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TaK Ha3hiBaeMaR «3pa BI1KI1HrOB» HaqaJiaCh OKOJIO
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OT
P.X.
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UOB 11JII1 ITJIOTHI1KOB. 0HI1 ITp113HaBaJII1 MeCTHOfO BOJK,!\R, ITpe.!\CTaBI1TeJIR ap11CTOKpaT!1'-IeCKOfO KJiacca, 11JII1 RpJia, KOTOpbiH, B CBOJO oqepe.!\b, RBJIRJICR BaCCaJIOM KOpOJIR. B CaMOM HI13Y OCHOBaHI1R COU11aJ!bHOH IT11paMI1.!\bl HaX0,!\11JII1Cb <<TpOJIJ!bl>> (pa6br), KOTOpbre UeJII1KOM 11 ITOJIHOCTbJO ITp11Ha,[\JieJKaJII1 X03RI1HY 11, 6e3JKaJIOCTHO 3KCITJiyaT11pyeMbie, fHYJII1 Ha Hero CITI1HY BCJO JKI13Hb. Pa6oToproBJIR ITpe.!\CTaBJIRJia co6oif secbMa ITp116biJibHOe ,!\eJio, a ITOTOMY HeBOJibHI1"1bl1 pbiHKI1 ITpouseTa.nl1 ITOBCJO.!\Y OT ,ll;y6JII1Ha .110 KoHcTaHTI1HOITOJIR. Oo cpe,!\HeBeKOBb!M CTaH.!\apTaM ITpe.!\CTaBI1TeJibHI1L\bl ITpeKpaCHOH ITOJIOBI1Hbl B 3py BI1KI1Hf0B 11rpa.n11 He06br"!aHHO Bb!COKYJO o6rueCTBeHHYJO pOJib. J1x MOJKHO Ha3BaTb OTBaJKHbiM11 JKeHIL\11HaMI1 113 ITorpaHI1"1bR, scer.11a roTOBbiMI1 ,!\eHCTBOBaTb 11 ITO"'TI1 so seeM paBHbiMI1 MYJK"'I1HaM. 11M ITp11Ha,!\JieJKa.na 6e3pa3,!\eJibHaR BJiaCTb B ,!\eJiax ceMb11 11 .!\OMa!IlHero X03RHCTBa, OHI1 o6Jia,!\aJII1 ITpasaMI1, ITOJib30BaTbCR KOTopbiMI1 JKeHIU11Hbi cTaHyT B EspoiTe eme ciTycTR seKa, a 11MeHHO ITpaso Ha pa3BO.!\ 11 .!\OJIJO B 11MymecTBe. I1x 6brJio TPY.!\HO He 3aMeTI1Tb B ITOJIHOM CMbiCJie 3Toro CJIOBa. liaCTb BTOpaR, <<BI1KI1Hr-xepc11p>>, OTKpb!BaeTCR 3afOJIOBKOM: <<KyJibTypa JKeCTOKOCTI1 11 HaCI1JII1R>>. HaCI1JII1e 11 JKeCTOKOCTb RBJIRJII1Cb, 6e3yCJIOBHO, TeM TOBapoM, He,!\OCTaTKa B KOTOpOM CKaH,!\11HaBbl He 11CITbiTbiBaJII1. BpeMR OT speMeHI1 ,!\aHHbre Ka"!eCTBa <<KaHaJII1311pOBaJII1Cb» B KOHTpOJII1pyeMbre rocy.!lapCTBOM pycJia HaiTpaBJieHHOfO HaC11JII1R, ITO Mepe TOfO KaK CKaH,!\11HaBCK11e CTpaHbl 0,!\Ha 3a .!