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AHHa; a eCAH 6bi ero npe)KHHH rocnOAHH y6HA cepsa, on AOA)Keu 6biA 3anAaTIITb sepreAbA 3a nero, KaK eCAH 6bi TOT 6biA CB060AHblM "'eAOBeKOM».

TOT cpaKT,

'ITO 3Ha"'IITeAbHO 6oAbwee "'HC-

AO CB060AHbiX AJOAeH npO)KHBaAH B «06AaCTH AaTcKoro npasa»; "'eM B OCTaAbHOH AnrAHH, no Aa.HHbiM «KHHrn CTPawuoro cyAa», npeAnoAaraeT, 'ITO ocuosuou xapaKTepHCTHKOH KYAhTYPhl BHKHHrOB (so BCeX CAyqaHX HX CTOAKHOBeHH.ll C ApyrHMH o6weCTBaMH) 6biAa M06HAbHOCTb -

TOAbKO reorpacpH"'eCKaH, no H couHaAbHaH. CsoHMH AOCTH)KeHHHMH B o6AaCTH KOpa6AeCTPOeHHH, HaBurauHH H TOprOBAH BHKHHrH, Ka)KeTC.ll, 6oAee 06.ll3a.Hbl TeXHOAOrHH, "'eM UHBHAH3auHH, a THllH"'HOe onHca.u:He nopMa.u:nos B «Pe"'ax BbiCOKoro» He .liBAHeTC.ll qepecqyp poMaHTH'-IHblM H Mo)KeT npeACTaBAHThC.ll uecoOTBeTCTByJOWHM repoHqecKoMy o6pa3y CKa.HAHHaBa:

'* BepreAb.ll - 6yKs. «soeuuoe 30AOTO>>, «30AOTO BOHHbi» - narypaAbHbiH HAH ,a;eHe)KHbiH urrpa<f>, nAaTHsumiic.H B Ka'leCTBe HCKynAeHH.ll pO.llH'IaM y6HToro. BbinAaTa sepreAb.lla, orosopenuoro o6bi'IaeM HAH YcrpaHsaswero po,a;CTBeHHHKOB, CHHMaAa ueo6xo,a;HMOCTb KpOBHOH MeCTH C HX CTOpOHbi. 0rCIO,lla n03,llHeiiwee CAaB.liHCKOe «BHpa>> C TeM )Ke 3Ha'leHHeM.

llpUMe"l. pea. 17

Xo1f11Up Ap6}f.a11.. 8uku11.zu f .11.ynbiH Ha,lteeTCJI CMepTH He BcrpeTHTb, KoAb 6HTB H36eraeT, Ho crapoCTb HacraHeT HHicro OT Hee He CbiiUeT 3aiUHTbi.

(Pe1tu BbtcoKozo, 76) ~eHb XBaAH seqepoM, )KeH - Ha Kocrpe, Me'l - noCAe 6HTBbi, ~eB - noCAe CBaJtb6bl, Ae11. - eCAH BbliJ.ep)I(HT, IlHBO - KO.I\.b BbillHTO.

(Pe1tu BbtcoKozo, 8 7) * B IJ.a.HHOM CAyqae HMeeT CMLICA 3aMena o6paaa xpa6poro BHKHnra, nLromero MeiJ. H3 qepenoB CBOHX BparoB B Ba.ALxa.AAe (pe3yALTaT uenpaBHALnoro nepeBOIJ.a B

XVIII

BeKe no9TH'IecKou

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wyro

ueny. 9ToT o6pa3 BHKHHra, DD-BHIJ.HMOMY,

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* IlepeBOIJ. A. Kopc)'Ha.

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HMeHHO

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npe~KOB .

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1893

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C rpy-

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15-30

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30 TOHH,

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Tprorrn~, 88)

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1 AIOHM

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BaJI KopoAJO AALcppetty csoH nyreweCTBHJI, pac-. cKa3aA, 'ITO ua Hoptt - Kane B Hopsernu on

88tgtnut )f(JJ;aA serpa, 'IT06hi o6oruyTI> MhiC H oT 3ana.Aa npoifm K cesepy, npe)K,ll;e 'ieM IIAhiTh ,AaAhrne, ue npH3HaBa.JICh B TOM, 'ITO OH CHAbHO 3aBHCeA OT nero. Ilo3,AHee, paccKa3hiBa.JI o csoeM nyTernecrBHH, Orep CBH,AeTeAbcrByeT, 'ITO eMY npHlliAOCh )f(JJ;aTh uacroRmero CHAhHoro serpa, 'ITo6ht souTH B EeAoe Mope, no 9TO o6croRTeAhCTBO snoAue o6'hRCHHMO, TaK KaK H3-3a Taromero cuera TaM o6pa3yeTCR CHAbHOe Te'ieHHe: 'IT06hi cnpaBHTbCR C TaKHM Te'ieHHeM, 0repy He OCTaBaAOCh HH'iero .Apyroro, KaK soifm s EeAoe Mope ua noAHoii CKopoCTH C flOflYT"hiM BeTPOM, He OCTaBARR CBQeMY cy.Any HHKaKOH B03MO)KHOCTH Ae'ib B ,Apeifcp. O)KH,AaHHe no"YT"oro cHAhHoro serpa s Hop-AKane ue ueceT ,Aa)Ke orreuKa HaMeKa ua ueysepeuuoCTh Orepa HAH ero ue)KeAauHe npe.AnpHHHMaTh KaKHe-TO ,AeHCTBHR, HO, HanpoTHB, CBH,AeTeAbCTBYeT o6 ysepeunoCTH, csoiiCTBeuuoii AHlllh 3uaromeMY qeAoBeKy, O)KH.AaromeMY ecreCTBeuuoro pa3BHTHR co6hrrHii, KaKHM ua caMoM ,AeAe H 6biA Orep. 'ho6hi o6ornyTh Hop.A-Kan, )KeAaTeAhHO 6biAO flOAO)KHTbCR, KaK OH H C,AeAaA, Ha nocTeneuuo 3aTHxaromHe roro-3ana.l(Hhie BeTPhi, KOTOpbte BbiBO,AHAH Kopa6Ab, flOMOfa.JI eMY o6oifTH npesaAHpyrolliHe cesepo-socro'IHhie B03.AyrnHhie noTOKH. KpoMe Toro, Orepy 6hiAO ueo6xo.AHMo y6e,AHTbCR, 'ITO OH He HaxO,AHACR Ha flY™ HaCTynaiOUlHX H YCHAHBaiOUlHXCR lliTOpMOBhiX BeTpos. O:IKH.AaHHe OrepoM 6AaronpHRTHoro nepHotta, KOr,Aa BeTep cMeCTHTCR K cesepy OT 3anatta, BflOAHe MOfAO HMeTb MeCTO B peaAhHOCTH, TaK KaK OH 3HaA, 'ITO BeTphl nepeMemaiOTCR npoTHB qacosoii CTPeAKH s TaKHX reorpacpH'ieCKHX

Xo;t'llztp Ap6){an. Bukunzu paiioHax, H cMemeHHe serpa 03Ha'laAo, 'ITO nrropM 6LIA 6e3onaceH MJl ero ttBH)KeHHJI Ha cesep. CospeMeHHLie KamrraHLI T}>ayAepoB C 60ALWHM OllbiTOM H xopomHM 3HaHHeM ,ltaHHOH TeppHTOpHH pa3tteAJUOT 9'I)' TO'IKY 3peHID1 H C'IHTaJOT, 'ITO eCAH BeTep CMeCTHACJI K cesepy OT 3anatta, TO OH He B03HHKHeT CHOBa, H O)KH,ltaHHe OrepOM nepeMeHLI serpa ('ITo He 3CUUIAO 6bl MHoro speMeHH) CBH,lteTeALCTBOBaAO, B03MO)KHO, 6oALme 0 6Aaropa3YMHH KanHTaHa, He)KeAH 0 tteHCTBHTeALHOH Heo6xottHMOCTH. CKopoCTL, c KOTopon mAO ero cyttHo, HHKortta He nottsepraAacL coMHeHHJIM, tta)Ke eCAH cpasHHTL ee co C'l'a.H.ltapTaMH

XIX

se-

Ka, a HeKOTOpLie JIBHLie HeTO'IHOCTH, 3aMe'leHHLie pettaKropaMH B OT'IeTe Orepa, HC'Ie3aJOT, Kortta Mbl npHHHMaeM 80 BHHMaHHe Te'leHHJI, OnHCaHHLie B cospeMeHHLIX WTYPMaHCKHX KHHrax. OnpetteAeHHLm mpe30K nyTH (OTKoppeKTHpOBaHHLIH B C~ OTBeTCTBHH C Te'leHHJIMH), KOTOpLm npoXO,ltHA K~ pa6AL Orepa 3a tteHL, o'leHL xopomo corAacyeTCH C o6LI'IHLIM ttHeM nAaBaHHH Aa,ltbH 1 OllHCaHHLIM B carax, -

100

MHAL co CKopoCTLIO

MeHHLie KOllHH KOpa6AH H3

4 Y3Aa.

Cospe-

r OKCTatta c TPeHHp~

BaHHbiMH rpe6uaMH llOKa3aAH 1 'ITO cyttHO MOfAO ttBHrancH c eme 6oALmeu cKopoCTLIO. HanpHMep, KOnHH Kopa6AH 1 H3fOTOBAeHHaH B tty, B cpettHeM paaBHBaAa cKopoCTL tto

1893 f~ 11 yaAos

llO,lt napycoM, HO npHMe'laTeALHO, 'ITO peKOHCTPYHPOBaHHLie cytta npettcraBAHIOT ttAH Hac TOALKO OTHOCHTeALHYJO 8a)KHOCTL 1 TaK KaK HMeHHO Kopa6AL Orepa onpetteAHeT see HamH paccy)KtteHHH 0 cpettHeH CKOpOCTH H cpettHeM paCCTOHHHH o6LNHoro MopcKoro nyTemeCTBHH.

88tgt1lUt B

Hacromnee speMJJ Bb~e.MUOT ~Be qepTbi,

npH3HaHHbie CaMbiMH xapaKTepHbiMH ~.MI Kopa6AeH BHKHHrOB. llpe)I(Ae BCero 3TO p.ll,l:{ IUHTOB

B~OAb cpaAbW6opTa, a TaK)Ke PYAL, ycrauoaAeHHbiH Ha npasoM 6opry (HAH Ha 6opty ynpasAeHIDI), a He Ha KOpMe; BCe MO~eAH KOpa6AeH, KaK 6bl UAOXO OHH HH COXpaHHAHCb, npe~CTaB.MIJOT 3TH npH3HaKH. BLIBeWHBaHHe IUHTOB B p.s~~ Ha cpaAbW6opTe ~OA)KHO 6biAO, B03MOIKHO, CBH~e TeAbCTBOBaTb 0 3HaTHOCTH H 6oraTCTBe X03.SIHHa KOpa6A.SI, H HX ycraHaBAHBaAH, TOAbKO UOKa cyk HO CTO.SIAO B raBaHH. &sa AH BHKHHrH BbiXO~HAH B MOpe CO IUHTaMH, He3aBHCHMO OT TOrO, WAO cy ~Ho

no~

napycoM HAH Ha seCAax,

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6ory

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B AI0-

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llleTeAHr, q'J'O IUHThi HHKor~a He BbiBe-

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«ELepH-mHToHoceu». BTo-

pa.s~ OTAHqHTeAbHa.SI qepTa KOpa6AeC'I'pOeHH.SI BHKHHrOB -

3TO PYAL, KOTOpbiH XOT.SI H .SIB.MieTC.SI

C Haweu TOqKH 3peHH.SI ~OBOAbHO He06bJqHbiM, HOB ~eHCTBHTeAbHOCTH ero C ysepeHHOCTbiO MOIKHO Ha3BaTb O~HHM H3 A yqWHX npHMepos COBepllieHHOrO cpyHKUHOHaAbHOrO ~H3aHHa KOpa6A.SI.

Xo;t11up Ap6;Kan. Bukunzu

Y CTa.HOBKa

pyNI no~ KHAeM CAy:lKHAa TOH :lKe

ueAH, KOTOP)'IO B HaCTo.Rmee speM.R Ha

cy~He

Bhi-

noAH.ReT COBpeMeHHhiH Bh~BH:lKHOH KHAh H.I\H

DO~BeTPeHHhiH 6opT, a HMeHHO ~ ycHAeHH.R 6oKOBOH ycroH'IHBOCTH Kopa6NI H, TaKHM o6paaoM, DOBhiiiieHH.R 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH nAaBa.HH.R H ycroH'IHBOCTH Kopnyca. KpoMe Toro, PYAL Aen<o no~ HHMa.l\c.R, 'IT06LI·YMeHhiiiHTh OCaAKY Kopa6NI, Ko-

r~a TOT npH'IaAHBa.l\. OrcyrCTBue pyNI Ha KopMe ~e.l\a.l\0 B03MO:lKHhiM 6e3 ycHAHH DO~HHMaTh ee Ha B03BhiiiieHne, 'ITO coxpaH.R.I\o cy ~Ho cyxHM, npe~e

'leM oHo ompas.I\.R.I\ocL B

cAe~yJOmee

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r OKCTa.tta,

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f OT.I\~ a

D0Ka3biBaeT CMeiiia.HHhiH pHC)'HOK napyca, COCTO.RlUHH H3 nepeceKaJOIUHXC.R ~HarOHa.l\hHhiX .1\HHHH, H3 DHCLMeHHhiX HCTO'IHHKOB HaM TaK:lKe H3BeCTH01 'ITO TaKOH pHC)'HOK IIIHpOKO HCDO.I\h30Ba.I\C.R. 3anyraHHa.R ceTL Me~y napycoM H KopnycoM, Bbipe3a.HHa.R Ha HeKOTOpbiX KaMH.RX 1 · HHOr~a HHrepnpeTHpOBa.l\aCb

HCCAe~OBaTCNIMH

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paTHBHOe npo~oA:lKeHne H3o6pa:lKaeMoro napyca, npe~CTaBNIJOIUero

TPa.ttHUHOHHoe nAeTeHne, Ho

npu OTCYTCTBHH cso6o~Ho ~BHraJOIUHXC.R IIIKHBOB Ha Kopa6Ae TaKOH napyc o'leHL TPY~Ho 6LI.I\O onycTIITh {Mbl 3HaeM, 'ITO ~.1\.11 3TOrO o6LI'IHO ero ~0.1\ :lKeH 6bl.l\ «OCC~.I\aTh» '1.1\eH KOM~hl} 1 oco6eHHO

Kor~a napyc HanOAH.R.I\C.R serpoM. Ka:lKeTc.R sepo.RTIILI~ npe~DO.I\O:lKHTh 1

'ITO pHC)'HOK Ha KaMIDlX -

3TO CCTh .1\HHHH CHaCTeH ~NI y6opKH napycOBj OHa

npe~OCTaB.I\.R.I\a

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88tgtnut napyc na pe.RX, a TaK)Ke npe~OTBpa.IUaAa

no~~ep)KHBaAa

napyc H

ero HCKpHBACHHe.

Mannrnibrn KOMnac 6biA TOr~a HCH3BeCTeH, HO ueKOTOpLie HcCAe~onaTeAH, B 'laCTHoCTH

C. B. Ce.Ah-

sep, HaCTaHBaAH Ha TOM, 'ITO BHKHHm HCOOAb3QBaAH KaKOH·TO BH~ COAHC'IHOrO KOMnaca. TeM HC MCHCC

CBH~CTCAbCTBa,

Ha KOTOpble OHH CCbiAa-

IOTCH B 9TOM CAyqae, BCCbMa COMHHTCAbHbl. Q~ua

KO 3HaH 06 HCDOAb30BaHHH BHKHHraMH oco6oro H3MepeHID1 -

«eyktarstadr» -

30BLIBaACH yroA B

60o

(npu KOTopoM o6pa-

Ha JOro-3anM) B OOHCaHHH

reorpaH'IecKoro noAO)KCHIDI

BHHA~a, c yaepen-

HOCTbJO MO)KHO CKa3aTb, 'ITO BHKHHrH He TOAbKO

npe~CTaBAHAH CBH3b Me~y COAHC'IHOH umpOTOH, BbiCOTOH H ~OArOTOH, HO TaK)KC HMCAH KaKHC-TO

cpe~CTBa ~AH onpe~eAeHHH a3HMYTa, o6 H3MepeHHH KOTOporo CB~CTCAbCTBYeT «eyktarstadr», no3BOAHBlliHH onpe~CAHTb MCCTOHaXO~CHHC cyk Ha 6e3 npHBH3KH K KaKHM·TO o6'bCKTaM Ha 3CM· Ae. HecoMneuuo, 'ITO~ onpe~eAeHHH a3HMYTa TPe6oBaAOCb KaKoe-To YCTPOHCTBO. OcraaAIDI B cropone sonpoc, 6LIA AH

npe~MeT, na~eHHbiH

B 8iiCTPH6JOr~e B fpeHAa~HH

C. A.

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~OCKe», HaDOMHHaiOII.lCH cpe~HCBCKOBbiC ~OCKH C o6o3Ha'leHHeM raAca. Ha HHX ycrauaBAHBaACH KO· AbiWeK, KoTopbrn nepe~BHraAH ua no~xo~Hmee

Xo;t11up Ap6}f.a1l. 8uku1lzu KOAH'IeCTBO ~blpO'<IeK Ha ~OCKe, 'IT06bi 3apernCTpupoBaTh paccroRHHe, npoii~eHHoe Kopa6AeM B pa3AH'tJHbiX HanpaBAeHHJIX, ~AJI onpe~eAeHWI HQBOfO Kypca. CeKnpy, oqes~Ho, CTaAH socnpHHHMaTh B Ka'tJeCTBe THDH'tJHOfO opy)l(HJI BHKHHfOB y)l(e B

XIV neKe,

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BeKa. TOT <PaKT, '<ITO

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XIV

BeKa, T . e. cnycrH IUITb seKoB noCAe Toro,

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no~seprcH

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MeHeHWIM, CB~eTeAhCTByeT 0 TOM, KaKOe rAy6oKOe BDe'tJaTAeHHe OHa

npOH3BO~HAa

Ha TeX, C KeM

BHKHHrn cxBaTbiBaAHCh B cpa)l(eHHH. Tonop,

YK-

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BeKe,

npu KOTOpOH Ba)l(HO 6hiAO co6AIOCTH CHMMeTpHIO (ero Ae3BHe CAerKa y~AHJUIAOCh BBepx u BHH3) .

