBnnacb Tecna.JI CB113b KaTonwiecKoro TeBTOHCKoro opJJ;eHa CnanCKHM npeCTOJIOM -

Be,l:(b eme HeMeU:KHe «HapOJJ;HHKH»-

HaQHOHanHCThl (neM. «<l>enLKHUie»), B qacTHoCTH reuepan 3pux JliOJJ;eHJJ;Op<l>, BCCbMa OTPHQaTenbHO OTHOCHnHCb K «HHTepHaQHOHaJibHbiM» (TO ecTI:,, no HX y6e:>KJJ;eHHIO, aHTHHaU:HOHanbHbiM) CHJiaM -

KaTOJIHQH3MY (B nepByiO oqepeJJ;b -

He3ynTaM, HO He

TOJibKO!), <l>paHKMaCOHCTBy, MapKCH3MY H Me)l():(ynapOJJ;HOMy eBpeHCTBy. Bo-BTOpbiX, TcBTOHCKHH opJJ;eH K onHCI>maeMOMY BpeMeHH nonIIOCTI>Io YTParnJI CBOH npe:>KHHH 6oeBOH JJ:YX, npeBpaTHBIIrnCb B 'IHCTO 6YTa<l>opcK]'lO opraHH3a.I.(HlO -

neqro BpoJJ;e narnero coBpeMeH-

uoro Coio3a xopyrnenocQeB (ron~>Ko ne npasocnasnoro, a pHMcKoKaTOJIHtiecKoro). B -TPCTLHX, y repMaHCKOro

n~onan-co~anuCTH'!ecKoro

PYKO-

BOACTBa CYIQeCTBOBan nnaH yqpe,IJ;HTh CBOH co6cTBeHllbiH «0pJJ;eH 3a 3acnym nepeA u~eiD> noA Ha3BaHHeM <<,l{eH'!ep OpJJ;eH>> (neM. Deutscher Orden), TO eCTI> «HeMel.U<HH (TeBTOHCKHH) opJJ;eH>>, no <l>opMe BeCLMa HanOMHHaBurnH TeBTOHCKHH

Jlan'!<ri'I>IH

KpeCT, HO C

JJ;06aBJieHHeM KpyrJIOro QeHTPanbHOro MeJJ;anbOHa B BHJJ;e naPTHH:HOro 3Ha'IKa HC,gAII co cBaCTHKOii, ci<pemeHHbiX Meqeu, .zzy6oBI>IX

299

JIHcn.es H oJU{ornasoro rnrneposcKoro opna c pacnpoCTepn.IMH KpLIJILJIMH. TaKHM o6pa30M, petiL mna o6 OTI<posemmii: cneKyiD~I.tHH HauHOHan-COI.(Ha.JIHCTOB Ha HCTOpHH cpe,lU{eBeKOBOH npyccKOH senm TesTOHCKOI'O op.r.teHa, TpaKTOBaBWeHCR HauHCTCKHMH H,I.teOnOraMH (OC06emi0 .Am,cppe.r.toM Po3eH6eproM) KaK HCTOpHR «6aCTHoHa apHii:cKOro XpHCTHaHCTBa llpOTHB HailiCKa Me>K,I.tyHapOJU{OI'O CKOIIHIUa He,l.{OlfenoseKOB». C YlfeTOM 3TOfO nnaHa COBepweHHO DOMTHLIM CTaHOBHTCR CTpeMneHHe HaUHOHan-COUHMHCTH'IeCKOfO pe:>KHMa flHKBH,I.tHpOBaTL opraHH3aUHIO, HMeHYJO~YIOCR HeMeUKHM {TesTOHCKHM) op.r.teHoM no npasy. Ilnoxyro CJI)?K6y «KasanepaM IlpecsRToH ~eBLI MapHID> cocJI)?KHno H e~e OAHO o6croRTenLcTBo. B nepHo.r.t Beii:MapcKoH pecrry6nHKH

(1918-1933) B repMaHHH CyiUeCTBOBMH

cne,eyiD~He TpH opraHH3aUHH, KOTOpLie rryTMH (H Hepe,I.tKO npo-

,l.{Ofl)l(alOT rryTaTL no ceii: .r.teHL!) c HCTOPHlfeCKHM (HnH ronoBHLIM) TeBTOHCKHM (HeMeUKHM) Op,I.teHOM H3-3a CXO,l.{HLIX Ha3BaHHH H CXO,l.{HOH CHMBOflHKH:

1) OCHOBaHHLIH exue ,l.{O IJepBOH MHpOBOH BOHHLI TaHHLIH C0103 «repMaHeH-Op.r.teH» (repMaHCKHH op,I.teH), B KOTOpLIH BXO,l.{HflO, Me)I(,I.ty npOlfHM, apHOCOcpCKOe 06IUeCTBO «Tyne», H3 He,I.tp KOTOporo, no YTBep)l(,l.{eHWIM HeKOTOpLIX cospeMeHHLIX «KOHCnHponoros», RK06LI sLimna HC~AII ('ITo, snpo<JeM, npe.r.tcTaBfljleTCR BeCLMa COMHHTenbHLIM);

