Winnie Chiu 698653 by wchiu

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 LOGBOOK 698653 Winnie Chiu

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

Contents

! W01 Introduction to construction……………………………………….ONE ! W02 Structural loads and forces……………………………..…….…EIGHT ! W03 Footing & foundations…………………………………………FIFTEEN  Case study 1

W04 Floor systems & horizontal elements………………….TWENTY-FIVE  Case study 2

W05 Columns grids & wall systems………………………..THIRTY-THREE  Case study 3

W06 Spanning & enclosing space………………………….…FORTY-TWO Case study 4

! W07 Detailing strategies 1……………………………………FORTY-EIGHT ! W08 Openings………………………………………………,…FIFTY-THREE ! W09 Detailing strategies 2…………………………………….FIFTY-SEVEN ! W10 When things go wrong……………………………………..SIXTY-FIVE ! Workshop………………………………………………………..SIXTY-EIGHT ! Materials……………………………………………………….SEVENTY-FIVE ! Glossary…………………………………………………….SEVENTY-SEVEN ! Reference………………………………………………………..EIGHTY-ONE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W01]

INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 Logbook 698653 Winnie Chiu

" [W01] Introduction to Construction

PAGE ONE

[W01]

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

A circle base requires a small amount of bricks than other shapes makes closing in faster and easier where as closing in for shapes such as rectangles and squares can be more time consuming and needs more materials. Choosing the circular shape enables us to raise the height in speed but the inaccurate spacing can lead to unintentional closing in which is evident in pieces that are forces to go perpendicular instead of running alongside the circle.

To create a solid foundation the bricks were placed in a stretcher bond for fifteen courses and as we progressed to increase height with speed three rows of stretcher and one row of the bed side of bricks facing outwards. By empaling three rows still proves stability and strength for the load to run

INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION

After six sets of three stretcher courses and a row of bed facing we reduced the three stretcher courses to only two again attempting to decrease the materials used and into increase the height with the fastest speed.â&#x20AC;¨ The circular shape was divided into four with each member being responsible for that quarter. The difference in methods and inaccuracy led to the slight tilt of the shape.

Level 5 & 6

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Bed

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Header

Level 4

Circular shape which directs forces down through the bricks. Bed face row occupied less surface area hence being less stable.

Level 3

Level 2

Level 1

PAGE TWO

Foundation

Stretcher

Level 5 & 6: Cross bed faces single stack. Level 4: Header course used and closing in. Gradually decreasing the diameter. Level 3: 1 Stretcher course followed by 1 bed face row Level 2: 2 Stretcher course followed by 1 bed face row Level 1: 3 Stretcher course then one bed face row Foundation: Stretcher course for 15 rows

Building up the structure with stability from the case and decreasing that stability but increasing the height.

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W01]

INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION

Initially the force goes vertically down but after altering the structure by creating a diagonal arch and the base span causing force to predominately run down the sides of the arch. Although the structure is weaker the tension and weight of the bricks enables it to still holds its shape. But the

By closing in the structure by placing bricks that slightly overlap and recedes into the centre gradually decreases the diameter of the circle structure. Using this method enables us to decrease the diameter in the shortest time and height. This reduces the weight towards the top whilst also

As the top gets higher it begins to become unstable and and has no reinforcement. The tip is just crossing bricks placed in a coordinating principle.

Both have the space of 2cm but the spacing between the blocks alter the stability and also the how fast the diameter decrease.

If blocks are removed in an orderly manner the bricks will lead the load vertically down. Forming an arch    The load will disperse at the tip of the arch and follow the contours of the arch until it reaches the ground.

Balancing the equilibrium. If there is a bend in the structure by creating a bed in the opposite direction can balance that and lead to loads being equally distributed.

Bed face: More flexible to movement and inaccuracy

Stretcher: Next brick has to be placed with accuracy to enable

PAGE THREE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W01]

INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION

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Block on block top Getting wider Closing in method

Multiple gaps L e a v i n g foundation for support

The similarity between these structures is that all utilise a circular shape, enabling a smaller surface area to work with and simply closing in. Theres no corners of edges and enables every brick to rely on the other. Figure 2 and 3 identifies a slight increase in diameter and bend towards the top of the structure deeming it unstable. Figure one uses a one brick on brick horizontal and vertical to increase its height and although unstable by placing it so that there is a larger surface area makes it more resistant than other methods also by one using one brick after the other doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t produce stress for structure.

The bricks that have been removes is aimed to reduce the material use to a minimal. The load is still allowed to run directly down following the contours of the the spaces. As long as the foundation is stable bricks can be removed from either the centre of the bottom. Whilst Figure 1 has arches reaching the ground from all four sides Figure 2 cannot because the structure alternates in methods and stacking styles at the height increased and their base was the strongest area and to remove the bricks at the bottom could cause the structure to fall.

The way in which the bricks are placed effects the design and its stability. Figure 3 and a strong design in which there was tension between all the bricks and even when shaken the majority of the structure held together.

PAGE FOUR

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W01]

INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION

The weight of a brick   This week all the students were given a piece of A4 paper, scissors and material to adhere the surface together. The aim is to design a structure that can hold the weight of a brick with just one piece of A4 paper. There were two types of brick in which the design could deb tested on, one with a greater weight that the other.

STRUCTURE ONE

Paper folded up and formed a round shape. A simple design that helps transfer load vertically down. Stronger when the diameter is thickened even if it it shorted in height for has a smaller diameter it still a strong, stable structure if the ends are connected appropriately.

STRUCTURE THREE

A design the utilised triangular forms and shapes. Firstly folding the paper to create a thicker material. By balancing the centre of the weight with the intersection of material and direction the load pass the triangular form and leading it down. In conclusion the larger surface area which the weight is on the more weight it can hold.

STRUCTURE TWO Paper folded up and formed a square shape. Undertakes similar structure as the first but more vulnerable to warp if lengths are not balance or weaker also the placement of when the paper connects and the amount of overlap is important. E.g if the paper ended on the edge. E.g If the paper overlaps on one whole side and ends on the corner one side would be significant stronger than the other three hence the weight would be imbalanced.

STRUCTURE FOUR

An spherical origami ball. Due to the gap at the bottom the air is released immediately when load is applied therefore failing. By if containing the air within the origami ball the structure may hold a greater amount of weight.

By forming the paper into a thicker material, designing it in a way that has a greater surface area and that the connection points are not points of weakness can attempt produce a effective structure.

Structures tested has shown that with the use of tape has and if the structure is held in place a great amount of weight can be held hence the joints are crucial in determining the load.

PAGE FIVE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W01]

INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION

Melbourne has Bluestone Grose, Margaret. (2014) Natural environment has formed the cultural environment .  Bluestone= Basalt= igneous rocks surrounded with volcanos. Sydney has Sandstone Perth has Clay bricks and limestone Wheel ruts, water, stilettos, modern vehicles damaged the bluestone Lava bubbles evidence of volcanic past. Flinders lane, old road level. Exotic trees

Materials properties Newton, C. (2014). • Strength • Stiffness e.g stiff, flexible, stretchy or floppy • Shape e.g mono-dimensional(linear), bi-dimensional(planar) or tridimensional (volumetric) • Material behaviours e.g isotropic or anisotropic • Economy • Sustainability

Basic structural forces Newton, C. (2014). Force is any force that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body.

Tension forces when an external load plus on a structural member, the particles composing the materials move apart and undergo tension. Can stretch and elongate the material.

Compression forces produces the opposite effects of a tension force. With a load is pushed on a structural member the particles in the material are compacted together.

2.08-2.11 Ching, FDK 2008 Static load, applied slowly to a structure

Applied slowly to a structure

PAGE SIX

Suddenly applied usually due to the change in magnitude.

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

Dead loads

[W01]

INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION

Live loads

PAGE SEVEN

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W02]

STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 Logbook 698653 Winnie Chiu

" [W02] Structural Loads and Forces

PAGE EIGHT

[W02]

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

Square Frames

Utilising square layers as the basic structures and component of the design. By building with this frame upwards acts as support for the structure so that the height and length apart remains relatively s similar.

STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES

Fixed joint!