B 1000 ro~y ceKnpa,

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88egenut TeM3bi He~cv..eKO OT CTaporo AoH~OHCKoro MOCTa, a )KeAe3Hble KpiOKH, llOKOHBIIIHeCJI BMeCTe C HHMH, BllOAHe B03MO)KH0 CBJI3aTb C aTaKaMH 0AaBa Ha MOCT, KOTOpbie OllHCaHbl B «Care 06 0AaBe CBJITOM»); 9TOT THn Tonopa, o~HaKo, He noAY'~HA TaKoro mHpoKoro pacnpocTpaHeHHJI, KaK ero npe~IIIeCTBeHHHKH, ~AJI KOTOpbiX 6biAH xapaKTepHbl HH3KHe KpaJI yrAOB Ae3BHJI.

0HH

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pHTOpHIO ero pacnpocrpaHeHHJI. Ha IlleTAaHk CKHX ocrpoBax Mbi Haxo~HM Me'l c npocroH: TPeyroAbHOH roAOBKOH Ha PYKOJITH H np.!IMoH: rap~oH:, HallOMHHaiOIUHH TOT, 'ITO HCllOAb30BCV..H HOpBe)KCKHe noceAeHUbi B EpHTaHHH B

VIII

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EoAee noa~HHH THn Me'la, OTHOCJIIUHHCJI K nepBOH noAOBHHe X BeKa, npe~craBAeH cepHeH Haxo~oK, -o6Hapy)KeHHbiX Ha npocrpaHCTBe OT o. M9H, 'lepea BCIO o6AaCTb ,l(9HAO, ~o HopBH'Ia. Y Hero ~AHHHOe

aaocrpeHHOe TPeyroAbHOe HaBepiiiHe H

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rap~a:

npHMepbi 9Toro THna TaK)Ke

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llD-B~HMOMY,

B TO )Ke CaMOe

BpeMJI, 'ITO H Me'IH, KOTOpbie 6biAH 6oAee pacnpocrpaHeHbl Ha KOHTHHeHTe, HO OCTaBaAHCb pek KHMH ~ EpHTaHHH.

KOHTHHeHTCV..bHbiX Me-

'leii 6biAH npRMbie rap~bi c TPeyroAbHbiM HaBepIIIHeM, pacxo~HBIIIHMCJI Ha TPH HAH llJITb ~oAeH:,

Xo;t11up Ap6)(a1t. 8uku1tzu KruKACUI 03 KOTOphiX 'laCTO npHHUMa.Aa cpopMy roAOBhi KaKoro-Au6o )KUBOTHoro. DAH'*'aiiwuii npnMep 9TOMY THny a EpHTaHnn - Me'ln c He6pe'*'Ho Bh~eAaHHhiMH noAYKPyrAhiMU roAOBKaMU Ha aepwnHe rap.lthi, pa3,l{eAeHHhiMH Ha -rpu ceKunu HerA y6oKnMu '*'eAo6KaMu. Bo3MO)KHO, 'ITO UMeHHO 9TH Me'IU U306pa)KeHhl Ha MOHeTaX BHKHHroa, Haii.l{eHHhiX a HopKe u Ha Hau6apHXOAhMCKOM KaMHe B6AU3U Hero. ,ll,aa Me'la 9TOrO TUna, o6Hapy'*'eHHhle a HopKe, u HeKOTOphte no.lt06Hhie eMY - s HpAaH,l{nn, JIBHO csn,l{eTeAhCTByIOT o TOM, 'ITO HopK, Haxo,l{uswuiic.H Ha r AaBHOM nyTH nepeMell.(eHUJI BUKUHrOB C BOCTOKa Ha 3ana,l{, OKa3hiBa.ACJI, TaKUM o6pa30M, B ropa3,l{O 60AhWeM conpHKOCHOBeHUU C pa3AH'IHhiMU esponeHCKUMU KYAhl)'PaMH, He'*'eAU .ltpyrne paiioHhi EpHTaHHU. ,ll;pyroii TUn Me'la, noAyquswuii s EpHTaHuu U3BeCTHOCTh, BnOAHe COnOCTaBHM}'K> C pacnpoc-rpaueHHeM 6oesoro ronopa, Haii.l{eHHoro Ha ,l{He TeM3hi, TaK'*'e o6Hapy'*'eH s 9Toii peKe u coaepweHHO He ac-rpeqaeTCJI B KOAOHUJIX BUKUHrOB s HpAaH,l{uu u IIIOTAaH,l{nn, xoTJI s ro '*'e BpeMJI OH JIBAJieTCJI THnU'IHhiM ,l{AJI IOra U BOCTQKa Da.ATHKH. 8TOT TUn Me'la OTHOCUTCJI, B03MO)KHO, K no3,l{HeMy X seKy, nepno.lty npasAeHUJI CseiiHa u KHyTa, u nHTepeceH TeM, 'ITO ero opHaMeHT, BhinOAHeHHhiH Ha CAerKa 3aKpyrAeHHOH PYKOJITU, pa3,l{eAeH Ha -rpu ,l{OAU. TaKoii Me'l HOCUA caM KnyT, HacKOAhKO Mhi MO)KeM cy.ltHTh no ero onucaHniO caMoro ce6JI, Koropoe coxpauuAOCh B HOBOM MOHaCThipCKOM CAy)Ke6HUKe (MS Stowe 944) .

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YAbcp6epTa, ,l{eHCTBHTeAh-

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f AaBHbiM

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66 3-2

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sry

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B ynoTPe6AeHue ua MsHe Me)K~y

930

950

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MH, 3Ba.I\.H faYT. KpeCTbi, H3rOTOB.I\.eHHhie HM caMHM H ero npeeMHHKaMH, 6biAH 06CTORTe.l\.bHO H3yqeHhi II. M. C. KepMo~oM H XoKYHOM IlleTe.1\.HrOM. Ilpu )KH3HH faYTa MsH 6bi.I\. KO.I\.OHHeii BHKHHrOB B Te'leHHe BH~HM,

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1000

ro~ cB~e

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npocryro o6bi'IHyJO JYIO~e.l\.h

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100 4-4

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Ha Kpecre. TipHMepbl D0~06HbiX KpeCTOB 6biAH HaliAeHbi B

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A1lZ,;tWl

roe speM.st 6biAO o6pru:ueuo Ha 3aD~H)'IO 'laCTb EpHTaHCKHX OCTpOBOB, KaK Mbi OTMe'laAH BbiWe, AHrAHH no~seprAaCb ~eHCTBHTeAbHO 3Ha'lHTeAbHOMY Hana~eHHIO TOALKO B peH OCTpOB lllennu) .

861

835 ro~y (6biA pa3oB 844 ro~y, a TaK)f(e B 860 H

ro~ax TOT )f(e cpAOT npOH3BO~HA Ha6ern Ha

3eMAH DO o6e CTOpOHbl .AHfAHHCKOfO KaHaAa (AaMaHW), B TO speM.st KaK ~pyrne CK~HHaBbl aTaKOBaAH HpA~mo H liiOTA~HIO. XoT.st BHKHHrn

101

Xo;t11up Ap6..Ata1l. 8uku1tzu pacnoAaraAHCL ua 3HMneu CTORHKe ua ocrpoBe TaueT B 851 ro~y. ~o 865 ro~a OHH ue npe~npu HHMaAH nonLITKH TeppHTOpHaAbHblX 3axBaTOB, npe~noqHTaR npocrou rpa6e)K. M ~~e Tor~a, Kor~a KpynnLie uopMaHHCKHe BOHCKa npn6LIAH B TaueT, ouu npe~no~u BCTynHTL B corAaweuue c uaceAenneM KeHTa. Bo r AaBe BeAHKOH ApMHH, KOTOpaR, KaK C006I.QaeT CKaH~HHaBCKaR Tp~H UHR, noRBHAacL B BocToquou AurAHH, qTo6LI OTOMCTHTL aa Paruapa Ko)KaHLie IliTauLI, CTORAH CLIHOBLR noCAe~uero. Mx HMena - XaALcp~au, MBap, Y66e - BcrpeqaiOTCR B. TeKCTax «AnrAOcaKconcKou xponnKH». 8To coquueuue RBAReTCR CaMblM AyqWHM OnHCaHHeM BTOp)KeHHR BHKHHroB, nOCKOALKY OHO npeKpacuo H 6ecnpucrpaCTHO H3AaraeT BCe no~po6HOCTH BOeHHOH KaMnaHHH aa nocAe~oBaBwue ~ecRTL AeT. IiJcCAe~yR «AnrAocaKconcKyro xponnKy», neAL3R ue aaMeTHTL, ~0 OHa npHBO~HT MHOroqucAeHHbie CBH~e TeALCTBa BeAnqauwero Boeuuoro npeuMYmecrBa BHKHHrOB, 3a:KAIOqaBWHXCR B TOM quCAe H B HX 3HaqHTeAbHOH no~BH)KHOCTH, HO KOTOpblMH OHH He MOrAH ~0 KOHUa BOCnOAb30BaTbCR no npuquue npo~YMaHHLIX u xopowo oprauuaoBaHHLIX ~eucr BHH aurAHHCKoro KopoAR AALcppe~a. On, ~o6LI BOCnpenRTCTBOBaTb npo~BH)KeHHIO CKaH~HHaBOB, CTPOHA AarepR u 6AoKnpoBaA peKH HAH BLiny)K~aA HX K 6eCCMbiCAeHHOMJ H He9cpcpeKTHBHOMJ nepeMemeuuro no crpaue, Ka)K~LIH paa BCTaBaR c apMHeH Ha nJTH BHKHHrOB. llOCAe ~eCRTH AeT cpa)KeHHH H 3aBOeBaHHH, npoxo~HBWHX Ha TeppHTopHH AnrAHH, B 875 ro~y, KaK oTMeqaeT xpoHHKa, o~uu ua TPex 6paTLeB, XaALcp~au, paa~e-

102

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BHKHHrOB Ha6eraMH H o6paTHAaCb K MHpHOH

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880 ro,ny ,nauhi TaK)Ke npn6hiAH B Boc-

TO'IHYJO AurAHJO, oceAn TaM H paa,neAHAH Me)K.ny co6oii aeMAJO. Mx nepe,nBH)Keuna c 865-ro no

883 ro,n, KOTOpbie xpoHHKa ODHCbiBaeT C nOMOI.I.J.blO cpopMyAhi: «B 9TOT ro,n BeAHKaH apMHH OTDJaBHAaCb...

6biAH CAe,nyro~nMn: cuaqa.Aa B MopK,

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H paa6HAH

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nyn

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Xo;f.bttp Ap6;nax. Bukuxzu

Puc. g. Kapm111 1ta6uo8 8uku1tzo8 Ita 6puma1tckut ocmpo8a: 4 -

8 ntp8ou no;to8une IX Beka;

6 - konev, IX Btka go 878 zoga:

KOTOpbiH 3a.Il.lHll.laAH AHIIIb HeCKOAbKO MeCTHhiX :>KHTeAeii. Ho Ka.Mna.Hllil aaKonqHAach eme 6oAee pewaiOmeii no6e.AOH aurAHqau, ue:>KeAH B nepBhiH paa. 3a qeTbipe ro,Aa BoiicKa BHKHHroB 6biAH OCAa6AeHhl paHeHbiMH (e:>Ke,AHeBHO OHH BbJAep)f(HBaAH aTaKH aBaurap.Aa apMHH AAbcppe.Aa, crpeMHBWeHCJI K 6HTBe) H 6biAH Bhi"Y:>K.AeHbl OTcrynaTb B .AHKHe Mecra ua aana,Ae EpHTauHH, no,AroHJieMhie c TbiAa aurAHHCKHM KopoAeM, CTOJIBWHM Me)f(.Ay BHKHHra.MH H DO,AXO,Aa.MH K MOplO. B 896 ro.Ay uopMauHcKHe BOHHhi, ycraBwHe OT BOHHhi, noCAe,AOBaAH npHMepy XaAbcp.Aana. HeKOTOphie H3 HHX oceAH B Bocroquoii AurAHH, .Apyrne -

104

B HopT)'M6pnn. XponHKa coo6maeT

f;ta8a

6pumanckue ocmpo8a u ocmpo8a Am;tanmu1Leckozo okeana

8 - c 8gz-zo no 895 zog; z - HanagtHUH. X Btka 0 C06biTHH

896

ro.z:ta: «H OOCAe BCero, AeTOM 3TQ-

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705

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0 CAe~OBaHHH pa3HblM 3aKOHaM H 06biqaJIM. AHrAHHCKoe

706

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9TO HCTOpH'IeCKHH ¢eHOMeH 6oAee D03k

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962

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907

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•

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Daene waeran aer under Nordmannum nyde gebegde on hae penra haefte clommum lange prage op hie alysde eft ... Eadmund cyning. 107

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eme .ll3bi'IHHK, coaeplllHA uanaAeHHe ua 3CMAH MliAAeu.na H 6biA 3aMaueu B Aecrep 9AMYHAOM. 0AHaKO BMCCTC C HHM B AOBYillKC OKa3aAC.ll H ByAbcpcrau, apxHenHcKon MopKa. BHKHHrn MopKa coxpanHAH cao10 M06HAhHOCTb H TPMHUHOHHhiH o6pa3 )f(H3HH, 'ITO 6hiAO Ba)f(HO AA.ll pa3BHTH.ll HX o6mecraa H K)'AhTYPhi B AHrAHH: TaK, OHH, HanpHMep, COXpaHHB TCCHblC CBR3H H XOpOlllHC OTHOllleHH.ll c KeAhTCKHMH 3CMA.liMH H CKaHAHHaBHeii, 9AeMeHThi KYAbryp KOTOpbiX OHH )f(a.l{HO

109

Xo;tbztp Ap6,M.a1l. BukU1lZU BrniTaMf H3 aHrA<>-Ca.KCOHCKOH UHBHAH33.UHH, BC'I)'· llHAH B llAO,l(OTBOpHbiH KOHTaKT C pa3HOo6pa3HeHWHMH ,l(OCTH)KeHHJIMH KYAhryp .ltpyrnx Hapo,l(OB. Pe3yAhTaTOM B3aHMO,l(eHCTBWI KyAhryp craAo llOJIBAeHHe HOBbiX CfHAeH H ,l(OCTH)KeHHH (HanpHMep, 9BOAIOUHH «3BepHHOrO opHaMeHTa» B crHAe UAHHre) H B3aHMoo6MeH H,l(eHMH, Ta.K 'ITO AJ06oe HanpaBAeHHe B CTHAe H opHaMeHTe, llOA)"'HB nepaoua<J:aAhHhiH HMnyAhc K pa3BHTHIO a HopKe, MOrAO 6b1Tb aocnpHHHTO H a,l(anTHpoaauo MacTepaMH B HopaerHH HAH ,ll;aHHH. BnoCAe,l(CTBHH HeCKOAbKO BH,l(OH3MeHeHHbiH CTHAb MOr BHOBb OKa3aTbCJI BOCTpe6oBaHHbiM aHr.AHHCKHMH MaCTepaMH, KOTOpbie llO,l(,l(ep)KHBaAH KOHTa.KThl CO CKaH.l(HHaBHeH qepe3 ,ll;y6AHH HAH OCTPOB M9H. CoaepweHHO HHaH KapTHHa npe,l(cTaeT B 6o-

U;t;t. 35

Aee HaceAeHHOH JO)KHOH <J:aCTH «06AaCTH .l(aTCKQro npaaa». IlpeKpacuaH MOHeTHaH <IeKaHKa H3 HopKa HBAHeTCH THnH<IHOH .l\AH 9THX MeeT. B 9TO BpeMH .ltpyrHe CKaH,l(HHaBCKHe KOpOAH He <J:eKaHHAH CBOH C06CTBeHHble MOHeThi, HO npaBHTeAH HopKa, BAa,l(eH acei:i ueHTPaAhHOH qacnro AurAHH, 6biAH nepBbiMH KOpOAHMH, KOTOpbie BMeCfO AaTHHCKOrO

«reX» HCllOAb30BaAH pO.l\HOH Jl3biK

.l\AH npe,l(craBAeHHH ce6.11 ua MOHeTax. Pa6oTa P.

M. ,ll;oAAH noKa3aAa, 'ITO <J:eKaHKa MoneT B

HopKe, BhinOAHHBWaHCH H3BeCTHhiMH aHrAHHCKHMH MacrepaMH, Ta.KHMH KaK 8.l(eAb<Ppe.lt, ,l(AJI KOpoAeH notto6HbiX fyttpe.lty, 6biAa 3Ha<J:HTeAbHOH H BeCbMa Ba)KHOH; llO'ITH Ka)K,l(biH coxpaHHBWHHCJI 9K3eMIINip ero MOHeT, uanpHMep C H306pa)KeHHeM BOpOHa, OT6HT .ltpyrHM nyaHCOHOM: B03MO)KHO, )KeAaHHe llOttttep)KaTb KOpoAeBCKHH npeCTH)K

170

f;ta8a

5pumaHckue ocmpo8a u ocmpo8a Am;taHmutuckozo oktaHa

COe~HHHAOCb C peaAbHOH n<rrpe6HOCTblO B C)Ka-

Tble cpoKH npou3Becrn o6nmpH)'lO 'leK;mKy. Y ~H BHTeAbHO, 'ITO 0AaB KBapaH, CbiH Currprorra IlleAKo6opo~oro, 6hiA nepBbiM KopoAeM B HpAaH~HH, 'leKaHHBWHM MoHery. ~9BH~ BHAbCOH noAaraeT, 'ITO apa6cKHe ~upxeMhi, Haii~eHHbie BMeCTe C MOHeTaMH BHKHHrOB B KAMax Ha 3Ha'IHTeAbHOH TeppHTopuu OT BOCTO'IHOH AHrAHH ~o HpAau~uu, ~OA)I(Hbi 6biAH nocrynaTh H3 CKa~u HaBHH H HCDOAb30BaAHCb B Ka'leCTBe DAaTe)KHOrO B xo~e ToproBAH. B ~aAbHeiiweM AnrAHH B Te'leHHe ~eAbHOro BpeMeHH He DO~BepraAaCb HanMeHIDIM BHKHHrOB. O~aKo B 980 ro~ ux cpAOT coBepWHA HanMeHHe Ha CayrreMDTOH, TaHeT u qewup. B 991 ro~y cpe~CTBa

0AaB TprorrnacoH (no3~Hee KopoAb HopBeruu) aTaKOBaA aHrAHHCKHe ropo~a C ~eB.SIHOCTO TpeM.SI Kopa6A.SIMH. EropxrnOT repoiicKH naA npu M9A~oHe, B 6HTBe, npOCAaBAeHHOH B D03~HeH repoH'IeCKOH ~peBHeaurAHHCKOH D09Me, DOAyqHA H3BeC1.'HOCTb 6Aaro~ap.SI TOMy, 'ITO ~aA ~auaM «HaKOHe'IHHKH KonuH: BMeCTo cepe6pa B Ka'leCTBe ~aHH» . Tor~a BnepBbie Hapo~ AHrAHH ynAaTHA OC06biH HaAOr HanaBWHM Ha HHX HOpMaHHaM «~aTCKHe ~eHbrH» B pa3Mepe 10 000 cp. CT. CYMMa Ha.Aora noCTO.SIHHO YBeAH'IHBaAacb u ~ocrnrAa 16 ()()() cp. CT. (B 994 ro~y), 24 000 cp. CT. (B 1002 ro~y), 36 000 cp. CT. (B 1007 ro~y), 48 000 cp. CT. (B 1012 ro~y) . B 1013 ro~y c npu6biTHeM KopoA.SI CBeHHa B XaM6ep ueAbJO HanMeHHH BHKHHroB BHOBb CTaAO 3aBOeBaHHe HOBbiX 3eMeAb, a He TOAbKO Ha)KHBa. CBeHH 6biA npu3HaH npaBHTeAeM B «06Aacrn ~aTcKoro npaBa»: oH YMep B 1014 ro~y, 171

Xo;t11up Ap6;Jta1l. Buku1lzu HO ero ChiH

KHyr

OCTaAC.H B AHrAHH, a noCAe

CMepTH 8TeAbpe,l(a B poAeM sceii crpaHhi. B THAa

72 000

cp . CT. (H

1016 ro,l(y 6hiA H36paH KQ1018 ro.ll:y AHrAH.H BhinAa10 500 cp. CT. oT AoH.l(oHa)

OTP.H.ll:aM cKaH,l(HHaBCKoii apMHH, noKH,l(aBlliHM ee. KaK H B 6oAee paHHHX CTOAKHOBeHH.HX aHrAHHCKHX KOpOAeH C BHKHHraMH, llOCAe,l(HHe He npo.HBA.HAH cor AaCH.H .li:PYT C .li:PYTOM.

