Самураи. Эволюция вооружения. by Watra

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1111TY JTJIJJ.H11. HrroHCI<I1 e noeHHr,re goJTJI<Hbr 6I>I JIH c,o;aTb

caMy pa e B . .Uo IIOJTHOM I-W IIHT)'JIHJJ.HH HnoHMH B 1945 r .

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KyUaU.HOHHbiMH BOMCI<aMJ1 H BbiBe3eHO B I<a creCTB e TpO-

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<jJeJI. Bcero aMepHKaHJJ.bi BbiBe3JIH 66 1 621 e,o;nnuu.y

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KJTI1HKOBOI'O O]J)':>KHH. fly<JlliHe o6pa3 JJ.bT 3TOI'O opy:>KHH

ce '-leCTH 6yCH,O:O .

(372 609 egHHHu) 6bi JIH

llpHMe pHo c 1 87 0-x ,o;o 1930 - x ro,o;oB OQJHJJ.e pbr no

p a3,o;a p e H b l OTJI}rcJ:HBlllHMC.H

OCpH JJ.e paM, CeMbHM !10l'U6IIIHX OQJHl~epOB J1 M)'3e.HM .

p erna M e HTY HOCHJTH ca6nn 3a nagHoro CTHJI.H, cgeJTaH -

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Hbre H a COB p eMeHHbiX qJ a6 pm<aX , O,[(HaJ{Q B BO eHHOe

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B p eM.H 60JiblllHHCTBO 113 H11X HCI10Jib30BaJIO QJaM11Jlb·

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Hbie

p e r JTaMeHTHpyeMOH OIIpaBe .

3anp e T JIHIIIb B 1953 r. C 3TOrO MOMe HTa 1131'0TOBHTeJJH

B 3a rragHOM CTHJTe H 3 rOTOBJJ.HJTHCb ca6n 11 H e TOJTbi<o

Mecre J':i CHOBa BC8 pbe3 npHHHJIHCb 3a .[\eJIO C JJ.eJibiO BOC-

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gJI.H BOeHHbiX , HO 11 gJI.H IIO JI11JJ.1111. MHOr11e 113 HHX

c-raHOBJTeHHH npoM3Bogc-rna Tpag HJJ.MOHHhrx Me<re}r. Bee

HMeiOT Il]J OTpaBJTeHH)' IO l U ! CJJOTOH JIHHHIO 3aKaJTKI1,

Mecm, CgeJiaHHble riOCJTe 1953 r. H COOTBeTCTB)'I01JJ.l1 e

H QJai<TH'-18Cl<H 3TH M8LIH -

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3TO OC06eHHO Cnp aBe,O:JI11BO B OTHOllleH1111 napag HbiX ca6e Ji b,

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rrp egCT aBJT5!lliHX

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3 Ha'-!HTeJTbHO

l{Jll1HI<aMH

B 1949 r. 6r,mo co3,o;aHo 061JJ.eCTBO no oxp a H e H C·

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11]JOBOgl1T l{ OHI<y p c «COBpeMeHHbiX Me<rerr» CLi/·iCR/{)1 11W .

Ba pHaHT IlO Cp aBH e HHIO C 608 Bb!M Op)':tKHeM . C Ce p e,o;11-

H a 3TOM rwm<y p ce oco6o BhiAaiOliiH ecH Me<m noJT)"la -

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roT O,!J;HO !13 4 ITO'-leTHbi X H a HMe HOB a HHH : OC060 JJ.eH -

na Ho o'-! e Hb Mano TpagHJJ.HOHH h r x

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HbiX M e cre i1 H a<r anocr, B 1 930 - x rr. B I1IOJTe 1933 r. B

M e Lle M <IHCJIHTCH 1 1 7 IIIT)'K , a JJ.e HHbi X -

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T)'Jia, IWTOpb!Mli Harpa:a<,[(aiOTCll H e TOJ!bKO Me'-IM , HO

CTO no.o;nHCH Ha XBOCTOBm, e . O .o;Hmw Hap,o Y"fHThiBaTh ,

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npoTnBononon<HOCTh Me"'aM

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HhiM no Tpap,HJJ,HOHHOH TeXHOJ!Ori-IM ,

Ce6amo -

c.o;enaH3TO C0-

npo11cxo.o;HT oT Ha3 BaHiur ne-

(1926-1989 rT.),

1939

TaK r<aK HMeHHO B 3 TOT

MaccoBbiX

1945

r.) Taime Me"'H

r<onu•-t eCTBax .