2) Co103 6oii:uos 6enLIX .r.to6posOJIL<IecKHX KOprrycos, 6oposmHXCR llpOTHB repMaHCKHX 6onLmeBHKOB B 1918-1923 IT., DO,l.{ Ha3BaHHeM <<HeMeUKHii: {TeBTOHcKHii) op.r.teiD> (<~eii:qep Op.r.teiD>), He HMeswHii: c HCTOpH<JecKHM pHMcKo-KaronH<JecKHM TeBTOHCKHM {HeMeUKHM) op.r.teHoM HHlfero o6~ero, KpOMe HaJBaHHjl H 3M6neMLI ~a

300

c np.IIMLIM qepHLIM KpeCTOM;

6enoro

3) OCHOBaiDiasl OcpHUepOM-cppoliTOBHKOM, BeTepaHOM 6eJioro ,no6pOBOJTh'leCKOI"' KOpnyca H <<KOHCepB<mmHbiM peBOJTIOUHOHepoM» Ap1YpOM MapayHOM B 1919 r. npasasr HaUHOHaJIHCTH'IeCKM opnum:3aUHJI «Mrra.noHeMe~ (Mna,noreBTOHcKilli) op,neiD>, no-HeMe~ «IOHr,nemep Op,neH», coKpamemiO «IOHmo». «0p).{eHCKHe 6parMI» Mapa)'HOBCKOI"' «IOHr.Z:.O» HOCHJIH 3Ha'IK.H B cpopMe 6enoro I.qHTI<a C qepHbiM KpeCTOM (HO He <<KnaCCH'leCKOID> TeBTOHCKOH, a MaJlbTHHCKOH cpopMLI, C «naCTOliKHllbiMH XBOCTaMID> Ha KOHUax), a «op,neHCKHe cecrpLD> -

TaKHe :lKe 3Ha'IK.H (Ho c -rpex-

nyqeBI>IMH KpeCTaMH). 3Haw~ <<IOHmo» npe,nCTaBruiJio co6oH: 6enoe nom.Yrnm~e

c qepHbiM MMLTHHCKHM KpeCTOM. Bo3se,wr caM ce6.s~ B

Call BepXOBHOI"' MarHCTpa yqpe)l(.UeHHOI"' HM <<Mna,nOTeBTOHCKOI"' op,neHa>>, AP1YP Mapa)'H noJTh3osanc.s~ BHyrpH op.neHa HenpepeKaeMLIM aBTOpHTeTOM, OimpasiCI> Ha CBOH C06CTBeHHl>Ie I<a.IJHTYl1, 6am..si)I(H

H KOMTYPOB, CKOimpOBaHHl>IX CO CTaporo (ronOBHOI"') TeBTOHCK0-

1"0 op.neua.

IIocKO.m.K}' 3KcrpeMHCTCKHe nomrrH'leCKHe opraHH3artHH, np~ cne.eyromHe cxo,nuLie ~emf, u<m6onee .s~poCTHo 6opiOTC.si He c rnasHbiM, H,neononrqecKHM BparoM, a .npyr C .npyroM (KaK 3TO npOHCXO,AHJIO _no He,naBHHX nop H B HaiiieM MHOI"'CTpa,na.!ThHOM 0retJeCTBe), rmneposcKM naprn.s~ HC.AAIT H <<Mna.noreBTOHCKHH op,neiD> .npyr .npyra Ha JI.YX He BI>IHOCHJIH, HO TeM He MeHee CXO,nCTBO Me)l{,l()' HHMH 61>m0 80 MHOI"'M pa3HTem.HbiM, KaK, BnpO'IeM, H CXO,nCTBO CKOMM)'HHCTaMH. He 3p.si se.n~> rosapHm CTaJIHH rosopHn o csoeH: KoMM}'HHCTH'IecKOH: naprnH, KaK o6 «op.neHe Me'leHoc~eB», a peH:xccpwpep CC reupHX rHMMnep 0 CBOeH <<'IepHOH rsap.znm>> KaK o6 «Op,neHe nop,nH'IeCKHX M)')KeiD> (c ero nerKOH: p)'KH CC H

CTaJIH

Ha3LIBaTh

«qepHbiM Op,neHOM»). fiocne npHXo,na rHTnepa K BJiaCTH «Mrra,noTeBTOHCKHH op,ncH» 61>m pacnymeH, a CaM AP1YP Mapa)'H apecroBaH H 3aKJIIO'ICH B KOHUeHipallHOHHl>tH narepL. 301