8Ty

cmyaiJ,HIO

XOpOlliO OllHChiBaeT 3HaMeHHTa.H cppa3a llOAHQnpaBHOrO rpa)l(.ll:aHHHa: «MOHapxH.H Ce.ll:pHKa ceii-

45 CKaH,l(HHaBCKHX KQ1013 ro.ll:y HallleA 3arumy H

qac orpaHH'IeHa llaAy6aMH pa6AeH». 8TeAbpe.ll: B

noKpoBHTeAhCTBO Ha Kopa6A.Hx TopKeA.H XasH, KOTopbiH B npe:>KHHe speMeHa pa3op.HA AHrAHIO H 3aMyqHA apxHellHCKOna 8AbcpHa, HO 3aTeM o6paTHAC.H K XpHCTHaHCTBY H CTaA HaH60Aee IJ,eHHhiM ~TOpOHHHKOM 8TeAbpe,l(a.

KHyr

npaBHA B o6cTaHOBKe OTHOCHTeAbHoro

MHpa BnAOTh .li:O csoeii CMepTH B BpeM.H KaK,

npasAeHH.H cKaH.li:HHaBCKHH

U;t;t. 31, 32

1035

B03MO:>KHO, HMeHHO B

ro.ll:y. B TO

nepHO,l( ero

CTHAh B HCKYCCTBe

BHOBh noAyqHA npH3HaHHe B IO:>KHOH AHrAHH (Ha 9To YKa3hiBaeT BeAHKOAenHa.H pe3b6a Ha MOrHAhHOM. KaMHe H3 fHA.l(XOAAa), rAaBHOH ero IJ,eAhiO, O'leBH,l(HO, .HBA.HAOCh crpeMAeHHe 6b1Tb npe:>K,l(e BCero aHrAHHCKHM KopoAeM, H OH, 6e3 COMHeHH.H, :>KeAaA, 'IT06hi ero 3anoMHHAH B TOM o6pa3e, B KOTopoM OH H3o6pa:>KeH B xopolllo H3BeCTHoM pHcyHKe H3 BHH'Iecrepa, BhmOAHeHHOM B TPa.li:HIJ,HOHHOM CTHAe: KaK llOKpOBHTeAb uepKBH (TOAhKO C 9cpeCOM THllH'IHOrO Meqa BHKHHrOB, BhlrA.H,l(hiBaiOIUero H3-no,l( nAarua). O.li:HaKo, HCCAe.ll:y.H xapaKTep B3aHMOOTHOllleHHH aHrAH'IaH H ,l(aHOB

112

T;ta8a z. 5pummukut ocmpo8a u ocmpo8a Am;ta1imU1uckozo oktaHa B

9TO BpeMH, Mhl CTa.AKHBaeMCH C 60AhlliHMH

TJ>Y~HOCTHMH, He:IKeAH pacCMaTpHBaJI 6oAee pauHHH nepHo~ . Oco6oe noAo:~KeuHe, KOTOphiM noAh30Ba.AOCh uaceAeHHe «06AaCTH ~aTcKoro npasa» (6e3 coMHeHHH, nocreneuuo cTaBlllee 6oAee «aurAH3HpoBaHHhiM»),

BH~HMO, B UeAOM llOAY'lHAO

npH3Ha.HHe, O~HaKO B

1002

ro~y «KOpOAb [8TeAb-

pe~] npHKa3a.A nepepe3aTh scex ~aT'lau, KOTopbre uaxo~HAHCh B AurAHH, B ~eHh CBHTOFO EpHKUHH

[13

uon6pn], nocKOAhKY nocrynHAo coo6rueuHe,

'ITO Te :IKeAaiOT

npe~aTeAhCKH

AHlliHTh :IKH3HH

ero, a TaK:IKe BCeX ero COBeTHHKOB, H 3aTeM OBAa-

~eTh KopoAeBCTBOM». HacKOAhKO noAHO 6hiAO BhillOAHeHO pacnopH:iKeHHe KOpOAH, Mhl He 3HaeM, Meuee ceucaUHOHHoe CBH~eTeAhCTBO o CAHHHHH

~syx KYAhTYP TaK:~Ke ue ~aeT noAuoii HncpopMaUHH. TaK, HeKTO npHMepuo B

1000 ro~y

uanHCa.A,

«H rosop10 ce~qac Te6e TaK:~Ke, 6paT 8~yap~, o 'leM Thl cnpoCHA MeHH, 'ITO Thl [T. e. aHFAHHCKHH

uapo~] nocrynaelllh uesepuo oTKa3hiBaHCh OT aurAHHCKHX 06hi'laeB, KOTOph~ CAe~OBa.AH TBOH OTUhl, H npHHHMaH 06hi'laH H3hl'lHHKOB, KOTOpbie

3aB~)'IOT TBOeH :IKH3HH, H TaK llOCTYflaH, Thl ~e MOHCTJ>Hpyelllh CBOHMH

~hHBOAhCKHMH

npHBhl'l-

KaMH, 'ITO npe3Hpaelllh csoii po~ H npe~KOB, noCKOAhKY Thl HOCHlllh IIAaThe no ~aTCKOH MO~e C OTKpbiTOH llleeii H OCTaBNielllh BOAOChl H~ r Aa3aMH, npH'IHHHH TeM CaMhiM HM 06H~y». ECAH ue C'lHTaTh ueKOTOphiX AHTeparypnhiX

CBH~eTeAhCTB o6 9TOM nepHo~e B HCTOPHH EpHTaHHH,

TaK:IKe TOllOHHMOB H

o6rueCTBeHHhiX

HHCTHryTOB, He06XO~HMO OTMeTHTh, 'ITO apxeoAOFH'leCKHe ~OKa3aTeAbCTBa, npe~OCTaBAHIOIUHe

713

Xo,;f:11Up Ap6;11.a1t. Bukunzu

Puc. 10. n.;~.an k.;tag6uw,a 8 Unz.;t6u (Unz.;tt610}, A,tp6umup. Te;nn11u kpy;kku o6oJna1laJOm nozpe6mu11, packonann11u go 1954 zoga. Ew,e ge811m11 6111;tu packona11111 no1gnu

114

T;ta8a

5pumanckut ocmpo8a u ocmpo8a Am;tanmwuckozo okeana

HH<l>opMaUHIO 0 'IHCJ\e H o6pa3e )KH3HH CK~H足 HaBCKOfO HaceAeHIDI EpHTaHCKHX ocrposos, pek KH. 8ToT <t>aKT o6'bHCHHeTC11 He TOJ\bKO WHpoKHM pacnpocrpaueHHeM xpHCTHauCTBa B AHrJ\HH, HO TaK)Ke TeM, 'ITO B CaMOH ,l(aHHH 60J\bWHe norpe6aAhHhle KypraHhi, no~o6Hhle TeM, 'ITO o6Hapy)KeHbl B Hopsernu H lliseuHH, 6hiAH pe~Ko足 CTbiO. He6oraThte 3axopoHeHHH, oKa3aswHeCH B 113bi'IeCKOM OKp~eHHii Ha po~HOH 3eMJ\e, He MOfJ\H 6h1Tb o6craBJ\eHhl C 60J\hWeH ObiWHOCTbiO Ha aurJ\HHCKOM KJ\~6mue, a TaKHe Haxo~KH, KaK, HanpHMep, 6oesou Tonop H3 MOrHJ\hl B PemoHe,

npe~CTaBJ\HIOT He06bi'IHbiH 3Tan CMeWeHH.ll 113blqecKOfO H xpHCTHaHCKOfO BJ\HHHiiH, CJ\e~bl KOTOporo MO)KHO TaK)Ke )'B~eTb Ha Kpecrax H3 ~足 TOHa, npe~craBJ\.liiOIUHX H3hi'IeCKHe norpe6eHH.ll C TonopoM , Me'IOM, KOOheM, IUHTOM H, B03MO)KHO, ~a)Ke

npHHeCeHHbiM B )KepTBY neryxoM,

KaK coo6maeT H6H <t>~AaH. Hau6oAee 3Ha'IH-

U;t;t. zg, JO

TeJ\bHOe KJ\~6HIUe BHKHHfOB B AurAHH HaxO~HTC.ll B HurAe610 (HurA6H) (,l(ep6nWHp),

Thi

KypraHOB, OT

r~e OTKpbt-

<l>JTOB B ~naMerpe

ur55uiiims;e. a= Puc. 11 . Hakollf!muk kon!JR 8uku1uo8 c apt6pRHoii u 6poHJo8oii uHkpycmav,utii UJ p. Tt;ltJ!Jt. ;l,.tuHa 46 C;lt

Puc.

11.

Mett 8ukuHla uJ p. Yume;~t, AuHko;t!JH. ;l,.tuHa

107

C;lt

115

Xo;t11up Ap6;Jt.aH.. Buku1tzu u oT 18 ~o 60 ~IOHM08 8 8hicory. HeKoTophie H3 HHX CKpb18aiOT ~080.1\hHO 6oraTO y6paHHble TIOrpe6eHH.S1-KpeMaQHH. 3axopoHeHHSI 8HKHHr08 8 ~pyrux

MeCTaX pa3p03HeHHbl, HaM H38eCTIIbi TOAh-

KO ~8a norpe6eHH11 u3 TeppHTopuu «I111THrpa~H11»,

CTOAhKO )Ke

H3 HopKwupa, u HaMHOrO 60AbWe u3 KaM6epAeH~a u HopryM6epAeH~a. B YoATeMcToy

Puc. 13. i}Jym.ft»p lpe6HR UJ AuHko).l1Ha (lpt6tH11 ptkoHcmpyupoGaH} . .L\tfuHa 14 c;tt

6hiAo o6Hapy)KeHO o~Ho norpe6eHue 8

A~he, ~py

roe - 8 IleM6p)'Ke, u eme 20 no~o6HhiX 3axopoHeHHH - Ha ocrpo8ax. EoAhWHHCTBO npe~MeT08 9TIOXH 8HKHHr08 6biAH H~eHbi Ha ~He peK (OTKY~a 6biAH H38Ae'lfeHbl MHOrHe Me'lfH 8HKHHro8) H 8

ropo~ax, HanpuMep, TaKux KaK Ao~oH u HopK.

Up;1.augu51

BnKHHm 8nep8bie npu6biAH 8 I1pAaH~HIO, co8epwaR Ha6er Ha AaM69H (ce8epHee ,ll;y6AuHa) 8

795

ro~y. I1pAaH~H.SI, H36e)KaBWaSI pHMcKoro npas-

AeHHR, ycraH08AeHHoro 8 3an~HOH E8pone, coxpaHHAa KeAbTCKOe KAaH080e o6meCTBO, MHO)KeCT80 MeAKHX KOpOAe8CT8, KOTOpbie 8 Ha'lfaAe

lX 8eKa, KOr~a TI0118HAHCb 8HKHHrH,

o6'be~HHH

AHCh 80Kpyr ~8yx 8epX08HhiX KOpOAeH IOro-3ana~a u ce8epo-8oCToKa (3HaMeHHThie KopoAH Tapbi).

XpucrnaHCKaR uepKo8h, 88e~eHHaSI 8 V 8eKe C811TbiM IlarpHKOM, TaK)Ke OTAH'lfaAaCh OT uepK08HOH opraHH3aUHH Ha KOHTHHeHTe C80eH crporoH Tp~HUHeH OTWeAbHH'lfeCTBa -H pa38HTHeM K8a3u-ylm8epCHTeTCKHX WKOA Ha OCH08e nep8biX

716

f;ta8a

6puma1lckut ocmpo8a u ocmpo8a Am;ta1Lmu11.ukozo oktaHa

pa.a6poCaHHbiX o6HTeAeH O.l(HOro HAlf .l(BYX OTWeAbHHKOB. EoraTCTBa 9rnx MOHaCTbipeii np»BAeKaAH rpa6HTeAeH. H3BeCTHO, 'ITO B

113

820

AHiiaAOB

YAbcrepa

HaM

ro,l(y «OKeaH npHHeC DOTOKH

'l)')l(e3eMUeB Ha 8pHH, TaK 'ITO He OCTaAOCb HH

YnbCTEP

ApMar 0

Puc. 14. K.apma Up;ta1lguu, gt;H.01lcmpupyww,aH ocH.o8H!Jtt ;H.Uma, c8»-JaH.1l!JU c Jnoxoll 8uku1lto8

117

Xo;t11up Ap6){a1l. Bukunzu ra.BaHH HAH npncraHn, HH <}lopTa HAH Kpenocru, He 3awrrbi.X Kopa6NIMH CK~HHa.BOB H nnpaTOB».

B 836

ro~y ~Ba HopMaHHCKHX <}lAoTa, no

60 Ko-

pa6AeH B KaJK~oM, no~HJL\HCL no peKaM EoiiH u An<}l<}ln u onycrownAH BeCL MHT. B TOM :>Ke ro-

ll.Y

B ,lJ;y6AHHe 6LIAa OCHOBaHa nepBru:t KOAOHHJI

BHKHHroB, u B 841 ro11.y oH 6LIA YKPenAeH <}lopTOM KapAnHr<}lopll. BMecre c 11.pyrnMn noceAeHHHMH, 'pacnoAaraBWHMHCJI Ha «Y3KOH BO~e», Ha OTPe3Ke nyTH oT AnHH ,ll;yaxaHA. B AoTe ~o AnHH Poiio. Typreuc (ToprHALc), nepBLIM H3 MopcKnx KopoAeii npn6LIBWHH B 839 ro~y B lfpA~HIO, craA «KopoAeM BCeX '~Y:>KCCTPaHUeB Ha 8pnHe» H ocraBaACJI HM, noKa He 6LIA 3axBa'leH B nAeH H Ka3HeH qepe3 YTOnAeHne B 845 ro11.y. E~Ba AH B 9TH ro~bl B lfpAaH/1.HH cymeCTBOBaAa B03MO:>KHOCTb

opraHH30BaTb HOpMaHHCKOe KOpOAeBCTBO, XOTJI HeKoe no~o6ue aHrAniicKoH «06Aacru ~aTcKoro npa.Ba» MorAO nMeTb Mecro, Bo r AaBe KoToporo u croHA Typreiic. OH Ha3hiBaA ce611 a66aToM ApMara, a ero :>KeHa npon3HOCHAa 113hi'IecKne 3aKAHHaHH11 c BhiCOKoro uepKoBHoro aATapH. XpoHHKa o6BHIDieT ero B CTPeMAeHHH o6paTHTL BeCL OCTPOB no11. BAaCTb Topa, HO Bp~ AH 9To ywep:>K~eHne cnpa.Bell.AHBo. CMepTL Typreiica conpoBo~aAacb no~"beMOM /1.BH:>KeHH11 npoTHB BHKHHroB. B npAa~cKHX xpoHnKax BeAH'IHHa noTepL HOpMaHHOB B XOil.e cpa:>KeHHH C HpAaH/1.UaMH OUeHHBaeTC11 B 12 TbiCJI'I 'leAOBeK. 8Ta UH<}lpa conpoBo:>K~aeT onncaHue pa3rpoMa XaKoHa B 847 ro11.y, TaK :>Ke KaK nopaJKeHne :>KHTeAeii· ToMKpaiipa (Topreiip) H 113bi'IHHKOB ,lJ;eppn (BO:>K/1.b

778

f;ta8a

6pumanckue ocmpo8a u ocmpo8a Am;tanmUJuckozo okeana

He Ha3BaH). XoTJI xpoHHKH npe)'BeAH'iHBaiOT noTepH BHKHHrOB, COBeprneHHO O'ieBH,l\HO, 'iTO ,1:\AJI CKaH,l\HHaBOB HacrynHAH TJI)KeAbie BpeMeHa, H .eCAH 61.1 Me)K.L\Y HPAaH.L\UaMH He 6hiAO pa3Aa.L\a, lfpAaH,l\HJI CMOrAa 61.1 H36aBHTbCJI OT HHX OKOH'iaTeAhHO. B

850

ro.L\y, KaK coo6maeT xpoHHKa,

npH6hiAH qepHble qy)KecrpaHUbl (.L\aTCKHe BHKHHrn) H pa3opHAH ,ll;y6AHH. B CAe.L\yroiUeM ro.L\y OHH 3axBaTHAH Hopse)KCKHH Aarepb B KapAHHr¢op-

,l\e. B cooTBeTcrnHH c xpoHHKaMH, B 6HTse y KapAHHr¢op,l\a Me)K,l\y ,1:\aHaMH H HOpBe)KUaMH llaAH

ThlCJI'i HOpBe)KUeB H3 3HaTHblX CeMeif; no6e,l\O-

HOCHbie ,1:\aHhl, BbinOAHJIJI o6eiUaHHe, ,1:\aHHOe llOCAaHUaM HpAaH,l\CKOro BepXOBHOrO KOpOAJI Ha 6oAe 6oJI, ycrynHAH orpoMHhiH CYH.L\YK 30AoTa H cepe6pa CBJITOMY flaTPHKy, 'iTO JIBAJIAOCh «,1:\AJI ,1:\aHOB, no KpaifHeH Mepe, BH,l\OM He06XO,l\HMOrO 6AaroqecTHJI; pa.L\H KOToporo OHH 6biAH roTOBhi OTKa3aTbCJI Ha BpeMJI OT e,l\bl H llHTbJI». BHKHHTH H3 paaHhiX 3eMeAh 6I.IAH o6ne.L\HHeHhi a 0

853 ro.L\y

no,~:\ BAaCThiO AMAaii6a (OAas XsHTH) .