" Triangular braces

Pin joint

Connecting the joints via the sides and edges alone is not strong enough for the structure to withhold great force and is prone to falling and breakage when only little force is induced.â&#x20AC;¨ The triangular braces provide extra support for the structure by reinforcing the degree between the horizontal and vertical sides is the same. â&#x20AC;Š

Bracing only present on the first two levels

After a total of four layers and a height of over 2 metres a rectangular prism is formed with a total of 4 diagonal braces.

Reaching the top and forming a prism to reduce materials and increase height followed by an increase of height by single wooden sticks. The miniature triangular brace on the tip is intended to balance the weight of the tip of the structure.

Level 2 Level 3 Tip

PAGE NINE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W02]

STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES

â&#x20AC;Š The more wood that overlaps at the point of intersection the more strength in that area

The more crossing over there is on the surface, the more stable it is. Also the more overlapping towards the connecters the stronger the bond and therefore can sustain the most force.

Stronger connection

Braces are placed on both sides enable the structure to balance the downward load but if the load was directed on a slang the unbraced sides with give in and the structure will begin to warp.

W e a k bongs, After breakage becomes

Warping and sagging is evident when the structure is either unstable or the joints are weak. Eventually the downward pressure/load will cause it to collapse. Due to the inaccurate and weak connection of joints or dissimilar lengths and sizes of the material.

PAGE TEN

[W02]

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES

â&#x20AC;Š 5!

" "

Triangular brace

Mini brace to counteract the force of the

Elevating the height

M i s s i n g connectors = susceptible to warping when load is applied

" " 4!

" "

" " "

Adjusting the placement of triangles helps balance the equilibrium.

Level 5-6 w e a k e r levels due to its distance being further apart.

" " "

" 3!

" 2!

" " 4!

" 3!

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2! Levels 1-4 Building up a strong foundation

" " "

Missing braces.

All the structures reach a relatively similar and stable height. Figure 1 and 2 use a triangular frame base whilst figure 3 uses a square base. The advantages of using diagonal braces enables the structure to withhold greater force but is only effective if the braces are used along the whole level. Hence the load is equally distributed whereas if there is only one brace on a size the other sizes will cause the structure to sharp and loose its shape.

The materials for connecting the ends and the method in which is done it also crucial. Super glue is weaker whilst pinning it increases its durability by a fixed joint. If there is more surface area in which its connected the more strong the connection is. Also using both pin and super glue gives it a strong hold.

Figure 1 and 2 had a stronger foundation by the horizontal frames located closer together at first and the the length increased as the height got taller. What was also evident when pressure was placed on the structures was the although the lower evils held the load the ones spaced further apart could not when only under little pressure.

PAGE ELEVEN

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W02]

STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES

Tub’s + Straw’s & Pin’s

Experimenting with a plastic tub and attempting to see what support systems can hold the most weight utilising straws and pins. Each selected student was give a number of pins and a tub in which they were asked to design a structure which could support the greatest amount of load.

Support ONE: Uses square supports as a connector to hold the columns in place. Was fairly weak although stronger that the second support

Support TWO: Held up by four straw columns that Without bracing the pins has rotating moment and could hold little weight before a few straws moved.

Support THREE: Strongest of the three which helped transfer and direct the load to the ground. The triangular structures are very useful and strong in transferring load. The end at the bottom provides extra support

Triangular bracing is more efficient in load transfers and stability.

Understanding the material is also very important, its strengths and weakness and using those to its advantage. In terms of the straw it was one with an adjustable tip and using that part and putting it under a considerable amount of load will cause it to warp hence become a major failing point. By removing it would eliminate that vulnerability.

A single pin joint is exposed to movement if not braces. By apply two nails at a single point for one from the outside and one from the inside can strengthen that point and restrict it from unwanted movement.

PAGE TWELVE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W02]

STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES

EDS Newton, C. (2014)

"Mojave Rivers Ranger Station / Marcy Wong Donn Logan Architects" 26 Sep 2012

- Embodied energy  Mining, transporting, smelting, manufacturing, selling, installing ext

- What can be cycled and reused? Reduce? - Carbon footprint, some materials are more sustainable than the other.

EDS considerations - Local materials - Material efficiency - Thermal mass - Night air luring - Solar energy - Solar energy - Wind energy - Cross ventilation - Smart sun design - Insulation - Water harvesting

PAGE THIRTEEN

Council, M. (2014)

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W02]

STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES

PAGE FOURTEEN

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

PAGE FIFTEEN

[W02]

STRUCTURAL LOADS AND FORCES

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W03]

FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 Logbook 698653 Winnie Chiu

" [W03] Footing and Foundations

PAGE SIXTEEN

[W03]

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS

Lot 6 Cafe  Structure is formed with a frame and solid design. It utilises frames as décor. With glass windows, stone work. And steel décor. The form is rectangular and the force just goes vertically down and some is transferred through the beam to past the brick wall. The platform and artificial grass built on concrete indicates there’s a basement.

The steel metal beam is identified as décor by its weak attachment to the building and is held up by the brick wall. The loads are transferred down from either side the building and the brick wall.

The back is may be lined with water resistant materials which guides the water down towards the weep holes.

Medium air pressure between wall framing and brick

Stretcher Weeping holes

The back is lined may be lined with material that is resistant to water and guides the water down towards the weep holes.

Solider

The mortar gaps at as a weep hole which aims to fulfil two purposes. To provide an opening where water is able to drain out and ventilation of air behind the structure so it is able to dry. The masonry side of the brick absorbs a lot of water it will grow and cracks may form.  The solider course acts as a base to hold the brick up and has only two layers of bricks.

PAGE SEVENTEEN

[W03]

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS

Stairs on west end of Union house The wall is formed by different surfaces and shades of Brick. The frame and cable structure is a steel frame with is held up by pin joint achieved tension by pulling apart. The cable to brace structure and steel deals with vertical load.   Galvanised steel frame and coating prevents it’s from rusting.

New court Union House A membrane structure made of steel and cables that deals with vertical loads. The angle and crossing over of cables strengthen the tension and holds the membrane tightly down. The thick material and the form direct the water to run down towards the drain. It’s diagonal form that slowly recedes towards the ground acts as shade

PAGE EIGHTEEN

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W03]

FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS

Underground car park and South Lawn  An example of in situ where the concrete is poured on site and fitted to the shape. The paving identifies the areas where it has been connected. The hollow gaps are designed to prevent condensation problems by enabling enough space for the concrete to expand and contract.  There are slight dips in the roofing so that the columns not only act as support but as a large tree pot holes for the trees above on the south lawn. The substructure is comprised of concrete shells on small columns. Within the columns run pipes that become drainage for the trees on the south lawn.

Chen, L. (2011).

PAGE NINETEEN

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W03]

FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS

Architecture building Has three dimensional horizontal trust, braces enables the whole thing to act as one structure with dramatic expansion joints.

Gym Has a portal frame, solid structure of brick, footing, and silicon on the glass edges.

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Alleyway curve Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a frame structure rather than a solid because of the single layer brick is insufficient to hold the wall up. Contains a cavity wall which inhibits the transfer of heat by filling the cavity wall with materials, columns in wall, weep holes, aluminium, steel beams . Has a Seal with notch enables water to drip down prevents water rusting and stains unlike the water steel that was damaged due to the angling of the roof which collected water.

The metal pipes display a greenish red rush that is a result of insufficient maintenance of paint work.

The white cast iron has a protective film on its surface that makes it resistant to corrosion. To avoid rusting and corrosion finishes can be applied such as bituminous coating, waxes, paints, galvanising and plating.

PAGE TWENTY

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W03]

FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS

Arts west student centre  Peter Elliot's building   The placement of slabs of zinc sheet roofing that slightly overlaps enables the fabrication and transportation to be easier and extra space for the material to span and contract.  The wooden bean is held up by the weight of the roofing. It’s hung by bolts. It’s placed in front of Stainless steel. The stainless steel is used as a lining and pipe for drainage. Contrasting the matte finishing on both steel and wood designs.   A sandstone wall has cladding finish which acts as a divider. Concrete flooring at difference levels is the flooring that also acts as steps.

Uses triangular bracings as the design or the frame are the loads directed from the top to the bottom bean via the diagonal sides of the triangle as well as the horizontal bars.

The weight of the beam is held up by the marble block and the weight is distributed on both sides.  The marble block is both polished and rough on different sides to creating texture.  It has a gap on the side with a rubber lining that absorbs the expansion and contraction of movement when the stone is exposed to the weather.

