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COMMON ABBREVIATIONS AD/CE Ar B BC
JE L LLX
MS/MSS MT/Mt N
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BCE BD c/ca CB CE Cf Ch DB DSS E E Ed Edn e.g./eg Enc Esp Heb i.e. J
anno domini (Latin), in the year of the Lord, Common/ Christian Era. Arab, Arabia, Arabian, Arabic. Bible. Before Christ; Bible Commentary; Biblical Commentary. Before Christian/Common Era. Bible Dictionary. About, approximately (Latin circa) Commentary of the Bible. Common Era: secular form of AD. confer: compare. Chapter. Dictionary of the Bible. Dead Sea Scrolls. East. Elohist tradition of some books of the OT of the Bible. Editor/edited by. Edition. for example (Latin exempli gratia). Encyclopedia/Encyclopaedia/Encyclopedic. especially. Hebrew. that is, that means, namely. Jehovist or Yahwist tradition of some books of the OT of the Bible. Text of the OT based on the combination of the E & J Traditions of the Bible. Latin. Septuagint (70): Greek Tr. of the OT claimed to be accomplished by 70 scholars in Alexandria between 250 -150 BC. Manuscript/Manuscripts. Massoretic /Masoretic Text of the OT; Matthew; Mount. North.
³³³³³³³³³³³³³ ix ³³³³³³³³³³
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NT
op.cit. OT
p/pp P Pbl/pblg Pbln Q
s.o. s.th. St s.v. Tr. Trad/Tradn Uni./Univ. v/vv V Vol. Vulg. W Y (…) (….) []
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q.v. Rvd S Sic.
New Testament of the Bible containing 27 books: 4 Gospels + Acts + 21 Epistles (letters) + Revelations. It was originally written in Greek, whereas Jesus Christ delivered his message in the Aramaic language. in the work already quoted (Latin opere citato). Old Testament of the Bible Consists of 39 books: The first five are collectively called the Pentateuch or Torah. It was originally written in Heb. Page/pages. Priestly tradition of the OT of the Bible. Publisher(s)/Publishing/. Publication(s) Quelle (a German word), i.e. source. A hypothetical common source of the gospels of Matthew and Luke. (L quod vide) which see. Revised. South, southern. thus, so: used within brackets, [sic], to show that a quoted passage, esp. one containing some error or s.th. questionable, is precisely reproduced. Some one. Some thing. Saint. Under the word or heading. Translator, translation, translated by. Tradition(s). University. Verse/verses (of the Bible). Version (Translations) of the Bible. Volume. Vulgate, the Latin Tr. of the Bible accomplished by St Jerome in late 4th century AD. West, western. Yahwist (Jehovist) tradition of the Bible. It indicates that some word(s), sentence(s), or line(s) have been left over from the original quotation. It shows that a sizeable text has been omitted from the original quotation. Square brackets are used to insert something by the Tr./Ed., which did not originally exist in the quotation.
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³³³³³³³³³³³³³ xiii ³³³³³³³³³³
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]‚½ZÐVzûP What makes Ghawri's work of particular relevance is his almost total, albeit deliberate, reliance on the Bible and the works of Biblical scholars to prove his point.(...). Indeed, the extensive footnotes to which the attention of the reader is constantly invited in almost every page of the book constitutes a significant, if not a major, part of the work itself.(...). Of especial consideration, with regard to Ghawri's approach, must certainly be his eye for detail and his ability to go directly to the point; to the heart of the matter, as it were.
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(…). Ghauri deals with this issue in a very systematic manner in 11 chapters with 3 important appendices (…). The two main issues selected by Ghauri are: (a) which son of Prophet Ibrahim was offered for sacrifice? (Chapters I to IV), and (b) what was the place of sacrifice (Moriah or Al-Marwah) and related matters (Chapters V to XI). Before moving further it is better to summarize the story of prophet Ibrahim. Prophet Ibrahim was a prophet of Allah. He had two wives one, Sarah and the other Hagar (Hajirah). Noble Hajirah was an Egyptian princess, daughter of Pharaoh, who had offered her to Ibrahim. At that time Prophet Ibrahim was issueless. Hajirah gave birth to the first son of Prophet Ibrahim. His name was Ismail, to whose progeny last Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, (peace be upon him) came. Later another son of Prophet Ibrahim was born by noble Sarah. His name was Isaac, whose progeny includes Prophets like Moses, David, Solomon and Jesus. The Jews generally consider Prophet Ismail of inferior origin. As Ibrahim was a great Prophet whose life was full of sacrifices, God ordered him to sacrifice his 'only son' or 'beloved son' into the land of Moriah. But when finally he took the knife to slay his son, God stopped him. The Jews and Christians consider Prophet Isaac the 'only son' referred to above for the special sacrifice. For [most of the] Muslims, it was Prophet Ismail. The Hajj Pilgrimage is based on the traditions of Prophet Ibrahim, his son Ismail and noble Hajirah's faiths and sacrifices at Makkah. The author's methodology is simple. First he would put forward the Bible story or the claims of the Biblical scholars directly and comment on its weaknesses in the footnotes or in the text as the growth of story demands. Second, he would show its contradictions by extensively citing the criticism of Jewish or Christian scholars on the story or the thesis. Third, he would also raise questions and answer them with utmost skill. He mostly did his construction or deconstruction by using the works of Jewish or Christian scholars. In these discussions, the author has not claimed any superiority of
³³³³³³³³³³³³³ xv ³³³³³³³³³³
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Prophet Ismail over Prophet Isaac. He avers, 'The Biblical scholars have taken much liberties with the interpretations of Biblical themes while depicting the characters of Ibrahim, Ismail, Isaac (…) Sarah and Hagar. The writer of the present book holds all of these great personalities equally respectable, honourable and innocent.' There is no doubt that the book has been written in 'vintage scholarly style'. I would like to make a suggesstion at the end. As most of us are not familiar with Biblical historiography [or 'chronology'?], it would be pertinent to add a chapter thereon in the beginning of the book Without this full appreciation of the book is not possible [The Chronology has now been given in Appendix on 'A Brief Account of the History of Jerusalem']. (By Javed Ali)
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******* In the Second Appendix, Ghauri gives heaps of evidence about the different types of intentional and unintentional corruption in the text of both the Old and the New Testaments. This is followed by a brief account of the history of the Temple of Solomon in the Third Appendix. These appendices have added to the value of this scholarly work. (â&#x20AC;Ś.), the book has been written in a scholarly manner and the author attempts to accumulate irrefutable arguments in support of his views.
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Mr. Abdus Sattar Ghauri, the learned author of this well-researched work, must be complimented for the tremendous work he has done in documenting this important issue of religious history. This issue, of course, has direct bearing on the relationship of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) with Abraham (AS) and the land where the latter had settled his progeny, i.e. Arabia. Besides discussing the main issue, Mr. Ghauri has added some other related topics as well in the book. These include the locations of Makkah, Al-Marwah and the well of Zamzam. Here, it may be made clear that at some places the writer of this book had to reproduce some Biblical authorities, which implied the comparison between the Prophets. The Biblical scholars have taken much liberties with the interpretations of Biblical themes while depicting the characters of Abraham, Ishma'el and Isaac. Regrettably, noble Sarah has been depicted as a very cruel, jealous and revengeful woman, while dealing with noble Hajra and her son, Ishma'el. Mr. Ghauri, however, differs with these Biblical scholars and holds all of these great personalities as equally respected, honourable and innocent. It is, indeed, a matter of great interest to note that this event of the offering for sacrifice was reduced to writing in the Bible more than a thousand years after its happening. It is quite unknown who its writer was and what his credentials were, but, of certain, he was not an eyewitness of the event. Commenting on the book, Allama Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, the profound scholar of Islam, remarks that going deep into the ancient time, the learned author has conducted an incisive multidisciplinary analysis to bring out the truth. Marked by copious references, this book testifies that the author has an eye for the subtle and the penetrating details. [Allama Ghamidi, continuing his observations, asserts:] The author has indeed, undertaken daunting task to gather and arrange all the scattered pieces of the facts that were also defaced by corruption and ignorance. Further, Allama Ghamidi asserts that many a time, textual
³³³³³³³³³³³³³ xviii ³³³³³³³³³³
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corruption, far from hiding the truth, actually leaves behind bright clues and trails, which, in turn, help reconstruct the disjointed pieces of the picture. To conclude: Mr. Ghauri has brought forth copious evidence to show that Abraham had offered Ishma'el for sacrifice. He has made an attempt to solve a long addressed problem on the principles of objective research. He has also tried to present the evidence faithfully and without any manipulations. A narrative par excellence, indeed!
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³³³³³³³³³³³³³ xix ³³³³³³³³³³
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This book is the fruit of a serious effort at studying a complex issue. The author has studied the problem not only by drawing on Islamic resource material but also by studying a wide selection of Christian scholarship. As such, it must be admitted that the book is a unique contribution in the field of Muslim-Christian scholarly dialogue. It is rare to see a Muslim scholar approach Christian scholarship to build his argument. Hence, as an effort in the area of Muslim-Christian dialogue, this work must be welcomed.
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³³³³³³³³³³³³³ xx ³³³³³³³³³³
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9934_ NRT_08_Bibliographie 14-03-2007 09:04 Page 336 ******************************************* BIBLIOGRAPHIE Nouvelle Revue Theologique GHAWRI, A.S., The Only Son offered for Sacrifice Isaac or Ishmael?, with Zamzamm Al-Marwah, and Makkah in the Bible, Lahore, Al-Mawrid, 2004, 22x15, xiv-310p., 15 $. Un livre bien étrange que celui de ce chercheur Pakistanais qui déploie une érudition absolument étonnante et un esprit inquisiteur remarqablement ingénieux pour prouver que "le fils unique" que devait sacrifier Abraham au mont Moriah n'était pas Isaac (tradition Judéo-chrétienne), mais bien Ismaël (traduction musulmane). Mettant bout a bout des analyses de textes provenant de commentaires bibliques divers anciens et récents, des détails sur les processus de transmission des manuscrits et les erreurs qu'ils perpétuent, dans la tradition tant juive et chrétienne que musulmane, il en arrive à démontrer avec aplomb que l'interprétation musulmane est la seule objective. Il poursuit sa lancée en identifiant le Moriah à la Ka'bah, construite par Abraham et Ismaël (!), et il découvre que le pèlerinage à La Mecque (Mekkah) se trouverait mentionné dans la Bible par Isaïe 60 et dans les Psaumes, notamment Ps 84,7 (=vallée de Baka). Beaucoup de notations intéressantes dans ce travail, surtout à propos de l'évolution de la double lecture des textes bibliques, mais malheureusement au service d'une cause fondamentaliste qui historicise le "sacrifice d' Abraham" sans y percevoir le message essentiel. Tout en admirant la sagacité et la patience de I'A., nous ne pouvons le suivre dans son raisonnement.---J.R. Tome 129/ 2 (annee 2007) de la part - et avec le merci - due secr. de la Nouvelle Revue Théologique Boulevard Saint-Michel, 24 BE-1040 Bruxelles secretariat@nrt.be tel. 00 32 2739 34 80 http://www.iet.be ************************************************
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6nÚ Øfñ^e Ô oÞ^`Ò oÒ oÞ^e†Î V Ùæ] h^e
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6nÚ Øfñ^e Ô oÞ^`Ò oÒ oÞ^e†Î V Ùæ] h^e
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6nÚ Øfñ^e Ô oÞ^`Ò oÒ oÞ^e†Î V Ùæ] h^e
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And it came to pass after these things, the God did tempt Abraham, and said unto him, Abraham: and he said, Behold, here I am. (2) And he said, Take now thy son, thine only son Isaac, whom thou lovest, and get thee into the land of Moriah; and offer him there for a burnt offering upon one of the mountains which I will tell thee of. (3) And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and saddled his ass, and took two of his young men with him, and Isaac his son, and clave the wood for the burnt offering, and rose up, and went unto the place of which God had told him. (4) Then on the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the place afar off. (5) And Abraham said unto his young men, Abide ye here with the ass and I and the lad will go yonder and worship, and come again to you (6) And Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering, and laid it upon Isaac his son; and he took the fire in his hand, and a knife; and they went both of them together. (7) And Isaac spake unto Abraham his father, and said, My father: and he said, Here am I, my son. And he said, Behold the fire and the wood: but where is the lamb for a burnt offering? (8) And Abraham said, My son, God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt offering: so they went both of them together. (9) And they came to the place which God had told him of; and Abraham built an altar there, and laid the wood in order, and bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar upon the wood. (10) And Abraham stretched forth his hand, and took the knife to slay his son. (11) And the angel of the Lord called unto him out of heaven, and said, Abraham, Abraham: and he said, Here am I. (12) And he said, Lay not thine hand upon the lad, neither do thou any thing upon him: for now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son, thine only son from me. (13) And Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind him a ram caught in a thicket by his horns: and Abraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt offering in the stead of his son. (14) And Abraham called the name of that place Jehovah-jireh: as it is said to this day, In the mount of the Lord it shall be seen.(15) And the angel of the Lord "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. ðØncopy Â^Û‰cannot ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚ôonÞ‡†any Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 13 --This the publisher and the author."
6nÚ Øfñ^e Ô oÞ^`Ò oÒ oÞ^e†Î V Ùæ] h^e called unto Abraham out of heaven the second time, (16) And said, By myself have I sworn, saith the Lord, for because thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld thy son, thine only son:(17) That in blessing I will bless thee, and in multiplying I will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and as the sand which is upon the sea shore; and thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies; (18) And in thy seed shall all the nations of 1C the earth be blessed; because thou hast obeyed my voice.
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6nÚ Øfñ^e Ô oÞ^`Ò oÒ oÞ^e†Î V Ùæ] h^e
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6nÚ Øfñ^e Ô oÞ^`Ò oÒ oÞ^e†Î V Ùæ] h^e
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It has become certain that the story has been considerably altered since E [Elohist] wrote it. The editor or compiler of JE [Yahwist and Elohist] not only appended vv 14b-18 (an unoriginal passage, full of reminiscences), but also introduced several alterations into vv. 1-14a. (…). So far, however, as an opinion is possible, the form of the Elohist's story is, apart from the detail about the ram, all his own. It was suggested, indeed, by circumstances already related in the traditional narratives; but it was molded by himself, and it is bathed throughout in an ideal light. Evidently this pious writer felt that for the higher religious conceptions no traditional story would be an adequate vehicle. The course which he adopted shows the writer to have been a great teacher. He admits the religious feeling which prompted the sacrifice of a firstborn son; (…). 1C0
Hk , ’rt ä ( Elohist ) ïHi4Xß ZÐ Z # ì _ƒ " $U* 6,gîD] !* t ïHi4Xß Z + ( Yahwist) † · Xì [ ƒ spJu p Ò . Þ ‡t Ð ‰ Ü z kZ ]g „-Z ) 18 @* [ D 14]c* W~kZsÜ: ä³ ¸zk , æÆJEªÔ ( Elohist) Ì~ ³Z D 14@*Z ]c* WÉ ÔH†ŸZ » ( Œ6,V¤ZŠŠ c* ã!* iÉ Ô7Š ñ~ {Š™yÒ0ÆÆŠÔì e** ™ì‡}Zg ðÃJ -uTë@* X (‰‰‰)XXV´pŠ¼ Å kZ X "KZ Å kZ w{z} .Æ® {Š™yÒ Æ ïHi4Xß Z Ô™hgÃ]¬ pÔ Š ñЬ~®îZzg fp â Ð ]ÑqyZ"Z °Â}g % á Zs§ Xì Š H–~ i Z0 +Z àVq -Z J -y WÐ qzÑt gzZì {Š™g » » ÏZŠp ™J e » yZ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. ðØncopy Â^Û‰cannot ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚ôonÞ‡†any Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 16 --This the publisher and the author."
6nÚ Øfñ^e Ô oÞ^`Ò oÒ oÞ^e†Î V Ùæ] h^e
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6nÚ Øfñ^e Ô oÞ^`Ò oÒ oÞ^e†Î V Ùæ] h^e
ÙZj wzZ[!* 1. The Bible (KJV), Gen. 22:1-18.
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6nÚ Øfñ^e Ô oÞ^`Ò oÒ oÞ^e†Î V Ùæ] h^e
Åd WÆyZ å:D‰ Ü zi ZI»]!* kZ¹ZX¸ìg ÌYaÆÑÏZ {zgzZ å %q gzZ @* 0* gZŒ Û â Zg eq -Z¿Zg ‚t» ó÷â i W L Â:¤ /zÔÇñYc* Š™½{ æOE -ZaÆã!* Û( Œ N WZzLZ„\WZ å7E L w¸t»x?Zm Z' , Z]|~]gßkZX Cƒ:wðÃÅkZ G %aÆã!* ]t ì @* ƒx¥Xì ¢. Þ ‡** Ô7„ gŠ Xó Çá™ G é5O;X&N{ æOE ç¤NøÎ KÑÅ b§kZ {z 7y% á È c* á Æx?Zm Z' % , Z ]|X솟Z »³ ¸Ëƈ t» ã¹ ì @* ƒC Ù ªÐ kZX , ™ÒÃÅä Ãd WLZÐ)g fÆV.' XìŠ Zi T»³¸ÆˆËÌz
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úzgƧZzkZ ì e 솟Z (Zq -Z qÜ ì ó ]z¹tJ - ` WçO L ]!* t 5C Åx?Zm .ñ]|ñŸZ kZ +¬‰Xƒ H ä ³ ¸ ˈ V- œÆ äƒ :}Ô D™[™s§
This name, Moses adds, gave birth to the proverb, 'In the Mount of Jehovah it shall be seen.' [7th Day Adventist Bible Com., ed. Francis D. Nichol et al. (Hagerstown: Review & Herald Publishing Association, 1978), 1:353].
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6, 45:4Ô c* KZöæ :ì Š HHÜÐ(R.V.) 2:14]Z[ÂŪ!* be¨ Thou art an holy people unto the Lord thy God, and the Lord hath chosen thee to be a peculiar people unto himself, above all peoples that are upon the face of the earth.
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Ðá ZjÆ 'Mek. Yitro, Pes. R. K. 103b, 186a, 200a' 6,45 :4c* be¨ KZ öæ :ì Š HHyÒh +' × The Lord offerd the Law to all nations; but all refused to accept it except Israel.
X c* Š™gïZÐä™wJÐZäƒ ZÎÆLZu ZpÔ H7ÃVñ¸x Óyâ ‡ä0 + zZ} . "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. ðØncopy Â^Û‰cannot ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚ôonÞ‡†any Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 21 --This the publisher and the author."
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G4$ EG .n©$KZ ä (Matthew Henry) ~{ ðG3Ÿ-G ª!* çLG XìgÃB‚Æ kZÐ tØ} (, Å ÒÃÅ b &S z çF, ~ kZÆ™†ŸZ » ó OneB L ‚Æó OnlyL~ÀF , kZ ~ :ì q{zXì That son whom thou lovest. It was a trial of Abraham's love to God, and therefore it must be in a beloved son, and that string must be touched most upon: in the Hebrew it is expressed more emphatically, and, I think, might very well be read thus, Take now that son of thine, that only one of thine, whom thou lovest, that Isaac‰ C8
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ÔåŠ Hc* Zr|ŠzŠ tÈ »kZX¸òŠ WyZ ÆJ -w‚?™áÐ ä{zQ c* ª!* ²Ô¸: Æ ó ±L{z Š HH7aÆã!* Û Š .x ** Œ # Ãx?Zm t GZ ]| Zƒ Z kZÃsXì C™wEZ  » Æ ó ±LaÆ d W áZz äYK 7aÆ ã!* Û Œ Ï0 + i KZx?Zm t GZ ]| ì ¨ ¤ ÅzÂàS]!* t Ôì tôÜq -Zt Ð Xìg7ód WD ³ZÆ L \!* LZ Ì~gzŠ ËÆ
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This cannot uploaded ðØcopy nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 3 2 -the publisher and the author."
^ãi ^n+ ^m ÜÓu ^Ò oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne 1iç×Ò] çÒ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝæ h^e
ÙZj x óN™[!* 1-The Jewish Enc., Ed. Isidore Singer (KTAV Publishing House, Inc., USA), 6:647.
‰~Š ZPq -Z {z ìt|X ‰O c* ~0 +!* Å{g ‚{` ; ì 7„ gŠ]!* t 2C Å {g ‚ ~ç Å yZ gzZ x?Zm Z' , Z ]|¹Z ä TÔ‰e Å { á Š !* ~^kZ gzZ
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5¸Æª!* VŒX N 0* lgz6, ~wj â { À 0* -Z {z @* q åH7aÆ# Ö } . ]!* t Ð ]‚ ½Z sfzgqXì H76,gîÆ~0 +!* c* ~& + ß™ú1yY¹Z ä :ì CYƒãZz
That Hagar appears as a slave-woman is a necessary consequence of the theory on which the Hebrew myth is based, the notion being that Ishma'el was of inferior origin. (Enc. Biblica, Column 1933).
HH76, gîÆ~& + ßq -ZÃ{` ; ]!* t gzZXì³òiÑ»bÃF F6, $Zzg ãZ‡Ôì Š e X¸n pgmбF, z
Ûq -Z³ Z ìttÃ{z
]|Ãx?Zm ³ Z ]| ì Š Hc* Šg Z Œ Û a kZ ~& + ßÃ{` ; Zƒt È » kZ Ô‰~Š ZP~^q -Z {` ; ìt |èÑq ÔñY H" $U* F, z
Û Ð x?Zm t GZ :ìC Ù ªÐ k½ZsfzgqÆc* be¨ KZöæ 6 According to Midrash (Gen. R xiv.), Hagar was the daughter of Phraoh, who, seeing what great miracles God had done for Sarah's sake (Gen.xii, 17), said: "It is better for Hagar to be a slave in Sarah's house than mistress in her own." In this sense Hagar's name is interpreted as "reward" ("Ha-Agar" = "this is reward" ). (...). Hagar is held up as an example of the high degree of godliness prevalent in Abraham's time, (...). Her fidelity is praised, for even after Abraham sent her away she kept her marriage vow, (...). Another explanation of the same name is "to adorn," because she was adorned with piety and good deeds (l.c). (Jewish Enc., 6:138).
\¬vZaÆ{g‚ ¬Št äyú
ÛZ # X ¶e Åyú
Û {` ; ._ÆyÒÆlZgæ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This cannot uploaded ðØcopy nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 3 3 -the publisher and the author."
^ãi ^n+ ^m ÜÓu ^Ò oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne 1iç×Ò] çÒ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝæ h^e t aÆ{` ; L :¹äkZ  ñâ
Æ{g ‚{z ì hZ {Š c* i]!* Û gŠ ™]Z7xù ä kZ Xó ìgÐ wÅÙ â ~ yLZ {z Æ]!* kZÚ/Ô ñY ¬™0~& + ß~ y {` ;X ( ...)Xì @* YH ( ì` Ztª †q] ^a) xó ÅZ c* ZÀ ` L F, »x ** Æ{` ;Ðg ±ZÆx| kZX ( ...)Xì * @Y H76,gîÆwVÅZgŠ dZÆð‚g0* z n òZg~gzŠÆ Z', Zà Qpåc* Š™gzŠÐ yLZÐZ ä Z', Z ÆkZŠ z!* èYì ˆÅp°Å~g ZŠ ÃzÅ gzZ q -Z Å ( {` ;) x ** kZ X ( ...) X 3gg Z Œ Û ',ÃïÈ Æ ~Š á KZB‚Æ Z', Z ä kZ Ì # O X åŠ HHèEG' × Ð’™ÁqZgzZ ð‚g 0* znÐZèYX ó** =ì L ±Â
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
:ì ÅyÒ} Zg¸~` ó ;Ly*LZÌäbZg ~ Z ÝZ
Rashi, in his commentary on 6:1, records the belief that Hagar was a daughter of Pharaoh, who, after seeing the wonders that had been done for Sarah, declared that it was better for his daughter to be a bondservant in the house of Abraham than a mistress in the palace of another. (J. Hastings, Dic. of Bible, 2:278.)
{g ‚ ™NŠtäyú
Û X ¶eÅyú
Û {` ; ì H `gŠ {ot~( 1:6)‚KZäÙZg ~yÆð Z', ZaÆeÅkZ Hy´Zt Ô ñƒgŠ ™]Z7d $¾zÐùaÆ Xìg™0 ~ûÆgzZ Ë{z ì 4{Š c* iÐ]!* kZ xgÐwÅ~& + ß
X 16Ô 15Ô3Ô1:16÷Za 3 C
x?Zm³ Z]|Åx?Zm Z' , Z]|Ð kZX 18D 15:17÷Za (NASB) ª!*4C
Xì @* ƒg ÖZ »›h +”Ð X 5:21÷Za 5C X ówÅ®kZƪ!* L~wzZ[!* Ù±5 6C +¶ KÅtkZ~ i Z0 +Z Ë: Ëä ‰Ð ~ +¬y Zµš 'The }Ôì Å „0
H4X 6,'Isaac, as being his only-begotton' èE4h z @z Wá » Works of Flavius Josephus' d q LZ :ì q~ õ/GI
C 7
Note, that both here and Heb. xi. and 17. Isaac is called Abraham's only-begotten son, though he at the same time had another son, Ishmael. The "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This cannot uploaded ðØcopy nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 3 4 -the publisher and the author."
^ãi ^n+ ^m ÜÓu ^Ò oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne 1iç×Ò] çÒ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝæ h^e Septuagint expresses the true meaning, by rendering the text the beloved son.' (The Works of Flavius Josephus, Tr by W. Whiston, Boston, D Lothrop & Co., na., footnote 1 on ch. XIII, paragraph 1, p. 42).
Š ¹ óg H C@* ³Z L » Z', ZÃt GZ(VâzŠ ~ Ô 17 :11yEZ‡gzZ VŒ Ù±5 ’ êL ) , ] ÆkZ~3 F , ~Š UX åŠ ñ̳ Z g CZuzŠq -Z »yZ‰ Ü z kZèÑqÔì Xì H~p ÖZÆóg CZg \À L F, »QäkZgzZ `gŠ p9[÷p Tì ]!* ]{ðq -Z]ÑZz 'rendering the text the beloved son'~ | Zg Ö Ð wq ]gß{h +I ** c* úÅ]â ú' × LZ »  ËX 7Š ã C~½ðÃÅ
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
aÆó@* ³Z LÂkZXì nq -Z Å„ p’** ™ÀF,» b§kZaÆä™Ýq ðW8 K·, óª!* è xzÞE~Š LpÔì ó ‚nv³mL{zÔì c* ‚ W ~ª!* ãZ‡ÝZ Š z!* Æ™t6,25™{z Z # Xì Å ãâ ð„z Ìä 'ÆY 1994Ôc* +ZÔgC & :ì @* ™òúŠtÔì ßwEZ »p ÖZÆóg C@* ³Z Z¾a L ÆñP GZ 'Only son' is inaccurate, since Abraham will have other sons; already the LXX 'ton agapeton' correctly interpreted the Hebrew word as 'favored' by God.
ä3F, ~Š UXÐVƒÌd W}uzŠ [‰ Ü z kZ ]Æð Z', ZèYÔìÀF, ß óg C@* ³Z L Xì HyÒx|9~p ÖZÆó{h +I»0 + zZ} .L»p ÖZ ãZ‡„¬
&‡]!* 5B+GLÂ~W ZF, °)ì H ó@* ³ZÀ L F,» óåG x Ó ãŒ Û Æª!* ìzÂÿLE t VŒ IF 4&ÆóåC+GL}Š â ~Š ã ÀF, ¸Ô ó** ƒq -Z L qÜpÆTÔÃøL G CÆkZÔ"Z Xì Åp’~VsUpäV2ÆV- Š·~` PñZÎÔ( ì 9 8. Matthew Henry's Bible Com., 1:80.
Ð ,~xg X[!* Æ[ÂkZ 6Ôå: ðÃgzZ {z´Æx?Zm³ Z]| 9C Xì Š HHãZz 10. As quoted by Dr. A. Cohen in The Soncino Chumash, (Hindhead, Surrey: The Soncino Press, 1947), 108.
‰ÔƒˆµtÃZ} .( v!* fÍ)‰ ì @* ƒC Ù ªÐ¿Æó d WzŠ}÷p L 1C1 "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This cannot uploaded ðØcopy nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 3 5 -the publisher and the author."
^ãi ^n+ ^m ÜÓu ^Ò oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne 1iç×Ò] çÒ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝæ h^e
W }uzŠÆx?Zm Z' » kZX ‰_}Š ÀÃd , Z „¬ {g ‚ ƒ: ~ DÆ k Q gzZ¸ T e ** ÑÔ¶ˆµ t& Ô~ DÆZ} .¸"x?Zm Z' , Z c* Í Zƒt È ¿Ug6&ñâ
Û s çà ¶ZgkZ\¬vZ ) ó d WzŠ}÷É L ¸T e** C¹Z ]!* kZìåÃX ( } 7, ä™wEZp ÖZtaÆä™yÒ]Z Æp ÖZÆ Xì @* ƒ iáx|»äƒ óD" LÆ\¬vZÐ p ÖZÆk Q @* 7,7t
Û ðÃÐ W d ó D ³Z ÃL ³ Z]|äk Q ì „gƒkC]äzyEZ „6, ]!* kZÂÐQ ’ ÷pêL ) , gzZì c* Š™xzøÐ ¤ÅtŸZÆäYK 7aÆã!* Û 6,gîÆ Œ
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Xì ~Š™" $U* ~hÆt GZ]|¤ÅäYK7aÆã!* Û Œ Ô3173 ` Zg0 +Z ó~Öe ãZ‡gz7LXì ó ‚nvmLÂãZ‡ÝZaÆó@* ³Z LÂkZ 1C2 : pÆkZ ._Æ49m
from 3161; sole; also lonely; only (child, son), solitary.
pÆkS gzZì {Š â » ó ‚nv³mL ì X‚v³mL3161 ` Zg0 +ZX ó{)zÑe ÑÔËÔñ Z L X „z ÌpÆ kZ gzZ ì ]uz ~ ! ² ì  „zt ó** Yƒ c* ** ƒq -Z L : ãçÆkS ~( 406™) ~Öeò Zg WgzZãZ‡Å*Š)** Ç only, single, alone, the only son, the only one.
: x¥pgzZ |ÅÂkZÿåÉÙZg ì ¢ . Þ ‡** Ç!* ]!* t kZ ÌÃËÐ ~yZ ÂVƒd WzŠ‰ Ü zq -/ƿˤ /Z ì ]!* ÏS¦X Vƒ Y Y ¹„ óq -ZÐ ~ VœzŠÆkZ LÃq -ZC Ù Ð ~ yZX Y Y ¹7óg C@* ³Z L» ó ZÃL ó&L‰ÔìÁ{ZegzZßb§ÏZI óg q C@* ³Z»kZÃL q -ZËÐ~yZXì G E .n©x$ zÞE~Š LXì HkCÃ]!* [Â~óª!* çLG kZÌä+¬‰Æª!* XI
E «3Ò®Zel : ˜ (6, 25™)°%~ZCzggzZeçG gñƒD™yÒ‚Å÷Za XÐVƒÌd W}uzŠÆ ð Z', ZèYÔ7„ gŠ óg C@* ³Z L
ã!* Û äx?Zm Z',Z ]|Z Œ # ì Y Y H~ .Z³t ã‚ 7 Ð WÑ!* zgq "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This cannot uploaded ðØcopy nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 3 6 -the publisher and the author."
^ãi ^n+ ^m ÜÓu ^Ò oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne 1iç×Ò] çÒ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝæ h^e
ó³ Z L{z ìC Ù ªŠ lŠp]!* tX¸0 + i
Û „q -ZsÜÆyZJ -‰ Ü zkZÅ7
x?Zm
Xx?Zmót GZ L : Ô M hƒ„ ™Ô]Zg Â._ÆQCZgz}) ¢á~Š· P ìzÂ. Þ ‡Ì]!* t gzZì Š ñÌQãZ‡~™¯Zy ñX 147 Ô146™‚h +] .q -Z Ô{ Zg Â~› Ô36D 35 5B+GLVŒ ~ kS Ã}Š â ÝZÀF,» ó@* ³Z c* ñ Z L kZ ä ( ì HwEZ  » óåG Xì F F6, $ { + qÜtXì H ( favored one) ó{h +ILñƒD™i Z0 +Zà X ó»±LÂì {zgzZì ꊙãZzb§~g7Ãb kZ ì ÂÌgzZq -Z~ã¹kZ
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
y!* iÅx?Zm Z', Z]|ŠpiŠ «Xì Š HH ZŠ Zû%zŠ Ât~]g „´Åª!*  aÆƱ~ y!* i ãZ‡ÝZXÐ y!* i Å º
Û Æ0 + zZ} .iŠ ~uzŠgzZÐ : pÆkZ~~Öegz7X ó †ÃÞL:ì {zÔì c* W
a boy, from the age of infancy to adolescence; by impl. a servant; also (by interch. of sex), a girl (of similar latitude in age): babe, boy, child, damsel, lad (Heb. Dic. in Strong's Exh. Concordance, entry 5288, p. 79.).
Ô™âÔ[J -w‚{Ša{¾ ãŒ Û ª] J -äƒ4ZŠ~ŠzuÅ[³ÈZ:™áÐ ‚: »± X {)zű
Âq -Zg CÑZz äY H7aÆ ã!* ÛŒ ì CYƒð6,gîD]!* t b§kZ ]|_ ZÑVâzŠt X ó»±LÐg ±ZÆ/}uzŠgzZce ** ƒ0 + ó i
Û @* ³Z »\!* LZ L 7aÆã!* Û x?Zm t GZ ]|²Ô Š ñ b§~g7 ~ ]Z f Åx?Zm ³ Z Œ ¬» ã!* Û ä \¬vZ²ÔD™7~g7 ÌðÃÐ ~ _ ZÑVâzŠ yZ ÅäYK Œ aÆã!* Û Š .x ** Œ Æx?Zmt GZ]|J -V˜ X ¶~Š™s # Ÿz ÅkZ‰ Ü z ïŠ Š .x ** kZ ._Æ ª!* } f ìt ]!* Å]ª Âì m»/Å äYK 7 gzZ¸ ñƒ 7„ 4ZŠ ~Šzu Ÿ±ÌZ  c* x?Zm t GZ ]|‰ Ü zÆ ã!* Û Œ X¸` 0òŠ Wy Z Æ™g 0* ŠzuÅ/Ÿ±Qc* Ô¸aÆw‚&zŠsÜ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This cannot uploaded ðØcopy nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 3 7 -the publisher and the author."
^ãi ^n+ ^m ÜÓu ^Ò oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne 1iç×Ò] çÒ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝæ h^e
Š .x ** kZ àZz ãY Å7Ð s§Åx?Zm Z' , Z ]|+¬~Š· Æ ª!* X n pg Zg WZ~}g !* Æ/Åx?Zmt GZ]|‰ Ü zÆã!* Û Œ Y4± G-E : ˜^ ö ç¡ Úe According to the Rabbis, Isaac was thirty-seven years old. However, the story should be read not in chronological order but rather as an unrelated unit; here Isaac is a mere boy. The Rabbis took the death of Sarah to be immediately related to the Akedah [sacrifice]; therefore, with Sarah dying at 127 years of age, Isaac would be 37, having been born when his mother was 90.(W. Gunther Plaut, in his 'The Torah: A Modern Commentary' (NY: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1981), p. 146)
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7ÐÃaÆw‚z {â à ã¹ë @* X¸Æw‚?ð t GZ ._ÆVçg Xì »±q -Z¡óð t GZ LVŒ Xce ¢ 86,gîÆð» ZŠ Zi Wq -ZÐ ZÉ Ôce −7, K*Îq -Z {g ‚Z # b§kZXì c* Šg Z Œ Û ˆ ~g ¯Æã!* Û Ã]Ãz Å{g ‚ä Vçg Œ ñƒZa ‰ Ü zkZ {zèYì k w‚?/Åð t GZ‰ Ü zkZ Âðƒ]¯~/Åw‚ X ¶w‚} â/Å{−ZzÅyZZ #¸ :ì qh +' × {z6, 159™
Abraham returned alone from Moriah, and Sarah, believing to Isaac to have been sacrificed, died of grief.D Midrash.
X ˆ%Ч{zakZÔ‰bŠ™y!* Û ð t GZ eÎä{g ‚X ñW:ZzËÐ{c* Œ gñ ð Z',Z
E$ :ì qø©Gi
Now Isaac was twenty-five years old. And as he was building the altar, he asked his father what he was about to offer, since there was no animal there for the oblation (Antiquities, Book I, Chap. XIII, para. 2, p. 42).
ä™76,gîÆäZg 2 + èYX å ;g™g » {F, é » ã!* Û {zgzZX å »w‚æt GZ [ Z Œ 7HaÆã!* Û ( Œ ð Z', Z ) {z Y7Ð−ZzLZäkZakZÔ å:Š ñgâ YðÃaÆ ?Ç}™
:ì `gŠ6, 617:6~óc* be¨ KZöæ~Š L "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This cannot uploaded ðØcopy nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 3 8 -the publisher and the author."