HeM rosopHAH, 'iTO oH npHrneA B HpAaH.L\HIO

(no,l\o6Ho Typreiicy) «C KopoAeBCKHM AOTOM» H c YKa3aHHJIMH, noAyqeHHhiMH oT csoero oTua, KopoAH HopsernH, KaKYJO ,1:\aHh TPe6osaTh H B KaKOM KOAH'iecrne. Bo3MO)KHO, 'iTO BHOBh npH6biBlliHH soeHHhiH oTpJI.L\ npe.L\CTaBAJIA co6oii HeKOTopoe llO.L\KpenAeHHe, noCAaHHoe H3 HopsernH, 'iT06hi npe.L\ynpe.L\H'Th onacHoe paasHTHe CHTYaUHH ,1:\AJI HOpBe)KCKHX BHKHHrOB. 0AaB OCTaBHA ,lJ;y6AHH, 'iT06hi sepHYThCJI B Hopsernro noCAe 18-AeTHero npasAeHHJI, Mecro KOToporo 3aHJIA ero 6paT Hsap. HopMaHHCKaJI OKKynauHJI HpAaH.L\HH,

119

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710

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135

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137

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HOM uanpa.BAeuuu HMeAH pJI,ll; cepbe3HbiX OT.hH'IHH OT Tex, 'ITO npe~npHHHMa.hHCb ~auaMH u uopne)KuaMH ua 3anMe, TaK KaK QOC.he~uue yxo~HAH s soeuuhiH noxa~ npoTHs xopowo opraHH30BaHHbiX, XOTJI H pa306WeHHbiX, KOpo.heBCTB. EoraTcrsa 9THX racy~apcrs 6bl.hH cKouueurpupoBaHbi s o~uoM paiione u npe~cras.IVI.hu co6oii no,«xo~Hmyro ueAh ~.hJI rpa6HTeAeii. C ~pyroii cToponhi, ua BocroKe wse~bi ~O.h)KHbi 6bi.hH npo~suraTbCJI no peKaM qepe3 rurarrrcKue npocrpaucTBa, uace.heHHble TO.hbKO cpHHHCKHMH H C.haBJIHCKHMH n.heMeHaMH, npe)K~e 'IeM OHH MOr.hH ~OCTH'ib rpauuu Apa6cKoro xaAucpaTa u Bu3aHTHHCKoii HMnepuu. Ocuosuoe 6oraTCTBO 9Toro pernona cocTOJI.hO s era uarypaAbHbiX pecypcax, ll)'IIIHHHe H pa6ax, KOTOpbie MO)KHO 6bi.hO Bbiro~uo npo~aTh ua pbiHKax BoCTOKa. Tio3~Hee wne~bl npeycneAu, o6AaraH no~aTbiO MeCTHoe uaceAeuue, a s X seKe ouu TaK)Ke npe~npuuJI.hH

r11a8a 4路 lil8egckue 8uku1tzu 1ta Bocmoke HeCKO.I\.bKO DOXO,llOB C UeNJMH rpa6e:~Ka H Ha:IKHBbl, KOTOpbie 6hl.I\.H 06bi'IHbl Ha 3arta,lle. Hau6oAee Ba:IKHhiH AHTeparypHbiH HCTO'IHHK, coo6maromuH o ,llesrreAhHOCTH BHKHHron ua BocTOKe, -

AeTonucb Hecropa, OTHOCHIUaHCH K uaqa-

XII

neKa u noneCTB)'IOIUaH o npanAeHuu cKaH-

.1\.y

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UC.I\.aH,llCKHe CarH, TaK

:IKH3HH .I\.I06oro HOp8e:IKCKOrO 80UHa TOT

cpaKT, 'ITO ou H8.1\.J1.1'\CH 'laCTbiO r8ap.llHH 8apaur08 ( cKaH.llHHaBCKHX uaeMHHK08 8 Bocro'IHOH HMnepuu), 6hl.l\. O'leHb 3aDOMHHalOIUHMCH C06biTHeM. AeTonucb Hecropa ro8opHT o6 H3ruauuu CKaH.llHHaB08 DOC.I\.e HX nep8biX DODbiTOK 8BeCTH Ha.I\.Oro06.1\.0:IKeHHe 8 crpaue. Ho H3-3a npo.llOA:IKaiOmux-

6ecnopH.llK08 OHH 6hl.I\.H npH38aHbl 8H08b, H

-rpu 6paTa: PIOpHK, CHHeyc H Tpynop nepuyAHCb. llocAe cMepTH cnoux 6paTbe8 PIOpHK noceAHACH n Honropo.lle u nplnUI.h 8.1\.aCTb 80 nceM KHH:IKecrne. 0,llHaKO .1\.eTODHCb He.l\.b3H C'IHTaTb H~e:IKHbiM HCTO'IHHKOM B ODHCaHHH Ha'la.l\. lUBe,llCKOH 9KcnaHCHH 8 80CTO'IHOM HanpanAeHHH ( OHa HaDOMUHaeT

149

Xo;tbzep Ap6){a1l. 8uku1llU Hcropmo caKcos nepa BH,D;)'K~a), KOTopas~ npoBOAHAacb r AaBHbiM o6pasoM B paiioHe BoArH, no3TOMY AeTOnHcb Hecropa (noAo6Ho paHHeii «AHrAocaKCOHCKOH XpOHHKe») CTaBHAa CBOeH ueAbiO OUHCaTb HCTOKH npoHCXO)KAeHHJI pyccKOro KHJI)KeCKOrO AOMa. BoAee onpeAeAeHHbie CBHAeTeAbCTBa HCXOART OT cppaHKCKHX «EepTHHCKHX AHHaAOB», KOTopbie coo6maiOT, q-ro B

839

roAy AIDAOBHK BAaroqec-

THBbiH npHHAA B HHreAbreiiMe nocOAbCTBO OT BH3aHTHHCKoro HMnepaTopa Cf)eocpHAa. IIocOAbCTBO conpoBO)I(AaAH HeCKOAbKO WBeAOB, Ha3bffiaiOIUHX ce6a pocaMH (Rhos) (9TOT TepMHH Mbi scrpeqaeM B UHCbMeHHbiX HCTO'IHHKax B nepBbiH pa3). 0HH 6biAH noCAaHbi CBOHM KHR3eM B KoHCTaHTHHOnOAb AAR neperosopos, HO He cMorAH sepHYThcR Ha pOAHHY TeM IryTeM, KOTOpbiM npHWAH, H3-3a AHKHX nAeMeH, nperpaAHBWHX HM AOpory. Cf)eocpHA nOCOBeTOBaA HM sepHYTbCJI Ha pOAHHY <Jepe3 BAaAeHHJI AIDAOBHKa. IloHRTHe «poe» CTaAO ll03AHee 06IUHM HMeHeM CKaHAHHaBOB, npO)KHBaBWHX B KHese, OT Hero npoH30wAo Ha3BaHHe crpaHbl -

«PyCb». 8THMOAOrHJI CAOBa Bbi3BaAa

noasAeHHe MHornx TeopHii. HaH6oAee sepoR'nlo, q-ro OHO npOH30WAO OT CAOBa <<rodr» ( «AOpora rpe6UOB»), KOTOpoe AaAH cpHHHbl lJlBeUHH, Ha3Ba.B ee PyoTCH. Ba)KHO yqHTbmaTb, q-ro CAOBO «PyCb» HCUOAb30BaAH KaK 0603Ha<JeHHe WBeAOB, npO)KHBaBWHX HMeHHO Ha PycH, HO He B CaMOH lJlseUHii. CKaHAHHaBbi, npH6bmWHe K AIDAOBHKY C nOCOAbCTBOM, C006I.IJ;HAH, q"I"0 HX KHJI3JI Ha3biBaAH «KaraH» (chaganus), T. e. TaK )Ke, KaK CBOHX npasHTeAeH BeAH<JaAH Xa3apbl, npO)KHBaBWHe Ha

150

T;t.a8a 4· W8egckue Bukunzu na Bocmokt cesepe KacniDI, H 6yAraphi, pacnoAaraswuecJI B cepe,l(nne Bo.11.rn: B03Mo.:amo, ouu CaMH npHWAH c sepxneii Bo.11.rn. Tmy.11. chacanus Ta.K)Ke ucnOAh30BaA apa6cKHH asTop H6u Pycre, KOTOphiH nuCaA o Pycn B uaqa.~~.e X seKa. TaKHM o6pa3oM, MO)KHO c,l(eAaTh npMnoAo*euue, 'ITO K 839 ro,l(y na sepxneii Bo.11.re y)Ke 6hi.II.O opraHH30BaHO He3aBHCHMOe WBe,l(CKOe ro-

All.gohkuii. puuon

cy,l(apCTBO no npnMepy MO,l(eAeii rocy,l(apcrs 6yArap H xa3ap, O,l(Ha.KO 9TO AHWh rnnoTe3a. ApxeoAornqecKne ,l(aHHbie nOKa3hiBaiOT, 'ITO WBe,l(bl BQB 9TO speMJI B conpnKocuosenue c BocroKOM qepe3 TOproBhiH nyn no Bo.11.re. Te, KOro ucroqW.II.H

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Xo;t11zrp Ap6ftlaH.. 8ukuHzu BaA

oKpy:~KaA

TeppHTopHio ropo.z.a, 3aHHMasmero

HeMHOrHM MeHbille 'leTBepTH KB~paTHOH MHAH. fopo.z. HaxO.Z.HACJI Ha BbiCOKOM 6epery peKH y ospara, KOTOpbiH .Z.aBaA .Z.OllOAHHTe.l\bH)'lO 3a.IUHT)' 1 a 3eMAJI COXpaHHAa OCTaTKH CTpOHBillHXCJI

TaM .z.epeBJIHHbiX 3.Z.aHHH. ApxeoAOrn'leCKHe pacKOnKH ua'laAHCb B 3TOM Mecr.e B

U;t;t. 40,41

XVIII seKe, uo

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noMe:~KamHMH sepH<i:>HKauHH. CTapeiimHe earn coo6maiOT o co6biTHH, KOTopoe npe.z.noAO:~KHTe.l\b uo OTHOCMTCJI K Kouuy

X seKa, Kor.z.a RpA 8iipHK

c:~Ker ropo.z.. O.z.uaKo apxeoAornqecKHe .Z.aHHbie CB~eTeAbCTByiOT,

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npH pacKonKax,

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X seKoB,

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eM.

1-13 C.I\OJI, OTHOCJIIneroCJI K IX seey, npoHcxO~HT

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752

TPY.z.uo pacmH¢posaTb:

f;ta8a

W8egckue 8ukunzu na 8ocmoke

Ha uurre o6Aa'leHHbiH B onepeHne opAa, noKpbiTbiH HHeeM, rocno~HH; CWIIOl.liHH A)'HHbiH BOAK; nJI,lteH nAyra umpoKHH nyn.. * Il09Mbl, OOHChiBaiOII.(He H BOCXBaMIIOII.(He opy:>I<He (xoTJI qame Bcero pyluRecKue HaADHCH Bbipe3a.AH Ha ll(HTax), npHDHChiBaiOT ~BYM paHHHM

CKa.Ah~aM, Eparu u Tho~OAhcpy, u HeT HHt.Jero CTPaHHoro B noJIBAeHHH noxBa.Ahi opy)KHIO, KOTopoe ~OBOAhHO 6oraTo YKpawa.Au B 9TO BpeMJI H 0 KOTOpOM MOr.1\H OHCaTh CKa.Ah~hl. 06Hapy)KeHHe 9Toro OTPhiBKa, HanpoTHB,

~oKa3hiBaeT

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003,llHHX CKa.Ah,llOB OH npe,ll-

craeT HeKUM DOAy6o)KeCTBeHHhiM OOKpOBHTeAeM n093Hn; ThO,llOAhcp, cKopee Bcero, noAYMncpuqecKaR cpurypa, HaCKOAhKO npe,llnoAaraeT Harne 3HaHne o HeM. Y,ltnBHTeAhHO, '-ITO no9Ma u3 CTapo:H AaAoru, KaK 6hi ee HH HHTepnpeTHpOBa.AU (BepCUJI, ,llaHHaJI BhiWe, OCHOBaHa Ha H3hiCKaHHJIX fep.lla Xecra), noAHa T)'MaHHoro CHMBOAU3Ma, TaK )Ke KaK 003,llHUe pa3BHThie cpopMbl CKa.Ah,llUt.JeCKOH no93HH X

BeKa. Ae.llJIHOH ruraHT -

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TpecBeAhrp, KOTOphm )KUA Ha Kparo Mnpa Ha KpaiiHeM CeBepe, na.Aat.J AYHhi (HAn ee rpa6uTeAh)- 9TO BeAHKaH CKO.I\.I\ HAH CKaTH, KOTophiH B HOpBe)KCKOH MUcpOAOrHU pa3MO.I\O.I\ CO.I\H-

~e u AYHY, t.JT06hi coecrh ux, a naxaph -

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r. Xecra. 153

Xo;t11Up Ap6.,M.a1l. Buku11zu feBbOH (6ornnJI, ynoMJIH)'TaJI Bparn, B o~noH: H3 ero D09M}, 'IbH 6biKH HCDaxaAH BeCb ~aTCKHH OCTpOB 3eA~HJI.

Mbi

o6A~aeM CB~eTeAbCTBaMH o TOM, 'ITO

TeppHTopHJI CTapoH: A~orn npo~OA)KaAa 3aceAJITbCJI, npn 9TOM ona ne 6biAa npoCTbiM KpenoCTHbiM y6e)Km.n:eM, HO JIBAMaCb HaCTOJill\HM )'KpenAeHHbiM ropo~oM. AoMa TaM CTPOHAHCb O~HH

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H. 11. PenHHKOB

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(~o noJIBAeHHJI npe~MeTOB ruBe~cKoro nponcxo)K~enHJI

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no Ha 9TOH TeppHTOpHH npO)KHBaAH cpHHCKHe nAeMena, no

B. 11.

PaB~OHHKac, ocnOBbiBaJICb na

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nepexo~

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BeKa. TaK)Ke neo6xo~nMo OT-

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154

f;ta8a 4· W8tgckut 8ukwuu 1la 8ocmokt CKaJmHHaBCKOM noceAeHHH, a

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seKa. 0HH ~OWAH ~o

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755

Xo,.t'bztp Ap6..Ma1l. Bukunzu B

KOHue

u B

croAernu panoH AaAoru

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BeKe no

Been roro-BOCTO'IHOn TeppHTopuu A~o:IKcKoro 03epa OT panoHa CTapou AaAoru. BnoCAettCTBHH, O,ltHaKO, OHH 6bi.I\.H nocreneHHO aCCHMHAHpOBaHhl MeCTHbiMH cpHHCKHMH H TaK:IKe npH6hiBaiOIUHMH C.l\.aB.SIHCKHMH nAeMeHaMH. TeM He MeHee, IIIBettaM y ,ltaBaAOCb coxpaH.SITb CBOH xapaKTepHble 06hNaH, O,lte:IK.zty H opy:iKHe Ha npOT.Sl:IKeHHH BeKa HAH, B03MO:IKHO, ,lta:IKe ,ltO.I\.bllle. B Hacro.Simee BpeM.SI Mhi He MO:IKeM 'leTKo onpetteAHTh npH'IHHbl CTO.I\.h 111HpOKOH IIIBe,ltCKOH KOAOHH3auuu B 9TOM pauoHe. EoAblliOe 3Ha'leHne CTapou AaAoru 3aKAIO'IaAOch, c ottHon cropoHhi, B ee reorpacpu'leCKOM nOAO:IKeHHH, TaK KaK OHa .1\.e:IKaAa Ha Be.I\.HKOM CKaH,ltHHaBCKOM II)'TH Ha BOCTOK, paatteA.SI.SI ero Ha ttBa Map111pYTa, no BoAre u no ,ll;Henpy. B

onpetteAeHHOH creneHH oHa KOH-

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157

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f;ta8a 4. l118egckue 8ukU1tzu na Bocmokt BeHXOM ()'Mep B

1030

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941

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11:3

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X seKy H, B03MO:IKHO, K Ca.MOMY

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ua 6eper H Tall(HAH nocyxy .zto ~uenpa K

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4 pa3a C:IKHrasrnerocJI)

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900 ro,lla u ,llaAee. I13BH-

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1600 ro,lla,

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* IJ;HT. no: lloseCTb speMeHHbiX AeT no AcwpeuTbeBcKoii AeTOIDfCH 1377 r. M.; A, 1950. l.J:. 1-2. C. 214. ** IJ;HT. no: KoHcmmtmuH Eazp1mopoo1t'btii. 06 ynpaBAeHHH HMnepHeii. M., 1991.

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6-4

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347 aHaAoruqHhiX

* :UHT. no: Ko~tcma~tmwt Eazp;mopodltbtii. 06 ynpaaAeuuu HMnepueif. M ., 1991.

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B qepunrose, KOTOphm croHT ua 6epery ~ec Hhi, K IOry OT CMOAeHcKa, TaK)Ke o6uapy)Keuo MH<?ro norpe6eunii, neKOTOphte H3 HHX npettCTaBAeHhl ttepeBJlHHhlMH KaMepaMH, HaDOMHHaiO~H MH, no MHeHHIO T. Apue, auaAOrH'IHhie 3axopoueunJt B EnpKe. Oun nottTBep)KttaiOT coo6~eHHe apa6cKoro aBTopa 116u Pycre o THDH'IHOM 3axopoueunn lllBettcKoro KH.Il3Jt ua Pycn: «Kortta O,l(HH H3 HX KHJl3eH yMnpaeT, OHH BhiKaDhlBaiOT ,l(A.Il Hero MOrHAY KaK npocropHhiH ,l(OM H KAattYT ero rytta BMecTe c ero O,lte)K,l(OH, 30AOThiMH 6paCAeTaMH, e,l(OH, K)'BlllHHaMH CO COHpTHhlMH HaOHTKaMH H MOHeTaMH. Oun TaK)Ke noMe~aiOT B MOm-

Puc. 7g. CkangunaBckuii ;1tt1L u1 nozpe6enuJl 8 Tm1go8o

166

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'ITO B TO BpeM.fl KaK dpy)I(He H

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HaxO~.fiT CK~HHaBCKHX cpu6yA: B~HM0 1 OHH B OCHOBHOM

npe~CTaBAJIAH

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B KHese HeT apxeoAoruqecKnx CBH~eTeAbCTB 0 cymeCTBOBaHHH

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860

ro~y MOr 6biTb opraHH30BaH cpAOTOM BHKHH-

rOB H3 3an~uoii 'laCTH Cpe~u3eMHoro MOpH, a ue H3 KHesa, xoTH B03MO)I(HO, 'ITO B HacToHmee BpeM.fl npocro He H~eHO CK~HHaBCKOe KA~6ume, KOTopoe MO)I(HO 6biAO 6bi OTHeCTH K 6oAee pauHeMY nepuo~y. Aro6onbiTHO, 'ITO MHO)I(eCTBO 3axopoHeHHH, B TOM 'IHCAe H C KpeMaUH.fiMH, OT

seKOB He BKAIO'IaiOT pauHnx

norpe6eHHH1 B CB.fi3H C 'leM Mbl He MO)I(eM llOk

TBep~HTb, 'ITO cKa~nHaBcKoe noceAeHue B KHeBe ~eHCTBHTeAbHO 6b1AO OCHOBaHO ~0

860

ro~a.