PAGE TWENTY-ONE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W03]

FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS

Oval Pavilion Retaining the heritage sector of the pavilion the new design is based on angular forms that give the designs

Has a timber frame construction with cladding steel and weather boards which deals with humidity the roof is man of timber with a structural steel on the edge. There are numerous cantilever in the design, using lightweight materials on the walls and timber wood as the columns that give the design a warmer vide.

The pipe has various incisions that act as drainage holes.

#Case study 1 - Olympic constructs  Works at a execrated progress  Catalysts for urban regeneration London canal networks    Expensive to move soil (remediation) therefore reshapes it with existing materials.   Remediation is the cleaning of soil and removing the contaminated off site.    Building + land around it + how the design is packaged and used.     Ability to transform the structures built into something usually after the olympics.  Using sustainable material

Power station, pumping station, substation.  Where it’s placed and the materials used and how its constructed.

PAGE TWENTY-TWO

[W03]

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS

Ching, Francis D.K Equilibrium is the elements is in either rest of balance and the forces act in equal or opposite reaction. In addition the forces applied must be able to balance the equal of opposing forces. Whilst the centre of mass a single point where the element is at rest/balanced.

Consideration 1. The sum is 0 if the object or system is not in vertical motion. ∑V=0 2. The sum is 0 if the object is not in horizontal motion. ∑H=0 3. The sum is 0 if the object is not rotating. ∑ M = 0

Movement of forces • For equilibrium reaction forces must be resisted • If the force causes movement in the element or a point rotation it is deemed a moment of force.  - Mo = F x d (i.e. moment = force x distance)

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Newton, C. Strut is an element in compression e.g column Tie is a element in tension e.g Cable ties Beam supported at each end and has both compression on the top and tension on the base

Strut

Tie

Beam

Slab/ plate helps load be dispersed in two directions Panels carry loads to slab below or footing Shear diaphragm helps structures from overturning

FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS Newton, C. Weight of buildings compress the soil and earth. Foundation is the aim of ensuring that load is distributed over a larger amount of area and evenly so that the bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. (if load is exceeded its called differential settlement)

Shallow foundation: when the conditions of the soil are stable and able to hold the weight of the building  e.g Pad footing, Strip footing, Raft footing Deep foundation: If the soil condition is unstable and inadequate the foundation must be attached to the bed rock where its stronger. e.g End bearing piled, Friction piles

Retailing wall & foundation walls

PAGE TWENTY-THREE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

PAGE TWENTY-FOUR

[W03]

FOOTING AND FOUNDATIONS

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W04]

FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 Logbook 698653 Winnie Chiu

" [W04] Floor Systems and Horizontal Elements

PAGE TWENTY-FIVE

FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

[W04]

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

2.17 BEAMS AND CANTILEVERS Ching, FDK 2008  Beams: Usually a Horizontal structural element used to carry loads across the beam and leading the loads to vertical supports.  -Supported on nth ends -Supported at different points -Supported at points away from the end of beams -Supported at only one end.

Cantilever: When a structural element is only supported at one end or if there is significant overhanging portions aimed to carry loads along the length to the supports. -Horizontal -Vertical -Angled

Span and Spacing  Span: The distance between two structural supports.  Spacing: Repetition of the distance of similar elements.

Spacing of the supporting elements depends on the spanning capabilities of the supporting elements

Floor and framing systems  Concrete

One way Timber

Two way

" " "

Depth = Thickness around the slab / 30 Joists that are more further apart require a stronger material on top as it spans further.

Floor load, cost and efficiency

Joist to joists needs to be thicker Steel (Has tensile strength)

Longer span: Thicker joists. Joists needs to be thicker.

PAGE TWENTY-SIX

" "

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W04]

FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

CONCRETE  1 : 2 : 4 : 0.4-0.5 Cement (e.g portland time): Fine aggregate (e.g Sand): Coarse aggregate (e.g Crushed rock): Water (too little will make it stiff. Too much will make it weak.)

- Fluid and shapeless before it hardens - Framework/bracing props: Temporary support or moulded to hold liquid in place before it hardens. Sacrificial framework is when the mould is not removed.

- 75% approximately 7 days

Concrete finished 1. Sand blasted 2. Bush hammered 3. Board- marked 4. Racked finish 5. Exposed aggregate 6. Board and batten

Strong in compression weak in tension. Newton, C. (2014)  Reinforced concrete. Steel (Mesh or bars) is strong in tension.

1. Construction joints  2. Structural joints

In Situ

Pre-cast

Poured and cured on site

Made at a factory

Footing, Retaining wall, All bespoke structural Concret slab elements Flexible to different forms and structures

Standardised outcomes

Done only in good weather.

Not effected by weather Higher quality More efficient

PAGE TWENTY-SEVEN

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

PAGE TWENTY-EIGHT

[W04]

FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W04]

FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

ENVS10003 Constructing environments. (2014).

PAGE TWENTY-NINE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W04]

FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

ENVS10003 Constructing environments. (2014).

PAGE THIRTY

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W04]

FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

ENVS10003 Constructing environments. (2014).

PAGE THIRTY-ONE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W04]

FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

ENVS10003 Constructing environments. (2014).

PAGE THIRTY-TWO

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W05]

COLUMNS GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 Logbook 698653 Winnie Chiu

! [W05] Columns, Grids and Wall Systems

PAGE THIRTY-THREE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W05]

COLUMNS GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS

Overview on the canopy as well as different points of view. A visual aid as well as structural components and architectural drawings.

Oval Pavilion Construction drawings. (2014). PAGE THIRTY-FOUR

Following the measurements above we were able to count and measure the appropriate lengths of the beams, bracings column and various truss components.

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W05] COLUMNS GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS

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Oval Pavilion Construction drawings. (2014).

PAGE THIRTY-FIVE

PAGE THIRTY-SIX

[W05]

The right hand side illustrates more intricate detailing on the materials and formation of the

Detailing on the edge of the truss as well as the areas where the beams is placed and the overhanging edge.

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS COLUMNS GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS

â&#x20AC;Š

Oval Pavilion Construction drawings. (2014).

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W05]

COLUMNS GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS

Continuing the structure consecutively for 3 sections and attaching it with masking tape, pins and super glue. The additional block work on the flooring to support the columns were an addition in attempt to keep the structure in place. The angle cuts helped the brace to fit easier and prevent movement. â&#x20AC;Š

The canopy of the Pavilion building. Including trusses and overhanging Edges The lengths and with of the materials were matched from the diagrams above as accurately as possible Frame brace, pipe truss canopy support

Metal beams on the top with reinforced concrete and door visible on the side.

PAGE THIRTY-SEVEN

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W05]

COLUMNS GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS

SHORT AND LONG COLUMNS Newton, C. (2014)  Columns are all slender members transferring axial compressive loads.  -Short: Length is shorter and cross section is thicker  When the smallest cross section is less than 12:1    Load must not go beyond the compressive strength of the material Compressive strength(Pa) = Load (N) / area (mm2)! If the compressive strength is exceeded the column will become shorter due to the compressive load causing to to fail via crushing.

-Long: Length is taller and cross section is thinner  Vulnerable to buckling   How the columns are fixed determines much load can be carried. Effective lengths are measure at points of CONTRAFLECTURE.

2.17 FRAMES Ching, FDK 2008! What are frames?  Where and how are they used?  What is intestine about how frames behave when subjected to loads?! -Fixed frame with fixed joints as supports  Resistant to deflection  More sensitive to support settlements and thermal expansion and contraction. -Hinged frame with Rigid structure with pin joints  Use of the joints prevents high bending stresses enabling it to rotate as one structure. -Three-hinged frame with two rigid sections with pin joints.  Less affected by support settlement and thermal stressed  More sensitive to deflection than other frames

WOOD Newton, C. (2014)  Layers  Outer bark Inner bark Cambium cell layer Sapwood Heartwood

Early wood - large cells lighter colour Late wood - small cells darker colour Growth - one ring per year, extra rings if exposed to fire and disease

Grain direction determined the direction, strength and stiffness Strong and stiff when parallel to the grain. Weak when parallel

How is moisture removed?  Air seasoning - Cheap and low. 6 months- 2 years per 50 mm thickness Kiln seasoning - 20-40 hours to dry 12% Solar kiln seasoning- cheaper

Unseasoned timber (25%-100%)  Tree water + bound water Partially seasoned timber (15%-25%)  Bound water Seasoned timber (0%-15%)

Removed bound water -Softwoods. Include conifer species -Hard woods. Eucalyptus species.