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p a 3 JIH'-IHblX

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H ,[(Jill HHX C)'lll,eCTB)'JOT pa 3 JIH'-!Hble Ha3 BaHHH. 3TH.

B OTJIU'-IHe OT 23 N.aaitmo ce6amo

Ha3BaHI1ll OTpa:a<aiOT crrei.J;HCjJHK)' 11]JOH3 BO,[(CTBeHHO-

HMeeT Hepa360p'-IJ1B)'IO nO,[(l1HCb HJIH ,[(a:tKe IUTaMU BMe-

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• CUHHllXOH/110 (HOBbiH lliTOHCr<HJ:I Me'-r);

ll])HMepbi H Ha3BaHnl1:

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2)'1-lC)'ii.mO (Me<r, C,!:\eJiaHHbiJ:I H3 CTaJIH, IT])OH3Be-

BOACTBa ~(Jill BOeHHO-MOpCI<OrO C))JlOTa;

,[\eHHOH rwMrraHHeJ:r «fyHMa Cyaper<:y Ka6ycmm K3J:ICH»);

maii.cJOJW (HepmaseiOIIIall CT aJir,)_ Tarnr<e Ha3biBaeTC5r «ca6w-wii.mo». 3To Mecm cj)a6pw-m oro npoH3 -

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JnO!f/{e2)'1-llnO (naTeHTOBaHHbie a pMeHCKI1e Me'-IH);

• 03UL~aemo (npaKTH<rHbre Me'-m);

• em3 L~)'1110 (Me'-IH H3 3aBO,[\C!WJ:! CTaJm);

• J<UHK3H I110 (Me'-IH. rrpe,!:IHa3Ha'-reHHbr e AJIH O'-JeHb

emo (3ana,[\Hbie Me<rH) . B

HH3KHX TeMnepaTyp MaHb'-DKYPHH 11 CH6HpH);

• .Mw-un3L~yn10 (Me<rH. npoH3BeAeHHbTe MaHb'-DKyp-

1930 -x rr. HnoHcKoe soeHHOe Be)l.OMCTBO sseJio

HOBbii1 THTI onpaBbi, Ha3hiBaeMblH 2)'1-llnO («BOeHHbii1

crwi1 JKeJie3H0,[10pO:tl\HOH KOMTiaHHeH). 3TH Me'-!!1

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(Kaii.- 2yH mo) , a TaJ<:>Ke r< 6oJI.ee paHHHM o6pa3LI.aM (KI0-

Jl)'<raJIH Cep,!:IIJ;eBHH)', JWTOpyro BCTaBJIHJIH B Tp y6 -

2)'1-lmo) H fl])HMeHllJICll 110 OTHOIIIeHHIO K OITpaBe Me'!a,

l\y 113 BbJCOKO)'rJie]}O,[\HCTOI~I CTaJII1. 3aTeM 113 3 TOH

a H e K noJioce Me'-ra. Tio Jwcr,r Me'-!ei1, ocjJopMJieHHhix B

3arOTOBI\H Bbi6HBaJIH IlOJIOC)' Me<ra H B II])OIJ;eCCe

CTHJJe 2)'1-uno, 6biJIH 6oJibiiieJ:r '-JaCTbiO HH3rwro Kacre -

3aKaJII\11 OXJia:/l<:,[laJII1 B MaCJie;

CTBa H MalllHHHOrO H3rOTOBJieHHll. 0AHaKO HCTIOJib30 -

• .lltypamamo (Me'-IH, c)l.eJiaHHbJe no MeTOAY U YH3IO KI1 MypaTa);

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• J-l.unnoH -mOI\)'Cii-n101f3H. (nnoHCl\11e crreu;aaJibHbie Me<rn):

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mo, cu.HCUI-l /110 H AO 231-lOcu'lmo. HH:a<e 6y)l.yT p accMo TpeHbi p a3JIH'-IHbre sapHaHTbi Me'-reJ:r B onpase 2)'H I710.

