Людовик XIV. Часть-1 by Watra

Fran<rois Bluche Louis XIV

FAYARD 1986

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ISBN 5-86218-263.2

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21 Hapxa (Hasecrno, 'ITO 'len.Ipe npe.ztKa 'leAoBeKa - 9To ero .ztBa .zte.zta H ABe 6a6KH, soceMb npe.ztKOB - 9To '1eTblpe npaAeAa H qen.xpe npa6a6KH H T. A.). 0AHH .ll)'MaiOT, 'ITO B HeM npo.mmAHCb B OCHOBHOM qepTbi HeMeUKHX npeAKOB, 'ITO AOA)KHO 6blAO n03BOAHTb KOpOAIO <l>paHUHH B 1658 roAy BbiCfaBHTb CBOIO KaH,llH,llaT)'py AMI ynpaBAeHIDl CsmueHHOH PHMcKoH HMnepHeH263• ,l);pyrne BHAeAH AHWb ero HcnaHCKHX npeAKOB H C'IHTaAH no9TOMY, 'ITO C03AaTeAIO BepcaMI npeAonpeAeAeHo cyAb6oli ycraHOBHTb crpornli ABOpUOBbrii 9THKeT. HH y Koro He xsaTaAO TepneHWI yrAy6HTbCSI B Aa.Ah seKoB. CerOAHSI OAHH cocrasHTeAb reHeaAornqecKoro Apesa aaxOTeA BhUICHHTb see AO KOHua. OH BbUIBHA 510 H3 512 n peAKOB AroAOBHKa XIV, TO eCTb paccMq_rpeA cpe3 r eHeaAOrH'ieCKOfO Apesa KOpOAR AO AeCSITOrQ KOAeHa150. f epMaHCKHH 3AeMeHT (43 HeMeUKHX H 14 ascrpHHCKHX npe,llKOB) COCfaBMIIOT BC~ro AHWb 11%; CAaBHHCKHH (36 npeAKOB) H aHrAHHCKHH (scrpeqaeTcJI 35 paa) - 7% KCUK.llhrii. AaTHHcKHe crpaHbi COCTasAmOT OCTa.AhHYJO 'laCTb KOpOAeBCKHX npeAKOB, TO eCTb 75%: 145 npeAKOB - <PPaHUY3hi, 8 - AarapHHI'I.U>I H 5 - npeAcrasHTeAH CasolicKoro .ztoMa, 133 npeAKa- 9TO HcnaHUbi, 50 - nopryra.AbUbi, 41 HTa.AhJIHUbl. l1 BCe-TaKH KOpOAb <l>paHUHH AOCTaT0'1HO ¢paHUy3. KcraTH, 3TH sonpochi HHCKOAhKO He 3aHHMaAH HaWHX OTUOB. KopoAb He TOAbKO 6biA ¢paHUY30M no CyrH CBOeH - Aa)Ke ecAH 6bi H3 32 ero npeAKOB 31 6biA HHocrpaHueM, - HO 9Ta ero Cyrh 6biAa HeOTbeMAeMOH. ITo crapoMY rocy.ztapcrseHHOMY npasy npHHU no npJIMoH AHHHH (MY)KCKOH) OT fyro Kanera, 3aKOHopo)K.l{eHHbrii, He Mor nOTepHTb csoe Ka'lecrso cppaHuyaa. B 1589 roAy feHpHXy Byp6oHCKOMY noMewaA He ero THTYA KopoAR HasappcKoro - KopoAR HHOcrpaHHoro cysepeHHoro rocyAapcrsa, - a npOTecraHTH3M; a feHpHxy III He crasHAocb B ynpeK speMeHHOe ynpasAeHHe IloAhweli. BoT no'leMY B KoHue uapcrsosaHHJI AroAOBHKa XIV, KOrAa BCTaHeT sonpoc o ¢paHuyacKOM npereHAeHTe Ha HcnaHCKHH npecTOA, repuor AH)KyHcKHH - BnOCAe,llCTBHH <l>HAHnn V - 6blA ysepeH, 'ITO OH COXpaHSieT H coxpaHHT see csoH npasa npH B03MO)KHOM HaCAeAOBaHHH cppaHuyacKoro npeCTOAa. HnKaKoe Me)K.l{YHapoAHOe corAaweHHe He MOrAO B0306Aa.l{aTb Ha.l{ TeM, 'ITO 6biAO npHHJITO B KOpOAeBCTBe. 8-ro 6biAa He npocro aannch npas, aTO 6hiA <PJHAaMeHTa.AhHhrii 3aKOH, HenpeAO)KHM 'iaCTb HaweH HenHCaHOH KOHCfHTYUHH 120. UBnpo'IeM, paase He a6cypAHO ne~e'IHCMITb npeAKOB Hawnx KopoAeH, a HauHOHa.AhHOCTb KOpOAeB <PpaHUHH no pO)KAeHHIO nHCaTb HecMbiBaeMbiMH qepHHAaMH? «KopoAescrso EKaTepHHbi Me.ztH'iH», BAOBbi feHpHXa II H pereHTWH, sosce He HaxOA.HTCH, Aa 6yAeT H3BeCTHo, s TocKaHe ... l1 eCAH AHHa AscrpHHCKM, KaK Mbi Ha 9TO HaMeKeyAH, He scerAa MorAa ycroJITb npH )KH3HH AroAOB.HKa XIII OT C06Aa3Ha nOAAep)KHBaTb 3arOBOplllH'ieCKyiO CBSI3b C HCnaHCKHM ABDpOM, BCe nOMeHJIAOCb, KOrAa OHa OBAOBeAa. C 1643 roAa OHa TOAbKO KopoAesa <l>paHwm, 6oAee narpHOTH'iHO HacrpoeHHM H 6oAbwe npeAaHHM HHTepecaM csoero rrpHeMHoro OTe'lecrsa, 'leM MHorne IIpHHUbi <l>paHuyacKoro KOpoAescrsa176. TaKOBbi CHAa H AeHcTBeH-

f.J\ABA II

HOCTb ocHOBHbiX 3a.KOHOB. OHH He TOAhKO onpe~eAJIIOT Harne o6meCTBeHHoe npaso B Te'!eHHe BeKOB, HO H B03~eHCTB)'IOT Ha 'I)'BCTBa H 3a.KA~bmaror cpynz:ta.MeHT ~Nl Ayqmnx TP~HunH ~Bopa. IloCAe cMepTH cBoero M)')Ka AHHa ABcrpniicKaJI, crasmaJI KopoAeBoHMaTepbiO, coxpaHHT AHllib TaKne qepThi OT cBoero ncnaHcKoro xapa.KTepa Ka.K rop~OCTb, 'I}"BCTBO 'IeCTH H Ha60)KHOCTb.

HA~HHK KOPOHhl Bc.HKHH paa, Kor~a aBTOpbi Ha'!HHa!OT noseCTBoBaHne, nocB.mneHHoe ~eTCTBY 6y~ymero KopoNI-CoAHue, y Hnx nOHBNleTCJI )KeAaHHe npe~CTaBHTb BCe B '!epHOM UBeTe, TIO)KaAOBaTbCJI Ha 6e~HOCTb HamHX TI03HaHHH B 3TOH 06AaCTH, BepOJITHO, ~Nl TOI'O, 'IT06bi nonOAHHTb 3TOT He~OCTaTOK - Bbi3BaTb TIOBbiiiieHHbrH HHTepec K HeKOTOpbiM 3a6aBHbiM C06biTHJIM, KOTOpbie HCTOpHJI H ee CBO~HaJI cecrpa - Aere~a - 3a60TAHBO ~OHOCJIT ~0 rp~ymHX TIOKOAeHuH. Aere~a o Hep~OCTHOM ~eTCTBe nponcxo~HT H3 ~Byx HCTO'IHHKOB: CaMO BOCTIOMHHaHHe 0 p eaAbHO cymeCTBOBaBmeH <l>po~e H npe~B3JITbie KAeBeTHH'!ecKne cBe~eHHJI, pacnycKaeMhi e KaMep~nHe poM AanoproM. 8To Te ~Ba MOMeHTa, KOTophrx Mhi B cBoe BpeMH KOcHeMcJI. A 'ITO ~o Mbi CAH o TOM, 6y~To MaAeHhKHe npnHUhi po)K~arorcJI H BCer~a paCTYT C'!aCTAHBbi MH, OHa HH Ha '!eM He OCHOBaHa; ~~e He Ha BOAme6HbiX CKa3KaX, B KOTOpbiX BCer~a CTOAhKO ropbKHX nepe)KHBaHHH. Bo «Bceo6meM CAOBape» <l>IopeTbepa, 3HUHKAone~nn XVII BeKa, KOTOpbrn JIBAJieTCJI QTPaiiCeHHeM BarNl.ltOB cpe~Hero CAOJI o6meCTBa, MO)KHO npO'IeCTb 3TO BbiCKa3bmaHne: «BeAHKHe KOpOAH He 6hiAH B3pameHbi B p~OCTH». 11cropHH 0 IOHOM KOpOAe, '!aCTO TIOBTOpJieMbie, OTHOCJITCSI K nepno~y c 1643 no 1658 ro~ . Cpe~n ncropnii o HeM Ka.K HacAe~HHKe HeT HH o~HOH npas~ono~o6Hoii. ITo cBn~eTeAbCTBaM o'!eBn~ueB, AIO~oBHK XIII rop~HACJI CBOHM crapmnM CbiHOM n peBHOBaA, ecAH MaAI:.Iru B~pyr ycrpeMNIAcJI cHa'IaAa K KopoAeBe. Pe6eHOK AI06HA ero, H OTeU 6biA O'!eHb 'I)'BCTBHTeAeH K MaAeHllieM)' npOHBAeHHIO BHHMaHHJI co cropoHbi ChiHa. AIO~oBHK XIV O'IeHb MaAO 3HaA cBoero OTUa, HO o6pa3 OTUa, KOTOpbiH ymeA H3 )KH3HH, KOI'~a Chi"Y He 6hiAO eme nHTH AeT, 6y~eT nocroJIHHO B03HHKaTh nepe~ rAa3aMH no~pocr Ka, B3pocAoro 'IeAOBeKa n crapnKa. BepHOCTb Kap~HHaAY M aaapnHH, - OHa Ha'!HHaeTcH C KOHUa <l>poH~bl H npo~OA)KaeTCH ~0 Ca.MOH CMepTH Kap~HHaAa, - <rro npe~e Bcero BepHOCTb AIO~oBnKy XIII, KOTOpbrH Bbi6paA Kap~HHaAa KpeCTHbiM OTUOM ~ocpnHa H I'AaBHbiM MHHHCTpOM. B TIOCTOJIHCTBe, C KOTOpbiM BeAHKHH KOpOAb OTKAOHHT BCe B03p~eHHJI CBOHX apXHTeKTOpOB H 3aCTaBHT HX BbiKa3bWaTb }"Ba)KeHHe MaAeHbKOM)' OXOTHH'!heM)' ~OMHKY TIOKOHHOI'O KOpONI B ue"TPe BepcaAI:.CKOro aHcaM6AJI, cnpase~AHBO npoCAe)KHBaeTc.R: Ta )Ke nocroJIHHaJI ChlllOBbJI npHBH3aHHOCTb. Ha.KoHeu, Ha cMepTHOM o~pe AIO~oBHK XIV npHKa)KeT, 'IT06br ero cep~ue noCAe cMepTH noAO)KHAH y ne3ymoB Ha yAHue CeHT-AHTyaH p~oM c cep~ueM Alo-

23 ~OBHKa

XI!f6

. cha npeeMCTBeHHOCTb B BOCllOMHHa.HHH nepeqepKHBaeT BCe Aere~bl 06 OTHOCHTeAbHO HeC'IaCTHOM ~eTCTBe, He ll03BONIeT ~)'MaTh, 'ITO Alma ABcrpmicKasr 6hiAa MaTepbiO-THpa.HoM. Po)K,l{eHHe Alo~oBHKa XIV, a 3aTeM repu:ora AIDKyiicKoro, KOTO310 pbm HMeA B 6y~ymeM THTJA Meche (21 ceHTR6pS1 1640 r.) , He npHBeAo Alo~oBHKa XIII H ero cynpyry K OKOH'IaTeAhHOMJ corAacmo. Heocropo)KHbie nocrynKH CeH-Mapa, KOTophm BeA neperpBopbt c Hcna.HHeii B pasrap Bomt RK06bi ~NI Toro, 'IT06bi OTTOPrHJTb KopoNI OT Kap~HHaAa PHweAbe, npH'IHHHAH 6bi KopoAeBe HenonpaBHMoe 3AO, ecAH 6bt He AOBKOCTb H YMeAbte ~eHCTBHSI, npe~npHHSITbie Kap~HHaAOM. TaKHM o6pa30M, pa3HOrAaCWI Me)K,l{y u:apCTBeHHbiMH cynpyraMH )'MeHbWCUOTC.l!: AeTOM 1642 ro~a: CeH-Map B TIOpbMe, MapH.R:

Me~H'IH )'MHpaeT. A PHweAbe, B cBoro oqepe~b, JMPeT 4 ~eKa6pR. ~ Alo~oBHKa XIII MeC.l!:LI;hi nocAe KOH'IHHbi Kap~HHaAa H ~o caMOH cMepTH 6biAH MecSIU:aMH crp~aHHH H 3aKOH'IHAHCh aroHHeii, ~AHBweiic.R: 6 He~eAh. ATMoc<Pepa Hanp.R:)KeHHOCTH coxpa.HRAacb npH ~Bope; HO BCe rOBOpHT 0 TOM, 'ITO OT AJo~OBHKa CKpbmaAH CCOpy po~HTeAeH. ,lJ;eTCKaJJ qyBCTBHTeAbHOCTb, BepOSITHO, MOrAa llOMO'-Ib eMJ ~Or~aTbC.l!: o6 9TOM, HO ll03)Ke OH llOHMeT, BOCKpewasr CBOH BOCllOMHHa.HWI, 'ITO ero OTeU: H MaTh HMeAH B r AJ6HHe ~JWH H MHOrO o6mero: BbiCOKOe qyBCTBO ~OAra H llOHHMa.HWI HCKAlO'IHTeAbHhiX npaB rocy~apeii, )KeAa.HHe cosepwaTh repoH'IeCKHe nOCT)'llKH, nbiAKJIO Bepy, ry )Ke BepHOCTb KaTOAHU:H3MJ, TO )Ke TPeneTHoe 6AaroqecTHe. AJo~OBHK JHaCAe~yeT B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH OT BCeX 9THX Ka'IeCTB H MHO)KeCTBa He~OCTaTKOB qyBCTBO rocy~apCTBeHHOCTH. q eAOBeKOM, noMHpHBWHM Alo~oBHKa XIII H AHHy AscrpmicKyro, B 1642 ro~y 6biA, MO)KeT 6b1Tb, Kap~HHaA PHweAbe, HO nocMepTHo H Ha MHOrHe ~eCSITHAeTWI HX npHMHPHT Alo~oBHK

XIV.

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C.R: ~0 CaMOH CMepTH KOpOAeBbl (1666). «He 6biAO Cbma,- CKa)KeT lllapAb Tieppo, - KOTOpbm BhiKa3aA 6ht 6oAbwee no'ITeHHe csoeii 199 MaTepH 3a BCIO cBoro )KH3Hh» • Eme npH )KH3HH Alo~oBHKa XIII AI06oBb AHHbi ABcTPHHCKOH K CBOHM CbntOBbSIM y~HBA.R:Aa ~Bop. Kor~a MaAeHbKHe npHHLI;bi OCTa.HJTC.l!: 6e3 OTU:a, OHa He AHWHT HX CBOeH AI06BH. «0Ha HX BOCnHTbiBaAa, He OTnJCKaJJ OT ce611, - llHllleT M~aM ~e Aa<PaiieTT, - o6pamasrcb c HHMH c He)KHOCTbiO, KOTopasr nopoii nepeXO~HAa np.SIMo-TaKH B peBHOCTb no OTHOWeHHIO K AIO~.l!:M, C Ko49 TOpbiMH ~eTH xoTeAH noHrpaTh» . A AanopT B CBOHX «MeMJapax» 06BHHHT KOpOAeBy-MaTb B TOM, 'ITO OHa 0'-leHb 6aAyeT CBoerO CTapwero CbiHa. <f>aKT He~OCTOBepHbrH, OH rOBOpHT AHWb 0 TOM, 'ITO "faCTO B3pOCAbie HanycKlUOT XOAO~HOCTb, B TO BpeM.R: KaK ~NI HClla.HCKOH npHnu;ecchi 6hiAH ecreCTBeHHbiMH H Ta noAHoTa qyBCTB, H TaKoe HX npOSIBAeHHe, KOTOpbte OXOTHO npHllHCbffilUOT cpe~H3eMHOMOpU:aM. BnpoqeM, XVII BeK MeHee qonopHbiH H Hanbiiu;eHHbrn, ne:lKeAH o6 9TOM ~)'MlUOT: MaTepHHCKJIO AI060Bb Bbl,lt)'MaA BOBCe He poMa.HTH3M. «cho He~OCTaTOK MaTepeii, llHWeT <f>ropeTbep, OHH CAHWKOM 42 XOA.l!:T CBOHX ~eTeH, CAHlllKOM HX AeAeK T H He:lKHH'IaiOT C HHMH» • lf

r AABAII

nOTOM, ,nNI AHHbi Aro,noBHK npe)K.lle Bcero- ,nHTJI qy,na. KaK eii He AeAeJITb cBoero Eoro,naHHoro? Ho KTO AJ06HT CHAhHO, TOT H HaKa3biBaeT crporo. ,lJ;eTH KOHTPpecpopMHcrcKoro BeKa, ,naJKe H3 KopoAeBcKoro ,noMa, - He caxapHbxe aHreAbi H He lllOKOAa,nHhie xpHCTOCHKH; H XOpOlllHe po,nHTeAH, ,naJKe KOpOAeBCKOH KpOBH, C'IHTa.IOT CBOHM ,nOAI'OM HcnpaBHTb co6CTBeHHoe qa,no. Korona MaAeHbKHH ,neBJITHAeTHHH KopoAb o,nHa)K.llbi B npHCYTCTBHH CBoeii MaTepH OT KanpH3a nepellleA K ,nep3oCTH, AHHa ABcrpHiicKaJI, KaK pacCKa3biBaeT KaMep,nHHep ,lJ;I06ya, noKpacHeAa OT meBa H cKaaaAa Aro,noBHKY XIV: «Jl BaM noKaJKy, 'ITO y Bac HHCKOAbKO HeT BAaCTH, a y MeHJI OHa eCTb. Y :>Ke ,naBHO Bac He ceKAH, JI XOqy BaM llOKa3aTb, 'ITO nopKH ycrpaHBa.IOT B AMbeHe TaK :>Ke, KaK H 75 B llapH:>Ke» • qepe3 HeCKOAbKO MHHYT Aro,noBHK 6pocHAcJI nepe.n MaTepbiO Ha KOAeHH H o6'bJIBHA eii: «MaMa, JI y Bac npolll)' npoweHHJI; JI BaM o6ewa10 HHKOr,na He H,nTH npOTHB BallleH BOAH». KopoAeBa Tor,na npoCTHAa, He:>KHo ero noueAOBaAa. 8Ta HcropHJI, KOTopaa O'IeHb noxo:>Ka Ha npas.ny H KOTOp}'IO ,no6pbm ,l1;106ya (oH He 6biA TaKHM 03A06AeHHbiM, KaK ero KOAAera J\.anopT) TaK :>KHBOllHCaA, KaK 6y,nTO BH,nHlllb H CAbiUlHlllb yqaCTHHKOB 9TOH CUeHKH, HMeeT ewe O,nHO ,nOCTOHHCTBO: 3,ll;eCb KOpOAb He rOBOpHT «Ma,naM», OH rOBOpHT «MaMa», KaK MaAeHbKHH 6yp:>Kya HAH KpeCTbJIHHII. O,nHaKo npaB~Ka KapAa V - He 6yp:>KyaaKa. «OHa npeKpacHa, KaK JICHbiH ,neHb» , 9AeraHTHa, o6WHTeAbHa, AJ06HT «,nynmCTbxe nep'IaTKH, xopolllee 6eAbe, 'IHCT<n:y, 'ITO y,nHBNIAO B Te BpeMeHa, 3epKa291 Aa, CHAbHO lla.xH)'UlHe UBeTbi» • 0Ha llO,ll;aeT CBOeM)' OKpy:>KeHHIO npHMep xopolllero TOHa, 6AeWeT ocrpoYMHeM H YTOH'IeHHOCTbiO )'Ma, ycrpaHBaeT cneKTaKAH. C caMoro paHHero .neTCTBa Aro.noBHK XIV npHBbiK BOCXHUlaTbC.H MaHepaMH MaTepH, OH BeCb BO BAaCTH ee O'IapOBaHHJI, pa,nyeTc.H TOM)', 'ITO B ee cep.nue OH 3aHHMaeT nepBoe MecTo. B nocMepTHoii pe'IH, nocB.SIUleHHOH AHHe ABcrpHiicKoii, fHHOM J\.e6y, enHCKOll ,lJ;aKca, BCllOMHHaeT B Me,nOTO'lHBbiX H HpasoyqHTeAbHblX CAOBax 0 He:>KHOH npHB.S13aHHOCTH, KOTOpaJI BCer,na o6'be,nHHJIAa AHHy H Aro.noBm<a: «focno,ny 6b1Ao yro,nHo co3,naTL ,nBa HecpaaHeHHbiX cep.nua, cep.nue MaTepH H cep,nue cLma, H Korona roBopJIT o cep.nue AHHLt ABcrpHiicKoii, To roBopJIT o ero He:>KHOCTH: HHKTO He MO:>KeT 6b1Tb AyqllleH MaTepbiO- tam mater nulla. A KOr,na roBopJIT o Juo,nOBHKe, TO I'OBOp$lT 0 ero ysaJKeHHH H AJ06BH: HHKTO He MO:>KeT 6LITb AyqlliHM CbiHOM - tam filius nemo». 8To BbtpaJKeHHe TepryAAHaHa, roBOp.SIUlero o cep.nue Bora no OTHOllleHHIO K AJOAJIM: HHKTO He MO:>KeT 6LITb AyqlllHM OTUOM - tam pater nemo311 • H6o BAHJIHHe KopoAeBbi Ha cBoero CbiHa npe)K.lle Bcero onpe,neNieTCJI Ha6o:>KHOCTbiO, oHa, B CBOIO oqepe,nb, 6y,neT opHeHTHpoBaTb B HY:>KHOM HanpaaAeHHH peAHrH03HOCTb KOpONI. «KopoAeBa-MaTb XOpOlllO 3HaAa, 'ITO HeAOCTaTO'lHO AJ06HTb J\ro,nOBHKa, AJ06HTb KOpONI H HaCAe,nHHKa CTOAbKHX KOpOAeH, OHa Bcer,na llOMHHAa, 'ITO Ha,nO AJ06HTb ero em~ ~ TT 'rl KaK HaHXpHCTHaHHeHlllei'O KOpONI H KaK craplllei'O CbiHa .a....r,epKBH» . TaKHMH :>Ke 6LIAH H n oc "e,nHHe 3a6oTbi Aro,noBHKa XIII, Ae:>Ka-

25 mero Ha cMepTHOM o~pe. ITo ero soAe ~ocpHH 6LIA TOp)KeCTBeHHo KpemeH B CeH-)KepMeHe 21 anpeAH 1643 ro~a. ITo Ton )Ke caMOH BOAe KopoAH eM)' B KpeCTHLie Marepn 6LIAa ~aHa npHHuecca ~e KoH~e, a B KpeCTHLie OTULI - Kap~HHaA Ma3apHHH. TaKoii BLt6op HMeA orpoMHLie nocAe~CTBH$1. OH 6LIA o~Hoii H3 Ba)I(HeHWHX aKUHH uapCTBOBa.HIDI Alo~osm<a XIII, KOTopoe ~OA)KHO 6LIAO 3aKOH"'HTLC$1 .:repe3 TP" He~eAH. B AHUe 9Toro npeAaTa, y KOTOporo eme coxpaHHAC$1 HTaAh$IHCKHH TeMnepaMeHT H KOTOpLm eme He 6LIA TaKHM H3BeCTHLIM B KOpOAeBCTBe, BOnAOTHAaCL BCR llOAHTH:'-IeCKaR BOAH noKOHHOrO Kap~HHaAa PnweALe H ero ~HnAOMaTH.:recKoe ncKycCTBo. HecMOTPR Ha 9TOT nap~oKc, HOBLrH qeAoBeK CHMBOAH3HpOBaA npeeMCTBeHHOCTL, npH3hffiaA K BepHOCTH. HaKaHyHe pereHTCTBa 9TO o.:reHh ueHHhte ~o6po~eTeAH. FRANCORUM SPES MAGNA

(BEA11KNI HAAIDKAA PAHQY30B} lleTLipH~UaTOro MaR 1643 ro~a yweA H3 )KH3HH Aio~oBHK XIII. T10peHH nHcaA csoeii ceCTPe, M~aM ~e EyiioH: «ITonCTHHe HHKor~a H HHKTO B MHpe TaK KpaCHBO He yxo~HA H He 6hiA TaK BepeH CaMOM)' ce6e. CKop6h ~sopa 6LIAa secLMa He3Ha"'HTeALHOH» 107• M B TOT )Ke ~eHh, CAe~y$1 MOHapweM)' npHHUHUY npeeMCTBeHHOCTH («KopOAb YMep, ~a 3~pasCTByeT KopoAL!»), Ha'iaAOch uapCTBOBaHHe Aio~oBH Ka XIV, «Francorum spes magna» («BeAHKaR H~e~a ¢EaHU)'30B», KaK 6y~eT HanHCaHO Ha llaM$ITHOH OcpHUHaALHOH Me~aAH 71 ). 8TOM)' npHHUY 6hiAO 4 ro~a 8 MeC$1UeB H 9 ~HeH. ,lJ;eBRTH~UaTOrO MaR - B ~eHh, KOr~a TeAO llOKOHHOrO KOpOAH 6biAO OTHeceHO B ycLffiaAhHHUy CeH-,lJ;eHH, - repuor 8HrHeHCKHH, y6e~eHHbrH B TOM, "'TO He ~OA)KeH 6L1Th HaHeceH ypoH penyraUHH 157 cppaHUY3CKOrO opy)I(HjJ B CaMOM Ha'iaAe HOBOrO uapCTBOBa.HIDI , CMeAO aTaKOBaA HCllaHCKYIO apMH10, KOTOpaR 6LIAa CHAbHee ero co6CTBeHHOH, o~ep)Kas no6e~y npn PoKpya. Mbt TaM noTepj[AJI 2000 'ieAoBeK; ~oH <PpaHCHCKo ~e MeAAo - noAOBHHY CBOHX coMaT (8000 y6HTLIMH, 6000 nAeHHbiMH), 200 3HaMeH H 60 IIIT~apTOB. 8To 6hiAa «CaMaR KpyriHaR: no6e~a, KaKHX y)Ke ~aBHO He 6biAO», - TaK BLICKa157 3aAC$1 no 9TOM)' noso~y Kap~HHaA Ma3apHHH • ITo6e~HTeAJO, repuory 8HrHeHCKOM)' - 6y~ymeM)' npHHUy ~e Ko~e312 - He 6LIAO ~B~ uaTH ~syx AeT. Mo)I(Ho soo6pa3HTh, HaCKOAhKO CHMBOAH"'HOH n oKa3aAacb ero 6AHCTaTeAhHaR: no6e~a. ITepe~ HaWHM B3op oM aHOHHMHaR rpas10p a Toro speMeHH: Ha nepe~HeM nAaHe B~Hht, CAesa Hanpaso, KopoAeBCKaR KopoHa, Ae)KamaR: Ha no~ywe.:rKe; c~RlllHH Alo~o BHK XIV, Ha rpy~n KOToporo KpacyeTC$1 op~eH CsRToro ,ll;yxa, B Aesoii ero pyt<e, no~~ep)KHBaeMoii npasoii pyt<oii MaTepH, - cKHn~; A.Irna ABCTPHHCKaR TO)Ke c~HT, ~ep)Ka cso6o~HOH pyt<OH AaBpOBLm BeHeu; HaKOHeu, repuor AH)KyHCKHH, MaAOAeTHHH <l>HAHnn (Meche 6paT KopoAH, n03)Ke repuor OpAeaHCKHH), CTOHT o~eTLm, KaK 6LIAO npHHRTO B Te BpeMeHa, B nAaTLe. Ha 3~HeM nAaHe s~eH ropo~

fAABAII

PoKpya, a B ~hiMOBOH 3aBece - AOCTOBepHoe H3o6paJKeHHe aTaK)'JOmero npHHua ~e Ko~e, TO eCTb B ~ocnexax, HO 6e3 UIAeMa, B 6oAhmo:H Il.INIIle c 6eAhiMH nepMIMH, KaK Kor~a-To y feHpHXa IV. I1o6e~HB «ycrapeBmee BoHcKo» Ero KaToAH'IecKoro BeAH'IeCTBa, repuor 8HrneHCKHH JKpeiiHA pereHTCTBO, y6eper KOpOAeBCTBO OT HallleCTBWI. ITo~ ceHbiO TaKOH CAaBHOH no6e~bi IOHOCTb KopoAA H ero .1\~lliHX C.ll.yr BCeNI.I\a 60Ablll)'IO H~e)K.l{y. lOHOCTb Alo~OBHKa norurme yCAOBHOe, H6o cypOBbrn H BeAH'IeCTBeHHbiH MeXaHH3M B.l\aCTH 3aCTaBN!eT ero npHCJTCTBOBaTb, B03r AaBNITh, npe~crasaTb B poAH noBe.II.HTeAA, c caMoro paHHero ~eTCTBa, KOr~a npOCbillaiOW:HHCH paccy~OK H HBHOe OC03HaHHe CBOero ~OCTOHHCTBa np~aiOT ero Ma.I\Q-llOMa.II.Y nepexO~HTb OT B~HMOCTH B.ll.aCTH K ee peaAbHOCTH. MaAbnn BepwHT npasocy~He c 18 MaH 1643 ro~a. ITepM cMepTbro Alo~oBHK XIII no~rmca.11. ~eKAapauHIO, orpa.HJNHBarow:yro B.ll.aCTb KOpO.II.eBbi, KOr~a HacrynHT pereHTCTBO. IloBe.ll.eBaH, 'IT06hi oHa «CTaAa pereHTmeif Bo <f}paHUHH» H «'IT06 OHa 3aHHMa.l\aCb BOCnHTaHHeM H o6pa30BaHHeM AJo~OBHKa H ct>H.ii.Hnna, a TaK)Ke «~MHHHCTpHpOBaHHeM H ynpas.ll.eHHeM KOpO.II.eBCTBOM» ~o MOMeHTa HcnoAHeHwr 13 .1\eT crapweMY chmy, Alo~OBHK XIII Orpa.HINHBa.l\ CBOIO cynpyry Be3~eCym:HM COBeTOM, B KOTOpbiH BOW.I\H facroH Op.11.eaHCKHH - no.11.~HBWHH 3BaHHe reHepaAbHoro HaMeCTHHKa KopoAeBCTBa, npHHU ~e Ko~e - oTeu no6e~HTeNI npH PoKpya, MaaapHHH, KaHU.II.ep Cen,e, cynepHHTe~aHT DJTHHe H rocy~ap CTBeHHbiH ceKpeTapb illaBHHbH. 8To OTHH.I\0 y pereHTmH BCHKyiO BepXOBHyiO B.l\aCTb. ,l.l;eKAapauHH 6bl.ll.a llOC.I\ymHO 3aperncrpHpOBaHa B nap.11.aMeHTe 21 anpeAA. A 18 MaH, noCAe roro, KaK noHBH.II.OCb ~o BepHe K HaMepeHHHM AHHhi ABcrpHncKOH - qepe3 noATopa ro~a oHa llO)Ka.II.OBa.l\a ~0.1\)KHOCTHbiM .1\HUaM BepXOBHbiX lla.l\aT npasa ~BOpHH nepBon cryneHH, - TOT )Ke caMblli napAaMeHT nepecMOTPeA TaK )Ke .11.erKo noCAe~HIOIO BO.I\10 noKOHHoro KopoAA. Bee npoxo~HAO corAacHO crapHHHOMJ uepeMOHHa.II.Y 3aCe~aHWI C KOpO.II.eBCKHM Kpec.II.OM. Co6pa.11.cH BeCb napAaMeHT, «Bee npe~CTaBHTe.II.H naAaT B po6ax H Il.INIIlax HpKo-KpacHoro UBeTa, npe3~eHThi B MaHTWIX H c 6apxaTHhiMH manoqKaMH», BCKOpe CIO~a npH6bi.II.H KanHTaHbl rnap~HH, repUOr Op.11.eaHcKHn, KaHU.II.ep Cerbe, HaKOHeu, HX BeAHqeCTBa. Ha Aro~oBHKe «6bl.ll.a H~eTa cpHO.II.eTOBaH po6a, ero npHHeCAH repuor ~e .IKyane3, Be.II.HKHH KaMeprep, H rpacp ~e IIIapo, KanHTaH ero rnap~HH, H noc~HAH B KopoAeBcKoe KpeCAo» 105• IlpHHUbi ~e KoH~e H ~e KoHTH, repuorn, MHOrne npeAaTbi, Mapwa,u,r " HeKoTopbre noqeTHbre roCTH ~onoAHHAH accaM6.11.ero. KaK TO.II.hKO Bee pacce.II.Hcb no MecraM H BouapHAacb THWHHa, pereHTma H M~aM ~e AaHcaK no~HHAH KopoAeBcKoe ~HTH c ero TPOHa176 • TJT Alo~OBHK npo.11.eneTa.11. HeBIDITHo ro, 'ITO B cy~e6HOM nporoKo.ll.e nepeBe.II.H TaK: «Haw noBeAHTeAb KOpOAb CKa3a.ll., 'ITO OH npHme.ll. B nap.ll.aMeHT, 'IT06bl 3aCB~eTeAbCTBOBaTb CBOIO ~o6pyro BO.I\10 H 'ITO fOCllO~HH KaHU.II.ep CKaJKeT OCTaAbHOe» 105• Tpy~Ho 6bi.II.O, corAacHTecb, O)KH~aTb