PAGE THIRTY-EIGHT

! !

[W05]

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

COLUMNS GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS

Sawing strategiesâ&#x20AC;¨ Image Quarter Sawn

Back sawn

DLM. (2014)

Advantages

Disadvantages

-Best grain on face -Good wearing surface for floors, furniture - Preferred coating for Radial face - Less shrinkage of width when drying - Less cupping or warp than other swans - Can be reconditioned successfully.

- Slower seasoning - -Nailing on the

- Seasoned more rapid - Not as vulnerable to

-High shrinkage when dried - More vulnerable to warp and cup - Not as easily reconditioned.

splitting

- Able to achieve wide sections

- Little knots on edge Radial sawn

! ! !

- dimensional stability - Less vulnerable to -

warping and cupping Less wastage

surface is more vulnerable to splitting

- Harder to detail or stack

- Wedge shape cross section

PAGE THIRTY-NINE

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

ENGINEERING TIMBER PRODUCTS  Newton, C. (2014)

LVL - LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER (Mainly structural purposes)   Gains aline with laminating sheets of timber, deep and long sections and produces a high strength material. e.g beams, posts, portal frames

! !

Glulam - GLUE LAMINATED TIMBER (Mainly structural purposes) The adhesion by glue of dresses sawn timber with aligned longitudinal direction e.g beams, posts, portal frames

! ! !

CLT -CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER (Horizontal and vertical) Is strong in both directions due to the alternation of the grain in 90 degrees. The pressing and gluing of laminated timbers to form a sheet. e.g structural panels

! ! !

PLYWOOD   Gluing thin laminates to form a presses sheet. Direction of gain is alternated forming strength in both directions. e.g Structural bracing, structural flooring, formwork, joinery, marine applications

! ! !

MDF (Non-structural applications) The The fibres of broken down hardwood or softwood waste with a combination of wax and a resin binder with high temperature and pressure.

! ! !

CHIPBOARD & STRANDBOARD (Structural system)  The laying of hardwood or softwood residuals (chips, strands) a orderly way with was and a resin binder with high temperature and pressure e.g Flooring/ cladding system

PAGE FORTY

[W05]

COLUMNS GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

[W05]

COLUMNS GRIDS AND WALL SYSTEMS

PAGE FORTY-ONE

STUDENT NAME: STUDENT #:

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS ENVSl OOO3

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AandConly

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Describe a short column: Describe a long column: Sketch each column type, including any key dimensions for your columns:

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ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 Logbook 698653 Winnie Chiu

! [W06] Spanning and enclosure space â&#x20AC;Š

PAGE FORTY-TWO

PAGE FORTY-THREE

Theatre Case Study #4

171 Collins st Highly sensitive area Back drop of cathedral Angling facade of the cladding sections directs light to the base of the building Understanding the market so the design fits into the market and its would be a contemporary building in a historical lane way. Light and Shade producing contextual design Rights to the windows

1st premium tower in 60 years Build with superannuation funds Facade must remain hence finding a organisation that is willing to comply with the design and the windows. Getting right tenants that fit the target audience

• • • •

Tower Building - 6 star Green Star (v2) Office Design rating;  - applies ESD principles Tower Building – predicted 6 star Green Star As-Built rating; Tower Building – projected 5 star NABERS Energy base building rating. Mayfair Building - Aspiring to achieve an Environmentally Sustainable Design, AsBuilt and Energy Rating outcome.

35 Spring St. 250 appartements historical fabric internal and external planning must be balanced relationship between nearby buildings How it uses money, how is it shown through? how is it used?

Royal Children hospital Consoltime 4000 rooms building, owning, maintaing, return back to the state village around children's health property transaction

TEAMWORK: builders, developers, financiers, delivery team.

PAGE FORTY-FOUR

Introduction of metal Newton, C. (2014) one element or alloys which are a mixture of two or moreâ&#x20AC;¨ Metals and slid pass each other when subjected to stress.â&#x20AC;¨ Ferrous Non-Ferrous: more expensive, less common, less likely to react with oxygen Alloys: one more more metal is Ferrous alloy it contains iron if not its a ferrous alloy

Metals will react with other metals If in an electrolyte environment e.g In water or moisture. Metal will more likely erode.

Water damage Oxidation and corrosion 1. Avoid prolonged exposure to moisture separate with rubber gasket, keep it away from water or moisture.

Galvanic Series!

ANODIC END! Magnesium Zinc Aluminium Structural Steels Cast Iron Lead Tin Copper, Brass, Bronze Nickel (Passive) Titanium Stainless steels 430/304/316 CATHODIC END!

Further apart on the galvanic series more likely able to erode

! 2. Seal against water (enamel or pain metal surfaces) !

3. Chemical treatment (Galvanised steel) protect them with other metals. e.g galvanised steel is coated with a thin layer of zinc corrodes deferentially and protects steel.

Ferrous metals/ Iron metals Newton, C. (2014)! Magnetic Very reactive Good Compressive strength Wrought iron : Heated and hammered into shape. Highly labour intensive and expensive only used for decorative elements. -> Cast iron: Melted into molten liquid and and poured into moulds to cool hence acquiring high compressive strength. Only used mainly in compressive elements such as columns.

! ! !

Steel an alloy of iron with carbon (main additional alloy element) Other elements include manganese, chromium, boron and titanium Combinations and proportions create different types of steel and give it unique properties (e.g strength, resistance) that differ from another. 1. Structural steel Framings: - Hot rolled Shaped when hot, joints are wielded or bolted - Cold formed Folded from sheets. Uses secondary structures, protected by hot dip processes, joints are bolted or screwed - Reinforcing bars Good tensile resistance, steel used with concrete = reinforced concrete. Shape is not smooth so it can grip onto concrete

2. Steel SHEETING Cladding and roofing (corrugated iron or other sheet profiles) needs to be protected from weather exposure ! (paint, enamelled finishes, galvanisation)

PAGE FORTY-FIVE

3. STAINLESS steel alloys high quality steel Chromium added sheets, pates, wire, tubing, bars

! !

used in harsh environments, hospital rooms, kitchen tables.

Non Ferrous metals and alloys Newton, C. (2014)! Very Lights Non magnetic and non-sparking Expensive and has useful properties (structural and capabilities)

Extruded window sections Cast door handles and catches for windows Rolled aluminium can be used for cladding panels, heating and air-conditioner aluminium reacts with air and produces a fine layer of oxide that protects it resulting in a natural matte finish Treatments: Anodisation (another metal is layer onto may change tint of the color) and powder coating

1. Copper Very malleable and ductile Roof material 2. Zinc expensive cladding system for roof and walls. â&#x20AC;¨ Distinctive properties: Blueish white, lustrous metal. Brittle at ambient temperatures, malleable at 100 to 150 degrees celcius. Reasonable conductor of electricity thin layer of zinc applied to steel 3. Lead When in contact with water, toxic could stay in the body 4. Tin 5. Titanium Strong light-weight alloys, attractive and durable cladding material, prohibitively expensive Excellent corrosion resistance High strength-to-weight-ratio Light, strong and daily fabricated metal with low density. 6. Bronze mix of coper +tin Harder, hinges, springs 7. Brass handles, taps, malleable, low melting point easy to cast into screw fixings.

! ! ! !

SPANNING SPACES Lewis, M. (2014)!

! !

PAGE FORTY-SIX

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Detailing strategies 1

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 Logbook 698653 Winnie Chiu

! [W07] Detailing strategies 1

Archers, Domes and Shells Detailing for heat and Moisture Rubber, Plastic, Paint

â&#x20AC;Š

PAGE FORTY-EIGHT

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

[W07]

Detailing strategies 1

Arches, Domes and Shells Ching, FDK 2008  Arches -Spanning and curving -Supports vertical load mainly because of axial compression . -Forces are transferred via sideways of arches rather than vertically.   Masonry arches: Wedge-shaped stone of brick voussoirs.  Rigid arches: Timber, steel, or reinforced concrete that are formed into curves that hold and carry bending stresses.

Vaults   -Halls, room, enclosed spaces. -Made of stone, brick, or reinforced concrete -Longitudinal supporting wall must be counteracting the thrusting of the arching action and is relieved by a is buttress.