\pyroH ITp11HI1MaJII1 Xp11CTI1aHCTBO 11 Bbipa6aTb!BaJII1 11MITepCKI1e BOeHHb!e aM611U1111. ,ll;aHI1R B ITep110.11 ITpasJieHI1R CseHa BI1Jio6opo.!loro 11 ero cbrHa KHyTa 3asoesa.na 6oJiblllYJO qacTb AHrJII111 11 <!JaKTI1"!ecKI1 pa3,!\eJII1Jia AHrJII1JO c C03,!\aHI1eM TaK Ha3biBaeMoro <<,ll;aTcKoro 3aKOHa>>. lllseu11R ITPOJIOJKI1Jia ce6e ITYTb rJiy6oKo Ha Tepp11TOp1110 ,ll;pesHeif Pym, ITOJIJ"'I1B BJiaCTb B TaK11X KPYITHbiX 11 6oraTbiX ropo,!\ax-rocy.!lapcTsax, KaK Hosropo.11 11 K11es, !IlBe,!\CK11e BI1KI1Hrl1 xaJKI1BaJII1 ITO BoJire 11 ,ll;HeiTpy, Bl1.!\eJII1 3eMJII1 A31111, ITORBJIRJII1Cb Ha .!\aJieK11X pbrHKax 3ara,!\O"!HbiX 11 HeBe.!\OMbiX Oepc1111 11 K11TaR. B TpeTbeif qacTI1, <<Jla,!\bl1 BI1KI1HfOB>>, ITpocJieJKI1BaeTcR 3BOJIJOU11R MopeiTJiaBaHI1R 11 cy.!\OCTpoeHI1R y BI1KI1HrOB. CKaH.!\11HaBbi ITOKa3aJII1 ce6R KaK 3KCTpaop.!\11HapHbre MopexO,!\bi. Ha OTKpbrTbiX BCeM BeTpaM 11 CTI1XI1RM cy,!\eHbl!IlKaX OHI1 11360p03,!\11JII1 MOpR 11 OKeaHbl ITOJIOBI1Hbl CBeTa, B CYIUHOCTI1, OHI1 pa3,!\BI1HYJII1 ero rpaHI1L\bi, ITOCKOJibKY 3a611paJI11Cb ,!\aJ!b!Ile Ha cesep 11 Ha 3aiTa,!\, "!eM KaKI1e 6bi TO Hl1 6biJIO .11pyr11e eBpOITeHUbl ,!\0 HI1X, 11 OCHOBb!BaJII1 KOJIOHI111 Ha <l>apepCK11X ocTposax 11 B I1cJiaH.!\1111; OHI1 <!JaKTI1"!ecKI1 OTKpbiJII1 AMep11Ky, C03.!\aJII1 IToceJieHI1R Ha cesepe ee 11 B
f peHJiaH,!\1111. JlerKI1e Kopa6JII1 o6eciTe"'I1BaJII1 BI1KI1HraM rpaH.!\1103HYJO TaKTI1"!ecKyJO ITO.!\BI1JKHOCTb. Mop-
CKI1e cpaJKeHI1R RBJIRJII1Cb ITO CYTI1 CBOeH ITpOCTO ITpO.!\OJIJKeHI1eM cyxoiTyTHbiX 611TB: 3CKa.!\pbl CBR3blBaJII1Cb BMeCTe, ITJiaH!Il11pb K ITJiaH!Il11p10, o6pa3yR ITJiaByql1e ITJiaT<fJOpMbl. C CaMOfO Ha"!aJia CTOJIKHOBeHI1e RBJIRJIOCb BOHHOH Ha 11CTpe6JieHI1e, KpOBaBblM 6oeM, B KOTOpOM UeJib COCTORJia B TOM, "'T06b! 0"111CTI1Tb OT KOMaH,!\ BpaJKeCKI1e Kopa6JII1. 0.!\HaKo He Y3KI1e 11 XI1IL\Hbie seceJibHbie Jia,!\bl1 - BeJII1"1eCTBeHHbie 11 rpo3Hbie - 11rpa.n11 rJiaBHYJO pOJib Ha ITOCJie,!\HeM 3TaiTe 3KCITaHCI111 BI1KI1Hros B 3aiTa,!