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6oAbmero OT po6Koro cymeCTBa, KOTOpOMY He 6hiAO H mrrn AeT. Alo~OBHK, 6eccnopHo, 6hiA CAHillKOM MaA, "<IT06hi YAOBHTh BCIO BaJKHOCTb co6hiTIDI, npoHcme~mero 18 MaJI. Kro, snpo'IeM, B 9TOT ~eHb, Mor 6bi HMeTb o HeM .liCHoe npe~CTa.BAeHHe? KoHe<tHO, He KOpoAeBCKHH ~BOKaT TaAOH co csoeu YTOMHTeAhHOH H nycrou pe'IhiO. Mo)l(eT 6h1Tb, Cerbe? Mo)l(eT 6b1Tb, Ma3apHHH? Alma ABcrpHHCKaJI 3aCTa.BHAa noKopHTbC.fl facroHa OpAeaHcKoro H Ko~e. 0Ha no~o6paAa COBeT no CBOeM)' YCMOTpeHHIO (9TO OTKphmaAO 60AhillHe 803MO)l(HOCTH ~A.fl Ma3apHHH) , MOrAa Tenepb He C<tHTaTbC.fl c ero MHeHHeM, OTHbiHe coseT HMeeT <tHCTO cosemaTeAbHhiH xapaKTep. B 9TOH nrpe KOpoAeBCKaJI sepXOBHaJI BAaCTb OCTa.BaAaCb 6e3YKOPH3HeHHOH; a6coAJOTHaJJ: MOHapXH.si YKrenAHAach H cosepmeHCTBOBaAacb. Ho y BeAHKHX BeAbM0)1(1 MaAQ-MaAbCKH np030pAHBbiX, 6biAH npH<tHHbi BOAHOBaTbC.li, H cy~eHCKHe, KOTOpbiX BT.f!HYAH AHillHHH pa3 B 60Ablli)'IO nOAHTHKy, no~BepraAHCb onaCHOCTH- ~aAbHeHWHe C06biTIDI 9TO nOKaJKYT- H MOrAH ~oporo 3anAaTHTh 3a CBOIO ycAy)l(AHBOCTb. ,l(eTCTBO MOHapxa HHKOr~a He 6biBaeT HeopraHH30BaHHbiM. Mbi HHort~a ~)'MaeM, 'ITO KopoAh mrrn HAH ceMH AeT <taCTb csoeu noscet~HeBHOH )l(H3HH nOCB.flll{aeT npe,li;CTa.BHTeAhCKOM)' KpecAy, Hrpa.si pOAb KaK aKTep B KOMe,llHHHOM TeaTpe. A OH He HrpaeT, a BOnAOll{aeT B ce6e KOpOA.si, OH He MO)l(eT pa3,li;BOHTb CBOIO AH'lHOCTb. 0H BCIO.llY KopoAb. OH pe6eHOK H KOpOAh O.llHOBpeMeHHO, He no o'Iepet~H. TaK KaK OH COBCeM MaA, ,lle )Kyane3 nO,llHHA ero, ycat~HA B KOpOAeBCKOe KpeCAo; TaK KaK OH KOpOAb, ero CAOBa, ~a)l(e HeBH.liTHO CKa3aHHbie, o6peTYT CHAY 3aKoHa, a 3asemaHHe Aiot~oBHKa XIII craHeT He,~~;eu CTBHTe AbHbiM. Bnpo'IeM, KTO y3HaeT, .llO KaKou creneHH K~biH ocpHUHaAbHhrn )l(eCT, KaJK,llbiH KOpOAeBCKHH aKT, no~aHHbiH TOM)', KTO ,llOA)l(eH nO~ nHCaTb ero, nOH.liT nO~nHCbffialOll{HM. 0TpHUaTb, 'ITO KOpOAb C03HaTeAhHO noBeAeBaeT HAH nOHHMaeT, 'ITO nO,llllHCbmaeT, 03Ha<taAO 6bi ,li;OnyCTHTh ,llBOHH)'IO OillH6Ky. 9-ro 03Ha<taAO 6bi He npH3HaBaTb, 'ITO Alo~OBHK XIV 6biA, 6eccnopHo, )'MHhrii H HMeA paHo co3peswHH )'M· Y )l(e B ~eTCTBe, co CAOB AanoPTa, «OH npo.siBA.liA csou )'M, see CAhiwa 51 H BCe nO,li;Me<taJI» • B ll.liTb AeT OH He MO)l(eT ce6.fl BeCTH KaK MOHapx B Tp~UaTh; HO B Te )l(e n.liTb AeT «OH o6emaeT 6b1Tb BeAHKHM KOp0AeM»149. TaK BbipaJKaeT csoe cy)l(.lleHHe KoHTapHHH, noCAaHHHK CseTAeuweu BeHeUHaHCKOH Pecny6AHKH. B 9TOM )l(e, 1643 rot~y AKr .llOBHK npHHHA B Ayspe HHocrpaHHbiX nocAOB, npHwet~mHx ero no3.llpasHTb. I.J;epeMoHH.si .llOAraJI H poMHTeAhHa.si, a Te'leHHe KOTopou MaAeHbKHH KopoAb )'MeAo ce6.si t~ep)l(HT. Kort~a 9TH rocno~a o6pall{aiOTc.si K pereHTille, OH He CAywaeT, HO Kor~a OHH nosopa<tHBaiOTC.fl K HeM)', OH BeCb BHHMaHHe. Ayt~HeHUHH, KOTOpbie oH t~aeT, .llOK)'MeHTbi, KOTOpbie OH .siK06bi not~nncbiBaeT, npet~socxnmaiOT a6coAJOTHoro MOHapxa. K~oe npoH3HeceHHoe CAOBO (CKa3aHHOe HeB3Ha'iaH, nO,llCKa3aHHOe H BOCnpHH.liTOe) BaJKHO ,llA.fl Hero, ~A.fl <l>paHUHH, ,llA.fl TOrO, KTO ~OA)l(eH ero ycAhiWaTb H noH.liTh; KaJK.llhrii «no~nHCaHHbiH» .llOK)'MeHT B03AaraeT

fAABA II

oTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Ha KopoNI H KopoAeaCTBo. Ey~yr. KOHe'IHo, 6)'Marn, no~nHCa.HHbie nO ~ety, 06bi'IHbie, a TaK:>Ke KOpOAeBCKHe aKTbi, HMeiOmHe no.l\HTINeCKOe 3HaqeHHe. Ma3apmrn, KOHe'IHO, HHKOr~a He rosopHA CBOeMY KpeCTHOMY Cbrny 0 MapTOBCKOM 3~HKTe 1644 ro~a, KOTOpbiH nO~TBep:>K~aA npHBHAerHH MHCHHKOB I1apH:>Ka, HAH 0 TaKOM :>Ke ~pyrOM 3~HKTe, «npe~nHCbiBaiOIUeM C03~aHHe nO:>KH3HeHHbiX ~OA:>KHOCTeH BOCbMH npHCJI:>KHbiX H3 npo~aauoa, KOHTPOAepoa, OUeRIUHKOB, BeCOBIUHKOB, OCMOTpiUHKOB H cqeTOBO~OB TaKOrO TOBa201 pa, KaK CeHO», B CTOAHUe; HO HeB03MO:>KHO ce6e npe~CTaBHTb, 'ITQ6bi Kap~HHaA He nocBHrHA ero a co~ep:>KaHHe ~pyroii ~eKAapauHH, «nO~nHCaHHOH» Aro~OBHKOM B TOT :>Ke ~eHb, no KOTOpOH aMHHCTHpoBaAHCb ~BOpHHe, CKOMnpOMeTHpOBaBiliHe ce611 npH BOCCTaHHH 6e~HH 149 KOB («KpOKaHOB») a npoaHHUHH Py3pr • 3ace~aHHH napAaMeHTa C npHcyrCTBHeM KOpONI CAe~}'IOT O~HO 3a ~pymM, H Bee OHH He nOXO:>KH ~pyr Ha ~pyra. Ey~yqH ceMHAeTHHM (7 CeHTH6pH 1645 r.), MaAeHbKHH KOpOAb, KOTOporo ~OMO npHBeTCTBy149 IOT B napAaMeHTe, ~eMoHcrpHpyeT yaepeHHOCTb B3poCAoro • KopoAeBcKHe ~eAa ~yr qepe~OH, BTHrHBaH TOrO, KTO HX HCnOAHHeT, B Kpyr nO.l\HTINeCKHX HAH peAHrH03HbiX, npeCTH:>KHbiX HAH npocro qeAoaeqecKHX o6JI3aHHOCTeH. 16 ceHTH6pH 1643 ro~a Aro~oBHK noKa3aA repuory 8HrHeHCKOMY, 'ITO OR ~OBOAeH ycnelliHO npoae~eHHOH KaMnaHHeH. «fa3eTT» nHWeT: «Ka:>K~OMY 6hiAO DpHHTHO B~eTb AaCKOBOe 06XO:>K~eHHe IOHOrO MOHapxa C repoeM, OHO nOKa3biBaAO, Ha 'ITO MO:>KHO H~eHThCJI, KOr~a KOpOAb ~OCTHrHeT 60Aee 3peAoro B03pacra>/3. CAe~yromeii aecHoii OR, c~H a KapeTe, npHcyrCTByeT Ha CMOTpe caoero WBeiiuapcKoro rnap~eiicKoro noAKa B EyAoHCKOM Aecy; oR y:>Ke aomeA so sKye aoeHHhLX nap~oa. B BeAHKHH qeTBepr 1645 ro~a OH MOeT HorH ~BeH~UaTH 6e~HhiM H3 caoero npHXo~a (CeHT-8craw) H o6cAy:>KHBaeT HX aa CTOAOM. AeTOM 1647 ro~a no coaery Ma3apHHH Aro~oBHK e~eT c MaTepbro ocMaTPHBaTb rpaHHuy: peqb ~eT 0 TOM, 'IT06bi M06HAH30BaTb ~BOpmiCTBO, 3aCTaBHTb BCeX B KOpOAeBCTBe OC03HaTb CHAy HCnaHCKOH onaCHOCTH, TaK KaK B 3TOT MOMeHT oca~eHHbm ApMaHTbep c~aeTcJI. A ae~b 3TOMY KopoAIO, y:>Ke BOHHY, acero AHillb aoceMh AeT. llHTH~uaroro HHBap.sr 1648 ro~a Aro~oBHK XIV B TPeTHH paa aaTOpHTeTHo npHCyrCTByeT B CBOeM KOpOAeBCKOM ~<peCAe Ha 3aCe~aHHH napAaMeHTa. I1oCAe neccHMH~ecKoro ~OKA~a 0Mepa TaAoHa o KpH3HCHOM COCTOHHHH ~eA B KOpOAeBCTBe OH He HCnbiTbiBaeT, KOHeqHO, HHKaKHX yrpb13eHHH COBeCTH, H3~aBaH HenOnyAHpHbie HaAOrOBbie YKa3bi, KOTOpbie npHHHMaeT Ma3apHHH. BoT noqeMY, nocAe Toro KaK OH a qeTBepnm pa3 npHcyrCTBOBaA (31 HIONI Toro :>Ke ro~a) Ha aace~aHHH napAaMeHTa H BbiCAymHaaA eme pa3 HepeMH~Y rocno~HHa TaAoHa, OH oqeHb o6p~oBaAC.ll no6e~e, KOTopyro npHHU KoH~e o~ep:>KaA H~ HCnaHUaMH npH AaHce: eMY Ka:>KeTcH, 'ITO 3TO r AaBHaH no6e~a MOHapXHH H~ ~OA:>KHOCTHbiMH AHUaMH, CAHillKOM y:>Ke <J?po~epcKH HacrpoeHHbiMH. Eme ~o rp~aHcKoii aoiiHhi H, KOHeqHo, He npe~craBA.llH ce6e 6y~ymero, Aro~oBHK 3HaeT, KTO ero aparn

29 cero,.a:ru~: seAhMO)f(H KopoAescrna, o6'he,.a:HHHBIIIHec>I y)Ke c 1643 ro,.a:a B rpynnnpOBKy «3Ha"UITeAbHbiX» H )KeAaBIIIHe ,ll;HI<TOBaTh era MaTepn csoii aronCTHqecKHH 3aKoH; BhiCOI<onocrasAeHHhie cy,.a:eiici<ne, oco6eHHO «B03rop,.a:nsiiiHec>I csoeii HOBOH CAaBOH» B 1648 ro,.a:y n crpeMHBwnec>I KOH'I'pOAHposaTb MOHapxmo.

HEOEhPIHOEBOCITHTAHHE ,ll;o ceHT>I6p>I 1645 ro,.a:a I<opoAeM, no ycraHOBAeHHoMy o6bNaro, 3aHHMaAHCb )KeHillHHbl. Onn,me no ,ll;OCTH)KeHHH B03pacra, KOTOpbm IJ;epKOBh, KaHOHH"'eCI<Oe npaso n rocy,.a:apcrno Ha3hmaiOT «C03HaTeAhHbiM B03paCTOM» (so3pacr MOpaAbHOH C03HaTeAbHOCTH, B KOTopoM y)Ke JMeiOT OT,ll;e.i\JITb xopowee OT nAoxoro, HAH so3pacr HHTeAAei<TJaAbHOH C03HaTeAhHOCTH), BOCnliTaHHe KOpOAJI 6y,.a:eT ,.a:oBepeHO MJ)K"'HHaM. B MapTe 1646 ro,.a:a I<opoAesa-MaTb 'Ha3Ha"laeT «Kap,.a:HHaAa Ma3apnHn Ha ,.a:oA)KHOCTb cynepHHTeH,.a:ama npn oco6e I<opoAJ~ .ll:AJI Toro, "'T06hx OH pJKOBO.ll:HA ero o6pa30BaHHeM n socnnTaHHeM, n MapKn3a BHAhpya Ha ,ll;OA)KHOCTb rysepHepa (Haxo,.a:Jillleroc>I B no,.a:"'HHeHHH Ma3apnHn) nepcoHhi Ero BeAHqecrna»70. «>l C"'HTaAa,- JTO"'H>IeT OHa,- "'TO 3TOT Bbi60p 6biA Onpe,ll;eAeH TOH "leCTbro, KOTopyro noKOHHhiH KopoAb, MOH noseAJITeAh, eMJ OKa3aA, )KeA<UI, "'T06bi OH 6hiA KpeCTHbiM OTUOM HaCAe,ll;HHKa>>. BnAhpya 6y.lleT Ha,ll;eAeH He3aCAy)KeHHbiMH noqecr>IMH, npoH3Be,.a:eH s MapWaAbl (2 OKT>I6p>I 1646 r.), H eMy 6y.lleT nO)KaJ\OBaH TIITyA repU.Ora (15 ,.a:ei<a6p>I 1648 r.). He 3aMe"leHo, "'TT6hx OH oqeHb noBAHJIJ\ Ha cpopMHpOBaHHe AH"'HOCTH CBOero yqeHHKa, 3a HCKAIO"leHHeM TOfO, "'TO speMJI OT speMeHH oH no,.a:,ll;ep)KHBaA peWJITeAbHhie, 3.1lpasbxe Mepbl KOfQ-HH6J.Ilb H3 HH)KeCTOJIIllHX nO ,ll;OA)KHOCTH, HanpHMep KaMep,ll;HHepa AanopTa5 1• HacrasHHK Aro.llOBHKa XIV - aTo Ap.llJ3H ,ll;e IlepecpHKC, HaCTOJITe.l\b MOHaCTbip>I B DOMOHe, KOTOpOMJ nAaTHAH 6000 cppaHKOB B fO,ll; 3a TO, "'T06hl OH o6yqaA KOpOAJI HCTOpHH H .1\Hreparype, n KOToporo s Harpa,ll;y 3a 3TO Ha3Ha"'HAH ennci<onoM B Po,.a:e3. IlepecpHKC KOH'I'pOAHpyeT He60AbWJIO rpynny )"'iHTeAeH: )KaHa Ae6e (npasonncaHHe), AeKaMIO (cqeT), AHTyaHa Y.lleHa (maAb>IHCKHH 149 n ncnaHCKHH >I3biKH), ,ll;asnpa (pncosaHne), BepHapa ("'TeHne) • Ho socnmaHneM KopoAJ~ He 3aHHMaiOTC>I HH BHAhpya, I<ypTH3aH, AHweHHhm HH,ll;HBH,ll;YaAbHOCTH, HH IlepecpHKC, uepKOBHOCAy)f(HTeAb, 6oAbwe XaH)Ka, qeM .llyxOBHHK. ToAbKO Ma3apnHH, sonpeKH 6hiTyromeMY MHeHHro, oTHecc>I co sceii cephe3HOCTbiO K csoeii ,ll;OA)KHOCTH cynepHHTeH,ll;aHTa. EMJ ,.a:osep>IeT KopoAesa, KOTOpyro oH npno6maeT K CAO)KHbiM noAHTH"lecKHM HaJKaM. Bpa)KJle6Hoe OTHOweHHe K I<ap,.a:HHaAY BhiKa3biBaeT AanopT. 9-roT crpaHHbxH qeAoseK, nocrpa,ll;aswnii pa,ll;H KopoAeBbi so BpeMeHa nepsoro Kap.llHHaAa, craA B 1643 ro.lly 66AhWHM po>IAHCTOM, "leM caM I<opoAb - o6'heKT ero noKAoHeHH>I. AanopT npHH>IAC>I Hanpas.i\JITb KopoAesy, ,.a:oBO.IlliTh .llO ee cse,.a:eHH>I CAJXH, spe,.a:Jilllne ee peflJTaunH, cnoco6crnosaTb ee pa3pbiBY c Ma3apHHn.

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Bee 9To, noWITHo, o6oWAOcb He~erneao. Tenepb, Kor~a aoiiHa He KOpMHT ce6a caMoe (no KpaiiHeii Mepe, so <l>pamum), co~ep)KaTb CTOAhKO aoiicK, 9KHrmpoaaTb HX, nAaTIITb HM, nepeMemaTh HX - ace 9TO CTOIIT TaK ~0p0r0, "'TO npHXO~IITCJI llOAHOCTbiO nepeKpaHBaTb HauHOHaAhHhm 610~)KeT. KopoAeBcKaa CHCTeMa HaAoroa, KOTopaa ~o cHx nop 6hiAa Ky~a MeHee pa3opmomeii, He)KeAH cpe~HeBeKoBaa ¢eo~aAhHaa HaAoroaaa CHCTeMa, TPe6yeT Tenepb pe3KO noBhiCHTh pa3Mepbi nAaTe)KeH. B Te'IeHHe nJITH AeT, KOTOpbie npe~rneCTBOBaAH o6'bJIBAeHHIO BOHHhi HcnaHHH (1635 r.), HaAor so <l>paHU;HH YTPOH.i\ca!' TaAba ao3poCAa no'ITH B 'IeThipe pa3a; PmueAhe nhrraeTca BHOBb BBeCTH B npOBHHUIDIX, OCB060~HB1llHXCJI OT ra6eAH nyreM BbiKyna, 9TOT HenonyAJ~pHbm HaAor. 8To «CaMoe 6o.Ahrnoe HaAoroaoe Hacryn7 AeHHe B HCTOpHH <l>paHUHH» • I10IDITHO, 'ITO OHO MOrAO Bbl3BaTb He MeHee CHAhH)'lO Hapo~H)'lO peaKUHIO. Y)Ke a 1624 ro~y no~HJI.i\ca 6e~Hhm AIO~, TaK Ha3biBaeMbie KpOKaHbi KepcH (npOTecrya npoma BBe~eHHJI KOpOAeBCKHX 9.1\eKUHH, KOTOpbie ~OA)KHbi 6biAH 3aMeHliTb pe)KHM TPexcoCAOBHbiX npoBHHUHaAbHhiX accaM6AeH:). C 1635 no 1637 ro~ ~pyrHe 6e~HJIKH npe~aBaAH BCe OrHIO H Meqy B npOBHHUHax: fHeHH, CeHTOH)Ke, AHIJ'MYa, a 3aTeM H a ITepHrope. B 1639 ro~y a HH)KHeH: HopMa~HH npoH301llAH noaceMeCTHbre MJITe)KH, H3aeCTHbre no~ Ha3BaHHeM «BOCCTaHHe 6ocoHornx». ITpaaAeHHe PHrneAhe 3aKaH'IHBaeTCJI B nepHO~ «B3pbma KpeCTbJIHCKHX BOAHeHHH>/. TaKHe acnAecKH Hapo~HbiX aoAHeHHH no3BOAJIIOT H3Mep~rrb Ayqrne, 'IeM BCJIKaJI CTaTHCTHKa, HenOCHAbHOCTb, BHe3anHOCTb H yaeAH'IeHHe HaAoroaor o npecca. «lliO~bi 9TOH nOAIITHKH, no6e~a B pe3y.AhTaTe )KeCTOKOH H TPY~HOH 6opb6hi <l>paHUHH npoma fa6c6yproa, co3~a HHe B KOpOAeBCTBe yqpe~eHlfii, KOTOpbie 6y~YT cnoco6CTBOBaTh UeHTPaAH3auHH H KOTOpbiM npe~Ha3Ha'IeHa 60AbWaJI 6y~YIIJ.HOCTb, 6biAH OllAa'IeHbl UeHOH OrpOMHbiX )KepTB, npHHeCeHHbiX O~HHM HAlf 7 ~B)'MJI noKoAeHHJIMH KpeCTbJIHCKoro HaceAeHHJI» , TaK 6biAO, no KpaHHeH Mepe, B HalliHX 3an~HbiX npOBHHUHJIX. Ma3apHHH H pereHTWa HaCAe~}'IOT o~HoapeMeHHo HHOCTPaHH)'IO noAIITHKy npaaAeHHJI Aio~oBHKa XIII, ~MHHHCTPaTHBHbie H <PHHaHCOBhie yqpe~eHHJI, KOTOpbie Bbi3BaAH Hapo~Hhrii mea, a 3aTeM H rp~aHCK)'IO aoH:Hy, KOTopaa WAa a CTPaHe He npeKpamaach. Y )Ke AeTOM H oceHhiO 1643 ro~a r AaBHbm MHHHCTP ~OA)KeH npoTHBOCTOJITb noBTOpHOMY BOCCTaHHIO 6e~HJIKOB, BOCCTaHHIO KpOKaHOB B Py9pre. KaK H PHwe.Ahe, OH BhiHY)K~eH BLI6HpaTb: AH6o c~eAaTb apeMeHHhie yCTynKH, AH6o no~aaHTb aoccraHHe. KaK H PHwe.Ahe, OH 6y~eT qacro HcnO.Ah30BaTh o6e TaKTHKH. B npoBHHUHH Py9pr, oxaa'IetmoH: aoAHeHHeM, CHa'!aAa 6y~eT nOHH)KeHa nepBOHa'IaAhHO npe~yCMOTPeHHaJI CTaBKa TaAhH, HOB ~eKa6pe, KOr~a TaM HaCTynHT CnOKOHCTBHe, OKOAO ~eCJITH KpeCTbJm-6)'HTOBIIJ.HKOB COWAIOT Ha raAepbl. <l>po~a He po~HAaCb H3 HH'Iero. Bo MHOrHX C.i\ yqaax, HanpHMep, B fHeHH, BOAHeHHJI <l>po~bl - 9TO nocAe~HHH BCn.i\eCK BOCCTaHHJI 6e.l{HJIKOB, npoH3owe~mero 'IeTBepTb aeKa Ha3~. <l>poH~a 6hiAa cHa'IaAa JIBAeHHeM ropo~cKHM, aHa 3apo~HAach a ITapH)Ke, Ho 9TO He

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3ana.,ltHOM HanpasAeHHH. OH OTKpbiA ~MI ce6jl K KOHUY 1652 ro~a, KpoMe fub-~e-<l>paHca, IlnKap~mo (1647, 1649), Bepxmoro HopMaH~HIO C PyaHOM (1650), illaMIIaHb (1650), Ky~a eMY H)QKHO 6y~eT npHexaTb MHOrO pa3 H3-3a BOeHHbiX ~eHCTBHH, Eyp~HIO (1650), Ilyary (1650, 1651), fueHh (1650), EeppH, r~e eme He CTHXAH BOAHeHHjl (1651), AH)I(y H CoMrop, HHTeAAeKTYaAbHYIO croAHuy <f>paHuy3cKoro npoTeCTaHTH3Ma (1652), ~OAHHY Ayapbi (1652). 3a meCTb AeT- oKoAO ~BeHa.,ltUaTH nposHHUHH! H Mbi 3HaeM, 'ITO 9TH Kp~. ~a)l(e Te, KOTOpbie B HOpMaAbHOH CHryaUHH )I(HAH 6bi xopomo, npe~CTaAH nepe~ B30pOM KOpOMI B caMOM HenpHr~HOM B~e: BCIO~Y aHapXHjl, Oe~HOCTb, HHlUeTa. B nepHo~ Me)l(~y <l>poH~oii H cMepTbiO Ma3apHHH (1661 ), TO eCTb a Te'leHHe nepsbiX sochMH AeT npeo6pa30saHHH, Aro~oBHK XIV cosepmaeT IIOAHTH'!eCKHe HAH BOeHHbie IIOe3~KH, IIOe3~KH, CBjl3aHHbie C HeocymeCTBHMOH caaoj{CKOH )l(eHHTh60H H c peaAbHOH )l(eHHTh60H Ha HCnaHCKOH npHHUecce. 8TH noe3~KH n0380Aj!T eMY OTKpbiTb ~MI ce6jl CeMb HAH BOceMb ~pyrHX npOBHHUHH: O~HH H3 HHX C ~aBHHX nop IIpHHa.,l{Ae)l(aAH KOpOAeBCTBy, npHCOe~HHHAHCb K <f>paHUHH AHllib 'laCTH'IHO HAH TOAbKO BbiCKa3biBaAH CBOe )l(eAaHHe npHCOe~HHHTbCjl. &ro 6biAH AoTapnHrnjl (1653, 1656), A~pHjl (1658), r~e OH 'lYTh 6biAO He YMep, AHoHHe (1658), r~e IIpHKAIO'IeHHe c MaH'IHHH nepepacreT s crpaCTb, CeHTOH)I( (1659), a KOTopoM oH Haacer~a 3anOMHHT H CeH-.IKaH-~'AH)I(eAH, H Epya)l(, BepxHHH H HH)I(HHH Aame~oK (1659)- 3a ceMb AeT ~o Ha'laAa pa6oT no crpoHTeAhCTBY KaHaAa, coe~HHHBlliHX ~sa Mopjl,- IlpoaaHc (1660), ABHHbOH, CTPaHY EacKos (1660). &ra noe3~Ka Aro~oBHKa XIV no paHUHH MO)I(eT cpaaHHTbCjl c nyTemeCTBHjiM:H peMeCAeHHHKOB no crpaHe (ecAH He no npo~OA)I(H TeAbHOCTH, TO no ~AHHe MapmpYTa). KopoAeBCKHH KOpTe)l(, KOHe'IHO, HHOr~a scrpe'IaA Ha caoeM IIYTH aTHx AIO~eii TPY~a, KOTOpbxe, YMejl pa6oTaTb CO CHOpOBKOH H )l(eA~ COBepmeHCTBOBaTbCjl npo<flecCHQHaAbHO, nepexo~HAH H3 npOBHHUHH B npOBHHUHIO C naAKOH B pJKe, ~opo)I(HOH <flAMoii H MemKoM 3a IIAe'laMH; lliAH caoiiCTBeHHOH HM pa3MepeHHOH, mHpoKoii u cnoKoiiHoii nocrynbro. 8-rnM MOAO~biM AIO~j!M cosepmeHHO qy)l(~a noAHTHKa, OHH p<l.AOBaAHCb AHllib TOMY, 'ITO OKOH'IHAaCb rp~aHCK~ BOHHa, TaK KaK ace 3TH BOAHeHHjl Bpe~HO CKa3biBaAHCb Ha HaMMe H 3aHj!TOCTH. KopoAb nyTemeCTByeT Ha aTOT pa3 6oAee KOM<f>opTa6eAbHo: so BCjiKOM CAyqae, oH Ayqme o~eT H oT~bD<:aeT s y~o6Hoii noCTeAH. Ero HHTepecbi mupe H B03BbillieHHee: oH xO'leT cocraaHTb ce6e npe~craa AeHue 0 UeAOM, Ha6AIO~~ '!aCTHbie CAyqaH. 8TO npo<fleCCHOHaAbHbxH HHTepec, KOTOpbm MO:>KHO cpaBHHTb C HHTepeCOM MOAO~OrO IIAOTHHKa HAH peMecAeHHHKa-lliMinHHKa. B y~HBIITeAhHOH naMjiTH Aro~oau Ka (KOTop~ 6hiAa npucyma Eyp6oHaM) 3ane'!aTAeBaiOTCjl ucno~soAh, HO npO'IHO npOBHHUHjl 3a npOBHHUHeH, C03~aB~ «06pa3 <l>paHUHH». l1TaK, y Hero ~pyrue 3a60Tbi, a OTAH'me OT 3a6oT Mapuu MaH'IHHH. 0HH MeHee poMaHTH'!Hbi H 3asucn OT o6CTOneAbCTB. MoAo~oii Mo-