^ãi ^n+ ^m ÜÓu ^Ò oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne 1iç×Ò] çÒ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝæ h^e In Jose ben Zimra's opinion, the akedah took place immediatley after Isaac's weaning [ at the age of 2 or 3 years].
7( ~/Åw‚&c* zŠ )ˆ~g ¯ÆäZr|ŠzŠ »ð t GZ ã!* Û ~wìÆ{%¯ 0i Œ X ¶ˆÅ
:ì Š HHyÒ~ª!* X ZŠ Ñ6, ð t GZd WLZ¹ZgzZBVc* ÇaÆã!* Û øÎä Œ ð Z', Z
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
c* Š Z^Zú1Z(,Ú Z »V- ÇÐZÔì Š H„ c* Zr|ŠzŠ ÌZ »T^ {z ì eùt EG .n©$•zi :ì q6,349:1óª!* çLG +Z} e×±LV $ZzY›Z ! ñY X óåòŠ WyZ »w‚ä‰ Ü zkZ ð t GZ L
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^ãi ^n+ ^m ÜÓu ^Ò oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne 1iç×Ò] çÒ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝæ h^e
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At the time of Abraham human sacrifice was customary and frequent among his canaanite neighbors, and the early legislation of Ex 22:29, which states without modification that first-born sons are to be given to God, seems clearly to imply a stage in Israel's thought which regarded such sacrifices as a religious duty.1C
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D™™f » ã !* Û Åx?Zm t GZ]|~ ót GZ Lá £ LZ ìÆKÔ& Œ + g- g ~Š : ˜ ñƒ The course that he adopted shows the writer to have been a great teacher. He admits the religious feeling which prompted the sacrifice of a firstborn son.C3
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Abraham was familiar with the idea that the most exalted form of religious worship was the sacrifice of the first-born. He felt, in common with godly men in every age, that to offer to God cheap sacrifices while we retain for ourselves what is truly precious, is a kind of worship that betrays our low estimate of God rather than expresses true devotion.4C
Œ U~ ã!* Œ Û åtx £+F, —»]Š „´Š ¸{ Ç WÐbÃkZð Z' , Z { Çg !* Å\¬vZ åw ìt Ì»yZ b§ÅVÍßg ZŠ +ŠÆgzŠC Ù X ñY H7Ãd W ]Š „´g™ XaLZ,q7 gzZdZ~VsÇgzZ** ™7V*!* Û ÌŠ Z~ Œ ëÉ Ôì 7ÎE ~g øB‚Æ\¬vZ ì @* ƒC Ù ªt Ð Tì n+Zq -Z Å X ïŠ7û%y á Èc* á ÆkZÃkZ
~ { Çg !* Å \¬vZ ~ äâ i q -Z ì q (Stanley A. Cook) ëN´} Zî ÆVzgâ YgzZV¬b§T å@* YŒòi Ñb§ÏZ ** ™7ã!* Û Åd Œ WŒ U :åxi Ñ** ™7: Zg2 +»aŒ U The firstborn male enjoyed the privileges of which he was not to be deprived (...). Not only were the first-fruits as acceptable an offering as the firstlings, but when (in exceptional cases) a human victim was required it was a firstborn that was preferred (2K.3:27). (...). No doubt, strictly, the offering of the firstborn to Yahweh was at one time considered to be as binding as the offering of firstlings and first-fruits, and, indeed, the evidence goes to show that in exceptional cases the offering was actually made. However, just as the first-fruits were offered as a part of the whole, it is conceivable that originally the rite of circumcision was instituted upon "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. ðØncopy Â^Û‰cannot ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚ôonÞ‡†any Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 44 --This the publisher and the author."
܉… oÒ 1Þ]…„Þ 1Ò 19ne 19Þç×`µ ^m Øãµ 1×`µ VÝç‰ h^e the same principle to typify the offering of the firstborn.
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Ă&#x153;â&#x20AC;°â&#x20AC;Ś oĂ&#x2019; 1Ă&#x17E;]â&#x20AC;Śâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ă&#x17E; 1Ă&#x2019; 19ne 19Ă&#x17E;çĂ&#x2014;`Âľ ^m Ă&#x2DC;ĂŁÂľ 1Ă&#x2014;`Âľ VĂ?çâ&#x20AC;° h^e
Ă&#x17E; â&#x20AC;Ą** Âťx?Zm Âł Z ]|¤ž ŸZ Âť äY Ă&#x2039;Ă?ZX ĂĽhwĂ&#x2122;Z . Ă&#x17E; â&#x20AC;Ą** gzZ ;. X ĂĽYYH7vs§Ă&#x2026;x?Zmt GZ]|Ă&#x152;~ÂŞ ď&#x20AC;¨q & s W, .Ă&#x201D;E ~kZX (The Book of Jubilees) óçE -~Ĺ L:ĂŹ x** Âť[Ă&#x201A;g q -ZĂ&#x2026;Š¡ G ~Ĺ 7g Z Ĺ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; Ă&#x152;Ĺ ĹĄ6,gδt pĂ&#x201D;7ĂŻ ĂĄ ~V1Ă&#x201A;RĂ&#x2026;ÂŞ!* t 7â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Ă°Ă&#x192; Ă&#x201A; Š$E iĂą6,Ă&#x161;S LX Dâ&#x201E;˘Ă&#x153;ĂĄ ZjĂ&#x2020;kS Ĺ ĂĄâ&#x20AC;°F, ĹĄ ~hĂ&#x2020;Ă&#x192;ĂŽ0 G LZ fĂ&#x2020;ÂŞ!* X CY E \ ~Ăł Jubilees, Book ofLĂĄ ÂŁ LZ ä ( S. Tedesche) ĂľA D +X ĂśZ ~ Ăł~Ă&#x2013;e ÂŞ!*
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One of the most important books of the Pseudepigrapha. It gives a graphic picture of judaism in the two pre-Christian centuries. Its purpose was to show that Judaism, as it then was, had been the same from the very beginning of known history. (...). emphasis is also placed on jewish tenets and customs, and the importance of preserving the difference between Jews and Gentiles is stressed. (...). The purpose of the author was to do for Genesis what the Chronicler did for Samuel and Kings----to rewrite the facts in such a way that it would appear that the law was rigorously observed by the patriarchs. (...). His desire was to save Judaism from the demoralizing effects of Hellenism by glorifying the law and picturing the patriarchs as irreproachable; by glorifying Israel and urging her to preserve the separateness from the Gentiles; and by denouncing the Gentiles and also Israel's national enemies. The "Angel of the Presence" reveals to Moses on Sinai the history and religious laws of Gen. 1-Exod. 3 in the form of sermonized translations, or Midrashic Targums, which show only favorable practices and omit anything derogatory. (...). The contrast between Jews and Gentiles is sharply drawn, and Israel is warned to keep separate. (...), and anything is omitted that would put the patriarchs in an unfavorable light.7C
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& ƒÂ .ÔE ðÃ~kZ:gzZì [ Âë Z)ðà Â: óçE L ì YY H{ i Z0 +ZÐ kZ G ƪ!* ìzz¸Xƒ°oÆŠ ¢Æ!* Wvg ) , gzZV- Š· ¶$ Ë 0* (]!* +Z á ZjÐ ~Š Zi W~g7 Ð ~ kZaÆä¯ ¯zÃVzk , ’KZgzZ] ¬çñLZ f :ì `gŠ~[ ÂkZX D™Ü And he drew near to the place of the mount of God.(...). And I called to him from heaven, and said unto him: 'Abraham, Abraham;' and he was terrified and said: 'Behold, (here) am I.' And I said unto him: 'Lay not thy hand upon the lad, neither do you anything to him; for now I have shown that thou fearest the Lord, and hast not withheld thy son, thy first-born son, from me.' 8C
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܉… oÒ 1Þ]…„Þ 1Ò 19ne 19Þç×`µ ^m Øãµ 1×`µ VÝç‰ h^e
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܉… oÒ 1Þ]…„Þ 1Ò 19ne 19Þç×`µ ^m Øãµ 1×`µ VÝç‰ h^e
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܉… oÒ 1Þ]…„Þ 1Ò 19ne 19Þç×`µ ^m Øãµ 1×`µ VÝç‰ h^e
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܉… oÒ 1Þ]…„Þ 1Ò 19ne 19Þç×`µ ^m Øãµ 1×`µ VÝç‰ h^e
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܉… oÒ 1Þ]…„Þ 1Ò 19ne 19Þç×`µ ^m Øãµ 1×`µ VÝç‰ h^e
x ðN^L[!* ÙZj 1. Charles Gore, Goudge, Alfred Guillaume, A New Commentary, on Holy Scripture, London, 1928, p. 53.
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Every first-born is the property of Yahweh. (…). It [set apart] is the word used also for sacrificing children to Molech. Since the Canaanite practice, resorted to on occasion certainly, was abhorent to Israel, it is unlikely that the term was borrowed from them. (…). Though in Israel the first-born were to be set apart to Yahweh as his, they were not to be given to him by sacrifice, but they were to be 'ransomed' from him, a term which could suggest that they were sacrificed in theory, though not in actual fact. (…). The price of the redemption of the first-born of human beings, which is not stated here, was later fixed at 5 shekels, Num. 18:15f.
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܉… oÒ 1Þ]…„Þ 1Ò 19ne 19Þç×`µ ^m Øãµ 1×`µ VÝç‰ h^e 4]Iõ0* :ì`gŠ~ˆz15:182 Ì [ÂŪ!* 6Ô ¶ˆÅgHÿ¹G a Æ _U æ … Zg*g—Æ 0 + z Z} .{z à XÐ ~ Vzg Z0 +Y yQ ÆyZ³{ ZpVƒÆy¨ KZ {z { Zp [Everything] that first opens the womb of all flesh gzZ bŠ hggz¢ÃyQ™átÆÆV^UÆy¨ KZ6,ÐVƒ þ ÆV-zÑÿ }¾ƒ {z ¹q -ZZ # {zñYc* ŠtÆ»XgzZX N YbŠ hgÐtÆÌ`UÆVzgâ Yu0* ** G Å}Þ äa Ð [ˆÆw¸ÅkåL¨!M._Æ7ðƒ ðZIKZÃyQ ÂVƒÆ X bŠ hg™áw¸õ0* Å~0 +eì Cƒ
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:ì ˆÅ b§kZs # ŸzÅkZ~( 396:5) óc* be¨ KZöæL
According to Talmudic tradition, the first-born acted as officiating priests in the wilderness, until the erection of the Tabernacle, when the office was given to the tribe of Levi. In consequence of the deliverance from the tenth plague, when 'the Lord slew all the first-born in the land of Egypt' but spared the first-born of the Israelites, the following commandment was given: 'Sanctify unto me all the first-born whatsoever openeth the womb among the children of Israel, both of man and of beast: it is mine'. The first-born of clean beasts were thus made holy and were unredeemable, while the first-born of unclean beasts and of man had to be redeemed from the priests. (….). Every Israelite is obliged to redeem his son thirty days after the latter's birth. The mother is exempt from this obligation. The son, if the father fails to redeem him, has to redeem himself when he grows up. The sum of redemption as given in the Bible (Num. 18:16) is five shekels, which should be given to the priest.
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܉… oÒ 1Þ]…„Þ 1Ò 19ne 19Þç×`µ ^m Øãµ 1×`µ VÝç‰ h^e Æ™ ZŠ ZŠptÆCZ6,äƒ Z (,Ãd W Ân Zr:™}ŠtÆÃd W \ !* /ZXì)¯Z ~',Ð ¤ I 4]õ0*
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3. Enc. Biblica, 3:2177. 4. Marcus Dods, The Expositor's B., NY, 1903, 1:199-200. 5. Enc. Biblica, 3:1525-26.
X 17D 15:21]ZÔklƒÂ 6C
7. The Interpreter 's Dic. of the Bible, 2:1002-03. 8. The Book of the Jubilees, 18:11, in The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the OT in Eng, Ed. R. H. Charles, (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1968), 2:40. 9. The Book of the Jubilees, 18:15, p. 40.
EG .n©$Åg 1C0 :ì yÒ~ª!* çLG
The story may also have been intended to explain the early Hebrew custom of ransoming the firstborn of male children (cf. Exod. 34:20). ( Peake's Com. of Bible, ed. H. H. Rowley, (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd, 1967), p. 193)
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:ì `gŠ~ª!* ÅzÞE 1C1 The story as it stands justifies the ritual prescription for the redemption of the first-born of Israel: like all 'first-fruits' these belong to God. (The New Jerusalim Bible, ed Alexander Jones, Darton, (London: Longman & Todd Ltd., 1993), p, 41)
ÃV” Œ UÆ LZu Z ì C™7i Z zz ÅÌg kZ ã¹t ~ ]gß{Š ñKZ X¸D YK7~# Ö } .Å0 + zZ} .óV¬Lx Ób§TÔ ñYc* Z™ ;g™}ŠtÆ
:ì s # Ÿz~ª!* ‹ñŠ™ 1C2 In a first reading the text also justifies the ransom of the firstborn children. As "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. ðØncopy Â^Û‰cannot ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚ôonÞ‡†any Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 57 --This the publisher and the author."
܉… oÒ 1Þ]…„Þ 1Ò 19ne 19Þç×`µ ^m Øãµ 1×`µ VÝç‰ h^e for all first-fruits they belong to God; but unlike the firstborn of animals which are immolated, children are redeemed (Ex 13:13). (Christian Community Bible, ed. Patricia Grogan, Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, 1995, p. 73)
¬ ¬ x ÓJ -V˜ Xì @* ™yÒäÂÅbÆÆV”Œ U Q~ ] Y Z Œ Û AzZ y!* Û q@',Æ V” Œ UÆ Vzgâ YpÔ !Å0 Œ + zZ} .{z Ôì m» V] ( 13:13`zy )Xì @* Y1Zr™}ŠtÆÃV”㨠KZÔì * @Yc* Š °Æ™
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"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. ðØncopy Â^Û‰cannot ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚ôonÞ‡†any Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 58 --This the publisher and the author."
oãi hç×_Ú oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne c…^nµ 1ßµ] 1‰ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝ… ^`2 h^e
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¶[£ã!* Û Å 1C ód Œ W}g \ LZ L Ð TÔ å óg C@* ³Z L{zÔå ** Y H7aÆ ã!* Û Ãd Œ W T ì yÒ » ª!* 6,gî~uuÐ kZgzZì ë Z e $.NÑZz ó›tL X¸ D™›x?Zm Z', Z ]| Xce** Yg ¦ /7
ãY ÅÐ œe $. ïÅ%Z kZ ó?¶Ð d W ¾›Ãx?Zm Z', Z ]| L s§ÅT] !* «Xce ** ™7{û‚VZzgq -ZŒdÎ" 6,kZgzZXce @* ™›ÂÐTLªó Whom thou lovestL: p ÖZtƪ!* {zÔì ~gz¢** ™z Xì ó Æ kZ~ t òz t ( kZÉ Ôì 7yÒ {Š ‚ ‚x ¬ ¡aÆ d W ´t i Z0 +Zá J e¢e6,d W ËÆx?Zm Z', Z]|Ãp ÖZyZXì yÒ»÷á~i q Ð Z M~ ]|6,gî³Ð ~g ZŠ)f gzZ g X aÎ ~(,¹Z Xce ** Y H7V F é5k8F Xce** ™ÍÑ6, „d W´Æx?Zm Z', Z › ÂÐ TLªó Whom thou lovestLÔì m»x?Zmt GZ ]|J -V˜ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot uploaded nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 59 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
oãi hç×_Ú oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne c…^nµ 1ßµ] 1‰ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝ… ^`2 h^e
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~Sæ~Š LXì c* The Nelson Study) óª!* Šg Z Œ Û# Ö ´Åg ÖZÆ›~ hÆ :ì Š HHyÒ~( Bible What is more, he still loved his son Ishmael(16:15:17:18).C4
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:ì ˆÅyÒ~i Z0 +ZkZ]!* t~( Wycliffe Bible Com.) óª!* ‚Å?zL Sarah may have feared that Abraham, out of love for Ishmael, would "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot uploaded nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 60 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
oãi hç×_Ú oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne c…^nµ 1ßµ] 1‰ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝ… ^`2 h^e give the older lad the prominent place in the inheritance. (...). To drive them out must have been exceedingly grievous to Abraham, for he loved the boy.5C
¸ÃƱ} (, ¨ ~ÆF, ð Z' , ZÐzzÅ›Åð³ Z ƒCg e {g ‚ì Yƒ {zèYÔǃ ZƒÄŠh +”gz¢Ãð Z' , Z6,¶Š wïÐ y¹ZX (...)XÐ, Š}Šz X¸D™›ÐƱkZ
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]| ¶ãZzgzZ Vc* úâZ›Ðx?Zm³ Z]|Åx?Zm Z', Z]|É Ô¸ EI Äÿ5_zzŸ ~ŠX åD! l»kZ ÌÃ{g ‚ ÐZ~( The Devotional Family Bible)ª!* :ì Š HHyÒb§kZ
He [Abraham] bears Ishma'el upon his heart, and expresses a laudable concern for him.C6
÷*. Þ ‡aÆy ZgzZ ïŠ(~wŠ LZÃð³ Z þ x?Zm Z' , Z]|ÿ{z X D™g ÖZ»›
{z „x?Zm³ Z ]| aÆ ä™C Ù ªt ä( Marcus Dods) kŠzš ¾g â Hȯ{g•#Â{ ¹Ô¸D™›{Š c* i¹x?Zm Z', Z]|ÐX¸0 + i Û :ì i Z§¶g{zXì ÅyÒÌäÂÅ›h +”kZäkZXì Abram's state of mind is disclosed in the exclamation: ''Oh, that Ishmael might live before Thee!" He had learned to love the bold, brilliant, domineering boy. (...). But there he was, in actual flesh and blood, full of life and interest in everything, daily getting deeper into the affections of Abram, who allowed and could not but allow his own life to revolve very much around the dashing, attractive lad [It may be noted that when Ishma'el was still a 'lad', Isaac had either not been born, or would have been still a suckling baby]. (...). "Oh, that Ishmael might serve Thy turn!" Why call me again off from this actual attainment to the vague, shadowy, non-existent heir of promise, who surely can never have the brightness of eye and force of limb and lordly ways of this Ishmael? Would that what already exists in actual substance before the eye might satisfy Thee and fulfil Thine intention "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot uploaded nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 61 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
oãi hç×_Ú oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne c…^nµ 1ßµ] 1‰ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝ… ^`2 h^e and supersede the necessity of further waiting! Must I again loosen my hold, and part with my chief attainment? C7
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X ¶ä˜„Š¤ /ÆƱáZz y á gzZÃf Y kZ Ï0 + i Å þ x?Zm Z' , Z ]|ÿ yZ Ð}u Âc* x?Zmt GZ]|Ô¸Æ ó ±Lq -Zx?Zm³ Z]|Z # ìg~‚f ÿ „ ³ Z l»} Z LX (...)X þÐVƒag Zpèq -Z ÌZQ c* ÐVƒñƒ: „ Za ;g Y HxzøÐ Ú{”ÝqgzZ ªZz kZ= ì VY (Zó!ìg @* ÑO # Ö } .~¾ ÅW0Æ _g ZzÆ }°z ( àì) Š ñ)gzZ N Y6,ãq -Z Ð ígzZ ì ´ â L»i Z0 +Z: ; á gzZ ð** Z ÂÅ ¡ IZ Ô® ÅV\Wܳ Z kZ G ì „g Y G 6,ÏZ ð$NÔì Š ñt ‚Æ V\W6,gîïªZz ( »±) @* ƒ (Z l»X Yƒ 7 ** ™: Zg ZÍ Øi Åg OZ h +' × = gzZ }™}g7 œ£}¾¸ gzZ ñY ƒ t Ð q {”Ýq ~(,Ð ƒ KZgzZ VzŠÅq ðƒ ðWB; LZQ~ [Z HX} 7, X V¹ðŠB;
kZ ›h +”âZaÆx?Zm³ Z ]|x?Zm Z', Z ]| ìg§{ ºÅ ×±LX ´ â ÆŠ Z¦Zg7 ½gzZ ** Z ÂÔ g.ƒ {zèY Ô ìg™C Ù ªa :ì `gŠ~( Seventh Day Adventist Bible Dic.) ó~Öeª!* •zi +Z} e When 13 years later, God announced the imminent birth of Isaac (ch 17: 1-8, 15-17), Abraham interceded on behalf of Ishma'el, whom he dearly loved.C8
äƒ÷Za Åx?Zmt GZ]| Hy´Z »]!* kZ ä0 + zZ} .ˆw‚{¾Z # "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot uploaded nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 62 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
oãi hç×_Ú oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne c…^nµ 1ßµ] 1‰ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝ… ^`2 h^e
Ô¸D™›{Š c* i¹{zÐXÔx?Zm³ Z]|äx?Zm Z' , Z]| ÂÔì àZz X Ū »zÅyQgzZÅlg \~hÆ
: ˜ ( Dr. Cohn)‚ÃËZ e I (...) would be satisfied if only Ishma'el lived before Thee.
C9
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Åx?ZmtGZ]|äfƪ!* X¸:Š ñs™zZxÓt~ yZ ¸D™gÖZ » :ì Š HHyÒ~ J. Hastings' Dic. of
the BibleXì Hg Z Œ Û Z6, gîãZz»V-gz$
Isaac is a less striking personality than his father is. Deficient in the heroic qualities, he suffered indisposition from an excess of mildness, and the love of quiet (...). He was rather shifty and timid in his relations with Abimelech (26:1-22), too easily imposed upon, and not a good ruler of his householdD a gracious and kindly but not a strong man. C10
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»] ÑìÆb§ÏZ 0Æx?Zmt GZ]|Ìä ( William Neil ) B@z :ì q{zXì Hg ÖZ Isaac is generally referred to in the commentaries as a colourless personality. Certainly when we compare him with Abraham and Jacob it is impossible to form a clear picture of him. Few stories are recorded about him, presumably because there was little known of him that was worth recording, and in those stories in which he does feature he is generally a minor participant in the narratives dealing with his more notable father or son.C11 "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot uploaded nÂ^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 63 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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ª!* ì ãZz âZ ó›LÐ x?Zm³ Z ]|d W LZ Åx?Zm Z', Z ]| : i Z§¶g Dr. Cohen ‚ÃËZ eX Tg7%K™f »kZ Ì+¬~Š·Æ Scripture points out that this grief was caused not by the prospect of loosing the woman but on account of Ishmael.C13
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LyZ Å ~g ‡o Zq Å] é¹$E -Z Ð } ^ ,Y: ZgZŠ $c* ŠÆ kZgzZ„zg¨6,e $W :ì CƒðÉgs§
Æ^Æ3Zz y ì @* ƒC Ù ªÐóŠ H^ßk0* ÆVâ Z LZx ;', ZA $L ( 1 ) Y4± G-E :ì q^ ö ç¡ X å7B‚ÆyQÔƒÌðà óg C@* ³ZtL { ZpÔóg C@* ³Z L~yZgzŠ The text says that Abraham returned from Moriah but omits a mention of Isaac. (…) Isaac did not come back with his father. C14
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oãi hç×_Ú oÞ^e†Î oÒ 19ne c…^nµ 1ßµ] 1‰ ðÜna]†e] l†–u VÝ… ^`2 h^e
ÙZj xg X[!* c* Š¬»ä™7aÆã!* Û óg Œ CZg \ L CZÃx?Zm Z' , Z ]| ìt qçñ»[!* kZ 1C t » kZ Xx?Zmt GZ ]| : ¸x?Zm ³ Z ]| ód W }g \ LÆ y Z gz Z å Š H
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]| c* ìŠ Hc* Šg Z Œ Û aZÐx?Zmt GZ ]|Ãx?Zm ³ Z ]| 7¦ / Ù È C x Z™} m CZVâzŠaÆVâ›Xì Š HHC Ù ªF, z Û Ðx?Zm³ Z]|Ãx?ZmtGZ ¤6,}uzŠ ÅËÐ ~ y Z y›X Æx Z Zz ]³V7gzZ x9 X 7b‡Æ
X 16D 15:17÷Za ƒÂÔ2002ci +Z {”ãU* ÃÔkl[ 2C X 20D 18:17öZa 3 C
4. The Nelson Study Bible, p. 43. 5. The Wycliffe Bible Com. (Chicago: Moody Press, 1987), p. 26. 6. John Fawsett, The Devotional Family Bible, London: 1811, no Paging has been recorded in this 2 centuries old book. 7.Marcus Dods, The Expositor's Bible, 1:160. 8. Seventh Day Adventist Bible Dic. Rvd. 1979 Edn., p. 526. 9. Dr. Cohen, The Jewish Commentary: The Soncino Chumash, p. 81. 10. J. Hastings' Dic. of the Bible, Rvd, by Frederic C Grant and H. H. Rowley, (NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1963), p. 422. 11. William Neil, Pocket Bible Com. (HarperSanFrancisco, 1975), 50.
X 11D 10:21÷Za 1C2 13. Dr. Cohen, Soncino Chumash, 102. 14. The Torah A Modern Commmentary, ed. Gunther Plaut, NY: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1981, 152.
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& Æ ó~Öe ª!* Å6,g ;LX Š Z%] â £ ZÐ kZ c* ì @* ™ª ÑŠ6,q ¸z ÿLC :ì òúŠ » óc* be¨ KZöæ LX ( 654™) Š Z%x £ZzŠÆ{ c* gñÐyZ ._ Modern scholars who distinguish between these two places advance different theories as to the meaning of the word"Moriah." C2 "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot ðØncopy Â^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 69 --This the publisher and the author."
ÅçÎæ ØvÚ ^ÒDå^m…çÚ ^m åæ†ÚE oÞ^e†Î Ýô^ÏÚ VÜrßµ h^e
©EÅ{z Ô D™i q +] . }g !* ÆpÆó{c* gñLûLE Ð S yxgŠÆ]â £zŠ yS fh X D™7]c* ÃZ~
„0 +¶ K6, ]â £sfzgqÅ q ¸zûÆ{c* gñä>IègzZfZƪ!* :ì Å YEH 4X3 .;X 1 :ì `gŠ~~Öe {”ã U* ÃÅæE¾54hG 6Ôh N q -Zd $Œ Û ÆyzçE some scholars have proposed a location for Moriah on a mountain near Hebron. C3
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Xì µZz ~ tæ[†¢ a³âÐ t%‚gzZ ~ wÑ¢ a³50 ãŒ Û Ð zk , X åŠ HHyt%‚«V˜ 6Ôì @* YHòúŠ »äYK[QÃx?Zm}]|~ˆV˜~g ðÒQ®{Mà X 3 EG 5_I .n©$ÄÿE :ì `gŠ~óª!* çLG zzŸ L There is no improbability in the general opinion, that the very spot was mount Calvary where Christ the great anti-type was afterwards crucified.C6
C7 Ãx?Zm []|~ˆ V˜ Ô¶„ ~g ðÒQ®M{à ( { c* gñ)( {z ì t } Zg x ¬
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ÅçÎæ ØvÚ ^ÒDå^m…çÚ ^m åæ†ÚE oÞ^e†Î Ýô^ÏÚ VÜrßµ h^e
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ÅçÎæ ØvÚ ^ÒDå^m…çÚ ^m åæ†ÚE oÞ^e†Î Ýô^ÏÚ VÜrßµ h^e
{Ãd ` $Œ Û Æà Ö wz ÌZ Å ( xw) « LZ ä V-%‚ÐZ Âå µZz6,* m, # " =Z ~Š LX åc* 5G ~ó~Öe ª!* åHH Š ™ÝÐ q ¸z ûÆ «aÆ ä™ì‡ :ì `gŠ The Samaritan tradition identifies the site with Mt. Gerizim (as though Moriah = Moreh; cf. Gn. 12:6) C11
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:ì àZeÝzgÐ,}gŠ6, qçñkZäó~Öeª!* •zi +Z} e×±L The Samaritans, who consider Mount Gerizim the holy mountain of God, place the sacrifice of Isaac on that mountain, and believe that Moriah was Moreh near Shechem; and that it was the site of the first encampment of Abraham in the land of Canaan, where he built an altar to the true God (Gen 12:6,7). Such an identification, they believe, justifies their separation from Jerusalem, and their right to worship God on Mount Gerizim (see Jn 4:20,21). It is, of course, entirely without support.13C
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YEH 4X3 E ¾ :ì Å]!* Å b§ÏZ Ìäó~Öeª!* {”ã U* ÃÅæ 54hGL
There is some similarity between the names of Moriah and 'Moreh,' the latter located near Shechem (Gn 12:6, Dt 11:30) and Mount Gerizim. And it may have been owing to this that the Samaritans have claimed Gerizim as Abraham's mountain (cf Jn 4:20). Gn 22:4 has been often cited to suggest "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot ðØncopy Â^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 72 --This the publisher and the author."
ÅçÎæ ØvÚ ^ÒDå^m…çÚ ^m åæ†ÚE oÞ^e†Î Ýô^ÏÚ VÜrßµ h^e that Gerizim, a mountain visible for some distance, must be the Moriah of Abraham, because he 'lifted up his eyes and saw the place afar off. C14
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Æ õg Z Â[ Z # X¸ ³ #h +”Æ ! †ÅtŠ· vßÆt%‚ GG3O.6XZ Åxw~Š· @* gzZ ï Hì‡mB‚Æx ** Æ { c* gñ» ãÑ«ä ' LZ µZz6,* m, {Ãm»{ c* ` gñäV- %‚~[Z ÆkZ Ânƒì‡k¼»kZ YEH 4X3 E ¾ ‹¸Åæ 54hGX c* Ðk , ’Å ( S.R.Driver)gÇZg eXg WX öZ~ª!* Š h B‚Æxw :ì q{zXì Cƒ& ¤Å]!* kZ
In view of the rivalry which prevailed in later times between the Samaritans and the Jews, the preference of the former for Gerizim does not count for much; and with regard to the other arguments it may be doubted whether, in a narrative which cannot be by an eye-witness or contemporary of the facts recorded, the expressions used are not interpreted with undue strictness.C15
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ÅçÎæ ØvÚ ^ÒDå^m…çÚ ^m åæ†ÚE oÞ^e†Î Ýô^ÏÚ VÜrßµ h^e
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¯Æ yZ ~ y ZgzŠÆ^Æ lˆÅ œ / %—kZÆ y ZX ,™Äc* gŠ t ÃW6 a —KZ {z Hê ä V,Z6,x £Æ {§ñÏZXìgB‚B‚Æ y Zx?Zmoß]| xzŠ Z a Æ Vñ¤ / u KZ ä x?Zmoß ]|XÐ,Š x Zu~ ´ ˜ZV x¤ / u 1C7
x ** » zk,V⊠yQ ) Ý ‚aÆ VKZ äx?Zm Z',Z ]|gzZ H[ NZ » ( Edom) Ãy Z0 +{ L Z gzZ X H ì‡/ œ% CZ 6,A ÃÆ éä ãŒ Û ~ [†Æ ( å óÝ ‚L¡ E 5©½$gzZ ( Hebron)yzçE .;X HŠ !* .;Ô ( Mamre)} L yzçE W~ º´Æ ( Machpelah) ÕäG »x?Zm Z',Z X ¶{ Ç Zl aÆ VwñÆ y Z #Û ~ [f[†éæ ㌠ÛÐ X åc* WÈŠ !* íaÆååÃ{§ñgzZ åŠ HƒŠ !* WD6,gîxy Z0 +{ H ÔV-Öe ÔVz‚ÔV ðiÒ&Z Ð o ôZ ~(,]â ¥ Ñ!* zgq 0Æ {§ñ ~ sf X ˆÅ ¦Ð ~ .–zgŠ rR‰QÝZÆ ª!* gzZ Vî c* be¨ KZ \ : ˜~ª!* ]¸KZôG-. @zX ìgYbŠ]‚ ½Z¿zŠsÜ The oak of Moreh was the first recorded halting-place of Abram after his entrance into the land of Canaan. Gen. 12:6. It was at the "place of Shechem," ch. 12:6, close to the mountains of Ebal and Gerizim. Deut. 11:30. C18
[ ) åo {á » {§ñƒ Z 7,{”" $U* ª »x Z' , ZˆÆ¾ ZŠ ~ ys}iu -G¼]I ]Z[ ) å µZz6,( 6:12 )x £Æ ê „ d $Œ Û Æ*m,` z w„ÓÃt X ( 6:12÷Za "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot ðØncopy Â^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 75 --This the publisher and the author."
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X ( 30:11
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: D™yÒ~ó~Öeª!* Dt. 11:30 makes reference to the 'oak of Moreh' in the district of Gilgal (i.e. the Shechemite Gilgal). It is recorded that Abraham pitched his camp there on arriving in Canaan from Harran, and it was there that God revealed himself to Abraham, promising to give the land of Canaan to his descendants. C19
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"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot ðØncopy Â^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 76 --This the publisher and the author."
ÅçÎæ ØvÚ ^ÒDå^m…çÚ ^m åæ†ÚE oÞ^e†Î Ýô^ÏÚ VÜrßµ h^e
Q[!* ÙZj X 2:22÷Za ÔklƒÂ C1 2. The Jewish Enc., 9:17.
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3. Hastings Dic. of the Bible Rvd. by Frederick Grant & H. H. Rowley (NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1963), pp. 674f. 4. New Bible Dic. II, Ed, N. Hellyer Revision Ed, (Leicestor: Inter-Varsity Press, Eng, 1986), p. 415. 5. New Bible Dic., II, Ed, 1099.
6. John Fawcett, The Devotional Family Bible Com. (London: Suttaby, Evance & Co, 1811), Vol 1, no paging.
$ t™ L~ eÆ34D 33 :27ägZ 7 ©EG C
.n Christian Community Bible, ) óª!* çLG
:ì ˆÅs # Ÿz~(Catholic Pastoral Edn, 1995, p. 66f
When they reached the place called Golgotha (or Calvary) which means the Skull, they offered him wine mixed with gall. Jesus tasted it but would not take it.
) óå) & L ã(kZ {zZ # ä V,Z ÂÔ ó~ 7, Å L pÆTÔ å @* Y ¹ ( ó~gz w» Lc* GF "LÐZ X ;e: Á C™\äkZ1Ô ~ŠÃÅ W õ&M ðƒBì
6,]â £µ Z µ Zx ** VâzŠtXce ** ™7ûÒ$iB‚Æó{c* gñLÃx £Æ} ó LL 8C " =Z ~Š LX D™ª 5G : i Z§¶gkz', pZpZ ( 6, 940™)~ó~Öeª!* åHH ÑŠ [Mamre] A place in Hebron district, W from Machpelah (Gen.23:17. 19; 49:30; 50 :13), associated with Abraham (Gen. 13:18; 14:13; 18:1) and Isaac (Gen. 35:27). Abraham resided for considerable periods under the terebinth of Mamre; there he built an altar, there he learnt of the capture of Lot, there he recieved Yahweh's promise of a son and pleaded for Sodom, and from there he saw the smoke of Sodom and its neighbour cities ascend. The site has been identified at Rametel-Khalil, 4 km N of Hebron.
E .;~[fÐ îÏG 5©½$ [ }L] Ðð t GZgzZð Z', Z »TÔ [ì ]x £q -Z~²ÆyzçE
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot ðØncopy Â^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 77 --This the publisher and the author."
ÅçÎæ ØvÚ ^ÒDå^m…çÚ ^m åæ†ÚE oÞ^e†Î Ýô^ÏÚ VÜrßµ h^e &‡ð Z', % iÆo Æ}LJ -Z äV,ZVŒXìgk , +x ªt‚æLG 5 -á²™f ÿLE ZXì mq Ð s§Å\¬vZB‚ÆyZDÔ `è »š M ¦Åðoß¹ZDÔ Hy{ F, éq -Z » ã!* Û Œ ä V,ZÐ DgzZ ÅW ( Ð \¬vZ ) ~ hÆ xz‡ä V,ZgzZ Zƒ {°z » d Wq -Z .;Å q ¸z ûÆx £kZX ¬Š 0ZVZðŠ »VzàÏz7,ÆkZgzZxz‡ wÑ¢ a³g eÐ yzçE Xì ˆÅ„Šy¶ K6,x £ÆYZ G î%Zg~
:ì q6, 46gzZ 43Ô41],~'Places Abraham Knew'[ÂKZ'¸
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In so far as Abraham had a place in Canan which could be called his home, it was at Mamre. His family and household could stay here while he was leading caravans or taking part in pastoral activity elsewhere. (...). To Jews, Christians and Muslims, however, its fame is based on the fact that is was here that Abraham stayed and had those dealings with God which have won for him the name 'The Friend of God'.