• pyL~y6o-u:oy - c3acaKy - cw-u-wxoHmo

(HOBbiH

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cr<:HH Me'-!, C,[\eJiaHHbiH 113 THreJrbHOH CTaJia);

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(BHOBb

a TaK:rr<e CAeJiaHHI>re no eB ponelicrnrM o6pa3u;aM ca6JIH, wnarH H Tecar<H. MHorHe H3 nocJieAHI1X 6biJIH

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Hbie JIITOHCI<I1e Me<r11):

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cpaMHJibHblX Me'-TeH B OIIpaBe 1{10 -2)' /-l/11-0 OTJIH'<IaeT 6o-

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saJIHCb neXOTHbiMH, lmBaJiepHHCKHMH 11 MOpCIUIMH

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Bora npOH3BO,[\CTBa HMeiOT 6oJiee KOpOTKHe p yKOllTH l1

p yccr<o-HnoH CKHMH

Me'-raMH ,

OCj:mu;epaMH. 3TOT CTHJib OITpaBbl 6biJI BBe,[leH B 1871 H IIIHpOKO HCIIOJib30BaJICR ,[\0 ce p e)l.HHbl

1930-X rr.,

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Ti e pBbie o6pa3LI.bl ,[\JIH OcPHLI.epCKOrO COCTaBa ITOll-

0AHaiW HeKOTOpbie BJia,[\eJibll;bl rrpe,[IIIO<IJIIiJ He paCCTa-

Bl1JIHCb B 1 871 r . B 1875 r. 6r,wa BBe)l.eHa HOBaR MO-

Ba'fbCJI CO CBOHMH ca6 Jl l1MH H f103,[\Hee H IT])OBOeBaJIH C

AeJib J00-2)'1-llno AJill a pM eHCKH X rrexoTHhrx ocpHuepos,

HHMH AO OKOH<raHHH BTopoH MH])OBOiir BOHHbi. 06pa 3 -

KOTOpall C He3HacrwreJibHb!Ml1 H3MeHeHHllMH, C,[\eJiaH-

LI.aMH AJIJI 3Toro nma onpaBbi nocJiy:tKHJIH esponeli-

Hbll\111 B 1 886 r. , npocyiiieCTBOBaJia AO 1934 r. 3cjJec na-

CKHe ca6JIH

XIX

BeKa. T e pMI1H npHMeHJIIOT r<o seeM

TYHHbiH c .o;ynmoJ:r , oxsaTr,maroiiieJ1 p yr<OllTb . Pyr<OllTb

JlfiOHCKH M Ca6JIJIM B eBpOn eikJWM CTHJie, Imr< 60eBbiM,

nor<pbrT a 6enoJ:r ca.M3 (pe:rKe '<IepHoJ:r caM3 H Jm

TaK H napaAHbiM.

Illarp e Hhro) H o6MoTaHa JraTyHHOH nposonorwi1 . H a-

<repHoi1

KJ0-2)'HI110 OTJIH'!aiOTCJI 6oJibiiiHM pa 3Hoo6pa3HeM

r<na,o;Ka Ha pyKOllTH CHa6n<eHa 60I<0Bb!MH Cei<LI.HHMI1

B Ka'-IeCTBe ITOJIOC Me'-IeH. 06bi<IHO ITOJIOCbl OT )l.peBHHX

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cTaBa BOeHHO-MOpCKOrO cPJIOTa 6biJI BBe,o;eH B

BaHHbiH Ha M aJieHbKOM cepe6pHHOM .D;HCKe . KJIHHOK ,

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xa6ai<U, cPHKCHpye TCH

npy)KHHHOro

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B HO)!{HaX np H

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1883 r . e ro 3aMeHHJIH Ha qeTbrpe HOBbiX o6pa3u;a 1-CIO-

2)' /ilnO , npep;Ha3Ha'!e HHbiX .D;JIH p a3JIH'!Hb i X BOHHCKHX 3BaHHH. B

1914

1883

r. oTr<a3aJIMCb oT Tpex 113 '!eTbrpex o6-

06bi'-IHO CTaJibHbie XpOMHpOBaHHbie HJIH HHI<eJIHpO-

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cTaBa. 3TOT CTaBlliHH YHHBepCaJibHbiM o6pa3eu;

HMeeT ,o;Ba KOJibu;a .D;JIH Kpe-

r. H e.D;HH CTBe HHy iO OCTaBlllyiOCH MO,[IeJib

1883 r . ,

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XOTH H C'iHTaJICH H ey,o;06HbiM H n JIOXO c6aJiaHCHpO-

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1937

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c}:>opMOH.