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1653

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108

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110

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112

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124

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IUaiOIUHH p)'KOBO,llCI'BO ,lleAaMH flapiDKa H KOpOAeBCKOrO ,llOMa C ,lleAaMH .llyxoseHcrsa. B 1667 ro.lly, Kor,lla co3.lla.ll)'T reHepa.AbHoe HaMeCTIUI'Iecrso napiDKCKOH noAHr.urn, ero Ha"<Ia.AbHHK, fa6pH3Ah liHKoAa 11.e AapeiiHn, '<lacTH'<IHO BbiWe,llxmri{ H3-llO,ll oneKH MHHHcrpa flapH)Ka, 6y.lleT TaK)Ke ,llOnyiUeH B KOMaH/l.y, pa60TaiOIU)'lO Henocpe,llcrseHHO C KOpOAeM. HaKoHeu, BBH/l.Y Toro, "<ITO ceTb cpHHaHCOBbiX opraHHaauHii qpeaMepHo paapacraAacb B rocy.llapcrse H "<ITO 6bmwee Be,llOMCI'BO yKe 3aHHMaAOCb He TOAbKO rocy,llapcrseHHbiMH cpHHaHCaMH H HaAoroo6AO)KeHHeM, HO eme H a,llMHHHCTpauHeH, npOMbiWAeHHOCTblO H roproBAeH (IDITh HAH ween. Haumx MHHHcrpos B XX seKe He cnpaBHAHCb 6bi C TaKOH Harpy3KOH), KOpOAeBcKHH COBeT H reHepa.AbHbiH KOHTPOAh, SIBNIIOIUHec.s~ HacAe,llHHKaMH cynepHHTeH,llaHTcrsa, ncnoAbayIOT, npKMO HAH KOCBeHHO, HeCKOAbKO IJ.eC.sJ:TKOB KOMneTeHTHbiX nepCOH. f10AHOMO'<IH.sl HeKOTOpbiX MO)KHO cpaBHHTb C llOAHOMO'<IH.siMH csepXWTaTHoro rocy.llapcrseHHoro ceKpeTap.s~. Ecrb TaKHe, KOTOpbte pa60TaiOT THXOHbKO, llO'<ITH llO,llllOAbHO; ,lla)Ke cerO,llH.sl Mbl eme He HMeeM TO'<IHOrO npe.llCTaBAeHIUI 0 pa3Mepax HX Morymecrsa, 0 KOTQpOM MO)KeM TOAhKO .llOra,llbmanc.s~. B 1661 ro.lly, K <~THM cKpOMHbiM H BAHHTeAbHbiM AlO,ll.siM OTHOCHTC.sl o6a COBeTHHKa B KOpOAeBCKOM COBeTe no ,lleAaM cpHHaHCOB (8TbeH .ll'AAHrp H A.AeKCaHil.p ,lle Ces), o6a HHTeH,llaHTa cpHHaHcos (caM KoAh6ep H ,ll;eHH MapeH), BbiCOKHe ,llOA)KHOCTHbie AHUa (rAaBHbm Ka3Ha"<IeH no 9KcrpaOp.llHHapHbiM BQeHHbiM pacxo,llaM, xpaHHTeAH KopoAescKoii Ka3Hbi, reHepa.AbHbte Ka3Ha"<IeH cpAOTa H T . .zl.), OTKyniUHKH, HaKOHeU, KOTOpbiX MO)KHO cpasHHTb c KoAAerHa.AbHbiM MHHHerepcrsoM KocseHHoro HaAora. K TOMY )Ke, KaK npH scex pe)KHMax H so scex a,llMHHHcrpaUHHX, BblCWHe «cpYHKUHOHepbl» TaK xopowo llOMOraiOT Ha'<la.AbHHKaM Be,llOMCI'B, '<ITO Ha"<IHHaiOT npno6maTbC.sl K HX o6mecrseHHOH H nOAHTHqecKOH BAaCTH. Bo cppaHUyacKoii nepapXHH 3nOXH AIO.lloBHKa XIV nepsbte aaMeCTHTeAH rocy.llapcrseHHbiX ceKpeTape:H, reHepa.AbHoro KOHTPOAepa cpHHaHCOB, KopoAeBcKHX KaaHa"<Iees H ,lla)Ke KaaHa"<Iees Ka3Ya.AbHbiX ,llOXO,llOB npHpaBHHBaiOTC.sl K paHry KOMaH/l.)'lOIUHX 9CKa,llpaMH. TaKOBO )KeAaHHe KOpOAH, B COOTBeTCI'BHH C KOTOpbiM OH 138 nepecrpoHA nepapXHIO "<IHHOB • Kor,lla B 1664 ro.lly KoAb6ep oTKpoeT csoe se,lloMcrso KYAhTYPbi npn cynepnHTeH,llaHTcrse crpoHTeA~>crsa, OH Ha3Ha'<IHT nepBbiM 3aMeCTIITeAeM (a llOTOM H reHepa.AbHbiM KOHTPOAepoMhHe KaKoro-HH6yiJ.b He3HaKOMua HAH npocroro 6IOpoKpaTa, a lllapAH eppo, BH/l.Horo AHTeparopa, 6y11.ymero aKa,lleMHKa. C pa3BHTHeM a,llMHHHcrpaTHBHOH MOHapXHH BllOCAe,llCI'BHH yseAH'<IHTC.sl "<IHCAO TaKHX «rAaBHhiX npy)KHH» rocy.llapcrseHHoro MexaHH3Ma. focy.llapcrso He Cl'aHOBHTC.sl "<IY.llOBHIUHbiM (ero rpOM03,llKOCTh - HaCAe,llHe npoWAoro; 6oAee copoKa ThiC.sl'<l KynAeHHhiX ,llOA)KHOCTeH - 9TO H 3aAOr npeeMCI'BeHHOCTH H CTa6HAbHOCTH, HO TaK)Ke conponmAeHHH H p)'THHht). C 1701 no 1708 ro11. KopoAb ncnoAbayeT, "<IT06bt ycHAHT:h KOHTPOAh H o6Aei"''HTb pa6ary 6e11.Horo ,lle lliaMHii.slpa, yCAym .llByx rAaBHbiX ,llHpeKTOpOB cpHHaHCOB, 6Aar011.ap.s1

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qeM)' AOBKHH HHKOAa ,ll;eMape CMO)I(eT BeCbMa ceHcaUHOHHo BepJIYTb ce6e MHAOCTb KopoAH. A nOTOM BMecro ~Byx mrre~aHTOB qmHaHCOB Aro~OBHK 6y~eT HMeTb llleCTb (1690- 1701), nOTOM TOAbKO 'ieTbiJ>e (1701- 1704), exue noa)l(e CHOBa rneCTb (1704- 1708) H, HaKOHeu, ceMh (1708- 1715). MHpy Be~OMCTBeHHOH pyrnHbi npOTHBonocrasAHIOTC.ll m6KOCTb, 9MnHpH3M, He06bNaHHa.ll npHCnOc06ASJ:eMOCTb K HY~aM, CBOHCTBeHHbie npasAeHHIO BeAHKoro KopoAH. Aro~oBHK He TOAbKO YCHAHA KOM~y mrre~aHTOB cpHHaHCOB, OH exue C03~aeT B 1708 ro~y rneCTb HHTe~aHTOB, OTBeTCTBeHHhrx aa roproBAIO. 11TaK, 6Aaro~apa BOAe, 6oAblllOM)' nparMaTH3M)' KopoAH H ero AY'JlllHX COBeTHHKOB (KTO MOr 6bi npeB30HTH no qaCTH 9MnHpH3Ma KoAb6epa, A ysya H ,ll;eMape?) Mbi MO)I(eM Ha6AIO~aTb noAHbm paapbm Me~y B~HMOH, ocpHUHaAbHOH rocyttapCTBeHHOH BAaCTbiO H TeM, 'iTO Mbl Ha3B~ 6hi COUHOAOmeH BAaCTH. (cha noCAe~WUI ccpepa npe~craBAHeT o6lllHpHoe noAe ~e.srreAhHOCTH ~AH HCCAe~oBaTeAH.) CKOAhKO )l(e eCTb exue nAoxo H3BeCTHbrx HAH coBceM HeH3BeCTHhrx TaHHbiX COBeT'iHKOB! TOAbKO HeMHome noCB.lliUeHHbie 3HaiOT, 'iTO CnHCOK «MHHHCTepCKHX COKOAOB» ~aAeKO He HC'iepnbmaeT BeCb 061>eM Tex, KTO cnoco6cTByeT xoporneif, CAa)l(eHHOH pa60Te ueHTpaAbHOH BAaCTH. J1TaK, 6Aaro~ap.ll BOAe KOpOAH <l>paHUHeH e)l(e~HeBHO ynpaBAHeT UeAa.ll nAe~a peBHOCTilbiX H, KaK npaBHAO, O'ieHb KOMneTeHTHbiX CAyr MOHapxa. HcropHH cAe~oBaAO 6bi noMHHTh o6 9THX «BeAHKHX noMOIUHHKax». 11 '!HTaTeAH CeH-CHMOHa y)l(e ~or~hi BaiOTca, 'iTO B KOHue npaBAeHIDI Aro~OBHKa XIV K rpacpy ~e Eep)I(HKY npHCAyniHBaAHCb KaK K MHHHcrpy. <l>AOT MapKH3a ~e CeHbeAe, CaMbiH MOIUHbiH B MHpe, BepO.llTHO, ~OCTHr COBeprneHCTBa TOAbKO 6Aaro~apa ~e IOccoHY ~e EoHpeno, BhmOAH.llBllleM)' Heonpe~eAeHHbie ¢YHKUHH. BoeHHaa ~MHHHcrpaUH.ll H apMHH A ysya HaxO~.llTca B PYKax KponoTAHBOro MOHapxa H reHHaAbHoro MHHHcrpa, HO 9TOT KOpOAb H 9TOT MHHHCTp He MOrAH 6hi TaK 9cpcpeKTHBHO ~eHCTBOBaTb 6e3 co~eHCTBH.ll Bo6aHa B ~eAe coopy)l(eHH.ll YKPenAeHHH H opraHHaaUHH oc~, 6e3 MapKH3a ~e lliaMAe, cneUHaAHCTa no MaTepHaAbHoTeXHH'iecKOM)' o6ecneqeHHIO H opraHH3auHH TbiAa. KopoAb 6y~eT 6oAhrne npHcAYlllHBaTbca K Bo6aHY (KOTOpbrn 3HaeT Bee (pernaeT Bee), rOBOpHT C KOpOAeM ysepeHHbiM TOHOM H .llBAHeTC.ll B CTpaHe o~HHM H3 coa~aTeAeH coBpeMeHHOH craTHCTHKH), qeM K TPeM eAHno ~e AaspHifep, 6eaBeCTHbiM rocy~apcrneHHbiM ceKperap.llM. TaKOB nap~oKc, a TaK)I(e TaKOBa cHAa Harnero craporo pe)I(HMa. Aro~oBHK XIV npoCAaBAHeT, cpopMHpyeT H ynpasAHeT He OKO'ieHeAhiM rocy~apcrnoM, rocy~apcrnoM-cnpy-roM, rocy~apcrnoM-MalllHHoii; H caM J\ro~oBHK, KOTopbm PYKOBO~HT H cy~HT,- noAHaa npOTHBonoAO)I(HOCTb KOpoAIO-po6o-ry.

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126

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132

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134

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136

fAABA VII

Aro~oBm< XIV, KoTopbiM p)'KOBO~HA o'IeHb AOBKHH np~BopHbm, nepBbm MapmaA ~e BHAbpya, Ha3Ha'IHA BOcOHTaTeAeM cBoero cbma BaJI<Horo BeAbMO)f(Y npH ~Bope, repuora (6hmmero MapKH3a) ~e MoHT03he, 6hmmero npOTeCTa.HTa, ocraBmeroCR BepHbiM ryreHOTcKoii cypoBOCTH: C'IHTIUOT, 'ITO MoHT03he noCAy)f(HA MoAbepy npoo6paaoM AAhuecra. PHMcKHe ~o6po~eTeAH MoHT03be npH3HaHhi, BCeM xopowo H3BeCTHa ero HCKpeHHOCTb, H B peAHrH03HOM OTHOUieHHH OH HCITbiTaHHbrH 'IeAoBeK. KopoAb AJ06HT ero 'IeCTHbte cBo6o~Hbie BhiCKa3hmaHIDt. Kor~a o~~bi B 1676 ro~y MoHapx 3aJIBHA: «Mbt, ~YMaiO, He CMO)f(eM nOMO'Ib HAHnc6ypry, HO Be~b H He nepeCTaHy 6e3 9TOrO 6b1Tb KopoAeM <l>paHUHH», MoHT03be TOT'Iac )f(e OTBeTHA: «KoHe'IHO, CHp, Bhi 6y~ere, 6e3yCAoBHO, KopoAeM <l>paHUHH, ~a)f(e eCAH 6bi y Bac OTo6paAH Meu, TyAb H Bep~eH, H <l>paHm-KoHTe, H MHorne ~py rne rrpoB:mnum, 6e3 KOTOpbiX npeKpacHo o6xo~HAHcb BaUIH npe~we CTBeHHHKH»96. 0H O'IeHb cepbe3HO OTHOCHTCH K CBaeH pOAH BOCOHTaTe.I\.H MoHceHbopa. By~ OTBeTCTBeHHhiM 3a cpopMHpOBaHHe ero xapaKTepa H ero Ha'IaAbHOro BaeHHaro o6yqeHIDI, MoHT03he C'IHTaeT Heo6xo~HMbiM KOHTPOAHpoBaTb cMewnommcc.s~ HaCTaBHHKOB HaCAek HHKa H HanpaBAHTh era a6paaaBaHHe. OH ITHWeT «X~CTHaHCKHe H noAHTH'IecKHe paaMbiWAeHHH a noBe~eHHH npHHua» , 3aKa3hmaeT .IKepo ~e Kop~eMYa «Mcropmo <l>paHUHH co BpeMeH ra.AAOB», a66aTY <l>AeWbe- «Mcropmo <l>ea~ocHH BeAHKOro», a lliepy-,lJ;aHH9AJO fi09 nopyqaeT no~rOTOBHTb 3HaMeHHTOe H3~aHHe aHTH'IHhiX aBTopaB,Bbt6pacHB HaH6aAee HenpHAH'IHbte OITHCaHIDt, - ad usum Delphini (~AH HCnOAb30BaHIDl HaCAe~HHKaM). I1pe3H~eHT ~e ITepHHbH, '!Teu Ero BeAH'IeCTBa, BocnHTaTeAh MoHceHbopa c 1668 no 1670 ro~, cocraBHA, corAacoBaA c MaHTa3he nAaH o6yqeHHH, KOTOpOMY EocCI09 CAe~yeT C 1670 no 1679 ro~, KOMMeHTHpyH OT~eAbHbie 3ITH3a~bl HCTOpHH. IlepHHbH XOTeA BOCITHTaTb HaCAe~HHKa ~a6panap~a'IHbiM ~BapHHHHOM H ccpopMHpOBaTb ero KaK rocy~apcTBeHHoro ~eneAH. KaK npHHUy, eMY H~a 6hiAO n03HaKOMHTbCH C IOpHcnpy~eHUHeH, crapHHHOH H COBpeMeHHOH, c noAO)f(eHHHMH racy~apCTBeHHoro npaBa, c KaHOHH'IeCKHMH npaBHAaMH, C Ha)'KOH o6meHHH C AJO~bMH, C 3aKOHaMH naAHTHKH H ynpaBAeHHH. KaK ~BopHHHHY Bbtcmeii npo6hi, MoHceHbopy Heo6xo~HMO 6biAO xopomo 3HaTb CBHmeHHoe I1HcaHHe H KaTeXH3HC, AaThmh, n03HaKOMHTbCH C HeKOTOpbiMH OCHOBaMH rpeqecKOrO H3biKa, BhtyqHTh HTaAbHHCKHH H HCnaHcKHH H3biKH. K 9TOMY 6ara)f(y ~OA)f( Hhi ~o6aBAHTbCH ~peBHH.sl H COBpeMeHHM HCTOpHH (C reHeaAOrH'IeCKHMH KapTaMH, XpOHOAOrHeH H reorpacpHeH), cpHAOCOcpHH (AorHKa, MOpaAb, cpH3HKa H MeTacpH3HKa), pHTopHKa (ofiwHe no.1\.0)f(eHHH); HaKOHeU, B ~OCTaTO'IHOM 06'heMe MaTeMaTHKa, 'IT06bl o6yqHThCH BoeHHOMY HcKycCTBy, B TOM 'IHCAe HcKycCTBy a6opOHHhiX coopy)f(eHHi1:39•

MOHAPXIDI BE3 Y3

137

C<urraeTC.ll Heo6xo,a:HMbiM ,a:aTh HaCAe,a:HHKy, no.a: npe,a:AoroM npoCTbiX H .llCHbiX 3HaHHH 060 BCeM, rpOMa,ll;Hbie 3HaHWI, ,ll;OCTOHHhie rnI'aHTOB Pa6Ae. ,l(Bop c not.rreHHeM npoH.3HOCHT KaJK,ll;Oe ero ,a:eTcKoe CAOBO, BOKpyr npH.HUa BpatnaeTC.ll nAe.ll,ll;a BeAHKHX AlO,ll;eH: ryMaHH.CT fuep ,lJ;aHe, KOTOpbiH ,ll;A.ll Hero COCTaBA.lleT AaTHHCKH.e CAOBapH., OTeU ,ll;eA.llpiO, 'lAeH op,a:eHa H.e3YJITOB, a,a:anTHpyxom.H:R ,ll;A.ll Hero BeprHAWI, 112 a66aT f10a, noMOIIJ.HHK ,ll;eA.llpiO, «yqeHblli-YHH.BepcaA» • lho6bi Bbl,ll;ep)l(aTb ary AaBH.HY 3HaHHH, KOTOpbie npenO,ll;HOCHT ,a:e MoHT03be, nocryKHBa.ll TPOCTO'lKOH ne.a:arora, Ha,a:o H.MeTh KpenKyxo roAoay (HaCAe,a:CTBeHHYIO), KaKoaoii H. o6Aa,a:aeT MoHceHbop. OH CAymae-r ypoKH. Eoccroa, He Hanp.llra.ll oco6eHHo BHHMaHHe, ae)I(AH8o, xoT.ll HeMHoro HaxMJ'PHBIIIHCb. IIpeAaT no 3TOMY noao.a:y )l(aAyeTc.ll MapiiiaAy .a:e EeAbcpOHY: «IlpHXO,ll;HTC.ll nepe)I(HBaTh H.3-3a OTC)'TCTBWI 106 npHAe)l(aHWI B xapaKTepe: He omymaellib HHKaKoro yreiiieHW1» • Ho Bee )l(e IOHbiH npH.HU 'lHTaeT HaH3YCTb BeCb KaTeXH3HC H. 60AbiiiYI0 qaCTb Ca.lllll.eHHoro fllicaHWI. l16o EocciOa H. ero COTPY.a:HHKH He H,ll;)'T HH Ha KaKH.e KOMnpOMH.CCbi OTHOCH.TeAbHO peAH.rH03HOI'O o6pa30BaHWI. «Ilo Mepe MHoroKpaTHoro noaTopeHH..ll, - nHIIIeT Eoccroa nane YIHHoKeHTHIO XI, - Mbi .a:o6HAHCb Toro, 'ITO 9TH TPR CAOBa - Ha6o)I(HOCTb, ,a:o6poTa, cnpaae,a:AHBOCTb - 3aKpenHAHCb B er o naM.llTH co 106 BCeH TOH CB.ll3bl0, KOTOpa.ll cymecrayeT Me)l(,ll;y HHMH» • K TOMY )l(e HaCAe,a:HHK npeaocxo,a:Ho e3,a:H.T aepxoM, TaHUyeT, 3aHHMaeTc.ll BOeHHbiMH ynp~eHH.llMH H CTaHeT A yqiiiHM nCOBbiM oxOTHHKoM <l>paHUHH. MoHceHbop O'leHb noxo)l( Ha caoero OTUa. OH MaAO 'lH.TaeT KHHr, KaK H. ero OTeU, HO 6oAee o6pa30BaH. EAH3aae-ra lliapAoTTa IIcpaAbUCKa.ll, ero TeT.ll, CKa)l(eT o HeM: «OH MHoroMY Hay'lHAC.ll, HO HH 0 'leM He XO'leT I'OBOpHTh, H OH H30 BCeX CHA CTapaeTC.ll 87 3a6b1Th TO, qeMY HayqHAc.ll, H.6o TaKOBa ero npHXOTb» • OH YHaCAe.a:ye-r OT Aro,a:oBHKa XIV AJ060Bb K H.cKyccraaM, K KOAAeKUHOHHpOBaHHIO, K TeaTPy, BeAH'laBOCTb, CMeAOCTb, noAHTH.'leCKOe qyThe. 3,a:eCb TPY.a:Ho OTAH'IHTh HaCAe,a:craeHHoe OT 6AaronpRo6peTeHHoro. «CEKPETbl KOPOAEBCKOH BMCTII» Bhlcryna.ll c pe%10 nepe.a: aKa,a:eMHeii 3 cpeapaA.ll 1671 ro,a:a, IloAb IleAAH.ccoH aocKpecHA B naM.llTH «HacraaAeHWI, HAH MeMYapbi», HanH.caHHLie Aro,a:oBH.KOM XIV B aocnHTaTeAbHbiX ueA.llX ,a:A.ll HaCAe,a:HHKa, 9TH TeKCTbi co.a:ep)l(aAH, no ero BbiCKa3biBaHHIO, «CeKpeThl KOpOAeBCKOH BAaCTH H Be'lHbie COBeThl: qero Ha,ll;O H.36e63 raTb, a qeMY CAe,a:oBaTh» • B Te'leHH.e HecKOAbKHX AeT KopoAb BeA «3anHCH.» H. «,a:HeBHHK»: TaKH.M o6pa3oM, 6biAH cocraaAeHLI B coTPy.a:HH.'lecrae c npe3H,ll;eHTOM IIepHHbH. MeMYapbi 1666, 1667 H 1668 ro.a:oa. B 1671 ro.a:y Aro,a:OBHK XIV, Tenepb c noMOIIJ.biO IleAAHccoHa, ,ll;OBO,ll;HT ,ll;O COBepiiieHCTBa TeKCTbl, B KOTOpbiX OnHCaHbl nepBble I'O,ll;bl AH'IHoro npaaAeHWI (1661, 1662). OH H.CnOAb3YeT c 3ToH ueAbiO naM.llTHbie 3anHCKH COBeTa, KOTOpble 6biAH C,ll;eAaHbl B CBOe BpeM.ll npe3H,ll;eHTOM Po3oM, AH'IHbiM ceKpeTapeM, a TaK)I(e MHorne 3anHCH., c.a:e-

fAABA VII

138

AaHHhie pyt<OH KoAb6epa. «MeM)'apbi aa

1661

ro~», npaB~HBOcn.

KOTOpbiX OO~TBep~aeTCH UeAbiM ~eCHTHAeTHeM ITOCAe HX HaDHCaHHH post eventum, no cnpase~AHBOCTH noAh3)'IOTC.ll O'ieHb 6oAbWOH H3BeCTHocn.ro.

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HaCAe~HHKY He npeno~aeTCH ypoK cKpOMHOCTH: IOHbiH npHHU ys~HT, 'iTO OTUOBCKHH TeKCT HanHcaH .ll3biKOM rop~oro 'ieAOBeKa.

Aro~OBHK MOHapx.

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y~eA MHHHCTepcKOH BAaCTH. KopoAb uapCTByeT H ynpaBMeT. 3~eCb rAarOA «uapCTBOBaTh» 03Ha'iaeT B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH «uapHTb»! BoaMO:>KHO, ecn. noAHTH"lecKHe ~eHTeAH, 6oAee cnoco6Hhie, qeM Ero BeAH'ieCTBo; HO HM He ~aHo 6b1Th HeaaMeHHMhiMH B

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orA06AH KOpOAeBCKOH Kapeni, rOTOBbl nyCTHThCH .

KopoAb He c~HT cAo:>~<a pyt<H, OH ~eifcTByeT. Hacrom.n;HH MOHapx Ha'iHHaeT ~eHCTBOBaTh He TOr~a, KOr~a eM)' BH~HTCH CTOnpoueHTHbxH ycnex. OH ~eT Bnepe~, ~eifCTByH Ha noA~.ay rocy~apCTBa H ero CAaBhi, He O~aH, ITOKa y Hero B pyt<aX OO.ll:BHTC.ll BCe K03blpH; OH HCITOAb3yeT 6AaronpHHTHbie CAY"faH, ~eT, KOr~a eM)' yA~>x6HeTC.ll I lpoBH~eHHe. B CBOHX ~eHCTBHHX OH He ~OA:>KeH HHKOM)' OT~aBaTh OT'ieT- TOAbKO 6y~ymee OOKOAeHHe 6y~eT ero cy~beH. A ITOKa TOT, KTO uapCTByeT BO <l>paHUHH, ecn neps~>rn rocy~apb BceAeHHOH. P~oM c HHM repMaHCKHH HMnepaTOp .ll:BAHeTCH TOAbKO MOHapXOM BTOporo ITAaHa: «5J He BH:>Ky, MOH CbiH, no KaKOH rrpH"lHHe KOpOAH <l>paHUHH, 322 .ll:BAHIOtnHeCH HaCAe~HhiMH KOpOMMH , y KOTOpbiX ecn. B03M0)1(HOCTh C

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WerO KOpOAeBCKOrO ~OMa, 'ieM HX ~OM, HH TaKOH )l(e ~peBHeH MoHapXHH, HH 60AbWeH ~ep:>KaBbi, HH 6oAee a6COAIOTHOH BAaCTH, 6biAH 6bt HH:>Ke, 'ieM 3TH H36paHHbte MOHapXH». 8To HCKynieHHe rop~OCThiO, K C'iaCThiO, CMHr'ieHO XpHCTHaHCTBOM.

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~apCTBa» -

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H TOT'Iac orpaHH'iHBaeT BAacn. KopoAeif. MoHapx, oco-

MOHAPXIDI BE3 Y3

139

6eHHO HaHXpHCTHa.HHeHIIIHH KOpOAh, .ll:OA:>KeH CAe,n:oBaTh A yqrne, '!eM ero no,n:,n:aHHhie, 3anose,n:HM focno,n:a H I.J;epKBH. Kopo.AIO Ha,n:Ae:>KHT 6biTb CKpOMHbiM: «Ec.Mi eCTb rop,n:oCTb, 3aKOHHaH B HallleM llOAO:>KeHlm, TO eCTb H CKpOMHOCTb H CMHpeHHe, KOTOpbie He MeHee llOXBaAbHbl». KopoAb ,n:OA:>KeH KaHTbCH, a no HBAHeTCH 3aAoroM noAHTHqecKOH TPe3socm, npoTHBOH.n:HeM OT npH.n:sopHOH Aecm. HaKoHeu, MOHapXH .ll:OA:>KHbl 60Abllle, '!eM ,n:pyrue .AIO.ll:H, «BOCllHTbWaTh CBOHX ,n:eTeH CAOBOM H ,n:eAOM». ,l(NI Tex, KTO )'BH.ll:eA 6bi BO BCeM 3TOM npocryyo ¢opMaAbHOCTb, Aio,n:oBHK XIV ,n:aA npnMep csoero nosHHoBeHHH UepKBH. B 1661 ro.n:y ero nepBbiMH coBeTHHKaMH 6hiAH OTeu A1ma, ucnose,n:HHK; MapKa, apxHenHcKon TyAJ3CKHH; AaMoTy ,n:aHKyp, enncKon PeHHCKHH; Ap,n:y9H .n:e Tiepe¢nKc, enncKon Po,n:e3CKHH, ero 6bmlllHH socnHTaTeAh. ,ll;o cux nop see nposo3rAarneHHhie npHHUHllhi 'Ipa.ll:HUHOHHhi. To :>Ke CaMoe MOrAM 6hi HallHCaTb HAM CKa3aTh (OTAH'IHe 6hiAO 6bi TOAbKO CTHAHCTH'IecKoe) H <t:>paHUHCK I, H feHpnx II, H feHpnx IV. Ho 9TH «MeM)'apbr Aio,n:oBHKa XIV 3a 1661 ro,n:» HanncaHbi y,n:HBHTeAhHO cospeMeHHO. 0HH HasepiDIKa npe.n:semaJOT npocsemeHHhm ,n:ecnoTH3M. MoHapxu-pe¢opMaTopbi seKa TipocsemeHHH npeCAe,n:oBaAH .ll:BOHH)'lO UeAb: pa3BHBaTb pa3JM (,n:oMHHHpJIOinHH napaMe'Ip y <l:>pH.ll:pHXa llpyCCKOro) H npHHOCHTb C'IaCTbe Hapo,n:aM (HaBH3'IHBaH u,n:e.H HocH<Pa II); 9TH :>Ke MhiCAH noAHOCTbJO H3AaraJOTcH B TioyqeHHH Aio,n:oBHKa XIV. KopoAb rosopHT o pa3JMe: «Jl AHlllh xoTeA 6bi, 'IT06hi Be.H uenh MOHX ,n:eHCTBHH llOKa3aAa, 'ITO, XOTH H HHKOM)' He OT.ll:aBaA OT'IeTa, H TeM He MeHee scer,n:a nocrynaA no BeAeHHJO paaJMa». H TaK:>Ke o C'IaCTbe, TO eCTb 06 06rneM 6Aare H 0 6Aar0COCTO.liHHH llO.ll:.ll:a.HHbiX: «Cnoco6CTBOBaTb pocry .ll:OCTOHHCTBa H llO.ll:HHMaTh .ll:OCTOHHCTBO, O.ll:HHM CAOBOM, ,n:eAaTh ,n:o6po - .ll:OA:>KHO 6hiTh He TOAbKO CaMOH 60AblllOH 3a60TOH, a erne H CaMbiM 60AhliiHM J.ll:OBOAbCTBHeM .ll:NI KopoNI». B .n:pyroM Mecre Aio,n:oBHK nurneT eme HcHee: «Mbi ,n:OA:>KHhi .n:JMaTb o 6Aarococro.HHHH no,n:,n:a.HHbiX 6oAbrne, '!eM o HarneM co6CTBeHHOM. KaJKeTCH, OHM cocrasNUOT 'IaCTb Hac caMHx, nOTOM)' 'ITO Mhi roAoBa ueAoro TeAa, a OHH 'IAeHhi ero. ToAhKO ucxo,n:H H3 HX co6CTBeHHbiX BbirO.ll:, Mbl .ll:OA:>KHbl ,n:aTb HM 3aKOHbi; H Ta BAaCTb, KOTopJIO Mbl HMeeM Ha,n: HHMH, .ll:OA::>KHa HaM CAJ:>KHTb AHlllb .ll:AH TOrO, 'IT06bi pa6oTaTb see 9<P<PeKTHBHee .ll:AH HX c'!aCTbH». cha nporpaMMa CAOBO B CAOBO BHOBb 6y,n:eT npe,n:CTaBAeHa J <l:>pH.n:pnxa II, H see 6y.n:JT C'IHTaTh, 'ITO y Hero HallAH reHHaAbHoe H OpHrHHaAbHOe. Onpe.n:eAHB MOHapXHro, ee ueAH, Aio,n:osHK XIV 3aTeM ,n:aeT noHHTh csoeM)' cbrny, 'ITO y npHHUa ,n:sa opy:>KHH: ero AH'IHhm TPY.ll: H rapMOHH'IHOe H 9¢¢eKTHBHOe CO'IpJ.ll:HH'IeCTBo e TOH KOMa.H.ll:OH, Koropoii nopyqeHo eM)' noMoraTh. C 1661 ro,n:a OH B3BaAHA Ha ce6H «60AhlllJIO pa6ory». TaKoH TPY.ll:- OCHOBa ocHoB: «UapCTBOBaHHeno scer.n:a 6oAhrnoii 'Ipy.n:, H TOAhKO TPY.ll:HCb MO:>KHO uapCTBoBaTb». PeMeCAo KopoAH MO:>KHO HcnOAHH'I'h npuAe:>KHO TPY.ll:HCh. Tpy.n:- 9TO