Vâ Zzg»{zZ # X ¶~}L{zÂM hÈy CZ {z&¶(+Z ðÃ~ysÅð Z', Z¤ /Z yÆyZgzZ_ »yZ ÂDƒìg™ ã!* îÏO¯ÅVzgâ Y LZ(gzZ Ëc* Dƒìg™]Š ªÅ Å]àÅkZq -Š 4, ÆVâ ›gzZ VÇ|Ô V-Š·ë @* X ( ...)X¸D™x ªVŒáZz Æ\¬v ZB‚ÆyZgzZ¸ñƒk , +x ªð Z', 5 ZV˜¶({z¸ ì ì‡6,|kZŠ ã C X åŠ HHiZÛ uÐÄÆv ó Z2L¹ZÐzzÅX¸ñƒ]5ç{z
Xì ÝB‚Æ| # gŠÆo {á Ë}Lt ì ]ZZè. Þ ‡Ì]!* t VŒ å[ø 7Š]{V;zïgZ øÎX ¶: }i’c* ». “ Þ ‡** ðÃt ZƒÈt»kZ kZX ¶7]gz¢ðÃÅäYá Vc* ÇaÆã!* Û øÎV;zÃx?Zm Z' Œ , Z]|gzZ ]|V˜ Ô 7mðÃÐ { c* gñk Q »}LkS ì Y Y H~ .Z³t ã‚ 7 b§ XìŠ ã C"òúŠt» f‰gzZåH7aÆã!* Û Ãd Œ WD ³Z LZä ð Z' ,Z 9. New Bible Dic. II Ed., 730.
6, g ; C10 ñJ m àÎÆx?Zm qÁ ‹| ( 6,150™)à ó~gz w» LÂ~ ~Öe ª!* :ì Š Hc* Šg ZŒ Û x £»äY the site of Jesus' crucifixion. Three gospels recorded both the Semitic name of this site, "Golgotha," and a translation, "Place of the Skull" (Matt. 27:33; Mark "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot ðØncopy Â^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 78 --This the publisher and the author."
ÅçÎæ ØvÚ ^ÒDå^m…çÚ ^m åæ†ÚE oÞ^e†Î Ýô^ÏÚ VÜrßµ h^e 15:22; John 19:17). Luke 23:33 records only a shorter and more accurate translation, "Skull." The name "Calvary" derives from the Vulgate's Latin translation of this word (calvaria). It is likely that the site was so named because of its habitual use for executions. Less likely is an explanation rooted in the physical appearance of the place. Apart from the name very little is confidently known about Calvary. John 19:20 and Jewish and Roman execution customs indicate that it was located outside Jerusalem's city walls. Roman crucifixion customs and the reference to passers-by (Matt. 27:39) also suggest it was near a thoroughfare, while the fact that the cross was visible from afar (Matt. 27:55) could indicate an elevated location. Nevertheless its precise location remains in dispute.
E M 5B+EZ &Xì(ÅäYbŠ àÎ [Š .x ** x ** ò ‚ »x £kZ ä V ðG3ÒG ] Åð} [~g ðÒQ®]t
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-Z sÜä ( 33:23) gZ Å ‡ßX K `gŠ VâzŠ( q ó Å ~ 7, ÅÀ L F,» kZgzZ óå) L Y M Xì fp â Ð ïHG3½Éz3 F, HÑƪ!* ~g ðÒQ®ÂXì HÜó~ 7, ÅÀ L F,9{Š c* i ×gzZ¿ F, Áq -ZX å @* Y HæWgŠ ¿6,]ñ} Zwxk!* VŒ ƒ Z 7,a kZx ** t »(kZ ì e M ~}g !* Æ~g ðÒQ®{z´Æx ** XƒQQÐ~ 7, Å]gß~C Ù ªÅx £kZ ì ÌtykZ ]ñ} ZwÅVñzggzZ V-Š· gzZÐ ( 20 :19) ¦- gZX Y Y ¹7̼B‚Æ¢ ä\ d6,àÎÅVñzgX ¶µZzC Ù !* Ð Vzg Z-Š Å zk , à(t ì @* ƒC Ù ªÐ xÎg ŶŠ Æx ¬qg á q -Z(t ì @* ƒC Ù ªtÌЙfÆVz {Zg~( 39:27)ägZgzZxÎgÅ @* ƒC Ù ªt Ô ( 55 :27 ä) ¶„g WÃÌÐ i ZgŠgzŠ Ç Ð |kZgzZX ¶µZz d $Œ Û Xì „]!* qip Ðq -Z q ¸zû9»kZë@* Ô ¶µZz6, (œzZq -Zt ì 11. The Illustrated Bible Dic., (Inter-Varsity Press, 1980), 2:1025.
:ì qCe 1C2 The Samaritans assert that Mt. Gerizim was the scene of the event, regarding Moriah as Moreh in Shechem (J.R. Dummelow, A Com. on The Holy Bible, NY, The Macmillan Co, 1956, 30)
-¼]I X D™g¦{§ñ» êGÃ{ c* gñ{zXì x£»§ZzkZ „* m,` {à ì òúŠ »V-%‚ 13. Seventh-Day Adventist Bible Dic., Revised Edn., Ed. by Siegfried H. Horn (Hagerstown: Review and Herald Publg. Association, 1979), p. 760. 14. Hastings Dic. of the Bible Rvd. by Frederick Grant & H. H. Rowley (NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1963), pp. 674f. 15. Hastings Dic of the Bible, s.v. 'Moriah' by S. R. Driver, 3:437. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. cannot ðØncopy Â^Û‰ ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚on ô Þ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 79 --This the publisher and the author."
ÅçÎæ ØvÚ ^ÒDå^m…çÚ ^m åæ†ÚE oÞ^e†Î Ýô^ÏÚ VÜrßµ h^e
Xƒ#} ú{k , t ìtykZ {Š c* b iXƒ:^m{t ì Yƒ 1C6 .2½$ 1C7 G :ì Š HHyÒ~ª!* ‹ ¸Å~çEE (Gn 14:18), identified with Jerusalem in Ps 76:3 and in early Jewish tradition, which is accepted by modern interpreters. (J. L McKenzie's Dic. of Bible, 759).
gzZ îŠg Z Œ Û zk , Ãþ Ý ‚ÿkZ]c* Zzg ~Š·*ŠgzZ 3:76g1iX ( 18 :14÷Za [ ) X D™tÐZ Ì+¬h +] . 18. W. Smith's A Dic. of the Bible, p. 416. 19. The Illustrated Bible Dic., 2:1025.
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The hill on which Solomon's temple was built is called Moriah (2 Ch 3:1), the only other incidence of the name; but this is in all probability due to the theological invention, which identified the Temple, the place of Yahweh's dwelling and of Israel's worship, with the site of the sacrifice of Isaac.C1
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ÐZX å: „x ** ðÃÐ}u »kZ¬ÔŠ HHy«6, x £T ìt| à+ 0JŠB‚ÆkZx ** » ó{ c* gñLX å * @Y ¹ óy— »Ï' y** gzZ LaÆ| # Ù¡ ,} Z Y X ñY ~Š ÌZgzZ k¼ÐZ @* (G.A. Barrois) õZz' ìŠ HH[™Ð :ì Å# sŸzV-Åb kZ~(Interpreter's DB) ª ó !* sW~Öeiñ6, ÚZLä "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. ðØncopy Â^Û‰cannot ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚ôonÞ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 81 --This the publisher and the author."
pFç ^Ò 1Þça å^m…çÚ 1Ò Ü× æ†m VÜ h^e Since the name Moriah appears nowhere else in the texts relative to the topography of Jerusalem, there is good reason to suspect that the author of Chronicles intended to ascribe an early origin to the royal sanctuary, by identifying the unnamed hilltop formerly used as a threshing floor with the mountain in the land of Moriah, where Abraham had made ready to sacrifice his son. C2
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"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. ðØncopy Â^Û‰cannot ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚ôonÞ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 82 --This the publisher and the author."
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When God heard his [David's] supplication, he caused the pestilence to cease; and sent Gad the prophet to him, and commanded him to go up immediately to the threshing-floor of Araunah the Jebosite, and build an altar there to God, and offer sacrifices. When David heard that, he did not neglect his duty, but made haste to the place appointed him. Now Araunah was threshing wheat; and when he saw the king and all his servants coming to him, he ran before, and came to him (…). Now Araunah inquired, Wherefore is my lord come to his servant? He answered, To buy of him the threshing-floor, that he might therein build an altar to God, and offer a sacrifice. He replied, That he freely gave him both the threshing-floor, and the ploughs and the oxen for a burnt offering; and he besought God graciously to accept his sacrifice; (…); and when Araunah said he would do as he pleased, he bought the threshing-floor of him for fifty shekels; and when he had built an altar, he performed divine service, and brought a burnt offering, and offered peace-offerings also. (…). Now when king David saw that God had heard his prayer, and had graciously accepted of his sacrifices, he resolved to call that entire place The Altar of all the People, and to build a temple to God there; C4
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pFç ^Ò 1Þça å^m…çÚ 1Ò Ü× æ†m VÜ h^e
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pFç ^Ò 1Þça å^m…çÚ 1Ò Ü× æ†m VÜ h^e of Solomon's Temple is said to be on mount Moriah, on the threshingfloor of Ornan the Jebusite where God appeared to David (…). It should be noted that no reference is made here to Abraham in connection with this site. It has been objected that Jerusalem is not sufficiently distant from S Philistia to have required a 3 day's journey to get there [not to say of three days, the actual journey which is allegedly claimed to be undertaken, was of not less than a week, as observed by the New Jerome B.C whereas, in view of the earnestness of Abraham and the distance to be covered being small, it could not have taken him more than one day, had the destination been Jerusalem.], and that one of the characteristics of Jerusalem is that the Temple hill is not visible until the traveler is quite close, so that the correctness of the Biblical identification is called in question.C8
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:ì yÒ In v. 2 the scene of the episode is said to be a mountain 'in the land of Moriah', and it is possible that these words and the obscure phrase in v. 14, 'in the Mount (i.e the Temple Mount) where Yahweh is seen.' (where the Hebrew text has evidently suffered some corruption), may have been inserted by the Priestly editor to carry back the sanctity of the Temple site to the age of Abraham. But it is impossible that the Temple Mount at Jerusalem could have been the scene of the incident for various reasons.C10
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What was originally denoted by this designation is very obscure. It is indeed evident that in 2Ch 3:1 the Temple hill is referred to; but this does not settle the sense of the expression 'land of Moriah' in Gn 22:2: the Chronicler may, in common with the later Jews, have supposed that that was the scene of the sacrifice of Isaac, and borrowed the expression from Gn 22:2D perhaps to suggest that the spot was chosen already by 'J' in the patriarchal age. (…). It is remarkable that, though it is here implied that it is well known to Abraham, the region is not mentioned elsewhere in the OT. It is difficult, under the circumstances, not to doubt the originality of the text; (…); Gerizim, moreover, is an elevation which a traveler approaching from the S. might 'lift up his eyes' (22:4) and see conspicuously at a distance, which is not the case with Jerusalem. C11
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D™yÒ~ The Chronicler (2 Ch 3:1) leaves no doubt concerning the Jewish tradition that Mount Moriah was the Temple hill where Solomon built the house of the Lord in Jerusalem and the place of David's theophany. Efforts to identify the source of this tradition have been unsuccessful. C12
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7Nc* » Ï' y ** gzZ ~ zk, Ã{ c* gñ ì @* ™y Ò ~ ó§Z åE b e¨ KZ L ** - ~- Z ¡â :ñ YŤ /YZÌZÅ ãÑ« ìtn¾ÅkZgzZì ~hÃÅgzŠq -Z bŠg Z Œ Û y— The assumption that Abraham intended to sacrifice Isaac on the threshing floor of Jebus (Jerusalem), in full view of the Canaanite city, is farfetched; nor is the Temple Mount visible from afar, as it is hidden by the higher mountains around it. It seems more probable that the biblical story left the location of Moriah deliberately vague; the importance of the "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. ðØncopy Â^Û‰cannot ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚ôonÞ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 90 --This the publisher and the author."
pFç ^Ò 1Þça å^m…çÚ 1Ò Ü× æ†m VÜ h^e sacrifice of Isaac in the series of covenants between God and Israel made it natural [to the later redactors of the Bible] that at an early time this supreme act of faith was located on the site destined to become the most holy sanctuary of Israel, the Temple of Solomon, just as the Samaritans transferred the act to their holy mountain, Mt. Gerizim. C13
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This land is mentioned only here [Gen. 22:2], and there is little to guide us in trying to identify it. A late writer (2 Chronicles 3:1) applies the name of Moriah to the mount on which Solomon's Temple was built, possibly associating it with the sacrifice of Isaac. A similar association with this mountain may have been in the mind of the writer of Genesis 22 (see 22:14), who, of course, wrote long after the events described (Driver). (…). The description could hardly apply to Jerusalem in any case, as it could not be seen 'afar off' by one approaching either from the South or the West. (…). With our present knowledge we must be content to leave the question open (W. Ewing).C14
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pFç ^Ò 1Þça å^m…çÚ 1Ò Ü× æ†m VÜ h^e
¼[!* ÙZj 1. John L. McKenzie's Dic. of the Bible (London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1984), p. 586. 2. The Interpreter's Dic. of the Bible, 3:438-39.
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4. The Works of Flavius Josephus, Tr. William Whiston (Boston: D Lothrop & Co., na): Antiquities XIII: 4, pp. 203-4. 5. W. Gunther Plaut, The Torah, A Modern Com. (NY: Union of Am. Hebrew Congregations, 1981), p. 154 asserts: Abraham and his followers rose "early in the morning" and "went unto" the place of which God had told him; (…); it is as if, while he traveled on, Abraham had looked neither to the right nor to the left, had suppressed any sign of life in his followers and himself save only their footfalls.
X ¶ðC ¹Z ä \¬vZ ‰(kZgzZ`Z } ó k , Î ðLvßÆB‚ÆyZgzZð Z', Z VZçWs§ËN !* N ZŠ äV,Z ¸ìg™ðÄ)ð Z', ZZ # ‰ì 4V- X ( ...) ÅÏ0 + iÐg0 +ZÆ^} »ÑLZgzZg0 +Z LZÆ\e ÅVñŠñZÎgzZ H: Zg ZÍÌ9 Š™ X ‰~Š !* Š]â ´x Ó 6. Raymond E. Brown, The New Jerome Biblical Com. (Bangalore: TPI, India, 1994), P. 25: This may be the halfway point of a seven-day journey ending in the arrival at the mountain.
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pFç ^Ò 1Þça å^m…çÚ 1Ò Ü× æ†m VÜ h^e 7. John Fawcett, The Devotional. Family Bible., 1811, Vol. I, no paging, says: and after that long journey (…) the place was far distant: Mount Moriah; (…). He travels three successive days.
^J -yŠ&g@* Î{zX ¶6,A Ãi ZgŠgzŠ¹ÌZÔ {c* gñ{ê({zˆÆ^sîkZgzZ X å;g @* ™ 8. T. C. Mitchell, The Illustrated Bible Dic. (Inter-Versity Press, nd), 2:1025.
Ôå: » ÁÐ ‹ q -Z {z Ôì ;g Y HòúŠ » ¶Šx ZuÆ^ÇT™f H »yŠ& 9C ]| ¶ zk , Š°Á2¤ /Z²Ôì Š HHyÒ ~( 25™) óª!* ‚xzÞE
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Ð yŠq -Z~kZÃ7ƶÅA ÃáZzäYKðgzZtØztzfÆx?Zm Z' ,Z 454Xe•7{Š c* G X¸ èG i 10. Peake's Com. on the Bible, 193.
11.Hastings Dic. of the Bible 3:437 s.v. 'Moriah' by S.R. Driver.
12. Hastings Dic. of the Bible (Rvd. by Frederick Grant & H. H. Rowley), pp. 674-75. 13. Enc Judaica (Second Edn.), Fred Scolnik (NY: Thomson Gale, 2007), 14:491 s.v. 'Moriah'. 14. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, OR USA: Books For The Ages, AGES Software, Versioin 1.0 © 1997, 7:924-25.
3{! 1C5 óc* Š™wÂ** Îw¸Îb aÆ(k QÃy** g QäŠ ƒ ZŠÎ L:ì q õg Zƒ ýL E 3{!qÜ X ( 25 :21 õg ZÂX 1) x ¬q -Z V; ÆkZtgzZì ðZg W¾IÅ õg Zƒ ýL E &‡Ìs %Z~]** Xì±5 ÿLE ÒVâzŠXì ]!* X 25@* 16:24LÈX 2Ôkl[ 1C6 YEH 43 E ¾ :ì Š HHyÒ~( 983:4) óª!* ‹¸LÅæ 54hGX 1C7 Throughout the OT there are passages which have no meaning, if Zion and the temple hill were two separate topographical features. Zion is the holy hill or mountain (Ps26), the chosen habitation of Jahweh (Ps 911 742 762 847 13213, Is 818 6014, Jer 810, Zec 83). There He manifests Himself (Ps 147202 536 1285 1343, Am 12); and there He must be worshipped and praised (Ps 651,2, Jer 316). (….). In 1 Maccabees, written c. BC 100 by some one who was well acquaited with the localities, Zion is identified with the temple hill (437,38 534 733 etc), and so it "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. ðØncopy Â^Û‰cannot ] ^m Ñ ð ^be v‰uploaded ] Vxneƒ ‚ôonÞ‡any †Ê ^içwebsite ×Ò] except those of 97 --This the publisher and the author."
pFç ^Ò 1Þça å^m…çÚ 1Ò Ü× æ†m VÜ h^e is in 1Es 881 2Es525 Sir2410, and Jth 913 [See also Ps 78 68,69 and Jer 50 28].
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¸"Ă?q ¸zĂťĂ&#x2021; Ă&#x2020;{c* gĂąfĂ&#x2020;ÂŞ!* ĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;C Ă&#x2122; ÂŞĂ?X D YK7] â&#x20AC;&#x161; ½ZĂ&#x2020;fRPĂ&#x2020;ÂŞ!* ~sf LZ ä x?Zm Z' , Z ]|VË&#x153; Ă&#x153;â&#x20AC;ĄĂ? â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ yÂś KĂ&#x2026;( Ă&#x2021;kZ ft Ă&#x2020; ÂŞ!*
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
X ĂĽH7aĂ&#x2020;ĂŁ!* Ă&#x203A; Ă&#x192; Ăłd Ĺ&#x2019; WD ÂłZ L Y G-E 4Âą :ĂŹ wĂŹÂť^ Ăś ç¥ Ă&#x161;e X 1
The original name is obscure and the actual location unknown. C1
XĂŹ xÂĽ** q ¸zĂťĂ&#x2021;ÂťkZgzZĂŹĂŁx ** Ă?Z
YEH 4X3 "LĂĽĂ?Z}ZgzZi 5E E ž + §sR X 2 {â&#x20AC;?ĂŁU* Ă&#x192;Ă&#x2026;ĂŚ 54hGL (L.Reed and A.H.McNeile) ĂżG â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ yÂś KĂ&#x2026;{ c* gĂąĂ&#x2020;Ă&#x2021;Ă&#x2020;Ă° Z',Z L i Z§œg~Ăł{c* gĂąLy*LZ~óª!* â&#x20AC;šÂ¸ :Ăł7[ ø 7Ĺ ]Ĺ Ă&#x17E;Ă°Ă&#x192;aĂ&#x2020;
Because the place of origin of the journey is not stated in Genesis, it is best to conclude that evidence is not available for locating Moriah of Abraham's time. C2
š ** â&#x201E;˘~ .ZÂłt a kZ Ă&#x201D; Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026; 7yĂ&#x2019; ( Ă&#x2026;^ÂŻ ¸W~ áZa [Ă&#x201A;èY & X 7Ĺ Ăą]Ĺ Ă&#x17E;Ă°Ă&#x192;Ă&#x2026; q ¸z ĂżLCĂ&#x2020;{c* gĂąĂ&#x2020;äâ iĂ&#x2020;Ă° Z' , Z ĂŹ Ć&#x2019; ď&#x20AC;Śo
& :ĂŹ xÂĽ** q ¸z ĂżLC Âť{ c* gĂą ĂŹ yĂ&#x2019;¸ Ă&#x152;Âť óª!* `zĂ&#x17E;E~Ĺ L X 3 But the text speaks of a 'land of Moriah', of which the name is otherwise unattested: the site of the sacrifice is unknown. C3
4$iuLq gzZ Ă&#x2039;Ă&#x2026;x ** Ă&#x2020;TĂŹ @* â&#x201E;˘â&#x201E;˘f Âť (land of Moriah) Ăł{c* gùèE LG -Z Qp XĂŹ xÂĽ** (tĂ&#x2026; ĂŁ!* Ă&#x203A; X CĆ&#x2019;7& ¤Ă?ĂĄZj Ĺ&#x2019; "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; on â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă´Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 100 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă&#x2026;çĂ&#x17D;ĂŚ Ă&#x2DC;Ă´vĂ&#x161; oĂ?nĂ?u ^Ă&#x2019; ĂĽĂŚâ&#x20AC; Ă&#x203A;Ă&#x2013;] ^m ĂĽ^mâ&#x20AC;ŚĂ§Ă&#x161; VĂ&#x153;jĂ&#x2039;a h^e
.2E.L²E} Z L X 4 :ĂŹ y Ă&#x2019; Âť $ Ăł hĂ Ć&#x2019;yW~çH
The land of Moriah is an unknown locality. C4
E XÏ x £x¼** -Z {c* q gùèG L 4$iu
:ĂŹ Ă&#x2026;# sŸzäó~JÂŞ!* â&#x20AC;˘zi +Z} eĂ&#x2014;Âą~Ĺ L X 5
The name seems to have been rather uncommon. C5
XĂŹ ĂŞĹ Ă°3Ĺ â&#x20AC;&#x161; 3â ZgzZ bZ Ă&#x201A;x * *tĂ&#x2030;
i¹WE~ŠL X 6 4H &eR e çE 5G :Ï x £x¼** -Zt Ï òúŠ óª!* q üHH
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
The mountain in the land of Moriah is unknown. C6
4$iuL XÏ x £x¼** -Z óh N q q -Z~{c* gùèE LG
:ĂŹ Câ&#x201E;˘g Ă&#x2013;Z ÂťD"~eĂ&#x2020;çĂ&#x2020;] â ÂŁVâzĹ â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2026;Ce X7 The land of Moriah] only mentioned again 2 Ch 3:1, 'Then Solomon began to build the house of the Lord at Jerusalem in Mount Moriah.' It is uncertain whether the two places are to be identified. C7
E ~ zk,ä y Ă&#x2018;A $L:ĂŹ ~ Z :3 Ăľg Z Ă&#x201A;X 2sĂ&#x153;â&#x201E;˘f {g !* zĹ Âť kZX { c* gùèG L 4$iu X â&#x20AC;&#x17E;q -Z]â ÂŁVâzĹ tc* W ĂŹ D)]!* tX ĂłHi ¸WÂťyĂ&#x2026;yĂ&#x2020;0 + zZ} .6,{c* gĂąĂ&#x201C; Ă&#x192;
Âť(kZĂ? X7Ĺ Ăą@ZĂ&#x2DC;Ë&#x2020; Fi Ă°Ă&#x192;,Z ĂŹ yĂ&#x2019; Âť Ăł~JÂŞ!* E ~Ĺ L X 8 & 4Oâ&#x20AC;şG 3! :nĆ&#x2019;" $U* q ¸z ĂżLCèEG The land of Moriah (2). There is nothing in ancient topography to certify the exact location of this place, nor yet the mountain itself, C8
E Âť(kZĂ? T7Ĺ Ăą]!* Ă°Ă&#x192;+Z~w{z} .Ă°5Z'*Ĺ ( 2) {c* gùèG L 4$iu & & X ( ĂŹ xÂĽq ¸z ĂżLC ) Âť ~h N kZĹ pJ -[Z:Ă&#x201D;nĆ&#x2019;" $U* q ¸z ĂżLCÂł
:ĂŹ yĂ&#x2019;Âť óª!* â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2026;?zL X 9
The place of the sacrifice cannot be positively identified. C9
X 7eâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ yÂś K6, gĂŽÂľĂ&#x2026;(Ă&#x2026; ĂŁ!* Ă&#x203A; Ĺ&#x2019; "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; on â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă´Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 101 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă&#x2026;çĂ&#x17D;ĂŚ Ă&#x2DC;Ă´vĂ&#x161; oĂ?nĂ?u ^Ă&#x2019; ĂĽĂŚâ&#x20AC; Ă&#x203A;Ă&#x2013;] ^m ĂĽ^mâ&#x20AC;ŚĂ§Ă&#x161; VĂ&#x153;jĂ&#x2039;a h^e
Ă&#x161;S L X 1 0 :ĂŹ Ĺ HHyĂ&#x2019;~óª!* ~Ĺ s W~Ă&#x2013;eiĂą6,
The location is otherwise unspecified. C10
& X 7eâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ yÂś KĂ&#x2026; q ¸z ĂżLCĂ&#x2020;kZvĹ â&#x20AC;šgz
:ĂŹ Hg Ă&#x2013; Z Âť] Ă&#x2018;ĂŹĂ&#x2020;b§Ă?Z0Ă&#x2020;kZ Ă&#x152;äó~Ă&#x2013;eÂŞ!* i6, g ; L X 11 An unidentified site in rugged terrain three day's travel from Beersheba where Abraham was to sacrifice Isaac. C11
4]MçE .*LĂ&#x201D;x ÂŁÂł)q Ă° t GZäxĂ° ;', ZVË&#x153;Ă&#x201D;6, Ă&#x201E;)Ă&#x2026;yĹ &Ă? ĂźE -Z~E%R G
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
X ÂśbĹ ĂŁ!* Ă&#x203A;Ă&#x2026; Ĺ&#x2019;
"c* 5E 1Ă&#x2019;E :ĂŹ i Z§œg~Ăł ʚG be ¨ KZ LĂŹĂ&#x2020;K X 12
Great obscurity hangs about this name, C12
XĂŹ @* Yc* 0* x ¡S {Ĺ c* iš~}g !* Ă&#x2020;x ** kZ
K Z Ă? D Ă&#x201D; ;gE - w 0* ~ e Ă&#x201D;$h eĂłs WWz6,Ă&#x201D;R,Ć&#x2019; Z z ! & + g- g X 13 : Dâ&#x201E;˘yĂ&#x2019;~Ăł~J´Ă&#x2026;E } Z L
The land of Moriah' has never been identified. C13
X mYĂ&#x2026;7â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ yÂś KLĂ&#x2026;{ c* gĂą}iu
:ĂŹ Hg Ă&#x2013;ZÂť]Ă&#x2018;ϚZ~ó§ZĹ c* be¨ KZ LĂ&#x152;ä** - ~- ZLLX 14
MORIAH, an unidentified locality mentioned in the Bible. C14
X x ÂŁÂł)q -Z {gĂ&#x192;è~ÂŞ!* Ă&#x201D;{ c* gĂą
: K7] ÂĄ5Ă&#x2020;b§Ă?Z Ă&#x152;äóx^ ,ZĹ s Wc* be¨ KZ ~Ĺ L X 15
C15
Moriah; a place, originally unidentified, to which God sent Abraham
X ĂĽ5Ă&#x192;x ;Z' , Zä0 + zZ} .VË&#x153;Ă&#x201D;Âł)šZĂ&#x201D;x ÂŁq -Z :{ c* gĂą
:ĂŹ wĂŹÂť óª!* â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2026;xzĂ&#x17E;L X 16
The 'district of Moriah' is unknown. C16
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; on â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă´Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 102 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă&#x2026;çĂ&#x17D;ĂŚ Ă&#x2DC;Ă´vĂ&#x161; oĂ?nĂ?u ^Ă&#x2019; ĂĽĂŚâ&#x20AC; Ă&#x203A;Ă&#x2013;] ^m ĂĽ^mâ&#x20AC;ŚĂ§Ă&#x161; VĂ&#x153;jĂ&#x2039;a h^e
XĂŹ xÂĽ** ĂłIÂť{ c* gĂąL (Peter R. Ackroyd, Samuel Davidson) Ă?e- e LĂ&#x2C6;gzZ Ă Zn Zg WĂ°
H
X 17
54]Z KzZ s WWz6, (The ĂłZ ~Ĺ yS KzZ ~Ĺ LĂĄ ÂŁ LZ ;gE- yĂ Ă&#x201D; Ă&#x2019;Âťâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;Ă&#x201D; m ,ĂĽH :ĂŹ q~OT in the Making) So we have sanctuary legends (â&#x20AC;Ś) and a high place at Jebus (Jerusalem, 2 Sam. 24) subsequently rightly or wrongly identified with the site of the Jerusalem temple (I Chrn. 21-22:1).
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
Ă?5_I xÂŁĂ&#x2020;( ĂŞG zk ,) kâ&#x20AC;°gzZX ( ...)X äYZ0Ă&#x2020;xwkZ k0* }gøb§kZ _5I Ă?G X ÂŻg ZĹ sWÂťâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ yÂś KĂ&#x2026; q ¸zĂťĂ&#x2020; ĂŞ zk , ÂŤ6, gĂŽĂ&#x;c* 9~Ë&#x2020; x ÂŁâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;q -Z6,
:ĂŹ q{zXĂŹ H `gĹ Ăq~fq -ZVĹ&#x2019;äkZ
The identification must remain uncertain, and indeed suspect, since the Chronicler also identifies the same site with Moriah (2 Chron. 3:1, cf. Gen. 22). C17
Âť Ăľg ZĂ&#x201A;Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A;èY Ă&#x201D; uâ&#x20AC;Ą~ |Ă&#x2030; Ă&#x201D;Ă?ĂŹg D) Ë&#x153;iĂ&#x2018; â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ yÂś KĂ&#x2026; kZ XĂŹ ĂŞĹ g ZĹ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; Ă&#x152;{c* gĂąĂ&#x192;x ÂŁĂ?ZÂł ¸
:ĂŹ @* â&#x201E;˘yĂ&#x2019;h +' Ă&#x2014; '¸ X 18
What is clear, however, is that the Chronicler sees this narrative in I Chron. 21 as providing an appropriate introduction to his account of how David prepared for the building of the Temple by Solomon (I Chron. 22:2-19; 28:-29:9. The intervening section, chs. 23-7, may well be a later insertion, but it too illuminates the ideas concerning David's organising of the worship of the Temple). Whereas the 2 Sam. narrative makes no link with the building of the Solomonic Temple--and this strongly suggests that the narrative originally had to do with another sacred place--the Chronicler identifies the site precisely (22:1), explains why David could not go to Gibeon where the Tabernacle was (21:29-30), and subsequently also identifies this site explicitly with the Mount Moriah of Gen. 22 (2 Chron. 3:1), an even more improbable identification. C18
ĂĄZz Ăł21 Ăľg ZĂ&#x201A;X 1LkZ LZ ³¸ Âť Ăľg Z Ă&#x201A;[Ă&#x201A; ĂŹt {z Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ ĂŁZz ]!* ĂŤ @* "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; on â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă´Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 103 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă&#x2026;çĂ&#x17D;ĂŚ Ă&#x2DC;Ă´vĂ&#x161; oĂ?nĂ?u ^Ă&#x2019; ĂĽĂŚâ&#x20AC; Ă&#x203A;Ă&#x2013;] ^m ĂĽ^mâ&#x20AC;ŚĂ§Ă&#x161; VĂ&#x153;jĂ&#x2039;a h^e
yÂŤĂ? Ă°yĂ&#x2018;äð Ĺ Ć&#x2019; ZĹ ĂŹ sg ÂŹVziù%Z kZt ĂŹ 8 Ĺ ~i Z0 +Z kZĂ&#x192;yĂ&#x2019; Ă&#x201D;`ĂŁxgĹ X9:29[!* @* 28[!* ;19@* 2:22ĂľgZĂ&#x201A;X1)XĂ&#x2026;~gÂť H HaĂ&#x2020;äYĂąZâ&#x201E;˘ Ă&#x2026;äðŠĆ&#x2019; ZĹ ĂŹ C7, Ă?zg6,]!* kZ Ă&#x152;Ă? kZpĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ 4â&#x20AC; ŸZ ÂťË&#x2020;27@* 23[Z1Z ĂŹâ&#x20AC;ĄÂ¸g Ă°Ă&#x192; Âť kZBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020;yĂ&#x2026; ĂŁĂ&#x2018;ÂŤĂ? yĂ&#x2019;Ă&#x2020;LĂ&#x2C6;X 2²Ă&#x201D;( HÂąĂ&#x192;]Ĺ â&#x20AC;&#x17E; rgmĂ? x ÂŁ klgzZ Ă&#x2039;ĂŞY Zâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Z yĂ&#x2019;t ĂŹ M {g â&#x20AC;&#x161; ĂĄ Z o¢Ă? kZgzZ X @* Ć&#x2019;7 Ă&#x152;Ă&#x2026;]!* kZ {zĂ&#x201D;( 1:22)ĂŹ @* â&#x201E;˘â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ yÂś K6,gĂŽÂĽĂ&#x2026;x ÂŁkZ³¸ Âť Ăľg ZĂ&#x201A;[Ă&#x201A;X ĂĽ E G 1C9 3L8E -4&Ă&#x201D;( 30Ă&#x201D;29:21) eY 7Ă&#x201D; ĂĽ]Ĺ â&#x20AC;&#x17E;ĂŽ0*G -8E LĹ Ć&#x2019; ZĹ ĂŹ @* @G x ÂŁkZ {z G ĂŽSE VË&#x153;Ă&#x201D; y Ă°ĹĄNE â&#x201E;˘s # Ÿz
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
Ă&#x152;gzZt XĂŹ ĂŞĹ g Z Ĺ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; â&#x20AC;&#x17E; { c* gĂąĂ&#x201C;Ă&#x192;Ă&#x2018;Zz ( 1 :3 Ăľg Z Ă&#x201A;X 2) 22[!* áZa [Ă&#x201A;6,gĂŽĂŁZzĂ&#x192; XĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ yÂś Ke** {Ĺ c* i
kZt XĂŹ Ă&#x2026;] !* 6,qçùkZ Ă&#x152;ä Ăłc* b e¨ KZ ÂŞ!* eg Ĺ&#x201C;Z DĂ&#x161;Z L X 19
& :ĂŹ @* â&#x201E;˘# sŸz~p Ă&#x2013;ZyZĂ&#x2026; q ¸z ĂżLCĂ&#x2020;
This land is mentioned only here Gen 22:2, and there is little to guide us in trying to identify it. A late writer (2 Chronicles 3:1) applies the name of Moriah to the mount on which Solomon's Temple was built, possibly associating it with the sacrifice of Isaac. A similar association with this mountain may have been in the mind of the writer of Genesis 22 (see 22:14), who, of course, wrote long after the events described (Driver). (â&#x20AC;Ś). The description could hardly apply to Jerusalem in any case, as it could not be seen "afar off" by one approaching either from the South or the West. (â&#x20AC;Ś). With our present knowledge we must be content to leave the question open. W. Ewing. C20
)gfĂ&#x2020;T7q +Z Ă°Ă&#x192;k0* }g øgzZĂŹ Ĺ HHâ&#x201E;˘f ¸ sĂ&#x153;Âť}iukZ â&#x20AC;&#x17E;¸ Ă&#x201D;ä ( 1:3 Ăľg ZĂ&#x201A;X 2) 'q -ZĂ&#x2020;Ë&#x2020; X Ă&#x192;â&#x201E;˘Ă&#x2019;Ă&#x192;Ă&#x2026;äâ&#x201E;˘| # Ă&#x2122;Ă&#x2026;kZ ĂŤĂ? 6, TĂŹ Ht :Z6,h N k Q Âťx ** Ă&#x2020;{ c* gĂąĂ&#x201D; ĂąĆ&#x2019;D h Ă? ĂŁ!* Ă&#x203A; Ă&#x2026;t GZ]|Ă?Z Ĺ&#x2019; 14X Ă&#x2020;( 14:22)áZa Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A;mq -Z Âť b§Ă?ZBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020;h N kZX ĂĽĹ HHyĂŁĂ&#x2018;ĂżL šG K yĂ&#x2019; ~ Ë&#x2020; š ]uZzt ¾ť ä TĂŹ YĆ&#x2019; Ă&#x152;~ â&#x20AC;&#x161;f Ă&#x2020; ' Ă?5_I zk ,ÂťyĂ&#x2019; kZX ( ...)X ( gĂ&#x2021;Zg e ) Y Y HĂ? â&#x20AC;&#x17E; Ă&#x201A;š ~ÂŞ ď&#x20AC;¨q Ă&#x152;Ă&#x2039;t :Z6,ĂŞG
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; on â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă´Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 104 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă&#x2026;çĂ&#x17D;ĂŚ Ă&#x2DC;Ă´vĂ&#x161; oĂ?nĂ?u ^Ă&#x2019; ĂĽĂŚâ&#x20AC; Ă&#x203A;Ă&#x2013;] ^m ĂĽ^mâ&#x20AC;ŚĂ§Ă&#x161; VĂ&#x153;jĂ&#x2039;a h^e
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1.W. Gunther Plaut, The Torah, A Modern Commentary, 146. 2. Hastings Dic. of the Bible (Revise by Frederick Grant & H. H. Rowley), 674-75. 3. Henry Wansbrough, The New Jerusalem Bible (London: Darton, Longman & Todd Ltd., 1993), 41. 4. Charles Gore, Goudge, A Guillaume, A New Com. on H. Scripture, (London: Society for Promoting Christian knowledge, 1928), 53. 5. 7th Day Adventist BCom., (Hagerstown: Review & Herald Publg. Association, 1978), 1:349. 6. The New Oxford Annotated Bible, (NY: Oxf. Univ. Press, 1989), Footnote on p. 27. 7. J. R. Dummelow, CHB, (NY: The Macmillan Co, 1956), 30. 8. New Bible Com., Ed F. Davidson (Michigan: W M B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, Grand Rapids, 1953), 94. 9. The Wycliffe Bible Com., Charles F. Pfeiffer (Chicago: Moody Press, 1983), 27. 10. Interpreter's Dic of the Bible, 3:438. 11. Harper's Bible Dic, 654. 12. Enc. Biblica, 3:3200. 13. A New Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture, revised and updated 1975, Ed. Rev. Reginald, C. Fuller, (Hong Kong: Thomas Nelson Ltd, 1981), 195. 14. Enc Judaica (Second Edn.), Fred Scolnik (NY: Thomson Gale, 2007), 14:491 s.v. 'Moriah'. 15. The Judaic CD ROM Reference Library Vol. I, Contents. The Enc. of Judaism Copyright 1989-G. G. the Jerusalem Publishing House, 1993, DAVKA Corporation and the Institute for Computers in Jewish Life, s.v. 'Moriah'. 16. The Jerome Biblical Com., ed. R. E. Brown, etc (Bangalore: TPI, 1987), 23. 17. The Cambridge History of the Bible, ed. P. R. Ackroyd, (Cambridge: at the University Press, 1970), 1:69. 18. The Cambridge History of the Bible, ed. P. R. Ackroyd (Cambridge: at the University Press, 1970), 1:89.