Me)l(.lty TeM BLICIDHe IIaJ>THHHbie IDKOJibl HC,[.(AII (HO He IOHKepcKHe yqHJIHm;a CC!) pa3Mem;arrHcL B op,neHCKHX 3aMKax (op,neHc6yprax). ,[Vul BCKapMJIHBaHIDI HOBOH 3JIHTLI B TpeTLeM peifxe 6LIJIH co3,naHLI op,neHCKHe 3aMKH KpeccHH3ee, 3oHrro<PeH H <l>orerrb3aHr (<l>orerrL3aHroM, KCTaTH, Ha3LIBarrcJI nepBLIH 3aMoK cpe.nHeBeKoBoro TeBTOHCKoro op,neHa, IIOCTPOeHHLrn B cBoe BpeMJI «MapHaHaMH» B KyrrLMCKOH 3eMJie). Hai.{HOHarr-coi.{HaJIHCTHqecKHe <l>YHKI.{HOHepLI, rrpome,nmHe o6yqeHHe B op,neHCKHX 3aMKax, norryqarrH noqeTHoe rrpaBo HOCHTL Ha,n o6mrraroM rrpaBoro pyKaBa CBOero KOpHqHeBoro IIaJ>THHHOro MYfl,AHpa MaEDKeTHYJO JieHTY

(HeM. «3pMeJILIDTPeif<Pem>) C Ha3BaHHeM 3aMKa, B KOTOpOM OHH o6yqaJIHCb, BbiiiOJIHeHHbiM roTHqecKHMH JlHTepaMH.

B CBOeH peqH, IIpOH3HeCeHHOH B 1936 r. B op,neHCKOM 3aMKe Hai.{HCTOB 30HTro<l>eH, A,norrL<P fHTrrep IIpOB03rJiaCHJl CBOIO rrapTHIO -

HC,[.(AII -

«IIOJIHTHqecKHM op,neHOM». OH rro,nqepKHYJI,

qTO «IIapmJI ,AOJI)K}Ia rrpe,ACTaBJIJITb C060H op,neH, KOTOpbiH ,AOJl)l{eH rapaHTI~pOBaTb CTa6HJibHOCTb <PopMHpOBaHIDI HeMei.{KOH BOJIH H IIOTOMY o6ecrreqHBaTb CTa6HJibHOCTb IIOJIHTHqeCKOro pyKOBO,ACTBa».

A B .npyroif CBOeH peqn, IIpOH3HeCeHHOH B ,AOeyMeHTaJibHOM <PHJlbMe JleHH PH<PeHIDTaJIL «TPHYM<l> BOJIID>, <Propep TpeTbero peifxa 3aJIBHJI: <TIDI 3aHMeTCJI OT6opoM PYKOBO.IVIII.{HX Ka,ApOB .AJIJI Hapo,na. B CBOeM yqeHHH OHa 6y.neT IIOCTOJIHHOH, B CBOeif OpraHH3ai.{HH -

TBep,nOH, KaK CTaJib, B CBOeH TaKTHKe -

rn6KOH

H 3JiaCTHqHoH. B l.{erroM oHa 6y.neT rro,no6Ha op,neny».

B 6biBmcif pe3H,neHI.{HH roxMeHcTepoB TeBToHcKoro op,neHa -

3aMKe Mapnen6ypr-Ha-HoraTe- rrpn fnTrrepe rrpoHcxo,nHrr

TOp)l{eCTBeHHbiH rrpneM HeMei.{KHX IDKOJlbHHKOB B qJieHbl rHTJieproreH,na (opraHH3ai.{HH rHTJiepoBCKOH MOJIO,Ae)I{H). Ho BHHbl IIO,AJIHHHbiX, HCTOpHqeCKHX, TeBTOHCKHX pbii.{apeif BO BCeM 3TOM HeT. 302

0HH nOBHJiHI,I s 3TOM He 6oJILme, qeM, cKIDKeM, CTpOKreJIL MoCKOBCKOro KpeMIDI ApHCTOTem. <l>HopasaiiTH, 3o,z:ttmH IloKpoBcKOro co6opa .DapMa IloCTHHK H co3.l{areJIL B03se.nemmro Ha KpacHoii TIJioma;:u~

nawrrmn<a rpaJK.Aamrny Mmnmy H KIDI3IO IIo)f{apcKOM}'

CI<)'Jfbrrrop llsaH Maproc- s TOM, qro Ha cpoHe :rrnx .nopornx sc.srKOM}' pyccKOM}' cep.zmy CB.slThiHL «rom.re nHoHepbr-nemnnn.m .nec.srTIDIC'I'IDIMH 6e33aBeTHO KJ1jiJIHCb «6biTb BCer;n:a roTOBbiMH K 6opb6e 3a .neno KOMM)'HHCTH'IeCKOH napnum nepe.n Mas3oneeM «.ao6poro ,l.le.zzyun<H Jlemrna». TeM ue MeHee HeMHorne ynenesmHe B .Dorel\mH H MopasHH, CnoseHHH H Xopsanrn qnem.r HCTOp~ecKOro TeBTOHCKOro op.neHa He H36e)l(aJIH penpeccHii KOMM)'HHCTifqeCKHX BJiacreii, BH.l{eBIIIHX B HHX «npe,lliiieCTBeHHHKOB H H,l{emiX B,l{OXHOBJITeJieH repMaHCKOro Hal.Uf3Ma». TaK, OT 6e360)l(HbiX BJiaCTeii nocrpa.nan roXMeiicrep TeBTOHOB 6par P06ep1' lllemU<Hif, CKOH'laBmHHC.sl B KOMM)'HHCTifqeCKOM }'3H11Hme B 1948 r. KaK ~eHHI< 3a XpHCTa H Ero IIpeqRC'I)'IO MaTeph.