140

fAABA VII

~e.wreAJ:>HOCTb KOpONI, KOTopyro BH.l(HT o6meCTBO: «KopOAh - KCU<HMH

6LI AOBKHMH M npocsemeHHLIMM HM 6LIAM ero MMHHCTpLI - yqacrsye-r s co3~a.Hlrn, M 9TO He ocrae-rc.11 HeaaMe'<leHHLIM». IIoCAe cMeprn MaaapMHM Alo~osMK 6epe-rc.H aa pa6ary. ,l(:sa nHTMAeTM.Ii cnycr.11, K y~MBAeHHIO Ha6AIO~asurnx ero AIO~eii, OH HMCKOAJ:>Ko He M3MeH.HeT HM csoux sar~os, HM csoero TeMna: «BOT y)l(e ~ec.HTLm ro~ .11 cAe~yro, KCU< MHe Ka)l(eTC.H, see speMR roil )l(e ~oporoii: npuCAynmsa.IOCL K MOMM CaMblM npOCTbiM nO~~aHHLIM; 3HaJO B AI060H qac, r~e, CKOAI:>KO M KCU<Me y MeH.H BOHCKa, B KCU<OM COCTO.HHMM MOM Kpenocrn; OT~aJO 6ecnpecraHHo ay)I(HLie npuKaaLI; HeMe~AeHHo scrynaro s KOHTaKT c MHOCTpaHHblMM MMHHCTpaMM; nOAyqaro M '<IHTaJO ~enenm, Ha O~HM M3 HMX AM'<IHO OTBe'<laJO, a Ha ~pyrue nopyqaro CBOMM CeKpeTap.HM ~aTb OTBeT; peryAMpyro npuxo~LI M pacxo~LI csoero rocy~apCTBa; aacrasNIIO OT~aBaTb ce6e OT'<leT MMeHHO TeX, KOfO Ji Ha3Ha'<IMA Ha Ba)I(Hble nOCTbi; C06AIO~aJO B ~eAax CeKpeTHOCTb, KCU< HMKTO ~0 MeH.H; paa~aJO MMAOCTM no CBOeMY co6CTBeHHoMy BLI6opy M, eCAM Ji He 011IM6a.IOCL, ~ep)l(y Tex, KTO MHe CAY)I(HT,- xoT.Ii OHM M ux 6AM3KMe qyBCTByiOT Ce6.H 06AarO~eTeAJ:>CTBOB3.HHbiMM, - B CKpOMHOCTM, crpeMAIOCb coxpa.HHTb ~Mcra.Humo Me~y HMMM M nepsLIMM MHHMCTpaMM». TaKa.H pa6oTa TPe6ye-r '<leTKoro pacnpe~eAeHM.H speMeHM, ~syx 3ace~a.HMH s ~eHb, K~Oe no ~Ba-TPM qaca, C pa3Hb1MM AIO~bMH: AM6o COBeT, AM6o pa60Ta s «CB.Ii3Ke» (HAM paarosop c rAaay Ha rAaa KopoNI c KaKMM-HM6y~L MMHHCTpOM), He C'<IHTa.H, ~o6aBNieT Alo.l(OBMK XIV, «'<laCOB, KOTOpLie Ji npOBO~MA 6bi Hae~MHe, M speMeHM, KOTOpoe .H MOf 6bi noTPaTMTL, 3aHMMa.HCb He06bNHblMM ~eAaMM». MMHMCTpLI HM'<lero He no~nMCbmaJOT 6ea npe~sapMTeAJ:>Horo cor Aacosa.HMJi c MoHapxoM. Ho eCAM OHM M KOHTPOAHpyiOTC.Ii KopoAeM, Ba)I(HOCTb MMHHCTpOB He y-MeHLWaeTC.H M COOTBeTCTByeT TOH pOAM, KOTopyro oHM MfPa.IOT. B ~eHCTBMTeAJ:>Hocrn, KpoMe caMoro KopoNI, pa60TaeT ueAJ:>IH rocy~apCTBeHHbm MeXaHM3M, COCTO.IilUMH M3 «cneUMaAbHO no~o6paHHoro 3Ha'<IMTeAJ:>Horo KOAM'<leCTBa AMU, cnoco6HLIX noMoraTL» MOHapxy. He ~onycKaeTc.H BKAIO'<leHMe B '<IMCAO 9TMX AMU cpasopMTOs M cymeCTBOBaHMe nepsoro MMHHcrpa; OTCIO~a Heo6xo~MMOCTb M noAe3HOCTb KOAAeKTMBHOH pa60Tbi. «EbiAO He06XO~MMO,- fOBOpHT AJo~OBMK CBOeMY CbiH)',- npOBO~MTb rpaHb Me~y TeMH, KOMY .11 ~osep.liiO M KOMY Mory nopyqMTL ucnoAHeHHe npHKaaos. HeAJ:>3.1i nopyqaTL ucnoAHeHMe AMWb o~HOMY '<leAoseKy, H~O paa~eNITb paaHLie ~eAa Me~y pa3HblMM AMUaMH, MCXO~Ji M3 HX pa3AM'<IHbiX TaAaHTOB. YMeTL 9TO ~eAaTL M .HBNieTc.H caMLIM 6oAJ:>WMM TaAaHTOM KOpOAeH». Awmoe npaBAeHHe He oaHa'<laeT o~MHO'<IHoe npaBAeHMe («.li xoqy CKa3aTb: CaMOAM'<IHO ynpaBA.HTb M He CAywaTL HHKCU<MX COBeTOB>>). KaKHM 6hi HH 6LIAO «06~YMbmaHMe B O~HHO'<IKY M npo ce6.H», OHO BCer~a He~ocraTO'<IHO. YM ~aeTCJi B «nOMep)I(Ke, KOTOpa.H ero 3acTaBNieT pa6oTaTL M C'r.dM)'AHpYeT MLIWAeHHe». KopoAJ:> ~OA)I(eH nnaTeAJ:>HO BLI6MpaTL CBOHX MHHHcrpos: MMeHHo a~eeL npo.HBNieTCJi TPY~Hoe «McKycCTBo pacnoaHasaTL AIO~eii». MHHMcrpLI - npu csoux TaAaHTaX H

MOHAPXIDI BE3 Y3

141

orpamNemm HX BAacrn - 6y~yr :mpaTb He3aMeHHM)'IO poAb. OHH 6AmKe K Hapo~y, 'ieM HX IIOBeAHTeAb. Y HHX B OCHOBHOM B 1pH paaa 6oAhwe )I(JITeHcKHH Ollbrr H3-3a B03pacra, 3Hcurnii H npaKTHKH. OHH HBNUOTCJI Heo6xo~MMOH OCHOBOH ~NI Bbicweii BAaCTH. OttHaKO OHH He MOJYI' onpe~eNITb noAHTIU<y. PeruaTb H~Ae)J(Jff o~HOMY KopoAIO. «Hmcro ~pyroii He c~eAaer 9TO Ay-qrue Hac; H6o TOAhKO paaYM BAaCTHTeAJl MO)f(eT npHIDITh ~oe pewe~rne; H, KOHe'ffio, ropaa~o AeNe 6b1Tb TeM, KTO Tbl eCTb, 'ieM TeM, KeM Tbl He HBNJ:elllhCJI»63.

1661-H- fO,ll; O:SPA3[(0BbiH

Y Aro~osHKa XN, aroro seAHKoro nparMaTHKa, npai<TH'ieCKaJI ~eHTeAhHOCTb HHKOf~a He OT~eNJ:eTC.H OT TeOpHH. 1661 fO,lt IIOAO)KHA Ha'iaAO HanHCa.HHIO «MeMYapos» KopoNI. He co6AJO~aJI TO'iH}'IO xpoHOAOrHIO, Aro~oBHK XN HaMeTHA Ha 3TOT ro~ ceMH~UaTb BAacTIIbiX MeponpHHTHH - aTo no'iTH npasHTeAbCTBeHHaJI nporpaMMa. llepsoe MeponpHHTHe 'HMeAO OTHOWeHHe K cy~eHCKHM: IIO~'iHHHTb ce6e cy~e6HYIO naAary, H3rHaB HeKOTOpbiX ~OA)f(HOCTHbiX AHU H3 naAaTbi KocseHHbiX c6opos. KopoAb 3asep.Her, 'iTO OH 3~ecb HH B KOeM CAy-qae He MCTHT <l>poH~e; O~HaKO 3TOT «B03BpaT K BbinOAHeHHIO ~OAra» TeCHO CB.H3aH C BOAHeHWIMH 1648 ro~a. «CAHUIKOM 6oAbwoe B03BhillleHHe napAaMeHToB 6hiAO onacHhiM ~NI scero KopoAescrsa so speMll Moero HecosepweHHoAeTHH. H~o 6hiAO Hx noHH3HTb He H3-3a 3Aa, KOTopoe OHH ~e cosepWHAH, a cKopee H3-3a 3Aa, KOTOpOe OHH MOfAH 6bi COBepruHTb B 6y~ymeM». PocnycK accaM6AeH ~yxoseHcrsa, KOTOpbm cHAbHO 3~ep)f(HBaACH, Ka3aAC.H MOHapxy TaK)f(e Heo6xo~HMhiM. KopoAh <l>pa.mum - 3a.IUHTHHK cso6o~ KaToAH'ieCKOH UepKBH <l>paHUHH, HO UepKOBb He ~OA)f( Ha eMY HaB.H3biBaTb CBOHX perueHHH. 3aTeM B «MeMYapax» ynoMHHaeTC.H 0 AHKB~auHH ~OA)f(HOCTH reHepaA-IIOAi<OBHHKa nexOTbt. CMepTb repuora ~'8nepHoHa coCAy)f(HAa CA y)f(6y: 6biAO AHKB~HpOBaHO y-qpe~eHHe, KOTOpoe IIO~biMaAO csoero caHOBHHKa rro'iTH ~o yposH.H caMoro KopoNI. BoeHHoii H ~ MHHHCTpaTHBHOH MOHapXHH a6COA10THO He ~I crapbie cpeO~aAb Hbie CTpYKTYPhi. B TOM )f(e ~yxe KopoAh Hacrynaer Ha HerroMepHYIO BAaCTb ry6epHaTOpOB - 3THX BOeHHblX BbiCOKOfO 'iHHa H o6mecrseHHOfO IIOAO)f(eHHR, KOTOpbie BeAH ce6a KaK uapbKH. Tenepb OHH TepRIOT CBOIO cpHHaHCOByiO He3aBHCHMOCTb, rrpaso Ha3Ha'iaTb Ha ~OA)f( HOCTH H Ha nepe~BH)f(eHHe BOHCK. MHAocrnsoe oTHorueHHe BbiKa3aHO K 3asoesaHHbiM rrpOBHHUH.HM, C KOTOpbiMH HeAb311 6biAO o6pa,maTbC11 KaK C «IIOKOpeHHbiMH TeppHTOpiDIMH». Ta )f(e IIOAHTHKa, HarrpasAeHHaJI Ha TO, 'iT06hi npHMHpHTb HenpHMHpHMoe, - ysa)f(aTb MeCTHbie cso6o~bi H ycHAHTh HauHOHaAbHoe e~HHCTBO, HaB.H3aTb cppaHUy3CKHH pe)KHM H 3aBOeBaTb cep~Ua, 6y~er rrpHMeHeHa BO <l>A~pHH B 1667 ro~y H BO <l>paHru-KoHTe B 1674 ro~y. B ~aHHOM cAy-qae pe'ih HtteT o TOM, 'iT06hi o6Aef'iHTh y-qaCTb HaceAeHIDI rrpoBHHUHH Aprya.

142

fAABA VII

CAe.ll:yJOIU<Ul Mepa - C03,ll;aHHe yt<penAeHHH Ha rpaHHuax. B TO speMR KOrt~:a Ce6aC1'hJIH AenpeTp t~:e Bo6aH scero AHWb KarnrraH, KOpOAb ,ll;eTaAbHO HHTepecyeTCR, KaKHM 6y,ll;eT nocrpoeHHbiH 6Aaro,ll;apR BOAe H ynopCTBy Bo6aHa «)KeAe3HbrH noRc», npe,ll;Ha3Ha'IaBWHHCR ,ll;AR TOrO, 'IT06bi y6epe'Ib KOpOAeBCTBO OT HaWeCTBHH. 3aTeM B TeKCTe «MeMYapOB» rOBOpHTCR 06 yt<penAeHHH 3aKOHo,ll;aTeAbCTBa, HanpasAeHHOrO npoTHB 6paHHbiX CAOB H 6oroxyAbCTBa. 06pa3UOBbrH ,ll;BOp 6biA 6bi C03,ll;aH, eCAH 6bi MO)KHO 6biAO 3aCTaBHTb oKpy)KeHHe Ero BeAH'IeCTBa BeCTH npaset~:Hbrn o6pa3 )KH3HH. EbiAH npHHRThi Mepbr npOTHB .ll:Y9Aeii. ITpHMepoM TOMY MO)KeT CAY)KHTb H3rHaHHe rpacpa t~:e CyaccoHa. ITyCTb BbiCOKopot~:Hoe .ll:BOpRHCTBO o6y3t~:aeT HaKOHeU CBOe crpeMAeHHe K He3aBHCHMOCTH! ITapaAAeAbHO KopoAb npet~:npHHHMaeT 6opb6y npoTHB RHCeHH3Ma, KOTOpbiH C'IHTaeTCR onaCHbiM: ero BAHRHHe pacwHpReTCR, nOCKOAbKY ero nponoset~:yJOT 3aMe'IaTeAbHbre enHcKonbr H B ero pMax Haxot~:RT CR .ll:OCTOHHbie npHBep)KeHUbi. KopoAb OKa3bmaeT scnoMomecTBosaHHe )KHTeARM ,li;IOHKepKa, 'IT06bi noMeWaTb HM CTaTb aHrAH'IaHaMH H npoTecraHTaMH. Ka)KeTCR, 'ITO Arot~:oBHK XIV 3a60THTcR H o npoTeCTaHTax BHYfPH crpaHbi: He CAe,ll;yeT HX fiO,ll;TaAKHBaTb K 6YHTY, HO He CAet~:yeT H OKa3bffiaTb HM 60AbWHe MHAOCTH. l1cnOAb30BaB 6AaroBH,ll;HbrH npe,ll;AOr ,ll;AR HaBe,ll;eHHR nopR,ll;Ka B cpHHaHcax, KOpOAb not~:sepraeT onaAe cynepHHTeH,ll;aHTa, 'ITO BAe'IeT 3a co6oii noAHTH'IeCKHe noCAe,ll;CTBHR H penpeccHBHbre Mepbr. KopOAb He MO)KeT .ll:OnyCTHTb, 'IT06bi <l>yr<e 6biA «BepXOBHbiM ap6wtpOM rocy,ll;apCTBa». KopoAb caM craA, TaKHM o6pa30M, csoHM co6CTBeHHbiM cynepHHTeH,ll;aHTOM. CAe,ll;CTBHeM 9TOro .RBAReTCR co3t~:aHHe KopoAeBcKoro COBeTa cpHHaHCOB, HaUHOHaAH3aUHR H KOHTPOAb Ha,ll; OCHOBHbiMH 9AeMeHTaMH 6JO,ll;)KeTa, nepeCMO'rp CTaBOK apeH,ll;HbiX ,ll;OrOBOpOB OTKynHOrO Be,ll;OMCTBa (rocyt~:apCTBO 3KOHOMHT, TaKHM o6pa30M, 15 MHAAHOHOB B rot~:), a TaK)Ke sset~:eHHe naAaTbt npasocyt~:HR. Ba)I(Hbie Ha3Ha'IeHHR 6biAH ceMHat~:UaTbiM no C'IeTy BHY'fPHTIOAHTH'IeCKHM MeponpHRTHeM. Pe'Ib H.ll:eT o Bbr6ope socbMH npeAaTOB H oco6eHHO weCTH,ll;ecRTH "rpex HOBbiX pbruapeii opt~:eHa CsRToro ,ll;yxa (nepsbre 6biAH Bbt6paHbi s 1633 rot~:y). B r AaBHbiX BHY'fPHTIOAHTH'IecKHX aKUHRX Bbi.ll:eARIOTCR TIRTh, B KoTOpbrx BH.ll:HO crpeMAeHHe B3RTb not~: csoii KOHTPOAb o6meCTBo (t~:sop, t~:yxoseHCTBO, cyt~:eiicKyro at~:MHHHcrpauHro), eme TIRTh- 3TO npeo6pa3osaHHe cpHHaHcos, 'rpH OTHOCRTCR K soeHHOH ccpepe. Ho 3TY t~:eR TeAbHOCTb KOpOAR B 1661 rot~:y MO)KHO TIOHjJ'T'b AHWb KaK ero peaKUHIO Ha <l>poH,ll;y: Mepbi 2, 3, 4, 7 H 8 AHKBH.ll:HpyJOT 6YHT 3HaTH, Mepa N2 1 no,ll;BO.ll:HT qepry not~: napAaMeHTcKOH <l>poH.ll:OH. KopoAeBCK<Ul BAaCTb ycHAHBaeTCR, a TipOTHB03aKOHHbie CHAbi H rpynnbi ,ll;aBAeHHR repjJJOT csoe BAHRHHe. KopoAeBCK<Ul sAaCTb npo'IHO ycraHOBHAacb c 1661 rot~:a, K o6orot~:Hoii sr,rrot~:e noMaHHbiX H rocyt~:apCTBa. l1TaK, TIO.ll:BO.ll:R HTor nepsbiM Mec.s~uaM csoero npasAeHHR, Arot~:o BHK XIV H3BAeKaeT npoCTbre npasHAa. Ero .ll:OK'rpHHa, KOTopyro AerKo pe3IOMHpOBaTb, .RBAReTCR TIOCTORHHbiM O'rpa)KeHHeM ero 3cpcpeK-

MOHAPXIDI EE3 Y3

143

THSHOH .£teueAbHOCTH. He 6y.£teM y.ltHBNITbC~, 'ITO OHa Sbi3SaAa TaKOH HHTepec. KopoAh <PpaHunn .ltaeT HacrasAeHne He TOAhKO HaCAMHHKY TPOHa; OH .ltaA opneHTaunro BeAHKOMY KypcpiOpcry H ileTPY BeAHKOMY, Mapnn-Tepe3HH AscTpHHCKOH H Hocncpy II, f ycrasy III Illse.l{CKOMY, EKaTepnHe II PoccniicKoii H MHOrnM .ltpyrnM; seeM Kopol\JIM n MHHHCTPaM, KoTopbiX Ha30sYT «npocsemeHHbiMH». AECOAIOTHA5l MOHAPXIDI

B 1661 ro.£ty AIOAOBHK XIV A06HAc.R: e.ltHHCTBa .ltA.R: <l>paauy3cKoro rocy.£tapcrsa, npn.£tas eMY onpe.£teAeHHhrn CTHAb. 113 aToro pO.ltMAach Ta a6COAIOTH~ MOHapxH.R:, KOTOpOH B Te speMeHa BOCXHU\aiOTC~ ¢paauy3bi n KOTopoii nhiTaiOTc~ no.£tpaJKaTb see KopoAH Esponhi. Cero.l{H.R: 3TH cpaKThi noAHOCTbiO 3a6hlTbi. HaM TPY.£tHO He no.£t.£taTbc~ BAaCTH CAOB. A Ha'IHH~ c 1789 ro.l{a o6yqeHne see ynpomaAo, HCKa3HAO H oqepHHAO noH.R:THe a6col\IOTHOH MOHapxHM. B XIX seKe 3TO llOH.R:THe 6biAO 3aMeHeHO )')KaCHbiM Cl\OSOM «a6COli..IOTH3M». ilpe)f(HHH pe)f(HM npe,ltCTasl\.R:AC.R: KaK CHCTeMa npOH3SOAa, .l{aJKe .l{ecnoTH3Ma HAH THpaHHH. Mcxo.l{~ H3 TaKOH no.l{a'IH MarepnaAa, MOHapxn.R: Aro.£tosnKa XIV socnpHHHMaeTc~ KaK npasAeHHe, r.l{e see .l{eAaeTC.R: «llO npHXOTH KOpOA.R:». B o6meM, MO)f(HO Y3HaTh, oTKy.l{a 6epeT Ha'laAO TOT HAH HHOH SbiMbiCeA. Co speMeH KapAa VII ~OTbi KopoAeii 3aKaH'IHBaAHCb BbipaJKeHHeM: «TaKosa Hawa sOA.R:» . Hawn npe.ltKH, .ltA.R: KOTOpbiX AaThiHb He 6hiAa qy)I(HM .R:3biKOM, 'lJITaAH: «Placet nobis et volumu s» («cho Hawa C03HaTeAbH~ BOA.R:»). 0HH BH.l{eAH s 3TOH ¢opMYAe peweHHe KopoA.R:, 3apaHee o6.£tYMaHHoe, a He ero Kanpn3. TaK )f(e He KOAe6A.R:cb OHM nepesO.ltHAH monarchia absoluta - cosepweHH~ MOHapxn~.

OT nepno.£ta 3HTY3Ha3Ma 1661 ro.l{a .ltO nepno.l{a Mpa'IHoro socnpnuH.R: .l{eHCTBHTeAbHOCTH, oco6eHHO npo~snsweroc.R: s 1715 ro.£ty, npoii.ltYT n.R:Th.l{ecu 'leTbxpe ro.l{a, qaCTO O'leHb TPYAHhiX, HO He noKoAe6aswnx no-HaCTo.R:meMY socxnmeHHe ¢paauy3os pe)f(HMOM. EcrecrseHHbiM 6biAO, ,AaJKe ,Al\.R: TeX, KTO SblpaJKaA He,AOSOAbCTBO MOHapXOM, npoCAas}\jffb a6col\IOTH)'IO MOHapxHIO. B r Aaaax HeKoero TiaCKbe KeHeA.R: (1634 - 1719), yAaAeHHoro s H3maHHe .HHCeHncra, ¢paauy3cK~ CTPYKTYPa .R:BA.R:eTc~ cosepweHHoii, s KOTopoii «KopoAescK~ sAaCTb ecTb se'IH~ sAaCTb». KopoAb noAh3yeTc~ 3aKOHHOH sepxosHoii BAaCTbiO; «Ha Hero ,AOJ\)f(Hbi CMOTPeTb KaK Ha llOCAaHUa focno,Aa, eMY llO,A'lHH.R:TbC.R: H 6e3YKOpH3HeHHO llOSHHoBaTbC.R:»100. HeKHH Tibep EeiiAh (1647- 1706), y.£taAeHHbW s H3maHHe Kal\bBHHHCT, ocy)f(,AaeT cMemaHHbie npasmeAhcrsa, npocAasA.R:eT llOCAe fo66ca «BAaCTb KOpOAeH», Xl\a.l{HOKpOBHO 3a.R:BA.R:eT, 'ITO «e,AHHCTBeHHbiM H HaCTO.R:ll\HM cpeACTBOM, KOTOpOe llOMOraeT H36e)l(aTb rpa)f(AaHCKHX BOHH so <l>paaunn, ~sA.R:eTC.R: a6col\IOTH~ sAaCTb MOHapxa, KOTOp~ nO,AAep)f(HBaeTC.R: 3HeprWIHO H 3a KOTOpOH CTOU 133 "Bee Heo6xoAHMbie CHAhi, 3acrasA.R:rowne ee 6o.R:Thc~» .

144

[.!\ABA VII

Ho absolutus, KOTOpbrii npoHCXO.l\HT OT rAaroAa absolvere (pa3BH3aTh, clUITb Y3bt), <f>paHUyJbi XVII seKa noHHMaiOT TaK)Ke, 'ITO monarchia absoluta o6o3Ha~meT - MOHapxru~ 6e3 y3: MOHapxa HH'ITO He CBH3hmaeT B era noCTY"Kax, HO BAaCTb era HeAb3H C'IHTaTb HeorpaHH'IeHHoii. IOpHCTbi-TeopeTHKH sepxosHoii BAaCTH (~pe ,l(torneH, IllapAb Aya3o, .IKepoM BHHhoH)- CAOBHo CAyqaiiHo- craAH pa3BHBaTb CBOH TeOpHH B 1609 HAH B 1610 ro,l\ax, cpa3y DOCAe BeAHKOH CMYThi, Bhi3BaHHoii peAHmo3HbiMH BOHHaMH, H nepecrpoiiKH KopoAeBCTBa BeAHKHM BeapHueM (feHpHX IV. - IlpUMe'lt. nepee. ). TIOqyBCTBOBaAH OHH 9'1'0 HAH HeT, HO npOCAaBAHrb TOr~a a6COAIOTH)'IO MOHapXHIO 6h1Ao pasHOCHAbHO TOMY, 'tfl'06hi npOCAaB)\j{Tb feHpHxa IV; HX 'IHTa.TeAH MOrAH, no KpaiiHeii Mepe, nolUITb, 'ITO OTHocHTeAhHo m6KaH ~eHTeAhHOCTb MQ)KeT AerKO CO'IeTaTbCH C cypOBOCTbiO npHHUHnos. B 1609 ro~y HeB03MO)l(HO 6hiAO npeACTaBHTh, 'IT06hi MO)KHO 6hiAO II)'TaTb a6COAIOTH)'IO MOHapXHIO C ,l\eCDOTH3MOM. Bnpo'leM, . ~AH IOpHCTOB, KaK H ~AH o6pa30BaHHbiX ¢paHUY30B, KOpOAeBCKaH BAaCTb, eCAH OHa a6coAIOTHa, HBAHeTCH TaK)Ke OrpaHH'IeHHOH. MoHapx ~o)\)l(eH ysa)KaTb ocHOBHhie npasHAa, Ha3hmaeMhte 3aKOHaMH KopoAescrsa. CaMbiM Ba)KHbiM HBAHeTCH 3aKOH o HaCAe~o BaHHH, 06bi'IHO Ha3bmaeMbiH «CaAH'IeCKHM 3aKOHOM». ~HHCTBeHHbiH B MHpe, AOrH'IHbiH, TO'IHhiH; OH TBOpeHHe TOrO BpeMeHH H BbiKOBaH BeAHKHMH C06biTIDIMH HarneR HCTOpHH: OH rapaHT npeeMCTBeHHOCTH H e,l\HHCTBa KOpOAeBCTBa; 9TOT 3aKOH .SCHO DOKa3hmaeT, 'ITO BCer~a npeADO'ITeHHe OT,l\aeTc.s rocy~apcrsy, a He KopoAIO. Mo)l(Ho CKa3aTb, 'ITO ,l\AH <l>paHUHH OH HrpaeT pOAb 06bNHOH KOHCTHryUHH. BTopoii ocHOBHOH 3aKOH yCTaHasAHBaeT HeO'I"'I)"'\AaeMhrii xapaKrep racy~ap crseHHoii C06CTBeHHOCTH H ODHpaeTCH Ha BbiCOKHH npHHUHO: MOHapx eCTb AHUO, scero AHIIIh noAh3YJOrneec.s ~M HM)'LUeCTBOM, a He BA~eAeu csoero KopoAeBCTBa. Tpene npasHAo - He 6hiAO npHHHTO sceMH H nosceMeCTHo o6c~aAocb c 1614 ro~a- Ha3bmaeTC.s 3aKoHOM He3aBHCHMOCTH, napAaMeHT TiapH)Ka npespaTHA era B CHCTeMY CB060~ ~epKBH <l>paHUHH, TeM CaMbiM C03~aB OOCTOHHHYJO nperp~y npOTHB HacrynMHHH PHMa. ll3 9THX OCHOBHhiX qepT Harnero racy~apCTBeHHoro npasa cAe~yeT H,l\e.s, 'tfl'O MOHapxru~ 6oAee a6coAIO'ma, qeM MOHapx.

TIO,lU<PEfiAEHI1E EO)KECfBEllliOfO I1PABA KopoAH <l>paHUHH «csoeii BAaCTbiO o6.s3aHbi TOAhKO Bory H csoeii 37 rnnare; csoeii rnnare, DOTOMY 'ITO OHH 3aBoesaAH faAAH10; Bory corAacHo CsHIIIeHHOMY TIHcaHHIO. «HeCTb BAaCTH He OT Bora», - 3asepHA csnoii TiaseA B «TIOCAaHHH K PHMAHHaM» (XIII, 1). Ha 3ry 3HaMeHHryJO TeMY HaCAaHBaeTC.sl 6eCKOHe"'HOe MHQ)KeCTBO sapHaUHH: «BCHKHH ~o6ponOpMO'IHbiH XpHCTHaHHH ,l\0)\)l(eH DO~"JHHHTbC.sl BAaCTH ~epKBH, - 3anHCaHO s CAosape <l>Iopenepa, - a scHKHH ~o6pono pMo'IHhm 00)\,l\aHHbiH - KOpOAeBCKOH BAaCTH»; «H~O C06AIO~aTb 3anose~H Bora H ~epKBH». «H~o HcnoAHHTh 3anose~H KopoAH».