Domes  Spherical surface with a circular plan - Stacked blocks of reinforced concrete or short, linear elements. - Compressive near the tip and tensile towards the bottom. Forces Meridional forces: Acting along vertical section wit compressive forces Hoop forces: Restrain out of plane movement. Compressive in upper zone, tensile in lower Transition : Tension ring: Prevents outward movement by a tension ring placed along the base of the dome.

-Schwedler dome: lines of latitude and longitude with diagonals lines of triangulation -Lattice dome: lines circling the latitude with two sets of isosceles triangle. -Geodesic dome: Steel dome structure that follow the principal of circles meeting at 60 degrees. With the triangles formed being equilateral triangles.

Shell  - Usually reinforced concrete - Able to sustain forces if applied uniformly but concentrated loads can result in shifting in structure due to its thin material.   Barrel shells: If the barrel shell is triple or quadruple the transverse span can lead to the beam spanning in the longitudinal direction. If it is short is can represent a arch. TO prevent the outward thrust tie rods and transverse rigid frames can be used.  Hyperbolic paraboloid: A dig in the structure(downwards movement). A translational and ruled surface. Saddle surface: Perpendicular directions have opposite curvature in directions.  One-sheet hyperboloid: Sliding of inclined line segment between two horizontal circles. Hyperbolas of sections are vertical.

! !

PAGE FORTY-NINE

! !

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

[W07]

Detailing strategies 1

Detailing for heat and moisture. Newton, C. (2014) Water! Roof= Eaves gutters, down pipe, storm water drainage. OR if inside box gutters, flat roofs drained outside. May have eaves or no eaves but ears prevents creeping back and protects wall surface.   Wall= impervious surface on outside or double skin wall (brick cavity) or rain screen system. Window + Wall= high risk in damage

Water penetrates all must be met when : 1. An opening 2. Water present at the opening 3. A force to move water through the opening.

Planned elements:  - Sealants - Gaskets

Direction water away from openings  -Grading roofs, Water collected in gutters - downpipes - stormwater system  -Overlapping cladding and roofing elements (weatherboards, roof tiles.)  -Sloping windows and door seals (door sills, roof/wall flashings)  Sloping the ground surface away from the wall

Neutralising these forces:  -Gravity (slopes, overlaps)  -Surface tension and capillary action (drip pr break between surface to prevent water from staying on the underside e.g window sill or parapet)  -Momentum (capillary break, membrane surface folded up. Ponding water cannot enter)  -Air pressure differential (Place seal air barrier on the internal side that equalised the pressure e.g rain screen assemblies: air barrier, pressure equalisation chambre)

Heat! Controlling heat gain/loss -Conducted through building envelope  - Building envelope is subjected to radiant heat sources  -Thermal mass regulates the flow of heat

Solutions   -Thermal heat insulation (reduce heat conduction) -Thermal Breaks(using low conductive materials to reduce the transfer of heat)  -Double glazing (presence of air spaced reduces the flow of heat through the glazed elements.) Radiation  -Reflective surfaces (low e-glass, reflective materials) -Shading systems (Verandahs, eaves, solar shelves, blinds, screens, vegetation) Thermal mass (heat temperature is stores)  -Masonry  -Concrete  -White bodies

Air leakage -An opening -Air present at the opening -air force to more air through the opening  Building wrap: air and water barrier e.g Sarking, air barrier, weather stripping

PAGE FIFTY

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

[W07]

Detailing strategies 1

! Rubber Newton, C. (2014)! Natural Rubber: Sourced from rubber trees -Seals  -Gaskets and control joints -Flooring -Insulation (around electrical wiring) -Hosing and piping Synthetic Rubber: Synthesised in a laboratory. -EPDM (In gaskets and control joints) -Neoprene (control joints) -Silicone (seals)

! Sun exposure must be kept to a minimal as it can deteriorate the properties of Rubber. ! ! Plastic Newton, C. (2014)!

Able to be moulded  1. Thermoplastics : Mouldable when heated and becomes solid when cooled. - Polyethylene - Polymethl methacrylate - Polyvinyl - Polycarbonate

2. Thermosetting plastic: Only shaped once - Melamide formaldehyde - Polystyrene (insulation)

3. Elastomers (synthetic rubbers) - EPDM (Seal, waterproofing, rubber roof deck.) - Neoprene (Seal, waterproofing, or separating metals.) - Silicone (Seal, waterproofing, or separating metals.)

! Avoid sun exposure and can expand and contract which is important for where it is placed. ! Paints Newton, C. (2014)!

Liquid until they are in contact with the air and applied on the surface. Attempts to protect a particular element.   Lacquers and varnishes are clean paints.

Components: Binder: Film-forming component of the pant Diludent: Adjusts viscosity by dissolving the paint. Pigment: Provides colour and opacity could be natural or synthetic. 1. Oil Bases - Used before Plastic paints - High gloss finishes can be achieved - Not water soluble 2. Water based more preferred ! - Commonly used today - Durable and Flexible -Water soluble.

PAGE FIFTY-ONE

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

[W07]

Detailing strategies 1

PAGE FIFTY-TWO

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

[W08]

Openings

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 Logbook 698653 Winnie Chiu

! [W08] Openings Deformation and Geometry

! Strategies for opening ! Glass

! ! !

PAGE FIFTY-THREE

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

[W08]

Openings

Oval Pavilion Construction drawings. (2014).

! ! B ! !

! ! C! ! ! ! !

PAGE FIFTY-FOUR Oval Pavilion Construction drawings. (2014).

[W08]

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Cavity wall

Openings

BLK-01Face bricks

! BRK-01 Face block ! PT-13 : Paint to exposed structural steel !

Water barriers Vapour barrier: Extra material to prevent the penetration of moisture. Cavity flashing: A material aimed to help direct water from the main structural system and lead it out of the weep hole.  Weep hole: An opening that allows the exit of water Fall: The slight slope of the earth to prevent water at the opening.

Weep holes

Structural concrete Face Brick

Weep hole

Flashing

PAGE FIFTY-FIVE Angle to shelf

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

[W08]

Openings

DEFLECTION AND GEOMETRY • Deflection • Bending movement • Resistant movement • Bending stress • The neutral axis • Transverse shear • Vertical shoeing stress • Horizontal or longitudinal shearing stress

! OPENINGS: DOORS & WINDOWS Newton, C. (2014) !

GLASS Newton, C. (2014) Components  Former: Basic ingredients (e.g Silica)  Fluxes: Aid the melting of formers at lower and more practical temperatures. (e.g Soda Ash/ Potash/ Lithium Carbonate) Stabilisers: in addition to formers and luxes prevent the glass from breaking dissolving or crumbling (e.g Limestone/ Alumina / Magnesia)

Main types  - Flat glass:  - Shaped glass:  Float glass  - Clear float glass: Has no extra treatment. If cracked produces shards.  - Laminated glass: Plastic interlayer is placed between to glass panels. Is more durable and if cracked would still be attached to plastic. -Tempered glass: Heating(650 degrees) and cooled enables the material to have high compression. 4-5 times stronger and it cracked would have small, pellet shaped small pieces. Double and triple glazing   - Double is useful for ambient heat loss but not radiated heat low. E glazing absorbs radiant energy

PAGE FIFTY-SIX

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[W09]

Detailing strategies

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 Logbook 698653 Winnie Chiu

! [W09] Detailing strategies !

PAGE FIFTY-SEVEN

[W09]

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Detailing strategies

APARTMENTS NEAR SOUTHERN CROSS STATION Tower Numbers

Appartements

1st

700

2nd

580

3rd

641

4rd

Price

• • • •

2 Levels of basements 5 Levels of podium some with apartments 6th level is a green roof Finished June next year

1.5 Million 60 Million

Main entrance with blue s t o n e fl o o r i n g a n d temporary structures.

For safety precautions the components such as trusses's and pin joints can be identified.

Decorates in red steel and also red carpet for the luxurious entrance

Stainless steel sprayed with 2 proxy paint on MDF wood. Produces a high gloss, smooth finish. The left lift is a highrise lift that reaches up to the level 48 whilst the right hand is a low rise and reaches to

Right

Left

Prep stone sheet with rust, has a dull, matte finish. Contrasting the two different type of finishes gives texture and balance as well as the bright orange colour makes it visually appealing.

PVC Pipe Mechanical systems: - Air conditioner duct - Pipes AC Ducts

Cast Iron

Cast iron pipe that has been bolted and example of a fixed joint

Main structural span direction. G a n t r y o v e r t o p a n d fl o o r protection with LVL- Light and structurally sound. A lot of money is spent on temporary structures.