ToAbKO o~Ho H3 KpeMaUHOHHbiX 3axopoHeHnn, ocpopMAeHHOe KaK ~BOHHOe, B KOTOpOM HaxO~H足 AHCb MY)I('IHHa u )l(eHIUHHa, y6pauo 6oraro. 0~足 HaKo MHOrHe

~pyrue

3axOpOHeHIDI HanOMHHaiOT

o6 aHaAOrH'IHbiX norpe6eHIDIX cpe~Heii lllseuuu

seKa. TaK, HanpnMep, no~ 3~aHHeM uepKBH,

nocrpoeuHon BA~HMnpoM noCAe ero KpemeHH.fl B

988

ro~y. o6Hapy)l(eHbi ~epeBHHHbie KaMepbi

CKAena, B KOTOpbie 6biA nOMemeu 6oeBOH KOHb BMecre c BOHHOM. Opy)l(ue, npe~craBAeHHoe B ~aHHOM

3axopoHeHHH, CK~HHaBCKOrO npOHCXD-

)I(~eHH.fl H BKAIO'IaeT o6oiO~OOCTpbiH Me'l, KOllbe u ~AHHHbiH HO)I(, KOTOpbiH HOCHAH B Aesou PYKe.

Xo;t11up Ap6;JtaH. BukuHzu Tonop, BAO)KeHHblH B npasyro PYKY )'Mepwero, BbinOAHeH B BOCfO'IHOM CTHAe H qacro scrpeqaeTCJI B .llpyrHX MOrHAax BHKHHroB ua PycH. AerKHH, c KopoTKoii p)'KOJITKOH Tonop, B03MO)KHO, Ka3aACJI HM 6oAee npaKTH'IHbiM, 'leM TJI)KeAbiH CKaH,llHHaBCKHH, TaK 'ITO BHKHHrH npHHJIAH ero, TaK )Ke KaK, Bnpo'leM, H BbiCOKHH C 3aocrpeHHbiM KOHUOM CAaBJIHCKHH )KeAe3HbiH WAeM. ,l!;orosop, BKAIO'IeHHblH B AeronHCb Hecropa (no,ll ,llaTOH

912 ro,lla),

Ha'IHHaeTCJI CAOBaMH: «Mbl

OT po.lla pyccKoro: KapA, HureAh.ll, <l>apAa<f>, BepMY.ll, PyAOB,

r O,llH, PyaAb,ll, Kapu, <l>peAas, .A:tcre-

sy, Tpya.H, AH.llyA, <l>ocr, CTeMH,ll -

nocAaHHbie

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*. ,lJ;eCJITb II)'HKTOB, 'ITO

CAe,ll}'IOT ,llaAee, JIBNIIOTCJI 3aKOHO,llaTeAbHbiMH Cor AaweHHJIMH o npoue.llype npHHJITHJI peweHHH, 3aTParHBaiOlli;HX o6e cropOHbl, B CAyqae OTKpblTOrO y6Hiicrsa, soposcrsa, uaCAe,llOBaHHJI, BbiKYna 3aKAIO'IeHHbiX nO,ll crpa)Ky HAH eCAH Kopa6Ab Ca,llHTCJI Ha MeAb H T. ,ll., HanOMHHaiOlli;HX 06 aHaAOrH'IHbiX COrAaWeHHJIX, Bbi3BaHHbiX CXO,llHbiMH o6crOJITeAbcrBaMH, H 3aKAIO'IeHHbiX B 9TOT nepHO,ll speMeHH B AurAHH B 06AacrH «,llaTCKOrO npaBa». Ilpe,llcrasAeHHbie II)'HKTbi ,llorosopa Me)K,lly

* QH:r. no: TioseCTb speMeHHbiX AeT no AaspeHTbeBCKOH AeTonncn

768

1377

M.; A, 1950. l.f. 1-2. C. 222.

T;ta8a 4· W8egckue 8uku1lzu 1la Bocmokt nap.s~ra.Mu u Bn3aHTHeif He ynoMHHa.JOT npaao na-

p.s~ron Ha 6eciLI\aTII)'JO 6au10, MRCO, phr6y, XAe6 u BHHO, cpp)'KTI>I H CHapR)KeHUe ~NI CBOHX KOpa6AeH, KOTOpbiMH OHH 06A~aAH, cy~.s~ no coo6meHH.SIM AeTonucu a 907 ro~y. HH o~nH H3 noCAau-

HHKOB OT pycoB He HMeA CAa.B.SIHCKOrO HMeHH: TOT, KTO He 6biA no npOHCXO~eHHIO HOpMaHHOM, .SIBAAAC.SI cpHHHOM. f1o9TOMY, B03MO)KHO, ~aHHhiH ~OrOBOp BH3aHTHHCKHe HMnepaTOpbi 3aKAIOqHAH He c npe~crasHTeARMn KHesa, a c ~pyrHM KHR)KeCTBOM, pacnoAaraamHMCR cenepHee, nepoRTHo c Hosropo~oM. KaK coo6maeT AeTOI1HCh, KUenciGrii KHR3h llioph aTaKOBaA KoHCTaHTHHOnOAh (c 10 nrc. Kopa6Aeif!) B 941 ro~y H noAyqHA OTnOp TOAhKO y CaMHX creH rpeqecKnM orneM. O~HaKO OH nepnyAc.s~ B 944 ro~y C «6eccqeTHhiM» KOAuqeCTBOM KQpa6AeH. Ha 9TOT pa3 ero noxo~ 6hiA ycnemeH, u AeTonuch onnchiBaeT a CTHAe, cnoifCTBeHHOM cara.M, KaK caM rpeqecKHH HMnepaTop npe~AO)KHA eMy BhiJLI\aqusan ~a)Ke 6oAee BhiCOKne HaAoru, KOTophte npe)K~e noAyqaA 0Aer, u KaK Hroph c 60Ahl.IIHM KOAnqeCTBOM I.IIeAKa H 30AOTa nepnyAC.SI n KHen. CorAameuue, 3aKAIOqeHHoe n 9TOT nepno~ npeMeHn, r Aa.BHhiM o6pa30M co~ep)KaAO,

KaK u corAameHne 912 ro~a, 3aKOHO~aTeAhH~e npoue~yphi pemeHH.SI nceno3MO)I(HhiX cnopHhiX sonpocon, HO BKAIOqaAo TP" pa3~eAa o Tex npeHM)'llleCTBax, KOTOpbiMH MOrAU nOAh30BaTbC.SI pyChl 80 speM.SI CBOHX TOprOBhlX nyTei.IIeCTBHH B KoHCTaHTHHOnOAh. TaK, ouu ~OA)I(Hhi 6biAH noAyqan 6eciLI\aTHoe cHa6)KeHne npo~oBOAhCTBH eM Ha MeCRU, TaK )Ke KaK 3anac npOBHaHTa

169

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50 30AOTbiX rpHBeH, Ha KOTOpOM OHH ,l(OA)K-

Hbl 6biAH CTaBHTb KAeHMO Ha TaMO)KHe npH OTnpaBAeHHH B o6paTllbiH nyn. MMeHa Tex, KTO llO,l(llHCbiBaA ,l(OfOBOp, B OCHOBHOM CAaBJIHCKHe, XOTJI BCrpe'laiOTCJI H HOpMaHHCKHe. AeTonHCb Hecropa CTaBHT ueAb cBJI3aTb craHOBAeHHe KHJI)KecKoro ttOMa KHeBa c PIOpHKOM, KOTOpbiH JMep B

870

rotty, Kortta ero CbiH Mropb

6biA ew:e HecoBepweHHOAeTHHM. Mropb B tty )KeHHACJI Ha 0Abre, H B

942

rotty, KOrtta Mro-

piO ,l(OA)KHO 6biAO HCllOAHHTbCJI re-

903 ro-

AeT, a 0Ab-

AeT, pottHACJI ux CbiH CBHTOCAaB. HaM

HH'Iero He H3BeCTHO o npaBAeHHH Mrop11 noCAe

920

fO,l(a, COXpaHHAHCb AHWb CBH,l(eTeAbCTBa 0

ero Ha6ere Ha KoHCTaHTHHOnOAb B CMepTH B

945

941

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ro.zty, KOf,l(a OH rpe60BaA ynAaTbi

HaAoroB OT ttpeBAHH.

CBJI3H c

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-"Y• 170

C KOTOpOH He06XO,l(HMO 6biAO C'IHTaTbCJI.

f}1a8a 4· W8egckut 8ukunzu na 8ocmokt Kpacara n M)'.a;poCTb TaK oqapoBaAH KoHCTa.JITHHa (o6 9TOM C006maeT AeTOUHCb, a He CC!M HMnepaTOp), '-ITO OH npe.a;AO~HA en paa.a;eAHTb C HHM npaBAeHHe 11Mnepneu. 0Ha OTBeTHAa:

ua,

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HO eCAH 6hi Tbi 3axOTeA KpeCTHTb MeH.R, c.a;e-

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962 ro.a;a, a 3aTeM CaMOCTO.R-

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BHAHCb cAaB.SJ:HaMn. CnHToCAaB - ne cKa~nnas cKoe HM.SI; B03M0)KHO, OH MOr HMeTb ('IaCTH'IHO) cAaB.SIHCKOe nponcxo)K~enne . TioCAe ero cMeprn paapaaHAacb 6opb6a aa BAaCTb Me)K~y ero TPCM.SI CbiHOBb.SIMH - 0AeroM, RponoAKOM H BAMHMHpoM. Eop1>6a 3aKOH'IHAacb OKOAO 980 ro~a no6e~oii BAMHMHpa H cMepTbiO ~syx ~pyrnx. BAMH-

MHP CTaA MOryiUeCTBeHnbiM npasHTeAeM, KOTDpbiH )'KpenHA H pacnpocrpanHA BAaCTb Knesa na Mnorne DAeMena. B 988 ro~y BAMHMHP o6parnAc.SI K xpnCTHancKoii sepe. AeTonncb nposo~HT aitaAornn Me)K~y IIHM H CoAOMOHOM. TaK, nanpnMep, BAMHMHP HMeA 300 HaAO)KHHU B Bbiwropo~e, CTOAbKO )KC B EeAropo~e H 200 B Eepecrose, B TO speM.SI KaK y CoAoMona 6biAO 700 )Ken H 300 naAO)KHHU. Xponncr ~o6aBA.SJ:eT: «BAMHMHP aa6Ay~aAC.SI, no naweA HCK)'DAenne B Konue )KH3nn: CoAoMon 6biA MJ~p, HO rpeWHA, CTaHOB.SICb crapwe». TioCAe 171

f;ta8a 4· W8igckut 8ukunzu na Bocmokt KpemeHua BAa~uMup cucTeMaTHqHo nposo~HA xpHCTHaHH3ai..UUO pycoB H crpoHA uepKBH He TOAbKO B Kuese, HO H BO MHOrHX ~pyrux pycCKHX 3eMAHx. OH npespaTHA Kues B MomsyiO u Bbi~e AHBmyiOCH Ha cpoHe esponencKHX rocy ~apcrs croAHUY csoero KHH)I(eCTBa, 3KOHOMuqecKoe pa3BHTHe KOTOporo 6oAee· HaDOMHHaAO CHCTeMy X03HHCTBa B·Bu3aHTHH H 003~HeH aHTHqHOCTH, He)l(eAH cpeo~aAhHOH Esponbi. BnoAHe B03MO)I(HO, qTo OH

~pyrue

pyccKue KHH3hH MeqraAu o npespame-

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true Ha Pych OKa3biBaAa Bu3aHTHa, oco6eHHO B o6AaCTH 3KOHOMHKH, TaK)I(e KaK u s KYAhrype. HeCMOTpH Ha 3TO, Kues coxpaHHA onpe~eAeHH)'IO CaM06hiTHOCTb, H Mbl He ~OA:>IcHbl 3a6biBa:rh, qro BO MHOroM OH pa3BHBaACH CBOHM nyTCM: HH B peAHrHH, HH B HCKyccrse OH He CAe~OBaA pa6CKH BH3aHTHHCKHM Tp~uuuaM. UepKOBHhie cAY"'6bi Ha Pycu seAHCh Ha cAaBHHCKOM, a ne Ha rpeqecKOM H3biKe, qTO 6biAO oqeHb Ba)I(HO B CTaHOBAeHHH HOBOrO He3aBHCHMOro xpHCTHaHCKOro rocy~apCTBa. B TeqeHue

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173

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H uMeHHO qepe3 CTOAHU:Y KuescKoro KHJI)KeCTBa BH3aHTHHCKa.H KYALTYPa Ha'laAa oKa3biBaTb pacrymee BAH.IIHHe Ha CAaB.IIHCKHe OAeMeHa H CTaAa O~HHM H3 OCHOBaHHH craHOBAeHH.II B 6oAee ll03k

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(1067-1148)

coo6ruaeT, 'ITO HcAa~HJI y)Ke

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Aa~uu 6hiAH opraHH3osaHbi upAaH~llaMH. KpoMe TOro, 'IeTbipe pHMCKHe MOHeTbi, OTHOCJIIUHeCJI

175

Xo;t11up Ap6}1.a1t. 8uku1tzu K Kouuy III aeKa, uaif.,qeuHbie B ~ayx pa3AH'IHbiX qacrJ~x ocrpoaa, cB~eTe.hbcrB)'IOT o TOM, 'ITO wcrrAa~Ubi TaK:IKe nocema.....u ero oKoAo 300 ro~a. Uc;t.angwL B uacToJ~mee apeMJ~ noAararoT, 'ITO HcAaH~HIO OTKpbiAH ~Ba CKaH~HHaBa: fap~ap, WBe~, KOTOpbiH CAyqauuo nona.... ua ocrpoa so apeMJI

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788

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30 ':le.l\oBeK.

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189

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190

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CTHJI.b YpHec c ero HeBepo.RTHo 9AeraHTHhiM, BbiCOTOH B ~IOHM 1 peAbecpoM H C03~aiOI.QHMHCH B pe3yAbTaTe 9TOrO «3aTeMHeHHHMH», C ero «y3KHMH» )I(HBOTHbiMH H CBepHYBIUHMHCH B CnHpaAb

~paKOHaMH HBNieTCH noCAe~HeH CT~HeH B pa3BHTHH «3BepnHoro opHaMeHTa» B HCKYCCTBe CKaH-

~HHaBHH. 0H0 1 KaK B~HM, He OTCTOHT ~aAeKO OT poMaHCKOrO CTHAH, H XOTH HallOMHHaHHH 06 HCKYCCTBe BHKHHroB Mhi MO)I(eM HeO)I(~aHHO o6HaPY*HTh B 6oAee no3~HeM Hapo~HOM TBop'IeCTBe, oHo Y*e cblrpaAo CBOIO poAb B KYAI>rypHoM pa3BHTHH pernoHa

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MY o6I.QeesponencKoMy poMaHCKOMY CTHAIO.

U16pannaJL 6u6;tuozpat/Ju5l

EoAbWaJI 'laCTb MaTepuaAoB, ucnoAL30BaHHbiX B 9TOH pa60Te, B3.11Ta H3 He60AbWHX CTaTeH, ony6AHKoBaHHbiX B :lKypHaAax; K CO:lKaAeHHIO, Mbl He MO:lKeM Ha3BaTb BCe HCOOAb30BaHHble HaMH HCTO'IHHKH, 009ToM)' }'Ka:lKeM TOAbKO Ba:lKHeHWHe pa60Tbl H CTaTbH. 06mue pa6oTbl BrÂ˘ndsted]. The Vikings. London, 1960. Kendrick T. D. A History of the Vikings. London, 1930. Steenstrupj. Nonnanneme, Vol. I-IV, Copenhagen, 1876-1882. CKaH,~:tHHaBHll

Arhman H. Birka..Untersuchungen und Studien, Bd. I, Stockholm, 1940-1943. Baeksted A. Malruner og troldruner. Runemagiske studier. Copenhagen, 1952. Blindheim Charlotte. The Market Place in Skiringsal// Acta Archaeogica, Vol. XXXI, Copenhagen, 1960. Bragger A. W., Falk Hj., Grieg S., Shetelig H. Osebergfunnet, Vol. I-IV, Christiania, 1917-1928.

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Xo,;t11Ztp Ap5)f.a11.. 8uku11.zu Bragger A. W., Shetelig H. The Viking Ships, their ancestry and evolutionftrans. by K.John. Stanford, 1953. BrÂ˘ndsted ]. Danish Inhumation Graves of the Viking Age/fActa Archaeogica, Vol. XXI, Copenhagen, 1936. Dyggve E. Gorm's Temple and Harald's StaveChurch/fActa Archaeogica, Vol. XXV, Copenhagen, 1954. Geijer A. Birka III. Die Textilfunde aus den Grabem. Stockholm, 1938. Grieg S. Gjermundbufunnef/fNorske Oldfund VIII, Oslo, 1947. Holmqvist W. Excavations at Helgo, I, Stockholm, 1961. Hougen B. Osebergsfunnets billedvevfjViking, Vol. IV, Oslo, 1940. jankuhn H Die Wehranlagen der Wikingerzeit zwischen Schlei und Treene. Neumunster, 1937. jankuhn H Haithabu, ein Handelsplatz der Wikingerzeit. Neumunster, 1956. Lindqvist S. Gotlands Bildsteine, Vol. I-ll, 1941-1942. NÂ˘rlund P. Trelleborg/fNordiske Fortidsminder, Vol. IV, 1, Copenhagen, 1948. Paulsen P. Axt und Kreuz bei den Nordgermanen. Berlin, 1956. Petersen ]. De norske vikingesverdjjVidenskapsselskapets skriftet, II, Hist.-filos. klasse no. 1, Oslo, 1919. Petersen]. Vikingetidens smykker. Stavanger, 1928. Petersen j . Vikingetidens redskaperjjSkrifter utgitt av Det norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo, II, Hist. -filos. klasse no. 4, Oslo, 1951. Ramscou Th. Viking Age Cremation Graves in Denmark/fActa Archaeogica, Vol. XXI, Copenhagen, 1950. Ramscou Th. Lindholm. Preliminary Reporf/jActa Archaeogica, Vol. XXIV, XXVI, XXVII, Copenhagen, 1953, 1955, 1957.