MOHAPXIDI EE3 Y3

145

9nf napaAAeAH3Mhl B.l{aA6AHBa.IOT B eaMbie e-rpOIITHBbie rOAOBhl UAeiO 0 peAHI'H03HOM xapaKTepe MOHapweH BAaCTH. «KopoAH - n oCAaHHHKH foeno,l{a Ha 3eMAe». Ha 9TOM oeHOBaHHH «npHKa3hi KopoN l - 3TO HenpepeKaeMaJI HCTHHa», H MO)KHO roBopHTh 6e3 6oroxyAhCTBa (Ho He 6e3 AeCTH) o «esm.ueHHOH nepeoHe Ero BeAWie<rrBa». CBm.ueHHOH OHa JIBNleTe11 B eaMOM KOHKpeTHOM eMhiCAe eAOBa, TaK KaK KopoAb <l>paHUHH noAyqHA B PeiiMee eBJITOe MHponoMa3aHHe «eAeeM... HHenoCAaHHhiM eneQHaAbHO ,l{Nl 9TOro e He6ee s esm.ueHHOM eoey,l{e». ECAH Bee xpHCTHaHeKHe rAaBhl roey,l{apCTB ynpaBNliOT no 60)KeCTBeHHOMY npasy, <l>paHKeKaJI MOHapXWI npeBOeXO,l{HT Bee OCTaAbHhie. KaK Mhi BHAeAH, ,l{Nl Hee 3TO no-Hacrom.ueMY npe,l{onpe,l{eAeHo eBbiWe, nOTOMY 'ITO «KOpONl <l>paHUHH Ha3bmaiOT npeHM)'lUeCTBeHHO HaHXpHCTHaHHeHWHM KOpOAeM H CTapWHM ebiHOM 42 IJ;epKBH» • 0.l{HaKO He Ha,l{O nYTaTh a6eOAIOTHYIO MOHapXHIO H 60)KeCTBeHHOe npaso: OTKa3hmaJieh OT 6o)KeCTBeHHoro npasa, BoAbTep H <l>pHApHX II 6y.l{YT y6e)K,l{eHHhiMH CTOpOHHHKaMH a6eOAIOTHOH MoHapXHH. I1pH Alo.l{OBHKe XIV 6o)KeCTBeHHOe npaso 3aKAa,l{hmaeT oeHOBhi H TaK xopowo YKPeflNleT a6eoAIOTHYIO MoHapxHIO, 'ITO c-rpeMHTe11 eoe,l{HHHThe11 e Heii. ,ll;eJITeAH IJ;epKBH oTHhme nepeHHMaiOT 9CTacpeTY IOpHCTOB. J1x eAeHHaJI A011AhHOCTh - OHa oeo6eHHO paeuBeAa noCAe OTMeHhi HaHTeKoro 3.l{HKTa - He TOAhKO Y3aKOHHBaeT KopoAeBeKyro BAaCTh, HO npHAaeT eii eBm.ueHHhrn xapaKTep. Ha.l{o pa.l{osaTbe11, ,l{YMaeT Byp.l{aAy, 'ITO xpHcrnaHeKHH KOpOAh o6Ae'IeH a6eoAIOTHoii BAaCThiO. 3aKAIO'IHTeAhHhrn Te3He ero Po)K.l{eCTBeHeKoii nponose,l{H s 1697 ro,l{y, npo'IHTaHHOH nepe.l{ .l{BopoM, 6hiA: «K MOeMY ~WeHHIO, 11 BH)KY eerO,l{WI eaMoro BeAHKOro H3 KQpoAeH, nOBJiHYIOllleroe11 llHeyey XpHcry H yno-rpe6A1110lllero aero esoro BAaCTh ,l{Nl npHXO,l{a uapCTBH11 llHeyea XpHcra; BOT 'ITO 11 Ha3hmaiO He nporpeeeoM, a BeHUOM CAaBhi Haweii peAHrHH. ,lJ;NI 3TOro, CHp, HY)KeH 6hiA MOHapx, TaKOH eliAbHhrn H TaKOH eoBepweHHhrn, KaK Bhl» 16• Ho HHKTO 6oAbwe, 'IeM Boeei03, He enoeo6CTBOBaA B03BeAWieHHIO BAaCTH MOHapxa. C ero TO'IKH 3peHWI, «bOr yqpe)K,l{aeT KOpoAeH KaK eBOHX nOCAaHHHKOB H uapCTByeT e HX nOMOlllhiO Ha,l{ Hapo,l{aMH>>. 0TeiO,l{a eAe.l{yeT, 'ITO «nepeoHa KopoAeii esm.ueHHa>>. TaKoso 6o)KeCTBeHHoe npaso, Henoepe,l{CTBeHHo Bhme.l{eHHoe H3 npe.l{nHeaHHH H noyqeHHH BH6AHH. Or 3TOH BAaCTH, UAymeii OT Bora, Hexo.l{n, c TO'IKH 3peHWI bOCCI03, Bee npaBHAa a6eOAIOTHOH BAaCTH MOHapxa: «I1epsoe npasHAO. KopoAh He ,l{OA)KeH HHKOMY OT'IHThmaThe11, KOr.l{a OT,l{aeT npHKa3hi. Bropoe npasHAo. Kor,l{a I<opoAh Bhrnee npHrOBOp, .l{pyroro npHrosopa He MO)KeT 6h1Th. Tpene npasHAo. HeT eHAhi, cnoco6Hoii npOTHBOCT011Th eHAe I<opoM. 't.JeTBepToe npasHAo. Ho 9TO He 3Ha'IHT, 'ITO I<OpOAH He nO,l{'IHH1IIOTC11 3aKOHaM» 11l6. 8TH npaBHAa He HMeiOT HH'Iero OpHrHHaAbHOrO. 0HH n OXO)KH Ha TO, 'ITO n11Th,l{ecn AeT Ha3a,l{ Kap,l{eH Ae6pe nHeaA B eBoeM -rpaKTaTe «0 BepxoBHOH BAaCTH I<opoM» (1632). Ho B TO speMJI, I<aK ropHCThi

rAABA VII

146

OnpaB~bffiaiOT a6COAIOTHYJO MOHapXHIO pHMCKHM npaBOM H 6o:lKeCTBeHHbiM npaBoM, Eoccxoa OCHOBbiBaeT ee TOJ\bKO Ha 6o:lKeCTBeHHOM npaBe. Ha ero B3rMI.ll;, cymeCTByeT HeHCHaJI rpaHb Me:IK.lty 6o)KeCTBeHHbiM npaBOM H a6COAIOTHOH MOHapxHeH H Hepa3pblBHa51 CBH3b

Me)K~y rpoHoM H aATapeM. To, 'ITO oH 6orocAoB, eMY ~aeT npeHMYmeCTBo H~ 3aKOHHHKaMH. KpoMe roro, y Hero ecTb H ~pyroe npeHMymeCTBo: OH coBpeMeHHHK AIO~oBHKa XIV. Ero Y"feHOCTb, KpacHope'-mBOCTb, CTHJ\b ero p e'-IH, HCHOCTb BblCKa3bffiaHHH npH~aiOT noAHTH"'eCKHM ~ecpHHHUHHM OpAa H3 Mo (npo3Bmue Eoccxoa. -

.Me'lt. nepe6.)

Ilpu-

eBponeiicKyro H3BeCTHoCTb; y Hero TaK)Ke o6Im1pHM Ha-

po~HM ay~HTopHH. KpacHope"'He enHcKona nopa)KaeT Hapo~. y KOToporo HeT HHKaKOH B03M0)KH0CTH "'HTaTb KHHrH IOpHCTOB. IJ03TOMY EeHHHb Eoccxoa TaK HaCTaHBaA Ha o6'bHCHeHHH 3Ha"'eHHH noHjl"f'HH «a6COAIOTHa51 MOHapXHH». OH He XOTeA, KOHe"'HO, o6o)KeCTB)\jiTb KopoAA, HO OH no"'TH o6o)KeCTBHA KOpoAeBCKYJO BAaCTb.

BEPXOBH.AJI BAACTh 11 EE fPAHHUhi 3aKOH ~AA npe)KHHX IOpHCTOB BaiOrnee

nO~,l(aHHblX

3TO o6mee npe~nHCaHHe, o6H3bi-

nOBHHOBaTbCH, nOTOMY "'TO 3TOT 3aKOH HCXO,l(HT

OT BepXOBHOH BAaCTH. 3aKOH npe~nOAaraeT, TaKHM o6pa30M, cymeCTBOBaHHe BepXOBHOH B.l\aCTH; a BepXOBHM BAaCTb KOTOpM cos,l(aeT saKOHbi.

3TO T a BAaCTb,

crapoii <l>paHUHH BepxoBHM B.l\aCTb npH-

H~Ae)KaAa KOpOAIO, H TOJ\bKO eMY O~HOMY· TOJ\bKO MOHapx MO)KeT cocraB)\jiTb 3aKOHbi, C"'HTaeT Kap~eH Ae6pe; TOJ\bKO oH o~HH MO)KeT H3MeHj!Tb H TOAKOBaTb 3aKOHhi. 0rapoe H3pe"'eHHe «l.JTO XO"'eT KQpOAb, TO XO"'eT H 3aKOH» OCTaeTCH OCHOBOH cppaHUY3CKOrO rocy~ap CTBeHHOrO H "'aCTHoro npaBa. I1o"'TH HeHsMeHHhiH xapaKTep 3aKoHa onpe.l(eAAeTCH ,l(BOHHOH ocHoBoii: pHMCKOH H xpHCTHaHCKOH. MspeqeHHe 03Ha"'aeT BOT "'TO: npe,l(noAaraeTcH, "'TO Eor -

B.l(OXHOBHTe.i\b

3aKOHa; 3aKOH 3aCTaB)\jleT nO,l(,l(aHHhiX nocrynaTb no COBeCTH; TOJ\bKO O~HH

KOpOAb He nO,l('iHHHeTCH «n03HTHBHbiM 3aKOHaM». Hs aToii 3aKOHHOH BepxoBHOH BAaCTH, H3 aTOM BepxoBHOH 3aKOH-

HOCTH MOryT 6biTb Bbme,l(eHhi "'eTKHe nOAHOMO"'IDI. 8-ro npaBa KOpoAA, «BeAHKHe peraAHH» HAM «KOpOAeBCKHe npaBa»,

HeOT~eAHMbie

cysepeHHOCTH, CKHnerpa, Bbicmei:f B.l\aCTH. Tyr MO)KHO HaiiTH BnepeMernKy

fij!TH~UaTb

HAM

~B~UaTb

CA)"''aeB npHMeHeHHH B.l\aCTH KO-

poAA, ero 3aKOHO,l(aTe.i\bHOH, HCnOAHHTe.l\bHOH H cy~e6HOH B.l\aCTH. KopoAeBcKoe npaBo -

3TO npaBo cos.l(aBaTb saKOHhi, HashmaTb ce6H

MOHapxoM «no MHAOCTH Eo)KbeH», «"'eKaHHTb MOHery», Ha3Ha"'aTb

rocy~apCTBeHHhiX "'HHOBHHKOB H cy.l(eH, pemaTb Bonpocbi BOHHbi H MHpa, C03hiBaTb feHepaAbHbie UlTaTbi HAH npOBHHUHa.i\bHbie, C06Hpap, accaM6AeH uepKOBHbiX pemoHa.i\bHbiX co6opoB, 6biTb cy.l(heii B nOC.I\e,l(HeH HHCTaHUHH, ,l(apOBaTb npHBHAernH, 06.1\araTb HaAOraMH HAH H36aB)\jiTb OT OHhiX (HeMHOme MOHapXH B EBpone HMeiOT 3ry y.l(HBHTeAhHYJO

cso6o.l(y

HaAOroBhiX MaHeBpax), KOHcpHcKoBaTb,

MOHAPXIDI E贈3 Y3

147

H3MeiDITb cTaT)'C AIO~eii (npHHHMaTb B no~~aHCTBo, Y3ai<OHHBaTh, ~aaaTb ~sopHHCTBo), ocHOBbiBaTb YHHBepcHTeThi, opraHH30BbmaTh JlpMapKH, C03~aBaTb llO<ITOBYJO CBJl3b. O~Ha H3 caMhiX 3Ha'IHTeAhHbiX npeporaTHB Ha3bmaeTCJl KopoAeBCKHM npaaoM. 8-ro noxo:lKe Ha nAeoHa3M. Pe'Ih H~eT o npaae ~AA KOpOAA llOAyqaTb ~OXO~bl C Bai<a.HTHbiX enHCKOllCTB H C ~pyrHX 6eHeqmUHeB ~o Tex nop, noKa 6y~ymHii Ha3Ha'IeHHhm enHcKon He npOH3HeceT KAj}TBy npHCJlrli. 8-ro 3HaMeHHTOe npaao C faAAHKaHCKHM pe30HaHCOM llOCAY:lKHT Jl6AOKOM pa3~0pa, H H3-3a Hero 6y~eT ~OMO cymeCTBOBaTb KOHcpAHKT Me:lK~Y <f>paHUHeH H nanCKHM npeCTOAOM. HeTepneAHBbiH 'IHTaTeAh noc"'HTaeT 3~ecb, <rro KopoAeBcKaJl aepXOBHaJl BAaCTb O'IeHb ycrOH'IHBa H <ITO a6COAIOTHaJl MOHapXHj} npek craBAAeT orpoMHYJO BAaCTb. Ha CaMOM ~eAe He H~O 3a6bmaTb caMbm npOCTOH, HO r AaBHbiH cpaKT: eCAH npe:lKHHe IOpHCTbl MHOrO BpeMeHH 3aHHMaAHCb TeM, <rr06bi nepe"'HCAHTb H YTQ'IHHTb npaaa KOpoAA, TO 3TO llOTOMY, <ITO KOpOAb He HMeeT BCeX npaa. A6coAIOTHaJl BAaCTb CTaAKHBaeTCJl Y:lKe c MHOro'IHCAeHHhiMH reopeTH'IeCKHMH orpaHH'IeHIDIMH. MoHapx c yaa:lKeHHeM OTHOCHTCJl K 6o:lKecraeHHhiM 3aKoHaM. Kai< CaMhm npocroii no~~a.mu.rii, 3ai<OHo~aTeAb ~oA:lKeH nosHHoBaTbcJl 3anoae~JlM focno~a. Tai<HM o6paaoM, 6o:lKeCTBeHHOe npaao HaAaraeT Ha KOpOAA CTOAhKO :lKe 06Jl3aTeAbCTB, CKOAhKO ~aeT eMY CHAbi H no~~ep:lKKH. ,ll;ecj}Tb 3allOBe~eH - cypOBbxH c6opHHK o6Jl3aHHocreii! CTapHHHhie aaropbi- 6y~h oHH CBeTCKHMH HAM ~yxOBHblMH - npH~aBaAH 60AbiiiOe 3Ha'Ielme yaa:lKeHHIO 3ai<QHOB focno~a. ECAH KOpOAb CTaHOBHTCJl, HanpHMep, ~OAOnOKAOHHH足 KOM, CBJlTOTaTUeM, MHOfO:lKeHUeM, OH MO:lKeT y:lKe Ha 3TOM CBeTe HaBAe'ib Ha cc6Jl H Ha KopoAescTBo mea Bo:lKHH. B caMbiX cephe3HhiX CAyqaJlX B03MymeHHe llO~~aHHblX 6biAO 6bl 3ai<OHHbiM, Tal< Kai< OHH ipso facto (3THM caMbiM cpa~<TOM) 6biAH 6bi ocao6o~eHbi oT csoero ~OMa llOBHHOBaTbCJl. MoHapx Tai<:lKe ~OA:lKeH yaa:lKaTb 3ai<OH npHpo~bi, 9'1')' TaHHcrseHHYJO, HeH3MeHHYJO CHAy, KOTOpaJl 3aCTaBAAeT 'ieAOBeKa llOCTynaTb paaYMHO, sepiiiHTh npaaocy~He H 6hiTb cnpaae~AHBbiM. B ocHoBe ::rroro ecreCTBeHHoro npaaa TaK:lKe Ae:lKHT 6o:lKeCTBeHHOe Ha'IaAO, HO 9TO npaBO He3aBHCHMO OT BCeX H3BeCTHbiX 3ai<OHOB. 3aKOH npHpO~bl npe~CTaBAAeT C060H TO, <ITO JlBAAeTCJl HHCTHHKTHBHO 06LUHM ~AA xpHCTliaH H HexpHCTMaH. B cHAy Heo6xo~HMOCTH nO~'iHHj}TbCJl 3TOMY 3aKOHY KOpOAb ~OA:lKeH COCTaBAj}Tb 3ai<OHbi. coo6pa3yJlcb C pa3YMOM H cnpaae~AHBOCTbiO. HepaaYMHbiH HAH Hecnpase~AHBhiH 3ai<OH He 06Jl3biBaeT llO~~aHHblX 6hiTb AOJlAbHblMH no COSeCTH (HMeHHO TaKOH 3ai<OH 6biA npHHJlT B 1685 ro~y B OTHOIIIeHHH cppaHUy3CKHX npoTeCTaHTOB, KOr~a HM 6biAO 3anpemeHO O~HOBpeMeHHO 3MHrpHpOBaTb H Hcnose~osaTb so <f>paHUHH npoTecra.HTCTBo). Kai< TOAhKO 3ai<OHO~a足 TeAb HapYIIIaeT 3ai<OH npHpO~bl, no~~aHHbie B o6meM OCB060:lK~aiOT足 CJl OT CBOero ~OMa nOBHHOBaTbCJl. TpeTbe orpaHH'IeHHe sepxoBHOH BAaCTH - co6AIO~eHHe yaa:lKeHHJl K no~~aHHhiM. C TO'IKH 3peHHJl rocy~apCTBeHHoro npaaa, ::rro 03Ha-

148

fAABA VII

qaeT, 'ITO KOpOAb <l>p3.HUHH He MO:>KeT HH OTBepraTb, HH HapymaTb OCHOBHbie 3aKOHbi, TO eCTb Te 3aKOHbi KOpOAeBCI'Ba, KOTOpbie CynleCI'BOBaAH ~o KOpoAeBCK::lH BAaCTH n croHT H~ aaKoHaMH KopoAA. B o6AaCTH qacmoro npasa wpnCTbi c'lHTaiOT, 'ITO MOHapx ,a:oA:>KeH )'Ba:>KaTb AH'IHOCTb nO,l(~aHHbiX H HX HMymeCI'BO. 3a HeHMeHHeM Habeas corpus (aaKoHa, rapaHTHpywmero AH'IH)'lO cso6o~y rpa:>K~aH) npHHHMaiOTC.H BO BHHMaHHe HeKOTOpbie npasHAa: HanpnMep, nbiTKa BHe cy~e6Horo npouecca (H~o OTAH'IaTb «nbiTKY» npn ~onpoce) .s~s NleTCH npeCT)'TIAeHHeM npOTHB AH'IHOCTH. flpaBHAO C06CI'BeHHOCTH Ka:>KeTC.H 6oAee rapaHTHpOBaHHbiM: «KOpOAb He MO:>KeT HH npHCBOHTb ce6e HaCAe~crBo, npnH~Ae:>Kaw:ee ero no~~aHHbiM, HH noAb30BaTbCH HM no csoei:f BOAe». ECAH KopoAb noasoAHT ce6e npncBOHTb rocy~ap crBeHHbie BA~eHH.H, TO OH 6y~eT ocy~eH CBOHMH C06CI'BeHHbiMH cy~aMH: B ~aHHOM CAyqae KOpOAb BbicrynaeT B pOAH ¢epMepa BCeX BA~eHHH <l>paHUHH.

ITPAKTWIECKME OfPAHWiEHIDI ABCOAIOTIIOH BAACTii flpaKTH'IeCKHe orpaHH'leHH.H a6COAIOTHOH BAaCTH ~OBOAbHO 3Ha'lHTeAbHbl. AenyTaTbi Tpex coCAosni:f .HBAHIOTCH nepsbiM 6apbepoM, nperpa:>K~aiOlllHM npon3BOA. KoHe'tHo, Aro~oBHK XIV 6oAbWe He coabmaeT feHepaAbHbie IIITaTbi (craswne aHaxpOHH3MOM y:>Ke B 1614 ro~y); HO 6biAO 6bi HeBepHO paCCMaTpHBaTb npOBHHUHaAbHbie accaM6AeH KaK He'lTO Hecepbe3HOe. 0Hn nrpaiOT 60AbW)'lO poAb Ha o~HOH TpeTH KopoAeBcrBa. Hx aHa'teHHe o'teHb seAHKO B EpeTaHH H AaHre~oKe. 3~ecb CYJ-UecrBywT HenHCaHbie HaAOrOBbie n ~MHHH crpaTHBHbie npHBHAerHH. floKa3aTeAb~IM B 3TOM OTHOIIIeHHH .HBNleTC.H 6apbep, C03~aHHbrn B EpeTaHH. cha npoBHHIUUI TaK He~oBep 'lHBa, 'ITO KOpOAeBCKa.H ~MHHHCTpaiUUI He CMOfAa ry,a:a npOHHKHYTb· 8~nKT, no KOTOPOMY ~ei:fcrBne rep6oBbiX ~OKYMeHTOB (1674) ~OA)KHO pacnpOCTpaHHTbC.H Ha BCe KOpOAeBCI'BO, Bbl3bmaeT BOOpy:>KeHHOe BOCCTaHHe s KopHYai:fe (1675r. A KoAb6ep, KOTOpbrn xoreA c~eAaTb na HHTeH,l(aHTOB nOCAYJIIHbiH HHCTpYMeHT o6mero KOHTpONI H peBHOCTHbiX CAyr MOHapXHH, YM"PaeT (1683) ,l(O TOfO, KaK CMOfAH noCAaTb B PeHH HHTeH,a:aHTa. flepsbrn HHTeH,a:aHT s EpeTaHH, ~e floMpe, noAy'lHT csoe HaaHa'teHHe AHWh B .HHBape 1689 ro~a. Ero Bhi6paAH cpe~H ,l(OKA~'lHKOB focy~apCTBeHHOfO COBeTa, Tm:aTeAbHO B3BeCHB BCe ero 182 ~OCTOHHCI'Ba: rn6KOCTb, AOBKOCTb, ~HnAOMaTH'lHOCTb, o6a.HHHe . MO)KHO 6biAO no~~iaTb, 'ITO Bbi6npaiOT nocAa, a He ~MHHncrpa THBHOe AHuo. ::hoT npHMep noKa3bmaeT, 'ITO Aro~oBHKY XIV 6biAo Aef'le ynpaa~HHTb HaHTcKni:f 3~HKT (1685), 'teM noCAaTb HHTeH,a:a.HTa B csoi:f cAaBHbrn ropo.a: PeHH! flapAaMeHTbi n ~pyrne Bbicwne cy~bi (c'teTHa.s~ naAaTa, naAaTa KOCBeHHbiX c6opoB, 60AblllOH COBeT), onnpa.s~cb Ha CBOe npaBO perncrpaUHH KOpOAeBCKHX aKTOB, npMCTaBAHIOT co6oi:f CAe~)'lOW:HH 6apbep. KoHe'tHo, noAyqHB ypoK <l>poH,a:bi, Aro~osnK XIV orpaHH'lHA nx noAHoMO'lHH. B 1655 ro~y OH YKpenHA asropHTeT KopoAeBCKHX aace-

MOHAPXllil BE3 Y3

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~a.HHH napAaMeHTa: TaK B03HHKAa Aere~a «focy~apcrno- sTO R».

Tor~a OH H3MeHHA uepeMoHHaA: KpeCAo KopoAR croRAo Ha 3ace~a HHH, a KOpOA.b He npHCYTcrBOBaA; 3TO HaHOCHAO y~ap no CaMOAIOfiHIO cy~eiicKOH 3Harn. B 1673 ro~y OH 3acraBHA cy~bi perncrpnposaTb 9~HKTbl ~0 Toro, KaK OHH ccpopMYAHPYIOT B03MO:>KHbie 3aMe'<laHHR, AHWaR HX, TaKHM o6pa30M, B03MO:>KHOCrH OKa3bffiaTb ~aBAeHHe H TRH)'Tb c perncrpaUHeii. AIO~OBHK TaK:>Ke OTHRA y cy~os npaso Ha3biBaTbcR «BepXOBHbiMH», OcraBHB 9TOT 9nHTeT AHWh ce6e O~HOMY· cho

H3BecrHhie cpaKTbi. Ho, B03MO)l(HO, nx TPaKTYIOT H Hao6opoT. Ha ~eAe napAaMeHTbi, ~a:>Ke no~ KOHTPOAeM H c ype3aHHbiMH npasaMH, npo~oA:>KaiOT npMcraBARTb co6oii orpa.HH'rnTeA.bHhm 6aphep ~AR a6COAIOTHOH BAacrn MOHapxa. ,lJ;ocraTO'<IHO 6y~eT noCAa6AeHHR B CeHTR6pe 1715 ro~a, '<IT06bi IlapH:>KCKHH napAaMeHT, BH08b nOqyBcrB08aB ce6R CHA.bHbiM, OTMeHHA 3aBeiUaHHe KOpOAR, 8epHYA ce6e npaso 8HOCHTb nonpaBKH 8 s~HKTbi. Ilo~pbmHaR pa60Ta napAaMeHTa 6y~eT ~AHTbCR UeA.biX 75 .1\eT. EcAH 8 1715 ro~y OH CH08a o6peTaeT cHAy, 3Ha'<IHT, OH coxpaHRA ee 8 Te'<leHHe copoKa AeT, Kor~a eMY npnxo~HAOCh MOA'<IaTb. AI0~08HK XIV ~oweA ~o rpaHHUbi pa3pbi8a. EcAH 6bl OH 6hiA :>Kecr'<le no OTHOWeHHIO K napAaMeHTY, ecAH 6bi OH nepemeA OT 3aKOHHOH crporocrn K Hecnpase~AHBOCTH, TO 6ym 8 YMax, 803MO)KHO, 8biAHACR 6hi s o6bNHbiH 6ym. Ilapn:>KcKHH napAaMeHT ocraeTCR cy~oM nspo8. IlapAaMeHT coxpaWieT npaso pemcrpaUHH KopoAeBCKHX aKTOB, ~a:>Ke ecAH H He npe~crasAReT peMOHcrpaunn: KopoA.b He MO)KeT 3acraBHTb ero 3apemcrpnpo8aTb '<ITo nonaAo. 06R3aTeA.hcrso pemcrpauHH RBAReTCR OCHOBHbiM npHHUHnOM. 9-roT npHHUHn ~e.l\aeT ~aHUHIO crpaHOH 8hiCOKOH UHBHAH3aUHH, rocy~apcrsoM c npasosoii TP~Huneii. Bo ~aHUHH !OpHCThl e~HHOr.1\aCHO 3aRBARIOT: «3aKOHhl Ha'<IHHaiOT ~eH crB08aTb AHWb TOr~a, KOr~a OHH Ony6AHKOBaHhl», TO eCTh 3aperncrpHpOBaHbl. Bnpo'<IeM, ecAH ~a)Ke napAaMeHT He nOA.b3YeTCR csOHM npaBOM 8HOCHTb 3aMe'<laHHR, pemcrpaUHR BAe'<leT 3a C060H TIUaTeAbHOe H3yqeHHe 3aKOHa ~OA:>KHOcrHhiMH AHUaMH. A srn AIO~H 3HaiOT npaBHAa, npHHUHnbl H aKCHOMbl cppaHUY3CKOrO npasa (HanpHMep: «3aKOHbi He HMeiOT o6paTHoH CHA.bi»). He803MO:>KHO 6e3HaKa3aHHO npe~AO:>KHTb 3anncaTb s 3aKOH Hecnpase~AHBhie TeKCThi. «KopoAH npasRT C nOMOlUbiO 3aKOHOB» - 3anHCaHO 8 crapHHHOM H3pe'<IeHHH. Mo:>KHO 6biAO 6bi ~o6asHTb: 6Aaro~apR perncrpaUHH H 3anHCH 3aKOH08, napAaMeHT c~ep)KHBaeT a6cOAIOTHYIO MOHapXHIO, Y3aKOHHBaeT ee. BAaCTh KopoAR ~OA:>KHa C'<IHTaTbCR c TeM, '<ITO MoHTecKbe s CAe~ytOIUeM seKe Ha3oseT «nocpe~crBYIOIUHMH KOpnopauHRMH». Ilpas~a, npe3~eHT MoHTeCKhe 6y~eT HMeTb s 8~Y KopnopauHH napAaMeHTcKoro THna - OcpHUHaA.bHbie yqpe~eHHR, KOTOpbiM np~aeTCR onpe~eAeHHaR crpYKTYPa, CMRr'<laiOlUaR MOHapXHIO, npespamaiOIUaR ee Ha ~eAe s cMewaHHbm pe)KHM npasAeHHR. TaKHe yqpe~eHHR He MOrAH 6bl 3acraBHTb C'<IHTaTbCR C C060H HH B 1661, HH B 1715 ro~y. OcraeTcR MHO:>Kecrso KopoAescKHx, npOBHHUHaA.bHhiX, npocpeccHo-

150

fAA.BA VII

Ha.M>HbiX KOpnopauHH H 06bNHbiX KOpnopauHH, e KOTOpbiMH, )f(eArui Toro HAH HeT, MOHapxWI SbiH)')I(AeHa e'lliTaTbeH. Bee, HAH no'ITH see, SO <l:>paHUHH nocrpoeHO no npHHUHII)' KOpnopauHH S WHpOKOM 260 eMbiCAe CAOsa • Ecn, KOpnopaUHH yqeHbiX ()'HHSepeHTeTbi, aKaAeMHH), KOpnopauHH TOprosues, eoo6w.eCTBa xyAO)f(eCTB " peMeeeA, KOMMepqeeKHe H cpHHaHeOSbie o6w.eCTBa, roprosbie naAaTbi. Cyw.eCTB)'lOT KOpnopauHH, o6w,eCTBa H KOAAerHH SbieiiiHX KOpoAeSeKHX "'HHOSHHKOS H HH3IIIHX ,l{OA)f(HOCTHbiX AHU eyAe6Horo Se.l{OMCTBa: aASOKaTeKHH KOpnye- 9TO eepbe3Hrul opraHH3auH.a:, eyAeHeKoe eoeAOSHe - ysa)f(aeMbrH crapHHHbrH HHCTIIT)'T, KOTOpOM)' noKpOSHTeAbCTBYeT Mamcrparypa napAaMeHTa. CpeAHHH cppaHUY3 6oAbwe HHTepeeyeTe.a: npHsHAerHHMH TaKHX rpynn (nyCTb pe"'b H.l{eT 0 npHSHAerH.SJ:X aASOKaTOS eoseTa HAH 0 pa3HblX TPaAHUHOHHbiX oeso60)f(AeHH.SJ:X pa6o"'HX MoHeTHoro ASOpa), "'eM 6oAbwoii noAHTHKoii. 11 KopoAIO Aer"'e o6y3AaTb IIapmKeKHH napAaMeHT, "'eM HanaAaTb Ha KOpnopaTHSH)'IO apHCTOKpaTHIO, Ha IIIeCTb TOprOSbiX rHAbAHH CTOAHUbi. Pa3AH"'Hbie KopnopauHH - npH yCAoBHH, eCAH HX eoeAHHHTb, eOCTaBNIIOT KOpnopaUHIO eaMOrO KOpOAesCTBa, 9TO xapaKTepHOe HX esoiiCTBo. IIepeeMOTP npHsHAemii OAHOH rpynnhi Bbi3bmaeT HeyAoBOAbC1."BHe eoeeAHHX npHsHAemposaHHbiX rpynn. MaAeHIIIee npoH3BOAbHOe peweHHe no OTHOIIIeHHIO K KaKOH-TO KOpnopaUHH enpOBOUHpOSaAO 6hi B03M)'UJ.eHHe no'ITH seex Apymx: OHH yAHSHTeAbHO eoAHAapHbi. MoHapxH.a: 3TO 'I)'BCTBYeT HAH yraAbiSaeT, .l{a)f(e eCAH y Hee HeT o6w,ero npeACTasAeHWI 06 HX eOAHAapHOCTH. 8TH KOpnopaTHBHbi e rpynnHpoBKH XVII BeKa HrpaiOT poAb noepeAHHKa, o6eperarow.ero H nOCTOHHHO 3aUJ,HUJ,aiOUJ,ero AH"'HOCTb OT BbieweH BAaCTH. KopnopaUHH enoeo6Hbi, 6e3 se.SJ:Koro eOMHeHH.a:, npOTHBOCTO.SJ:Tb KopoAeseKoii BAaCTH. Ha AeAe HM He npeAOCTaBA.SJ:eTe.a: TaKoro CA)"lrui H, CAeAOBaTeAbHO, He HaAO OTKpbiTO Sbi crynaTb B Ka"'eCTBe 3aUJ,HTHHKOB eBOHX 6oAbiiiHX HAH Ma.M>IX npas. CaMo HX eyw.eCTBOBaHHe reM He MeHee .SJ:BA.SJ:eTe.SJ: MeXaHH3MOM, eAep)f(HBaiOUJ,HM MOHapXHIO. KopnopauHH - 3To BHAHMbi e nepeAaT"'HKH o6w.eCTBeHHoro MHeHWI. l1x pa36poeaHHOCTb no seeii eTPaHe enoeo6CTByeT O"ieHb 6bxcrpoM)' paenpocrpaHeHHIO HHcpOpMaUHH epeAH eaMbiX pa3HbiX CAOeB HaeeAeHHH. Hosbxe nposHHUHH - 9TO Te o6AaCTH, rAe oTKpbiTO BbieKa3bmaeTe.a: o6w,eCTBeHHoe MHeHHe, H AloAOSHKY XIV Heo6xoAHMO e HHM e'-IHTaTbeH. BoiiHa ew.e He 3aKOH"'eHa, 6aTaAHH npoAOA)f(aiOTe.a:, a BAaCTb y)f(e crapaeTe.a: 6epe)f(HO o6paw.aTbeH e OKKynHpOBaHHOH crpaHoii. B 1674 roAy o6 9TOM esHAeTeAbCTByiOT craTbH Aorosopa o KanHTJA.siUHH Ee3aHeoHa: B Te"'eHHe 27-MH AHeii ropoA eonpornBA.SJ:eTe.a: KOpOAIO, KpenOCTb see ew,e Aep)f(HTeH, HO <l:>paHUH.SJ: y)f(e o6ew.aeT 6e3aHeOHUaM eoxpaHHTb HX Aopome npHsHAerHH. HH e MHAHUHeH, HH e SOAOHTepaMH He 6yAJT o6paw,aTbe.SJ: KaK e ITAeHHHKaMH. HH OAHH )f(HTeAb He 6yAeT HenOAb30BaH ANI B3HTH.SJ: Kpenocrn. Opy)f(He 6e3aHeoHues He 6yAeT KOHcpHeKosaHo. TapHcpbi Ha eoAb He 6yAYT H3MeHeHbi. Bee npHBHAerHH, oeso60)f(AeHHH OT HaAoros, see