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r ., r<or.o;a ero 3aMeHHJIH Ha 1<ait- 2)'1-uno. OH HMeJI

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CW<)'pa)

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)KeHHe

p y r<OHTH H rOJIOBKa rJia,o;KHe, 6 e3 p;er<opa; y MJia.D;lliHX

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XIX

.o;epeBHHHYIO p yr< oHTb. Har<Jia,o;Ka p yr<OHTI1 (nJiaHr<a) 11

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.o;o r<oHu;a BTopo:H: MHpo -

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BOM: BOHHbi. IIe pBbiH o6pa3eu; (THn COCTaBa 6biJI BBep;eH B

1892

pyr<oHnr) 11 npocTyro .o;ep e BHHHYIO p y rWHTb. B

1899

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nOHBHJICH HOBbiH o6pa3eu; r<aBaJiepHHCIWH ca6JIH .D;JIH

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32.

OH HMeJI BopoHeHbiH np116op oc}:>e-

.D;JIHHHblM lliHpOI<H M .D;OJIOM no BCeH ,[IJIHHe . 06 a o6pa3 -

ME~

LI,a HMeJIH KO:ti<aHyiO rreTJIIO ,l.l;Jlll IIaJibll,a Ha BHyTpeH-

poE KaBaJiepHH 6bma aae.o;eHa HOBaJI Mo,n:eJih ca6JIH,

HeM CTO pOHe rap,[(bl. 3 cf> ec K p e iiHJICJI I< XBOCTOBHKY C

TaR Ha3 biBaeMhiH THII

IIOMOill,hiO BHHTa, IIpOXO,I.l;JIIll,ero Liepe3 LI,eHTp p yKOJITH .

3 ell,. 3ToT o6pa3eLI, H a rroMHHa Jr apMerrcrnrF! rrexoTHhiM

Hon<Hbi o6hiLIHO aopoHeHhre cTaJibHhie c o,n:HHM IWJib-

lfiO-cymo , HO HMeJIC.H I1 pll,l.l; OTJIH"IHM. 3cf>ec COCTOJIJI H3

li,OM ,[(Jill rro,n:aeUIHBaHHJI. I{JIHHOK cPHI<CHp y eTcJI B Hon<-

IT030Jl0"IeHHOM JiaTYHHOM rap,l.l;bi C ,n:y:ri<KOM H anqpHOI1:

1892

19-fi:, CMeHHBUia.H CTapbiM o6pa-

r. 3TOT

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Ca.M:J HJIH Jiai<HpOBaHHOM UiarpeHbiO H IIOBepx o6MOTa-

Hax rrp yn<HHHbiM 3amHMOM . H a o6pa3 LI,ax

Ha o6pa3LI,ax

1899

r. - c6or<y pyr<OJITH , Ha BHyTpeHHeM

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CTO j)OHe IIpH HOUieHHH ca6JIH Jie3BHeM BHH3. Ca6JIJI ,

1899

rro xon<aJI

Ha JIWryHHOM rrpoBOJIOKOM. P y i<O.HTh ca6JIH r<perrHJiacb

KaBaJiepHMCI<yiO

o6pa3LI,a

r . , 6hma rrpe,n:rmcaHa cep:rKaHTaM rrexoTbi H BO-

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10 Jie-

eHHOM IIOJIHLI,HI1. I1Mell aHaJIOfH'!Hbii1: 3cf>ec H HO:ti<Hbi ,

n eCTI<aMH) H JIHCTbeB. ITo IWJIHLieCTBy opHaMeHTa Ha

OHa 6hTJia I<OpOLie KaBaJiepHMCIWM: 06Ill,all ,l.l;JIHHa I<a -

HaKJia,l.l;I<e H fOJIOBKe OIIpe,n:eJIJIJIOCb BOHHCI<Oe 3BaHHe

BaJiepHMCI<OM ca6JIH COCTaBJIJIJia

100,2

maHTOB rreXOTbi H BOeHHOM ITOJIHLI,HH -

CM, ca6JIH cep -

ocf>uLI,epa : y MJia,[(IIIHX OcPHLI,epoB HaKJia,n:Ka 6hrJia ,n:e-

92 ,0

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CM. IT03,1.l; -

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1935

l le pBbiM o6pa3ell, ca6JIH ,l.l;Jlll OcPHLI,epOB KaBa Ji e pHH 6bm aae,n:eH B

1874

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r .