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20. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 1997, 7:924.
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yZÔx?Zm³ Z]|6,x £Æ{ c* gñkZ H L ì m»wZÎ,‚J -V˜ @ZØ~Š â gzZ iÔk^ðÃÆÏŠ ñÅx?Zm Z', Z ]|−ZzÆyZgzZ {` ; {−Zz Å ! L ™ 9 ÔxixiÓeÔ Z' , ZÄ£Ô èEBEÔŠÎZ çL?E}Ô Š ñ'ŠÞϹŠb§kZÂó? Š ñ g Z z [ Œ Û Æ~,q ƒ t Ô,GÅx?Zm ³ Z ]|gzZ {` ; ]|~ŸgzZ X µZz~ 9 ]|gzZx?Zm Z' , Z ]| ) !* M vg ) ,ÐZ ì @* Y ¹0Æ TÔŠÎZ çL?E & -ÍG 4E CG óèEG g s M c* be¨ KZ L0Æ kZ X å H·~ äÃÆ~ ä ( x?Zm³ Z :ì yÒ» (Encyclopedia
of Religion)
The Black stone is of unknown pre-Islamic origin, possibly meteoric.C8
9 „¸X 7x¥|ÝZ ÅkZXì ‚ rgmÐ äâ iƬРxsZŠÎZ çL?E /#EÞËt Xì Z•» õG
E 5k$z Z } Z Xì µZz d sfzgq0Æ kZ ä ëE $Œ Û Ç!* Æ~
:ì ÅyÒ, (…); a depression in it [the Ka'bah] just opposite the door has still to be mentioned; it is called al-mi'djan "the trough"; according to legend, Ibrahim and Isma'il here mixed the mortar used in building the Ka'bah. C9 "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. uploaded on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 113 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e
Ð Z X ì ¹* ! ÌZ™f » T þ ì ÿ Ýq -Z ~ þ~ ÿkZ . Þ £ÐÆ } i ZzgŠ
™E.Å B E wEZ ~yÅŸ ð³ ZgzZ ð Z',Z(kZ ._Æ e $Zzg X ë Ì 0 + ó ** L c* è Z X¸D™ c* 5!)gzZZg ÇÑZzäƒ
& -ÍG 4E CG :ì yÒ» óèEG gs M c* be¨ KZ L0Æð Z, 'ZÄ£
Near the Ka'bah stands a gilded glass case (replacing an earlier simple wooden framework) that contains a stone marking the station of Ibrahim (Abraham). This stone is said to have miraculously preserved the footprint of Ibrahim, Who stood on it in order to complete the construction of an earlier Ka'bah: it is, as it were, the builders mark. C10
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Between this archway [al-Hatim] and the facade (N.E.) is a little building with a small dome, the makam Ibrahim. In it is kept a stone bearing the prints of two human feet. The patriarch Ibrahim, father of Isma'il, is said to have stood on his feet when building the Ka'bah and the marks of his feet were miraculously preserved. C11
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lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e Opposite the corner of the Black Stone is a small building housing the sacred well of Zamzam, from which pilgrims drink water at the conclusion of their circumambulations and prayers. Its origin is mythically associated with Hajar (Hagar) and Ismail (Ishmael), for whom God provided water in this desert place after commanding Ibrahim to abandon mother and child and promising to care for them in his place. C12
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E 5k$zZ} ZX ,GÅx?Zm³ Z]|gzZ{` c* be¨ KZ LëE ;]|~Ÿ kZXì @* ™# sŸz Å]â £zxÎgÆe òsZ~~ ó Lá £ LZ~ xó sZ s M : ~Š9·sfzgq0ÆkZä
Opposite the north-west wall, but not connected with it, is a semi-circular wall (al-hatim) (…). The semi-circular space between the hatim and the Ka'bah enjoys an especial consideration, because for a time it belonged to the Ka'bah; (…) The space bears the name al-hidjr or hidjr Isma'il [lap of Ishma'el]. Here are said to be the graves of the patriarch [Isma'il] and his mother Hagar. C13
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lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e
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lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e
X Vƒ¢q~Ô7q -ÑðÃZ¾ÔVƒ¢q~X Vƒ¢q~ÔvZ} ZVƒ¢q X 7q -ÑðÃZ¾Xì „~¾Ì„ á Š !* gzZìa„}¾ÚgzZp°ƒ
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$U* " ¸gÐx?Zm³ Z]|gzZx?Zm Z', Z]|» ( V1²)yZÐX Š ñ D™~È0* Ðñ~(, {zÅTì CYð0* ÌgÅ&~V1²~ekZ Âó?ƒ@* ƒ ÅmÆyZÐx?Zm ³ Z ]|gzZx?Zm Z',Z ]| !* M vg ) , Æ yZt gzZX Åt x Ð Æx?Zm Z' , Z ]|yxgŠÆ Vzg »zc LZ ä xsZ Xì C™ÏÒú ðZ’Z¤ /ZXì Zƒ3gäV-Š·b§T 3g ~gY b§ÏZÃÌgkZ6, gîÆ# Ö ´ kZ ÅyZ ÂDƒ:Ð ±Åx?Zm Z', Z]|ÐWZzÆx?Zm³ Z]|[² ðûä™[™Ðx?Zm³ Z]|gzZx?Zm Z', Z]|ÐZgzZ ~È0* Åe $Zzg " c* 5E 1ÒE b e¨ ._Æ wìÆ ó é¹G KZ L ì ë Z ~(,Ì] !* t X å @* ƒ: Za „ wZÎ :ì CYÅ ZŠ Z6, gîÆ# Ö ´Å ã !* Û Å ód Œ WŒ ULÌgÅ& Indeed, the evidence goes to show that in exceptional cases the offering was actually made. However, just as the first-fruits were offered as a part of the whole, it is conceivable that originally the rite of circumcision was C15 instituted upon the same principle to typify the offering of the firstborn.
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lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e
E$ {Š c* i ÌÐ w‚Îõ0* Ð xsZ ¯ ¸ M Ô~ó AntiquitiesL[ ÂKZ ä ø©Gi Æx?Zm³ Z]| ã!* Æx ¸ÅyZÌgÅ&~V1² ì HyÒÔ ¶ˆè¬ :ì CYÅ ZŠ Z~Š c* Å& And they circumcised him upon the eighth day. And from that time the Jews continue the custom of circumcising their sons within that number of days. But as for the Arabians, they circumcise after the thirteenth year, because Ismael, the founder of their nation, who was born to Abraham of the concubine, was circumcised at that age; C16
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]g qkl+Z ðÃ~g Z z[ Œ Û Æó{z%LkZ H L ì m»wZÎ, ΊJ -V ˜ Ð x?Zm ³ Z ]|gzZx?Zm Z',Z ]| !* Wvg ),yÅTì „g Š ñÌ( c* !* M vg ),yÅ TÔì Š ñxw »¯ Z „ d $Œ Û Æ ó{c* gñ c* {zÔZ LkZ  ó?ƒ [™ Å äƒ *ŠÆ e $Zzg kZgzZì [™Ðx?Zm ³ Z ]|gzZx?Zm Z',Z ]| −`g YWág á Zz ä™ÀF, ~ y!* i ~ m,ôZ »y M Œ Û Xì Š ñ]Š Þwë zgq » ÏŠ ñů Z xw6,x £Æl ~'The Prelim#inary Discourse'á £ LZ ä :ì H™f~p ÖZsf The temple of Mecca was a place of worship, and in singular veneration with the Arabs from great antiquity, and many centuries before Mohammed (…) the Mohammedans are generally persuaded that the Caaba (…) was rebuilt by Abraham and Ismael, at God's command, (…). After this edifice had undergone several reparations, it was a few years after the birth of Mohammed, rebuilt by the Koreish on the old foundation, (…). Before we leave the temple of Mecca, two or three particulars deserve further notice. One is the celebrated black stone, which is set in silver, and fixed in the south-east corner of the Caaba, (…). Another thing observable in this temple "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. uploaded on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 118 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e is the stone in Abraham's place, wherein they pretend to show his footsteps, telling us he stood on it when he built the Caaba,' and that it served him for scaffold, (…). The last thing I shall take notice of the temple is the well Zem-zem, on the east side of the Caaba, (…). The Mohammedans are persuaded that it is the very spring which gushed out for the relief of Ismael, when Hagar his mother wandered with him in the desert, and some pretend it was so named from her calling to him, when she spied it, in the Egyptian tongue, Zem, zem, that is, "Stay, stay," C17
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:ì –~y M Œ Û î0%lLZä%0* Wz6,Wág q -ZÆy!* i~ m,ôZÆy M Œ Û The traditions of Abraham the father of their race and the founder of Muhammad's own religion, as he always declared him to be, no doubt gave the ancient temple a peculiar sanctity in the Prophet's eyes, and although he had first settled upon Jerusalem as his Qiblah, he afterwards reverted to the Kaabah itself. Here, then, Muhammad found a shrine, to which, as well as at which, devotion had been paid from time immemorial; it was one thing "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. uploaded on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 119 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e which the scattered Arabian nation had in common, the one thing which gave them even the shadow of a national feeling; and to have dreamed of abolishing it, or even of diminishing the honours paid to it, would have been madness and ruin to his enterprise. He therefore did the next best thing, he cleared it of idols and dedicated it to the service of God. C18
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The Kaaba was almost certainly an important shrine of a well attested Semitic pattern, in pre-Islamic times. It is not clear when it was first associated with the rites of the Pilgrimage, which itself must be of pre-Islamic origin. Muslim tradition traces it to Abraham and Ishmael. The Prophet Mohammed cleansed the Kaaba of its idols and its pagan features in 630. C19
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lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e
+Z gzZ à áÆ~ ÷ÛŒ ì @* ™ y Ò ~ óc* be¨ KZ i|à LY` Z egzi E :¸ƒõƳ ð Z ÿL he è$ Zzg $ As custodians of Kaaba and preservers of the Ishmaelite tradition, the Quraysh tribe presided over its pagan worship until Mohammed appropriated it for his new faith, C20
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The historical origin of the Ka'bah is uncertain, but it had undoubtedly existed for several centuries before the birth of Muhammad (c. 570 CE). By his time it was the principal religious shrine of central Arabia and, located at the centre of a sacred territory (haram), had the characteristic of a Semitic sanctuary. C21
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$Me ¯yZŠBZ'~^g Æäâ i *Š Ð x ** Æ@N* 6,gîx ¬ ) kc øG Å { Ç]Š „q -Z q -Š 4, Æl Ìä ( ì » äâ iÆ Y 168 @* Y 90 ã½gzZì g :ì @* ™wEZ» /ó ZgËL{zaÆTì H™f »ÏŠ ñ It is to be noted that Ptolemy (Geography, vi.7) in place of Mecca mentions Macoraba, which is probably to be interpreted, as does Glaser, as the South Arabian or Ethiopic mikrab, "temple". From this one may conclude that the Ka'ba already existed in the second century A. D. C22
Ô# sŸz ÅkZXì @* ™™f » /ó ZgËL} OÆU ( 7 :6BZ' ) @N* ìg ãZz "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. uploaded on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 121 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e
G kZXì ó«Lªó[ ç«!LL» \ HZ c* [²! †t ìt „¸Ôì @* ™yÒg+ 6 X å;g M `Š ñЬÌÐ~{~œ~uzŠ~: { ì YYÑï³tÐ
:ì ÅyÒÌ]Š ÞgzZq -Z0ÆkZäxó sZs M c* be ¨ KZR, g á L The information available regarding the distribution of the offices among the sons of K@us@aiy shows that the worship of the sanctuary had developed into a carefully regulated cult several generations before Muh@ammad. C23 (...). The Ka'ba had offerings dedicated to it in the heathen as well as the Muslim period. Al-Azrak devotes a detailed chapter to this subject (ed. Wustenfeld, p. 155 sqq.). C24
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y Z Ô [ ø 7Š ]â ¥ ~}g !* Æ„ÅšoyxgŠÆ VœÆ H -Z „¬ VYFÐ þ " q # ÿ·]Š „à Zz äY Å ZŠ Z ~ xwkZ ì @* ƒC Ù ªÐ Wæ~~: {X (...)X ¶_™g (Z ^Å]Š „{°‡!* ðƒ ~Š K M F, Ð o ôZ ¹gi ÑZ X ‰CY Å 7 V*!* Û {°‡!* Œ Ô Ì~ gzŠ Æ Vâ ›gz Z Ô Ì~ gzŠÆ Xì H–[!* ×q -ZaÆqçñkZä(ed. Wustenfeld, p. 155 sqq.)
t Ð X Š ñÌ] ** K,Z ðà H ¶ L ì m» wZÎ,ðg Š HJ -V˜ ekZ  Ôó?¶Åäx?Zm³ Z]|gzZx?Zm Z', Z]|yů Z ƒ@* ƒ" $U* V˜ Ô åÝq -Z ~ s _. Þ W!* ÐÆ } i ZzgŠ Æ~: { ì lg Z ¦ /~ ~yÅŸ ¸ D™ c* 5 Ñ)gzZ Zg Ç {zx?Zm Z', Z ]|gzZx?Zm ³ Z ]| :ì Š HHyÒ~p ÖZsfzgqÐZ~xó sZs M c* be¨ KZ LX å@* ƒwEZ The pavement on which the t@awaf is performed is called mat@af; a depression in it just opposite the door has still to be mentioned; it is called al-mi'djan "the trough"; according to legend, Ibrahim and Isma'il [q.v.] here mixed the mortar used in building the Ka'ba. C25
Þ W!* . ÐÆ} i ZzgŠ ~ kZ Xì @* Bs _Ôì @* Y Hs Zî6,T3 Zg {z Å . ™ gzZð Z', Z ._Æe $ZzgXì @* Y¹ 0 + ó ** LªÔ èEBEZÐZXì ¹!* ÌZ™f »Ýq -Z X¸D™ c* 5VŒÑ)ÑZzäƒwEZ~yÅŸ ³ ð Z "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. uploaded on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 122 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e
Kq -Z~ ekZ ~ ì ]Š ÞgzZ q -Z Å] !* kZ ì Ìð Z', Z Ä£ 㶠:ì yÒ» xó sZs M c* be ¨ KZ LX åc* ¯äx?Zm Z', Z]| Between this archway and the facade (N.E.) is a little building with a small dome, the mak@am Ibrahim. In it is kept a stone bearing the prints of two human feet. The patriarch Ibrahim, father of Isma'il, is said to have stood on this stone when building the Ka'ba and the marks of his feet were miraculously preserved. C26
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lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e
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ì m»wZÎkZJ -V˜ Xì @D +ñY Åx?Zmt GZ]|0 + i Û ÆyZgzZ {g ‚ г Z´yœ /LZ ÅVêZuZ (Z ì YYH„ n Û t'Â?ì VY (Z X åЄzzÅ" $‡ggzZŠÉ Ô·g"gzZ ~i Z0 +ZÃÔWѧÖZÔpŠx° 6,gî¸$ +Ðg ±Z ]g * @ Ô~ V1²H L ì m»wZÎ,ðŠa J -V˜ yZgzZx?Zm³ Z]| ìŠ ñe $Zzg0ðÃ+ZÔ ±Åx?Zm³ Z]| E 5k$zZ} ZXì óV;LªÔ~] mZ[ Z »kZ Âó?åŠ ëE HH®Š V¹Ã{` ;{−ZzÅ : ˜~~ ó á L £LZ~xó sZs Wc* be ¨ KZ L£ a DZgzZ The space (al-h@at@im) bears the name al-h@idjr or h@idjr Isma'il. Here are said to be the graves of the patriarch and his mother Hagar.C30
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:ì # sŸz~óc* be ¨ KZ eg œZE~Š L Ishmael Son of Abraham and Hagar. He was exiled with his mother to the wilderness on account of Sarah's jealousy of him. He married an Egyptian, was famed as an archer and was buried in Mecca. Mahomet claimed him as an ancestor.C31
ÅyZÐzzÅŠÐ yZÆ{g ‚à [ð³ Z ]yZ :³ ð ZÔ0 + i Û Æ{` ;gzZ ð Z' , Z ™~Š á Ð ]gú~^q -Z äV,ZX åŠ Hc* Š™íz °~y!* ÒB‚Æþ {` ;ÿ{−Zz "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. uploaded on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 124 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e
Û[!* ÙZj 1. Entry No. 875, p. 18: 'be-ayr; from 874; a pit; espec. a well.' Entry No. 874, p. 18: 'ba'ar, baw-ar ; a prim. Root; to dig'; + Entry No. 7650, p. 112: 'shaba shaw-bah ; a prim. Root; to seven oneself, i.e. swear (as if by repeating a declaration seven times).'
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2. Beer Sheba. 'be-ayr' sheh-bah; from 875 and 7651 (in the sense of 7650); well of an oath. :-adjure, charge (by an oath, with an oath), take an oath.' (A Concise Dic. of the words in The Heb. Bible by J. Strong, NY: The Methodist Book Concern, 1984, Entry No. 884, p. 18). 3. The Enc of Islam New Edition, ed E. Van Donzel, B. Lewis and ch. Pellat, C. E. Bosworth (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978), 4:320.
G©E Š{ŠÅZ )ÔY 1977 ÔgƒÑÔc& Ô(107 :37 ï +ƒ ÃyZgÃÔyWŒ Û' , +Ôk D ò &ZŒZ}Z ** Ññ 4C X 485:5
X 18D 11:22÷Za ƒÂÔª!*5C IF 4& ]!* Ôò Zg Z Ôãc* çaN) Vâ !* i ò ‚ ~uzŠ ½ë KZ y!* i ãZ‡ ìg ÃøL G t VŒ 6C Xì CYès§N !* ÐN ZŠ b§Å ZÌgÆ( {)zÔ! ² 7. Enc. of Islam, New (1997) edn., s.v. 'Ka'ba', 4:320. 8. The Enc. of Religion (NY: Macmillan Publishing Co, 1987), 8:225ff. 9. Enc. of Islam, New (1997) edn., s.v. 'Ka'ba', 4:318-20. 10. The Enc. of Religion (NY: Macmillan Publishing Co, 1987), 8:225-26. 11. Enc. of Islam, New (1997) edn., s.v. 'Ka'ba', 4:318-20. 12. The Enc. of Religion (NY: Macmillan Publishing Co, 1987), 8:225-26. 13. Enc. of Islam, New (1997) edn., s.v. 'Ka'ba', 4:318-20.
X 1:22÷Za [ÂÔª!*14C 15. Enc. Biblica, 2:1525-26. 16. Flavius Josephus, Antiquities, Book I, Ch. xii: 2, 4, p.41. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. uploaded on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^v‰ ] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 127 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
lŸ]ç‰ ‚ß2 V ÅçÎæ ØvÚ oÏnÏu ^Ò ó å^m…çÚL VÜj a h^e 17. George Sale, 'The Preliminary Discourse' to the 'ALKORAN OF MOHAMMED' (London: Frederick Warne & Co.), na., p. 90. 18. The QUR'AN, Tr. by E. H. Palmer (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988), p. liii. 19. The Enc. Americana International Edn. in 30 Vols. (Connecticut; Grolier Incorporated, Danbury: 1987), 16:254. 20. Colliers Enc. In 24 Vols. (NY, 1995), 13:695. 21. The Enc. of Religion, 8:225-26. 22. H.A.R. Gibb and J.H.Krammers, Shorter Enc. Of Islam, (Karachi: South Asian Publishers, 1981), s.v. "Ka'ba", p.193. 23. Shorter Enc. Of Islam, p. 193. 24. Shorter Enc. Of Islam, p. 193.
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25. The Enc. of Islam, 4:318. 26. The Enc. of Islam, 4:318.
X 10D 9:25÷Za ƒÂÔª!*2C7 X 10:25÷Za ƒÂÔª!*2C8
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30. The Enc. of Islam, 4:318.
31. The New Standard Enc. and World Atlas (London: Odhams Press Ltd,, W. C. 2, 1932), p. 699.
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X å HŠ !* M k0* Æ #ÛgzZ y!* Ò Æ yZg ÃÃx?Zm ³ Z ]|gzZ {` ; ]|ä ~ ª!* »]!* kZpÔ¸ µZz~ ð#}õ Z x £VâzŠt ì ÌòúŠt »ª!* X VƒìgŠ !* M ³ Z´L~ð# 7Š ñy¶ KðÃÌ :ì `gŠ~óª!* ‹ZE~Š L
Ishma'el's sons inhabited the land from Havilah to Shur, which is east of Egypt on the way to Asshur, having settled to the east of his brothers.C1
6, 5 Zgk Q ( t ‚ )~tæÆ^ ÔJ -gØÐW ðL8Š ÑzZÅ ( ³ ð Z ) k QgzZ s ( t ‚ )~ tæÆVǸƒ LZvßtX ¶Š !* WÔ D YÃgØZÐ Tì X¸ñƒ
-8E :ì ðƒyÒ~p ÖZyZ] !* ¸~ó×gzçE,G åL And they dwelt from Havilah unto Shur, that is before Egypt, as thou goest toward Assyria and he died in the presence of all his brethren. C2
6,5 Zg k Q ( t ‚ )~ tæÆ^ ÔJ -gØÐW ðL8 ( ð³ Z›ÑzZ ) {zgzZ ÏŠ ñÅVǸ ƒ LZ ä( ð³ Z ) kZgzZ X ¶Š !* WÔ D YÃgØZÐ TÔì "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 129 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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X ð0* ]Ãz~
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X 7Š ñ}yÒZuzŠ ðÃaÆ~g»Š !* M ÅyZXì `gŠyÒ ÆóJ -gØÐWj L±Åx?Zm³ Z]|._ƪ!* ZƒtÈ »kZ W ó j LaÆçÆ$j} Y űÅx?Zm ³ Z ]|X ¶ðƒŠ !* M ~ º´ aÆ^}iu » W ó j LX ì ~gz¢ ** ™x¥6,gîÇÇq ¸z û» gó ØLgzZ
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(Ëq -Š 4, Ƶ U6,}u ¹æwÑÆ x−Òìx £ » gó ØgLzZ å @* ƒ w EZ i )Z±Åx?Zm³ Z]|._ƪ!* ì YY H~ .Z³tb§kZX åµZz gzZW ó j LXì¸! f»[²}iu~ wÑÆ^i sX ¶ðƒŠ !* M ~ º´Æ & Xì `gŠyÒ¿» q ¸z ÿLCÆgó ØL
Wj
yZŠBZ'g Ætg\ZXìx** »^c* [²!†tÂÔì m» W ó jLJ -V˜ E ¢ 5 é5G 4&²Lx ** »kZ~äâ i *Š._Æ( Y 140°á) kc X å(Arabia Falix)óø½ÓG GE H$ :ì `gŠ~ó~Öeª!* Å èE4hGZ L A district in Arabia-Felix .C3 (…). It is the opinion of Kalisch, however, that Havilah "in both instances, designates the same country, extending at least from the Persian to the Arabian Gulf, and on account of its vast extent easily divided into two distinct parts." This opinion may be well vindicated. C4
E 5¢ é5G 4&² 6,]â £VâzŠWjt ìt } Zg Å×»ë @* X (...) X Iq -Z~ ø½ÓG GE
kZ LZgzZì Zƒ ;J -[²UÐ kg ÃUÁi Z Á Ôì @* ™„Š y¶ KÅo „q -Z ðÃ~ ä™ & ¤Å} Zg kZ Xì Yƒ„~ V^zŠ ã‚ óE & 6,¯ Å ƒ ; Wz X 7s #D "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 130 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
Ø ð nÂ^Û‰] ØôŠÞ àôÓŠÚ …ç_e h†Â …æ] äÓÚ V Ü`Þ h^e
\ :ì Hg ÖZ »] ÑìÆb§ÏZ ã½ÌäôG-. @z A district in Arabia Felix, Gen. 10:7, named from the second son of Cush; probably the district of Kualan, in the northwestern part of Yemen.C5
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:ì [²! †q ¸zû»Wj ì –äó§Z e c* be ¨ KZ L
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
The latter Havilah, the son of Joktan, apparently stands for a locality in South Arabia as do Hadoram (Gen. 10:27), Sheba (Gen. 10:28), and Ophir (Gen. 10:29).C6
$NªÔWjÑZzˆ ©G 6Ô D™C Ù ªÃx £ Ë~ [²! †C Ù „ Ôg C» y éŒG X ( 29:10÷Za [ )9zZgzZ ( 28:10÷Za ) yÔ( 27:10÷Za)x Zgzu
:ì Å# sŸzsfzgqäóc* be ¨ KZöæ L
HAVILAH: Name of a district, or districts, in Arabia. (…); the Ishmaelites are also placed in the same locality (Gen. xxv.18), (…). In Gen. x.29 and I Chron. i.23, Havilah is a son of Joktan, associated with Sheba and Ophir in the southern portion of the peninsula. (…). Havilah was identified by Bochart Niebuhr with Khaulan in Tehamah, between Mecca and Sana; C7
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@* ƒwEZaÆ^Wj ì CYƒãZzÇ!* ] !* tÐë›x ÓÑ!* zgq Xì ~[f[†Æ[²} ú{k , q ¸zû»Tì b
N g ð^I
Ëd $Œ Û Æµ UªÔ}u ¹æwÑÆx−ïì„Š y¶ KÅ q ¸zûÆgØ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 131 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
Ø ð nÂ^Û‰] ØôŠÞ àôÓŠÚ …ç_e h†Â …æ] äÓÚ V Ü`Þ h^e
\ Ë YÅ( :ì Å# sŸz~p ÖZsfzgqÅkZäôG-. ÚeXì $ Shur may have been a fortified town east of the ancient head of the Red Sea; and from its being spoken of as a limit, it was probably the last Arabian town before entering Egypt. C8
kZèYgzZ åàÈ°q -Z~ tæÆ}u*ŠÆÙZ ïìgØ ìt ykZ [²¬Ð äƒ4ZŠ~^t ìtykS ¶u ~y M q -Zt ì Š H¹0Æ X åà~y M »
X å~ð#}õ Z ~tæ[†Æm, Î Uq ¸zû»kZ~wìÆfÒZ
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}iu)gØ~[²±Å x?Zm³ Z]|._ƪ!* ZƒtÈ»kZ gzZ ^ª Ôº´ ´‚ ! †Æ [²}iu)WjgzZ ( äÃ! fwÑÆ [² gzZÜæ Ôl X ë i )ZÃê kZ vßÆ [²X ¶ðƒŠ !* M yxgŠÆ ( ]ñ| E $ ZX µZz~ i )Z ÏZàÆ`¤ c* ~ i )Z ÏZ ( [²IZ )\Æ ³ Z ÿL hÒ ]|gzZ {` ; ]|._ƪ!* ì [ƒyÒ6,zZX¸ñƒŠ !* MŠ¤ / Šg ZÆkZ aÆkZX å HŠ !* W~y!* ÒÆ#ÛgzZ yZg Ãäx?Zm Z', Z]|Ãx?Zm³ Z gzZ y!* Ò » #Û gzZ yZg à 0Ðx?Zm ³ Z ]|gzZ {` ; ]| ì ~gz¢ X ~# : VƒµZz~[²{ c* gñ}iu J {”t6,gî@¬ Ô Ð ±Åx?Zm ³ Z ]|[²ÿL & D F, ] !* t E $ ©G "Antiquities"Å ø i ~ sfX 7]gz¢ÅW-Ë6 , kZgzZì |]g@* : CYÅÜOÑPÐ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 132 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
Ø ð nÂ^Û‰] ØôŠÞ àôÓŠÚ …ç_e h†Â …æ] äÓÚ V Ü`Þ h^e (…). And they circumcised him upon the eighth day. And from that time the Jews continue the custom of circumcising their sons within that number of days. But as for the Arabians, they circumcise after the thirteenth year, because Ismael, the founder of their nation, who was born to Abraham of the concubine, was circumcised at that age; (...). Of this wife were born to Ismael twelve sons; Nabaiot, Kedar, Abdeel, Mabsam [or Mibsam], Idumas, Masmaos, Massaos, Chadad, Theman, Jetur, Naphesus, Cadmas. These inhabited all the country from Euphrates to the Red Sea, and called it Nabatene. They are an Arabian nation and name their tribes from these, both because of their own virtue, and because of the dignity of Abraham their father.C 9
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1C4 3 1C2 1C1 1C6 1C5 4$)x éhE 4$Ô1Cs Ô kz Y )Ô kz Y UÔkâ zŠ Z Ô( x éhE †Ôg Z{Ô]-m :ñƒ Za d W {g !* V; E E C 1 9 2C0 4¨$ .28E1C8 1C7 Š !* M ~ o }g ‚Æ ÙZ ïìÐ ]Z Û } c* gŠt X kâ ŠÔ ømGÔçGG Ôy Ô Šu
Ðzz Å n KZ Åy Z Âq -Zgz Z x ¸! ²q -Z { z X ¸ ë &mÐ Z { zgz Z ñƒ 6,x ** Æ yZ x ** Æ VXLZÐzz Åx £zû%— Æð Z' , Z \ !* LZ}uzŠgz Z X n pg
& [  L .ÔE tÌ~óçE bgmÐ [²±Åx?Zm³ Z]| ì œ] !* B G :ì `gŠ k½Z »x|kZ~sfXì And Ishma'el and his sons, and the sons of Keturah, and their sons, went together and dwelt from Paran to the entering of Babylon in all the land which is towards the East facing the desert. And these mingled with each other, and their name was called Arabs, and Ishma'elites. C21
gzZ ‰ N Z Ô d WÆ ( Vœ) yZgzZÔ d WÆ {g#gzZ Ô d WÆ yZgzZð³ ZgzZ ƒŠ !* M Ôì . Þ W!* Æõ Z s§Åtæ Ô~}iu~g ‚J -¾ ZŠÆ. Þ !* Ð yZg à X ñƒg Ðx ** Ƴ ZµgzZ[²IZ {zgzZ‰ ïÐ}uzŠq -ZtgzZX ‰ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 133 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
Ø ð nÂ^Û‰] ØôŠÞ àôÓŠÚ …ç_e h†Â …æ] äÓÚ V Ü`Þ h^e
:ì qo1÷g ÑñƒD™# sŸzÅ 18D 1:25÷ZaƒÂŪ!*
These names also represent a variety of Arabian Tribes. C22
X D™ÏÒúÅbD[²Zx * *t
:ì # sŸz~óª!* `zÞEL
Ishmael's descendents are the North Arabian tribes. C23
X бų ð ZbDÆ[²àÑ
5! .¿G :ì q~ª!* ‹¸KZ ~çEE
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
He is the ancestor of a number of Arabian tribes. C24
7»bD[²Š¼{z XìŠ Z] .ÑZ å‰E
ðƒ yÒ Ð ]Ò ~(,Ì~ VE¹® Æ yQgzZ ~² á Å V1²] !* t gzZìFë Ze $.q -ZÐ ±Åg Z{d W}uzŠÆx?Zm³ Z]|÷Œ Û Xì X åŠ !* M~U Ьw‚Vzg ZD Ù É ÔVz%ÐxsZ ¯ ¸ Mt
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 134 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
Ø ð nÂ^Û‰] ØôŠÞ àôÓŠÚ …ç_e h†Â …æ] äÓÚ V Ü`Þ h^e
2[!* ÙZj 1. NEB-Gen. 25:18. 2. KJV-Gen. 25:18.
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Classical geographers, following Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.), divided the country into three parts: [1] Arabia Patrea, whose main city was Petra and which included Sinai, Edom, Moab, and E. Trans-Jordan; [2] Arabia Deserta, the Syrian Desert; and [3] Arabia Felix, "Fortunate Arabia," the S portion.
H„~ V”&ÃokZ äVÁâBZ'»¯~ ~zcÅ ( ~{~œ~uzŠ ) kc 4&²( 1)Xì Ô¸ ï á yŠg Z tÑgzZ[ MñÔxzŠ ZÔ ð#}õ Z ~TgzZ åZðàëZ »TÔc* ðG é5E G E ¢4 4&²( 2) XìŠ Z%z! †ÐTÔ[²‚lpªÔ ø½ÓG5 G é5E G&²( 3)gzZx á }õ Z c* Ô N* g m,e G é5E G 4. Easton's 1897 Bible Dic. in "Power Bible" CD. ROM Version. 5. W. Smith's Bible Dic., p. 235. 6. Enc. Judaica, CD-ROM Version. 7. The Jewish Enc., 6:266. 8. W. Smith's Bible Dic., p. 627. 9. Flavius, Antiquities, Book I, Ch. xii: 2, 4, p. 41.
E$ ãŒ Û @*37 ãŒ Û ) ø©Gi ö¸' » 'Antiquities' kZ ìgÃ7]!* t VŒ 1C0 E eç«i±zZ LkZ™sZ pZX å [ 0* ]Ãz I{Š c* i ÌÐ ~œ õ0* Ð xsZ i ¸ M ( Y 100 :ì q~óal t™~Šs W~Öe He brought out c. 94 his second great work, the 'Antiquities of the Jews', the 20 books of which trace the history of the Jews from the creation of the world to the beginning of the Jewish war . ( Oxf. Dic. of the Christian Church' (London: Oxf. Univ. Press, 1974, p. 759).
Á äÅ kZ X Å ù á 'Antiquities of the Jews'[ÂxKZ ~ Y 94 ãŒ Û ä kQ X Œ6, õg @* ÅV-Š·J -Š·èk B Ðà Û M iè ¸ M "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 135 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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ó D™&ˆÆw‚,ð¾{z Ôì m»V1²J -V˜ L ì –ä k Q t G 5¢U â iÌgt Å& ì È » kZ ƒ„ ÆxsZ ÿL E gŠÐg±ZƧZz ]!* t¤ /Z V⊠ðZ’ZÆyQ& »V”LZ Â{zX 7tnç »Vâ ›Xì B bgmÐ V1² Æ@gzZŒVÎZâLZä" # vZwÎg 6Ô D™yŠ ,‚6,gîm{~ G 4É -E AXG § (Ȭ]|e $Zz',ö ZzÁqug´)X¸KyŠ,‚Æ÷Za ÅyQú 7»VZmÆZð{zì YƒX åg zzÅÏZXƒdZ åLE C†U»x?Zm³ Z]|]- m 1C1 4&²Ã[²àÑöâBZ'*Š‰kcÐ X¸D™xÎñÐx ** Æc* ðG é5E G
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7 » ÷Œ X¸ n pg mÐ \ ÏZ" # vZ wÎg·X åëZ åLOE Û \ xÆ [²gZ{ 1C2 (gó Z{ï ÂÔ 462:7 óc* be ¨ KZöæÙ L ±5)
c* Šx ** » óâ°LÐZ ä ª!* pÔ ë v ó Z†L~ ! ²&Ô ó{È »vZï pÆós†ï 1C3 -8Eå )ì XƒŠ Hƒ(ZÐzzÅtÅA $» ì YƒX ( 13:25÷Za ƒÂÔ×gzçE,G -8Eå )ì Š Ðzz ÅÏZX ( 14:25 ÷Za ƒÂÔ×gz çE,G H– ó{ â z™ LÐZ ~ ª!*1C4 5BÄEZãz™à # vZwÎgyZgzŠÆîÅutXì [™Ð x** " Æów åE L g q -Z »[²
X åH{Üõ»kZä g!Ð X ( 14:25÷Za ƒÂ )ì Š Hc* Šx ** » óq é)I L Z~ª!*1C5
X ( 14:25÷Za ƒÂ )ì Š Hc* Šx ** » óq )Ð L Z~ª!* 1C6 X ( 15:25÷Za ƒÂ )ì Š Hc* Šx ** » gó uÐ L Z~ª!* 1C7
X ( 15:25÷Za ƒÂ )ì Š Hc* Šx ** » ó Ð L Z~ª!* 1C8 I©Eš$E X ( 15:25÷Za ƒÂ )ì Š Hc* Šx ** » óø Ð L Z~ª!* 1C9 X ( 15:25÷Za ƒÂ )ì Š Hc* Šx ** » ó{ â {Ð L Z~ª!* 2C0 21. The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the OT, Vol. II Pseudepigrapha, Ed. Dr. R. H. Charles (Oxford: at the Clarendon Press, 1968), p. 43. 22. International Bible Com., Ed. William R. Farmer (Bangalore: TPI, 2004), 431. 23. Footnote 'b' on Gen 25:18 New Jerusalem Bible, p.47 24. McKenzie, Dic. of Bible, 1984, s.v. 'Ishmael', p.403.