PAGE FIFTY-EIGHT

A combination of steel and wood technology. 4th level of back dropping can’t be removed until the 4th level is complete

[W09]

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Detailing strategies

â&#x20AC;Š Fixed

! ! ! Roller ! ! ! ! Temporary lifts that is installed to and goes up to the tallest level being built.

Fixed Joint

Simple Z-ties are placed 3-4 floors above the deck

Roller Joint

Temporary beam on each side, fasted pulling the walls together. Creating tension. Displays fixed joint and roller joint

Wood thing?

Starter bars tied into the column below. Used steel mech bars increases its strength and tensile tolerance.

Starter bars

Reinforced concrete, Pre-cut weight are slid in from the top.

Reinforced

Te m p o r a r y bracing and metal structures.

Electrical wiring to sustain building

Wood beams holding the temporary metal

Acrow props holding the wood structures

PAGE FIFTY-NINE

[W09]

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Detailing strategies

Steel The indentations help cling onto the concrete when poured.

Top Steel 78.6kg 36 mm wide bars ties with smaller ones help transfer the load

Reinforcement bars and foundation for walls and foundations.

! !

Helps carry load by dividing it and direction it towards the ground. The incision and patterns on the steel enable concrete to grip of in with more force.

A tensioner that ties onto the edge a steel cable that produces stress. Helps value the tension in the steel.

The indentations help the concrete bind to the steel structure better when it cools and hardens creating a stronger bond and allowing those materials to act as one

Evidence of bracing in the crane

Crane

Concrete pump

The placement of crane’s need to be carefully thought out. Needs to be placed near the exterior of the building. Not effect the structural building and able to cover the whole level with the amongst the cranes on the side

Concrete pump is placed in the centre with an extending arm that can be directed to areas in need of in situ concrete.

PAGE SIXTY

[W09]

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Detailing strategies

Plaster board ceiling placed in sections and concealed with tape and grout.

Later will be painted with a medium gloss finish paint Painting suffix that has been applied so the column and small sector of the ceiling and the rest of the walls will continue to be painted to produce a medium, clean gloss finish.

Penetration on the top Fire wall must enable a separation between apartments. Divides and built with block work, fire rated plaster walls with window boards.

PT cable. Hydrolic jack, tense cable measures stress of cable. Needs to be covered up for safety trip hazards

Pipe work

Yellow Acrow Props holds up the system pans Peri Props that builds temporary level and frame within a short period of one day. Enables a fast and efficient strategies for speed and building up levels.

Peri pros are light weight and high load bearing. The build in measuring tape aids the accuracy of its positioning.

The temporary loading bay on the left is build early on and enables easy movement of materials.

â&#x20AC;Š PAGE SIXTY-ONE

[W09]

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Detailing strategies

! ! ! ! ! !

Timber form work with steel reinforcement on the left and suspended ceilings on the bottom.

! ! ! ! Temporary Elevator

Car park

! ! ! ! ! ! !

Concrete core

Temporary work Pre-cut panels

! ! ! !

Concrete backblocking

! !

Uses post- tension slabs as opposed to standard slabs because of the speed. Better cat flow if finished earlier. PAGE SIXTY-ONE

Concrete walls

Universal columns

! ! !

! ! ! !

Membrane sheet

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

[W09]

Detailing strategies

2.13 HOW DOES STRESS INFLUENCE THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS? Ching, F. D. K. (2008). Buckling load, defect is evident laterally and cannot retain or regain itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original linear condition due to the inability of internal forces.

Higher the slenderness ratio to column the the critical stress for it to buckle will decrease this can be avoided by reducing the slenderness ratio but lowering its length or increasing the radius of gyration(The distance from the mass body axis when the boy is assumes to be greater.)

How structural connections and joints impact on construction detailing

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CONSTRUCTION DETAILING Ageing -If located near coastal regions the harsh conditions and salt can cause it to deteriorate faster -Satin and matte finishes fade more gracefully than glossy finishes -Glazed and enamel finishes retain there shine over decades -Copper can improve as it ages to a green tint/ timber to grey tone

The ability to repair material Corners -Metal corner bead -Metal edge trim Cleanable surfaces -Butt cover -Straight base for capered floors -Top set cove for any flooring type -Cover and cap strips

Maintenance access e.g Suspending ceilings Constructability 1. Easy to assemble 2. Forgiving and adjustable 3. Efficient use of construction facilities + labor

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CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

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Detailing strategies

7.48 MOVEMENT JOINTS Ching, F. D. K. (2008). Swell and shrink, expand and contract due to temperature and moisture content Deflect under loading, joints must allow movement which prevents distortion, cracking, or breaks in the building materials.

Types of Movement joints • Expansion joints • Control joints • Isolation joints

Low Range Sealants Medium Range Sealants High Range Sealants

COMPOSITE MATERIALS Newton, C. (2014). • Monolithic materials -Single materials -Combination of materials so thats its indistinguishable

• Composite materials (e.g fibrous, laminar, particulate, hybrid hybrid) - Combination of two or more materials but they remain easily distinguishable  1. Combined materials have dissimilar compositions or forms  2. Wielded together  3. Still withholds its own distinct properties  4. Increases its characteristics to form a stronger, longer lasting material.

! Forms: Fibrous, Laminar, Particulates, Hybrid !

Fibre reinforced cement Used for cladding for exterior or interior walls(wet areas), floor panels(under tiles). Its resistant to water and termites, rotting and warping, doesn't not burn and is relatively inexpensive material.

Fibreglass Transparent or translucent roof/wall cladding, water tanks, baths, swimming pools its fibre its fire resistant, water proof, light weight and strong.

Aluminium sheet composites Used as a feature cladding material in interior and exterior applications its light weight, cheaper, weather resistant, unbearable, shock resistant. Careful cutting can lead to seamless details, e.g folding, bending and fixing

Timber composites Commonly used in joists little material is used to produce maximum efficient, cost effective , easy installation.

Fibre reinforces polymers Mostly design, structural elements(beams and columns), carbon fibres reinforcements provide strength to weight ratio. Corrosion-resistant PAGE SIXTY-THREE

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[W09]

Detailing strategies

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CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

[W10]

When things go wrong

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! A01 Logbook 698653 Winnie Chiu

! [W09] When things go wrong !

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CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

[W10]

When things go wrong

Oval Pavilion Construction drawings. (2014).

A cavity wall with a number of water removing functions such as a cavity flashing(Stainless steel or galvanised steel) that helps direct the water through the weep hole. â&#x20AC;¨

The vapour barrier as a additional layer of either plastic or foil sheeting that prevents any penetration of moisture

An angle steel helps support the brick wall and carries the load of that to the main building as well as allowing a gap underneath for movement. The angle is made of Paint to exposed steel. Holds up the concrete and brings it to the main building,

The ground has a fall which helps direct storm water away from the building.

â&#x20AC;Š

Structural concrete Face block

Large scale brick Face Brick

PAGE SIXTY-SIX

Vapor Barrier

Weep hole

Flashing Shelf to angle

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS Acoustic Insulation Timber packing connected to the flashing

[W10]

When things go wrong

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Section - Function room  Roof north 02

Metal sheet

PFC, Main structural element

Z-Purling Rod holding up the suspended ceiling system

Timber packing

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Oval Pavilion Construction drawings. (2014).

Section - Function room  Roof north 03

Parapet

Box gutter

Z-Purling connected with the Rod

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Plastic board

Sarking sisalation  Vapour barrier  1. water proofing 2. Insulation

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Wind - function the size of the exposed surface area  Act of surface has minimal value on the base whilst having a maximum value on the height

Earthquake - amount of mass above the foundation Amount of mass above the foundation Act as the

Resist lateral forces - Bracing - Diaphragm / sheer walls  Allows structures to work as a whole - Moment joints

Strategy Wind - Irregular stiffness - Split height , separating building independence - U Building , Bracing at one end - Building on a hill, horizontal bracing and reinforcement

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[W10]

When things go wrong

Soft story, bracing Re-entrant corners , stiffing re-entrant corner Discontinuous columns, insect columns Seismic torsion, sheet end on both sides

A TALE OF CORROSION Cameron,R. (2014) Statue of liberty e.g A copper skin on a iron skeleton connected by iron armitures/ribs. As Copper oxidise first is becomes deeper in colour, then a green colour. Is cleaned using an acid that removes a portion of the acid skin.