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KOBaHbie cf>aMHJlbHbie

HIOIO ,n:ynmy, COe,[(HHJIIOili,)'IO I<peCTOBHHY C fOJIOBIWM

IIOJIOCbi M eLleM. Hon<Hhl IIOKpbiTbi JIHCTOBOM CTaJibiO H

p yi<OJITH , H TPH 6oKOBhie ,n:y:rKI<H B03Jie rap,n:bL PyKOJITb

HMeiOT o,n:Hy HJIH p e:ri<e ,n:ae o6ofiMHLI,bi. B

1934 r

. ocf>H-

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Ha JIHCTbJIMH H LI,B eTaMH BHIIIHH. Hon<Hbi cTaJibHbre c

I1 He paCCTaJIHCb C ,n:aHHOM MO,I.l;eJibiO BIIJIOTb ,l.l;O KOHLI,a

o,n:Horr H JIH .D:BYMJI o6ol1MHLI,aMI1. B

1886 r.

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BTopoF! MHpoaoF! BOMHbi.

nAPAAHHECABA~AP~~CKUX O<l>LU~EPOB ~ CABA~ OC1>~4£POB

rPA>KAAHCKO~ nOA~4~~ ITapa,n:Hhre apMeMCI<He oqmLI,epcr<He ca6JIH np e,n:cTaB -

CTa pUIHX oqmLI,epOB BC5I HaKJia,[(Ka pyKO.HTH IIOKpbiTa

JIJIJIH co6ol1 o6Jier•reHHhrM aapHaHT ycTaBHoro 6oe-

y30pOM; y reHepaJIOB , IIOMHMO Y30pa Ha Hai<Jia,n:Ke py-

aoro 1oo -cy lin10 ,n:JIJI rrexoTHhiX oclmLI,epoB. 0HH 6hmH

I<OJITH, pyKO.HTb IIOK pbiTa '!eperraxOBbiM naHLI,HpeM .

BBe,l.l;eHhi B

1875

f. H )'COBepUie HCTBOB a Hbi B

1886

ITo .D:H3aMHY H o6Ill,eMy BH.D:Y rrapa,n:Hbre apMeMCKHe

llpOH3BO,I.l;CTBO 3THX ca6eJib IIpO,I.l;OJI)l{aJIOCb BIIJIOTb ,l.l;O

oc}:JHLI,epcr<He ca6JIH o'leHb rroxonn r Ha ca6JIH CTapiiiHX

KOHLI,a HropoF! MHpoaoF! BOMHhi , '!eM o6nJICHR.eTC51 HX

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zy wno , rrapa,n:Hhre ca6JIH oTpan<aJIH paRr BJia,n:eJibLI,a ,

cY iilnO) C COBepiiieHHO CHMMeTpH'IHOH BOJIH006pa3HOM

KOTO pbiM Onpe.o;eJI51JICJI ITO CTeiieHH OpHaMeHTali,HH Ha -

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,n:erwpHpoaaHa TOJihi<O 'laCTb Hai<Jia,n:rnr pyRORTH ; y

.o;ynmoF! H o6MoTaHHOM rrpoBOJIOI<OM PYKOJIThiO , MYcPTY

305

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BCTpe'-!aeTCH ¢aMHJihHhiH rep6 .MOl-l Ha BHeil!HeH Ha-

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KJia,D;I<e 3¢eca. Bee KJIHHKH 3THx Me<re-H Mail!HHHoro

cyTcTBYIOT JiaTyHHhiH

xa6m<u

c:Jnna,

a Ha rrapa,D; -

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IlpOHJBO,ll;CTBa 11 06hi<IHO XpOMHpOBaHHbie. IT e pBhiH o6paJeii o¢HIIepcKofi noJIHIIeficKofr ca6-

1877

Ha HaKJia,D;Ke 3Cpeca IlOJIHI!eHCKHX ca6eJib (BKJIIO'IaH

JIH l10HBHJICH B

11 ca6JIH pH,ll;OBh!X) H306pa)KaJ!CH IIHTHJierreCTI<OBhiH

:>I<aJIHCh OcPHIIepbl l10,D;paJ,D;eJieHHH l10JIHI!HH , )"'aCTBO-

I!BeTOK BHil!HH

(CW<ypa),

a Ha rrapa,D;HbiX apMeHCKHX

ca6JIHX '-Iallie BCTpe'IaeTCH H306pa>KeHH:e I!BeTKa BHiliHH c

JierrecTKaMH

(KaoocaKypa).