CI»A3A TEHE&PAU.I.U1 IIocne OKOH'laHH.sr Bropoii MHpOBOH BOHHbi Ha'lanocb nocreneHnoe B03po)l(.l{eirne TeBTOHCKoro op.neHa -

cHaqana s AscrpHH (}')l(e

B 1945 r.) H O.llHOBpeMemm- nocne 145-nernero nepepbma -

fepMaHHH, a nocne «6apxarm.IX pesomol:(Hii» B BoCTO'IHOH Espone- TaK)f{e B qeum, Cnosai<HH, XopBaTHH H Cnosemm. B Hacro.srmee BpeWI OH HOCIIT OcpHI.\HaJILHOe Ha3BaHHe «l>paTh.sl HeMeqi<Oro (TeBTOHCKOro) CTpamionpHHMHoro ,l(oMa Cs.srTOii MapHH, qro B HepycaJIHMe» (Fratres domus hospitalis Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum

in Jerusalem), coKpamemio <<HeMerU<Hif (TeBTOHcKHii) op.neH» (Ordo Teutonicorum HJIH npocro OT). 303

Pe3ImeHl{WI roXMeH:crepa uaxo,UHTc.sr B Bene no a,npecy: IUrepuracce, 7. Cero,nHH 61>mmee .zzyxosuo-p~>mapcKoe 6paTCTBo npe.n;CTaBJUieT

co6oH: 'IHCTO KJiepHI<a.1IbHbiH (.zzyxosHJ>rn) op.nen, KOCTHK

Koroporo coCTaBJUilOT I<.mqmKH,

HJIH

CBHll.leHHHI<H. B 3TY M)')KCK)'IO

BeTBJ> HHI<opnopHposaua Kourperai..\IDI cecrep TesroucKoro op.neua, nomme Ha3saHHe KoropoH: -

«Cecrpbl HeMei.U<oro (TeBToHcKoro)

)];oMa CrurroH: MapHH, 'ITO B MepycaJIHMe». Bl>ICillHMH p)'I<oso.zurreJUIMH

(HX )')Ke He Ha3J>IBaiOT re6HTHTepa.MH!) o6eHX serseH: op.neua

HBJVOOTc.sr o.znm H re )l(e JIHI.{a. B Tesrouci<HH op.neu acpHIUIHpoBaH H ynoMHHasiiiHiic.sr Ha.MH BJ>nne, coCTOHIUHii H3 MHpHH HHCTlfiYT cpaMHJIHapos. Ilocne VI BaTHI<aHcKOro co6opa nana pHMci<Hii Ilasen VI .napoBaJI roXMeHCTepyTesroucKOro op.neua npaso HOCHTh Boco6o rop)l(eCTBeHHJ>IX cnyqWIX enucKOnCK)'IO MHTPY H nocox, ypasHHB ero «no qeCTID> c

Kap,nm~aJia.MH-apxuenucKOna.MH

PHMcKo-I<aT01IH'IecKOH

~epi<BH.

B o6LJtrHoe speMH sepxosHJ>lli Marncrp cospeMeHHJ>rx TeBTOHOB uocHT qepuyiO CYTaH)' c Mer3JIJIHllecKHM TeBTOHCKHM roXMeHCTepCKHM I<peCTOM Hanponm ~epKOBHbiX

cep~a,

nosepx KOTOpoH B .znm .nsyua.necHTJ>rx

npa3.l{HHKOB H Ha pa31IINHJ:,IX Ocpm.:(Ha1IbHbiX MepOnpiDI-

TIDIX (HanpHMep, npH OCBHll.leHHH op,neHCKHX 6o.Jib~, rocnHTaJieH, yqe6HJ>IX H 61JaroTBOpHTe.JibHbiX 3aBe,ll,eHHJ1: H T.,n.) roXMeHCTep Ha,nesaer 6e.Jibrn op.neuci<HH IDiam: co csoHM ,noJDKHoCTHJ>IM rep6oBJ>IM I<peCTOM Ha nesoM IDielie. CosceM ue.nasuo, B 2008 r:, 61>m o6pereu c'IHTaslliHHc.sr YTPalieHHJ>IM c 1938 r: napa.nu~>rn IlleH:Hblli I<peCT roxMeH:crepa TesroHcKoro p~>ll\apcKOro op.neua, yi<pallleHHJ>rn 6pH1I1IHauTa.MH, -

no.napoK ascrpHH:cKoro HMnepaTopa p~a-Mocucpa I.