MOHAPXIDI EE3 Y3

151

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AaBa VIII

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160

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170

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172

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fAABA VIII

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187

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Tiepsoro HHsapH 1664 ro,lXa )l(aH-Eamcr KoAb6ep, rocy.LtapCTBeHHhrn MHHHcrp, OTHhme cynepHHTeH.LtaHT crpoHTeAbCTBa Ero BeAH'IeCTBa, ynep)K,lXaeT OT HMeHH KOpOAH CHCTeM)' BbmAaTbi neHCHH H B03Harpa)K,lXeHHH, npe,lXHa3Ha'ICHHbiX «AHTepaTOpaM» - ll03TaM, npo3aHKaM HAH yqeHbiM,- KOTOpaH Y.lXHBAHeT Espony. TipaB.Lta, aToro H .lX06HsaAHcb. IllapAb Tieppo, 6y.lX)'mHH aBTop CKa30K, npasaH PYKa MHHHCTpa, )l(aH IllanAeH, ll03T, KOTOpOrO H3 yqTHBOCTH HAH HpOHHqecKH np03BaAH «pereHTOM TiapHaCa», H eme KOe-KTO H3 6AH)KaHIIIero oKpy)KeHHH KoAh6epa noMorAH cocraBHTb cnHCOK cqacrAHBbiX H36paHHHKOB. B 1664 ro.Lty HX y)Ke nHTb,lXeCHT BOCeMb (CJ?e.lXH HHX O,lXHHHa,lXUaTb HHOCTpaHUeB), H CTOHT OHH MHHHCTepCTBy cpHHaHCOB 77 500 AHBpos. Ha cAe.lXYIOinHH rO,lX 3Ta UHcppa ,lXOCTHraeT 82 000 AHBpos, noAyqaTeAH neHCHH o6pa3yiOT rpynny B IIIeCTb,lXeCHT llHTb 'leAOBeK (H3 KOTOpbiX 'leTbipHa,lXUaTb- HHOCTpaHUbi). B 1666 ro,lXy HX CeMb,lXeCHT ,lX.Ba, H nOAyqaiOT OHH H3 610,lX)KeTa 95 000 cppaHKOB 45. B Hallie speMH C'IHTaeTca xopoiiiHM TOHOM OTHOCHTbCSJ c npeHe6pe)KeHHeM K aa60Te, npOSIBAeHHOH AIO.lXOBHKOM XIV o noaTax, nHcaTeAHx H ,lXeHTeAHX HaYKH, KOTOpbiX OH crpeMHACSJ llO,lX,lXep)KaTb CBOHMH noco6HSJMH. HH O,lXHO npaBHTe.l\.bCTBO, pa3YMeeTCSJ, HH pa3y He C03.lXaAO HH O.lXHoro me,lXespa H .Lta)Ke He YMeAo OTAH'IHTb reHHa.l\.bHhiX llHCaTeAeH OT nocpe.lXCTBeHHbiX, ll0Ab30BaBIIIHXCH acpeMepHOH CAaBOH. QqesH,lXHO TaK)Ke, 'ITO KopoAh, .LtaJKe eCAH H pa3birpbrsaeT H3 ce6H AnoAAoHa - noKposHTeAH HcKycCTB, ,lXeAaeT 3TO He pa.LtH HCKycCTBa, a H3 'IHcro nOAHTH'IecKHX coo6paJKeHHii. Ho TP" seKa cnycrH, KOr.Lta y)Ke BCe llO,lXbiTO)KeHO, He.l\.b3H He BOCXHinaTbCH TaKOH nOAHTHKOH. 0Ha npes_paTHAa cynepHHTeH,lXaHTCTBO CTpOHTe.l\.bCTBa (KOTOpbiM KoAh6ep cpaKmqecKH 3ase.LtyeT y)Ke s 1663 ro.Lty) s .LtenapTaMeHT KYAhT)'pbi Ha cospeMeHHbrn MaHep. H 3,lXecb AIO.LtOBHK crpoHA He H"a nyCTOM MeCTe: OH nepe,lXeAaA H ycosepiiieHCTBOBaA 06biKHOBeHHbrH HHCTHTyT, BAHHHHe KOToporo Tenepb orpoMHO. Tiepe.LteAKa TaKOro THna paBHOCH.I\.bHa TBOp<ieCKOM)' C03H,lXaHHIO. BcKope 6biAa c03,lXaHa Me.Lta.Ab, npH3BaHHaSJ yseKOBe'IHTb cpoH.Lt KYAhT)'pHbiX B03HarpaJK.LteHHii. «II(e.LtpOCTb KopoAA Ha HeH npe.LtcrasAeHa B BH,lXe )KeHIUlffibi, ,lXep)KameH por H306HAWI. lJenepo MaAeHbKHX .lXeTOK H3o6paJKaiOT reHHes qenrpex pa3HbiX HCKycCTB. f eHHii KpacHope<iHH.Ltep)KHT AHpy, reHHii noa3HH- TPY6Y H AaBpOBbrn seHoK, TPeTHii reHHH, H3MepHIOmHH He60CBO.lX, CHMBOAH3HpyeT acrpOHOMHIO, a 'leT71 BepTbrH, KOTOpbm nHIIIeT, CH,lXH Ha KHHrCL"X, H306paJKaeT HCTOpH10» •

188

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KOPOJ\h.COAHUE

189

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190

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198

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11 HA COAHUE ECI'b ruriHA

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252

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264

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267

BKAa,l(hiBaTb 60A'bllie cpe.ztCTB B BOeHHhiH cpAOT H HMeHHO TaKHM o6pa30M rrpes3oiiTH B03MO:lKHOCTH csoux correpHHKos. KopoAh H ero MHHHCTP He TOAhKO Me'tfi'aAH o 6oAhliiOM soeHHoM cpAoTe, OHH ero C03.ltaAH H C,lteAaAH orrepaTHBHhiM B TeqeHHe cpaBHHTeA'bHO KOpOTKQro speMeHH (1664- 1674 ro.n~>r). PucK, KoHeqHo, 6hiA s TOM, '<ITO MO)f(HO 6hiAO IIOMaTbcH co6Aa3H)' H HCIIOA'b30BaTb SYI'OT cpAOT. 8~~HOEOPY~:AUTIAOMATHR

Y BOHH'bl CBOH rrpnqHH'bi, KOTOpLie He06H3aTeAhHO rrpHeMAeMhl ,ltAH paa)'Ma, HO C KOTOphiMH ,ltHIIAOMaTHH 06H3aHa cqHTaTbCH. ,lVfIIAOMaTHH, KaK H BOHHa, HBAHeTCH OCHOBH'biM rrpe.ztMeTOM 06Cj')f(.lteHHH H 3a6oT coseTa MHHHCTPOB; ORa, KaK soiiHa, sxo,nHT s ccpepy HCKAJOqHTeAhHOH KOMIIeTeHUHH KOpOAH. «PyKOBO,ltHA AH Alo,noBHK XIV AUqHO HHOCTPaHHOH rroAHTHKoii? 8To oqeH'b rrpocroii so281 rrpoc, TaK KaK Ha Hero MO)f(HO cpa3y OTBeTHT'b YTBep,nHTeAhH0» • Hwtero He rrpe,nCTaBAHeTCH 6oAee Ba:lKHhiM ,nAH MOHapxa craporo pe:lKHMa, qeM se,neHHe rreperosopos, 3aKAJOqeHHe aA'bHHCOB H .norosopos. Moll.U> rocy.napCTBa, ero aBTOpHTeT, ero seAHque H3MepiDOTCH rrpH cpaBHeHHH era c .npyrHMH racy.napCTBaMH. ,lVirrAoMaTHH - srro no rrpeHM)'meCTBy opY:lKHe KopoAH, yrrpaBNUOmero KaK .no6p~>m oren ceMeHCTBa csoHMH HaCAe,nCTBeHHhiMH 3eMAHMH. OH MO:lKeT yrrpaBAHTh BH)'TpH rocy,napCTBa, rrepe.ztaBaH CBOIO BAaCTb HAH ,na:lKe II03BQAHH ee paa,neAHTb (KOpOAh .zteAaeT HHTeH.ztaHTOB; HHTeH,ltaHTbi, B CBOIO oqepe.n~>, co3.ztatoT ce6e rro,nqnHeHHhiX). Ho OH HHKOMY He rrepe,naeT Bblcrnee yrrpaBAeHHe HHOCTPaHHhiMH ,neAaMH. OH BH)'lliaeT .nocpHH)', '<ITO ReT 6oAee rrpHHTHOrO 3aHHTHH .ltAH MOHapxa, qeM .ltHIIAOMaTHH: «l1Men B03MO)f(HOCTb su.neTh see, '<ITO TBOPHTCH Ha 3eMAe, Y3HaBaTb e:lKeqacHo HOBOCTH <...> o6o scex Hapo.nax, TaHHbl scex .nsopos, HaCTPOeHHe H CAa6ble cropoHhi scex KopoAeii H scex MHHHCTPOB .npyrnx rocy,napCTB»63. l1 '<IT06hi HHKTO He HMeA AO:lKHOrO 06 SITOM rrpe.ztCTaBAeHHH - HH MoHceH'bop, HH rroTOMCTBO, - OH rrocsmuaeT .ztHIIAOMarnu AhBHHYIO .ltOAIO CBOHX «MeMYapOB». B TeqeHHe scero rrpaBAeHHH Aro.nosnKa XIV cppaHUy3cKOH .nuIIAoMarneii yrrpaBAHAH qeTbrpe BhiCOKOIIOCTaBAeHHhiX qHHOBHHKa: ,ne AuoHH ()'Mep s 1671 ro.ny), CHMOH ApHo .ne 11oMIIoHH (speMeHHO srraA s HeMHAOCTb s 1679 ro.ny), KoAh6ep .ne Kpyacca ()'Mep s 1696 ro.ny) a ero ChiH MapKH3 .ne Topcu (KOTOpbm 6hiA OTCTPaHeH OT .ztOA:lKHOCTH no HeAerroii rrpuqaHe s 1715 ro.ny) . KpoMe HHX, 6biAO MHOrO .ztpyrHX COBeTHRKOB, y KOTOpbiX He 6biAO COOTBeTCTBytomHX IIOAHOMOqHH, HO KOTOpbie OKa3biBaAH BAHHHI-le Ha BHeliiHIOIO IIOAHTHKy. 8To 6biAH BRKOHT .ne TropeHH, .IKaH-Earncr KoAh6ep, MapKH3 .ne A ysya, Mapr<I-13 .ne lliaMAe, .ne IIIaMHiiHp, KaHUAep .ne 11oHrnapTpeH, ,na:lKe rpacp .ne Eep:lKRK. l1 KTO MO:lKeT YTBep)f(.ltaTh, '<ITO Aro.noBHK XIV H3MeHHA 6hr csoro HHOCTPaHHYIO IIOAHTHKY TpH:lK.lthi, .necHTb HAH IIHTHa,l(UaTb paa C O,ltHHM-e,ltHHCTBeHHbiM :lKeAaHHeM: IIOCAe.ztO-

268

fAABAXII

BaTh COBeTy TeX, K KOM)' OH o6pa:maACH. BepoHTIIee BCero, OH no~6H paA AIO~eH:, KOTOpbie 6oALm e Bcero no~xo~HAH MH ocymeCTBAeHHH ero 3a.MbiCAOB. Ha caMOM ~eAe, KopoAL HHCKOALKO He OTC'I)'IIa.eT OT Bbi6paHHoro HM K}'PCa, 3a.cra.BAHeT npHHHMaTb H)"KHH>Ie pemeHHH H 281 npoBO~HTb HX B )KH3Hb • OH 6eper Ha ce6.s~ UeAHKOM OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a Bee. HaKa.H)'He ,l(eBOAIOUHOHHOH BOHHbl Aro~OBHK 6y~eT CMOTpeTb Ha croAKHoBeHHe c HcnaHHeH: KaK Ha «06mHpHLm noAHroH», KOTOpbm eM)' ~acr 6oALmue B03MO)I(HOCTH npoHBHTb ce6.s~. Ho oH TO'I"'ac )Ke c~eAa.eT nonpasKy: «Hama xpa6pocTb, KaK 6bi BeAHKa OHa HH 6LIAa, He ~OA)I(Ha npeHe6peraTb coBeTaMH Hamero pa3YMa.»;63 CAe~yer OTMeTHTb, ~ B TO BpeMH «CAaBa.» KOpoAH HAH ero op~ HBAHeTCH Bcero AHmb CHMBOAOM CAaBhl HaUHH, HaUHH, KOTOpyro o6.~t3aHbi 3a:LnH!UaTb ~oHKH XOTbi, no KOTOpyro KopMJIT H o6CA~aiOT caJNonaucLI. CAasy KopoAeBCTBO npuo6peraer HBHO B 60-e ro~hl, KaK H B ro~bl npaBAeHHH Kap~HHaJ\OBj H npe~meCTBOBa.l\0 9TOM)' npHMOe HAH KOCBeHHOe npHHH)KeHHe .ABcrpHifcKoro ~oMa H no-rep.s~ BAHHHHH HcnaHHH H ee HMnepHH. Bee, Ka)KeTCH, TOr~a 6AaronpWITCTBOBaJ\O <l>pauUHH: ~eMorpac:pH'ieCKa.!l 06CTaHOBKa, KOTOpa.!t KOMIIeHCHpOBaJ\a C AHXBOH 9KOHOMH'iecKoe onepe)KeHHe Coe~HHeHHbiX IlpoBHHUHif H AHrAHH; OCAa6AeHHe HMnepaTopCKOH BAaCTH B fepMaHHHj pa3~eA lfTaJ\HHj B03pOcmHH aBTOpHTeT HaHXpHCTHaHHeHmero KOpOAH, no6e~HBmero Ero KaTOAH'iecKoe BeAH'ieCTBo. B TOT ca.Mbm ~eHb, KOr~a B 1660 ro~y Aro~oBHK XIV H MapHH-Tepe3HH, ero MOAO~a.!l cynpyra, B'be3)KaAH B IlapH)K, MO)I(HO 6biAO npO'UITa.Tb H~nHCb Ha _T_J>HYM<PaAbHOH apKe (p~oM c KoTOpoii croHT crary.~t feupHXa lV), r~e MOAO~oH: KOpOAb cpasHHBaerc.s~ co CBOHM npe~KOM. TeKCT B nepeBo~e Ha ¢pauuy3cKHH H3hlK 3B)"'HT Ta.K: «0~HH H ~pyroif no~apHAH CBOHM HapO~aM 6AarOllOA)"DDe MHpHOH )KH3HH, HO BTOpOH pacnpocrpaHHA ero ua sech MHp, ~OMHpHBa.~t see KopoAesCTBa 6Aaro~ap.s~ csoeM)' nocpe~HH'ieCTBy» 1• Ilocpe~HH'iaTb MO)KHO ycnemuo B TOM CAyqae, eCAH YMeTb no~ ~ep)KHBaTb, co3~aBaTb cropoHHHKOB 3a rpauuueii. H KopoAb <l>pauUHH B 9TOT MOMeHT ~OCTaTO'iHO 6oraT, "'T06hi ocymeCTBHTb TaK)'IO nporpaMM)' «30AOTOH ueuoii H 9THM KpenKo npHB.~t3aTb K ce6e MoHapxos H MHHHCTpOB ~p~ rocy~apCTB. Mo)I(Ho 6b1Ao no~aTb, "'TO BCH Espona npo~a)I(Ha» 281 • Ha 3eMAHX CB.mueHHoii PHMcKoH: HMnepHH KHH3h.!l H enHcKOllhi ocnapHBaiOT ~pyr y ~pyra npeHM)'IUeCTBo 6biTb BKAIO'<IeHHbiMH B CnHCOK noAyqaJOIUHX Hawy ~eHe)KH)'IO noMOIUb. Ho <l>paHUHH ~oA)I(Ha ewe OTnpaBHTb MemKH c 30AOTbiMH 9KJO BoccrauoBAeHHOM)' ua TpOHe KapAy II, KopoAIO AurAHH, ~BoiO po~HOM)' 6pary Aro~OBHKa XIV, He~OBOAbHbiM B BeurpHH, noALcKoM)' KopoAIO, csoHM mse~CKHM coi03HHKaM. Harne npasHTeALCTBO H~eeTCH TaKOH UeHOH ~OC~HTb 6pHTaHCKOM)' napAaMeury, pa3btrpaTb Kapry KHH3eH Cs.mueHHOH HMIIepHH npOTHB HMIIepaTOpa, no~~ep)KaTb COI03HHKOB, cnoco6HbiX uaueCTH eM)' y~ap c TbiAa, YJ<penHTb maTKyro BepHOCTb uep~HBhiX cBoHX npo-re)Ke. ,l(o HHMBe-

OPY)Kl1E KOPONI

269

rencKoro MHpa, no Kpaillieii Mepe, no unor~a M noo..e nero ~HIIAOMa TIDI Aro~osm<a XIV no.hhayeTc.R: 9TMM crapbiM cnoco6oM, ~ose~.R: ero ~0 TaKOH creneHM 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTM, KOTOpa.R: npHBeAa 6bi B M3YMAeHMe caMoro Aro~osm<a XI. O~HaKO HWiero neT npo'IHoro s 3TOM rpeWHOM MHpe, TaK "'TO npe~aTe.hhCTBa, OTXO~ OT aAb.R:HCOB, ysepTKH H OTpet.teHH.R: OT ~a.HHbiX o6ema.mfii COl03HMKOB, KOTOpbiM Ma.l\0 3anAaTHAH, ne BhiahmaAM, cy~.R: no sceMY, y MHHMcrpos KopoA.R:-CoAHue HH MaAeHwero y ~HBAeHH.R:. TipHMep co WBe~aMM rosopHT caM aa ce6H. <l>paHUIDt ochmaAa MHAOCTbiHHMH 3TOro cesepnoro noMOmHMKa, crpany, KOTOpa.R: noAyt.JHAa .1\aKOMhiH KycoK B 1648 ro~y. crpany, B KOTopoii nact.tHThmaeTc.R: Menee -rpex MHJ\.1\HOHOB no~~aHHbiX. EAaronpMHTHhm OAHBcKHii MHP (1660) 6bl.l\ no~nHcan .1\Millb 6Aaro~ap.R: nocpe~HJNecrsy MaaapHHH. 11 <l>pa.HUIDI, <<Ip~HUMOHHa.R: COl03HHUa IllseUMH», no~nHCaAa C HeH B 1663 ro~y Toproshm ~orosop, YKPenHB TeM CaMbiM coiOaHWiecKHe naKTbx. O~naKo 3TO ne MemaeT IllseUMH seCTM neperosopbi c AHrAHeii 8 1665 H B 1672 ro~ax, C fOJ\.1\~MeH B 1675 M B 1679 rO~hi, HeCMOTp.R: na cocro.R:HHe soii:Hbx. B nat.taAe 1668 ro~a ona 6y~eT npHMhiKaTh K TpoiicrseHHOMY coroay, M axrrAo-roJ\.1\~Ubi eii spyqaT aa 3TO, s Kat.tecrse nepsoro sanoca, C}'MMY s 480 000 pnKc~aAepos cepe6poM. O~naKo npHH.R:TOe e10 o6HaaTe.hbCTBO, nanpasAeHHoe npOTHB <l>panUMH, ocraneTc.R: AHIIIh na 6YMare, eCAH TiapiDK ~acr eii ~onoAHHTe.hh Hhxe cy6c~HM. B 1672 ro~y, no OroKro.hhMCKOMY corAameHHIO, Te )Ke WBe~hl 6y~YT rapaHTMposaTb <l>paHUMH B o..yqae neo6xo~HMOCTM csoe BhicrynAeHHe npOTHB neMeUKHX KH.R:aeii M ~a)Ke npOTHB roA.1\~CKHX KOpa6AeH B o6MeH Ha He3aMe~AHTe.hhJJYIO ro~OBYIO peHTY B 4()() ()()() 3Kl0, KOTOpa.R: ~0.1\)KHa B03paCTM ~0 600 ()()() 3KIO B C.l\yt.tae OTKphiTOro soeHHoro croAKHOBeHH.R:. Ha 3TOT paa oHH BhmO.I\IDIIOT CBOM 06H3aTe.hhCTBa, nO~nHCa.HHbie, 6Aaro~ap.R: ~HIIAOMaTHt.JeCKHM YCH.I\IDIM MapKH3a ~e TioMnOHHa, M 3a KOTOpbie B ~aHHOM CAyt.tae He 257 npHIII.I\OCh, no Kpaillieii Mepe, CAHIIIKOM ~oporo aanAaTHTb» • Tioo..e HHMsereHCKoro MHpa ~eAa no~YT ne TaK AerKo. TioAHTHKa «npucoe~HHeHHii» 6y~eT Bhi3hmaTh see 6o.hhmee M 6o.hhmee paa~pa)KeHHe B 3eMA.R:X 11MnepHH. 3AO.R:3hi'IHhie KaTO.I\HKH 6y~YT ynpeKaTb HaHXpHCTMaHHeHIIIero KOpOA.R: B TOM, "'TO OH He nOMOr, KaK no.1\.R:KM M AOTapKHI'Ul>I, 3aiUHTHTh Beny M xpuCTMancrso OT TYPeUKoii onacnoCTM. TipOTecraHTCKHe rocy~apcrsa ne npocrHT oTMeny HaHTCKoro 3~mcra (1685). Ey~eT HaMHoro -rpy~nee co~ep)KaTh IIITaT cropoHHHKos aa rpa.mmeii. K TOMY )Ke 3Ta no.I\HTMKa cy6c~uposaHH.R: no-nacro.R:WeMY paaopMTe.hhHa. <t>paHUM.R:, CAHIIIKOM t.tacro naxo~HBIIIa.R:c.R: B COCTO.R:HHH BOii:Hbi C Esponoii, 6y~eT Me~AeHHO npH6AH)KaTbC.R: K csoeMY cpHHancoBOMY Kpaxy. Ho B me~ec.R:Thie ro~hi Mhi ewe ~o 3Toro ne ~oiiiAH. <t>pa.nuyacKa.R: ~HIIAOMaTIDI He ~aeTCH ~a)Ke s ceKpeTHoCTM. Ona s OTKPhJTYIO npeTBopHeT B )KH3Hh csou 3aMbiC.hbi, onHpa.R:ch na csoii 6oAhmoii asTopMTeT. B o~noM o..yqae ona aanynmaeT, s ~pyroM- o6o.hhmaeT, no not.JTH sea~e M scer~a np0H3BO~HT CH.hhHOe Bnet.taTAeHHe.

270

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AKThl BEAMKOAEIIIDI <l>pa.HUWI 1661 fOtJ:a H llOCAetJ:yt<>UlHX AeT, y KOTOpOH 6blAO 18 MHA.AHOHOB notJ:tJ:aHHbiX, xopomo o6yqeHHaJI apMHH, 6brcrpo pacT)'UlHH COBpeMeHHbrH cpAOT, 06HOBAeHHOe atJ:MHHHCTpaTHBHOe ynpasAeHHe, 6AeCTJIWee tJ:yxOBeHCTBO, ftJ:e Ha6AIOtJ:aACJI paCUBeT HaYKH H HCKyCCTB, He MOfAa He npotJ:eMOHCTpHpOBaTb B CTHAe 6apOKKO, B CTHAe 9llOXH CBOe MOryllleCTBO, He MOfAa He BOCllOJ\b30BaTbCJI HM, He 3AOynOTpe6HTb HM. Ka3aAOCb, <rro see 9TH noAO)KHTeJ\bHbie cpa.KTOpbi, KOTOpbiMH TOftJ:a pacnOAaraAa <l>pa.HUWI, ypaBHOBelliHBaAHCb llO"'TH llOAHOCTbiO OTpHUaTeJ\bHbiMH HAH HeHTpa.i\bHbiMH MOMeHTaMH, KOTOpbxe n03BOAHT AIO~~:oBHKY XIV ycraHOBHTh B EBpone csoe AINHoe npasAeHHe, KaK 9TO tJ:eAaeT reHepaA apMHH, OTtJ:aiOwHH npHKa3 TPY6HTh CHrHaA K aTaKe. AeonOJ\btJ: I, KOTOpbm Ha ~~:sa ro~~:a MOAO)Ke KopoAA <l>pa.HUHH H y KOTOpOro TO)Ke eCTb tJ:yxOBHHK-He3YJiT, llO"'TH llOAHOCTbiO nOTepHA HenocpetJ:CTBeHHoe BAIDIHHe Ha KHH3eH Crun.ueHHoii HMIIepHH. C 1662 ro~~:a eMY npHXOtJ:HTCJI npOTHBOCTOJITb Ha BOCTOKe a.£MIDIM TYPeuKoro cyATa.Ha. B Mat~:pHtJ:e, )'HIDKeHHOM 3aKAIO"'eHHeM l.IHpeHeHCKoro MHpa, 6y11:ymee tJ:HHacTHH DOKOHTCJI HCKAIO"'HTe.i\bHO Ha HHcpa.HTe, 6ytJ:ymeM KapAe II, XHAOM pe6eHKe, potJ:HBllieMCJI 6 HOH6pH 1661 ro~~:a C 1660 ro~~:a AoHtJ:OH )KHBeT B nepHOtJ: npasAeHHH BOCCTaHOBAeHHhiX Ha TPOHe CTIOapTOB. B CBOHX «MeMYapax» 1661 ro~~:a AIOt~:oBHK XIV HanHmeT: «KpoMBeJ\b YMep, H KopoAh BOCCTaHOBAeH»; 6paK Meche c cecrpoif KapAa II AHrAIDicKoro tJ:OA)KeH 6hiA cnoco6CTBoBaTb TOMY, <rro6bi 9TOT MOHapx npotJ:OA)KHA CAy)KHTb HHTepecaM KopoAA <l>pa.HUHH63. CsoespeMeHHhxe cy6cHtJ:HH tJ:OA)KHbi 6biAH tJ:OBeplliHTh tJ:eAO. B Coe~~:HHeHHhtx ITpoBHHUWIX speMeHHo 6biA arcrpa.HeH ar BAaCTH tJ:OM HaccaycKo-Opa.HcKHX npHHues, tJ:OM HecnoKoifHhxx HpbiX npareCTaHTOB, crpeMmUHXCJI K 3axsaTaM. Eo.i\bme HeT nocra craTXay~~:epa (rAasHoro noAKoBotJ:ua). ITaTpHUHaT foAAaHtJ:CKO:ii: npoBHHUHH PYKOBotJ:HT nOAHTHKOH pecny6AHKH. 5IH /l,e BKIT, «BeAHKIDi neHcHoHapiDi», MeHee arpeccHBeH, MeHee HeTepnHM H MeHee Bpa)KII:e6eH no OTHomeHHIO K KaTOAH"'eCKOH <l>pa.HUHH, "'eM 6biAH H 6ytJ:YT D03)Ke CTaTXaytJ:epbi H naPTHJI opa.H)KHCTOB. AIO~~:osHK XIV ysepHeT, "'TT focnOtJ:b no216 CAaA Ha 3eMAIO RHa /l,e BKITa «tJ:AH csepmeHHJI BeAHKHX ~~:eA» • l1TaAbHHCKHe rocyt~:apH - AH60 HalliH COI03HHKH, AH60 HaC 60RTC.R:. HamH CB.R:3H npOCTHpaiOTCH 11:0 6AH)I(HeBOCTO"'HhiX nopros, 11:0 BeHrpHH, MocKOBHH, IToAbmH. Y AIO~~:osHKa XIV He 6biAO ewe TaKHX K03bxpeif: apMHH B 150 ()()(} COAtJ:aT (noKa BCero 50 000), cpAOTa H3 100 AHHeifHbxx Kopa6Aeii (noKa scero 9 HAH 10), a oH ~e 3apa.Hee c YMI>IcAOM BHYlliaA B EBpone MHeHHe o ce6e KaK o 6AHCTaTeAhHOM KopoAe, KOToporo HatJ:O OOHThCJI. Ero «aKTbi BeAHKOAenHH» npH3BaHbi npo~~:e MOHCTpHpOBaTb ~e B 1661 fOtJ:Y BCeM HHOCTpaHUaM- tJ:BOpaM, KaHUAepaM, HapOtJ:aM - BeAH"'He npaBAeHHJI 9TOf0 KOpOAH. Kor~~:a 6apoH ~~:e BaTTeBHAb, npe~~:crasHTeJ\b B AoHtJ:OHe KaToAINecKoro KOpOAH, rpy6o OTKa3aA rpacpy t~:'8crpatJ:y 10 OKTH6pH