KpoMe Toro , Ha

3cPeCe IlOJIHIIeHCI<HX OcPHIIepCKHX ca6eJib '-!aCTO MO:>I<HO BCTpeTHTh H306pa:a<eHH:e COJIHI!a C

16 JI)''IaMH

r. HJIH 'IYTh paHbil!e . 11M BOOpy-

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1877

r. 3Ta MO,D;eJib 6biJia O'-!eHb

noxon<a Ha apMeficrm-H o6pa3eii

1871

HJIH

1875

3¢ec JiaTyHHhiH c AY)KKOH H a:a<ypHofi rap,D;ofi, pyKo-

(xHa-

HTh IIOKpbiTa Il!arpeHeBOH KO:a<eH .11 06MOTaHa JiaTyH ·

16 'Iepe,D;yiOIIIHMHCH ,ll;JIHHHhiMH 11 KOpOTI<HMH

HOH rrpOBOJIOKOH. IToJ ,D;Hee (TO'IHhiH ro,D; BBe,D;eHHH He-

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l10JIHI!HH, OilHCaHHbie Bbiil!e. I10MHMO ca6JIH, OcPHIIe-

CH) HJIH

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pbl l10JIHIIHH BOOpy)KaJIHCh TaK:a<e I<OpTHI<aMH .

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1877

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porreficKoro o6pa3IIa c npHMOH r<pecTOBHHOH , ,D;y:an<a-H

<-racTo HOpMaJihHOH ,D;JIHHhi. 3¢ec HJ JiaTyHH, a p yKoH -

H MeTaJIJIH'IeCI<HMH HO)KHaMH C ,ll;BYMH 060HMHI!aMH.

TH ,D;epeBHHHbie C LJepHblM KG:IKaHblM l10KpblTHeM .11

I1o3,D;Hee 3Ta MO,D;eJih 6hrJia JaMeHeHa HOBhiM 6oJiee KO-

o6MOTI<OH 113 JiaTyHHOH npoBOJIOK11. B ee ca6JI11 neil!HX

pOTKHM o6pa3IIOM. XapaKTepHhiM OTJIH'IHeM nocJie,D; -

.11 KOHHhiX l10JI11IIeHCI<11X H113I<OrO 11 cpe,D;He ro paHra

Hero 6biJIO OTCYTCTBHe AY:>I<KH, COe,D;HHHIOIIIeH rap,D;y 11

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ro JIOBKY Jcl>eca. ITpaB,D;a , HaJIH'IHe KOJihiia Ha rap,D;e 11

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~-;,~Fw..L./__________:;.7 c''" '-"'""" nOAUL\eUCKLIX . 306

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HOM. fi03,D;Hee, S 1938 r. , STOpaH o6oi1MHI1a 6hiJia OTMe -

Tae B HaqaJie 1930-X rO,D;OS llOpO,ll;HJIH CHJibHhie HaiJ;H-

HeHa.

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2yl-llnO . 3Ta orrpasa HaH6oJiee H3secTHa rrop; Ha3BanneM

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qTO S rrepesop;e 03Ha<-raeT «HOBhiH BOeHHhiH

C TeX nop

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f i OJIOChi Me'-IeH

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H 3 :IKeJie3a, Or<pallleHHOro s

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307

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H rroKpbiBaJIH TOJICTbiM CJIOeM JiaKa. XBocTOBHK

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3THX

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1945

r. Ha OKKYIIHPOBaHHDI X HrroHHe:ii: Teppn -

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1945

r . B CBR3H c omHgaeMbiM

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1944

r. llogo6HO IIOCJie,[(HeMy 3TOT Me'I HMeeT

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