To prevent the corrosion of copper from iron the armature was wrapped in a varnish called Shellac-impregnated Asbestos Cloth to prevent any contact. â&#x20AC;¨ â&#x20AC;¨

The material became weaker overtime and the material became porous and held water near the metal causing a galvanic reaction. Replacement with Teflon coated steel

HEROS AND CULPRITS Hes,D. (2014)

COLLAPSES AND FAILURES Ashford, P. (2014)

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CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Cover

PT Cables

When things go wrong

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Workshop

ENVS10003 Constructing environments! Workshop 698653 Winnie Chiu Materials - 3 x Plywood (1200 x 3.2 x 90 mm) - 1 x Pine wood ( 1200 x 42 x 81 mm)

Equipment - Wood board - Western saw - 90 degree angle ruler - Pen - Power drill - Nails !

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PAGE SIXTY-NINE

Workshop

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Group 1  Load: 690  Deflection: 30  A triangular brace wedged between to pieces of plywood. Failed by compression and not tension. The more height the more prone to deflection and was the failing point the design. Triangular shape

FRONT VIEW

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TOP VIEW

Between two pieces of plywood

Has a Strong triangular structure that divides and directs the load to either side. The Pinewood is the first to show forms of deflection which bends in a ’S’ shape.

It’s evident in the point of failure that it its the top half of the triangular which has undergone a high degree of force and it braces, material was doubled of reinforced could of had a much greater load.

The plywood gave the lower end of the pinewood tension which helped it act as one structure. The position of failure points is due to defects in the wood whether there are small knots, compression fanures, shakes and checks Compression fanures

Shake Checks

Knots

PAGE SEVENTY

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Measurement not exact, the triangular tip was difficult to keep in place and had to be held with a clamp.

Workshop

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Group 2  Load: 350  Deflection: 38 Two pieces of ply held up by pairs of 7 pieces of plywood, Four which are places perpendicular to the Pinewood whilst the remaining two are concentrated towards the centre and places diagonally. The structure is held together with two nails(Pin joint) per plywood. Failed due to material failure of a knot on the top piece of wood.

Pieces of horizontal Plywood

FRONT VIEW

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TOP VIEW

The structure held the load well the Plywood deemed very strong in tension. Triangular bracings help distribute the load across the whole structure so that the no one singular point buckles/breaks due to uneven load baring.

The point load forces the centre of the caused the structure to bend. The pinewood is in compression and the Plywood is in tension. The failure point is at a knot defect on the wood.

Load path of how the load is dispersed across the structure.

KNOT

The placement of defected materials can have both strengthening and weak affects.

By placing defects in compression results in that point being most vulnerable to failure whilst when placing the same point in tension can will conceal the vulnerability of the piece of wood.

When places in a way its in tension forces the defects together.

When places in compression forces the defects apart

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CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Workshop

Group 3 Load: 680â&#x20AC;¨ Deflection: 33 Three pieces of Pinewood stacked onto of each other and is held together and strengthen with a plywood on one side. There are 5 nails(Pin joint) that hold the plywood onto the pinewood.

LEFT VIEW

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RIGHT VIEW

1st 2nd 3rd

PAGE SEVENTY-TWO

The point load causes compression on the whole structure. First piece of wood goes under the greets compression and load in which is gradually distributed to the second and third.â&#x20AC;¨ The order in which the strutters and pieces of wood broke following the wood with the greatest compression.

Workshop

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Group 4 (My group)  Load: 550  Deflection: 65 Two pieces of Plywood between two vertical pine wood and held on a horizontal piece on a singular piece of Pinewood. Gathering the components into a tight compact in order for it to act as one in hope it’s strengthened. Held together with 3 nails (Pin joint) on each side in attempt to hold both sides together so that it could act as one

FRONT VIEW

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Plywood hidden inbetween two pieces of Pinewood

TOP VIEW

The piece of Pinewood is strongest in tension and compression when places vertical. The bottom horizontal piece is most vulnerable to failure therefore placing it at the top would be weaker than placing it at the bottom which sustains the structure and holds it in place.

The placement of Plywood in the centre resists deflection and increased the tension the structure can hold.

The placement of fracture points is crucial. Where it is placed is the weakest point and most likely to become vulnerable. The structures are tested with point load therefore the weakest point would be at the top centre.   Therefore attempting to hold the components together on the edges rather than the sides resists that potential failure point.

! PAGE SEVENTY-THREE

Workshop

CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTS

Load: 690  Deflection: 30

GROUP 1

GROUP 2

GROUP 3

GROUP 4

Load: 680 Deflection: 33

Load: 550  Deflection: 65

Load: 350  Deflection: 38

Workshop beams 1st: Group one  2nd: Group Three 3rd: Group Four 4th: Group Two

The first two groups take a more architecture methods whilst the seconds two groups take a slight more technical method. All structures use a horizontal pieces on the bottom to support the structure. The Plywood is all used to give the Pinewood extra strength. The plywood wasn't placed horizontal because its thinness and deflection rate.

Triangular shapes and braces have proved to be effective in transferring load across the beam and taking the tension off the area which is exposed to the point load. By evenly distributing the load and directing it to the ground controls the load.

The taller the beam the higher the deflection rate and more likely the structure will fail due to components of height. Evident in Group 1 & Group 2 which broke in the top structures whilst Group & 3 broke in the centre at the point load. The material failed due to the weight of the load rather than due to defect in the wood.

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Working with actual construction material requires accuracy and precision. There is a greater complexity in the choice of joints and methods of cutting materials whilst working with scale models could be roughly measured and attached.   Working with actual scales enables more ideas and experimenting with different shapes and forms.

PAGE SEVENTY-FOUR

Materials

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

PAGE SEVENTY-FIVE

Concrete

Glass

Metal

Rubber

Plastic

Timber

Hardness

High

High. Scratchable with metal object

Vary depending on type

Harder rubberbetter abrasionâ&#x20AC;¨ Softer rubberbetter seals.

Medium-Low

Medium/ Low

Fragility

Low

High (Tempering hardens the material)

Low

Low-Medium. Sunlight Medium/ Low + high temperature can degrade some plastics quickly.

Ductility

Very low

High

High(heated), Low(cooled)

High(Heated), Varied (Cole)

Very low

Flexibility/ Plasticity

Low

High when molten, low when cooled

Medium, due to atomic composition

High flexibility, plasticity and elasticity.

High flexibility and plasticity.

Low

Pososity/ permeability

Medium/ Low

Non-porous

Generally impermeable, used for guttering, flashing

Waterproof

Many are waterproof

Medium/ Low

Density

Medium/ High

Medium- High (2.7 x more sense than water)

High

Approx 1.5 of water

Low-Medium. Sunlight Medium/ High + high temperature can degrade some plastics quickly.

Conductivity

Poor

Able to transfer heat Very good and light. Not conductors of heat electricity and electricity

Poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Very poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Poor

Durability/ Life span

Excellent

Typically very durable. Chemical, rust, rot resistant

can be durable, Varies depending on type, treatment, finishing protection and fixing

Durable

Durable depending on type. The fixing and protection.

Excellent

Reusability/ recyclability

Medium/ Low

Very high

High

High for thermoplastics and elastomers/ very limited for thermosettings plastics

Medium/ Low

Paints

Water based latex paint is more flexible the oil based paint. Gloss - Can vary from matte to gloss.

Materials

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS Concrete

Glass

Metal

Rubber

Plastic

Timber

Sustainability & Carbon footprint

CF High embodied energy

High embodied energy and Carbon footprint.â&#x20AC;¨ Ease in Recycling and reusing

Very high embodied energy. Recyclable and renewable if correctly manages

Embodies energy depends on whether is Natural(very low) or synthetic rubber(medium). Renewable or managed.

Embodies energy depends on whether its recycled or not. Not a renewable source.

CF High embodied energy

Cost

Cost effective

Expensive

Generally cost effective

Cost effective

Paints

Color consistency

Should resist fading in sunlight but red deems itself less stable in comparison to the other colours.

Gloss

Water based latex paint is more flexible the oil based paint. Gloss - Can vary from matte to gloss.

Newton, C

PAGE SEVENTY-SIX

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

Glossary

A Alloy: The combination of two metals to form a metal to produce a stronger and more resistant to corrosion material Axial Load: A force that acts along the lines of the axis either acts in compression or tension.