OPY)Kl{E KOPONI

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1661 ro~a s npHopwrere- ~o eHx nop npH3HasaeMoM,- Aio~o BHK XIV Bhii'OIDieT s OTMeCTKy H3 <t>oHTeH6Ao H H3 esoero KopoAescrsa rpa<f>a <t>yaHe~aHb.SI, noCAa <l>HAHnna IV. A Kor~a Kopo.Ab HenaHHH npe~AO?KHA OT03BaTh BaTTeBHNI H noeoseTOBa.A esoHM noCAaM B03~ep?KaTbe.SI OT nO.SIBAeHH.SI Ha ny6AINHbiX uepeMOHWIX 8 Ao~oHe, Aio~oBHK TYT )l(e nOTpe6osa.A, 'lT06bi o6.s~aaTe.Ahcrso He eonepH~aTh e noCAaHHHKaMH <t>paHUHH 6biAO paenpocrpaHeHo Ha Bee ~BOpbl. 24 MapTa 1662 ro~a B npHeYTCTBHH nOCAOB, MHHHCTpOB, nOCAaHHHKOB Ha TOp?KeCTBeHHOM npHeMe KOpOAh <l>paHUHH npHHHMaeT H3BHHeHH.SI, npHHOeHMbie HenaHHeii. CocraBNieTe.SI npoTOKOA H no~nHehrsaere.s~ HalliHMH "leTblphM.SI roey~apcrseHHhiMH eeKperapHMH. Aro~oBHK XIV HanHmeT esoeMY ehrny: «9ToT yenex MO?KHO 6hiAO 6br, KOHe'iHO, Ha3BaTb 3Ha'iHTeAhHhiM, nOeKOAhKY .SI ~06HAe.SI TOro, Ha 'ITO MOH npe~meCTBeHHHKH ~a?Ke He Ha.t{e.SIAHeb, 3aCTaBHB HenaHUeB He TOAhKO npH3HaTb, 'ITO OHH He npeTe~yroT Ha eonep~ecrso, HO ~a?Ke nOHTH Ha TO, 'lT06bi TOp?KeCTBeHHO H ~OKYMeHTa.AbHO 3aKpeniiTh aro esoe npH3HaHHe. H .s1 He 3HaiO, 6hiA AH 3a se10 HcropHIO MOHapXHH 6o.Aee CAaBHbrH ~NI Hee <f>aKT: H60 KOpOAH H MOHapxH, KOTOpbiX HalUH npe~KH B~e.AH HHOr~a y eBOHX HOr OKa3bffiaiOIUHMH HM no'iTeHHe, BblCI)'lla.AH He KaK KOpOAH H He KaK MOHapxH, a KaK npoCTbie eem,ophi He6oAhlliHX KH.S~?Kecrs, KOTOpbte y aTHX eeHbopos 6bJAH B AeHHOM BAa..z:teHHH H OT KOTOpbiX OHH MOrAH OTKa3aTbe.SI. 3~eeb ?Ke no'iTeHHe eoseeM ~pyroro po~a - KopoNI Kopo.AIO, KopoHhi KopoHe, KOTopoe He ocraBNieT HH Ma.Aeiimero eoMHeHH.SI ~a?Ke HalilHM sparaM B TOM, 'iTO Hallia MOHapXH.SI .SIBNieTe.SI nepBOH BO SeeM XpHCTHaHeKOM MHpe. 8TOT yenex, snpO'IeM, He 6biA 6bi TaKOBhiM, .SI MOry 3TO e ysepeHHOCTbiO eKa3aTb, eCAH 6bi .SI He ~eHCTBOBa.A OT Ha'ia.Aa H ~o KOHua no esoeii eo6crseHHOH HHHUHaTHse ropaa~o qame, 'ieM CAe~OBa.A 6bi eOBeTaM ~p)THX, H 3TO 6hiAO ~NI MeiDl B Te"leHHe 63 ~OAI'HX AeT nOBO~OM ~NI pa..z:t0CTH» • 8TOT «nOBO~ ~NI pa..z:tOCTH» 6y~eT ,l(AHTbe.SI eme ~OAblile, TaK KaK CTaHeT O~HOH H3 TeM o<f>HUHa.AbHOH HCTOpHH npasAeHH.SI A.Jo~OBH Ka XIV H OTpa?KeH 6y~eT s Ha..z:tnHeH Ha Me~a.AH («}us praecedendi

assertum confitente hispanorum oratore XXIV MARTH M. DC. LXII» -

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286

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HO 60AbWOfO no::rra. Ee Bb~a.AH 3a.M)':IK 3a IIHCaTeNI, KOTOpbrn 6bJA noxo:IK Ha 6yp:~Kya, o6Aa.Aa.IOW.ero KpHTWieCKHM YMOM H CBapAHBbiM xapaKTepoM: 3a CKappoHa. MoAo~CUI qecroAI06HBCUI B~OBa cpaay noHAAa, 'ITO npe~Ao:IKeHHe BocnHTbiBaTh ~ereii Ero BeAH'IeCTBa 6biAO Bbipa:~KeHHeM ~oBepiDI H 3aAoroM BAIDIHIDI B 6y~yw.eM. Ona ew.e He 3HaAa, ~0 KaKOH COUHaAbHOH BbiCOTbl ee B03HeceT 9TOT ~e6IOT H 'ITO OHa TaK 6biCTpO 6y~eT ~onyw.eHa KO ~Bopy. C 1669 no 1673 ro~ <l>paacya3a CKappoH BhmoAHAAa 3a.Aa'IH, Koropbte 06.113b1Ba.AH ee ~ep:IKaThC.Ii CKpOMHO H B T€HH. 9TO BB€AO B 3a6Ay~eHHe MapKH3y ~e Mmrrecnaa H ~a:~Ke KopoNI, Ha KOToporo npOH3BeAH Bne'laTAeHHe o6pa30BaHHOCTb H Ha60:IKHOCTb 9TOH rysepHaHTKH, KOTopoii, KaK Ka3aAOcb, PYKOBO~HAH CB.Iilll.€HHHKH. :Sy~yw.<Ut Ma.AaM ~e MeHTeHOH H ee IOHbie nHTOMUbi :IKHAH cnepBa KaK 3aTBopHHKH B I1apn:1Ke, B ~OMHKe Ha yAHue Bo:~Knpap; a nOTOM, B 1672 ro~y. Kor~a KOpoAb ompaBHAC.Ii aa Boiiay, B 3aMKe )KeHJiTYa, no~ AaHhH213. AIO~oBHK XIV 6hiA He~oBoAeH 9THM no~nOADHbiM cyw.eCTBOBaaHeM H qpe3Bbl'iaHHO ~BYCMbiCAeHHbiM noAO:IKeHHeM ero ~eTeH. Ho MapKH3 ~e Moarecnaa npeKpacHo 3~paBCTBOBaA, H :IKeHa ero 6bv\a MaTepbiO ~BOHX ~eTeii, HOC.IilllHX cpaMHAHIO Moarecnaa. KaK B TaKHX yCAoBIDIX onpMeAHTb npoHcxo~eane Ayn-Onocra, Ayn-Ce3apa H TOfO HAH TOH, KOTOporO HAM KOTOpyiO ATeHaHC HOCHAa B CBOeM qpe· Be? (9To 6y~eT Ayn3a-<l>paacya3a, KoTopa.~~ po~HAaCb 1 moiDI 1673 ro~a B Typae.) Ho K Aery Bee ycrpoHAOCb K AyqweMY· fpacp ~e Cea-IloAb nom6 npn nepexo~e Peillia. B CBOeM 3aBew.aanH oa npocHA CBOIO MaTh, repuommo ~e AoHrBHAD, ~o6HThc.li paKoHeHilll cBoero BHe6paqaoro CbiHa, W€BaAb€ ~'0pAeaHa (B03MO:IKHO, OH 6bJA CbiHOM cynpym MapWaAa ~e Aacpepre). 9Ta npocb6a 6biAa BeCbMa Kcram, c TO'IKH 3peHilll KopoNI. 11 AIO~oBHK XIV oxomo no~IIHCaA rpaMOThi (7 ceHTH6pH), npoBo3rAawruow.ne weBaADe OpAeaacKoro CbiHOM rpacpa ~e Cea-IloNI. :Se3 ynoMHHaHIDI HMeHH MaTepn213 • OcrasaAocb AHWb B3.11Th aa ocaoBy 9TOT TeKcr, "'T06hi cOCTaBHTb ~eKa6pbCKHe rpaMOTbi, 3apemcrpHpOBaHHbie napAaMeHTOM 20 'IHCAa, KOTOpbi€ ~a.AH HM.Ii H Y3aKOHHAH - ae Ha3biBM MaTepH - repuora ~10 Meaa, rpacpa ~e BeKceHa H MaAeHbKyiO Ma.AeMYa3eAb HaHTCKyiO. Tenepb HH'Iero 6oADwe He MewaAo <t>paacyaae ~'06HHhe noceAHThC.Ii B Cea-)KepMeHe co cBOHMH nHTOMUaMH. 11 KopoAD HMeA B03MO:IKHOCTb B~eTh cBonx Y3aKOHeHHhiX ~ereii, xoAHTh HX, npHB.II3aThC.Ii K HHM. ECTb OCHOBaHIDI noAaraTh, 'ITO Ha'IHHCUI C 1674 fO~a y HerO ycraaoBHAHCb BechMa HHTHMHbie omoweHIDI c Hx rysepaa.HTKoH. Bee 9TO ~eAaAOCb B 60AbWOH TaHHe H He peryNipHO, TaK 'ITO npOWAO HeMaAO BpeMeHH, npe~e 'leM MapKH3a ~e MoHTecnaa aaqaAa peBHOBaTh, H ew.e 6oADwe BpeMeHH, npe~e 'leM oaa nOH.IIAa, 'ITO noBo~oB ~NI peBHocm y aee 6biAO 6oADwe qeM ~ocraTO'IHO. Co cBoeH cropoHbi, KopoAb cpa3y ysn~eA, KaK Ma.AaM CKappoa AI06m repuora ~10 Meaa H 'ITO MaADilll AI06HT 6oADwe CBOIO rysepaa.HTKy, 'leM CBOIO co6CTBeHHyiO MaTh. AIO,aoBHK XIV ochmaA 6Aaro~eHHIDIMH H noqe-

314

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crmm BH)"'KY Arpmmhi .ll:'06HHhe. lUe.ll:poe B03Harpa.?K.ll:eHHe noaBo.1\HAO e'H eraTh BAa,a;eAHue'H aeMAH B MeHTeHoHe (1675). ToAhKO AJO.ll:H, HH'!ero He 3HaiOIUHe 0 TaHHax IIpH.ll:BOpHOH )I(H3HH, MOfAH Teiieph roBopHTh o «B.ll:OBe CKappoH» HAH o «IIpeKpacHoH npoTe)l(e MapKHaa ,ll;e BHAAapco». l1TaK, Ma,a;aM ,ll;e MeHTeHOH y.ll:aAOCh npocKoAh3HYTb B HcropHID.

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TioasoAbTe e... sauJHM :lKeHaM, fpaMOHbi, MoHaJ<o, MoHTecna.m.I, Tioaso.M.Te e... saiUHM :lKeH~, HawH t~e.ll.aiOT TO :lKe caMoe . ,[(Bop, TiapmK H Hapo.ll: CMOTPeAH Ha AID60BHhie noxo)l(,ll;eHIDI Aro.ll:OBHKa XIV c TaKHM )l(e BeAHKHM .ll:06po.ll:ywHeM, KaK HX OTUhi CMOTPeAH B CBoe BpeMR Ha AID6oBHhie noXO)I(,ll;eHIDI feHpHXa IV. 0HH KpacHBhi - Ma.a:eM)'a3e.hh ,ll;e AasaAbep, Ma,a;aM ,ll;e MoHTecnaH, Ma.ll:aM ,ll;e Aro.ll:p, Ma.a:eM)'a3eAh .ll:e oHTaH)I(. 8TH .ll:aMhi .ll:apRT KopoA!O MHMOAeTHOe C"'aCThe, a ,ll;BOpy - HOBbie pa3BAe"'eHHJi. 0HH He BMeWHBa!OTCJi B IIOAHTHKy, IIOOIUpR!OT HCKYCCTBa, JiBAJi!OTCJi CaMH KaK 6hi "iaCThiD 3THX H3JiiUHhiX HcKycCTB. l1 no 3TOH npH"'HHe ( «cep.ll:ue HMeeT CBOH IIpH"'HHhi. .. ») HapO.ll:HOe CHHCXO)I(,ll;eHHe o6eciie"'eHO C"iaCTAHBOM)' 06Aa,a;aTeA!O CTOAhKHX KpaCaBHU. ITo,ll;o6Hoe coyqaCTHe coBMecrHMo c .ll:yxOM KoHTPpe¢opMhi. BePYJOIUHH 3HaeT, "'TO IIAOTb CAa6a. fpeWHHK 3HaeT (MapKH3a .ll:e MoHTecnau He II060RAaCb CKa3aTb HeKOTOpbiM H3 CBOHX .ll:pyaeH), "'TO K IIAOTCKOM)' rpexy He CAe,ll;yeT ,ll;06aBAJ'ITh eiUe TaKHe rpexH, KaK 6oroXYAhCTBO HAH 6ea6o)I(He. ITo CBJiiUeHHOM)' ITHcaHHID, IIAOTCKHH rpex IIpOIUaeTCJi; MHOfO"'HCAeHHbie KapTHHbi 6apOKKO IIO,ll;TBep)l(,ll;aiOT 3TO,

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315

Hao6p(l)K<U1 Kpacrumuy Mar~aAHHY. rpennrnuy, KOTOp)'lO 11Hcyc XpHcroc HacrasNieT Ha nyTb HCTHHHblli. 3aTO KopoAb H ero no~~aa Hbie aHaiOT, 'ITO Cs.snueHHoe fllicaaHe o6'bHBNieT HeHcKynaeMhiM rpex npOTHB ,ll;yxa, TO eCTb npOTHB sepbr H HMe)KAbl. EcAH XVII seK Ha3BaH BeKOM CB.wrbiX, TO 9TO He 3Ha'IHT, 'ITO BCe <PpaHUY3bl XO~HAH c opeoAOM cBJITOCTH. OH TaK HaabmaAC$1 noTOMY, 'ITO see <PpaHuyabl HaMHOro pe)f(e craAH sn~aTb s rpex npOTHB CB$1TOro ,ll;yxa, KOTopbm focno~b He npomaer. Hy, a 9TO npHBeAo K TOMY, 'ITO craAH aaMeTHee nAOTCKHe rpeXH. Ho rpeXH nAOTCKHe He MorAH nomaTHYTb peAHrnro B XVII BeKe. Oreu KaMape 9TO xopomo noKaabmaeT B «lfuCTOM H COBepmeHHOM XpHCTHaHCTBe» (1675): «CKa)f(eM npas~y 6ea n pHKpac. He sea~e KaK CAe~yer nOBHHYIOTC$1 c ~OA)f(HOH sepHoCTbiO 11Hcycy XpHcry. Ho lfucyc XpHcroc He craaoBHTC$1 oT 9Toro MeHhme focno~oM EoroM» 145 • Ho rAasHoe ~NI HamHX npe~KOB - 9To To, 'ITO XpHCTOC npomaeT. OH ~apyer csoro MHAOCTb, o KOTopoii nHmyT B CBOHX KHHrax 6orOCAOBbi, llOAeMHCTbi, anOAOreThi H 0 KOTQpoH MHoro rosop$1T npeKpacHbie ~aMbi. CAe~y$1 9THM noiDITIUIM, KopoAb ~OA)f(eH 6biA ocoaHaTb csoro OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb - OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb MOHapxa, cynpyra, XpHCTHaHHHa, sep)'lOmero, KaromerOC$1 rpelliHHKa, BHOBb corpemHBmero H CHOBa Karomeroc$1 H nocroHHHO sn~aromero B rpex, a ero <PasopHTKH ~OA)f(Hbi 6biAH corAamaTbcH HAH OTKaabmaTbC$1, no~'IHIDITbCH HAH cnacaTbC$1 6erCTBOM. A uepKoBHbie AHUa ~OA)f(Hbi 6biAH ~a.BaTb coseTbi, ~onycKaTb, ocy)KAaTb, 6b1Tb nonepeMeHHO CTpOrHMH H CHHCXO~H TeAbHbiMH. B BeAHKHH 'leTBepr, 11 anpeNI 1675 ro~a, sepcaADCKHe cs.snueHHHKH OTKaabiBa.JOT M~aM ~e MoHTecnaH B OTnyiUeHHH rpexos; Tor~a -qepea ~eHb, 13 anpeNI, Aro~oBHK XIV Hcnose~yerc$1. TbiCH'ia aKTOB, TbiCH'Ia cs~eTeAbCTB noKaabmaroT, 'ITO KopoAb TaK )f(e, KaK H ero ~py3b$1, C03HaeT CBOIO rpeXOBHOCTb, He aarAymaeT B ce6e yrpbraeHHH coseCTH H ~a)f(e KaeTC$1. Ka)f(~biH 6oHTcH npoKNITH$1, crapaeTCH COBMeiUaTb nAOTCKHe rpeXH C C06AIO~eHHeM peAHrn03HbiX o6p~OB, CMHpeHHO BbiCAymHBaeT ynpeKH H Ha3~aHHH npollOBe~HHKOB H.AH ~yxOBHHKOB. 8TH KOAe6aHHH H npOTHsope'IHH HH B KOeM CA)"iae He ~OA)f(Hbl 6b1Tb BOCnpHH.wrbl HaMH KaK AHUeMepHe; HaM CAe~yeT HaY'iHTbCH llOHHMaTb TO, 'ITO CaMbrH aayp~HblH HCnoBe~HHK 60-x HAH 70-x ro~os cxsaTbmaA Ha xo~y. M~aM ~e MoHTecnaa, rop~ru~ ATeHaHC (HeKopoHOBaHH<UI KopoAeBa KAaHbH), HCTH3aAa ce6H He MeHhme, 'leM ~pyrne KopoAeBCKHe AI06oBHHUbi. HH ee BbiCOKOe pO)f(~eHHe, HH KpacOTa, HH TOHKmi YM• HH OrpOMHOe BAHHHHe, KOTOpoe OHa HMeAa, He y6eperaAH ee OT yrpbi3eHHH COBeCTH. «OHa HHKor~a He aa6bmaAa o csoHx rpexax, - rosopHA CeHCHMoH, - oHa qacro noK~aAa KopoNI, 'IT06bi noiiTH noMOAHTbCH Eory s csoeM Ka6HHeTe; HH'ITO He MorAO aacrasHTb ee npepsaTb nocr HAM nponyCTHTb nOCTHbm ~eHh; oHa co6AIO~aAa see nOCTbi oco6eHHO CTporo s Te'leHHe sceii csoeii 6ecnop~o'IHOH )f(H3HH; oHa no~asaAa MHAOCTbiHIO; OTHOCHAaCb C ysa)f(eHHeM K nop~O'IHbiM AIO~HM; HH'ITO HHKor~a He no~sepraAocb coMHeHHIO H HesepHro». IIepe~ TeM KaK

316

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noKHHY'Th ttBop Ha.Bcertta, MattaM tte MoHTecnan npoBetteT qa.cn, csoeii )KH3HH B npHIOTe CeH-)Koae¢, KOTOPOMY noKpoBHTeAbCTBOBaAa H KOTOpbiM ynpa.BAAAa. 0Ha TOf,Aa OT,lta.BaAa «llO'ITH BCe, 'ITO HMeAa, 6ettHLIM, llOCB~aAa HM MHQ)KeCTBO 'laCOB B ,AeHb, BbiDOAIDIS AMI HHX TIDKeA)'IO, rpy6)'10 pa60TY··· ATeHaHC 3a:HHMaAach nocrommo YMepiUBAeHHeM nAOTH; ee py6a.I11KH H npoCTLnm 6LIAH H3 )KeAroro, caMoro rpy6oro noAOTHa, HO cnp.srraHLI nott OOhi'IHhiMH py6a.IIIKaMH H npOCTbiiDIMH. 0Ha llOCTOmrHO HOCHAa 6paCAeTbi, llO,ltB.li3KH H llO.liC C KOAIO'IHMH ay6U:aMH, KOTOpbie eii pa.HHAH TeAO, H ee .ll3biK, KOTOporo npe)K.lte TaK Bee 6oJ~AHcL, TO)Ke 6LIA no.ABeprHYT HaKa3amuo»94 • MatteMYa3eAL tte Aa.BaALep KaK 6Lx nottua BceM npHMep. 0Ha nepBLm pa3 ITOKlfHYAa ttBop 24 ¢espaMI 1662 rotta, aa ABa AHH tto BeAHKoro nocra, o KOTOpoM Eocc10a 'IHTaA nponosetth B A yspe, H OTnpa.BHAach B npHeMHyiO MoHaCTblpH «RBAeHHe EoropoAHn:LI» B lliaiio. 0Ha npettnpHIDIAa BTOp)'IO llOllhiTKY B nepHOA, KOr,Aa MapKH3a tte MoHTecnan crua ottep)KHBan Bepx, B nepsLm tteHL nocra 1671 rotta (11 ¢espaA.H). TipHWAOCh KoAL6epy exan aa Heii B MOHaCTbipb «CBHTOH MapHH» s TOT )Ke IIIaiio, 'IT06LI BoaspaTHTL ee KopoAIO. B 1674 ratty aHa HaKoHeu: noAyqHAa pa3perneHHe ITOCT}'IIHTh B MoHaCTLIPL KapMeAHTOK. B CAett)'IOmeM ratty aHa npHIDIAa TaM nocrpH)KeHHe H HMH cecrpLx AYH3LI OT MHAocepttHH. YMepAa aHa B 1710 ratty, OCTa.BHB B Ha3H,ltaHHe CBOHM COBpeMeHHHKaM <<Pa3MbiWAeHIDl o MHAOCTH Eo)l(Heii HeKoii pacKaHBrneiic.s~ AaMbi» (1680t 8• A 'ITO ctteAaeT B HIOAe 1677 rotta MattaM MapHH-EAliaa.BeTa tte AIOttp, «KpacHBa.H H Hec'laCTHa.H» conepHHlla MapKH3hi tte MoHTecnan? 0Ha yiitte-r B MOHaCTbxpb. tho ctteAaeT MapHH-~eAHKa tte CKopaii tte Pyccmi, repu:orniDI tte <t>oHTaH)K, TO)Ke . KpacHBa.H H Heytta'IA.HBa.s~? 0Ha llOKHHeT ABOp, yHAeT B napH)KCKHH MOHaCTbxpb Tiop-Po.liAb H YMPeT TaM 'lepea TPH MecHu:a (28 HIOHH 1681 rotta). Yxott B MOHaCTLipb Kpaca.BHn:LI <t>oHTaH)K BAOXHOBHA EIOccH Ha TaKOe nHKaHTHOe BbiCKa3bmaHHe, HeCKOAhKO llHHH'IHOe, HeMHOrO ByALrapHoe, Ho, B o6meM, o'leHL sepHoe: «EcAH TaKoe 6rtte-r npoAOA)KaThc.s~, - nHCaA OH MattaM tte CeBHHLe, - To Bee noHMYT, 'ITO caMbm sepHLm cnoco6 cnacTH cso10 ttymy - npoiiTH qepea PYKH KopoMI. 5I AYMaiO, KaK OH roBopHT 6oALHLIM, K KOTOpbiM npHKacae-rc.s~: «KopOAb K Te6e npHKacaeTC.ll, ,Aa HCU:eAHT Te6.ll focnO,lth», TaK OH roBopHT H 6apLiliiH.liM, KOTOpbiX AI06HT: «KopoAL Te6.s~ e... , tta cnace-r Te6.s~ focnottL»96. A BOT c MattaM CKappoH see npoHCXOAHT Hao6opOT. Y )Ke B 1674 ratty <l>pancya3a tt'06HHLe noAyqHAa OT KopoMI nepBoe CBHAeTeALCTBo 0 era, KaK rosopHTC.ll, «HaHBbiCliieH 6AarOCKAOHHOCTH»; OHa nOTOM y6ettHAa ce6.s~, c 6AarOCAoseHHH HCKYCHLIX cs~eHHHKOB, 'ITO, OTBe'la.H B3aHMHOCTbiO Ha 3HaKH BHHMaHH.ll KOpOMI, OHa CA~ focllOAY Eory, TaK KaK cnoco6CTBye-r H36a.BAeHHIO MOHapxa ottHoBpeMeHHo OT MattaM tte MoHTecnaH H OT repu:orHHH tte <t>oHTaH)K H era C6AH)KeHHIO C KOpOAeBOH, CKpaliiHBa.ll eii llOCAettHHe fO,ltbl )KH3HH. 0Ha - 8c¢Hph, KOTopoii HattAe)KHT ypeaoHHTL APTaKcepKca. KaK

AIOEOBb, HMI031lli M KOMOBCfBO

317

.li:O, Ta.K H noCAe Tafuloro 6pa.Ka s 1683 ro.lty, Ma..l{a.M .l{e MeHTeHOH TOAbKO H rosopHT o cnacemm KopoNI. 8-ra «Hosasr Mar.l{a.AHHa» Ha'la.Aa c Toro, 'ITO «npHHeCAa ce6JI s )KepTBy» (noCAe CTaporo 3aseTa noweA Hosbm 3aseT); oHa corpewHAa pa..nH roro, 'lT06bi .ltaTb .J\ro.l{oBHKY ysepeHHOCTb s cnacemm csoeii .ltymH. 0Ha noTOM paa.lteNieT c HHM )KH3Hb (H MHO)KeCTBo ero noqecreii), nhiTasrCb o6ecne'IHTb CBJITOCTb KOpoNI. BOT aTO ~e secbMa noyqHTeAbHO, no KpaiiHeii Mepe, Ta.Kosa BH.li:HMOCTb, H6o eCAH npe)KHHe CYMac6po.li:Hbie AI06osHHUbi HHCKOAbKO He npH6eraAH K AHUeMepmo, AI060BHHUa-XaH)Ka HM nponHTaHa. Ha.KoHeu, .li:NI roro 'lT06bi cy.ltb6a paHcyaabi .lt'06HHbe He OTAH'la.Aacb OT cy.lte6 oTBepmyniX HAH OCTaBAeHHhlX 6ea BHHMaHHJI Aio6osmm, KOTOpbie npe.l{WeCTBOBaAH eH B TeX )Ke aAbKOBax, OHa Ta.K)Ke y .lta.AHTCJI, noCAe CMepTH Ero BeAH'leCTBa, s MOHaCTbtph CsJIToro .J\ro.l{OBHKa B CeH-CHpe {KOTOpbm OHa OCHOBa.Aa), 'lT06bi TO)Ke fiO.l{roTOBHTb ce6e KpacHBbm yxo.lt co cueHbi. Pecca fortiter, sed crede fortius 342 (fpex cHAeH, HO sepa eme CH.hbHee) • HOBNI OXOTA 3A BE,LU>MAMH

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324

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325

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326

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HeHIDI eBOHX 06H3aHHOCl'eH. EcAH B crpa.He pa3pa3HAacb BOHHa, HM npHKa3biBaroT qepe3 HeeKOAhKO ,l.lHeH HAH He,l.leAb Bepayn.e.H: B eBOIO 'laCl'b, H OHH eHOBa ye3)1(aroT. (BenOMHHM 0 nOBHHOBeHHH uemypHOHa H3 EBa.HreAWI: «Jl O/.lHOM)' rosopro: l':ll.lH! H oH Hl.leT; H rosopro l.lpyroM)': Tipllii/.lH! H OH npHXO,l.lHT; Jl rosopiO esOeM)' CAyre: ,l);eAaH 91'0! H on 9TO ,l.leAaeT».) Alol.lOBHK XIV npHI.laeT TaKoe 6o.h.hmoe aHa'leHHe ,l.lHeUHnAHHe, H OTKa3 nOBHHOBaTbe.H: Cl'a.HOBHTe.H: - 6oAhme 'leM l.lY9Ah HAH o6sHHeHHe s eO,l.lOMHH- nepsoii npH'Dmon TaKOH TPYI.lHOYAOBHMOH neMHAOCTH, KaK speMeHHoe OTAyqeHHe OT l.lBOpa291 • Kor,l.la s HIOHe 1685 ro,l.la OTPM IOHbiX ,l.lsopHH, CTOHIUHH B IIIapAeMoHe, B36)'HTOBaAe.H: npOTHB Ha'laAbHHKa KpenOCTH (BCAe,l.lCTBHe l.lY9AH H 3aKAIO'IeHHH B TIOpbM)' O,l.lHOrO H3 l.lY9AHHTOB), «KOpOAb npHKa3aA OTo6paTb l.lByx H3 HHX no )l(pe6HIO H paecrpeAHTb, 'IT06bi l.lpy97 rHM 6biAO nenosa,l.lHo» • B HeMHAOCl'b nona,l.laror Te, KTO He nosHaye-re.H: Aysya: TaKoe HenosHHoseHHe paeueHHBa.eTeH qyn AH He KaK oeKop6AeHHe BeAH'IeCTBa! Tiol.lo6noe /.leAO TaK)I(e HMeAo MeCTO s 1685 ro,l.ly. MapKH3 ,l.le Aysya 3a.H:BHA MHAOpl.ly raMHAbroay, 6paTY rpacpHHH ,l.le rpaMOH, «'ITO KOpOAb HM He,l.lOBOAeH H3-3a TOro, 'ITO y Hero nAOXOH noAK. raMHAbTOH OTBeTHA eM)', 'ITO, 3a HeKAIO'IeHHeM HeeKOAbKHX pOT, noAK ero snoAHe Ha BbieOTe H ,l.laJKe eCAH 6bi oH 6biA H B eaMOM ,l.leAe nAOXHM, TO He CAe,l.lOBaAO 6bi ynpeKaTb B 9TOM ero»- Ha 'ITO )l(e ror,l.la HY)I(Hbi HHeneKTOpbi? MHHHcrp OTBeTHA, «'ITO KOMa.H,l.lHpOB Ha,l.leAHIOT BnOAHe ,l.lOCl'aTO'IHOH BAaCl'biO, 'IT06bi OHH MOrAH OTBe'laTb 3a eBOH '-IaCTH; HO raMHAbTOH B03pa3HA, 'ITO OH npeKpaeHO nOHHMaeT, 'ITO K,9pOAIO He HpaBHTe.H:, KaK OH eM)' CA~HT, H 'ITO paa ~ repuor HopKcKHii craA KopoAeM Am-AHH, OH (raMHAbTOH) eo6apaeTe.H: OTnpaBHTbe.H: K HeM)' Ha eA~6y; 'ITO OH xoporuo 3HaeT, OTKy/.la OH pO/.lOM H 'ITO OH eMO)I(eT TYI.la B03BpaTHTbC.H:. ,ll;e Aysya OTBeTHA eM)', 'ITO Ero BeAH'IeCTBo HHKoro He yl.lep)I(Hsae-r eHAon y ee6H Ha eA~6e, H neMel.lAeHHo /.lOAO)I(HA o6 9TOM paarosope KOpoAIO, KOTOpbxH noeqHTa.A ee6H 3a,LXeTbiM H eKaaaA, 'ITO, eCAH 6bi He qysCTBO ~aJKeHIDI K rpacpHHe ,l.le rpaMOH, OH 3anep 6bi ee 6paTa B oaCTHAHH»97 • Ho MO)I(HO noKaaaTb npHMep H npOTHsonoAO)I(HOro nose,l.leHHH, TO eCl'b 6eenpeKoCAosHoro nosHHoseHIDI. B KOHUe 1689 ro,l.la Alol.lOBHK XIV «noCAaA ,l.le Aaorerra, 6pHra,zxHoro reHepaAa, KOMa.H,l.losaTb esoHMH soiieKaMH s HpAaHI.lHH no,l.l Ha'laAOM l.le Ao3eHa, H XOTH 9TO HaaHa'-IeHHe 6biAo eM)' He no l.lyme, on npHHHA ero OXOTHO H nnaTeAhHO K HeM)' nO,l.lrOTOBHAe.H:»97• flpe,l.laHHOCl'b, np.H:MOe CAe,l.lCTBHe ,l.l06pOBOAbHOrO noCAyma.HWI, pel.lKaH ,l.lo6pol.leTeAh, HO s Te speMena /.lOCl'HriilaH esoero paeuseTa. ,lJ;AH Tex, KTO CAy)I(HT KOpOAIO, OHa HenHeaHbxH 3aKOH, KOTOpbm 3aqepKHBaeT npoWAOe H eBH3biBaeT 06H3aTeAbCTBOM Ha 6yl.lytnee, KoTopoe npel.lnOAara.eT ,l.laJKe H no)l(epTBoBaTb eo6oii, eCAH noHa,l.l06HTe.H:. HHKro He 6biA TaK n_pel.la.H Alol.lOBHKY XIV, KaK TropeHH, KoH,l.le, repuor AloKeeM6ypreKHH, Bo6a.H - see 6biBIIlHe yqaCTHHKH <l>pOH/.lbi; HAH KaK TieAAHeeoH, repuor ,l.le MoHT03be, MapKH3 ,l.le BHAAerr, o6a nAeMmrnHKa ,ll;roKeHa - see 6bmiilHe nporecra.HTbi. Y xopoiilHX CAyr