\HOM HaiTpasJieHI111. <<3Be3,!\aMI1>> Ha cueHe co6biTI1H C,!\eJia.ni1Cb lll11pOKI1e 11 ITpO"'Hbie rpy3oBbre Kopa6JII1, 11JII1 KHappbr, CTaB!Ill1e pa6o"!I1MI1 JIO!Ila,!\KaMI1 OKeaHOB 11 Mopeif. J1MeHHO KHappbl HeCJII1 Ha ce6e ITepBOOTKpb!BaTeJieH 11 ITOCJie.!\yJOIU11X IToceJieHues B CesepHyJO AMep11KY K 6eperaM ,ll;o6poro BI1HJiaH,!\a, <<CTpaHbi BI1Ha>>, TOH CaMOH CKa30"'HOH 3eMJII1 o6eTOBaHHOH, 3aTepRHHOH f,!\e-TO Ha BOCTO"!Hb!X 6eperax COBpeMeHHblX KaHa.!\bi 11 Coe,!\11HeHHbiX lliTaToB. KHappbi CTaJII1 oco6oif cTpaH11UeH o ITopaJKaJOmeif B006paJKeHI1e CTpaCTI1 BI1KI1Hf0B K ITp11KJIJO"!eHI1RM. liTo 3a .!\11BHOe ITOJIOTHO 3Ta KHI1ra! KaKOH ITbi!IlHbiH 11 pocKOlllHbiH ITOKa3 11cTop1111!
4
XPOHOJIOfHR OK. 350 r. .n;oP.X.
i1opTCITpi1HrCKaH Jia,!1hH 3aTOITJieHa B 6oJIOTe Ha !Ore ~aHI1!1 KaK )!(epTBOITpi1HOllleHI1e 6oraM. OK. 350-400 rr. HJ0,!1aMCKI111 KOpa6Jih 3aTorrJieH Ha 10re OTP.X. I0TJiaH,!1a KaK >KepTBa. OK. 700 r. ITocTpoeH KsaJICJOHHCKm1 Kopa6Jih. 789 r. Y6m1cTBO BI1KI1HraMI1 yrrpaBJIHJOII(ero
792 r. 793 r. 795 r. 799 r. OK. 800 r.
810 r. 830~850
rr.
OK. 834 r.
835 r. OK. 850 r.
851 r. 865 r.
KopoJIH EeopTpi1Ka. O¢¢a roTOBI1T y KperrJieH!1H KeHTa ,!1l!H OTITOpa <<H3bi'-!eCKI1M MOperlllaBaTeJIIIM>>. Ha6er Ha }II1H,!1!1C¢apH. Ha6er Ha i1oHy. Pdr,!1epbi-BI1KI1Hrl1 TIOHBJIHJOTCH y ycTbH Jly aphr. CTpOI1TCH Y ce6eprcKail Jia,!1hil. Hana,11eH11e ,!1aT'-!aH Ha <Dp113!1JO. Ha6em Ha 6epera <DpaHIJ;I1!1 11 IO)!(HOH AHrJII111. Y ce6eprcKaH Jia,!1bil npespamaeTCII B 3axopoHeH!1e s BeCT¢oJI,!1e, s Hopsem11. BI1KHHrl1 s Y 3CT-KaHTPI1 pa3rpoMJieHbi 3r6epTOM, KOpOJieM 3arra,!1Hb!X CaKCOB. Po>K,!1eHI1e XapaJib,!1a Xap¢ar p11 (ITpeKpacHosoJiocoro). Boi1cKo BI1KI1Hros snepsbre 311MyeT B AHrJII111- y T 3i1HeTa. AHrJII1HCKI1e >K!1TeJI!1 KeHTa snepsbre TIJiaTHT <<,!1aTCKI1H Bb!X0,!1», I1l!I1 <<,!1aTCKI1e ,!1eHhrl1».
867 r.
CbiHOBhH ParHapa Harra,[(aJOT Ha i1opK 11 OBJia,!1eBaJOT 11M.
OK. 870 r.