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U36pa1111a11. 6u6;tuozpat/JuJl Selling D. Wikingerzeitliche und fruhmittelalterliche Keramik in Schweden. Stockholm, 1955. Stenberger M. Die Schlatzfunde Gotlands der Wikinderzeit, I-ll, Stockholm, 1947-1958. EpnTaHCKHe ocTposa H ocTposa ATAaHTH~ecKoro oKeaHa Qqem. 8Cl)KHLIM nepHO~H'IeCKHM H3~aHHeM, pacCMaTPHBaJOIUHM npo6AeMbl ~aHHOH TeppHTOpHH, JIBNieTCB KHura car, KOTOPYJO ua~aeT o6meCTBo uayqeHHJI BHKHHroB (The Saga Book of the Viking Society), u KOTOpon npe~craBAeHo 6oALwoe KOAH'IeCTBo MaTepnaAOB no pa3AH'IHLIM acneKTaM H npo6AeMaM. Blair P. H An introduction to Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge, 1956. Bragger A. W. Ancient Emigrants. Oxford, 1928. Br;mdsted]. Norsemen in North America before Columbus. Smithsonian Institution, An. Rep., 1953. Washington, 1954. Collingwood W. S. Scandinavian Britain. London,

1908. Ducket E. S. Alfred the Great. London, 1957. Forntid gerdar i IslandfEd. by M. Stenberger. Copenhagen, 1943. Ekwall E. The Scandinavian settlement. Historical geography of EnglandjEd. by H . C. Darby, 1936. Eldjarn K. Kuml og Haugfe. Akureyri, 1956. Hamilton]. R. C. Excavations atJarslhof, Shetland, Edinburgh, 1956. Mawer A. The Scandinavian settlement in England as reflected in English place names. Acta Phil. Scand.

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Xo;t11ztp Ap6}f.a1l. 8uku1lzu Nr)rlund P. and Stenberger M. Brattahlid. Researches into Norse culture in Greenland. Copenhagen, 1934. De Paor M. and L Early Christian Ireland. London, 1958. Viking Antiquities in Great Britain and lrelandfEd. by H. Shetelig, I-IV. Oslo, 1940-1954. Stenton F. M. Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford, 1943. Walsh A. Scandinavian relations with Ireland during the Viking Period. Dublin, 1922. Wheeler R. E. M. London and the Vikings. _London, 1927. Whitelock D. English Historical Documents. Vol. I, 500-1042 A. D. London, 1955 (npettcTaBAeHHbiH TOM H3ttaHlUI TaK:lKe COttep:lKHT AHrAOCaKCOHCKYIO XpOHHKy). Wilson D. M. The Anglo-Saxons. London, 1960.

3anattHaH EBpona Arbman H Schweden und das Karolingische Reich, Stockholm, 1937. Adigard des Gautries ]. Les noms de personnes Scandinaves eri Normandie de 911 a 1066, Lund, 1954. jankuhn H Haithabu, ein Handelsplatz der Wikingerzeit. Neumunster, 1956. joranson E. The Danegeld in France. Rock Island, lllinois, 1924. Lot F. Les Tributs aux Normands et l'Eglise de France au I.Xe siecleffBibl. Ec. Chartes, Vol. LXXXV, 1924. Mussel L. Pour l'etude des relations entre les colonies scandinaves d' Angleterre et de Normandie// Melanges Femand Mosse in memoriam. Paris, 1959. Vogel W Die Normannen und das frlinkische Reich his zur GrUndung der Normandie. Heidelberg, 1906.

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Almgren B. Bronsnycklar och djurornarnentik. Uppsala, 1955.

Br¢mdsted J Early English ornament. London, 1921. Holmqvist W: Viking art in the eleventh century. Acta Archaeologica, Vol. XXXII. Copenhagen, 1951. Kendrick T. D. Late Saxon and Viking art. London, 1949. Kendrick T. D. Anglo-Saxon art to 900 A. D. London, 1938. Kermode P. Manx Crosses. London, 1907. Shetelig H. Osebergfunnet, Vol. III. Christiania. Oslo, 1920. Shetelig H. The Norse Style of ornamentation in the Viking settlements. Acta Archaeologica, Vol. XIX. Copenhagen, 1948.

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npe:liC,lle BCero B

noxot~oa, no seeM

napaMtrrpaM y:lKe nO,liXO,ll.lllllHX nO,ll onpe,lleAeHHe «noXO.llbl BHKHHrOB». BeH.lleAbCKoe apeM.II ocraaA.IIeT 6oraTyro H CaM06biTH)'IO KYAbT)'PY· fAaBHbie 'iepTbl CTHA.II seH,lleAbCKHX YKPaweuuii -

o6HAne

AeHTO'iHbiX OAeTeHbiX. opHaMeHTOB H aKTHBHOe paaaHTHe MOTHBa CTHAH30BaHHbi.X .liO ueyauaaaeMoCTH rOAOB ·:liCHBOTHblX; OC06eHHO 'iaCTO H306p<UKaAHCb ,liHKHe BenpH H XHillHble nTHUbl.

r(U..(exyccKuii pot- B XVII

BeKe B ,ll;auHH, B MeCTe'iKe

faAAexyc, 6b!AH o6napy:lKeHbl t~Ba BeAHKOAenHbiX 30AOTbi.X pora .liA.II nHTb.ll, YKpaweHHbi.X aecbMa CAO:liCHbiM aHTpOno- H 300MOpcpHbiM opHaMeHTOM,

245

Xo;t'!1ztp Ap6)taH. Bukumu CMhiCA Ka.KOBbiX yKpaweHHH He BDOAHe npoHCHeH H CerO~HH (sepOHTllO, OHH CBH3aHbl C KeAbTCKHMH H repMaHCKHMH MH<l:>OAOrH'IeCKHMH CJO)KeTaMH) . Ha o~HOM H3 poros HMeAacb p)'HH'IeCKaH HMDHCb, D03BONIIOIUaH, B 'laCTHOCTH,

~aTHpOBaTb

por Ha-

'laAOM Hosoii: spbl. O~Ha.Ko B ~aAbHeiiweM, B peayAbTaTe Kpa)Kll Ha KoneHrareHCKoro M)'3eH, pora 6bJAH YTPa'leHbl H B HaCTO.IIIUee speMH coxpaHitAHCb AHWb HX rpa<PH'IeCKHe H306pa)KeHHH.

Fa..nwmamm, Za.AbWmamacaJt KJA-bTTIJpa -

apxeoAom-

'leCKaH KYAb'rypa nAeMeH JO)KHOH 'laCTH CpeAHeii Esponbi B nepHo~ paHHero )KeAeaHoro BeKa (npHMepHO

900-400

rO~bl ~0 H. 9 .) -

KeAbTOB H

HAAHpHiiues. Mo)KHO Bb~eAHTb ~Be ocHOBHbJX o6AaCTH pacnpocrpaHeHHH: BOCTO'IHYJO (ABcrpHH, KJroCAaBHH, AA6aHHH, OT'IaCTH qexoCAOBaKHH) H 3aDMHYJO (JO)KHaH 'laCTb fepMaHHH, npHpeHHCKHe

~enapTaMeHTbl <l>paHUHH). ~ K~Oro H3 9THX AOKaAbHbiX THnos ra..\bWTaTCKoii KYAh'rypbl xapaxTepHbJ oco6bJe <PopMbl norpe6aAbHoro o6pjl,!la. iKHAHwa MaAOHayqeHbJ, xopowo HCCAe~oBaHbl coNIHble KonH,

Me~Hble

py~HHKH,

)KeAeaoDAaBHAb-

Hbie MacrepcKHe H KyaHHUbl. XapaKTepHbJe sewH: 6poH30Bbie H *eAeaHbJe Me'IH c PYKOHTKaMH B

B~e KOAOKOAb'IHKa HAll B B~e ~yrn, o6paweHHOH ssepx (T. H . aHTeHHa), KHH)KaAbJ, ronopHKH, HO)KH, )KeAeaHbJe H Me~HbJe HaKoHe'IHHKH KOnHii, 6pOH30BbJe KOHH'IeCKHe WAeMbl C WHpOKHMH DAQCKHMH DOAJIMH H C rpe6HHMH, DaHUHpH H3 OT~eAb足 HblX 6pOH30BbiX OAaCTHHOK, HaWHBaBWHXCJI Ha KQ)Ky, paaHoo6paaHoii cpopMbl 6poHaOBbJe cocy~bl, oco6oro THna <PH6yAhJ, c~eAaHHaH OT PYK" KepaMHKa, 6ycbJ Ha Henpoapa'IHoro creKAa, )KeAThJe c CHHHMH rAa3KaMH. 11cKyCCTBO OAeMeH f .

6biAO

npeHMYUleCTBeHHO npHKAMHblM H opHaMeHTaAbHblM H TMOTeAO K )KlfBODHCHOCTH, pOCKOWH, H3Q-

Kpamkuu mtp}f.uH.o;tozUJutkuu t;to8ap11 6HAHIO .QeKopa; paaHoo6paaHb1 yKpaweHHJI H3 6poH3bl, 30AOTa, creKAa, KOCTif, <Pn6yAbl C npHBeCKaMH H <PnrypKaMH 3Bepee, 6pOH30Bbie RO.IICHble 6AJVCH c Bbi6HTbiM y3opoM, KepaMH'IeCKHe cocy.Qbi -

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Thre HAH KpaCHbie, C ROAHXpOMHbiM, Bpe3H\>IM HAH urraMROBaHHbiM reoMelpH'IeCKHM OpHaMeHTOM. IloHBHAOCb H H3o6paawreAhHoe ncKycCTBo: Ha.Qrpo6Hbie CTeAbl, CTa"I}'STKH H3 rAHHbl H 6pOH3bi, yKpaJllaBWHe cocy,Qbl HAH COCTaBA.IIBWHe KOMRQ-

As800-6()() ro-

3HUHIO (6pOH30B3JI KOAeCHHUa H3 llilpeTBera B CTpHH CO CUeHOH )l(eprnonpHHOWeHHH,

,Qbl ,QO H . 9.); rpasHpOBaHHbie HAH THCHeHble <!JpH3bl Ha r AHHHHbiX cocy.Qax, 6poH3, no.11cax H se.Qpax (cmyAax) H3o6paJKaKYI" nnpbi, npaa.QHeCTBa, sonHOB H 3eMAe,QeAbUeB, WeCTBHH AIO,QeH HAH 3Bepee, noe.QHHKH, cueHbi BOHHbi H OXOTbi, peAHrH03Hhie pmya.Abr. Ha cMeny raAburran:y B 3ana.QHbiX paeoHax B

VI-V

seKax .Qo H . 9 . npnxo.QHT KeAbTCKaJI

AaTeHCKaJI KyALrypa.

,L(efUo, o6.4acmb iJamcKozo npa6a -

TeppKropHH cesepo-

BOCTO'IHOH AHrAHH, B MacCOBOM nop~Ke 3aceAHBW3JIC.II B 9ROxy BHKHHrOB CKan.QHHaBCKHMH (B OCHOBHOM ,QaTCKHMH H HOpBe)I(CKHMH) KOAOHHCTaMH. CKan.QHHaBCKoe HaceAeHne npeBbiWaAO MeCTHoe

aHrAOCaKCOHCKOe 'IHCAeHHOCThiO, a CaMa 06AaCTh .IIBAHAaCb RAau.QapMOM 9KCRaHCHH BHKHHrOB Ha EpHTaHCKHe ocrposa H BO panunro. Ilo cee .QeHb 3,QeCb COxpaHHAHCb OCOOeHHOCTH B .113biKe, aHT}>QROAOrH'IeCKOM THRe HaCeAeHHJI H TOROHHMHKe.

<<,4cUHHblU 3.ueiJ» -

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Hopse)l(ues 0Aasa TprormacoHa, Ha 6opry KOToporo oH naA B ·6HTBe npn CseAL.Qe («IiHTBa 1pex KOpoAeH») B

1000

ro.Qy. IlpeBbiWaA CBOeH .QAHHOH

see Kopa6AH CKan.QHHaBHH Toro speMeHH.

EMuHze cmU.4b -

O.QHH H3 no3.QHHX CTHAee CKan.QHHaB-

cKoro HCKYCCTBa 9noxn BHKHHros, Ha3BaHHbiH no

147

Xo;t11up Ap6;+~.~H. BukuHzu MeCTOHaxQ)KtleHHIO HaH6o.Aee llOKa:JaTeAbHbiX naMJITHHKOB - EAAHHre a ,l(aHHH 6biAO tlpeaHeHWHM KYAbTOBbiM MecroM, n03tlHee opraHH'IeCKH aowetlWHM a 'IHCAO xpHCTHaHCKHX CBJITbiHb. CaoiiCTBeHHbl npo<f>HAbHble H3o6p<UKeHHJI )I<HBOTHbiX H AJOtleH C o6H.AHeM BHeWHHX tleTa.AeH (rpHBbl, BOAOCbl, 9AeMeHTbi Otle)l<tlbl) H co caoeo6paaHbiMH Kpyr.AbiMH rAa:JaMH.

Htpo8bte OOCKU -

npH pacKonKax noce.AeHHH H norpe-

6emrii 9llOXH BHKHHrOB 'laCTO o6Hap~HBaiOT <f>parMeHTbl tlOIUe'leK tl.AJI HaCTOAbHbiX Hrp C COOTBeTCTByJOIUeH paaMeTKOH -

o6bi'IHO tlNl Hrpbl B espo-

neHCKyJO <<Me.AbHHUy», «Ta6AyY» H tlp.

H apma -

He<f>Tb, KoTopyJO HCnOAb30Ba.AH Ha BocroKe

a aoeHHbiX ueNix KaK ropJOqee aerueCTBo a MopCKOM 6010, npH OCatlax H T. Jl.

flozpeOeHUJl 8 oepe8Jt'lt'ltbtx Ka.Mepax

(Holzkammergrabe)-

B03HHKaJOIUHe BO BTOpOH llOAOBHHe 9llOXH BHKHHroB norpe6eHH.Il BOHHOB B CBoeo6pa3HbiX tlepeB.IIHHbiX KaMepax-.lllUHKax. CB.Il3biBaJOTC.Il c o6bl'laeM, cymeCTBOBaBWHM B CneUH<f>H'IeCKOH cpetle KOpoAeBCKHX tlpy)I<HHHHKOB -

llozpe6eHUJt 8 .4aOM-

HOBOro CAO.Il o6ruecraa.

HaH6o.Aee .llpKHH H onpMeNIKr

IUHH THn norpe6a.AbHOH npaKTHKH tlpeaHeH CKaHtlHHaBHH, KOrtla norpe6eHHe {KaK MY)I<'IHH, TaK H )l<eHIUHH) coaepwa.AOCb Ha 6opry Kopa6NI c npHcoBOKynAeHHeM o6bi'IHO 6oraroro HHBeHTap.ll opy)I<HJI, YTBapH, aaynoKOHHOH nHIUH, npHHeCeHHbiX a )l<epYBy )I<HBOTHbiX H nTHU H T . Jl. Ebi.AO HepaapbWHO CB.Il3aHO C npetlCTaB.AeHHeM 0 nyYeweCTBHH a MHP HHOH no BOAHaM Ha Kopa6Ae H HMe.Ao Macey aapHaUHH -

HHryMaUHJI, KpeMauH.Il

BMeCTe C KOpa6AeM, cnycK Kopa6NI Ha BO.lly C noCAetlyJOIUHM ero CO)I<)I<eHHeM H T. tl· Eytl}"'H B 9noxy BHKHHrOB HeOTbeMAeMbiM aYpH6yYOM 3HaTH, HCDOAb30BaHHe KOpa6NI YpaHCAHpOBa.AOCb

路Kpamkuii mtp.,.+t.U1to.tf.OZU1uckuii c;t08ap11 H B .z:tpyrue CAOH o6wecrsa, npH 9TOM HCnOAb30BaAHCb KaK He60AbWHe AO,ltKH, TaK H BblAO)KeHHble H3 KaMHeH KOfiT}'Pbl Kopa6ASI.

llMJl. nozpeoenuii, nMJl. nozpeotUbH.btx ypH -

o6wee Ha-

3BaHHe pJ~.z:ta apxeoAorH'IeCKHX KYAbryp, .z:taHHOe no xapaKTepHOMY npH3HaKY MOrHAbHHKaM 6e3 HaCbineH, CO.z:tep*aWHM npeHMywecrseHHO OCTaTKH TPynocO)K)KeHHii, o6bi'IHO c 3axopoHeHHeM npaxa B r AHHJIHbiX cocy,拢tax, nOCTaBAeHHbiX Ha ,ltHO MOrHAbl. KyAbrypbi noAeii norpe6eHHH B03HHKAH s 6pOH30BOM BeKe H cyweCTBOBaAH B Te'leHHe ,ltAHTeAbHOrO speMeHH (cBbiwe

1700

AeT) . ELIAH pac-

npOCTPaHeHbi no sceii Espone. B paHHeM *eAe3HOM BeKe B MOrHAbHHKax BCTPe'laiOTCJI TaK)Ke norpe6eHHR CO)K)KeHHOrO npaxa B JIMKax 6e3 ypH H TPynonoAO)KeHHJI. PacnpoCTPaHeHHe noAeii norpe6eHHH He JIBASieTCJI pe3yAbTaTOM 3KCDaHCHH K3.KDro-AH60 O,ltHOrO Hapo.z:ta HAH reHeTH'IeCKH CBJI3aHHbiX Hapo.z:tOB. Tio-BH,ltHMOMY, 9TOT o6pJI.lt 6b!A npHHJIT 3THH'IeCKH pa3AH'IHbiMH rpynnaMH HaCeAeHHJI

Esponbi. TipettnoAaraeTCJI, 'ITO KYAbrypbi noAeii norpe6eHHH s HcnaHHH H EpHTaHHH npnHa.z:tAe)KaAH npe.z:tKaM KeAbTOB. Ha TeppHTopun Bocro'IHoii Esponbi K

3THM KYALrypaM OTHOCRTCJI nwesop-

CKaR, 3apy6HHeUKaR H 'lepHRXOBCKaR KyAbrypbi, ,ltBe nepBble H3 KOTOpbiX, B03MO)KHO, HMeAH OTHQweHHe K npe,ltKaM .z:tpeBHHX CAaBJIH .