0praHH3a.QHOHHaH crp)'K'IYpa cospeMeHHoro MOHalllecKOro TesTOHCI<Oro op.neua (<d>paTJ>eB HeMelli<Oro .l(oMa CrurroH: MapHH, B MepycaJIHMe»,

HeM.

Jerusalem) BbiiiDI.rtHT cne.nyroiJ.O{M o6pa3oM. 304

'ITO

Brueder vom Deutschen Haus St. Marien in

Bo rn:me op.ueHa ,ll;eBLI MapHH, I<aK H B 6LUILie BpeMeHa, CTOHT BepXOBHLIH MarnCTp (MoHamecKOro 3BaHID1). CoBemarem.HLIM opra.HOM npH BepxoBHOM MarnCTpe KBrnleTCR feHepam.HLIH COBeT {feHepam.paT). KpoMe roXMeifcrepa, noCTOHHHI>IMH 'UieHaMH feHepam.Horo coBeTa TeBToHci<oro op.ueHa miDIJOTCR: 1) reHepam.m,m npoi<yparop; 2) tierLipe reHepam.HLIX COBeTHHI<a; 3) reHepam.HLIH Cei<perapL: 4) reHepam.HLIH 3I<OHOM: 5) reHepam.HaR accHcreHTI<a; 6) aCCHCTeHTI<a; 7) 3I<cnePT OT HHcnnyra <t>aMHJIHapaB TeBTOHCI<Oro op~Ha. feHepam.HLIH nporcyparop ITOCTOj!HHO npe6Lmaer B PHMe B I<.atieCTBe nocna TeBTOHCI<Oro opAeHa npH PHMci<oM Anocrom.cKOM (rranci<oM) npecrone. feHepaJILHLIH Cei<peTapL RBIDieTCR a,llMHHHCTpaTHBHLIM ynOJIHOMOtieHHLIM BepXOBHOI'O MarnCTpa ITO Tei<}'IIl:eH ynpaBJieJftleCI<OH pa6ore H JaMeCTHTeneM roXMeifcrepa B cnyqae 6one3HH nocne,llHero. feHepam.HLIH 3I<OHOM OTBetiaer 3a <l>HHaHCOBLie BOnpOCLI H BOllpoCLI JIOmCTHI<H. feHepam.HaR aCCHCTeiiTI<a H aCCHCTeHTI<a npe,llCTaBIDUOT B feHepanLHOM coBere HHTepecLI ceCTpHHCI<OH cJI)')I<6LI TeBTOHCKOro op)..(eHa. feHepam.HLie COBenJHKH npe,llCTaBIDUOT HHTepeCLI Op,neHCI<HX npoBHHI.OiH. 3I<CITePT OT HHcnnyra <t>aMHJIHapoB npeACTaBJUieT mrrepecLI <t>aMwrnapoB TeBTOHCKOro opAeHa. HapH.Zzy c feHepam.HLIM coBeroM B opAeHci<oif CTpyKTyPe cymeCTByroT JbrrypmtieCI<ajf KOMHCCHjf {KOMHCCHjJ: ITO JIHTYPmKe) H KoMHCCHjf co6CTBeHHoro npaBa TeBTOHCKOro OpAeHa. B HaCTOmr(ee BpeMR cyii{eCTByror rum, TeBTOHCI<HX ;opAeHci<HX npOBHHUHH: 305

1) liTaJIIDI (25 CB.IIllleiDIHKOB, 2 I<JIHPHKa, 1 I<.ali,Wi,l:(aT H 9 ycrry)f(aJOIQHX

6paTbeB);

2) fepMaHIDI (8 CBmiJ;eiDIHKOB, 4 I<JIHPHI<a, 3 nocrryniHHI<.a, 2 KaH;:t:H.naTa H 1 ycJiy)f(arowrn 6par); 3) .ABCTpiDI (6 CBmiJ;eHHHKOB, 2 K1IHpHKa H 1 ycJiy)f(aiO~H 6par); 4) CnoBeHIDI (6 CBJIII{eHHHKOB); 5) qeXOCJIOBaKIDI (3 KaH;:t:H,naTa), HeCMOTpji Ha pa3.zteJieHHe 6hmmeH qccp na .nBa rocYJ:tapCTBa- qeXHro H CnoBaKHIO. Tai<HM o6pll3oM, B TeBTOHCKOM op.nene B nacromnee BpeMjl coCTO~ BCero 72

op.neHCKHX 6para. Op.nencKHe ceCTpbi TaK)f(e pacnpe-

.neneni>I no BceM ~ npoBHH~: fepMaHIDI (128), llTaJIHjl (87), .ABcrprur (41), CnoBCHIDI (29), qexocnOBaKHjl- 23 -

Bcero 308 op.nencKHX ceCTep.