XapaJih.l1 Xap¢arp11 (ITpeKpacHOBOJIOChiH) CTaHOBI1TCII TIOJIHOrrpaBHb!M KOpOJieM Hopser1111. BI1KI1Hrl1 ,!10CTI1raJOT J1cJiaH,ll;11!1 11 Ha'-!!1Ha!OT CeJI!1TbCII TaM. Cpa)!(eHI1e s Xa¢pc-<Dwp,11e. BI1KI1Hrl1 3asoeBbiBaJOT Mepc1110. ITa,11eH11e BocTO'-IHOH AHrJII1!1.
OK. 872 r.
877 r. 879 r.
886 r.
~orosop Me)!(ey fyTpy MoM
OK. 890 r . 895- 905 rr. 930-937 rr.
11 Allh¢pe.n;oM. Oca.n;a ITap!1)!(a. CTpOI1TCH foKcTa,!1cKaH Jia,!1hil. Po)!(,!1eH!1e 3mJia CKaJIJiarpi1MCOHa. Bocxo>K,!1eHI1e Y3cceKCKOH,!1!1HacTI1!1
937 r. 940-954 rr.
978 r. 980 r. OK. 985 r. OK. 986 r.
991 r. 991- 1015 rr.
OK. 1000 r.
1014 r. 1016- 1035 rr.
s AHrJII111 11 npespameHI1e ee s e,!1!1HJIO MOHapXI110. Cpa>KeH!1e np11 EpJOHa6ypre. KopoJieBCTBO BI1KI1Hros B i1opKe TO y Tpa'-!!1BaeT, TO BOCCTaHaBJII1BaeT He3aB!1CI1MOCTb. Ha'-laJIO rrpasJieHI1H 3TeJibpe,!1a II. Bo3o6HOBJieH!1e pei1,11os BI1KI1Hros s AHrJII1JO. CMepTb 8r11na CKaJIJiarpi1MCOHa. 3p11K Pbi)!(I1H ocHOBbrsaeT BocTO'-IHYJO 11 3arra,!1HYIO KOJIOHI1!1 B f peHJ!aH,!1!1!1. EI1TBa np11 MoJI,!10He. BhrMoraH!1e BI1KI1HraMI1 KpyrrHhiX CJMM ,!1aTcKoro BhiX0,!1a. TopKeJI ~JII1HHhiH (r1oMCBI1KI1Hr) aKTI1BHO ,!1eHCTByeT s AHrJII111. CseH BI1llo6opo.n;hrr1 ycTaHaBJII1BaeT ,!1aTCKoe rocrro,[(CTBO B AHrJII1!1. 1
B11KI1Hrl1 noceJIHJOTCH B JI AHc-o-Me,11oy3, B HhJO¢ayH.n;neH.n;e. Cpa)!(eH!1e np11 MOHTap¢e. ITpasJieH!1e KHJTa. Bo3HI1KHOBeHI1e <<I1Mrrep1111 BI1KI1Hros» Ha 6eperax
CesepHoro MOpH. OK. 1025 r. ITocTpoeH <<PocKI1JIJie 6». OK. 1030-1050 rr. B 3ana,!1HOH Hopsem11 cTpOI1TCII OK. 1040 r. 1042-1066 rr.
1085 r.
<<CKJOJIJieJies- 1». Coopy>KeH!1e <<CKJOnnenes-3». ITpasneH!1e 8.11yap,11a I1cnose,!1HI1Ka. Cpa>KeHI1e y CTaM¢op.11-Ep11.11)!(a. ITpoBaJI 3Kcrre,!111IJ;I111 CseHa 3CTp i1.L\COHa B BOCTO'-!Hhre pai10Hhi AHrJII1!1. KoHeu; CKaH,!1!1HaBCKOH yrp03bl.