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This is a prophecy of great beauty, thrilling with the joy of a great assurance that the purpose of God is so triumphantly to be fulfilled in the earth.
~ }i ĂŹ Câ&#x201E;˘p#Ă? ]äĂ&#x2026; ĂŁ;Š¢y ZxkZ Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ Ă°Ă?â&#x2C6;&#x2019;@št XĂŹ Ă&#x2018;ZzäĆ&#x2019;Zg7Bâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020;! xÂť~(, Ă&#x2018;Âť\ÂŹvZ
X 196:1Ă&#x201D; ( Y 2001Ă&#x201D;kĆ&#x2019; ;òŠNZĂ&#x201D; â&#x20AC;šĹ )Ă&#x201D; Ăł=rĂŽG*9g LĂ&#x201D; ~g7gÂľyĂ&#x2018;èâ&#x20AC;Ą 2C J :ĂŹ @ * â&#x201E;˘yĂ&#x2019;( 6, 382â&#x201E;˘)~Ăł~JÂŞ!* xzĂ&#x17E;~Ĺ LĂŚĂ&#x17D;&ĂąI:wP 3 C These chapters (60-62), especially ch. 60 according to Dhorme (op. cit., xlvii), are a lyrical description of the new Jerusalem.
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L zk , â&#x20AC;&#x17E;l :ĂŹ Ĺ HH `gĹ Ăq~fq -ZVĹ&#x2019;Ă?( 1134â&#x201E;˘)ÂŞ!* â&#x20AC;&#x161;~Š¡ò ** lĂŁOyĂ&#x17D; 4C This is addressed to Jerusalem. Light being the symbol of joy and salvation, Jerusalem is told that the light had been rekindled (K).
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The nations will learn the ways of God, religion and morality, from [you].
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Then will the city be the centre of the world's light, for the glory of the everlasting God will rest upon her and will radiate around the world.
% Âť Ă?zg Ă&#x2026; *Ĺ Ă t â&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; z kZ Ă&#x2020;*Ĺ ~g7 gzZ Ă&#x2021;ĂŹg ĂŹâ&#x20AC;Ą6,kZ0 + zZ} .~$ +Zz Ă i ZèYĂ&#x201D; Ă&#x2021;Ć&#x2019; Ĺ&#x201C; / X Ă&#x2021;Ăą;Ă?zgŠ¤ / Ĺ g Z
$ Ă&#x192; xĂł zĹ ÂŤ &â&#x20AC;Ą]!* Ă°Ć&#x2019;7Ă?qâ&#x20AC;˘ ď&#x20AC;§Ă&#x2DC;zy ĂĄ +Z LË&#x2020;Ă&#x2020;{ G ĂŠ5ĹĄiG L ĂŹÂą5 ĂżLE t VĹ&#x2019; Ă&#x2018;gzZâ&#x20AC;˘ ď&#x20AC;§Ă&#x2DC;zy ĂĄ kZ0Ă&#x2020;TĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x17E;~: {ÂťlsĂ&#x153;tXĂŹ Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;yĂ&#x2019;VĹ&#x2019;Ă&#x153; "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 152 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò 1Þ†Ò nµ 7^nÞ^e†Î †µ Ý^ÏÚ 1Ò äÓÚ 6nÚ å^nÊm h^jÒ VÜa h^e
Xì YYHòúŠ » G-4$ ÌAn Exposition of the O & NT (NY: ÔQ¢Ô‚ ó Åh +] .z *Š)** Ç LKZ ~{ ðG3Ÿ G 9C :ì i Z§¶g6, 350™~Robert Carter & Bros., 530, Broadway, 1712)Ï,
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
When the Jews were settled again in their own land after their captivity, many of the people of the land joined themselves to them; but it does not appear that there ever was any such numerous accession to them as would answer the fulness of this prophecy; and therefore we must conclude that this looks further, to the bringing of the Gentiles into the [naturally, the forthcoming words should have been 'fold of that altar or sanctuary'; but it is the dexterity and adroitness of the worthy commentator that he manipulates to interpret it in the following terms] gospel church, not their flocking to one particular place, though under that type it is here described. There is no place now that is the centre of the church's unity [thanks are due to accept this bare fact, which was, of course, unavoidable; but…]; but the promise respects their flocking to Christ, and coming by faith, and hope, and the holy love, into that society which is incorporated by the charter of his gospel, and of the unity of which he only is the centre.
VÍßÐ ¹Æ}iukZ ÂñƒŠ !* M ~}iuKZ {g !* zŠˆÆmz °KZ ~Š·Z # ƒ Zƒ t ÒZ L~Š Z®MâZB‚ÆyZ @* ƒ7C Ù ª (ZpÔ à ™g (Z qË~ yZ ä Ët ce ** ™~ .Z³t ˜iÑ…a kZ Ôn Y ~Šg Z Œ Û ~g7 6,gîåðÍ−t Ð T 4Ó®øZ ªÔì C™{g »yZ : ó** ™ï á ÃVñ¸~Š·)L~ G é5kG á Z s§Åî ZzÆw ]!* Ï~¡ÿ ì @* ƒC Ù ª¸Ð kZÔì Š HHyÒ¼ 6,VŒp¤ /ZÔ q ½Z6,(m{Ë Ôce ** ƒ~ ó } ], ZŠÆ} F, éÆã!* Û c* Œ xwkZ Lm» ó** ™ï á ÃVñ¸~Š·) L ì HÐ Hx|Ð 4Š, - e täkZ ì C7,´ŠŠ ZŠÃ$;fz]g 'ŬëÑVŒp »Š ZÆG 7(+Z ðÃþ ~ *Š ÿ [ Z þ Xó }™i ‚Ö™ èE L j8»\ M ì e L :ì c* Š¯ Å›klgzZyZgzZ yZZgzZXì 0Ð äƒ ‰Z k0* Æ[ÆyZ {°zt pÔƒ œ / % ì c* M ~¿Ð)g fÆ]g t Kz gZ kZ ì 0Ð äƒ4ZŠ~ Ì‚ÎkZª z$ + Xì þ [ÿ„zsÜœ / %»Tì 0Њ ZkZgzZ
G c* [qÁ]|Ð ]g '¾™hz%h ÂÃVÂg „Ï{Š ‚Å*Š)** ÇÔ f\ Xì wVNŠq -ZÅkZ]g „Ñ!* zgqÔ ï Š™Vð6, "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 153 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò 1Þ†Ò nµ 7^nÞ^e†Î †µ Ý^ÏÚ 1Ò äÓÚ 6nÚ å^nÊm h^jÒ VÜa h^e
:ì ~óª!* ‹ZEL 1C0 Your daughters walking beside them leading the way.
G ' Ó ~g é£+ X þ C™gˆc* ÿC3Š3 ZggzZ ¹B‚ÆyZVÃ
G-4$
:ì ~( 351:5)‚ ó Åh +] .z*Š)** Ç LÅ~{ ðG3Ÿ G Sons and daughters shall come in the most dutiful manner'.
X ÏN M~i Z0 +ZÆ~g Z ¦ /# Ö } .gzZÏÙn Û ð•ZVÃ Ó gzZd W
VÂgúgzZ VzŠ%t X D™ë Z Û x|wëq -Z~ t òz t ( kZW Z F, VâzŠt
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
7k , ¦Eq -ZÅäWaÆeÆxwkZÆU ™ƒN ZÆVƒz¤ / gzZVâ Zzg »Æ X D ™
:ì Š HHV-ÀF, »kZ~( 1282™) óª!* `zÞEL 1C1
since the riches of the sea will flow to you, the wealth of the nations come to you;
G G ' ' X Ïñ M k0* }g é£+ª zŠ ÅVñ¸Ô Ïñ M™/s§~g é£+ª zŠ Åg«èY :ì HV-ÀF, »kZä( 779™) N.I.V
the wealth on the seas will be brought to you, to you the riches of the nations will come.
G G ' ' X Ïñ Mª zŠ ÅVñ¸k0* }g é£+X ÏñYðÑk0* }g é£+ª zŠ Å6,Vzg« E 5_~Š L 34»E :ì H `gŠíqq -ZVŒä( 1134™) ólãðG Whereas in the past the Land of Israel was desolate and forsaken, it will now be crowded with multitudes like a roaring sea (K).
-Z™½ÐxWÆVÍßt[ZÔ ¶Š !* q M"gzZyZk , z}iuÅLZuZ~èâ² X ÏñYƒ#âÆg«ñƒD h : X eƒ:¨ÒqÑL[Zptì m» ó«}uzŠ LJ -V˜p :ì ~( 651™) óª!* ‚Å?zL 1C2 It is quite remarkable that, in origin, all these offered treasures are "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 154 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
â&#x20AC; Ă&#x2019;Ć&#x2019; ^Ă&#x2019; 1Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC; Ă&#x2019; nÂľ 7^nĂ&#x17E;^eâ&#x20AC; Ă&#x17D; â&#x20AC; Âľ Ă?^Ă?Ă&#x161; 1Ă&#x2019; äĂ&#x201C;Ă&#x161; 6nĂ&#x161; ĂĽ^nĂ&#x192;Ĺ m h^jĂ&#x2019; VĂ&#x153;a h^e preponderantly Arabian.
yS ĂĄZz äYK 7aĂ&#x2020;ĂŁ!* Ă&#x203A; Ă? gÂąZĂ&#x2020;Ă?Z KZ ĂŹ ĂŤ Z ~(,]!* Ĺ&#x2019; t XĂŹ 0Ă?[²Ă&#x201E;Z¸Ze $Ă&#x2019;Z¨ ď&#x20AC;¨Â¸Ă&#x2026;Vâ Z@ ď&#x20AC;Ľ xĂ&#x201C; :ĂŹ @* â&#x201E;˘V- sz@* Ă&#x2026;kZ {zĂąĆ&#x2019;Dâ&#x201E;˘g Ă&#x2013;ZÊZpĂ&#x2026;wĹ LZp Perhaps there is a suggestion here that Islam will some day turn to the Cross.
X Ă&#x2021;ĂĄâ&#x201E;˘wJĂĄ|yĹ q -Z:q -ZxsZ ĂŹ {g ĂĄ Zs§Ă&#x2026;]!* kZVĹ&#x2019;h + ĂĄ XĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x17E;wĂŹz[ZpÂĄgzZ.lpĂ&#x2026;'ĂĽĂ&#x192;kZtp
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
:ĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x201D;~Ă´=Ă&#x2026; Ăłyc* ĂŚLĂ&#x201A;( 314â&#x201E;˘Ă&#x201D;4¢) óª!* â&#x20AC;&#x161;â&#x20AC;˘zi +Z} eĂ&#x2014;Âą L
1C3
A region in the desert of Arabia (see on Ex. 2:15).
( 15:2`zy ď&#x20AC;Ľ Ă&#x2122;Âą5)Xϸq -Z Âť[²}Ăľ Z t
x?Zm
Z', Z]|qĂż {g#~çĂ&#x2026;y ZĂ&#x2020;x?Zm Z' ,Z]|yc* ĂŚ ĂŹt|
Z', Z]|X ĂĽq -ZĂ?~VĹ&#x201C;bĂ&#x2020;Ăž ĂĽ1~Ă&#x203A; A ziKZË&#x2020;Ă&#x2020;]Ă&#x192;zĂ&#x2026;{gâ&#x20AC;&#x161;ä G $ Ă&#x201D;yZ%i ) VĹ&#x201C; yZ LZĂ? {g#ä ~ [²Ă&#x192; ( q Ă&#x192;gzZ u ÂłZ Ă&#x201D;yc* ĂŚ Ă&#x201D;yZyĂ&#x201D;y ĂŠhIŠG
x?Zm
X ĂĽHĹ !* M
:ĂŹ Câ&#x201E;˘s # ŸzsfzgqĂ&#x2026; Ăł{ ʨE â&#x20AC;&#x161;â&#x20AC;˘zi +Z} eĂ&#x2014;Âą L 1C4 G3â&#x20AC;&#x153;LĂ&#x201A;( 314:4) óª!* A Midianite tribe (Gen. 25:4; 1 Chron. 1:33), and here the region they inhabited.
{zVË&#x153;ϸ{zĹ Z%Ă? kZVĹ&#x2019;gzZX ( 33:1Ăľg Z Ă&#x201A;[Ă&#x201A;D 1Ă&#x201D; 4:25áZa )FĂŁc* ĂŚq -Z X¸k ,5 +á;g
E ÂŤ3â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ă&#x201D;{ ʨE yc* ĂŚXĂĽĂ?q -Z~({ZĂĽĂ&#x201C;â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;gzZ{DĂ&#x201D;cĂŤĂ&#x201D;çG Ă&#x2020;yc* ĂŚ{ ʨE G3â&#x20AC;&#x153;)VĹ&#x201C;Ăľ0* G3â&#x20AC;&#x153; ĂŹt| X¸ùĆ&#x2019;Za Ă?,Ă&#x2020;{g#V;Ă&#x2020;yQ ĂĽq -ZĂ?~VĹ&#x201C;yZĂ&#x2020;x?Zm Z',Z]| :ĂŹ yĂ&#x2019;Âť ( 1283â&#x201E;˘) N.J.B. 1C5 Midian, Ephah and Sheba are peoples of Arabia.
X ~¸Ă&#x2026;[²}iu{ygzZ { ʨE ĂŚ G3â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ă&#x201D;yc* "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 155 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò 1Þ†Ò nµ 7^nÞ^e†Î †µ Ý^ÏÚ 1Ò äÓÚ 6nÚ å^nÊm h^jÒ VÜa h^e
:ì ˆÅs # Ÿz~( 1015™) ó 7th Day Adventist Bible Dic.L It is now generally held that it was a queen of this Arabian Sheba, in the area now called Yemen, who made a visit to Solomon (1Ki 10:1-13). The Sabeans were one of the most important peoples of all Arabia. (…). They built large dams and an extensive irrigation system, which made their country the most fertile in ancient Arabia. This is why it was known in classical times as Arabia Felix, 'Happy Arabia.'
^[Z&ì µZz~ê kZ Ô Å ykZÆ[²t ì @* Y Hwìt 6,gîx ¬ [Z [²}g7 ðòX ( 13D 1:10uCZ ) ¶ð MaÆ]‡5ÅyÑ]| ¶ q -ZÔ ë x ÂWzq -Z »ÙB MgzZÈ } (,} (,ä V,ZX ( ...)X ¶q -ZÐ ~x Z ¸Z ëZÐ ƒ Å
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
ÐZ ì zz ¸X å Š H0o&gi {Š c* iÐ ƒ »[²*Šo »yZÐ TX å Hy E 5¢é5G 4&²~gzŠ` X¸ë ó[²xy zlp Lª ø½ÓG o¯ GE
$ L[ÂKZ3, :ì q6 ,621™~‚ ó Å{ G Fuk,eyeg Zz» `‰Ôkî ;sðN*1C6 é5šiG v. 7 is crucial to the understanding of the chapter [60].
Xì ïqÅÌZ¹~eÆKx|» þ 60ÿ[!* kZe $ M ,‚
:ì Ås # Ÿzb§kZÅ ó]-mLÂ6, 450™~‚KZäCe 1C7 a tribe allied to Kedar, descended from Ishmael (Gn 25:13).
X ( 13:25÷Za)ìбų ð Z ÔFq -Z¶‚ »g Z{
:ì Å~p ÖZyZs # ŸzÅ]- mä( 1283™) óª!* `zÞE~Š L an Arabian people, see Gn. 25:13; 28:9; 36:3.
X 3:36Ô 9:28Ô 13:25÷Za [ÂÙ±5Ôx ¸! ²q -Z
:ì C™ ô=6, 597™$ ó hàƒyzZ ~J´ÅE} Z L The tribes of 'Kedar' and of 'Nebaioth' were of Ishmaelite origin, and were mainly shepherds.
X¸ì Zzl F, {Š c* i{zgzZ¸Ð±Å³ ð Z\Æó]-mgLzZgó Z{L
: ˆÆìt6, 651™ó~Jª!* ?Ì ~Š L It is quite remarkable that, in origin, all these offered treasures are "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 156 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò 1Þ†Ò nµ 7^nÞ^e†Î †µ Ý^ÏÚ 1Ò äÓÚ 6nÚ å^nÊm h^jÒ VÜa h^e preponderantly Arabian.
X n pgmÐ[²{Š c* i6, gî~Š ã CäZ @ {Š™7x Ót ì ëZ¹t
:ì @* ™ðÍ7sfzgqñƒD™g ÖZ»éZpÅwŠ LZ Perhaps there is a suggestion here that Islam will some day turn to the Cross.'
X Çá™wJá|xsZyŠq -Z:q -Z ì {g á Zs§Å]!* kZVŒh + á
gz7Æ L TÔì ZƒwEZ» ó_Ñ a L Æó** ™# Ö } .LÂkZ~ª!* ãZ‡ÝZ 1C8 : `gŠ pt~( 8335D8334` Zg0 +ZÔ 122™) óª!* - Ú~Šs M ~Öe
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
to attend as a menial or worshipper; fig. to contribute to, minister, wait on;' or 'service (in the temple)
Ô** ™# Ö } .Ô ** ™Š ZæZ 6,gî~i W ** ƒ¢q ~ # Ö } .b§Åg Z ¦ /]Š „ c* y¨ KZ ÌŠ Z q -Z X ** ™]Š „c* ** ÑO# Ö } .~«c* xg¢q~# Ö } .
'Minister'ÀF ,» Â ãZ‡u, Ù ÝZZ ~ (875™) ió Zgà hZ uk¤ ‚~Š·L C
Xó Æ™ëZ Û gâ YaÆVE!* Û L:ìqñƒD™s Œ # ŸzÅkZ~íqgzZì@* ™ :ì c* Šíq~fq -ZVŒ6, 450™Æ‚KZäCe 1C9
The nations are pictured as coming in a long train, to bring their riches for the service of the sanctuary.
X NѪ zŠ KZaÆ# Ö } .ÅxwkZ {z ìŠ Hc* 3Š ñƒD M~e} (,q -ZÃVñ¸
G-4$ :ì `gŠ~( 351:5)‚ ó Åh +] .z*Š)** Ç LÅ~{ ðG3Ÿ G
Great numbers of sacrifices shall be brought to God's altar, acceptable sacrifices, and, though brought by Gentiles, they shall find acceptance.
gzZ ÏVƒ V*!* Û wJ. Œ Þ ‡ Ï ñY ðÑŠ Z® ~(,¹ ÅVE!* Û 6,} F, Œ éÆ0 + zZ} . X Ï,™ÝqqJ½ÑtÌQÐN M™ávßÆVñ¸~Š·)¹Zp¤ /Z
XìYYc* ŠgZŒ Û „]{Ið¡¹Q ÂñY¬ŠÐáZjÆxóN™«¹Z¤ /Z :ì Š HH b§kZÀF, »kZ6, 779™~× ó gzDÚZEL 2C0 They will be accepted as offerings on my altar, and I will adorn my glorious "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 157 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò 1Þ†Ò nµ 7^nÞ^e†Î †µ Ý^ÏÚ 1Ò äÓÚ 6nÚ å^nÊm h^jÒ VÜa h^e temple.
X ÇVî =ëy ZxLZ~gzZÐN YKwJ6, gîÆã!* Û 6,} F, Œ é}÷{z
:ì Š HH b§kZÀF, »kZ6, 779™~× ó gzDÚZEL 2C1 and I will adorn my glorious temple
X ÇVî =ëy ZxLZ~gzZ
E 5_~Š L 34»E :ì H `gŠíq~fq -ZVŒä( 1134™) ólãðG By causing the nations to bring their gifts and offerings to it (K).
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
X™Zz™7,g 2 +KZgzZV*!* Û KZ6, Œ kZÅVñ¸
Vzg ZD Ù yZáZz äF, Z6,}igzZ äW b§ÅVߊ !* : Zizg6,} e Z ðZƒÆ}] .t 2C2 VæqVÅÑgzZw‚ Zg ‚aÆ} /Ã+], ZiVzhz™ Ôì @* ™Ï?ÅVzi ˜ðZƒ X D W™á~¹ÆÝZ ~ faÆeÃ
:ì @* ™s # ŸzÅ óêF, LÂ6, 383™~óª!* ‚xzÞ~Š H L I:wP 2C3 A Phoenician colony in southern Spain (Jon 1:3).
GE ¢E 34q X ~Š !* M â ö§G -Z~Ü! †
X „g# Ö ÓÅVâ ›[²J -V- œJ W ãŒ Û 6,Ü ì±5. Þ ‡]!* tVŒ X¸D™^»lÄwaÆä™ ZŠ ZeÐ)g fÆVzi ˜~dy›t E E H ! $ 2 . i š G {G EL>†ÔC^es M al ÔîÔ ÷FÚe ËZ e 2C4 é5 [Â6,604™~ ó~ç ê!* :ì q~‚Å The gates will not be shut by day nor night, a symbol of absolute security under the blessing of her God.
kZ ì # Ö ´q -ZtÅDVc* 0* " kZXÐVƒ7È } i ZzgŠ ‰ Ü z Ë]Zg c* ƒyŠ X ǃÝq!Æ• ', Å0 + zZ} .Æ
~uzŠ X Y Y H7ÝÐ xzŠ «¹Z ÌÐ g ±ZÆ x|ËÆÂp "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 158 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò 1Þ†Ò nµ 7^nÞ^e†Î †µ Ý^ÏÚ 1Ò äÓÚ 6nÚ å^nÊm h^jÒ VÜa h^e
TgA ]Zg yŠaÆ x Z™ ` s} i ZzgŠÆ Tì 9~t aÆl Äws§ ï á Ì{ á Š !* Æ V”F~ XgzZ ì Cƒ µZ ~Š· ) e $ÒZ Å ` syZ X ~ s Z / Æ~ U {%Æ M zÆx q -Z ~ ]Zg yŠ v߃ t X Dƒ Xì @* ƒÝqDåV;z¹S Е ' , zØgÅ\¬vZX Tgsz^ :ì `gŠíqq -Z~eÆ12e $ M6, 1283™~óª!* `zÞE~Š L 2C5 Interrupting the continuity, [v. 12] is very probably additional.
X솟Z þ »ˆÿq -Z „¸( 12e $ M )tàZzä™{ö
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
:ìÅ ô=b§ÏZÅe $ M kZÌä(597™)$ ó hàƒyzZ~J´ÅE}ZL In a context of this kind, the threat mentioned in 12 is astonishing, and is probably a gloss inserted later.
ðƒðJ(,~ˆ„¸gzZì ÁyZª–Š {Š™yÒ~12þ e $ M ÿ~t òzt (ÆnkZ Xì ô=ðÃ
À& (185™: õ/GŸG Š )Xì`gŠ~íZÆ11[!* Æ[ÂkZsg¬¿» óy=L 2C6 J -u¨ ¸ ~(,Lb§Å 12e $ M Ìt ~ p ÖZÆ ( 1283™) óª!* `zÞE ~Š L 2C7 {Š™4ZŠ ňgzZ °ŸZÔ {”p’b§~g714Ô 12e $W¤ /ZpÔì ó $ Ë ƒ¹ÒZ ªÔ °ŸZ Ð yEZ}g7 » yZ6,l Äw̃ {”p’)gzZ Ý‚ 9x|» yQgzZ Vƒ Ì: G-¢E X C™Ï?9Ål ÷L Vð; ÆxsZè9tgzZì YYHt :Z :ì `gŠ~kZXì c* Šíq~fq -Z(kZ~( 450™)‚KZäCe 2C8 The figure is that of a forsaken wife (546)
X ( 6:54)ì Å~çðƒ~hg Ëq -Zwq]gß
:ì `gŠ~( 315:4) óª!* ‚•zi +Z} e×±L Like a forsaken wife.
X b§Å~çðƒ~hg ËzM q -Z "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 159 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò 1Þ†Ò nµ 7^nÞ^e†Î †µ Ý^ÏÚ 1Ò äÓÚ 6nÚ å^nÊm h^jÒ VÜa h^e
Ù ªs ™ Xì 0Ð {` ;{−Zzų ð Zt ìC :ì q{zXì H `gŠíqq -Z6, 1209™~15e $ M äóª!* ~Sæ~Š L 2C9 The new sanctuary will be greater than the old one because it is eternal, rich, and spiritual (vv. 17, 18)
$ M )ì ãqzggzZwâ Ñâ Ô ~$ X ( 18D 17e +ZtèYÔ Çƒx{Š c* iÐäZ6, xw*
Xì 9Ƀ~}g !* ÆlÄw
E 5_L 3 34»E :ì H `gŠíq~fq -ZVŒä( 1137™) ólã ðG C0
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
Israel's sovereignty and glory will never again depart (K).
X σ: »LQ• Øzy á gzZSqÅLZuZ
lÄws§~uzŠX $ Ë ™g(Z7]gßiL 7¼ {Šc* iеÂC÷Zpq -Zt Xì @* ƒt :Z´»kZ6, 5_L 3 4»E 3E :ì Š Hc* Šíqsf `gŠ(kZ6, 1137™~ólã ðG C1
Israel's national glory will endure for ever, because the restoration will be the work of God (K).
X ǃx » »0 + zZ} .¿t»àbèYÔ Ïìgì‡aÆå• Øzy á ò ¸ÅLZuZ
Å• Øz y á ÅLZuZ ̈ÆyÅx óN™«èYÔ ;g „wìz[Zpq -Z Ìt X mƒ: sp~ |LÔì Š HHyÒ~p ÖZÆxó » »0 + zZ} .LVŒ ÃTÔà b {z Ð ó~g UŠp½ZŠ Lq -Z ÏŠzösÜ!ÆVßòzg c* ãc* uÔã** - ÔãZk , Z ( ~Š·) {z Øz y • á ò ¸ÅLZuZgLzZ Š Hc* Š™{n6,gîå~Y70«Xn™Ýq:¼ {Š c* i 5_Nq X ;g „ ö 7g åE -Z¡[Zp » óÏìg ¹!* aÆå $ Ôkl[ 3 X 21D 1:60{ G é5šiG C2 E $ [ÂKZ~ó~çH 2!ê!* .E : ˜~‚Å{ G é5šiG EL ÷FÚeËZ e 3 C3 Jerusalem is to be rebuilt (…). Then will the city be the centre of the world's light [unfortunately the city could never become 'the centre of the world's light'], for "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 160 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò 1Þ†Ò nµ 7^nÞ^e†Î †µ Ý^ÏÚ 1Ò äÓÚ 6nÚ å^nÊm h^jÒ VÜa h^e the glory of everlasting God will rest upon her and will radiate around the world [the world never saw this dream come true]. (…) iii. Jerusalem to be built again. (lx. 10-14). (…). When rebuilt the gates will not be shut by day nor night (11), a symbol of absolute security under the blessing of her God [Of course, it is quite true that 'the gates will not be shut by day nor night' because they do not even physically exist on earth. As such, the question of their being ever shut does not arise! Because it is 'a symbol of absolute security under the blessing of her God' How can someone dare to comment on it!], and also implying the warmth of the welcome that will be given to those that seek an entrance therein.
t]!* Åó$ +pÿǃ / œ% »Ýzg Å *Šàt‰ Ü z kZX ( ...)Xì ** ƒyiŠ ~uzŠÃ zk, gZŒ Û ',6,kZ• Øz y á Å0 + zZ} .~$ +ZgzZ ài ZèYÔþ e0: / œ% »Ýzg Å *Š ÌLàt ì
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
X þ¬Š7Dƒ¨ÒqÑ[ Zpt ÌLä *Špÿ Ïñ;ÝzgŠ¤ /Šg ZÆ*ŠgzZ Ïìg ] Zg c* yŠ} i ZzgŠ Âǃy{g !* zŠt Z # X ( ...) X ( 14D 10:60) ** Y Hy{g !* zŠ » zk, X ( ...) ì sÇ!* tµšÿ# Ö ´ÅDÇ!Æ• ',Å0 + zZ} .LZÔ( 11)ÐVƒ:ȉ Ü zË~ yZa kZ Ô 7„Š ñÐ}u{zèaXó ÐVƒ:È ‰ Ü z Ë~ ]Zg c* yŠ} i ZzgŠ L -Z ÅDÇ!Æ • q ',Å0 + zZ} .LZtèY LX @* ƒ 7Za „ wZÎ » äƒÈ LÆ %NkZt gzZ þ ì Y™]P` l æF ù Åä™{û6,g â îkZÆ^Ñ¿ðÃ> Xó # Ö ´ XÐ,™ÒÃÅäƒ4ZŠ~kZ ÇñYH7ÃVÍßyQ ì @* ™Ì~i âÅxlí
XÙ±5Ìíq~f ª»]g „Ñ!* zgq
XÙ±5ÌÙZj~fÆ21Ô20Ô15Ô5]c* M Ñ!* zgq 3 C4 $ N.O.A.B C35 XÙ±5íq~f6, ( 950™) 18D 17:60{ G é5šiG 5!sZZ 3 GLšEÅLÅ~çEE .¿G X 875Ôóª!* ï C 6 GLšEÅLÅôG-.\Úe 3 C7 X 680Ôóª!* ï X 1170Ôó~Öeª!* EL 3 C8 X 1100Ôó~Öeª!* •zi +Z} e×±Ù L ±5 3 C9 X 97:12Ô óc* be ¨ KZöæ~Š L 4C0 "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 161 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò 1Þ†Ò nµ 7^nÞ^e†Î †µ Ý^ÏÚ 1Ò äÓÚ 6nÚ å^nÊm h^jÒ VÜa h^e
$ óª!* :ì `gŠ6 , 722™Ô6:60{ G é5šiG iE£ L
C41
Great caravans of camels will come, from Midian and Ephah. They will come from Sheba (…)! All the sheep of Kedar and Nebaioth Will be brought to you as sacrifices And offered on the altar to please the Lord.
ÆVŠzZÐ { é¨E æ g Z{! ( ...)XÐN MÐ y{zXÐN M yZzg »} (,} (, G3“gzZyc* G '+ X ÏN YÅ76, } F, égzZÏN YðÑk0* }g é£ aÆã!* Û ,ƒx ÓÅ]-mgzZ Œ
$ X C.E.V :ì `gŠ6, 877™Ô6:60[!* Ô{ G é5šiG
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
Your country will be covered with caravans of young camels from Midian and Ephah. The people of Sheba will bring gold and spices in praise of me, the Lord. Every sheep of Kedar will come to you; rams of Nebaioth will be yours as well. I will accept them as offerings and bring honor to my temple.
G ' æ o Zg é£+ yX ÇñY .eÐ Vâ Zzg »ÆVŠzZ yZ â þ áZz ä M ÿ Ð { é¨E G3“gzZ yc* G ' A&NvßÆ ]-mÔ Ïñ M k0* }g é£+ƒC Ù Åg Z{XÐ NÑQrgzZ ** Î~£Å0 + zZ} .ôE G ' X ÇVöi Z ³ZëLZgzZ ÇVz™wJ6, gîÆã!* Û ¹Z~XÐVƒ}g é£+ÌÆŠÆ Œ
~i âÅéZpzwì¡]јÆyÒÑ!* zgqÔì m»«}uzŠJ -V˜ ³ í!Š NZ lpËÆ ª!* {z ‰ K 7øo ~ e $ M Ñ!* zgqX D™ Xnƒ: sp~|ˆ FiLaÆ~g ZŠwŠ Å}g e" kZ Ô [Zp¡Æ 42. New Jerusalem Bible, p. 1283. 43. NIV. p. 780.
G-4$ Ç6gzZäZ6,Å~{ ðG3Ÿ G ì p Ò. Þ ‡]!* tVŒ 4C4 ._Æ351:5‚Åó** Xì óòŠ MáZzcÎgzW, ZgzZgz‰ Ü ¤Ô]gß[p LÈ» óVƒ á Š !* L 45. Mckenzie's Dic. of the Bible, p.875.
X 32D 26:22ÝZÔˆyWŒ Û 4C6 47. The Nelson's Study Bible, p. 1208. 48. Page H. Kelley in the Broadman Bible Com, ed. Clifton J. Allen etc., (Nashville, Tennessee, Broadman Press, 1971), 5:360.
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 162 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
ëŠi c* [!*
&e ™f » óîÂE è L~gó 1i L om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
& ~84gñ' » ÕkZ ä V,ZXì H™f » eÆ îÂE × LZ äx?ZmŠ î ZŠ ]| Vz0 + 6,yZ {zX @* ƒ‚µñ» e ~ öÅx Z™ • s̹ZÔ l» ì Hg ÖS ²Ô DƒŠ !* M~yZgzZ D ¯äâ M~Z} .U{ D™—g6, ólpÅ {z X M h } Š 7Ì~¢qa Æ ]g c* i VŒ Šp {z ì t wq » óÁÅ yZ : ë ñƒD™g Ö Z »éZpÅ~¢q~yZ- ŠÆZ} .U{g—Æ0 + zZ} .
Z(,Ú Z ÿ ~ l» Xì 4Ð þ yŠ ÿ g ZD Ù q -Z yŠ q -Z » ~¢q ~ yZ-Š }¾ X @* ƒ„y!* gŠ » yÆ0 + zZ} .LZ þ} OÆäƒ{ á Š !*
1C
Xì * @Y H7·_èzc»gñ' × ~ [ !* kZÆ [  !éZpt ì h+”t Ð klƒÂzŠg Z ~ sf Xì ˆ~Š™~ ÙZj~f „6,µñ ô=Å]ïÒZ :ì CYÅÜ]g „Å84 g1i 2C
!0 + zZ} .ÆVzH} Z ( 1) C 3
! ¿wŠ „H #}¾
Y 4C Xì ¬ƒi Z å´NÉ Ôì t ”ÅVƒÇg !* Å0 + zZ} .yY~÷( 2)
X Dg —ÐÙpaÆZ} .{0 + iŸZ÷gzZwŠ Z÷ 5C
! Z} .}÷gzZ { á Š !* }÷} Z !0 + zZ} .ÆVzH} Z ( 3) "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 163 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
: â M CZ ä G é&OgÍk0* ÆVfè}¾ 6C
1¯î˜aLZäâ!* ZgzZ C 7
XÇgÃV”LZ {zV˜ X Tg~y}¾ {z ugI( 4) 8C 9C 1C0 ( { Õä]L) XÐ,™ p°~¾Z‡{z
1C3
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
1C4
1C1 XìÐ ]¸ÅTòŠ M {zì ug éE 5!N ( 5) 1C2 X ZC Ù á Åy ðG3OrL~wŠÆT
X f e¯(ÅVZÐZ ™g ¦ / Е„Š Zz{z( 6) 1C5
Xì g©ÐVÆ' , ÐZlg !* «É 1C6
X D 0* Ü ¤6,‰ ‰ Ü ¤{ z ( 7 ) 1C7 rL Xì @* ƒ¢qg—ÆZ} .~ y ðG3O q -ZC Ù Ð ~y Z X ͬŠ ~÷! Z} .ÆVzH0 + zZ} .} Z ( 8) .Æ[©} Z ( { Õä]L)X Îy» ! Z} NŠ !4~g ø} R ! Z} .} Z ( 9) & X™Ã6, }nÆb ði. LZgzZ
Xì4Ð[yŠ ]g ZD Ù yŠq -Z~VƒÇg!* ~¾èY ( 10) X ** ƒy!* gŠ » yÆZ} .LZ~
1C8
X ÇVz™I{Š c* iÐ…~V¤Æ]g ZÑ 1C9
Xì4gzZ[ ë M ÔZ} .0 + zZ} .èY ( 11) X Ç w°gzZa0 + zZ} . X ÇÇg:i !* ÚðÃÐz¦„ Zg {z !0 + zZ} .ÆVzH} Z ( 12) "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 164 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
O 2C0 Xì6, ÿ®Â»TòŠ M {zì ug I
H·_µ Z µ Z »]c* M ÅkZaÆ䙳x|»gñ' × kZ ǃƒ o Ô` Z ¯ÑZ„g} Z L :ì Š HH~p ÖZyZÀF,»e $ M «~klį´ÅX ñY 2C1
Xó HŠ „ HÁ )}¾ :ì Š H¹~1e $ M ._Æ3 F, Æ( 747™) NOABgzZ ( 621™) N.I.V. How lovely is your dwelling place, O Lord Almighty! (NOxfAB: O Lord of hosts!)