Ycetiep2C7cuu cmr.ub -

paHHHH CTHAb H3o6paaHTeAbHoro

HCKYCCTBa 3nOXH BHKHHrOB, H3BeCTHbiH no MHOro'IHCAeHHbiM HaxO,ltKaM H3 )KeHCKOrO norpe6eHHJI B Aa.z:tbe Ha 10re Hopsemu. OcHoBHaR oco6eHHOCTb 06HAHe CIO)KeTOB, CBJI3aHHbiX C aHTPOnOMopqmbiMH H (pe)Ke} 300MOpcpHbiMH cyweCTBaMH C BbiTapaweHHbiMH r Aa3aMH, KOTOpbie xsaTaiOT ce6JI KoHe'IHOCTJIMH 3a npnqy.z:tAHBO nepeDAeTeHHbie YTOH'IeHHbie TeAa.

249

XDA11Up Ap6)ta7f.. Bukunzu «gepHbte 'lt}:JtCecmpaHJJbt» - epA~CK . «~y6ra..v.»- naHMenosanee, ~aHHoe B HpA~HH ~a'l"'anaM, B OTAH'IHe OT «CBeTAbiX 'fY:lKeCTpaHUeB» - «HHHI'aAA» (nopse:lKues). Bepmrmo, 6LIAO CB.II3ano c UBeTOM o~e~·bi.

Ttozpat/JU1uckuii yka1amt;t11

Aaxeu 74, 127 A6aCK}'H 758 Arrepc6opr, Aarepb 54, 55 Ar-~aHK

141

.AAeAbce 67 A3ep6aHA)KaH 158 AKBHTaHHJI 143 AAbAeHrbi06opr 151, 752 AAbCTaA 231 AAbxecnpac 145 AMepnKa 19, 187, 193 AHrAHJI 43, 53, 72, 76,

77, 78, 83, 85, 87, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 120, 123, 129, 134, 137, 140, 168, 177, 792, 213, 222, 223, 224, 225, 228,229,232,235 AHrMarccaAHK, r. 783 AHryAeM 133 AHAaAycHJI 144 AH)Kep 133 AHT)'M 137 AnyAHR 47 251

Xo_tl1ztp Ap6.J!a'H.. BukU1tZU ApAb 145 ApMar 118 AppaH 90,99 AcrypWI 146 ATAaHTH'IeCKHH oKeaH 19, 90, 93, 123, 140, 177 Ear.a;aA 157 Iiane 36 Eaiie 133 EaKy 158 !iaATHHCKOe Mope 48, 61, 70, 79 EaM6epr 227 Eenumw 124 EernHHW Ko. Keppu 124 EeAropo.a; 172 EeAoe Mope 25, 78 EeHTH-fp3HH,li;)K 228 EepreH 184, 186 Eepecros 172 EnpKa 57, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 80, 82, 84, 151, 166, 218, 226 Eose 133 EoiiH, p. 118 Eop.a;o 133 Eoppe 59,21~ 212,214,215,21~217 EocroH 189 EpaTTaxAu.a; 183 EpeMeH 62 EpeTaHh 138 EpHTaHHJI 31, 32, 42, 87, 88, 92, 93, 108, 113, 120, 134, 177 Epoa 204, 206, 207 Eporapn 236 EpyHaH6ypr 43, 121 EyArapWI 159, 160 libepKe, o. 64 libeppuurxeii 22 7 151

TtozpatjJu'ltckuii yka1amt,.t11 BaAeucHJJ 745 BaAbC'bep.a;e 57, 58 BaAbxepeu, o. 732 Baur 237 Be3ep 732 Beu.a;eAb 3~5~58, 798,208,233 Bepue 274 Becreprapu 80 BeCTMauAau.a; 59 Becrpn610r.a; 784 BeCT~OAb.a;,npoBHHUHH 59,60,204 BH3aHTHH 748, 763, 765, 769, 773, 774 BHAbreAbMcxa~eu 74 BnHAau.a; 29, 786, 787, 789, 790, 797, 792, 793, 794 Bnuxeii.a; 43 BHH'IecTep 772, 237 Bnp.a;)I<HHHH 789 Buc610 80, 8 7 BoAra, p. 84, 750, 757, 755, 756, 757, 758, 759, 760, 763, 777 BoAHH 85, 757 BoAXoB, p. 85, 757, 755, 756, 760, 767 BopMc 74 Bopouera, p. 755 Bocro"'HbiH Xa.AH~aT 84, 759 Bbrrerpa 755 Bbiwerpa.a; 765, 772 B10pu6ypr 74 faAAexyc 234 faM6ypr 62, 732 fap.a;ap (Pycb) 776 fe6pH.a;CKHe OCTpQBa 90, 92, 776 feKAa, syAKau 780 fecrpHKAaH.ll;, npOBHHUHH 82 fn6paATap 745 fHA,llXOAA 23 7

153

Xo;t11ztp Ap6)(a1l. Bukunzu fHAAHHr 22J fue3JJ;OBO 765, 766 foKCTaJJ; 19,20,21,22,2~28,59, 60,210,211 foAAaHJJ;HR 1J8 foA~>cpcrpnM, Te'lenue 184 foTAaHJJ;, o. 28, 46, 47, 48, 50, 80, 87, 140, 204, 20~20~208,231,233,234,235

foTxo6 184 fpeHA.aa.a;nR, o. 19, 29, 183, 785, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 194 fpuMCTa 231 fpHHMayHT 124 fpo6nHR 47 fpouunreu 138 fyprau 157, 158 f~oeppnAM fpeuo 83 ,ll;aAapua, nposnuunR 82 ,ll;aaesnpKe 142 ,ll;aanR 52, 53, 83, 86, 110, 115, 125, 126, 132,213, 218,219,22~229,231,234,236

,ll;aTCKoro npasa o6AaCTh (,ll;enAo) 107 ,ll;ayrasa, p. 760 ,ll;ep6n 106 ,ll;ep6uwnp 99, 715 ,ll;eppn 118 ,ll;ecua, p. 766 ,lVKep6n 99 ,ll;uenp, p. 156, 160, 163, 164, 765 ,ll;uenponeTpOBCK 163 ,ll;ou, p. 157 ,ll;opecra.a; 62, 128, 129 ,l);y6AHH J7, 92, 9J, 98, 99, 108, 170, 716, 118, 179, 120, 722, 123, 229 ,ll;)'Haii, p. 777 ,ll;IOua6ypr 160 ,l);IOHHa 231

254

ftozpat/Jut~ukutl yka3amt,.t11

f.AAnnre 213, 215, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224,225,22~229,232

)Kecpocc 135 3anaaH3JI Eupona 45, 46 3ana.llHbiH Ar~up 180 3ana,llHbiH Xa.AucpaT 84 3ee6ypr 47 3eA~HJI,O. 54 MA~o ~e fpya, o. 139 JiiAbMeHb, 03. 85, 760, 161 llilreAI>xenM 132, 750 11HrAe6JO 115 11pAa~HJI 32, 43, 72, 85, 92, 93, 97, 99, 111, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 140, 144, 146, 229 J1CA~HJI, 0. 19, 75, 85, 92, 95, 97, 175, 178, 179, 180, 781, 782, 183, 184, 187, 190, 208 l1CA9H 31 HcnaHHJI 142, 743, 144, 145, 146 J1Ta.AHJI 129, 143 J1THAb,p. 158

701, 706, 124, 129, 176, 177, 185, 186,

Hep~CAeca 216 HopK 1~37,32,33,3~42,43,85,8~97,98, 101, 103, 106, 708, 709, 110, 176, 720, 121, 219, 222,225 HopKump 707, 116, 225 Ka.AbMap3~,

npoAHB 80 99, 116 KaMMHH 22 7, 237 Kau 142 KapAHHrcpop~ 17 8, 119 KacnuncKoe Mope 84, 151, 157, 158 KaM6epAe~

255

Xo.A.bUp Ap6)ta1l. Buku1tzu KacllAJI, p. 760 KarreraT, npoAHB 52 Kaynaur (eM. CKnpnurccaA.b) 77, 72, KseHTOBHK 729 Keifrnec, n-os 93 KeA.bH 84 KeM6pH.£PK 703 KeHT 702 Knes 85, 749, 750, 759, 760, 767,

75, 77

763, 764, 765, 767, 769, 770, 772, 773, 774, 228 KuAA.aA.a 724 KnAMaHHX9M 723 KnpK Epa.tl,llOH 223 KnpK MaiiKA 99, 700 KHTaif 759 KAoHTap<l> 92, 722, 229 Kua<t>axoAYM 782 KnoK-H-,lJ;)'HH 98 Koswa, p,. 755 KoAoHc9H 74 7 KoucratiTHuonoA.h 750, 759, 767, 767, 769, 770, 773 KopcxaMH 70 KyrrxaMH 69, 70 K ypAHH,llH.II 4 7 K9AA)'Hr 237, 232 Aa.tl6ro 60 Aa.tlora 85, 757, 755, Aa-Mauw 707 AaM69if, o. 7 76 AaMAaw 90 AanAaH,llH.II 84 AaTBH.II 47 Aeifucrep 727, 722 Aecrep 706, 709 An6asa (Anena.H) 47 AHMO)K 733

756

reozpat/Jwuckuii. ykaJame;tb AHM-<Pbopa 52, 53 J\.HH,!lHC¢apH, 0. 87 J\.HHKOAbH 706 AHHH .l(yaxaiiA 7 78 J\.HHH Poiio 7 78 J\.JITBa 4 7, 48 J\.H¢¢H, p . 7 78 J\.osaTh, p. 760 J\.OH,!lOH 772, 776 J\.opbaH 738 J\.oT 778 J\.yapa 729 J\.yapa, p . 745 J\.YHa 744

J\.YHa 742, 228 J\.a Ar 747 J\.a KaMapr 745 ~aMMeH

279, 220, 227,22~2J0,2J7 , 2JJ 188, 790, 794, 795 ~eAapeH, 03. 46, 64, 85 ~eAlOH 7JJ ~H,!lAeH,!l 709 ~H,!lATOH 36, 775, 223 ~T 778, 727 ~0 733 ~YHCTep 727 ~apKAaHa

M::lA,!lOH 777 ~9H,O. 37,9~98,99, ~lOBaTH

700,707,770, 720,222, 223

787

~crepMrop, o3.

Hasappa 745 HaH6apHXOAhM, o.

HaHT 729 Hesa, p . 85, 755 HepKe 276 HHM 745

257 9-BHKHHrH

Xo;t'11Ztp Ap6ftta1t. Bukunzu Hosropo.a; 149, 160, 161, 169 HopsernJI 24, 49, 59, 71, 77, 78, 84, 86, 89, 91, 92, 97, 98, 101, 108, 110, 111, 115, 119, 136, 139, 145, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 184, 194, 213, 214,215, 21~ 229,231,235 HopBH'I 31 Hop.a;-Kan, MbiC 24, 25, 78, 157 HopMau.a;uJI 85, 122, 132, 137, 140, 141 Hop'I)'M6ep..>.eu.a; 116 HopT)'M6puJI 87, 103, 104, 105, 120, 121 Hop<l>oAK 53 HoTrHureM 106 HyapMYJDe, o. 129

O.a;euce 54 O.a;ep 85 0Ab6opr 52 Oue)I(CKoe, 03. 155 Op6IO 58 OpKueiicKue ocrposa 31, 90, 91, 92, 99, 122, 223 Op..>.eau 733 OCAo 71 Oc..>.o-<Pbop.a; 129 OcueAAyc , o. 135

0JITb, p. 155 IJaMIIAOHa 145 Ilapu)l( 132, 133, 135, 138 Ilawa, p. 155 IleM6pYK 116 IJeHHHHbi, ropbi 85 Ilepure 133 Ilmpe 138 Ilo..>.bwa 85 IloMneu 52 fUITHrpa.a;ue 42, 105, 10~ 116

9-2

reozpat}Jwuckuii ykaJamt;tb PaMc~

234

PereHc6ypr 74, 84 Pe.z:1 274 PenHHH 790 PepnK 67, 62, 726, 727 PnM 744 PnHrepnKe 23~237,232 PHCTHM.IIKH 207 PoraAaH,ll 776, 780 PoHa, p . 745 PyaH 729, 738 PyaH 733 PyMhiHH.II 765 Pyc~:. (Poccn.11) 35, 56, 84, 87, 747, 750, 757, 757,

760, 767, 766, 768, 773 PlOCTpHHrH.II 732 CaABHKcrpyneH 70 CaM6ypr Bo 94 Ca.HTI:..11ro ,~:~e KoMnocreAAa 746 CarroH-Xy 36 CayrreMIITOH 7 7 7 CseAh.ll, o. 24 Csnp~:., p. 155 Cesepua.11 A<PpnKa 743, 746 CesepHoe Mope 55 CeBHAh.ll 743, 744, 746 Ce,~:~epaAa

237,232,233 70 CeAAecre,~:~ 279, 220, 227 CeHa 705, 728, 729, 132, 734 CeHT-MorOA.ll 99 CnnyHa 227 CHAAH 55 CKara<J>~:.op.ll 790 CKaiiA 223 CKaAAaKOT 780 CKaH.liHHaBH.Il 43, 45, 725 Ce.z:~epTeAI:.e

259

Xo;t11up Ap6}f.an. Bukunzu CKepH 228 CKHpHHrcccv.h (eM. Kaynanr) CKHpHHKrec XHN\ 72, 78 CKoHe 58, 235 CAHecropn 60, 61, 726 CMoAaH.ll, nponHHUHR 79, 82 CMoAeHCK 760, 765, 766 CHscpeAAhCHec, Mhic 783 CorH (CorHe-cpbOp.ll) 792 Cpet~H3eMHOMophe

9 7, 767 152, 753, 754, 755, 156, 760

CTapafl A<l..llora 157, CTOKfOAhM 46, 235 Crpa)'Mcphop.ll, 3aAHB Crypa llxpe 207 CT9HHMYP 709 CTsMcpop.ll 706 CT9Mcpopt~6pH.li)K

CflCh, p .

72, 79, 82

790, 192

155

TaHeT, o. 702, 7 7 7 Tapa 776, 721 TeAJOua 765 TeMaa, p. 37, 32 ToMKpaiip 718 TopKceii-Ha-TpeHTe 703 TOTeH 237 TpeAAe6opr, Aareph 54, 55, 142 Tpe_He 67 Tpya 738 Tpyco 48, 79 TyAyaa 133 Tyua 79,5~58,59, 60,270 Tynyrt~AHapnHK, 3aAHB 183 Typ 733 Tbopcap.llaAh 780 YAhcrep 777 YAbTyna 57

260

ftozpat/Ju1ltckuii yhuamt,t11 YoATeMcroy 116 Yopx9M 53 YDAaHA, nposnnuWI 45, 80, 233 Ynnccv..a 58, 235. Ypnec 235, 236 Y CBJI'Ia, p. 160 Yce6epr 19, 20, 59, 196, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205,

208,210,212,214,215,220 Y9AbC 53, 97, 122 Y9cceKc 103 Cl>aifcp 92 ct>apseAh, MbJC 183 Cl>apepcKne ocrposa 176 CI>AanapnR 122, 128 Cl>panKcpypT 74 Cl>paHUHJJ 87, 734, 145, 177 Cl>peCBHK 93 Cl>pHCAaHJlWI 62, 85, 126, 127, 129, 132 CI>JOH 60 <l>lopKaT, Aarepb 54 Xaspc-<l>bOp.ll, 3aAHB 89, 90, 91 XaaeAaHA 231 Xcv..Ae 204 XaAAHHr.Qcv.. 231 XaM6ep 111 XaMAH.Q)K 157 Xe.Qe6JO 61, 62, 64, 68, 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80,

82, 751,226 XeAAhBH 207 XeAAJOAaHJl 188, 190 XeAbre, o. 46 XeAbCHHrAaHJl 231 XeMce 235 XepJOAbcpCHec, MLIC 194 XoAHHrurre.llT 61 Xou 136

Xo;t11ztp Ap6,Ata1t. Buku1tzu Xopacan 159 Xope3M 159 XoyA 237 Xocpcra.a;np 781 Xynnecra.a; 22 8 Xbeppnnr 236 X9rran 237, 232 X9rreH 237 llepnnros 165, 766 llepnoe Mope 157 lJecanHKCKHH 3aAHB 789 lJecTep 97, 107 llewnp 717 IIIapTp 133 IIIseUHJI 45, 47, 57, 67, 64, 79, 80, 86, 115, 139, 750, 155, 159, 166, 167, 213, 217, 233 IIIeKcna, p. 755 Illennn, o. 101 Illep6yp 14 7 IIIeTAan~cKne ocrposa 31, 90, 93, 776, 185 IIIoTAaH~HJI 32, 85, 93, 97, 99, 100, 107, 706, 720, 722,223 8spe 133 216 8~CBHKeH 49, 50 a~ep 726 9ii~ep, p. 61 8iipnKccpuop~, 3aAHB 785, 190 8iicrpn610r~ 29, 184 8KeTOpn 216 8Aa~ 216 8A&6a 126 8Ab6HHf 48 8M~eH 74, 75 8cKHAcryna 234 a~ecxer

reozpat/Ju1lukuii yka3amt;t11 9crepoeTAaH,ll 2 76 9crpa Xeppecra,ll 2 77 9crcpoAh.ll 2 74 IOAHanexo6 783 IOTAaH,llHH,n~B

RpAcxocp 93 Rppoy 88

67, 79,

83,278,22~228

U,,M.mnoii yka:Jame;t11

A66o 133 A,!ta.KaH KyaHeu 100 A.!ta.M EpeMeHCKHH 66 AKTeay 168 AAKyHH 88, 143 Ahb-DHPYH" 35 AAb-KHH~H

35 158 Ahb-Ta6apn 143 Ahb-Taprycn 64 AhbcpOHCO II 143 AAbcppe~ 16, 20, 24, 48, 76, 77, 78, 102, 103, 104, 106 AAb-Macy~n

AMAan6 779 AH~epcoH M. 21 AH~pen I BeHrepcKnn 774 Apn My~pbiH 175 ApHe T. 166 Acreiipp 129 AcKOAb~ AcMYH~

164

KapecoH 235

ATcpapn 50 Ay~ My~pa.H

U;+wmoii yka3amt;tl1 oaAAe 235 oe,l(a ~OCTODO'ITeHHbiH oAHH,l(xenM IllapAOTia Bpare 753, 154

775 77

Bperrep A. B. 777 Bpean Bopy 121, 122 Dbepn 135, 136, 143, 145 Db.RpHH XepiOAbcpccou 187, 188, 789 BropXTHOT 111 BaAH.l(H Tarau 35 Be6eK C. A. 29 BeAyn.lt 135 BepMy.lt 768 BH.ltYKHH,l( 150 Be.l(cj>ape 50 BHAAe6pop.lt 125 BHAbCOH ~- 111 BAa.l(HMHp, KH.II3b 159, 167, 172, 173, 174 BAa.l(HMHP 172, 173 ByAbcj>CTaH HopKcKHu, apxeenHcKon 16, 109 ByAbcpcran, MopeDAasaTeAb 20, 48, 78 faMHAbTOH ~:IK.