5
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YnpaBJJJIIOII.II1H OT rocyAapJI,
KOTOpbiH He 3HaJJ,
KTO OHI1 TaKI1e, TIOCTielliHJJ K TOMY Mecry, r11e 11X B11AeJJI1, C HaMepeHI1eM 3aCTaBI1Tb He3HaKOMI..\eB JIBI1TbCJI B KopoJJescKoe 11MeHI1e. qyJKaKI1 y611JJ11 ero. TaK snepBbie 3aJIBI1JJI1 o ce6e AaT'laHe B AHrJJI111. Bor 4TO paccKa3biBaer o nepsoM noHBJieHI11111 rrepsoi1 JKeprse B11KI1Hros <<AHrJio-caKCOHCKaH JieTOII11Cb». Crrycr11 qeTbipe ro11a, B
793
r. or P.X., cocTOi!JICil xopowo 113Be-
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100 r . .110 P.X.
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S EA 0
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13
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14
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15
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16
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17
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Terl111: <<JleTOni1Ch» rOBOp11T, qTo B TOT fO,[I <<6e360lKH11KI1 BnepBbie 311MOBaJII1» Ha ocTpose T3i1HeT. B 855/856 r. soiicKo BI1KI1Hros cHosa <<OCTaJIOCh Ha sc10 311My», HO Ha cei1 pa3 Ha oCTpose lllenn11; B 864/865
r.
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HeTe; 11 BOT B 865/866 r. <<OrpOMHhiH cp110T .H3hJqHI1KOB», np11IIIe,[lllli1H C KOHTI1HeHTa, 311MOBaJI B BocToqHoi1 AHr111111 (TaK Ha3hiBaJIOCh Kopo11eBCTBO Ha socToKe AHr111111, cymecTBOBaBlllee B VI-VIII seKax; Ha ero Tepp11TOp1111 HhiHe Haxo,~:~RTCR rpacj:JcTBa Hopcj:Jo11K 11 Cycpcpo11K. - llpuM. nep.). Ha cei1 pa3 BI1KI1Hfl1 pellll11111 o6ocHOBaThCJI Ha HOBOM MeCTe. Cpe.n11 BOlKaKOB <<OrpOMHOro cp110Ta>>, noceT!1Blllero AHr111110 B 865 r., Haxo.ni1110Ch 11 HeCK011hKO ChiHosei1 npoc11as11eHHoro .naTcKoro Kopo11.H ParHapa Jio.n6poKa (Bo110CaThie Jl.HlKK11), KOTOphiH cqi1TaJIC.H y cesep.HH HaCTO.Hili,I1M np11MepoM 11CTI1HHOro BI1KI1Hra. ChiHOBh.H, o KOTOphiX 11,1:1eT pel!h, 3TO ¥hap MRrKoTe11hiH, XaJicj:J.naH 11 Y6611, 111111 lKe Xy66a, 11 <<ParHaposa cara>> yTseplK.naeT, qTo Hana.neHI1e 11Me11o 1111lllh o.nHY l.\e11h- OTOMCTI1Th 3a cMepTh OTI.\a B 50-e ro,~:~hi IX cTo11eTI1.H K0po1110 HopTyM6p1111 A31111e, KOTOphiH, KaK cqi1TaJIOCh, 6poc1111 B3.HToro 11M B n11eH B cpalKeHI111 ParHapa B RMY co 3Me.HMI1. HecMOTp.H Ha TO qTo A31111a np11llle11 K B11aCTI1 T011hKO B 866 r., Tor.na KaK ParHap, cy.nR no sceMy, naJI B 611Tse c Kopo11eM HOpselKl.\eB B I1p11aH,1:11111, cpaKT ocTaeTc.H cpaKTOM: npose.n.H ro.n B rpa611Te11hCKI1X Ha6erax Ha oKpecTHhie ce11eHI1J1 11 co6pas no.nKpen11eHI1.H Ha Tepp11TOp1111 BoCToqHoi1 AHr111111, ChiHOBhJI ParHapa aTaKosa1111 MopK, KOTOpbiM OB11a,1:1e1111 B KOHI.\e 867 r.; Ha C11e,[ly!Oili,I1H fO,I:I OHI1 nOHMaJII1 CaMOro A31111y 11 np11.r:1a1111 ero p11TYaJihHOH cMepT11, noc11e qero 3axsaTI11111 6o11hlllYIO qacTh
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r.).