B Back blocking: Reinforces a joint with a short piece of gypsum board attached on top of framing members . Beam: A load bearing member spanning a distance between supports. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) (2000-2014.) Bending: When a load or loads are applied laterally between support and a curve in the element is formed. Bracing: The use of ties and rods to provide strengthening and supporting elements to sections on the building aimed to produce lateral stability. Engineering-Dictionary.org. (2008) Braced Frame: A structural design aimed to resist the force of wind and earthquake. The members are in tension and compression. Brick veneer: A non-bearing brick facing a wall that provide a appearance of itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s solid-brick structure but it fastened to the main structure with ties that applied in the motor joints. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) (2000-2014.) Buckling: The mathematical instability in which leads to material failure

C Cantilever: The extended section of a beam that exceeds its support and is held up by only one end. Engineering-Dictionary.org. (2008) Cladding: A non-load-bearing exterior wall that encloses a building. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Column: Vertical load-bearing member. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Concrete Plank: XXX Composite Beam:XXX Compression:The act of a force pushing the particles of a body closer. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Cornice: A decorative and ornamental moulding on the corner ledge of a room below the ceiling. Corrosion: The gradual deterioration or destruction of material due to chemical reactions occurring in the environment.

D Dead load: The weight of structural parts of a building and other fixed loads. Engineering-Dictionary.org. (2008) Defect: A weakness in a element due to manufacturing of material or natural components. Deflection: The transformation of a member after displacement has occurred when the load if introduced or at assemble. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Door Furniture: The items attached to the door that aims to enhance or aid the function or design. Down pipe: A temporary pipe that helps drainage during the construction process. Drip: Designed to aid the removal of water along the surface by offsetting it on an exterior horizontal surface. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Dynamic load: Loads that are non-permanent but are included in the weight the building can hold. Non permanent elements. Variables.

E Eave: The length of the roof that protrudes the outside walls. Engineering-Dictionary.org. (2008) Equilibrium: A state where opposing forces or influences are balanced.

F Fascia: A wooden board or flat piece of material that conceal the ends of rafters. Ferrous: Objects made mostly of iron. Flashing: A metal or waterproof material that directs water away from the building and makes joints waterproof. Frame: A structure that is rigid and enclosed or surrounds another element. Force: An applied energy that causes motion, deformation of displacement in a particular element. Footing: Lower extremity of a foundation or load bearing member that PAGE SEVENTY-EIGHT

Glossary

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

transmits load to load-bearing substrate.

! I

IEQ: Indoor Environmental Quality. Insulation: Helps increase the

G Girder: A main beam which floor joints rest upon, mainly made of either steel or wood. EngineeringDictionary.org. (2008) Gutter: A shallow trough that directs off rainwater off the roof placed beneath the the edge of the roof.

J Joist: A small beam that acts as a support for the flooring, ceiling or roof of a building. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Joist hanger: Working in conjunction with a joist it is a metal shape that is formed to support the end of a joist. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.)

L Lateral load: Structural loads or forces, deformations, acceleration applied to various structures or components. Lifecycle: The selection of material that is most economical and systems due to the initial costs, maintenances and opening costs of the lifetime of the material. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Lintel/Header: A horizontal member of a window or door that spans the opening. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.)â&#x20AC;¨ Load: Force that is in the form of weight, external or environmental sources, or other mechanisms of energy. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Load path: The non permanent elements on the structure that are apart of the total load structural members. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.)

M Masonry: Building structures that are formed by individual units adhered by mortar. Moment: Moment of Inertia: Calculated numerical relationship (expressed in in.4) of the resistance to bending of a member, a function of the cross-sectional shape and size. A measure of the stiffness of a member based on its shape. Larger moments of inertia indicate greater resistance to bending for a given material. XXX

N Nogging: Vertical pieces of wood that aim to keep two vertical columns separated and acts as a strengthening mechanism.

P Pad footing: A cost effective way to transfer loads to the ground vertically. Parapet: Above and or at the roof surface and extension of an exterior wall. Point load: A single force that is placed on a structure. Portal frame: Two uprights connected to a third member which acts as a rigid structural frame. Purlin: Horizontal members that direct loads and transfer them to roof beams.

R Rafter: Angled parallel beams that support roof coverings Retaining wall: A wall that aims to hold holds back earth or water. Reaction force: When a element acts in a opposite direction to the forced that is acted upon it.â&#x20AC;¨ Ridge: The peak of the roof that meets wight he roof surfaces at a angle.

S Sandwich Panel: Two outer metal sheets that have a layer of insulation in the middle. Sealant: Adhering materials and leaving it airtight or waterproof

PAGE SEVENTY-NINE

Glossary

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

Seasoned timber: The drying of timber to make it stable. Spacing: The distance from one member to another. Span: Distance between supports, usually a beam or joist. Shear Force: A force that is reflected off one part of the body to another or from attached elements. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Shear wall: Braced panels that counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure, Efficient against seismic loads. Stability: Being stable, resistant to change, deterioration and displacement. Static load: A force applied slowly on a object Stress: An outside force that tends to deform the body by tension, compression or shear. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Strip footing: A continuous strip of concrete that aims to disperse the load across a greater area. Structural joint: â&#x20AC;¨ Stud: A frame member that directs load vertically either load-bearing or non-load bearing. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Strut: A slender element that resists compressive forces acting lengthwise. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Substructure:The foundation of the supporting sector of a substructure.

T Tension: A force that acts on the particles and separates them apart. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Tensile strength: The maximum strength can the material can withhold. A measure of its ability to withstand stretching. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Top Chord: A truss structure of triangular units. (The top beam in a truss) Truss: A lightweight framework of members that replaces large beams when efficient in spanning. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.)

W Weep hole: An opening of gap on the wall that allows the exit of water. BuilderSpace.com. (Ed.) Window Sash: Framework that holds glass in the window. Engineering-Dictionary.org. (2008)

V Vapour Barrier: A layer in the wall that prevents the penetration of moisture.

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

Reference

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Ashford, P. (2014). W10_c1 Collapses and Failures. The University of Melbourne. Cameron,R. (2014). W10_m2 A Tale of Corrosion. The University of Melbourne. Chen, L. (2011). Underground Car Park and South Lawn Conservation management Plan. 35 Little Bourke Street, Melbourne: Architects & Heritage Consultants. Ching, Francis D.K., Building Construction Illustrated. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011 e-Book Ching, FDK 2008, ‘The Building’, Building Construction Illustrated, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., pp. 2.0 - 2.30. Council, M. (2014). London: In the Scale of Carbon. DLM. (2014). What is Solid Wood Flooring? . ENVS10003 Constructing environments. (2014). In T. U. o. Melbourne (Ed.).! Grose, Margaret. (2014). Melbourne's Bluestone. The University of Melbourne. Hes,D. (2014). W10_m1 Heroes and culprits. The University of Melbourne. Lewis, M. (2014). Spanning Spaces. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W09_m1 Composite Materials. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W08_c1 OPENINGS: DOORS & WINDOWS. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W08_m1 GLASS. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W01 m1 Introduction to Materials. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W08_m1 GLASS. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W01 c1 Construction Overview. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). Basic structural forces (1). The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). ESD and Selecting Materials. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W05_m3 Engineered Timber Products. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W06_m3 Non Ferrous Metals. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W06_m2 Ferrous Metals. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W06_c1 Roof Systems. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W06_m1 Introduction to Metals. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W03_s1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W04_c1 FLOOR SYSTEMS. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W04_m1 CONCRETE. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W04_m2 IN SITU CONCRETE. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W04_m3 PRE CAST CONCRETE. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W07_m3 Paints. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W07_m2 Plastics. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014).W07_m1 Rubber. The University of Melbourne. Newton, C. (2014). W07_c1 Detailing for Heat and Moisture. The University of Melbourne. "Mojave Rivers Ranger Station / Marcy Wong Donn Logan Architects" 26 Sep 2012. ArchDaily. Accessed 15 May 2014. <http://www.archdaily.com/? p=274996> Oval Pavilion Construction drawings. (2014). ! Sadar, J. (2014). GLASS SKINS. The University of Melbourne. Vassigh, Shahin, Interactive Structures Version 2.0, Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008 DVD-ROM Hunt, T., Tony Hunt’s Structures Notebook, Architectural Press, 2003

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ENVS10003

Reference