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
X ( ` Z¯ÑZ[g} Z ._ÆNOAB ) !ì ~g \ tö;g} Y~¾!, kŠ0 +zZ} .} Z
Ü z k Q Ôì 0Ð óö;g} YLËÅ, ‰ kŠ} Z} .gñ' × t ì È »kZ v ó Zš MÀ L F,» óö;g} Y Åk , Šè0 + zZ} .L~y!* i ! ²X ¶Š ñ6,èg Z Ä"Z ° x?Zm
Š î ZŠ ]|v ó Zš M tL X óy » \¬vZ ì L È »TÔì Y Y H~p ÖZÆ
Fi q ˆ -Z nB‚Æ x ** ÏZ ~lgzZ å Hyäx?Zm Z', Z ]|dZ “gñÆ ~uzŠ X¸ Dgå ÌÐ x ** Ư ó ZÐ L Z [²IZ ë@* ÔåŠ ñ6,gîÆ | &zZ} ]g qðÃò ** v ó Zš M Lc* óö;g} Y Å, kŠåLE .( L gzZ Ë6,èg Z ĉ Ü z kZs§ „yÂt X å c* M: ~ „Š z ¸cÐ }u ÂãÑ«J -‰ Ü z kZX ¶:Š ñ ~ yZgzŠÆ Ï0 + i Åx?Zm Š î ZŠ ]| ÂyÅkZX å Zƒˆ ~œÛ ãŒ Û Ð kZ v ó Zš M Lc* ¯ ó ZLµZz~U à óö;g} YLkZÅ k , ó Š0 + zZ} .a L kZÔ¶mƒ: „qzÑ , Z ÌgzZ~QÆgñ' × ÏZX Lg7¹!* „ ykZ ðÃgzZ {z´ÆäYbŠg Z Œ Û Xì CYƒãZz6, gîDÇ!* ] !* tÐX Š ñ@ZØŠ¼ 0Z!ßzÅ~¢q~g!* gŠÆ0 + zZ} .x¶z öO9LZÅx?ZmŠîZŠ { á Š!* Ðe $ M ~uzŠ Š ñ(Ë„¬gó !* gŠ »x¶z öO90 + zZ} . L ì @* ƒC Ù ªtÐkZXì @* ƒg ÖZ »é Zp "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 165 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
]g c* i ÅkZ {zÐzz ÅTÔå: ï á ~ ›zuÅx?Zm Š î ZŠ ]|t pÔå X¸M h™g Ö Z »„éZpÅ]g c* iÅ gó !* gŠÆ0 + zZ} .L{zçOX¸xzøÐ ˆÅ `gŠ ô= ~ ÙZj~f6,„ µñ6,zZ Âì m» 4gzZ 3] c* MJ -V˜ X „g Y ðZC Ù Š ÌVŒ '!* P ë @* Ôì _ƒ # sŸz Å ] !* Ð kZ Ôì :ì ˆÅyÒô=]gß[pq -ZÅ] c* M yZ~ÙZj~fÆ( 747™) NOAB Envy of the birds and servitors who live there.
C22
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
.zgw—g X k , +x ªV;z x Z} 5
Ì{zÔì ˆÅ# sŸz Å 4D 3] c* M yZ ~ ( 772™) óª!* ‚Ñz Ò» L :ìg¨. Þ ‡
All living things are safe from threat in the presence of the Lord.
z ¦ÑÔi~l xwÿ pôÐ }çÆnC Ù ~g—Æ0 + zZ} .âZ {0 + ix Ó X þ yñâ zpôâZ bzg ~fx ÓV;z ì ¸wq]gߪZzgzZãâ ‡
:ì ˆÅ ô=sfzgqÅkZ~óª!* ‚•zi +Z} e×± L The general meaning of the verse, whose conclusion the poet only implies, is that even the birds have free access to the sacred precincts of the sanctuary, they make their homes there undisturbed, while the psalmist is exiled from the source of his joy, is denied the privilege of worshipping within the sacred enclosure. The nostalgic appeal of this verse is one of the most delicately beautiful expressions of homesickness in the whole realm of literature. C23
}0 + 6, ìt {z Ôì @* ™„ {g á Z¡² á s§ÅËÆTx|òÀ»e $M LZÆ ^z»g Ë% V;z {z Ô M h ƒ 4ZŠ Ð ~Š Zi M ~ Šzu klÅ xwJ Šzu Å]g qklkZgzZì Z] .Ð`uÆ ]äKZŠ î ZŠ²Ô D ¯ äâ M Åíz~[Š Z} *Š ~g7 hZ ~½]‹Åe $ M kZX 7Ýq h»]Š „ÐZ~ Xì wV+ 4Åg ÖSB‚ÆCgß[pgzZ• Z4, ð•ZÆŠ c* "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 166 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
L Ð4D 1e : sf `gŠ {zÔ DƒãZz] é¹$E $ M b§kZ }i} zg‰ Ü z k Q yuZ ïE N …g~p°Åxw, Z Ëx?ZmŠ óZZŠ ]|X 1 X åÐ]Z f Å\¬vZm»TgzZ¶Š ñn6, {z pÔì éZph +”Å]g c* i ÅklÄwkZ ~ wŠÆx?ZmŠ óZZŠ ]|X 2 Ð ›zuÅyS {z ì $ Ë ƒzz¸ ÅkS ìC Ù ª) M hà7J -Š›0* ÐZ X ( ìC Ù !*
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
14X) kåL¨G G " èY Ôå Yƒ „vZ š Q.MÅQZ ï ÿL ¹G NG3E M ª~ U { »U klÄwt X 3 ]g q+Z ðÃgzZ6, }i} zg{z´Æ~U {gzZåZƒ7„yJ -‰ Ü zkS Â( ãÑ aÆ]Š „ÅuZz} Z} . gzZƒ[™Ðx?Zm Z' , Z]|yÅT¶: „Š ñ Xƒ–
: ZŠ Zi M ~ÞS §!* gŠJ -}0 + 6, D™g ÖZ »]‹KZx?ZmŠ óZZŠ ]|X 4 X 7xsÑ» ~¢qVŒ¹S pÔ f eZ`
kZ ~ W Z F, }uzŠ ÒZ Xì 7ãZzÀF,»¿ }uzŠÆ 5 e $ M ~ KJV n Xì Š HHyÒ ~ p ÖZ R XÐ kZ c* ì ó ÐßÅ e ~ wŠÆ XLÃx| mÐe »y*Ægñ' × kZgzZe $ M ì ˆ~Š„ zŧ·gzZW Z F, ¼Æª!* : D™ì‡ (i)
Bible Knowledge Commentary, p. 855.
(ii) Christian Community Bible, p. 1000. (iii) Collegeville Bible Commentary, p.772. (iv) Contemporary English Version, p. 707. (v) Good News Bible, p. 900. (vi) Jerome Biblical Com., p. 591. (vii) New American Bible, p. 615. (viii) N ew Bible Com., p. 472. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 167 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e (ix) New Bible Com. (Rvd), p. 504. (x)
New Catholic Com., p. 473.
(xi) New Commentary on Holy Scripture, p. 264. (xii) New English Version, p. 441. (xiii) New International Version., p. 621. (xiv) New Jerome Commentary, p.540. (xv) New Jerusalem Bible, p.900. (xvi) New KJV (Nelson Study Bible), p. 966. (xvii) Peake's Bible Com., p. 431. (xviii) Today's English Version, p. 607.
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
(xix) Wycliffe Bible Com., p. 526.
(xx) 7th Day Adventist Bible Com., p. 828.
(xxi) The Holy Bible (O&NT): An Improved Edn.(American Baptist Publication Society), as quoted by 'The OT books of poetry from 26 trans.', p. 334. (xxii) A New Trans. Of the Bible (James Moffatt), as quoted by 'The OT books of poetry from 26 trans.', p. 334.
-Z ì Ð e Ëm»gñ' q × kZ ì CYƒ ãZz ]!* t Њ ZñÑ!* zgq ]|¬Ð ƒ ~gñ' × kZXì ;g M ` @* ƒ6,gîîZzg~xwËÐ i ZgŠd² , k +ö;g6,gîx~ ykZÆ0 5 + zZ. } L ìg™ «• ',ÃVÍßyQ x?ZmŠóZ ZŠ aÆ VÍßyZ þ x?Zm ŠóZ ZŠ ]|ÿ {z6, }uzŠ Xó D™£ÅkZå gzZ x~ kZ {zpÿ ì ˆ'ag›Å e~ VߊÆXL D™ ¬Š Å• ', Š ñ6,gîiV;z u 0* Äw ì @* ƒC Ù ªs ™Ð kZ Xó þ 7k , +ö;g6,gî 5 mðÃB‚Æ kZ »q ~uzŠ ÌË{z´Æ kZgzZì zaÆ0 + zZ} .t Xì X D™g (Z^»kZaÆóe LvßX 7 c* M 7Ì~Š z¸cV;zÌZ ãÑ«ªxw» zk , ìt]!* ™f. Þ ‡ y »vZ c* vZš M [²IZ&~xw²Ô å Zƒyˆ ~œÛ ãŒ Û Ð kZt X å "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 168 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
ãŒ Û ÌÐx?ZmŠóZ ZŠ ]|6,gîÆ|ˆ Fi k^q -Z~làÆ[²Ô¸ ë ]|dZ “gñÆ þ x?Zm ŠóZ ZŠ ]|ÿ yZ X å ;g M ` Š ñÐ ¬ w‚g ZD Ù q -Z e VŒ bDÆ[²Z >k , }g7 gzZhÅx?Zm ³ Z ]|d b WÆx?Zm Z', Z »£Å0 + zZ} .~ yZgzŠÆe LZ {zX¸ D™ c* M~Š Z®~(,¹ aÆä™ : ìg M− D™y´Z~p ÖZsfzgq
èÛÃßÖ]æ ‚Ûv³Ö] á] (ÔnfÖ ÔÖ Ôm†³ Ÿ ÔnfÖ ( ÔnfÖ Ü³ã×#³Ö] ÔnfÖ
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ĂĽ Ă&#x17D; äâ&#x201E;˘Ĺ Ă? yZâ&#x201E;˘NĹ ]¸gzZ ~ m, +Ĺ C Ă&#x2122; Ă&#x2026;x?ZmĹ ĂłZ ZĹ ]|]Ă&#x; ¤Ă&#x201C; ĂĄ ._Ă&#x2020; \ :ĂŹ # sŸz~ÂŞ!* è Ă&#x2026;Ă´G-. X ĂĽLebĹ ZĂ?ä1šZgzZ š Unfortunately David's fame proved the foundation of that unhappy jealousy of Saul towards him which, mingling with the king's constitutional malady, poisoned his whole future relations to David. (â&#x20AC;Ś). He [David] also still performed from time to time the office of minstrel [singer or musician of the king's court]; but the successive attempts of Saul upon his life convinced him that he was in constant danger. (â&#x20AC;Ś), he escaped by night, (â&#x20AC;Ś). David's life for the next few years was made up of a succession of startling incidents. (â&#x20AC;Ś); he is hunted by Saul from place to place like a partridge. C24
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"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; on â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă´Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 170 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
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:ĂŹ c* Mâ&#x201E;˘f~p Ă&#x2013;ZyZ~ÂŞ!* ÂťTĂŹ YĆ&#x2019;yZg Ă&#x192;â&#x20AC;&#x17E;ztçOX DĆ&#x2019;pĂ´) šĂ?ZgzZ Zg ĂĽ Ă&#x192;{` ď&#x20AC;Ľ; Ă? y M ä Âş! Ă&#x203A; Ă&#x2020;Z} .gzZ â&#x20AC;?iZz M Ă&#x2026;Ă&#x2020;ÂąkZ ä Z} .gzZ Ă Ă?i Zz M Ă&#x2026;kZ Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ Z7,¹VË&#x153; Ă&#x201D;Ă?(kZ ä Z} .èYg e # Ă&#x2013; ? ZĆ&#x2019; HĂ&#x192; {` ď&#x20AC;Ľ; } Z X Ă&#x2021;VĆ&#x2019; ÂŻ x ¸~(,q -ZĂ&#x192;kZ~èYĂ&#x201D;weĂ?B; LZĂ?ZgzZ VZĂ&#x192;Ă&#x2020;ÂągzZJZXĂŹ 1½Ă? ĂŁ0* Ă&#x192;vâ&#x201E;˘ YgzZ ÂŹĹ VZ.q -Z Âť ĂŁ0* äkZgzZBĂ&#x2026;@ M Ă&#x2026;kZ äZ} .Q G .*LgzZ Ă&#x17D; g~y!* X ÂŻi Z0 +RçG Ă&#x2019;gzZ ZĆ&#x2019;Z(,{zgzZ ĂĽBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020;Ă&#x2020;ÂąkZ Z} .gzZX c* ĂśĂ&#x192;Ă&#x2020;ÂągzZ 2C6
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†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
&L x ** -Z » óîÂOE Ìlg !* X D ¯ VZ.q -Z ÐZ ñƒ Dg ¦ /Ð ~ • „Š Zz L 6 e $M \ V˜ ì C™„Š y¶ KÅ䃆cêL Z6,gîDÆ( •) ÂkZ Xó ì C½ÃVzE Ù
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‰ ì ™f . Þ ‡] !* t Xì @* 7,** g¦ /~ yZgzŠÆ5ZŠ Z Å e LZÃVæ qÐ ä( 901D 900™) óª!* ÅzÞE~Š LXì Š Hc* Š w$ +Ð ÂgzZ ËÃ ó•LÂ~W Z F, I &À :ì –~ õ/Gd q~fgzZì H óx éhÒE L F, »kZ In seven MSS and in versions, 'the valley of Tears' (the Hebrew words for these two words are identical when spoken).
+' h × ~k QX [ì Š HH ]ó~Š Zz ÅV“Z L [ÀF,»kZ ]~W Z F, gzZ]ZŠz]‚ X Dƒ/xÐ}uzŠq -Z  D Yá1p ÖZVâzŠtZ # ì – ó MiseryÀ L F ,» kZgzZ 1 76,gîƆcÌZ à ó•L ä W Z F, }uzŠ ‰
2C9
C28
C27
Æ {)z ( ~Š Zz Ï\ ) ó thirsty valleyL Ô( ~Š Zz à Zz ¶Š  Q ) ó weary/glenL ( ¤ ) V1 ~ÄÅ*Š)** Ç L[ ÂÅ (Curtis Vaughan)yZzF™ËZ eXì HÐ p ÖZ Hc* Š Š gZŒ Û ó•L ãZ‡ÝZ 6,x £ kZ ~ V§F, x Ó {” `gŠ ~ W ó Z F,£Æ ‚•zi +Z} e×±LXì :ì `gŠ~óª!* The LXX and the Vulgate translate the phrase 'valley of Baca' as 'valley of Tears.'
C0 C1Y 3 3 HH~ p ÖZÆó~Š Zz ÅVî² M À Š L F,» ó• „Š ZzL~ óïHG3½ÉzLgzZ À ó F,~Š UL
C2 3
Xì "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 172 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
ZƒtÈ »kZ ãZ‡ÝZVŒÌ._ÆW Z F, HÑgzZ ã** - yZƪ!* V2ì CY ~Š„ zŧ ·gzZW Z F, ,Zh +' × ¼Æª!* ~ sfXì „ ó•L :ì HwEZ» ó•6, L x £kZä Bible Knowledge Commentary, p.855.
2
Dummelow's Bible Com., p.363.
3
Good News Bible, p. 585.
4
Gray & Adams Bible Com., 1:612.
5
Matthew Henry's Exposition, 4:324.
6
New American Bible, p. 615.
7
New American Standard B, p. 747.
8
New Bible Commentary, p. 472.
9
New Bible Com. (Rvd), p. 504.
10
N.Catholic Com., p.473, (Baka).
11
New Commentary on Holy Scripture, p.364.
12
NIV (New International Version), p. 621.
13
NKJV (in Nelson Study Bible), p. 966.
14
New Oxford Annotated Bible, p. 747.
15
Paragraph Bible, p. 621.
16
Peake's Bible Com., p. 431.
17
Readers Digest Bible, p.306.
18
RSV (Revised Standard Version), p. 539.
19
TEV (Todays English Version), p. 607.
20
Thompson's Bible., p. 666.
21
7th Day Adventist Bible Com., 3:827.
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1
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 173 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
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: D YK H-4E ´ :ì H `gŠíq~fq -ZV Œä( 707™) ó×gz‹Z ~k, çF.- LX 1 Dry Valley: Or 'Balsam Tree Valley.' The exact location is not known.
&Lc* X 7x¥q ¸zûDX ó~Š ZzÅV½gŠÆx éhÒE :~Š ZzÈ
k%ZE~Š LX 2 :ì H `gŠíq~fq -Z6, $ M kZä óª!* e Baca valley: Hebrew obscure; probably a valley on the way to Jerusalem.
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.n©xzÞ~Š L :ì c* Šíq~fq -Z6, yZ™5Ã8D7]c* M ä(591™) óª!* çLG
X3
A description of the pilgrim's journey. The MT is uncertain.
Xì D)QðZgzX yÒ»^ÆYq
Xì ÅyÒô=×}gŠÅÂkZ ä óª!* ‹ ¸•zi +Z} e×±LX 4 :e{g:%Kg ÖZ »wD)ÅkZ {z6, x !ZÆ# sŸz Baca (baka). [Heb. Baka, possibly 'balsam tree.'] The name of a valley in Palestine (Ps 84:6), possibly so named because balsam trees grew there. Some have thought that it is another name for the Valley of Rephaim, where trees of that species were found, but this is pure conjecture. There were doubtless many valleys in which balsam trees grew. Another interpretation names it the valley of 'weeping' from the Hebrew bakah, 'to "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 174 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e weep,' a word that differs only slightly from baka. However, neither interpretation helps to identify this place. C33
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E
4H &eZ eç«i± ME~Š LX 5 5G :ì –~ÙZjÆ7D5] c* M ä( 747™) óª!* åHH Baca, some unknown, desolate place through which the pilgrims must go.
X å@* 7, ** g¦ / à ( Væq )+], ZiÐ~T(Š !* M"gzZx¥** ðÃÔ• :ì Hg Ö Z »} ZgÏZ Ìäó~Öeª!* i6, g ;~Š LX 6
Baca [bay'kuh], unidentified valley associated with weeping or balsam [Ps. 84:6]. The term is derived from the verb 'to drip,' hence its association with weeping. C34
&c* u Ât X ( 6:84gñ' ½ × )Ð x éhÒE Ôì 0Ð äzg Âc* Ô ~Š Zz ³)Ô• Xì ¯ ) !* »ä™ÝÐäzgÃkZ¸gzZì fp â Ð
\ ‚LKZôG-. ÚeX7 ë @* pÔì êŠg Z Œ Û ~Š Zzq -Z ŦÐZp¤ /Z~ óª!* :ìC Ù ªs ™D" Åk QбÂsfzgqÅk Q That it was a real locality is most probable from the use of the definite article before the name. C35
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HHg ÖZ »] Ñì „, Z 0ÆkZ Ì~ Gem Dic. of the BibleÅÕÃX 8 Š "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 175 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
:ì It may simply be a valley in Palestine (Ps. 84,6). It may simply be the Valley of the balsam trees, or it may be the Valley of Weeping (Heb. Bakah) or the Valley of little water. C36
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YEH 4X3 E ¾ s§Åª q u‡ÅkZ~ Dic. of the Bible Revised One Vol.Åæ 54hGZ X 9
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á Z b§kZ :ì {g
An allegorical place-name, found only in Ps. 846 (AV, RSV), where RV renders 'Valley of Weeping.' Most probably it is no more an actual locality than is the 'Valley of the Shadow of Death' in Ps 234. C37
6, x £kZX (RSV, AV)ì M~6:84gñ' »(q -Z~i Z0 +Z u × sÜ Ôx ** Åñ‚Æ]ñL~4:23gñ×'t ìtykZ¨ ¸X ó~Š ZzÅ •zt¤ /ì L ÀF, » RV X 7(ÇðÃb§Å ó~Š Zz
YEH 4X3 E ¾ 0Æ ~Š Zz kZ ~ ó•Lá £ LZ ~ óª!* ¹ æ 54hGL èEÒ¯Z öZ X} Z X 10 E $) ©G 45G :ì e™7Äc* gŠ ÌqðÃ{z´ÆV ðG3G If an actual valley (the article is not quite conclusive), it may be identified either with 'the valley of Achor, i.e. trouble'; 'the valley of Rephaim'; a Sinaitic valley with a similar name (Burckhardt); or the last station of the caravan route from the north to Jerusalem. Perseverance and trust not only overcome difficulties, but turn them into blessings; this is the lesson, whether the valley be real or only (as the Vulg. Vallis lacrymarum has become) an emblem of life. C38
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No valley of such a name has yet been identified, (….). In the same vein, it is quite possible that the valley was entirely symbolic. C39
t~i Z0 +Z ÏZX ( ...) Ô mY Å7„Š y¶ KÅ~Š Zz ËÅx ** Æb§kZJ -ÌZ Xƒä´~~Š Zzt ì eÇ!* Ì
î ZZkgñËZ egzZ (Dr. Frants Buhl of Copenhangen Univ.) ÃÛZ! Û ËZ eX 12 :ì HyÒä( Dr. Morris Jastrow of Univ. of Pennsylvania)
(…); but it signifies rather any valley lacking water.
C40
Xƒ: ã0* ~Tì @* ™„Šy¶ KÅ~Š Zz+Z ËtÉ ;(…)
:ì$ Ë ï(Ë•„ŠZz 7¢»]!* kZÌà $ ó hàƒyzZ~JE}ZXL13 Baca was the name of some valley [Note the air of uncertainty regarding the location of the valley!] on the way to the city. C41
CY ð0* cÅD)t0Æq ¸zûÆ~Š Zz Ù±5ÿåx ** » ~Š Zz Ë• X ¶µZz~5 ZgÆà þì
"L 5F :ì yÒ»ª!* ‚Å (Peake) ëG The valley of Baca ; this rendering is better than 'valley of weeping' (LXX, RV). The location of the valley is unknown. Baca may mean 'balsam tree', which grows in dry soil. The point at all events seems to be that the valley is arid. C42 "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 177 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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Æ" # vZ wÎg ì @* ƒC Ù ªÐ TÔì ZƒÐ x ** ÆU ™f » kZ VŒ X åòZg„ óîÂO$Lx ** »kZ~äâ i t b§kZ X . $ƒ ªì „ q -Z (*u » i Zz M ) ` %» óx LgzZ ó[ L{½zw #Œ & ÂB‚Æ: â i›ZŒZ ì kª èE ÐkZXƒà™g (Z^ÅîÂO$ä îÂOE LG Û Ð] !* & x ** x ** *Š¸ äx?ZmŠóZZŠ ]|X å„ îÂOE *ŠgzZ -Z »(kZ ì @* ƒC Ù ªs ™ ™w$ +~ V- œÅˆ å òZg {Š c* ix ** t »àkZ~ äâ iÆyZèYÔHwEZ XŠ H™g (Z^ÅóîÂO$L VZ.q -Z ~ kZ {z ñƒ Dg ¦ /Ð ~ • „Š ZzL:ì ~ e $ M ´Å ª!* "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 184 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
; ]|Xó D ¯ ~• „Š Zz~yZgzŠÆlˆÅ ã0* aÆð³ Zd W LZ {` ÃVÍßXX å Š Hc* Š ( xixi c* #Û) VZ.q -Z¹Z~ËÆTÔ‰„gg¦ / Ð & „Š Zz kZ º´Kq -Z~: { … Y [p] !* t {zÔì 5µñ»]g c* i ÅîÂOE ^ÏÅ[ Ñ@* -Z(t ¶Cƒ lg!* q g ZŠgziVŒ Z # ~g ZzŠ Z—‚Xì µZz~ ã0* »lg !* gzZì Š Hc* Š™yx »[ M ö0\ïh +] .e $.q -Z V;z[ ZX ¶g™g (Z ~g76,뛈 FiÆl b C Ù »e $ M kZ b§kZ Xì * @Y/B‚Æ ~!Ð V;z
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Xì ;b§
` s) + ], Zi p ÖZt ó D Y s§Å ]¸Ð ] ¸{zL :ì yÒ ~ 7 e $M F, $Œ d Û Ðd $Œ Û Æ~Äw{z V V X D™Ï? Å/_ .z l Æ ( x Z™ ]¸5} OÆ^zݹZ Ôì * @Y @* ƒ†ŸZ~"_ .z l Æ yZ  í Xì ¿/_ .zl gzZ
Ôc* ì ó @* ƒC Ù ªg—Æ0 + zZ} .~ y=q -ZC Ù Ð ~ yZ L:ì] ZuzŠ » e $M kZXì ó @* ƒg ZŠ%g—Æ0 + zZ} .~y=q -ZÙC J -VŒLÔì yÒ~NIV 6 X ñYH·_-}gŠ»y= ì CYƒ~gz¢]!* tb§ "c* 5E 1ÒE :ì yÒ» ó é¹G be ¨ KZ ì L m»pÆkZJ -V˜ Various explanations of the name have been given. Gesenius (Thes. 1164) and Lagarde (Ubers. 84. n) derive from [a Hebrew word meaning] 'to be dry,' (…) Wetzstein derives from 'to protect,' so that the name would mean 'arx, citadel'; cp Zin. C59
ÂãZ‡, Zq -ZÐZLagardegzZGeseniusX ˆÅyÒ]튼ÅÂkZ fp â Ð** ƒÈ pÆT ïŠg ZŒ Û fp â Ð ™«™ÐZ Wetzstein( ...)X ** X° ó q -ZÐ L VƒpÆÂkZ b§kZX ïŠg Z Œ Û "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 185 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
iñ6, ÚZ L :ì # sŸz~ó~Öeª!* The etymology of the name is uncertain. It may be related to the Hebrew (sayon), "dry place", "parched ground" ( Isa. 25:5; 32:2). C60
G : pÆTì YƒÐ y=ÂãZ‡m»kZXì D)t é¨G4]IZ »x ** kZ X ó}i ðƒªLÔ( ó ÈL
{Š Hz [ M " Ål sÜt :Z » ó}i ðƒ ªLc* ( ó È L ì Y Y H±5 X 7eb§Ë6, }i[ZŠ á z!uÅ zk , t :S »kZXì YYH6, „}iu
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ex|{Š c* iÐ q -Z ÌÆóy=Lb§ÅVñ** }uzŠá Zz ä M ~ ª!* ªLc* ( ó È LpÔ » zk ,ZuzŠgzZƒ»ly=q -Z ì kª+Œ Û Ð] !* tX YYH6,„l sÜt :Z »kZ~ t òz t ( {Š ñÐ p ÒÆx|Æó}i ðƒ Ô}™W-6,kZVŒ {z 7e] !* t aÆ 'Æ [ {Š ñXì a kZ Ô å: Š ñklÄwðÃ~ zk , Ü z kZ ì zÂ. ‰ Þ ‡ð•Z ] !* t ë @* kZ Åx?ZmŠóZZŠ ]|z†»gñ' × X 7eb§Ëx|»y=ËÆ zk , VŒ »]g c* i ÅÞZ Äw b§Å+], Zi}uzŠ ̹Z l» ì @* ™g ÖZ »éZph +” Xƒ‚µñ
Å] !* kZÐk QÔñY1{ ^ ,Y™ YúA~èâ »]uZz]g @* gzZ]c* Zzg Åx?Zm Z' , Z]|~º´Æ( ~h N q -Z Ål ) c* gñ}iu ì Cƒ„Šy¶ K *ŠU â ig ÇŠ c* ÅäYK7aÆã!* Û Åx?Zm³ Z]|d Œ WD ³Z ÇLZ c* 㶠Kc* g Zqc* Ìg c* (+Z Ìq -Z ðÃ~ Víc* Š· x ¸pÔì „g Y ðoÐ Æä™7aÆ ã!* Û Ãd Œ W D³Z LZ Åx?Zm Z', Z ]|{z V˜ 7]g q X}™~ .Z³èzcðÃ{z ì x » » ~g ‡t[ZX VƒD og ÇŠ c* ðÃÅî ZzË "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 186 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
â&#x20AC; Ă&#x2019;Ć&#x2019; ^Ă&#x2019; Ăł äĂ&#x201C;e sĂ´uL 6nĂ&#x161; Ăł â&#x20AC;ŚĂ§eâ&#x20AC;ĄL VĂ&#x153;a â&#x20AC;Ą^m h^e
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klĂ&#x201E;wkZ {z&Ă&#x201D;~Ăz LZ ĂŹ ]oâZĂ? ykS Ă&#x2020;0 + zZ} .šQX 8 Ă&#x2026;v Ăł ZĹĄ M LkZ~ÂŤÂŁĂ&#x2020; gĂ&#x201D; ĂŻ Ĺ gZ Ĺ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; }iuĂ&#x2026;~g kgzZ Ă°Z' , ~ÂŤÂŁĂ&#x2020; X Dâ&#x201E;˘I{Ĺ c* iĂ&#x192; ĂŁ!* gĹ
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†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
ëŠi c* [!* ÙZj Åx?ZmŠóZZŠ ]|Šp‹Z& +Ð yEZ}g7 ÐZ Ôì m»;@* Ågñ' × kZJ -V˜ C1 G -4$ ~{ ðG3Ÿ GX ˆ Å `gŠ Zg M Å fR‰~ sf Xì Y Y c* Š gZŒ Û ;@*Ç
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:ì i Z§¶g~ólÆ( 324:4)‚ ó Åó** Ç6gzZäZ6, L(Matthew Henry) Though David's name be not in the title of this song, yet we have reasons to think he was the penman of it, because it breathes so much of his excellent spirit and is so much like the sixty-third psalm which was penned by him; (…), witness this psalm, which contains the pious breathing of a gracious soul after God and communion with him.
kZ „z + $O h~ WÎt ëÌQÔì 7x ** »ðŠóZZŠ ~ yZÄÆgñ' /Z × kZp¤ /xÐgñ' × ,µF, Ç!* gzZì ‚ rg“ _Ðbzgy ZxÅyZtèYÔ¸'Æ bzg *™q -Z~kZX BŠ™| 7,Ãgñ' × kZÔ ( ...)Xì Zƒ–» þ x?ZmŠóZZŠ]|ÿÏZ ì Xì y b ñ/_ .»ä™g Z2Ze $ŠˆîG 00_IgÐ0 + zZ} .LZgzZì ès ™lö M Åò ¾gzZ
:ìk, ’~ól0Ægñ' × kZ ( 6,827:3)~óª!* ‚•zi +Z} e×± L Ps 84 was composed by David, the Lord's "anointed"(…). It is a passionate lyrical expression of devotion and love for the house of Jehovah and His worship.The psalm seems to describe the blessedness of those who dwell in the sacred precincts (vs. 1-4, 9-11); the blessedness of those who make pilgrimages to the sanctuary (vs. 5-8).
& aÆ]Š „ÅkZgzZ yÆ\¬vZtX ( ...)Xì ;@* Å ðŠ î ZŠ b ði.Æ0 + zZ} .84gñ' × gz Z ‚lpÆ VÍß y Z Ð gñ' × kZ Xì g Ö Z C!* .~ i Z0 _ +Z Æ Ä» ›gz Z Î X ( 11D 9Ô 4D 1] c* M ) k , +ö;g~ŠzuklÅkZ ì @* 5 ƒg ÖZ »yÒÆ䃕 ',!* ]c* M ) ïŠx Zu]g c* iÅxwkZ ì @* ƒÌgÖZ »äƒ• ', !* ÆVÍßyZÐ kZ X ( 8D5 "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 188 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
"LL 5F ‚Å (Peake) ëG :ì `gŠ~( 431™) óª!* The period of its composition is clearly that of the monarchy.
XìgzŠ »:÷( { )6, gîãZz: â i »;@* ÅkZ
Åx?ZmŠ,zZŠ ]|Šp‹Z & +ÐZ+ ¬Æª!* ì @* ƒ ãZzÐ ]‚ ½ZP yZ X ïŠg ZŒ Ûk , ’ + 0 zZ} .»LZuZ sÜ{z ì $ Ë ƒ¸Š Z%Ð p ÖZÆ0 + ó zZ} .»Vƒz¤ /c* VzHLVŒ 2C Xìg ÇŠgz6, »Vñ¸x ÓÉ Ôì 7
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i!ì ö;g} Yªó#LÂÆ!² Ôóy é¹I L {zÔì Š HHwEZÂÝZ » ãZ‡VŒ 3 C &OB pÆkZ ._Æ( 74™Ô 4908 ` Zg0 +Z ) ~Öe Ñ!* ! ð Å8 -zvXì sŠ Zá‚» :
a residence; dwelling (place), habitation.
X ~Š !* M Ôö;g ( } Y) :ö; g
-8E Z¾ Lb§kZ + 0 zZ} .ÆVñ¸} Z L:ÐVƒ pŠÆó` Z¯ÑZ[g} Z]Š „î0*G X IF 4&Æ|kZXì¯ Z»l ÇñY¹ v 14 ãÑÿL ¹G ÃøL G ó Zš MÐ L Z~!²XóyZ¾ Ôì 0Ð~: {ÆU sÜt Lg7—ðÃ~]!* kZÔåZƒ7yJ -ÌZ X å:Š ñóy »0 + zZ} .LðÃ{z´ÆkZ6, }i} zgJ -‰ Ü zk QèY :ì ˆÅs # Ÿz( 6, 611:2)~óª!* ‚Å' ×i +Z hZ}¤ /L 4C David says not, Oh how I long for my palace, my crown, my sceptre, my kingdom; but oh how I long to return to the house of God! [the word 'return' shows that King David had previously been to this place.]
LZ ÔûLZ~ L ë 7t ðŠóZZŠ H~zig M Å KZ Ôg Z MZ} ¡LZ Ôªz `@* u" H~ tØÆäY :Zz ~ yÆ0 + zZ} .LZ ~L: ët {zÉ Xó Vƒ [@* " X þ ¸ñWƒ(kZ̬ðŠ ózZŠ]| ì @* ƒC Ù ªÐóäY:ZzLÂÿó!Vƒ
ŠóZZŠ]|X ¶ðƒ7qzÑÌZyÅ ãÑ« ì±5. Þ ‡]!* të @*
x?Zm
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 189 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
& x ** & åŠ ñZ} Š Z] .Zz!* MÆyZÔþ å„îÂE »l‰ Ü zkZ ÿ~îÂE .U{„q -ZsÜJ -ÇÆ X åHyäx?Zm³ Z]|gzZ x?Zm Z' , Z]| :ì ˆÅs # Ÿz~p ÖZyZÅe $ M kZ6,( 828:3) óª!* ‚•zi +Z} e×± L 5C The general meaning of the verse, whose conclusion the poet only implies, is that even the birds have free access to the sacred precincts of the sanctuary, they make their homes there undisturbed, while the psalmist is exiled from the source of his joy, is denied the privilege of worshipping within the sacred enclosure. The nostalgic appeal of this verse is one of the most delicately beautiful expressions of homesickness in the whole realm of literature.
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~ŠzuÅklÄwkZ t pòÀÔì @* ™yÒ8¡² á x Z »TÔÆe $ M kZ I {!²Ô D¯yLZÆñË%{zgzZ n ]äî0*g8FuLZg1iýL 3E pgð‚gJ -}0 + 6, Xì xzøÐ iZ ³Zz t ŸZÆ]Š „~ŠzuÅ ~g Z-Šg e klkZ {zgzZì jZ `g{Ð ui ** z @ð•ZÆ ~g{gzZ ~gzŠ Ð y LZ ~ [Š Z @¬ zig M ~½]‹Å e $ M kZ Xì wV+4q -ZÅg ÖZ ¯§
«i± MEL 6C 4H &eZ eçE 5G åHH íq]gzpq -Z~eÆ4D 3]c* M6, 747™~(NOAB)óª!* :ì `gŠ
Envy of the birds and servitors [a male servant] who live there.
X¸TgV;z —g6, VñŠ {yZgzZVz0 + 6,
:ì±5. Þ ‡Ì{zÔìˆÅ ô= Å4D3]c* MyZ~772™ª ó !* ‚ÑzÒ» L All living things are safe from threat in the presence of the Lord.
X pôÐ}çc* –Š,q{0 + ix Ó~g—Æ0 + zZ} .