B 869 r. I1sap yse11 qacTh soiicKa B
BocToqHYIO AHr111110, r.ne pa3rpoMI111 11 B3.H11 B n11eH Kopo11.H 3.nMyH.na, KOToporo Ka3HI111, KaK 11 A31111y. (XoT.H, B03MOlKHO, 3,~:~MyHLI Hallle11 CMepTh OT CTpe11, o6a KOp011.H, no BCeH BI1,[111MOCTI1, nO,[IBepr1111Ch Myqi1Te11hHOH 11 OTBpaTI1Te11bHOH nhiTKe <<KpOBaBOro op11a», np11 KOTopoi1 lKepTBe Bhipy6aJI!1 qacTh pe6ep B cni1He, BhiTaCKI1BaJII1 qepe3
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orpoMHhie paHhi 11erK11e, KpOBh ny11hc11posaJia B HI1X .no Tex nop, noKa qe11oseK He
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36
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tueMCfl Ha HOcy /laOeU BUKUHZOI3. T..fembtpe o6pa311a ucnO/lb3YJOmcfl B Ka'leCml3e rp/1/0ZepoB Ha /1epKOBHbtX KO/IOKO/lbHflX BCJteocmBUe mpaOU/1UU xpaHUmb BCe C'6eMHOe cHapflJICeHue cyooe B AtecmHbtX /1epKeflx. D peocmaB/leHH&tu Joecb u3 CeoepMbt, e X3AbcuHmaHoe ( ll1Be/1Ufl), u oamupyemcfl X BeKOM ( H a/1UOHa/lbHbtU Aty3eu opeBHOcmeu, CmoKZO/lb.M,
38
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ITOKOH'II1Th c ITOCJie,l1H11M He3aBI1CI1MhiM caKCOHCKI1M KopoJieBCTBOM. KaK paccKa3hiBaeT <<AHrJIOCaKCOHCKaJI JieTOITI1Ch>>:
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892
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r., o.n;HaKo, ITOTepiTeB ro.n;oM paHbllle ITopaJKeHI1e OT Ap-
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793
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JlpuM. nep.]), xapaKTep
o6opoHbi ITpeTepiTeJI m-
MeHeHHJI. XoTJI caM KOpOJib Y 3CCeKca HaX0.11HJICJI, ecJIH MOJKHO TaK Bbipa3HTbCJI, B 6erax, rJiaBHbiH KopoJieBCKHH 'IHHOBHHK Ha MeCTe cyMeJI ,11aTb OTITop 11 pa3rpoMHTb Xy66y 6e3 ITOMOIUH ueHTpaJibHOH BJiaCTH. TaKHe 'IHHOBHHKH ITpaBHJIH Ha HHbiX ocHoBax, HeJKeJIH MaJibie KOpOJIH 6oJiee paHHero ITepHO.lla, JIH'IHO CBJI3aHHbie c perHOHOM. KopoJieBCKHe ITpe,11CTaBHTeJIH BCel(eJIO 3aBHCeJIH OT rocy.11apll, KOTOpblH Ha3Ha'IaJI, CHliMaJI HJIH ITepeMeiUaJI HX c MecTa Ha MeCTo ITO cBoeMy ycMoTpeHHIO. Bo3MOJKHO, pe3yJibTaT CTbl'IKli - CJie,l1CTBlie ITpHXOTli BOeHHOH ¢opTyHbi, 0,11HaKO, .11yMaeTCJI, BCe JKe Tpe6oBaJiaCb OITpe,11eJieHHaJI ,110JIJI fOTOBHOCTH, ITpHCYTCTBHe CITOC06HOCTeH li pelllliMOCTH, 'IT06bl OTBalKHTbCJI ,11aTb 6oJ'i li HaHeCTli ITOpaJKeHHe 0Tpll.l1y, J!BliBllleMyCJI Ha JIX (T.e., BepOJITHO, ,110CTHfaBllleMy 'IliCJieHHO 6oJiee
1000
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23
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JlpuM. nep.).