<l>3.MHJIHapDI TeBTOHCKOro op.nena pacnpe.neneHI>I no TPeM 6annej!M- f epMaRIDI, .ABcrprur H IO)I(HJ,rn TupoJib, a TaK)f(e no JJ;BYM KOMzyprurM (KOMTYPCTBaM)- PHM H .Am.Ten6H3eH (OeJibrw~). B fepMaHHH cymeCTByer BoceML KOMzypCTB, B ABCTPHH- ):{Sa. Bcero B Mope nac'1HThmaCTCji 954 cp3.MHJIHapa H 7 noqeTHbiX pbmapeu (pLIUapeu qeCTH) TeBTOHCKOro op.nena. B cBoe BpeMjl cpaMHJIBapoM TeBTOHCKoro op.nena .smrumcjl, nanpHMep, TaKOH H3BeCTHbiH repMaHCKHH nOJIHTHqeCKHH H o6meCTBenHbiH .l{efleJib, KaK MHHHCTp o6opOHbi <l>Pf, JIH.l{ep «XpHCTHaHCKOCOUHa.m.HOro COI03a>> (XCC, 6aBapcKOro cpHJIHana o6merepMaHCKOH napTHH <<XpHCTHancKo-,[J;eMoKpa~eci<HH Coro3», X)::{C) H MHOroKpaTHI>lli npeMLep-MHHHCTp .DaBapHH panu-Mo3ecp lllTPayc. Co-

xpaHI~JIOCb HeMaJIO cpororpacpiDi: <1>.-M.lllTPayca B TeBTOHCKOM op.zteHCKOM IIJiaiUe (KCTaTH, lliTPayc B 3TOM IIJiaHe OTIOO.l{b He .slBIDIJICji 6eJIOH BOpOHOH cpe.l{H 3aiia,Z:(liOrepMaHCKHX nOJIHTHKOB - nepBbiH cpe.nepa.m.HI>lli KaHUJiep BOCJieBOeHHOH fepMaHHH Koupa,n: .A.z:(eHa}'3p 6biJI noqeTHI>IM pbiUapeM TeBTOHCKoro op.neHa H pbmapeM op.neHa Cwrroro fpo6a focno.l{IDI, cpe.nepa.m.HDlli npe3H.l{eHT Jho6Ke - pbiuapeM op.neHa XpHCTa H T.p;.). 306

<l>aMHJIHapbi TeBToHcKoro op.neHa B fepMamrn, no ropH,llH'IecKH3KOHOMWiecKHM C006piDKeHIDIM, yqpe,llHliH H 3apernCTpHpOBaJJH KaK caMoCTOHreJibH)'IO o6l.I.{eCTBeHHyiO opraHH3awno Coro3 HeMeUKHX (TeBTOHCKHX) rocno.n - .npy:3eii H cnoHcopoB HeMeQKoro (TeBTOHcKoro) op.neHa (HeM. Deutschherrenbund der Freunde und Foerderer des Deutschen Ordens). B fepMamrn <l>aMHJIHapbi npH npHeMe B op.neHcKOe ceMeHCTBO o,n;HospeMemm npHHliMaiOTcx H B 3TY o6l.I.{eCTBeHHyiO opraHH3aumo. Ho JlPY3bR TeBTOHCKOro op.neHa Moryr BC'I)'llliTb s Hee, .niDKe He HBJIIDICb <l>aMHJm:apaMH. 1 MM 2002 r. repMaHCKHH apHCTOKpaT llpiDD..l Kapn-<l>pH,llpHX CaKceH-.A.m,TeH6yprci<HH ( o&xsHB ce6x repMaHCI<HM HMIIeparopoM Jle-Iope no.n HMeHeM «Ero MMneparopcKOro H KoponeBcKOro (?) Be.JIHqecTBa Kapna-<l>pHJlPHXa fepMaHcKoro (<PoH ,[(emaHA), npoB03rnacHJI ce6x 60-M BepxosHLIM MarnCTpOM TeBTOHCKoro op.neHa, BOCCTaHOBHB pbiUapci<HH (Kasanepci<HH) xaprucrep nocne.nnero. Ero TeBTOHci<HH op.nen, rep6oM KOTOporo CJI}')KHT .n;syrnasLrn open «CMl.I.{eHHoH PHMCKOH HMIIepmm, yseWiamn.rn ra6c6yprci<OH I<Oponoii HMneparopoB AsCTpHH Ha,ll qepHJ.IM, c cepe6pmoii I<a.HMoii, nan'laTbiM TeBTOHCKHM KpeCTOM, O<l>HUHaJibHO HMeH}'eTCX «MMnepcKHM TeBTOHCKHM op.neHOM» (aHZ!l. The hnperial Teutonic Order). B Ka'leCTBe ,llOJDKHOCTHOI'O rep6a 3TOT I'OXMeHCTep HCnOJib3yeT Cpe,llHeseKOBbrn rep6 I'OXMeHCTepoB TeBTOHCKOI'O Op,lleHa (e,llHHCTBeHHoe OTJlli'IHe 3aKJIIO'laeTCX B TOM, 'ITO qepHbiH open Ha 30nOTOM cep.lllleBOM nurn<e I'OXMeHCTepCKOI'O KpeCTa «BOOp)?KeH» KpaCHbiM KJIIOBOM H nanaMH, KaK open Ha rep6e COBpeMeHHOH <l>Pf). Ilanci<HH npecron noKa 'ITO 3TOT op.neH He npH3Han, cospeMeHHblli MOHaruecKHH Tesronci<HH op.neH TaiOKe ne noMep:>KHBaeT c pbiuapcKHM 6paTCTBoM «Kapna-<l>pH,llpHXa fepMaiiCKOI'O» HHKaKHX OTHOllleHHH (no KpaHHeH Mepe, o<PHIUfaJibHO) ... 3.necL KOHeu H Eory nameMY cnasa!