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~pyroe 'i)'BCTBO BpeMeHH H npo~OJ\)f(JITeAbHOCfH, He:>KeAH y 9f0HCTOB H Kap~>epHcros. Kor~a Kap~HHaA <t>op6eH-)KaHcoH ~ep:>KHT no~cseq HHK npH arxo~e KopoAH KO CHY B MapAH 12 ceHTH6pH 1697 ro~a, repuor ~e Ko~e cnpaUIHBaeT y Hero, KaK ~oAro ~AHAach ero noCOAhCKaH MHCCHH B PHMe. Aro~oBHK XIV OTBeTHA aa npeAaTa: «OH TaM npe6hmaA, He BhiKaabmaH HH MaAeiiwero 6ecnoKoiiCTBa, B Te'leHHe CeMH AeT H 6biA C'laCTAHB, KOr~a Hero OT03BaA: BOT KaK HY:>KHO 26 6biAO 6bl scer~a seem ce6H, Haxo~Hcb Ha OT~aAeHHbiX nocrax» • f epuor BaH~OMcKHii Haxo~HACH 'leTbrpe ro~a Ha cppoHTe, c cpespaAH 1702 no cpespaAb 1706-ro, He 3HaH HHKaKHX 3HMHHX KBapTHP, OKa3biBaH nO~~ep:>KKy <J>HAHnny V B lfTaAHH H peBHOCTHO OXpaHHH HaWH rpaHHUbi B ,l(ocpHHe, o~ep:>Kas MJIO:>KeCTBo no6e~, npH CaHTaBHTTopHH H AyuuaP.e (1702), CaH-Ce6aCTbHHO (1703), KaccaHo (1705) H KaAI>'lHHaTo (1706) 292 • B TO speMH, paa}MeeTcH, He 6biAO soapaCTHbrx orpaHH'leHHii. If XOTH ~eCHTHAeTHHX TOr~a Ha3bWaAH «CTapHKawKaMH», a wecrn~eCHTHAeTHHX- «rAy60KHMH crapHKaHaMH», C'lHTaAH B nop~Ke semeii, 'ITO ce~ecHTH'leTbipeXAeTHHii A6paaM ,l(roKeH KOM~yer SICK~poif, KOTOpOH nOpyqHAH 6oM6HTb feH)'lO (1684), H 'ITO ce~e C~BYXAeTHHH ~e BHAAerr-Mropce PYKOBO~HT asamap~oM MOpCKHX CHA B BeAec-MaAare (1704); TaK 6biA CHAeH ~yx COnepHH'IeCTBa B npe~aHHocrn, a npe~aHHOCTb 6biAa AorH'!eCKOH OCHOBOH repoHaMa. l16o repoH3M (s Te speMeHa) ~o)\)f(eH 6biA 6biTb scer~a KOHe'lHOH ueAI>ro CAy:>Kemrn o6meCTBy, KopoAIO, rocy~apcrsy. If oum6o'IHO 6biAO 6br ~YMaTb, 'ITO repOH3M 6biA KaKOH-TO MOHOnOAHeH BOeHHbiX. H eAI>aH, HanpHMep, He HaasaTb repoH'!eCKHM nose~eHHe TaKHX AIO~eii, KaK HHKoAa ~e AaMYaHbOH, MapKH3 ~e AaMOTT, rpacp ~e AoHer KypcoH, H3BeCTHbm npe:>K~e scero KaK HHTe~aHT AaHre~OKa (oH HM 6biA c 1685 no 1715 ro~) , H ceHbop ~e EasHAI>, KOToporo OKAeBeTaAH MHorne ero cospeMeHHHKH H no'ITH e~HHo~ywHo see rp~ymHe noKOAeHHH. BoT 'ITO OH HanHCaA <l>AeWbe enHcKony HHMa, noCAe roro KaK CAY:>KHA 'leTBepTb seKa npoKOHcyAoM H nepe:>KHA BOHHY KaMH3apos: «CAy:>K6a HHTe~aHTa HaCTOAbKO Tenepb y:>KaCHa, cy~apb, 'ITO, eCAH 6br MHe H~o 6biAO cero~HH BcrynHTb Ha SITOT nyT~>, H 6br nocrapaAcH Ha6e:>KaTb 9Toro sceMH CHAaMH: aa ~B~UaTb TPH ro~a CAy:>K6hr Ha 9TOM nonpHIUe MHe npHWAOCb HCllbiTbWaTb 6eCKOHe'llibie BOAHeHHH H npeo~oAeBaTb MHO:>KeCTBo TPY~Hocreii, H H cosepweHHO aa6biA CA~OCTHOe COCTOHHHe, HCIIhiTbmaeMoe npH ~yweBHOM CnOKOHCTBHH, KOTOfOe ~0.1\)f(HO 6hiAO 6bi 6biTb e~HHCTBeHHbiM C'laCTbeM B :>KH3HH»11 . O~HaKo 9TOT THllH'IHO KOpHeAeBcKHii repoii KopoAeBcKOH CAy:>K6br, ncHXOAOrnH KOToporo KaK 6bi 3aHMCTBOBaHa y PacHHa, HH MHHYT~>I He ~YMaeT o TOM, '!T06br no~aTb B OTcrasKy. OH ocraeTcH Ha TOM MeCTe, Ha KOTOpOe ero Ha3Ha'IHA KOpOAb, H Ha SITOM MeCTe 6opeTCH. B apMHHX 6biAO MHO:>KeCTBo npHMepos oTBarn H npe~aHHocrn, ~o xo~IDUHX ~o no~AHHHoro repoHaMa. Te, KTO rpoMKo coKpywaeTCH o ~HOCTH soiiH nepHo~a Aro~osHKa XIV, He ~oA:>KHhr 6blAH 6bl

366

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TaK npeHe6peraTb nowrrneM qecrn Ha noAe 6paHH. He 6ep.H Ta.KHX 6eccnopHb!X repoeB, KaK repuor B~oMcKHii, cBoero potta Mapc, cnaciJ..Ilrii: TPOH <1>HAmmy V, OCTaHKH KOToporo 3TOT KopoAL noxopoHHA B 8cKopHaAe, HAH KaK BHKOHT tte TIOpeHH, o I<OTopoM MaaapHHH roBOp:HJ\, "'TO H)')I<Ha 6hiAa ,ra60Ta HeCKOAhKHX nOKOAeHHH, "'TT6hi coTBOpHTh TaK)'IO AH"'HOCTb 1 , MO)f(HO OCTaHOBHThC.H Ha npHMepe repo.H, Ha cBepx<jeAOBeKe, HO o"'eHh "'eAOBe"'HOM, Ha A)'H-<l>paHcya tte Ey<PcpAepe (1644- 1711). Matta.M 8AH3aBeTa-IIIapA<YITa IIcpaALUCKa.H roBOp:HJ\a 0 HeM, "'TT OH 3Be3,l{ C He6a He XBaTaeT, HO BC.H ero )f(H3Hh CBH,l{eTeAhCTBYeT 0 TOM, "'TO 3TOT MapiiiaA - CMeAeHunm cpettH CMeAhiX, "'TO OH nottaeT npHMep TOH r epoH"'ecKOH CA~6bi, KOTOp)'IO uemrr KopoAL. CTaB KatteTOM B BoceMHattUaTb AeT (HeKOTOpbie CTaHOB.HTC.H B "'eTblpHattUaTb), nOAKOBHHKOM - B ,l{Ba,l{UaTb rurt'h AeT (HeKOTOphie ,l{OCTHI'aiOT 9TOrO 'lliHa B BOCeMHa,l{UaTb), OH nOCTO.!IHHO B apMHH, "'ame Bcero Ha nepettoBoii, HMeeT MHoro paHemm. AIOttoBHK XIV ttaeT eM)' 3BaHHe 6pmattHpa B 1675 ratty, 6pmattHoro reHepaAa - B 1677 ratty, r eHepaA-AeKreHaHTa - B 1681 ratty, tteAaeT ero KaBaAepoM optteHa CB.HToro ~yxa B tteKa6pe 1688 rotta. EycpcpAep noAyqaeT MHO)f(ecrno pa3HbiX KOM~HbiX nOCTOB, HaKa.IIAHBa.H C K~biM Ha3Ha"'eHHeM HoBbie paHeHH.H. B 1694 ratty ero npoH3BOA.HT B MapiiiaALI <l>pamum H Ha3Ha"'aiOT ry6epHaTopoM <l>A~pHH. B 1695 ratty oH 3ai1.1'.lilUaeT HaMIOp B Te"'eHHe ttByx MeC.HUeB, cpa)f(a.HCb c npHHUeM OpaHcKHM. IIoqecrn CbiiiAIOTC.H Ha Hero, XOT.H OH HHKOr,l{a He npOCHT HHKa.KHX MHAOCTeH. 8TH noqecrn eM)' He BCKp~ rOAOBy H He CKAOIUIAH K npa3AHOCfH. (Cypiii CKa3aA 0 MapiiiaAax <l>pamum, "'TT OHH «TOAhKO H Me"'TaAH, "'T06bi CA~ H 6biTb B ,l{BH)f(eHHH».) EyttyqH y)f(e repuoroM, KOM~HpOM OTp.HAa TeAOXpaHHTeAeH KOpOA.H, KaBaAepOM OptteHa 3oAOToro PYHa, EycpcpAep tto6poBOAhHO B 1708 ratty ycrpeMMieTC.H B AHAAb, ttep)f(HT o6opoH)' B Te"'eHHe ceMH,l{ec.HTH "'eTbxpex ttHeii H CAaeTC.H <<TOAhKO nOCAe MHOroi<pamo noBropeHHoro npHKaaa KarnrryAHpOBaTb»2. 3a 9To OH B03BOAHTC.H B 3BaHHe nspa. Ho eCAH OH ~e He MO)f(eT Hatte.HThc.H Ha ttpyrne noqecrn, TO erue Me"'TaeT o CAaBe H npocHT paapeiiieHH.H CA~ nott Ha"'aAOM tte BHAAapa, 6oAee MOAottoro, "'eM OH. OH C}'MeeT npeBpanm, 6HTBy nott MaALnAaKe ( 11 ceHT.H6p.H 1709 rotta), rtte eM)' npHIIIAOcb 3a.MeHHTb paHeHoro BHAAapa, B He"'To noxo)f(ee Ha no6etty. Bee KopoAeBCTBO AHKyeT, I<Ortta EycpcpAepa Harp~aiOT, eM)' 3aBHAyroT OAHH AHllib nocpettcrneHHocrn H TPYCbi. I16o B03,l{aHHe noqecreH TaKOM)' BOSII<e paBHOCHAhHO KOAAeKTHBHOM)' npettCTaBAeHHIO K Harpatte ueAOH apMHH xpa6penoB 135•

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Ta.I< H Ha.I<aabmaTh («Ba.AHTe see Ha MeiDl: y MeiDl KpelTKaJI cnHHa»26). «KopOAb pacnpe~eNJeT MHAOCTH Ka.I< eMY aa6Aaropaccy~HTC.sl», npo42 .siBA.sl.sl 60AbW)'IO CKAOHHOCTb «K Mm'"KOCTH, He)f(eAH K CTpOrOCTH» , HO npespauuaeT H TO H ~pyroe B cpe~CTBO ynpaBAeHHR H nOCTO.siHHOrO CTHMYAa copeBHOBamul Ha CA~6e. ITo9TOMY He CTOHT o6pauuaThC.sl c npocb6aMH HeKCTaTH. Mo)f(Ho B OTBeT YCAbiiiiaTh: «Jl nocMOTpiO», npoHaHeceHHbie TOHOM oTKaaa. EcAH KOpOAb XO"'eT Ha3Ha"'aTb HAH npO~BHraTb no CAy)f(6e He3a.BHCHMO OT BC.s~Koro xo~aTaHCTBa, HeKCTaTH BbiCKa3aHHaJI npocb6a YMeHbiiiaeT 91'0 y~oBOAbCTBHe KopoA.sl H y~oBOAbCTBHe Toro, Koro OH peiiiHA o6Aaro~eTeAbCTBOBaTh. B OKT.s~6pe 1708 rotta, noCAe cMepTH THi:iR.l{e, ~paryacKoro noAKOBHHKa, ero 6paT nonpocHA y Ero BeAH"'eCTBa B3.s1Tb 9TOT noAK nott cBoe Ha"'aAo. AIO~OBHK XIV eMY cKaaaA: «,l(aiO BaM ero, HO .s1 6bl BaM ttaA ero eme oxOTHee, ecAH 6bl Bbi MeiDl o6 26 9TOM He npocHAH, Ta.I< Ka.I< .s1 ero BaM H npe~HaaHa"'aA» • 0"1eHb nAoxoe Bne"'aTAeHHe npoH3BO.lt.siT Bc.sl"'eCKHe npoTeCTbi, Ka.I<, HanpHMep, BbiCKa3bffiaHHR HeyttOBOAbCTBHJI 1 anpeA.sl 1710 rotta MapKH30M H IIIeBaAbe tte MHpoMeHHAb no nosotty Toro, "'TO HX He HaaHa"'HAH 6pHr~HbiMH reHepaAaMH. 8TH 6paTb.sl «OCMeAHAHCb nO)f(aAOBaTbC.sl 97 KopoAIO, H HM He noattopoBHAOCb» . H MOHapx cosceM He BbiHOCHT, Kortta ero WaHT~HpyiOT yrpo3aMH nottaTh B OTCTa.BKy. 16 tteKa6p.s~ 1692 rotta rpa¢ ~e lllanmoH, KasaAepmicKIDi noAKoBHHK, npe6biBaiOmHH B 9TOM "'HHe y)f(e ~OArOe BpeMJI, .siBHAC.sl K rocy~apCTBeHHO MY ceKpeTapiO Eap6eabe H nOTpe6osaA, "'T06bi ero npoH3BeAH B 6pHr~Hbie reHepaAbi ~o Ha"'aAa KaMnaHHH. Y)f(e Ta.I< MHoro o¢HUepos, MA~WHX no B03paCTY, ero o60WAH, "'TT OH He MO)f(eT yttOBAeTBQpHTbC.sl TeM, "'TT ero npoH3BeAH B 6pHr~Hpbi. EcAH eMY He .lt~YT 6pHr~Horo reHepaAa, OH noKHHeT apMHIO. «MapKH3 ~e Eap6eabe ~OAO)f(HA o6 9TOM paarosope KopoAIO, KOTOpbm npHKaaaA npmurTh 97 OTCTa.BKY tte lllanmoHa, "'TT Eap6eabe H c~eAaA» • B 1702 ro~y repuor tte CeH-CHMOH yweA 6ea UJYMHXH «no coCTO.siHHIO 3~oposb.s~», HO eMY He yttaAOCb o6Maayn AIOttoBHKa XIV. KopOAb MO)f(eT Ha3Ha"'aTh, He O"'eHb pHCKY.sl OWH6HTbC.sl, Ta.I< KaK OH npHHHMaeT peweHHR co 3HaHHeM ~eAa. Kortta OH npoH3BO.ltHT B "'HH nOAKOBHHKa MOAO~Oro KanHTaHa H3 O"'eHb 3HaTHOrO po~a HAH CTaporo nottnOAKOBHHKa, npettaaHoro CA~6e, y Hero Bcertta nott PYKOH - eCAH He 3HaeT ero AH"'HO - ueAoe ttOcbe, Ta.I< "'TO KapTo"'KH MHHHCTpa AHIIIb .l{aJOTC.sl B nOMOUlb He06biKHOBeHHOH naMJITH KOpOA.sl. A eCAH ~eAo KacaeTc.s~ reHepaAbCKHX "'HHOB, KOpOAb scer~a aHaeT "'eAoBeKa, KOToporo OH co6HpaeTc.s~ npo~BHraTh, ero nocAy)f(HoH cnHcoK, noCAy)f(HOH CnHCOK ero npe~KoB, ero po~HbiX H ~BoiOpo~HbiX 6paTheB. Bee 9TH ~aHHbie yqHThmaiOTc.s~ H onpa.BttbmaiOT Bbi6op. MoHapx ueHHA H HOBbiX AIO~eH, CTa.BWHX COMaTaMH no BOAe CAyqaJI, Ta.I<HX, HanpHMep, Ka.I< )KIQAbeH HAH «6apoH AeraAb», aaTeM «MapKH3 AeraAb», npoHaBe~eHHbm B paar reHepaA-AeHTeHaHTa, HecMOTP.sl Ha CBOe, no BCeH BepO.siTHOCTH, He .l{BOp.siHCKOe npOHCXO~eHHe, Ottep)f(a.BIIIHH no6etty no~ M~epKHHreHoM (30 HIOIDI 1703 ro~a) H~

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Y KopoNI csoii cnoco6 3asoeBaHHH. OH HH pa3y He 6hiA Ha 10re noCAe csoero 6paKa. HanpOTHB, TaKHe ropo~a, KaK AMheH, Appac, ~lOHKepK, AH.AAb, PeiiMc, Meu, TyAh H Bep~eH, B~m' ero nocroHHHo. Co3~asuoch sne"'aTAeHHe, "'TO I1apiDI<, KOTOpbm pacnOAO)f(eH scero AHlllb s HecKOAhKHX Abe OT CeH-)KepMeHa H BepcaNI, cosepweHHO 3a6poweH MOHapxoM: c 1666 ro~a OH nepecraeT 6biTb nocroHHHOH pe3~eHUHeii Alo.l(oBHKa, a c 1672 ro~a KopoAb TaM no"'TH He nOKa3hmaeTC.SI. 3aro napH)f(aHe BOCTOp)f(eHHO npHBeTCTBywT Y ce6.SI Meche, 6paTa KopoNI, KOTOPOMY Alo~OBHK no,l(apHA I1ue-Po.S1Ab. MoHceHhop nocroHHHo npe6bmaeT s I1apH)f(e, KOTopbm npHBAeKaeT ero csoHMH npe~crasAeHWIMH H r~e MoHceHbop CTaHOBHTC.SI KYMHpoM ero )f(HTeAeii. I1poHcxo~HT KaK 6hr nepepacnpe~eAeHHe poAeii. Ho eCTb erue HHa.SI poAb, OT Koropoii Ero BeAH"'eCTBo He oTKa3bisaeTc.SI: 9TO poAb noKposHTeNI CTOAHUbi H opraHH3aTopa ee YKpaweHH.SI. llepe3 nocpe~CTBO csoero MHHHcrpa (oco6eHHo Kor~a MHHHcrpoM .SIBNieTc.SI TaKoii "'eAoBeK, KaK KoAh6ep, KoTopbm caM pacnpe.l(eNieT 3~a"'H Me)f(~y cynepHHTe~aHTCTBOM crpoHTeAbCTBa, ropo~CKHM 610p0 H reHepaA-AeHTeHaHTOM nOAHUHH) KOpOAb CAMHT 3a "'HCTOTOH ropo~a, 3a co6AlO~eHHeM Mep no caHHTapHH H mmeHe, ne"'eTC.SI o KpacoTe csoeii CTOAHUhi. 3~ech npo.SIBNieTC.SI qaCTHaa: HHHuHarnsa npHXO~OB, MOHaCTbipeii, pa3AH"'HhiX BeAhMO)f(, O)f(HBNieMaJI 6AarOTBOpHbiM conepHH"'eCTBoM. Ho 9Ta HHHUHaTHBa KaK 6hr scer~a Hepa3pbmHo CBR3aHa c )f(eAaHHeM KopoNI. A J"'WHM ~OKa3aTeAh足 CTBOM 9TOrO MO)f(eT CAy)f(HTb llAOIU~h I1o6e~, 3~YMaHHaJI KaK CBOero po~a mMH CAase KopoNI H o6ycrpoeHHaJI ~pyroM MOHapxa, MapWaAOM ~e Aacpe~oM. B I1apH)f(e, KaK H nosc10~y, nepshre ro~hl AH"'Horo npasAeHH.SI noXO)f(H Ha crpeMHTeAbHOe HacrynAeHHe. 8To erue 6biA TOT MOMeHT, Kor~a KoAh6ep H~e.SJ:Ac.SI yrosopHTb csoero KopoNI o6ocHOBaTbC.SI s I1apH)f(e H c~eAaTb H3 MOHYMeHTaAhHOro aHCaM6NI A ysp - TlOHAhpH CaMbiH 6oAhwoii H CaMbiH y~HBHTeAbHhm ~sopeu s MHpe. B 1662 ro~y OTeU H ChiH BHrapaHH 3aKaH"'HBalOT crpoHTeAbCTBO TeaTPa TlOHAbpH, Ha"'aroro B 1659 ro~y. 9To 3aMe"'aTeAhHoe TeXHH"'eCKOe coopy)f(eHHe, cnoco6Hoe BMeCTHTb weCTb ThiC.SI"' 3pHTeAeii, cueHa KOTOporo n03BONieT CTaBHTb CAO)f(HeHWHe H npH'I)'~AHBhie npek CTaBAeHIDI (HO aKyCTHKa, yshl, OCTaBNieT )f(eAaTb AJ"'Wero). C 1660 no 1678 ro~ s Ayspe (s qacTHOCTH, B KB~parnoM ~sope) se~YTCR pa6on,r. C 1664 no 1666 ro~ apXHTeKTop Aeso nepecTPaHBaeT TlOHAbpH, r~e Alo~OBHK coxpaHHT 3a co6oii Ha HeKoTopoe speM.SI 3HMHHe anapTaMeHThr. B 1665 ro~y Kasuep EepHHHH y exu s cso10 l1TaAHIO; nOCAe 9TOro TOT"'aC )f(e npHHHMaeTCR cppaHUY3CKHH npoeKT nocrpoeHHR BOCTO"'HOH KOAOHH~bi s Ayspe. KAo~ I1eppo s cOTPYk

394

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HK'ieCTBe c HCKYCHbiM MacrepoM <l>paHc~a ,ll;op6e co3~aer c 1668 no 1672 ro~ csoe npOH3Be~eHue HcKycCTBa1 • A OT KOAb6eposcKoro riAaHa 3aKA~KH WHpoKoro npocneKTa, no~crynaromero K cpac~y ~sop n:a, OTKa3biBaiOTC.ll, TaK KaK KOpOAb 60AbWe He npO.liBNieT OC06oro HHTepeca K CBOHM napH)KCKHM ~Bopn;aM. K TOMY )Ke OH HHKOr~a He corAaCHAC.ll 6ht, TaK )Ke KaK H npu paccMoopeHHH npoeKTa EepHHHH, Ha pa3pyweHHe KOpOAeBCKOH H npHXO~CKOH n;epKBH CeH-)KepMeHA10Kceppya. Aysp ocraerc.H coop~eHHeM He3asepweHHhiM, pa3Hopo~HhiM, ~a)Ke He 3alUH1UeHHbiM OT ~O)K~.ll. f! TeM He MeHee Ha HeM ~ocraTO'IHO CHAhHO OTPa3HAc.H CTHAb Alo~OBHKa XIV, no~~ep)KH saromuii ero CAasy H JKpawaromuii I1apH)K. B we~ec.liThre ro~bi no.HBAJUOTC.ll 60AbWHe 3~aHH.H, nopa)Katomue CBOHM BeAHKoAenHeM: KOAAe)K KaTP-HaCbOH (1662- 1672), noCTPOeHHbtH no 3aBeiUa.HHIO Ma3apHHH, KopoAeBcKrui MaHJcpaKTJPa ro6eAeHoB (1666), 06cepsaTopH.H (1667- 1668). KaccHHH, KOToporo npOC.liT OT HMeHH KOpONI BbiCKa3aTh CBOe MHeHHe 0 HHX, B XO~e pa60Thi ~aer KpHTK'ieCKytO on;eHKY noCAe~HeH nOCTPOHKe; O~HaKO KAo~ I1eppo pb.HHO OTCTaHBaeT CBOH npoeKT H He ~eT Ha 6oAbwHe ycrynKH. Ha MaHJcpaKTJPe fo6eAeHOB, HaxO~.lllUeiic.H B npe~MeCThe CeH-MapceAh, lllapAb Ae6peH, nepBbrn xy~O)KHHK Ero BeAK'ieCTBa, pJKOBO~HT orpoMHbiM n:exoM. «H~o 3HaTh, 'ITO see Macrepa MaHJcpaKTJPbi pa60TaiOT Ha KOpONI H 'ITO MHOrO'IHCAeHHbie H3~eAH.H, KOTOpbie TaM ngoH3BO~.liTC.ll, HCnOAh3ytOTC.ll ~NI JKpaweHH.H KOpoAeBCKHX ~OMOB» 8. Ho 1670 ro~ 6biA, nO)KaAyH, nepeAOMHbiM. Alo~oBHK XIV B nepuo~ 6AaronpH.liTHOH Me~JHapO~HOH 06CTaHOBKH, KOTOprui CAO)KHAaCb 6AarO~ap.H nO~nHCaHHIO AxeHCKOfO MHpa, npHIDIA peweHHe, B corAacuu c KoAh6epoM, npeBpaTHTh cBOIQ croAHn;y B oTKpbiThiH ropo~ H OT~aA npHKa3 CHeCTH CeBepHbie KpenOCTHbie CTeHbi {IO)KHbie )Ke npO~OA)KalOT 'laCTK'iHO CTO.liTb ~0 1686 ro~a): B TO BpeM.H CAOBO «6yAhBap» (B nepeBO~e C fOAA~CKOrO- «KpenOCTHrui CTeHa H3 6pyCa».- Jlpu.Me'lf.. nepee.), KOTOpoe BOcnpHHHMaAOCb H3Ha'laAbHO KaK BOeHHhrn TepMHH, npuo6peTaer MHpHoe 3Ha'leHHe. fiTaK, Ha'IHHaeTC.ll o6yCTPOHCTBO 6yAhBapa no~ nOKpOBHTeAbCTBOM KOpONI H no~ npe~ BO~HTeAbCTBOM KoAh6epa, a TaK)Ke 6Aaro~ap.H cpHHaHcosoii noMOIUH ropo~a I1apu)Ka H no~ xy~o)KeCTBeHHbiM pJKOBO~CTBOM apXHTeKTopa <l>paHcya EAo~eNI. EyAhBap «3aMbiKaeT noAropo~a c cesepHOH cropoHbi... OH cocroHT H3 TPex aAAeii c Haca)K~eHIDIMH B.H30B B qeThtpe pJitta... lllupuHa cpe~Hero pMa cocrasNier weCTh~ec.HT <PYToB, a WHpHHa K~OH 60KOBOH aAAeH Bcero AHWb BOCeMH~UaTh ~B~n;aTh cpJTOB. 9Ta HOBrui ropo~CKrui aAAe.ll ~AHHOH B 1200 rya30B npeBbiWaeT y)Ke npOT.H)KeHHOCTh KpenoCTHOH creHbi OT sopoT CeHTAHryaH ~0 BOpOT CeH-MapTeH, KOTOpbie 6biAH coopy)KeHbl B 1670 ro~y no JKa3Y coBera, H3~aHHOMY 7 ceHT.H6p.H TOro )Ke ro~a. a TaK)Ke no ~pyroMY JKa3y, ~aTHpOBaHHOMY 11 MapTa 1671 ro~a. llro6hl o6Aer'IHTh B'he3~ KaperaM Ha BaA, no KOTOPOMY Tenepb npoxo~HT 6yAhBap {BMeCTO npe)KHeH KpenOCTHOH CTeHbl.- Jlpu.Me'lf.. nepee.), npHWAOCb

BHYTPEHHME 3ABOEBAHIDI

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c~eAaTb noAonrn CKaT umpHHOH B copoK soceMb cpyros» • MHoro 6biAO pa3rOBOf>OB 0 TOM, 'ITO KpenOCTHbie creHbl 6biAH CHeCeHbl B OTMeCTKy 3a <PpoHAy. Ho y napmKaH ~ocraTO'lHO npo3opAHBOCTH, 'IT06bi noiDIT'h, 'ITO OTKpbiTHe ropo~a CTaAO B03MO)I(HbiM AHlllb 6Aaro~apa YKPenAeHHlO H H3MeHeHH10 AHHHH cesepHoif rpaHHUhi. If ecAH KopoAb HM ~apHT aAAero H TPH)'McpaAbHhie sopOTa, To aTo ~Aa HHX ~BOHHOH BbiHrpbiiii. B TOM )l(e, 1670 ro~y KoAh6ep npoKA~hmaeT p~oM c AAAeeif KopoAeBbi EAHceifcKHe noAa H aseHIO ~10 PyAh (llapH)I( OT aToro CHAhHO BbiHrpbmaeT, HO He KOpOAb, anapTaMeHTbi KOTOpOro B TIOHAbpH craHosarca CAHIIIKOM ~ocrynHhiMH). B 1670 ro~y AH6epaAb EpiOaH PYKOBO~HT CTPOHTeAbCTBOM ropo~cKoro npHIOTa ~Aa HHlllHX H Ha'lHHaeT B03Be~eHHe cesepHoro cpac~a KOpOAeBCKOrO ,lJ;OMa HHB~OB. Bo3Be~eHHe aTHX ~syx KopoAeBCKHX MHAocep~HhiX yqpe)l(~eHHH paccMaTPHBaeTca KaK csoero po~a npomaHHe Aro~oBHKa XIV c llapH)I(eM. KopoAh, KOTOphrn He s cHAax 6oAee BhiHOcHTb nocroaHHbie TOAnbi B TlOHAbpH H ~a)l(e caMbie HeBHHHbie BCTPe'lH Ha K yp-AaPeH, 6y~eT OTHbme Ha<mHaa c 1672 ro~a )I(HTb rronepeMeHHO TO B CeH-)l(epMeHe, TO s BepcaAe 167• 8-ro HeCKOAhKO )'MeHhiiiaeT 3aCAyry Aro~oBHKa XIV B TOM, 'ITO OH no~apHA Aysp HcKycCTBaM, CAosecHOCTH H Hapo~y, HO yseAH'lHBaeT B TOM )l(e pa3Mepe BKA~ KOpOAa B opraHH3aUHIO H npo~BH)I(eHHe CTPOHTeAhCTBa, KOTopoe MOHapx rrpo~oA)I(aeT KOlfTPOAHpOBaTb B 3TOM ~Bopue ~a)l(e B CBOe OTcyrCTBHe. B 1672 ro~y CTPOarca sopOTa CeH-,lJ;eHH: « ...HHKaKHe BopoTa He 18 CMOrAH npeB30HTH HX CBOHM BeAHKOAenHeM» • PliCYHOK apKH C~eAaA EAoHAeAh. Ee BhiCOTa ceMh~ecar ~Ba M~a. PeAhecpHhxe H300pa)l(eHHa Ha Heif npoCAaBAaiOT cpopcHposaHHe PeifHa (Ha cropoHe, o6pameHHoii K ropo~y), B3aTHe Ma~HXTa (co cropoHbi rrpMMeCTba). BopoTa 6hiAH 3aKOH'leHhi B 1673 ro~y. Ha CAe~YJOlllHH ro~ KoAb6ep nopyqaeT llbepy biOAAe CTPOHTeAhCTBO sopOT CeH-MapTeH - TPH)'McpaAbHOH apKH c TPeMa npoAeTaMH H «C o6pa6oTKoii KaMHa pyCTOM». BopoTa npoCAaBAaiOT He~asHHe no6e~bi Aro~oBHKa XIV, B 'laCTHOCTH nOKOpeHHe <l>paHIII-Kmrre. Ho ~eareAbHOCTb KopoAa H KoAb6epa He orpaHH'IHBaeTca rpa)l(~aHCKHM CTPOHTeAbCTBOM. 0HH cpHHaHCHp)'lOT HAH MOpaAbHO noompalOT pa3BHTHe peAHrH03HOH apXHTei<Typhi. B TO BpeMa npHcrynaiOT TaK)I(e, noMHMO CTPOHTeAbCTBa qacoBeHb, KOTOphxe YKPaiiiaiOT cToAHuy, K B03Be~eHH10 rpaHAH03HbiX xpaMOB. C 1660 no 1678 rO~ ~ap, pa60TaiOI.liHH B CeH-ClOAbiiHC, B03~BHraeT nepBYJO, BeAH'leCTBeHHYJO 'laCTb 6oAbiiiOro nopTHI<a. C 1664 no 1679 ro~ Aeso, a 3aTeM fa6pHeAh Ae~IOK CTPOaT CeH-AYJf-aH·A'MAh. llepB~:.rn cpHHaHcos~:.rn BKA~ s aro CTPOHTeAbCTBO ~eAaeT )l(aH-EaTHcr AaM6ep ~e TopHHbH. C 1675 no 1684 ro~ CTPOHTCa CeH-)l(aK-.lU0-0-lla 6Aaro~a pH ~apy repuorHHH ~e AoHrBHAh. B aTMoccpepe aToii CTPOHTeAbHOH AHXOp~KH, no~~ep)I(HBaeMOH HanAbiBOM B llapH)I( npOBHHUHaAhHbiX cpHHaHCHCTOB, no~orpeTOH conepHH'IeCTBOM Me~y ~BOpOM, Marn:CTParypoii, AHTepaTopaMH H cpHHaHCHCTaMH H CTHM)'AHpyeMoii He18

396

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