YKpenJieHIUI MwmTapH3aUHJI aHr;miicKoro rocy.11apcTBa, C,l1eJiaBlllaJI B03MOJKHbiM oTpaJKeHHe Ha6eroB li 3aBOeBaHHe AHfJilili (aBTOp, ITO-Bli,l1liMOMy, HMeeT B BH.l1Y OTBOeBaHHe 3aHJITblX BliKliHfaMH 'IaCTeH CTpaHbl aHfJIOCaKCaMH.-
JlpuM. nep.),
BblpaJKaJiaCb B TOM
'IHCJie 11 B CTpOHTeJibCTBe ceTH yKpeiTJieHHH, KOTOpbie Y3cceKCKOH ,11HHaCTHH ITpHlllJIOCb B03.11BHrHyTb B KOHUe
IX
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X cToJieTHJI.
Tio3HUHOHHaJI BOHHa ITpH-
o6peJia 6oJihlllee 3Ha'IeHHe 6JIHJKe K KOHUY ITpaBJieHHJI AJib¢pe.11a, Kor,11a cKaH,l1HHaBbi ITpe.l1ITPHHHMaJIH ITOITbiTKH 3aiUHTHTb co6cTBeHHbie ITpHo6peTeHHJI 11 YHH'ITOJKHTb ITOCJie,l1Hee CaKCOHCKOe KOpOJieBCTBO. I1CTO'IHliKli ,11a!OT HaM KapTHHY TOfO, KaK CTpoliJiliCb KOpoJieBCKlie ¢opTH¢HKal(Hli, paCITOJiaraBllllieCJI 0,11Ha OT .11pyroJ'i Ha paCCTOJIHlili B
30-35
KM. f10,l1,11eplKHBaeMble 3a C'IeT pecypcoB paHOHa, B KOTOpOM B03BO,l1li-
JiliCb, OHli CJIYlKHJili l(eHTpaMH cocpe,110TO'IeHHJI BepXOBHOH BJiaCTH, r,11e HaXO,l1liJiliCb MOHeTHble ,11BOpbl, pblHKli li yKpeiTJieHHJI, CITOC06Hble BMeCTliTb 60JiblllOe KOJIH'IeCT-
102
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CH!lmbtii c B03oyxa eoeHHbtii .11azepb Tpe.11.11e6opz, Komopbtii, KaK c<~umaemcfl, B03Be.!lu c Jaoa'teii C.!lYJKUmb B Ka'>ecmee u.eHmpa cocpeoomo'teHufl eoiicK, u.11u CDOpHOZO nyHKma 0.11/l oeiicmBUU CeeHa Bu.11o6opooozo npomue AHz.11uu. C mpex cmopoH ezo HaOeJKHO 3aUt,UUI,a.!lU peKU U 00.110mo, uMe.!lUCb u pyKomeopHbte yKpen.!leHUfl, BK.!l/O'iaButUe 8 CeO!l HaCbtnU C nMUCaOaMU Ha HUX ( Hau.uoHMbHbtii MyJeii J(aHuu).
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103
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BO 6eJKeHueB. KpeiTOCTh, 111111 <<6ypr»
(burh),
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Bee 3TO TaK JKe nocTOBepHo, KaK <<ITI1-
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104
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105
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C/Jopm 8UKUHZ08. 950-1000 U. /(amcKan Kpenocmb- munu•t.Han
BHKHHfH B CP A)I{EHHH
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nHTBa B Xa<f>pc-<l>bop,IJ;e. 0KoJio 872 r.
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ISBN 978-5-699·23504-9
Chartrand R., Duhram K., Harrison M., Heath I. The Vikings. Voyagers of discovery and plunder Tiepenor~
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