G-4$ sf zgq Å b kZ ä ( 325D 324 :4)‚ ó Åh +] .z *Š)** Ç LÅ ~{ ðG3Ÿ G 7 C :ì Ås # Ÿz He would rather live in a bird's nest nigh God's altars than in a palace at a distance from them. It is better to be serving God in solitude than serving sin with a multitude. (…). Observe, David envies the happiness not of those birds that flew over the altars, and had only transient view of God's courts, but of those that had "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 190 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e nests for themselves there. David will not think it enough to sojourn in God's house as a way-faring man that turns aside to tarry for a night; but let this be his rest, his home; here he will dwell.
g (Z ö;g~‹˜Ë~g Z z [ Œ Û Æ{ Çy!* Û Å0 Œ + zZ} . Ç}Š ßF, {Š c* iÃ]!* kZ {z Å]Š „Å Z} .™{g~ ðË ì 4tXìg~ûË™ƒgzŠÐ kZ ÆkZÚ/Ôá™ Vz0 + 6,yZŠð óZZŠ Ù±5X ( ...)X ñYðÑO# Ö } .Å{ k H™{g~xW ÆkZÚ/Ô ñY sÜÅVâZ-ZÆ0 + zZ} .gzZ N Yg / ¦™ƒÐ6,zZÆVƒÇy!* Û D™7—g6,]äÅ Œ ¯äâ M xaLZV;z D™—g6,]äÅVz0 + 6,yZÉ ÔN 0* NŠ „ ¡ q -Z
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b§Åy¨ KZ { Zg,Zq -Z~ Z} .U{ ì 7°»t sÜaÆðŠ óZZŠX Tg~ yZ™ xgzZ 8»kZÃZ} .U{É Ôì @* ™x Zg M™hg3 ZgaÆ~¬ ‘ B™x ªk, Š ~hð X}™g (Zö;g {zV˜ce** ƒ** 1
-8E
'They will be "still" praising thee.' :ìt]g „ÝZ~× ó gzçE,Gå L~ m,ôZ
8C
‚ÅxŠ MgzZ}¤ ª 'All the Day long'pÆ'still'VŒ._Æ( 611:2)ª!* / X óyŠ Zg ‚ L
å {zLª 'they are ever praising you' :ì Š HH b§kZÀF,»kZ~ 621™NIV C9 G ' 'they will be still praising :ñY HÀF , t Æ kZ } O X ó ìg™yÒ £~g é£+ Xó ÐVƒìg™p°~¾J -ÌZ {zLª thee.'
2!ôÅEL 1C0 .E :ìÀF, »e $WkZ~( 473™) ó~çH Blessed [be] those who dwell in thy house, still they praise thee.
X D™yÒp°~¾J -ÌZ {zX k , +ö;g~y}¾ {z ugI 5 :ì `gŠh +' × ~kZ Yet the idea of 'They are pilgrims at heart' is consistent with the theme of the psalm.
Xì ‚ rg9 L oÐy*Ægñ' × tû ó ñ MaÆ]g c* iÐwŠ {zLÌQ 'who have set their hearts on pilgrimage', :ì HÀF , { e $. » kZ ä 621™NIV
1C1
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 191 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
â&#x20AC; Ă&#x2019;Ć&#x2019; ^Ă&#x2019; Ăł äĂ&#x201C;e sĂ´uL 6nĂ&#x161; Ăł â&#x20AC;ŚĂ§eâ&#x20AC;ĄL VĂ&#x153;a â&#x20AC;Ą^m h^e 'in whose heart are Ă&#x2020;3 F , kZ} OĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ Ăł Ă°Ă&#x17D;Ă&#x;Ă&#x2026;]g c* ize~wĹ LZäV2L
XĂł ZgĂ&#x2026;yZ~wĹ Ă&#x2020;XLÂŞthe ways of them.' :ĂŹ Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026; Ă´=tĂ&#x2026;e $ M kZ6,( 828:3) óª!* â&#x20AC;&#x161;â&#x20AC;˘zi +Z} eĂ&#x2014;Âą L 1C2 The second blessing is bestowed on those who hold God in their hearts as they make the pilgrimage.
X ĂŻ Ĺ (~wĹ LZĂ&#x192;0 + zZ} .â&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; zĂ&#x2020;5ZĹ ZĂ&#x2026; e ĂŹË&#x2020;Ă&#x2026; ÂŤĂ&#x192;yZâ&#x20AC;˘ ď&#x20AC;§',~uzĹ
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}Ă&#x201D;Ă&#x152;~W ZF, ~ m, Ă´Zâ&#x20AC;°2)ĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ăły Ă°G3rLĂ&#x201A; ~3 F, zĹ gZVĹ&#x2019; ĂŹg ĂŁZz ÂŤiÂązZEL 4H &eZeçE 5G Praise Songs of Israel: Rendering of gzZ6 ,849â&#x201E;˘Ă¤ xĂ&#x17D;ci +Z óª!* ĂĽHH :ĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x201C;6, 334â&#x201E;˘Ă¤the
Book of Psalms: 26 Translations of the OT Books of Poetry
pĂ&#x201D;Ăł ZC Ă&#x2122; ĂĄ Ă&#x2026;y=~wĹ Ă&#x2020;XLÂŞĂ&#x201D; In whose heart are the highways to Zion. I Ĺ Ăąt ~W ZF, ~ m, Ă´Z F, z Ă&#x2019;Z Ă&#x201A;( Ăł Heb. lacks to ZionL:ĂŹ c* Ĺ Ă&#x2030;Ă&#x152;t~ Ăľ/Gd qn ´Ă&#x2026; Š7Ĺ z Ă°Ă&#x192; Âť kZ Ă&#x152;~ ]g â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ĂŁ Zâ&#x20AC;ĄĂ?Z t â&#x201E;˘| (,Ă? Ć&#x2019; ď&#x20AC;Ś gzZĂŹ 7 # L:ĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x201C;XĂŹ Ĺ Ăąx|Âť e~ kZ@' Z , Ă&#x2020;kZX 7Ă&#x152;~ ĂłklĂ&#x201E;ÂŻ LÂŞ!* zĹ g Z Ă Ć&#x2019; ~Ĺ Lb§Ă?ZX Ăł( 739â&#x201E;˘Ă&#x201D;Y 1958 â zg Ă&#x201D;klĂ&#x201E;ÂŻ )ĂŹ wĂŹ Âť]gc* i~ wĹ Ă&#x2020;kZ " HH 5F 5Ă&#x2019;E " káZ ) Ăłci 4ÂťG 5E .nIG +Z ezzĂ&#x;Z + Z Ă&#x201D;h +] .z *Ĺ ĂŽ0%** Ă&#x2021;' ,Ĺ&#x2019;ÂŞ!* !Zf Ă&#x152;â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x17D;çEE ĂŻi4F :ĂŹĂ&#x20AC;F, ~( Ăł The OT Books of Poetry from 26 Translations, 1973, p.334L In their heart the pilgrim-ways.
â&#x20AC;šZELX Ăł ZgĂ&#x2026; e ~wĹ Ă&#x2020;yQ LÂŞ whose hearts are :( 441â&#x201E;˘)ĂŹ ~óª!*
I4Ă&#x201C;h$E ~Ĺ s M èEjG ZR, E} Z LX Ăł Ă?6, VĆ&#x2019;Zg Ă&#x2026; e , Ă&#x192;Ă&#x2026;XLÂŞset on the pilgrim-ways! James Moffatt, A New Translation of the Bible (London: Hadder and Stoughton, óª!*
aĂ&#x2020;e LÂŞSet out on pilgirmage.:ĂŹ 6,334â&#x201E;˘~ Ltd., at St.Paul's House, 1941) Who have set their hearts on pilgrimage. :ĂŹ ~ ( NIV) Ă&#x2014; Ăł gz DĂ&#x161;ZELX Ăł } 7,^
Ă?Z Âť 84gĂą' Ă&#x2014; ĂŹ C Ă&#x2122; ÂŞs â&#x201E;˘Ă? kZ :ĂŹ Ăł Ă°Ă&#x17D; Ă&#x; Ă&#x2026; e~ VĂ&#x;Ĺ LZ ä V2 LÂŞ
XĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x17E;ĂłeLqçù
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†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
-4E ´ .-H :ì HV- ÀF, »kZ6,707™ä( CEV) ó×gz‹Z ~k , çF L You bless all who depend on you for their strength and all who deeply desire to visit your temple.
G ' Å«}g é£+ gzZ D™ ‚z½6,?aÆ]¸KZ ƒD™wi** ',6,ƒ • yZ ? X n pgzig Mh +”Å]g c* i
XìƒûLÒ7E uu Z VŒÂ» y ó =gLzZXì™f»„óeLÌ(kS ì@* ƒ" $U* ÐkZ G-4$ :ì Hg ÖZ»} ZgkZ(kZä( 326:4)‚ ó Å~{ ðG3Ÿ GL 1C3
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
Our way to heaven lies through a valley of Baca, but even that may be made a well if we make due improvement of the comforts God has provided for the pilgrims of the heavenly city.
Ôì Y Y c* ¯ VZ.q -Z ÌV;z pÔì @* g¦ /™ƒÐ ~ • ~Š Zz q -Z 3 Zg » ¼ A Zg ø ( Væq) +], ZiƼ A çLX=\IkZ ä0 + zZ} . ,Šx Zu9! Û » ¹F, ÅV3‚ M yZëªÆ X Åë Z! Û aÆ
:ì ˆÅs # Ÿz6, 612:2‚ ó ÅxŠ MgzZ}¤ /L 1C4
To such a one, whose soul is athirst for God, the valley of Baca becomes a well, while the hot rock pours out its streams of blessing.
ÔaÆ¿, Z • „Š Zz Âì ˜^Y ~0 +~½• ',ÅkZÐ y" c ¬gzZx¤ /Z # Xì CY0VZ.q -ZÔì Ï\ Å0 + zZ} .bzgÅT
Xì ˆÅÏ?åÅ‚fÆl+], Zi~p ÖZyZ $ 1C5 4hIF :ì ~628™ª!*(Peshitta) éG 5G They have passed through the valley of weeping [the word 'weeping' shows that the actual word here was 'Baca', because its meaning, if not taken as a proper noun, is 'weeping'], and have made it a dwelling place; the Lawgiver shall cover it with blessings.
Ôì ó•L ãZ‡ÝZ VŒ ì @* ™C Ù ª ó** zg LÂÿ ñ M ™g¦ /Ð ~ ~Š Zz Åäzg {z \ 1 ¯ ö;g } Y ÐZgzZ þ ‘ W „ ** zg pÆ kZ ÂñY c* Š: g Z Œ Û †cêL Z ÐZ¤ /ZèY "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 193 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e ', ÐZ qg X Ç}Š, $J eЕ á Xì
` Zg0 +Z ) ó~Öe gz7LX ósq Lì {z Ôì Zƒ w EZ  ãZ‡ÝZ 6,x £ kZ ~ ª!*1C6 :ZƒÈ »kZX óvÔ3Š »VñŠ M Ô]¸Ô` ¯q -ZL: pÆkZ ._Æ(39™Ô2428 Xì LgxW»+],Ziz` s~U 6Ôó D M t gŠt {zL ™Ô 6723` Zg0 +Z~ó~Öegz7LXì ó îQG 0MrLL{Š â »kS gzZì Âp!* -Z ¹Z óy ðG3rL 1C7 q : pÆkZ#Æ99
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to Parch; concretely a desert; - barren, dry (land, place), wilderness, solitary place.
X(Š !* W)gzZyZk , zÔy!* Òzõ ‘´)ÈÔ’:õ Z q -Z6, gîi;¨ Z Ô (( c*
9 Ò£NE Xìl 6Ôì Yƒ6,„õ Z c* (ÈÔ’Ôðƒ ög Ët :Z »kZÐ p ÒkZ
X 7„ gŠt :Z»kZ6, ([ZŠ á z!uËÜ zk ,
3rLL6,( 1022:2) The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the O.T Barren L: pÆóy ðG X ~h N { Š Hz[ W" Ô(’:ì È»kZ~zŠg ZX ó place, bare hill, " c* 5E 1ÒE :ì `gŠ~KÆóy ðG3rL~( 5421:4) ó é¹G be ¨ KZ L Gesenius and Lagarde derive from [a Hebrew word which means] 'to be dry,'. (....) It may be better however, to add zion to group Zin, Zenan, and Zoan, and to suppose Zion to be a descendent of the race-name 'Ishmael' through the intermediated form Zibeon.
J5E 45k8E G ÈL : pÆ T ïŠ g Z Œ Û fp â Ð Â ãZ‡q -Z ÐZ } eg ` dgzZ ø4G t gzZ ñY Hï á ~ \z¤ / Æy WzigzZ ybi Ô + iÃy= ǃt 4ë @* Ô (....) X ó** ƒ 0Ð Š ÑzZ Å ó³ Z Lx ** #ÐWZzƪ q ãxgŠ Å óyçi Ly= ñY 1™n! Û Xì
X 12íq6, zZÙ±52 :ì ˆÅs # Ÿz~( 612:2)‚ ó ÅxŠ MgzZ}¤ /L 1C8 The poet would rather be the humblest of the guests of Jehovah than dwell at "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 194 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e ease among the heathen.
/Ï0 + i ÅHB‚ÆVÃæ{z ì H² á » \¬vZ {z Ç}Š ßF, Ã]!* kZ6,äg Z ¦ X}g Z ¦ /Ï0 + iÆ0y¶+F, Hq -Z
{óÅx Z Z z ]³gŠ¾Ã óZ} .U {L ( x?Zm ŠóZZŠ ]| )² á ì @* ƒC Ù ªs ™Ð kZ Xì 8 ŠÐ $ 1C9 4hIF 5G : ‰KwEZp ÖZsfzgq(kZ6, 628™~(Peshitta) éG For the Lord God is our supply and our helper;
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.0 + zZ} .èY Xì ÑZz䙽b‚z…gzZg ÇŠæZg øZ}
X 84Ôg1iÔklƒÂ 2C0
X739™ÔY 1958Ôâ zgÔw0* Âs M ̂η,Ôklį 2C1
ôZ 2C2 Ô~Öe ‹Z iÓ) óxi 5Š%L pÆ Tì  » 'Servitor' VŒ ~ ~ m, ( 1345™ÔY 1989
23. The 7th Day Adventist Bible Com., 3:828. 24. Smith's Bible Dictionary, p.138. 25. The Bilbe: KJV-I Sam, 25:1.
X 21D 17:21÷Za ƒÂÔklƒÂ 2C6
27. 'From the Psalms in the Book of Common Prayer of the Anglican Church' (as quoted by OT Poetry 26 Translations, p. 334). 28. James Moffatt, A New Trans. of the Bible, quoted in OT Poetry 26 Tr, p. 334). 29. New English Bible, p. 441.
V2ì Š Z®Å fy Q çG.OcXÀF,»çG.Oc pÆT (Septuagint or 'LXX') ó~Š UL 3 C0 ã** - » (MT, i.e., Massoretic Text) QCZgzÆ ª!* t X å c* Š x Zux »t »3 F, ä X åŠ HH~tg\Z~y ZgzŠÆ[I~œ~uzŠgzZ ~Š ÔìÀF, Y xzÞ Â ì x ** »3 F, HÑ kZƪ!* t X x ¬ì È » (Vulgate) óïHG3½ÉzL 3 C1 "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 195 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
Y ì @* Y ¹akZ óïHG3½ÉzLÐ ZX åàÊ›0* ~Y 450 ãŒ Û t X å Hä (St Jerome) G X ¶ˆƒÝq)¬ ïG L 3ÅJÐZ 32. The 7th Day Adventist Bible Com., 3:828. 33. 7th Day Adventist Bible Dic. Revised. Ed., p. 114. 34. Harper's Bible Dic., p. 89. 35. William Smith, A Dic. of the Bible, p. 73. 36. Rev. James L. Dow, Collins Gem Dic. of the Bible, p. 54. 37. J. Hasting's Dictionary of the Bible Revised One Vol. Edn., p. 84. 38. J. Hastings, A Dictionary of the Bible, 1:230.
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39. Interpreter's Dic. of Bible, 1:338. 40. Jewish Encyclopaedia 2:415.
41. A New Commentary on Holy Scripture, p. 364. 42. Peake's Com. of Bible, p. 431.
43. Strong's Dic. of the Hebrew Bible, p. 21, entry No. 1056. 44. Strong's Dic. of the Hebrew Bible, p. 21, entry No. 1057. 45. Strong's Dic. of the Hebrew Bible, p. 21, entry No. 1058.
X 58D57íqÐ MÙ±5 4C6
X 402:10Ô( | 1300ÔgŠ ™g ZŠ :]zÛ) ó h†ÃÖ] á^ŠÖLÔgpZ0Z 4C7 Å Ô( Šg Z0 + ÍÔÀnZz; òG 5ÒÉt ç¸. Zg Z−Z :{C Ù i IÆZ£Z0·gµ1Z 4C8 Ù ØZ )ó èÇ×Ö] gm„³`iLÔ~C X 364D 463:9 X 67:1( Y 1972Ô! ²Z_ZnZY § Zg ZŠ :]zÛ) ó ¼n‰çÖ] ÜrÃÛÖ]L 4C9 4& Õä)ÐÉäZg ZŠ :]zÛ) ó ène†ÃÖ] |^v‘æ èÇ×Ö] t^³iL Ô ~C G Ô( Y 1984Ô èEG Ù œ ZŠ ×0³ Z 5C0 X 1576:4 :]zÛ) ó †nßÛÖ] |^f’ÛÖ] èÏm†› o× ¼nvÛÖ] ŒçÚ^ÏÖ] g³ni†³iLÔ~zZ²Z£ZC Ù ®Z f * ÆäNZ 5C 1 X 308:1Ô( Y 1979Ô îG 0.ЛÅZ^Zg ZŠ
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"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ on ‚ôÞ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 196 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
X 92™Ô( Y 2001Ô! ²Z_ZnZY § Zg ZŠÔ]zÛ) ó èÇ×Ö] ‹nm^ÏÚ ÜrÃÚLÔkg Ã0£Z 5C3 X 84™Ô( Y 2001Ô! ²Z_ZnZY § Zg ZŠÔ]zÛ) ó ànÃÖ] h^jÒLÔ£Z0YZ C54 „Ôl )Ô ó ä%m‚u æ †â‚Ö] ܳm‚³Î o³Ê ä³Ó³Ú …^³fì]LÔ ~y ÖZt GZ0·vZ†! Zx â ÑZ 5C5 E " Z G Xˆz282:2( Y 1987ÔîI 0G î~EAX-ÊZ X 293™ÔsZÔó ä%m‚u æ †â‚Ö] Üm‚Î oÊ äÓÚ …^fì]L 5C6 Xˆz96:3yZ/w M >gÎÔ*™y M Œ Û 5C7
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59. Enc. Biblica, 4:5421.
60. The Interpreter's Dic. of Bible, 4:959.
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†Òƒ ^Ò ó äÓe sôuL 6nÚ ó …çe‡L VÜa ‡^m h^e
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XĂŹ {Ăś M â&#x20AC;&#x161;{ĂŤq -Z Âť (Yahwistic, Priestly, and Elohistic)
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݇ ݇ ^m Äf‰ †ne V M! äÛnÛ•
-ZÐ kZÔì 0Ð}@ç q A ÃÆéVz%Ð kZ Xì x £ZÇ!* X 7mðÃB‚ÆkZ »TgzZì µZz6, Ât X óõ Z c* }iu ~h N gzZg Zû** Ô’Ô·zg' × )L :ì È » óy!* ÒL ( Š ) X 7p~½Æ kZtp¤ /ZÔì Zƒ wEZ Ì~ x|ÆŠó !* M)L Ui W~ ª!* kZ~ª!* ~ m, ôZXìgó !* æL{zÔì ZƒwEZ ÂãZ‡ÝZ aÆy!* Ò~ª!* 'Desert'
 c* gzZì Š HHÐ ( y!* Ò)
'Wilderness'
  c* ÀF,»g !* æ  ãZ‡
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[ÂwEZ~x|Æóx £Š !* M)gzZ·zg' × )L» gó !* æLÂkZ~ª!* XÐ (õ Z ) $ :ìC Ù ªÐ¿kZÆ{ G é5šiG Yet the defenced city shall be desolate , and left like a wilderness [in Hebrew 'midbar']
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ëN´} ZîXì Zƒ wEZ ÌaÆ ä™ ZŠ Z x|}uzŠ¼ Ât ~ ª!* "c* 5E 1ÒE :ì @* ™ãZz~ó é¹G be ¨ KZ L( Stanley A. Cook) The English word 'desert' ordinarily means a sterile sandy plain without vegetation and water-a 'sea of sand' such as, e.g., parts of the Sahara. This is not the meaning of the Hebrew word. No desert of this kind was known to Israel either before or after the occupation of Canaan. (…) midbar; AV 'desert,' RV 'wilderness'; (…). It is commonly employed to denote the wilderness of wanderings, which itself is a mountainous region, (…). The most prominent is that which was the scene of the wandering of Israel. It is commonly called ham-Midbar; (…), and with this agrees the circumstance that it is only in the later writings that the horror and lonesomeness of the 'wilderness' is referred to (e.g., Dt. 8:15). C38
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Ă&#x2026; LZuZ Âľ t :Z Âť kZ 6,gĂŽx ÂŹ X ( ...) X Âť Ăły!* Ă&#x2019;L~ ( Ă&#x2014;gz {â&#x20AC;? ĂŁU* Ă&#x192;) R.V ~Ĺ gâ Ăľ Z Ă&#x2026;LZuZ ÂľX ( ...)XĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;´ ~h N q -ZĹ p]Z& + Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ * @Y H6,~Ĺ gâþ Z kZ Ă&#x152;]gĂ&#x;tgzZ Ă&#x201D; ( ...) XĂŹ @* Y šg !* ĂŚ x q6,gĂŽx ÂŹ&ĂŹ ĂŤ Z šg !* ĂŚ 0Ă? !Zj Âť Ă°Ă&#x2039;gzZ Ă&#x2026; +pĂ&#x2026;y!* Ă&#x2019;~X â&#x20AC;&#x17E; , k , â&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă ZzË&#x2020;ÂĄt ĂŹ B bg â&#x20AC;&#x153; _Ă? X ( 15:8]Z[Ă&#x201A; })ĂŹ
-8EĂĽ ) ~ *Ĺ )** Ă&#x201A; ~ m, Ă´Z ( ._Ă&#x2020; W Z F,~ m, Ă´Z {â&#x20AC;? ĂŁU* Ă&#x192;gzZ çE,G Ă&#x2021; Ă&#x2020;gĂł !* ĂŚ LĂ&#x201A;tĂť% Ăł256LĂ? ~ kZ XĂŹ ZĆ&#x2019; wEZĂť% ( 270),Ă&#x17D;zĹ 'Wilderness'
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p Ă&#x2013;Z ZaĂ&#x2020; x|kZ~( *Ĺ )** Ă&#x2021; ) ÂŞ!* ĂŁ Zâ&#x20AC;ĄXĂŹ c* M 6,gĂŽĂ&#x2020;3 F, Ă?Ć&#x2019; ď&#x20AC;Ś Ă&#x201A; aĂ&#x2020;Ăľ Z gzZ y!* Ă&#x2019;X ( {)z[ ZuĂ&#x201D;/Zy ď&#x20AC;Ľ Ă&#x201D;Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A;Ă&#x201D;yĂą7 Ă&#x201D;/²Ă&#x201D;g !* ĂŚ }) c* MĂť%Ăł269L~*Ĺ )** Ă&#x2021;t~x|kZgzZĂŹ Ă&#x201A;Âťâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;gĂł !* ĂŚL{zĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;wEZ {Ĺ c* i gzZ q -ZaĂ&#x2020; y!* Ă&#x2019; X ( ~ pĂ&#x2020;Ăľ Z Ăť% 13gzZ ~ pĂ&#x2020; y!* Ă&#x2019;Ăť% 256) XĂŹ gzZ~pĂ&#x2020;y!* Ă&#x2019;Ăť%5)ĂŹ ZĆ&#x2019;wEZĂť%Ăł59L~ĂŁ çZ Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ/Ăł ²LĂ&#x201A;ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;Ą oXĂŹ ĂŞĹ x|Âť}i&gi)gzZâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;q -Z Ă&#x201A;t Âť /Ăł ²LX ( {)z~pĂ&#x2020;Ăľ Z Ăť%8 Ă&#x152;p Ă&#x2013;Z ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;Ą}uzĹ Ăť%Ĺ ÂźaĂ&#x2020;y!* Ă&#x2019;Ă&#x201A;kZXĂŹzz¸ Ă&#x152;Ă&#x2026;ä7,x ** Âť[² Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ ZĆ&#x2019;wEZ Ă&#x201A; ~]g â&#x20AC;&#x17E;kZVĹ&#x2019;X ( {)zyĂą7Ă&#x201D;Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A;}) ĂąĆ&#x2019;wEZ XĂŹgĂł !* ĂŚL{z Ă&#x161;+egzZ m, S Z ÂŞ!* Wz6,(shemaryahu Talmun) y>@* Ć&#x2019;c* ÂŻ Ă´=Ă&#x2026; kZ 4$Ć&#x2019; s M 4E 5G 2G .H Ă&#x2020; yQ XĂŹ Ă&#x2026; ~ Ăł WildernessLĂĄÂŁ LZ ä zk ,Ă&#x201D;;gE- ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;ĄĂ&#x201D;çE G :ĂŹtx|ÂťkZ ._ (â&#x20AC;Ś) to arid or semiarid areas which are not suited for permanent settlement but in part can be utilized as pasture lands for small stock. (â&#x20AC;Ś.). In the majority of occurrences, 'wilderness' carries negative overtones, referring to parched, inhospitable, and dangerous places. (â&#x20AC;Ś.). No trees or "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 204 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘ other vegetation grow in this barren void, and no husbanded animals or civilized men live there. Anyone who ventures into this wilderness suffers hunger and thirst. (â&#x20AC;Ś). This wilderness is synonymous with utter distress, a place cut off from life. (â&#x20AC;Ś). The Mesopotamian, for which Arabian desert lay to the W, where the sun sets, identified the wilderness as the area which leads to the nether [in a lower place or position] world. This idea appears to be reflected in scriptures in which midhbar, `arabha, semama contrast with the Garden of Eden, the source of life and abundant growth . C39
Ă&#x201D;DĆ&#x2019;7VziĂąaĂ&#x2020;Ăś;gx ĂŹĂ? V¸´Ă&#x2C6;4c* Ă&#x2C6;( mÂťkZ ) Ă&#x2019;Z X ( ...) X M h Ć&#x2019; wEZ 6,gĂŽĂ&#x2020; {Ă&#x2021; Zl ď&#x20AC;Ľa Ă&#x2020; Vzh- g Lg Lgp
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
u** çgzZg ZĂ?lp ** ĂąĆ&#x2019;ÂŤĹ Z%Ă? kZgzZĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;ĂŻq Âťx|ty!* Ă&#x2019;~ VĂ&#x201A;gĂ&#x; :gzZ L Z Vc* !~uzĹ c* # gĹ Ă&#x201A;:~ĂŞ y Zk | , z Ă&#x201D;â&#x20AC;&#x2122;, ZX ( ...)X DĆ&#x2019;]â ÂŁ ~ y!* Ă&#x2019; kZ Ă°Ă&#x192; X M h â&#x201E;˘g(Z Ăś;g VĹ&#x2019; y¨ KZ [v c* h- gĂ&#x2020; Vzgâ Y p0* Ă&#x2020;â&#x20AC;&#x17E;nĂĽy!* Ă&#x2019;tX ( ...)X Ă?} 7, Ă&#x;ĂąĂ&#x2026;k\ gzZuĂ&#x2C6;Ă?ZĂ&#x201D;}â&#x201E;˘]P` ď&#x20AC;ĽĂ&#x2026;äY #7â&#x20AC;şX ( ...)XĂŹ Ă°Ć&#x2019;Ă?Ă&#x2021;!* -H Ă&#x201D;vĂ&#x;Ă&#x2020; G ĂŠ5.G Ă? Ă?0 + i ĂŹ(+Zq -ZtgzZĂŹ sĹ ZĂĄ (Zq -ZĂ&#x192;y!* Ă&#x2019;kZĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;[zž`gĂ&#x17D;VË&#x153;ĂŹ ÂľZz~[f[²}Ăľ Z aĂ&#x2020;X ~`Ă´Ă&#x2026;tĂ&#x192;kZ ĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;xÂĽXĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x161; rgmĂ? *Ĺ ( Ă&#x152;Ĺ Z ) K ¸ï Ĺ g ZĹ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A;¸ Ă?0 + i ĂŹ Ĺ HH7~ÂŤÂŁĂ&#x2020;y°Ÿ !* )vgzZ/²Ă&#x201D;g !* ĂĽ$LVË&#x153; ĂŹ Ĺ ĂąĂ??Ă&#x152; E M ZzZ XĂŹ*uÂťg ZzZagzZ Ăşz Ă°iI$V Ă&#x203A; gzZ
GLĹĄEĂ&#x2026;Ă?Z :ĂŹ H(W.L. Reed) i +gsZXĂ&#x161;e~ÂŞ!* ĂŻ The translation of several different words [he has written here in Heb. script: Midbar, Yasheemon, `arabah, etc.]; often used interchangeably with "DESERT." An accurate translation is difficult, because the so-called wilderness regions included arid and semiarid territory as well as sandy desert, rocky plateaus, pasture lands, and desolate mountain terrain. Such regions existed in Canaan and beyond its E and S borders. C40
ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;Ąp Ă&#x2013;ZĂ&#x2020;{)z/²Ă&#x201D;yĂą7 Ă&#x201D;g !* ĂĽL$ä kZ VĹ&#x2019;Ăż Ă&#x20AC;F,Âťp Ă&#x2013;Z ZĂ? š Ă&#x2021;!* XĂŹ ZĆ&#x2019; wEZâ&#x201E;˘w$ +wĹ ZBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020; Ăž DesertĂż óþ Z LĂ&#x201A; Ă&#x2019;Z :Ăž â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;~ Z Ă&#x152;g "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 205 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
݇ ݇ ^m Äf‰ †ne V M! äÛnÛ•
G" gŠ „ Ôõ Z õÑ5G gÔ VèÈ4gzZ È º´ ã!* Ò Š .x * *tèYÔì ¹ÀF, kZgzZ~ysê,ZX DƒŒ6, ÷~h N Š !* M"gzZVƒÇ Zl ÔE%Rã" X¸Š ñ}6,ÐVzuu! †gzZ¹æÅ
\ :ì ~ª!* ¹Å(Smith) ôG-. MIDBAR. (…). It is most frequently used for those tracts of waste land which lie beyond the cultivated ground, C41
·zg' × ì @* ƒwEZaÆVz•y ZÆ}iŠ !* M"6,gîx ¬Ât ( ...)g!* æ
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X VƒµZz™? Ø Ð }i
:ì ˆÅ# sŸz~óª!* ¹Å6, g ;L
Wilderness, a desolate or deserted area devoid of civilization. One Hebrew word above all others is used for "wilderness," or "desert," in the OT: midbar, indicating both "that which is desolate and deserted" and "that which is beyond," i.e., beyond the limits of settlement and therefore of government control, perceived by both city dwellers and villagers as being essentially disorderly and dangerous, the home of wild beasts and savage wandering tribes. In time of war or repression refugees would flee to the midbar; (….). Midbar was for them, as "wilderness" was originally in English, the wild, alarming wasteland, where men and women find themselves bewildered and disoriented. C42
Xƒ: y¶ Kz x ** ðà » d $ V˜Ô¸yZk , zgzZŠ !* M" q -Z þ Wildernessÿ y!* Ò {Š c* iÐp ÖZƒ }uzŠÆx|kZÂãZ‡q -ZaÆõ Z c* y!* Ò~*Š î0%** Ç ªì ó }6, {zLgzZ ì ó h YZgzZŠ !* M " {zLÂt Xgó !* æL:ì {zgzZ :ì @* ƒ w EZ Å ãçVâzŠ yZ Ôì Ñ!* ÌÐ wzNÆ # Ö Óa kZgzZ }6,Ð Šzu Å ~Š !* M Bu** çgzZgD » $ +Ð Z „ VâzŠ Ô}°!* CŒŠgzZ ~àXì @* ™{g á Z s§ +¦ /{C~VâŠÆg ZMZ: Óªc* B Xƒ#»bD{gZz M 1gzZVzgâ Y“z k ôZ b§TX (...)X D YƒgZ Û s§Åg!* ækZ 6,gî~Š ã Có WildernessL» ~m, y.6,zyZªÃ\ M LZ'gúgzZŠ%V˜ì @*MaÆ}ih YZ u** çgzZ “z +Z "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 206 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
X ĂĽĂ&#x201A;Âťg !* ĂŚaĂ&#x2020;( Š¡)yZ b§Ă?ZĂ&#x201D;,â&#x201E;˘kCZĆ&#x2019;ĂŞ ?gzZ
kZ Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ Ĺ HHwEZaĂ&#x2020;Ăły!* Ă&#x2019;h YQ L~ ÂŞ!* gĂł !* ĂĽ$LLĂ&#x201A; ĂŹ Ă&#x2C6; ÂťkZ N G" ĂśĂ?ÂŽĂ?yZgĂ&#x192;gzZ #Ă&#x203A;Ă&#x2C6; !* Ă&#x2019; ĂŹ x ÂŁâ&#x20AC;&#x153; ď&#x20AC;Ś Âť. Ă&#x17E; â&#x20AC;Ą** Ă&#x201D;Ĺ !* M" Ă&#x201D; Ă&#x2022;ä5G g Ă&#x201D; ~h N q -ZĹ Z%Ă? XĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x161; rgšx 4C3
4C4
ĂłV Z. Âť] â&#x20AC;&#x161; L( 1) : pÂľ Z Âľ ZzĹ 6,gĂŽ~½Ă&#x2020;kZĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ Ă&#x201A;p!* -Z#Ă&#x203A; ( { ) q 4C5
Ă? M Ă?ÂŽĂ&#x2020;x?Zm Âł Z]|gzZ {` ď&#x20AC;Ľ; ]| #Ă&#x203A; {zX ĂłVZ. Âť Ă&#x2021; c* Ă&#x2022; L ( 2 )gzZ
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0Ă? Ă&#x2022;Ă&#x2020;o ! ZĂ&#x201C; ĂĄ gzZx?Zm Z',Z]| gzZĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019; qzĂ&#x2018;~22e $ M Ă&#x2026;[ !* kZ 4C 6
XĂŹ Z 7,x ** tÂťkZĂ?zzĂ?ZgzZĂŹ ĂłV Z. ÂťĂ&#x2022; L{zĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ
P~sfXĂŹ Š°¡_Âť #Ă&#x203A;0Ă? Ăł,.Ă&#x2020;Ă&#x2021; L~s Z¤ /ZckZ ( z) YEH 4X3 {â&#x20AC;?ĂŁU* Ă&#x192;Ă&#x2026;ĂŚEž54hGX DĆ&#x2019;" $U* p}uzĹ tĂ?X DYK7]â&#x20AC;&#x161;½ZĂŤZ :ĂĽx ÂŁ(Zq -Zt ĂŹ Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;# sŸz~~Ă&#x2013;eÂŞ!* Ă Zz¢q -Z Where he [Abraham] made a covenant with Abimelech, from which the place is alleged to take its name ('well of the covenant," according to one interpretation). C47
ĂŹ @* Y šĂ&#x201D;Ă? TĂ&#x201D;ĂĽ H{@çq -ZĂ? o ! Z Ă&#x201C; ĂĄ ä Ăž Ă° Z' , Z ]|Ăż kZ VË&#x153; ( VZ. ÂťĂ&#x2021; )X Z 7, x* *tÂťkZĂ&#x201D;
YEH 4X3 E ž :ĂŹ Ĺ HHyĂ&#x2019;~óª!* s M ~Ă&#x2013;eĂŚ 54hGZL
It (â&#x20AC;Ś) received its name ('Well of the oath') as having been the place, marked by a well, where Abraham entered into covenant with Abimelech, king of Gerar (Gn 21:31 E). C48
Vc* ĂşĂ&#x2026;TÂś(+Zq -ZtèYĂ&#x201D;Ĺ H7,a kZ ( VZ. ÂťĂ&#x2022; ) x * *t ( ...) Âť kZ H{@çq -ZBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020;o ! Z { ĂĄ Ĺ !* Ă&#x2020;gZ` ď&#x20AC;ĽĂ¤ Ă° Z' , Z Ăž ]|Ăż VË&#x153; ĂĽVZ.q -Z ]!* X ( } ZX 31:21áZa ) ĂĽ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 207 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
5! .ÂżG :._Ă&#x2020;~çEE about 28 mi S [according to the Interpreter's Dic. of the Bible "SW" (1:375)] of Hebron; C49
.;t ~Ăž [f[â&#x20AC; ._Ă&#x2020;Ăł~Ă&#x2013;eiĂą6, Ă&#x161;Z LĂż[â&#x20AC; ĂŠKVZ ã½Ă?yzçE XĂŹ ÂľZz
.;Ăž ÂľZz6,A Ă&#x192;Ă&#x2020; Êä~ [â&#x20AC; Ă&#x2020; zk ,( ĂŹ @* Y šYZ [ Z&) yzçE 0 .;t X5CĂŹ xBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020; {g â&#x20AC;&#x161; ~ç ÂŤKZ äx?Zm Z', Z ]|VË&#x153; ĂŹ({z yzçE
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
kZ KZ~ #Ă&#x203A;Bâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020;Vzh-gĹ Z²ZM LZâ&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; z Ă&#x2019;Z CZ {zpĂ&#x201D;ÂśĂ&#x2026;g (Z Ăś;g Ă&#x2026;ÂŞ!* X ( 15:20áZa [ Ă&#x201A; ) ÂśĂ&#x2026;7äo! ZšZ ¸Dâ&#x201E;˘ HsĂ&#x153;6,}i Ă&#x2026;6, g ;L}X Âś{ Ă&#x2021; Zl ď&#x20AC;ĽĆ&#x2019; ď&#x20AC;Ś o~(, -ZaĂ&#x2020;Vzh-gt ĂŹk q , â&#x20AC;&#x2122;]!* t~V- Ă&#x2013;e :ĂŹ ~Ăł~Ă&#x2013;eÂŞ!*
The Beer-sheba plain with its ample winter pasturage is well suited for seminomadic living; thus it served as the principal homestead of Israel's patriarchs. C51
$.aĂ&#x2020; Ă?0 e +i: ĂĄ z$+: { 4yZy Âť #Ă&#x203A; Ă?zz Ă&#x2026;VĆ&#x2019;Ă&#x2021; Zl ď&#x20AC;ĽĂ°Ă˘u Wz KZ X ĂĽĂŞĹ x Âť Âťxg Ă&#x192; ZgiĂŤ Z} (,q -ZtaĂ&#x2020;!* M vg), Ă&#x2020;LZu Z b§kZĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ VziĂą
kZX ĂĽo Z Ă&#x203A; !* kv~TÂś~Ĺ Zz[ ZĹ ĂĄ z!uq -Zt ĂŹ Hkz',pZ DpZ :â&#x20AC;°Ĺ ĂąVc* Ĺ !* M Ă&#x2026;Vâ ¨ KZ Ă&#x152;~[I{g ZD Ă&#x2122; ĂĽa~ On both sides of the Beer-sheba valley, in the Negeb, there is evidence of human settlement going back to the Chacolithic Age (later fourth millennium BC). (â&#x20AC;Ś.). The Beer-sheba valley and its neighborhood were frequented by pastoralists like Abraham because the water-table was sufficiently high to be tapped by the digging of wells. C52
E B+ s§VâzĹ Ă&#x2020;#Ă&#x203A;â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ Zz~ ĂŻEE xt {g ZD Ă&#x2122; ĂĽa) Ăž Chacolithic AgeĂżĂ&#x2021;Ă&#x2020;Ă&#x2020;@* ~Ĺ Zz X ( ...) XĂŹ Ĺ Ăą]Ĺ Ă&#x17E;Ă&#x2026;V- Ĺ !* M 㨠KZ Ă&#x152;~ äâ i *Ĺ â&#x20AC;°Ă&#x201D; ( gzĹ ~y ď&#x20AC;ĽM Âť "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 208 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
RĂ&#x2026; ĂŁ0* VĹ&#x2019;èYĂ&#x201D;¸ Dâ&#x201E;˘ c* M Ă&#x2019;ZĂŹ Zzl ď&#x20AC;Ľâ&#x20AC;°Ă° Z' , Z~g Z z[Ĺ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; Ă&#x2020;kZgzZ #Ă&#x203A; X ĂĽYYĂ&#x2018;ĂŻĂŁâ&#x20AC;&#x161; 7 ĂŁ0* â&#x201E;˘Ĺ Ă&#x2026;N. Âśâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;J -u°âZ
YEH 4X3 E ž i Z0 +Z Ă?Z Ă&#x152;ÂŞ ď&#x20AC;¨q {Ĺ ĂąĂ&#x2026; kZ (E. Hull) I ~ Z ~ óª!* s M ~Ă&#x2013;e ĂŚ 54hGL
:ĂŹ @* â&#x201E;˘yĂ&#x2019;~ The soil in the valleys where there is some moisture is exceedingly rich, and is rudely cultivated by the fellahin, who succeed in producing fine crops of wheat and barley. In the tracts around Beer-sheba the Bedawin find ample pasturage for their flocks and herds, which towards evening assemble in crowds around the wells as they did three thousand years ago. C53
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Sarah, whose name means 'princess' in Hebrew, was the wife of Abraham and mother of Isaac. She accompanied Abram from Ur to Canaan (Gen 12-23) and pretended to be Abram.'s sister before Pharaoh in Egypt and Abimelech in Gerar, since her beauty and their desire for her might have endangered Ab.'s life. Pharaoh took her as his wife, and Abrm. prospered, but when the truth was revealed, Pharaoh banished them both. Long barren, she eventually gave birth to Isaac in her old age, fulfilling God's promise that she would be the ancestor of nations (Gen 17.16). She died at the age of 127 in Kiriath-arba."