nPMnO>KEHMJI

llpww:»eeHue 1 CIIHCOK BEPXOBHLIX MArBCTPOB (I'OXMEHCTEPOB) HEMEUKOrO(TEBTOHCKOrO)OP~EHA

1. JipaTCTBO HeMe~KHX CTpaHIJOITpHHM~eB - AKKoH (AKpa, Ceu-)l(au .a'AKp, flTorreMaH.aa) BITarreCTHHe (.ao 1230 r.) CH6paH.ll (CHrn6paHT, 3H6paH.ll, 3Hre6paHT) 1190 repap.a1192 feHpHx,npHop1193- 94 Ym.pHX 1195 feupHX, npe~ernop 1196 2. P.oi~apCKHH (soeHHbiH) op.aeu reupHX (fepMaH) BarrbiTOT (BarrbiTOTO, BarrbnOTe, Barrb60Te) 1198-1200 Orro tl>on KepneH 1200--1208 reupHX (repMau, rep6ePT) tPOH Tyuua no np03BHIIzy EaPT 1208- 1209 fepMaH tPOH 3arr.o~a 1209- 1239 Pe3H.lleH~WI

308

PeJH.AeHUIDI -

JaMoK MoH<lJop!lllTapKeH6epr B 11a.JiecTHHe

(1230--1271) KoHpa,n TropHHrCKHH 1239-1240 repxap,n <Pon Ma.JIL6epr (cMel.l.{eH pLIUapRMH) 1240--1244 renpHX <lJoH roreHJIOJ (ro,ne<lJpH.ZzyC roJnOX) 1244-1249 ryHTep <Pon Bronnepcne6eH 1249-1252 11onno <lJon OcTepH(a) 1252-1256 AHHO <lJon 3anrepcrayJeH 1256--1273 PeJH,neHUIDI-AKKoH (AKpa, CeH-)l(aH ,n'AKp) (1271-1291) rapTMaH <lJoH renL,ApyureH 1273- 1282 Eypxap.n <Pon lllBeH.AeH (Eyprap.zzyc ,ne CBan,nen) 1282-1290 PeJH.AeHUIDI Konp~

BeHeUIDI (1291-1309)

<lJon <l>efur.TsanreH 1291-1296

roT<lJpH.A <lJoH roreHnOJ 1297-1303 3Hr<lJpH.A <lJoH <l>eHXTBaHreH (CH<lJpH.ZzyC ,ne <l>yrKBaHreH)

1303- 1311 PeJH,nenniDI -

MapHeH6ypr B 11pyccHH (1309-1457)

Kapn <PoH TpHp (Kaponyc ,ne TpeBepH) 1311-1324 Bepnep <Pon OpJenLH (y6HT 6paToM-pDinapeM) 1324-1330 JliOTep <lJon EpayuwseH:r 1331-1335 .[(HTPHX <lJOH AnLTeH6ypr (Teo,nopHKYC ,ne AnLTeH6ypK)

1335-1341 Jiy,non~><PKeHHr

1342- 1345 renpHX ,[(yJeMep 1345-1351 BHHpHx <lJoH Kimnpo,ne 1352-1382 Konpa.n L(enLnep <Pon POTeHWTeHH 1382-1390 KoHpa,n <lJon BanneHpo,ne 1391-1393 Konpa,n <lJoH lOHrHHreH 1393-1407 YnLpHx <PoH lOHrHHreH (y6HT rrpH TaHHeH6epre) 1407-1410 reHpHX <lJoH 11nay3H (CMel.l.{eH pDIUap.JIMH) 1410--1413 309

MHX33Jib KroXMeiicTep 1414--1422 ITaynL cpoH Pyc.uopcp 1422-1441 KoHpa,n cpoH 3pnHXcrayJeH 1441- 1449 Pe3HJleHqiDI- KeHurc6epr B BocTOqHoii 11pyccuu (1457-

1525) JliO.UBHr cpoH 3pnuxcrayJeH 1450-1467 feHpnx Peiic cpoH 11nay3H 1469-1470 feHpHX Pecpcpne cpoH PuxTeH6epr 1470-1477 MapTHH TpyxJec cpoH BerurayJeH 1477-1489 HoraHH cpoH TucpeH 1489-1497 pu.upux CaKcOHCKHH (cpoH 3aKceH) 1498-1510 Arlb6peXT foreHqOJIJiepH cpoH .6paH.UCH6ypr-AHc6ax 1511-