P. C. 94

fap.ltap 176 faYT 100, 101, 222 eHpHx I, KOpOAb <l>paHUHH fenpex IlTHueAOB 61 fO.l(H 768 fopM 219, 224

foTcppH,l( 60, 126, 127, 134 fy.ltpe.lt 708, 710, 121 fy.ltpH,l( 190 fyunap 38 fynn6bepn 783 fynHAayr 38 fYTPYM

106

774

Xo;t11up Ap6}f.a11.. 8uku11.zu ,ll;acem ,ll;:li<Op~)l( 36 ,l.J;HK}'HA 89 ,ll;np 164 ,ll;oAAH P. X. M. 110 ,l.J;y~o Cen-KameHCKHH 743 l16n aAh-Acnp 743 l16n aAb-I<BHTHful 743, 144 l16n MncKaaeiix 158 H6n Pycre 751, 766 l16n <t>~Aan 56, 57, 17 5 l16n Xop~~6ex 757 Hsap 702, 119, 720 Hropb 769 Hroph, KHJI3h 167, 169, 770 HnreAM 768 HnreAbpH 33 Hnmrep~a, KHJrnnui 774 HnroAh<}> Apnapcon 7 76 HoaHH QuMncxnii 177 Ka.Hrn..u.-<t>nnn (KeTHAA XsHTH) 720 KaAh<}> Apnapcon 84 KapA 768 KapAA. 0. 94 KapA Be.....nKnii 73-75, 725, 726, 727 KapA AhrchiH 729, 134, 736 KapA npocroBaTbiH 737 Kapn 768 Kep B. n. 37 KepMo~ ll. M. C. 98, 700 KeTHAh lliocKOHOChiH 92 KeTHAb XBHTH 720 Knp6xaAA 720 ~ 3~32,5~83, 772,278,229,232 KoHCTaHTHH Earp.aHopo~HhiH 767, 763, 165 KoHCTaJITHH BeAHKHH 770, 7 77

266

U}f.nmoii ykaJamt_.t11 Aes ,l(HaKOH 171 Aeifcp 9npHKccon 188, 189, 190, 193, 194 AHscren 235 AHII.yA 168 AHecroAb A. 33, 34, 35 AHH/I.KBHcr C. 226 AoTapb 129, 132 Aroii.OBHK EAaro'leCTHBbiH 727, 728, 729, 732, 750 Marnyc XapaAb/I.CCOH 97 MeA6pHr/I.H 700 MoppHc Y 36 M9AcexAanHH 72 7 MIOAAep C. 230

776 HepAyn/I. n. 54 HepMaH E. 47 Hecrop 749; 750, 759, 767, 764, 768, 770 HMIAb 43

HMII.OII.

0AaB 24, 31, 709, 720 0AaB EeAbin (XsHTH) 92, 7 79 0Aas Ksapan 708, 777, 721 0AaB Tp10rrnacon 22, 717 0AaB IIIeTKonynr 774 0AeB 235 0Aer, KHJ13b 764, 769, 772 OAbra, KWirHHJI 770, 777 OpBHK 35 Opo3HH 76 OTep (Orrap, OxTxepe) 20, 25, 26, 48, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 87, 757 llaaw 78 llaTpHK 776, 779 llHpeHH 74 llceB/I,O-K91I.MOH 230

Xo;t11up Ap6)taH. BukuHzu Pas~oHHKac B. 11. 152, 154 ParHaM 91 Pamap Ko:~~<aHLie llhaHLI 102, 132 PernsaAL~

97, 708, 727

PenHHKOB H. 11. 154 PHM6epT 47, 48, 62, 64, 66 Po6epT, rpacp Ilapn:~~<CKHH 73 7 Po..v.ou (PoALcp) 132, 137 PyaAb~

168 737 PyAOB 168 Pycco )K, )1(, 76 PIOpHK, KHJI3b 149, 767, 764, 770 Py~OAbcp

Cs. AHcrapnii 47, 57, 62, 64, 732 Cs. opHKUHH 7 73 CseiiH 30, 32, 55, 17 7 CseiiH BnAo6opo~LIH 2 78 CsJIToCAas, KHJI3b 767, 170, 777, 172 Ce~pnK

172

CeALBep C . B. 29 CHrTpiOrr 720 Cnnp10rr BeTep 708 CHnpiOrr faAH 727 CHnpiOrr llleAKo6opo~LIH 777, 727, 722, 229 Cnryp~ ~Hrpe

92, 722, 234 48 CHHeyc, KHJI3b 749 CwrpHK (Cnnp10rr) 43 CKOTT B. 93 CoAOMOH 172 OreMH.A 768 CTOALne Jl. 66 Cnryp~ XpnHr

TauHT 15 TH.AKIOMe 235 Top6epr 22

U;Knmoii yka1amt;t11 TopBa.Ab.l( 189, 190 TopntAbC 50 TopKeAAb Xasu 112 TopcreiiHH 189 TopcreiiHH Ebi'Ibll Hora 24 TopcpHHH KapAcecpHH 190, 191, 192, 193, 194 Topcpmm, HpA OpKHeiicKHX OC1pOBOB 92 Topcp-8iiHap, HpA OpKHeiicKHX ocrpoBoB 91 Topxa.AAb 190 TpecBeAbr 153 Tpyan 168 Tpysop, KHH3b 149 TypBHAAb-Tierpa 41 Typreiic 118, 119 TbO,l(OAbcp 153 Y66e 102 YAbcp6epT 33, 182 Y AbcpAbOT 178 Y1peXT 125 apAacp 168 <l>eocpHA 150 <l>AOKH BHAbrep,l(apcoH ocr 168 <l>oT 235 .<l>peAas 168

176

XasAOK ,ll;aTCKHH 121 XaKOH 118 Xa.AbMaH 102, 104, 120 Xapa.Ah.l( TipeKpacHOBOAOCbiH

77, 78, 89, 90, 91, 93,

176, 177, 178 Xapa.Ab.l( CepaJI IIIK}'pa 48 Xapa.Ab.l( CnHe3y6blii 218, 224, 226 Xapa.Ab.l( CypoBbiH 39, 174 XacreiiH 143, 145 Xecr f. 153 XAesaraCTHp 234

z6g

Xo;t;11up Ap6)fa1l. 8uku1lzu XoAHHrwett 38 XopeK 132 XopcH 50 qaHAtt fopttoH B. 94 qocep ,l(:~KecpcppH 37 IIIeKcnHp 38 IIIeTeAHr X. 27, 100, 197, 202 IIIyAbU 54 8rnAb 33, 38, 43, 76, 109 8ttrap 97, 107 8tteAbcppett 110 8ttMYHtt 108, 109 8ttyaptt 113 8iinxaptt 12 7 3iipHK fnynccon 194 3iipHK KposasaJI CeKHpa 33, 42, 108 8iipHK Pbl:IKHH 183, 185 8iipHK, JIPA OpKueifcKHX ocrposos 152 8AbcpHa 112 3oranaM 93 8nHp 235 3pMeHTapHif HyapMYTbecKHH 132, 133 8TeAbpett 112, 113 8TeAbCTaH 108 RponoAK, KHJI3b 172 RpocAas, KHR3b 159, 174

UAAJOCTPAU,UU

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lloMHHaAbHbiH Ka.MeHb B Crypa Xa.MMape, Aep6po, fOTAaH,ll.

flo-BH,liHMOM)', npe,liCTaB.I\JIIOmHH Cl.leHbl H3 repOH'IeCKOH 009Mbl, H3 KOTOpOH HaM H3BeCTHbl TO.I\bKO HeKOTOpble OTpbiBKH, COXpaHHBWHeCJI B «Ragnarsdrapa» HC.I\aHtiCKoro CKaAb,lla Eparn.

repoHHJI, XHALtl,

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H.u. 3, a maKxe 4 u 5.

c HM. 4

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ca). X sex

H.,u. 8

H.,u. 10

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H.u. 14. Eepecrauoe

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H..u. 18. Bu.n Ha Kaynaur, CKHpHHrcaA&, Hopsemx. Mecro Toprosoro ropo.na Ha nepe.naeM DAaHe

H.u.. 79.

HopBe)I(CKoe KypraHHoe 3axopoHeHHe, XepAayrcxayreH,

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H.u.. 20.

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H.u. 23.

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H..u. 25. KoAL'I)Ta, uaH.lleuua.R B K)'praue «JlpAcxayr», TpeuueAar, HopBerwr, OKQ.I\O 1750 ro,na. Haxo,nKH KO.I\L'I)T o'leHL pe,nKH B MOrHAax BHKHHrOB. BoaMO)Kao, oua 6LIJ\a BLIDOJ\Heua cKau,nHHaBOM B 3DOXY BHKHHrOB HJ\H B nepuo.n pauuero Cpe.nueBeKoBLH. Y HHBepCTHTeT 0.1\,llCaKcaMAHHr, OCAo

H..u. 26. TLicJI'Ia ,neB.RTLCOT WJ\JODOK .1\0BUOB ceAL.llH, uaxotvnUHXCJI ua AocpareucKHX ocrpoBax, npe.llCTaBAJIJOT THDH'I"YJO KapTHny pa60TLI pLx6aKa B nepHO.ll BHKHHroB. ,l{Be rpe6uLie W.I\JODKH ua nepe.llHeM DAane XOT.R u ropaat~o MeHLrue, 'leM ux npe.nweCTBeHHHULI, O.llHaKO coxpaHHJ\H T}>CIAHUHOHHYJO HOpMaHHCK}'IO cpopMy Kopnyca Kopa6A.R

H.u. 2 7. Mao6pa)KeHue Ha KaMHe H3 AeoHLI npe~CTaBAJieT, B~HMo, AMbiO BHKHHrOB

ifM. 28. EpoH30BaJI~OKOBKa

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H..u. 30. 06paTHaJJ cropoHa Toro )Ke KpecTa noKa3hiBaeT THnH'inyiO rpy6y10 11 cxeMaTH'iHYJO BepcHIO TaK Ha3hiBaeMoro anrAHHCKoro CTHAJJ EAAHHr. BLicoTa pHcynKa 70 CM

10-2

H.u. 31. CrpaHHUa H3 «KHHrH .IKH3HH>> Hosoro CAy:lKe6HHKa B BHH'l.ecrepe, noKa3&JBaJOI.UaJI KopoA.R KHyra H ero :lKeHY, 9A&¢m¢y-9MMy, ycraHaBAHBaJOI.UHX U030AO'l.eHHbiH Kpecr .Ha aATape Ka¢et~ ·paA&HOro co6opa. 9Ta KHHra .RJ!A.ReTC.R MeTpH'l.eCKOH Ktmroii H KHHroii MY'l.eHH'l.eCTB OT 1016 no 1020 ro.n. lipHTaHCKHH Myaeii, MauycKpHnT (Stowe 944)

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lfM. 32. KaMeHL c uepKonnoro K.l\a,li6Hma crapoii uepKBH Cn. nanAa, Ou BhtnO.I\HeH u 3nepnuoM CTIL\e 3noxu Kuyra, npet~cTaBA.IIeT CKaHAHHaBCKHe 9.1\eMeHTLI CTH./\.11 PuurepnKe. Myaeii fH./\AX0./\.1\, Aou.z~ou

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HM. 34. MuuuuaA B ¢opMe tlpa.Kona co cKaH,llHHa.BCKHMH 'le(IT'lMH ua roro :lKe MauycKpnma, npe,llCTaBNUOillnH THnH'IHbiH BHH'Iecrepamii CTH.I\L. PauHHii XI BeK. YmmepCIITeTCKrui 6n6.1\HOTeKa, MaJI)'CKpnm Ff. I, 23, KeM6plf,ll:lK

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7- 7 7·Jl .uoHembt HpAaH,llCKo-uopMaHHCKHX KopoAeii HopKa, 921-954 ro,lloB: (7) CnrpHK I Kaox (<•CnrrpiOra 0.llHOrAa3biH»), 921-926 rO,llbi; (8) AuAacp n fyrcppHTCOH, 939-941 rO,llbi; (9) CnrpuK II CurpuKcou («CnrrpiOrr CoKpoauwe>>), 942 ro,ll; (10) ParHBa.Ab.ll II fyrcppuTcou, 943 ro,ll; (II) AuAacp I CwrpuKcou (<<AJV.acp KaapaH>> HAH <<AnAacp Cau,lla.AHJI>>), TpeTbe npaaAenue, 942-951 ro,llbl.

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H.u.. 37. napa CKaH.l(HHaBCKHX qepenaxOBH.l(HbiX q:m6y.l\ H3 :lKeHCKOro norpe6eHHH B TIUTpe, HopMaH.l(HH. IX BeK. My3eii ,ll;peBHOCTeH, PyaH

naiit~ennhiH B Ayape. 8¢ec YKPaweu HHKpycrauHeii cepe6poM H Me,liHbiMH HHT.IIMH. IX seK. My3eii Hawra

H..u.. 38. Me'! BHKHnra,

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Jf.u. 43. IV.aa cepe6pRHhiX 6paCAeTOB, HaHaeHHhiH n Acapne, XeMce, fOTAaH,ll. EpacAeThi cn11pa.hhHOH ¢opMhi npuneaeHhi ua BocTO'IHOH Enponhl, BP3MO:IKHO, 113 paiioHa peK11 KaMa. 9·ro BTopoH: KpynneiiumH: KAM cepe6pS1HhiX npellMeTOB c fOTAaH/la, necoM n 15 ¢YHTOB. IX neK. focyllapcTneHHhiH ucTop11'1ecKHH My3eu, CToKrOAhM

HM. 44. KeTW\Lc¢Lop.ll, fpeHAaH.IlHH. B Cpe.llHHe BeKa MOUaCTbipb ocuoBaAH y no,llumKHH ropw na 6epery ¢b0p.lla. 9-ra ¢oTOrpa¢HH .llaeT ueKoTopoe npe.llCTaBAenHe o cypoBOM neiiaa:a<e, c KOTopwM cKaH.IlHHaBbi BOill.J\H B COnpHKOCHOBeHHe

HM. 45. YKpameuHe uoca Kopa6AH,.BblflOAHeuuoe B «aKa.AeMH'ieCKOM» CTHAe {eM. pHc. ros, OCAo

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lfM. 4 7. lloao3Ka H3 Y ce6epra. Y Kpamemrn Ha O.liHOH cropoHe u TOplle DOB03KH BhlDOAHeHbJ B pa3AH'IHblX CTHAHX. My3eH Kopa6AeH BHKHHroa, OcAo

H.u. 48. ,ll;enlAb OKOHe'IHOCTH c o.o;uoii H3 onopubiX croeK noB03KH, uaii.o;euuoii n Y ce6epre. My3eii Kopa6Aeii BHKHHron, Ouo

H.u. 49. 0KoHe'IHOCTb c O.£lHOii H3 yrAoBbiX no.AnopoK na CaHJIX lllereAHra B BH.Ae roAOBbl, naii.Aennoii B Yce6epre. TaKue roAOBbl, O'leBH.AHO, npe.AHa3Ha'la.I\HCb .£!.1\JI TOro, 'IT06bl BH}'WHTb crpax, KOTOpblH 6bl.l\ BIDKHbiM 3.1\eMeHTOM npu C03.AaHHH xy.Ao:~~<ecrnennoro 3cpcpeKTa. My3eii Kopa6Aeii BHKHHron, OCAo ·

H.u. 50. MaAeHbKHH cepe6p.RHbiH KYAOH s <f>opMe MY)KCKOH roAOBbi na norpe6eun.11 snKnura s AcKe, Xare6IOxera, 9crepoi!TAaH.£1. My)K'IHHa B lll.l\eMe, yKpaweuuoM CTHAnaosauubiMH riTHUaMn. AAnua 3,5 eM. X seK. focyt~apCTBeuublii ncropnqecKnii Myaeii, CToKrOAbM

H.,u. 51. PyKOJITL Me"'a, uafuteuuoro B ,ll;106eKe, CKone.

Cepe6pHHLJH c 0030.1\0TOH, BLIDOAHeHHLIH B «3BepHHOM CTHAe», xapaKTepHOM ,AA.!I IO:IKHOH AnrAHH, C qepneHHeM. BHAHMO, aur.1\HHCKa.!l pa60Ta HAll C,Ae.1\aHa CKaHAHHaBCKHM MacrepoM, KOTOpLlH Y"'HACH B Anr.AHH. ,ll;Auua nepeKpecTHH 10,2 CM. TipuMepno l<>OQ ro,A. focyAapcrnennhlii ucropu"'eCKHH MY3eii, CToKroALM

H.u. 52

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/1,u,. 55. ,ll;eTaAb m1Bepwnn acpeca Me'la H3 Orypa Hxpe, XeAAbBH, fOTAaH./l, noKa3b1BaJOil.laJI CMelUeHHe crapblX H HOBbiX qepT. QeHTpaAbH~H Me,/laAbOH H3o6pa)KaeT AbBa C fOAOBOH IITHUbl: Ayqme scero OH BH.AeH, eun nepesepHYTb KaP™"KY· TipnMepHo 800 rott. focy.AapCTBeHHbiH ncropnqecKnii MY3eii, CToKroAbM

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H..-u. 57, 58. ,l\e-raAn napbl 6poH3oBoii KoHcKoii ynp.R:JKH H3 CeAAeCTe,lla, <l>IoH, ,l\ann.R. 0Hn YKPallleHbJ coBepmeHHbJM opHaMeHToM B CTHJ\e E..vt.nHr, npe,llCTaBA.RJOIUero TJ>a,llHUHJO CTapblX CKaHJ{HHaBCKHX «3BepnHbJX opHaMeHTOB». X BeK. HaunoHaAbHbiH My3eii, KoneHrareH

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H...u. 60.

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1 H-u. 65. 1 - o6e croponht paKH 113 HaKAat{Horo cepe6pa c qepnenl1eM 113 KAat~a n Bv.6o, fecrpHKAaJJtl. Ha O.l{~oii cropmte 113o6pa:lKena ,ll;esa Map1111, ua t~pyroii - CBRTOH HHKOAaii. ,lVtaMCTp 2 CM. XI BeK. 2 - cpparMeHT, swpe3aHHbiH OT cepe6pnnoro npe,l{MeTa. Bo3MO:lf\HO, roAona Xp11cra. Jh cepe6pnnoro KAat{a, o6napy:lKennoro B Bv.t~apse, 8cKeAxeM, fOTAaHtl. OpnMepno 1000 rot{. ,li;HaMeTp 1,75jl,45 CM

H.LL 66. Cepe6pRHhiii 6paCAer H3 XeiiCAyH.llca, Xast~xeM, foTAaH.£1. Han6oAhwnii ,liHaMerp 9,2 eM. XI BeK. focy.t~apcrneHHhiH HcropnqecKHii My3eii, CToKroAhM

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