1525 PeJH.UeHqiDI -

MepreHTrciiM BO paHKOHHH ( 1525-1809)

BanLTep cpoH KpoH6epr 1527- 1543 BonLcpraHr Illyq6ap no npo3BHIIzy MnnLxnHHr 1543- 1566 reopr fYH.ll cpoH BeHKrCHM 1566--1572 feHpHX cpoH I>o6eHrayJeH 1572-1590/95 MaKCHMHJIHaH ABcrpuiicKHH 1590/95-1618 Kapn ABcrpuiicKuii 1619-1624 HoraHH EBcTaxuii (OiicTax) cpoH BecTepHax 1625-1627 HoraHH Kacnap cpoH CTa.uuoH (IIITa.unoH) 1627-1641 JieonoJILJl BHJILrenLM ABcrpuiicKHH 1641- 1662 Kapn Hocucp ABcrpuiicKuii 1662- 1664 HoraHH Kacnap cpoH AMnpHHreH 1664--1684 Jiro.uBur AHToH cpoH 11cpanbq-Heii6ypr 1684--1694 paHq Jlio.uBur cpoH 11cpanLq-Heii6ypr 1694--1732 KneMeHc ABrycT l>aBapcKuii (cpoH I>aiiepH) 1732-1761 Kapn ArleKcaH.up JloTapmrrcKH:H (cpoH JiorpmrreH) 1761- 1780 MaKCHMHJIHaH paHq ABcrpuiicKHii 1780-1801 310

Kapn Jlro,nsur ABCTpHHCKHH 1801- 1804 Pe3n.neHUIDI- BeHa B ABCTpHH (Ha<iHHaJI c 1809 r. uno ceil .neni>) AHTOH BHKTOp ABCTpHHCKHH 1804-1835 MaKCHMHnHaH Hocu¢ ABCTpHHCKHH ,n'3cTe, BepxoBHLIH u repMaHCKHH MarnCTp (rox-}'H.n ,neil<iMeiicTep) 1835- 1840. OH )l(e, c TH'I)'JIOM BenuKoro Marucrpa (rpoccMeiicTepa) 184~ 1863 BHni>renLM ABCTpHHCKHH, Benmrnii Marucrp 1863- 1894 EBreHnH (OiireH) ABcTpniicmii, nocne,nHHH BepxoBHhiH u repMaHCKHH Marncrp (roX-}'H.ll ,neH<iMeHCTep) 1894-1923

3. ,[(yxoBHLIH (MoHamecmii) op,neH ,[(oKTop Hop6epT KneiiH 1923- 1933 Ilaynb reii.z:tep 1933- 1936 Po6epT lllenuKuii 1936-1948 ,[(oKTop MapnaH T)'Mnep 1948-1970 Hni>,ne¢oHc Ilaynep 197~ 1988 A66aT ,noKTOp ApHonL,n OTMap BHnaH,n 1988-2002 A66aT .bpyHo IInarrep 2002 -

no HacTo.j{mee BpeMj{ IlpU!lo:NCeHue 2

nOEBMI TIECIDI nPATLEB OP,ll;EHA llPECBHTOH ,ll;EBLI MAPHH TEBTOHCKOB OpHrHHaJihHbiH ueMeumii TeKCT :rroii TeBTOHCKOH op,neHcKoii nccnu-ncanMa, coquneHHOH B XIII B., MLI .z:taeM B TOM Bu,ne, B KaKOM ona Bomna BTaK Ha3biBaeMhiH «fnoraycKHH neceHHHK» (HeM. «fnor ay3p Jlu,nep6yx», Glogauer Liederbuch), .z:taTupyeMLIH 1480 r.: Christ ist erstanden Von der Marter aile. Des solln wir aile froh sein, 311

Christ will unser Trost sein. Kyrieleis. Waer er nieht erstanden, So waer die Welt vergangen, Seit dass er erstanden ist, So lobn wir den Vater Jesu Christ. Kyrieleis. Halleluja, Halleluja, Halleluja. Des solln wir aile froh sein, Christ will unser Trost sein Kyrieleis. IIepeBo.l{ Ha pyccKHH: .!13J>IK:

XpHeToe BoeKpeee Iloene Beex M)"'eHHif. Mbr Bee ttOIDKHbi B03pattoBaTbe.ll :rroMy, XpHeToe eTaHeT HamHM yremeHHeM. KHpHe 3Jieifeon (zpe'l. foenottH, nOMHJIYH)! EeJIH 6bl On He BoeKpee, To MHp 6bl nepeCTan e~eeTBoBaTh. C TeX nop, KaK 0H BOeKpee, Mbl XBaJIHM Oma 11Heyea XpHeTa. KHpHe 3Jieifeon! AmiHJI)'IDI (XBanHTe Bora), AJIJIHJI)'IDI, AJIJIRJI)'IDI! Mbi Bee ):{OJDKHLI B03pattOBaTLe.ll 3TOMy,

XpHeToe eTaHeT namHM yremeHHeM! KHpHe 3Jieifeon! 312

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