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E :ĂŹ Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;s # Ÿzb§kZĂ&#x2026;ys~325:1Ăł~Ă&#x2013;eâ&#x20AC;šZ eçiÂązZR, g ĂĄ EL 2C Ancient name of western Palestine, promised in the OT and Hebrew Scriptures to the children of Israel (Exod. 3:17 etc.).
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IE 45_ iĂ&#x201C;L 3 C :ĂŹ s # Ÿz~1115â&#x201E;˘Ă&#x201D;Y 1998Ă&#x201D;Ăł~Ă&#x2013;eâ&#x20AC;šZ ĂżhG Z A mother weans her baby when she gradually stops feeding it with milk from her breast and gives it increasing amounts of other kinds of food.
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E : Ë&#x153; (R.E. Murphy)°%~ Zg MgzZ(R.J. Clifford )eçĂ&#x2019;ÂŽZg M The age of weaning was three years. ( The New Jerome Biblical Com., ed RE Brown, etc, Bangalore: TPI, 1994, p.24) :
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We are told of the birth of Isaac (v v. 1-7). On the occasion of the festival which was held perhaps two or three years later.
k QX ( 7D 1 ]c* M )ĂŹ Ĺ Hc* C 0Ă&#x2020; áZa Ă&#x2026;Ă° t GZ Ăž ~ 21 [!* áZa Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A; Ăż â&#x20AC;Ś X œð Ă°4NXĂ&#x201A;Ë&#x2020;wâ&#x20AC;&#x161;&c* zĹ h + ĂĄ 6, ¾ùĂ&#x2020;d $½Þ Ă&#x2026;äZr|Ĺ zĹ ĂżĂ&#x2026;
:( 301â&#x201E;˘)ĂŹ @* CV $Zz} Z Ă?Z~wĂ? Z¢Ă&#x2026;kS It was not fully weaned for two or three years.
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ä+ÂŹĂ&#x2020;ÂŞ!* XĂŹ @* 0* gZĹ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; g ÂąZ. Ă&#x17E; â&#x20AC;Ą** Ă&#x2021;!* §ZztäZr|Ĺ zĹ ~Ă?zgĂ&#x2026;]** Ă&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2026;xzĂ&#x17E; XĂŹ HkCĂ&#x192;Š§kS Ă&#x152; ( Eugene H. Maly) à â Ă?Z ĂĽ- ~ ÂŞ!* :ĂŹ q ( 6, 22â&#x201E;˘)~â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2026;áZa [Ă&#x201A;
From 17:25 and 21:8 we can deduce that Ishmael would be about 16 years old, which clashes with the present account (cf. vv. 14-17).
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LZĹ p{z t ĂŠE C²XN ,â&#x201E;˘ĂŹâ&#x20AC;ĄĂ&#x192;s ÂťZ ~ÂĄĂ&#x2020;0 + zZ} .~]tâ&#x20AC;şzu~g7KZgzZâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;h 3Z G gZĹ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A;â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ď&#x20AC;Ś gĹ Ă&#x152;b§Ă&#x2039;Ă&#x192;ĂľzO ¢ Ă&#x2018;!* zgqakS Ă&#x201D;,ŠäĆ&#x2019;Âż6,VAÂťZ" +Z~ y ]|Ă? zÂĽ Ă&#x2026;VĂ&#x;Ă&#x;Z xĂ&#x201C;Ă&#x2020; ]Zz)gzZ sÂťZx?ZmÂł Z ]|gzZ Y Y c* Ĺ 7 šZgzZ¸d WĹ&#x2019; Uãâ â&#x20AC;ĄgzZ Ă&#x2021;Ă&#x2020;yQĂ?{` ď&#x20AC;Ľ;]|~ç^ ,YĂ&#x2026;yQĂ&#x2020;x?Zm Z' , Z Ă&#x2020;k Q ä ~g â&#x20AC;&#x161; ~ç Ă&#x2026;x Z', Z [Z Âż L Ă&#x2020;ÂŞ!* X¸ Ă?q t ÂŁx Ă&#x201C;Ă&#x2020;äĆ&#x2019; g Câ&#x20AC; U :ĂŹ Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;s # Ÿzsfzgq~óª!* ~SZĂŚ LĂ&#x2026; ¸ Ăł Ă&#x192;: aĂ°Ă&#x192;a
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In the world of the OT, infertility caused great distress (see 25:21). At that time, the woman was always blamed. When a woman was not able to conceive a child, her husband might divorce her. (p. 33).
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ÂŚĂ&#x2018;gzZ ãâ â&#x20AC;ĄĂ&#x2026;x?Zm Z', Z]|{z Ă&#x201A;c* Ĺ Ă&#x20AC;Ă&#x192;x?ZmÂł Z ]|ä {` ď&#x20AC;Ľ; ]|Z # ( 2) GG3OE "$ šQ ĂŹ YĂ&#x2C6;â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ¿ï +gzZ s ÂťZ" Ă°Ă&#x192;]!* t gzZâ&#x20AC;°~ç ^ ,Y Ă&#x2021;!* Ă?pĂ&#x2019; Ă&#x20AC; X Âś:Ă?qwĂ&#x2026;äĆ&#x2019;~ç Ăż)O $ ĂĽĂ&#x2026;äĆ&#x2019;0 + i Ă&#x203A; Âťx?Zm Z', Z ]|Ă&#x192;x?ZmÂł Z ]| ĂŹ Ĺ ĂŁ C" Ă&#x2021;!* òúŠt ( 3) I òZg ~ }Ă&#x2018;çuçl!N{z X¸9Ă&#x2020; \ÂŹvZx?Zm Z' , Z ]|X Âś: Ă?q w aĂ&#x2020; äâ&#x201E;˘spĂ&#x192;xĂ&#x17D;g: Ă&#x201C;ÂŞx Ă&#x201C;+ZĂ&#x201A;{zĂ&#x2030; Ă&#x201D;¸:Ă&#x2C6;0* t sĂ&#x153;:Ă&#x2020; xĂ&#x17D;g: Ă&#x201C;ÂŞ X ,â&#x201E;˘Ă&#x2019;Ă&#x192;Ă&#x2026;%$ +Ă&#x192;xĂ&#x17D;gyZ {z ¸Ă&#x2C6;0* Ă&#x2020;]!* kS gzZ¸ùĆ&#x2019;_ÂŹ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 226 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
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:ĂŹ Ă&#x2026; b§kZ# sŸzĂ&#x2026; ¾ùkS ( 6, 24â&#x201E;˘) äóª!* â&#x20AC;&#x161;xzĂ&#x17E;E~Ĺ L 5C with her son Isaac: This phrase seems to have dropped out of the MT by haplography [the inadvertent writing once, of what should have been written twice (Chambers Dic., 1995, p.762)]; the phrase is preserved by the LXX and the Vg.
{gĂ? äĆ&#x2019; `gĹ p Ă&#x2013;Zt Ă? t~ QCZgz ĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;t xÂĽ:Bâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020;t GZ d W LZ Y X pĂ´gzZĹ Ăąp Ă&#x2013;Zt~óïHG3½Ă&#x2030;zgLzZ3 Ăł F, ~Ĺ UĂ&#x2020; L ÂŞ!* ²Ă&#x201D; â&#x20AC;°
p Ă&#x2013;Ztb§kS gzZĹ HĆ&#x2019;wĆ&#x2019;fÂźĂ?5¸Ă&#x2020;ÂŞ!* 6, x ÂŁkS ĂŹ@* Ć&#x2019;C Ă&#x2122; ÂŞĂ?kS X 7]!* ĂŁrZĂ°Ă&#x192;Vâ&#x201E;˘Ă&#x2026; b§kZ~ÂŞ!* X â&#x20AC;° {gĂ?äĆ&#x2019;`gĹ ~Q
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&â&#x20AC;ĄNgzZq XĂŹ ĂŽ<E â&#x20AC;°Ă&#x201A;ĂżLE -Z 0Ă&#x2020;k Q Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ Ĺ HH Ăł** Z h Z t Zè( L kS Ă&#x20AC;F,Âť Ă&#x201A;T -ZĂ&#x2020;V/VâzĹ pXĂŹ @~! ² ĂŹ Ă&#x201A;â&#x20AC;&#x17E;ztĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ t+b +mĂ&#x201A;t~ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;Ą q kS Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ 7sĂŚ:MÂť n~QZ szwĂ&#x2020; kS gzZ y!* i ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;Ą ĂŹg wĂŹX ÂŤ ÂŞ â&#x20AC;&#x17E; p Ă&#x2013;Z ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;ĄĂ&#x2020;ÂŞ!* Ă&#x2026;8 -z7LXĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;wEZ â&#x20AC;&#x17E;swÂť Ăłm L~ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;Ą6,¾ùĂ&#x2020;Ăłn La : â&#x20AC;°bĹ pĂ&#x2020;kS ~( 99â&#x201E;˘) 6711`g Z0 +Z~óšĂ&#x2026;
to laugh outright (in merriment or scorn); by impl. to sport:* laugh, mock, play, make sport.
SG X ** â&#x201E;˘ ô¸Ă&#x201D; oĂ&#x201D; ** Zm ď&#x20AC;ĽĂŹĂ&#x201D; ÂŤĂ&#x201D; oĂŽG !) :( Ă?]Ă?c* Ć&#x2019;Ă?Ă&#x2122;p{Zp ) ÂŤqĂ&#x153;
G-E 4ÂąY (6, 139â&#x201E;˘)~â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ăł h +] .q -Z Ă&#x201D; {Zg Ă&#x201A;~Ĺ LĂ&#x2026; (Gunther Plaut) ^ Ăś ç¥ ĂŹzz ¸
:ĂŹ Ĺ HH b§kSĂ&#x20AC;F,ÂťkS Sarah saw the son, whom Hagar the Egyptian had borne to Abraham, playing.
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It has been translated "mocking," "sporting," "playing," and "making sport." There is no good reason here to introduce the idea of mocking. What Ishmael was doing does not matter so much as the fact that it infuriated Sarah. Perhaps she simply could not bear to see her son playing with Ishmael as with an equal. Or it may be that green-eyed jealousy took full control. Sarah may have feared that Abraham, out of love for Ishmael, would give the older lad the prominent place in the inheritance.
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Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
ĂĄZjĂ&#x2020;x?Zm Z', Z ]|aĂ&#x2020;ä0* Ăşzâ&#x20AC;şgzZ lgz6, ~ wj â { Ă&#x20AC; 0* -ZgzZaĂ&#x2020; q sfzgq 6Ă&#x201D;H76,gĂŽĂ&#x2020;OšZ Ă&#x2020;Ă&#x2018;q -Z ä 5¸Ă&#x2020;ÂŞ!* X ĂĽH :ĂŹC Ă&#x2122; ÂŞĂ?k½Z That Hagar appears as a slave-woman is a necessary consequence of the theory on which the Hebrew myth is based, the notion being that Ishma'el was of inferior origin. (Enc. Biblica, p. 1933).
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According to the Midrash (Gen. R. xlv.), Hagar was the daughter of Pharaoh, who, seeing what great miracles God had done for Sarah's sake (Gen. xii, 17), said: "It is better for Hagar to be a slave in Sarah's house than mistress in her own." In this sense Hagar's name is interpreted as "reward" ("Ha-Agar" = "this is reward."). [Vol. VI, p.138]Hagar is held up as an example of the high degree of godliness prevalent in Abraham's time, (â&#x20AC;Ś). Her fidelity is praised, for even after Abraham sent her away she kept her marriage vow, (â&#x20AC;Ś). Another explanation of the same name is "to adorn," because she was adorned with piety and good deeds (l.c.). [6:138].
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Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘ Rashi, in his commentary on 6:1, records the belief that Hagar was a daughter of Pharaoh, who, after seeing the wonders that had been done for Sarah, declared that it was better for his daughter to be a bondservant in the house of Abraham than a mistress in the palace of another. (J. Hastings, Dic. of Bible, 2:278.)
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Sarah in her anger brands her rival "that slave woman and her son," not even mentioning their names (p. 24).
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:ĂŹ Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;s # Ÿz~Ăłc* be ¨ KZÜÌ~Ĺ L Sarah took revenge (Gen. xvi) by preventing her intercourse with Abraham, by whipping her with her slipper, and by exacting humiliating services, such as carrying her bathing-materials to the bath (l.c.); she further caused Hagar by an evil eye to miscarry, and Ishma'el, therefore, was her second child." (Jewish Enc., 6:138).
Ă&#x2026;kZBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020;D LZĂ&#x201D;â&#x201E;˘uzgĂ? äâ&#x201E;˘~_ ĂŤBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020;Ă° Z', ZĂ&#x192;Ăž {` ď&#x20AC;Ľ; Ăż kZ ä {g â&#x20AC;&#x161; 1!$ +â&#x201E;˘ĂĄ ]â } .Ăś M Ă&#x201A;Ă&#x153;äYĂĄâ&#x201E;˘ Z^Z~ ä{<Ă&#x192;Ĺ ZĂą}nLZgzZĂ&#x2020;â&#x201E;˘Ă°ĂŽ %NĂ&#x192;{` kS X c* Zâ&#x201E;˘ Ăš ŸĂ&#x153;Ăž ÂŞĂż Âť k Qâ&#x201E;˘ Ă&#x17D;Ă&#x192;~ĂŚE ď&#x20AC;Ľ; ä Ăž {g â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ăż k QX ( 16 [ !* áZa Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A; ) X â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; Wd W}uzĹ Ă&#x2020;yQ Ăž Âł Ă° Z]|Ăżb§ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 230 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
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EG .nŠ$Ă&#x2026;xzĂ&#x17E;(Eugeni H. Maly)à â Ă?S ĂĽ- 6, :ĂŹ @* â&#x201E;˘yĂ&#x2019;~ÂŞ!* çLG x ÂŁkZ 8C Ancient law ordinarily forbade the expulsion of a slave wife and her child, and no justification for it is indicated here as in 16:4; Abraham accordingly hesitates (v.11).
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& Âť{` .ÂżG yĂ&#x192;VâzĹ yZĂ° Z', Z ĂŹ @* Zâ&#x201E;˘c_tĂ?Ăž {g â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ăżk Q ĂŹĹ Âť{g â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2030; Ă&#x201D;7çOE ď&#x20AC;Ľ; t "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 231 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘ _ZáĂ&#x2026;wĂ&#x2026; Ă° t GZĂ?Ă?Ĺ Ăą~yĂ&#x2026;Âł Ă° Z ĂŹ sp Âť]!* kS Ă?QX ,Ĺ wĂŻĂ? X Ă&#x2021;Ć&#x2019;{çĂ&#x192;
X$ Ă&#x2039; Y Ă&#x2026;7Âľ Ă&#x201A;ÂŚ / Ă&#x2122; Ă&#x2026;b zg: Ă&#x201C; ÂŞ, ZĂ? {g â&#x20AC;&#x161;i çE C Od!gz ZĂŹ ° ÂťZ ** qĂ&#x153;t G &â&#x20AC;Ą ** óª!* iĂą iE Z ~Ĺ L~ sf X ĂŹ @* 0* gZĹ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; {è Âť^Ă&#x2018;¢ ĂżLE -Z ĂŽ~O ¢t Ă? kS q G Ă&#x2026; ĂľzO ¢ kS Ă? X D YK 7]â&#x20AC;&#x161; ½Z lZy ď&#x20AC;Ľ ÂŽP Ă? (The Expositor's Bible) G! $.ĂžĂ&#x2019;Oâ&#x20AC;ş3Ă&#x2020;â&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; ZĹ&#x201C; : DĆ&#x2019;Za ]Ă&#x2018;ZĂ&#x17D;zuâ&#x20AC;&#x153;Ă&#x2020;n{¤e
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The act of expulsion was itself unaccountably harsh. (â&#x20AC;Ś). There may have been some law giving Sarah absolute power over her maid; but if any law gave her power to do what was now done, it was a thoroughly barbarous one, and she was a barbarous woman who used it. It was one of those painful cases in which one poor creature, clothed with a little brief authority, stretches it to the utmost in vindictive maltreatment of another. Sarah happened to be mistress, and, instead of using her position to make those under her happy, she used it for her own convenience, for the gratification of her own spite, and to make those beneath her conscious of her power by their suffering (â&#x20AC;Ś). She breathed freely when Hagar and Ishmael were fairly out of sight. A smile of satisfied malice betrayed her bitter spirit. No thought of the sufferings to which she had committed a woman who had served her well for years, who had yielded everything to her will, and who had no other natural protector but her, no glimpses of Abraham's saddened face, visited her with any relentings. It mattered not to her what came of the woman and the boy to whom she really owed a more loving and careful regard than to any except Abraham and Isaac. It is a story often repeated. One who has been a member of the household for many years is at last dismissed at the dictate of some petty pique ['a feeling of annoyance and displeasure, esp. caused by the hurting of one's pride.' (Longman's D. of Eng. Language and Culture, 1992, p. 999] or spite as remorselessly and inhumanly as a piece of old furniture might be parted with. Some thoroughly good servant, who has made sacrifices to forward his employer's interest, is at last, through no offence of his own, found to be in his employer's way, and at once all old services are forgotten, all old ties broken, and the authority of the employer, legal but inhuman, is exercised. It is often those who can least defend themselves who are thus treated; no resistance is possible, and also, alas! the party is too weak to face the wilderness on which she is thrown out, and if any [i.e. any one] cares to follow her history, we may find her at the last gasp under a bush. Still, both for Abraham and for Ishmael it was better this severance should take place. (â&#x20AC;Ś.). For Ishmael himself, too, wronged as he was in the mode of his expulsion, it was yet far better that he should go. (â&#x20AC;Ś). All he required to call out his latent powers was "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 232 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
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to be thrown thus on his own resources. (â&#x20AC;Ś). But the two fugitives are soon reminded that, though expelled from Abraham's tents and protection, they are not expelled from his God. Ishmael finds it true that when father and mother forsake him, the Lord takes him up. At the very outset of his desert life he is made conscious that God is still his God, mindful of his wants, responsive to his cry of distress. (â&#x20AC;Ś). God still "heard the voice of the lad, and the angel of God called to Hagar out of heaven." It is this voice of God to Hagar that so speedily, and apparently once for all, lifts her out of despair to cheerful hope. It would appear as if her despair had been needless; at least from the words addressed to her, "What aileth thee, Hagar?" (â&#x20AC;Ś.). When Ishmael turned his back on the familiar tents, and flung his last gibe at Sarah, he was really setting out to a far richer inheritance, so far as this world goes, than ever fell to Isaac and his sons. [The Expositor's Bible {a commentary in 25 Volumes}, Ed by W. Robertson Nicoll (NY: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1903), 1:214f, 17-19].
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XĂŹ Ă?ÂąĂ&#x2026; Ă° Z',ZĂ&#x152;{zèYĂ&#x201D;ĂŹu** [@* šw³ Ă° Z c* Ă&#x2018;Š¢Ă&#x192; Ă° Z', Zä\ÂŹvZ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 235 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
:ĂŹ q{zX KyĂ&#x2019;{q½ â&#x201E;˘zZĂ&#x2020;{` ď&#x20AC;Ľ;]| ĂŁ!* iĂ&#x2026;{g â&#x20AC;&#x161;]|äS (....); whose good qualities I have for a long time proved and experienced from the day when she was first introduce into my house, being an Egyptian by blood, and a Hebrew by deliberate choice. (The Works of Philo, tr. C.D. Yonge [Hendrickson, Publishers, Inc. AGES Software Albany, OR USA, 1999], P.984, Para No. 251).
}@x}ágzZ`Ć&#x2019; ĂŁZz6,ĂĂ?å²sĂŽq -Z {q½ â&#x201E;˘zZĂ&#x2020;( {` ď&#x20AC;Ľ;) T(â&#x20AC;°â&#x20AC;°â&#x20AC;°â&#x20AC;°) pĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ ~^q -ZĂ?g ÂąZ#p¤ /Z {zX œð M~y}áiĹ ÂŤ{zĂ?yĹ T Ăą M ~ XĂŹ ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;Ąq -ZĂ?p Ă&#x2019;Ă&#x2020;g (Zz[NZ: ZĹ Zi M LZ
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:ĂŹ Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;s # Ÿz~( 24â&#x201E;˘) óª!* â&#x20AC;&#x161;xzĂ&#x17E;E~Ĺ L 1C0
The peaceful playing of the two boys stirs in Sarah deep feelings of anxiety about her own son's inheritance, since both boys are sons of Abraham. (â&#x20AC;Ś), she wants Isaac alone to be the heir of the grand promises.
%NĂ&#x192;VĂ&#x192;ÂązĹ ~}g !* Ă&#x2020;_ZáĂ&#x2026;d W LZ~ wĹ Ă&#x2020;{g â&#x20AC;&#x161;â&#x201E;˘NĹ Ă&#x2C6;~ : M 6,gĂŽĂ°Z ĂŚF Se {zX ( ...)X¸ d WĂ&#x2020;Ă° Z', Z â&#x20AC;&#x17E; VâzĹ tèYĂ&#x201D; DĆ&#x2019; Za ]â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ë&#x2020;Z}(Ă&#x2020;ᥠX VĆ&#x2019;}g7~â&#x20AC;&#x17E;]Z f Ă&#x2026;Ă° t GZsĂ&#x153;}°zxx Ă&#x201C;~eĂ&#x2020;â&#x20AC;&#x153; W_g Zz ĂŹ
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:ĂŹ yĂ&#x2019;~( 43â&#x201E;˘) óª!* ~SZĂŚ~Ĺ L 1C1 But even in that culture it was reprehensible to send Ishmael away. When a surrogate wife had borne a son to one's husband, that mother and child could not be dismissed even if the first wife subsequently gave birth to a son. This partly explains Abraham's reluctance to do what Sarah demanded.
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Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
:ĂŹ H Sarai did not have the right to send Hagar away, since Ishmael was Abraham's heir.
X¸_g ZzĂ&#x2020; Ă° Z', ZÂł Ă° ZèYĂ&#x201D;'â&#x201E;˘C Ă&#x2122; !* wĂŻĂ&#x192;{` ď&#x20AC;Ľ;{z ĂĽ:Ă?q htĂ&#x192;Ă°Zg â&#x20AC;&#x161;
:ĂŹ Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;s # Ÿz6, 195â&#x201E;˘~â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă?S However, for a jealous mother, it sufficed to see her son together with the slave-girl's on a position of equality for her to demand the expulsion of Hagar and her child. If the situation presupposed is that which seems to underlie ch 16, then Sarah did not have the right to drive Hagar away; see on 16:1-6. As contrary to established social custom.
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Ă&#x201D;Ă? yĂ&#x201A;{pĂ&#x2018;gzZ(Ă&#x2026;x ÂŁzĂť%Ă&#x2020;{g â&#x20AC;&#x161;]| ĂŹ Yâ&#x201E;˘Â˘ĂštÂżq -Z E :N** XĂŹ YĆ&#x2019;Ĺ iuxĂŚE Ć&#x2019;â&#x20AC;Ś r(Z Ă&#x201D;Ć&#x2019; Ă&#x152;]§ ĂžLG3¢g Ă&#x2026;9y Zxâ&#x20AC;°x?Zm Z' , Z ]| ?ĂŹ Y}Ĺ g Z Ĺ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; |Ă&#x192;äYZ]{Ă°kZ¿ðĂ&#x192;Ă&#x152;Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2020;kS EG .nŠx$ zĂ&#x17E;E~Ĺ L 1C2 : ĂŹ HkC6, gĂŽOäóª!* çLG To Abraham, the natural father of Ishma'el, Sarah's ultimatum causes great pain (24).
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"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 237 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
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Âł Z]|Ă&#x2026;5¸Ă&#x2020;Vxi +ZĂ&#x2020;Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2020;ÂŞ!* Ă? kS XĂŹ ZĆ&#x2019; Hsv .VĹ&#x2019; G E :ĂŹ `gĹ ~óª!* çLG.nŠx$ zĂ&#x17E;ELXĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;g Ă&#x2013; ZĂŽWÂť]zZ°s Ă&#x153;Ă&#x2020;ÂąĂ&#x2026;yQgzZ Besides, from Ishmael "a great (LXX, Vg, Sam, Syr) people" will come forth. (24).
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', x ¸~(, -ZĂ?Âł q Ă° Z {z´Ă&#x2020;kS X Ă?Ć&#x2019;0*
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But the slave-girl's son I shall also make into a great nation, for he too is your child. (p.40).
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The Arabs keep their water, milk and other liquids in leathern bottles. These are made of goatskins. When the animal is killed they cut off its feet and its head, and draw it in this manner out of the skin without opening its belly.'
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(i) and took bread and a skin of water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, along with the child ( RSVCT, p.16).
AO+EkZĂ?S Ă&#x201D; c* X 3g6,Ăą+Ă&#x2020;k QBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020; ĂľF Ĺ Ă&#x192;{` ď&#x20AC;Ľ;tgzZ1{¡q -Z Âť ĂŁ0* gzZ KzggzZ (ii) gave bread and a skin bag of water. He put the child on her back-CCB, p. 72;
AO+EäkZX c* X 3g6, 1Ă&#x2026;k QĂ&#x192;ĂľF Ĺ {¡ ĂŁ0* gzZ Kzg (iii) took some bread and a skin of water and, giving them to Hagar, put the child on her shoulder- (Jerusalem Bible, p. 40).
AO+Eâ&#x201E;˘}Ĺ Ă&#x192;{` X 3g6,Ăą+Ă&#x2020;k QĂ&#x192;ĂľF ď&#x20AC;Ľ;šZgzZ 1{¡ ĂŁ0* gzZ KzgÂź (iv) and took bread and a skin of water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, along with the child, (NOAB, p. 26).
X 3g6,Ăą+Ă&#x2020;k QBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020; ĂľFAO+EkQĂ?SĂ&#x201D; c* Ĺ Ă&#x192;{` ď&#x20AC;Ľ;Ă?SgzZ 1{¡ ĂŁ0* gzZ KzggzZ (v) took some bread and a skin of water, and gave them to Hagar. He placed them over her shoulder, together with the child, (Massoretic Text, Philadelphia, "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 239 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘ 1967) p. 34.
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Placing the child on her back: the phrase is translated from an emended form of the Hebrew text. In the current faulty Hebrew text, Abraham put the bread and the waterskin on Hagar's back, while her son apparently walked beside her. This reading seems to be a scribal attempt at harmonizing the present passage with the data of the Priestly source, in which Ishmael would have been at least fourteen years old when Isaac was born; (â&#x20AC;Ś). But in the present Elohist story Ishmael is obviously a little boy, not much older than Isaac.
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"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 241 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
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The versions have the correct reading, as in the CCD. "God heard" is a play on the child's name (cf. 16:11), but, to avoid the anthropomorphism, E. has "the angel of God" speak to Hagar.
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œŠx ZušQx Âť}gâ&#x20AC;&#x161;tĂ&#x201A;DĆ&#x2019;yZ âĂ&#x2020;wâ&#x20AC;&#x161;{, * c !Ă&#x17D;x?ZmÂł Z]|¤ /Z 2C9 454Xe G ]|Ă&#x192;~g â&#x20AC;ĄĂ&#x152;]!* t X â&#x20AC;°yĂ&#x201A;{ Sh1 q -Z Ă&#x201D;Ă&#x192;{` ď&#x20AC;Ľ; {â&#x2C6;&#x2019;Zz Ă&#x2026; yQ : Ă&#x201D;¸ èG G $ â&#x20AC;° 4Oâ&#x20AC;şĂ&#x2020; ĂŤ Z Ă&#x203A; Ĺ ĂŚ ~ èEG Ă&#x153; zĂ&#x2020;äYKĹ !* M ~ y!* Ă&#x2019;Ă&#x2020;yZg Ă&#x192;gzZ #Ă&#x203A;Ă&#x2020;x?ZmÂł Z &â&#x20AC;ĄÂť{kS Ă&#x2020;ãšĂ?kS XĂŹ Câ&#x201E;˘ XĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;W, OĂ&#x152;** Ć&#x2019;g ÂąZ ĂżLE Ć&#x2019;Ĺ !* ', z uhĂš ¹t XĂŹ ;gâ&#x201E;˘C Ă&#x2122; ÂŞĆ&#x2019; Ă&#x17D; CZaĂ&#x2020;x?ZmÂł Z]|g !* g !* \ÂŹvZ 3 C0 ²Ă&#x201D; CW7]gz¢VY Ă&#x2026;äĆ&#x2019; y .6,0Ă&#x2020;kZĂ&#x192;x?Zm Z' ,Z ]|gz Z X ĂĽ Y E E I ä \ÂŹvZg Ă&#x2013;Z ÂťT ) ĂĽBâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020; k Qâ&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; zC Ă&#x2122; aĂ&#x2020; ĂŠ)'zM Ă°ig$MzZ ÂŤâ&#x201E;˘Ă&#x2026;k Q \ÂŹvZ X ( ĂŹ H~p Ă&#x2013;ZĂŁ)Ĺ p] è Z& +
3O{!Ă&#x2020;[Ă&#x201A;kS W-6,kS XĂŹ x ** Ă˝E Âť þà O$ {z Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ Ĺ HHâ&#x201E;˘f Âť ĂłyZg Ă&#x192;LTVĹ&#x2019; 3 C1 ÂąL g # Ă&#x192; x?ZmÂł Z Câ&#x201E;˘C Z Ă&#x2122; ÂŞ]c* MtX ( 7~ ZB Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A;p )ĂŹ Ă&#x2026;(gzZ Ăś ä AO+EĂ&#x192; Ă&#x201D;¸ d $Ĺ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; Ă&#x2020;äY ĂąZr|Ĺ zĹ c* ĂľF W |Ĺ zĹ {z â&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; z kQĂ&#x201D;ĂĽ Ĺ H5~ #Ă&#x203A; c* y Zg Ă&#x192; AO+EkS L Ă&#x201A;: {` ~VĂ°; LZâ&#x201E;˘ VZ LĂ&#x192;Ă&#x2020;ÂąkS :â&#x20AC;°$ Ă&#x2039; Ă&#x201E; Ăł g6,Ăą+LZĂ&#x192; ĂľF ď&#x20AC;Ľ; ]|:gz t GZ]|Ă? kS X â&#x20AC;°$ Ă&#x2039; NnĂ&#x2020;~h Ă&#x201E;q -ZĂ&#x192;a k Q:gzZâ&#x20AC;°$ Ă&#x2039; xĂł ĂĽ G @* Ć&#x2019;C Ă&#x2122; ÂŞâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;: YZ ]{Ă°gzZĹ ĂŁ C" q -Z ĂŽ~O ¢LÂťĂ&#x201E;M Ă&#x2026;äY ĂąZr|Ĺ zĹ Ĺ .x ** Ă&#x2020; x?Zm
:6, gĂŽĂ&#x2020;Ă&#x2039;Ă&#x2020;kS XĂŹ ĂŹ â&#x20AC;&#x201C;s â&#x201E;˘~ÂŞ!* X DZm ď&#x20AC;ĽĂŹÂťyZ Ă°Âł Z ¸M hĆ&#x2019;: â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ ĂąV;zĂ° t GZ ( ÂłZ ) + E AO Ă&#x2020;/KgâS â&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; z k Qx?ZmÂł Z]| kS Ă&#x201D;â&#x20AC;°$ Ă&#x2039; VZ~Ĺ Ă?šZ {â&#x2C6;&#x2019;Zz Ă&#x2026;yQ ¸ ĂľF "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 244 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
݇ ݇ ^m Äf‰ †ne V M! äÛnÛ• ]|Z # ¸ñƒZa ‰ Ü zk Q Â{zX @* ƒ7Za „wZÎ »ÏŠ ñÅx?Zmt GZ]|a X ¶_ƒÅw‚{Ša„¬/Åx?Zm³ Z X C0* gZŒ Û ~', Ð]â Z²Zx ÓÆe $', ', gzZÕÔŠ{g ‚]| ( [)
X 21D8:21÷Za ÔklƒÂ 3 C2 d q~f ( 41:21)VŒäóª!* /I :ì Hȯó³Z L{g•°g ¬q -Z~ õG `zÞEL 3 C3 At this point the three traditions are fused together: vv. 1a, 2a, 7 follow on from 18:15 and are Yahwistic; vv. 2b, 5 follow on from 17:21 and are priestly; vv. 1b, 6 are Elohist.
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
18 [!* m»7gzZ ³ ZX 2Ô³ZX 1 ]c* M ( ³Z ) : CYƒ ÇZ tZzg VÐ6,x £kS tgzZì Ð 21:17m»5gzZ[X 2]c* M ( [)X z»e $Zzg† ·tXìÐ 15e $M H$ X î~O 8»e $Zzg ïHi4Xß S X 6gzZ[X 1]c* M ( ` )X z»e $Zzg öÐ5kG6,
:ì q6, ( 59™) óª!* ‚ÆäO Ì Ò» ~Š L(Pauline A. Viviano)â c* z~z} ZA7 All three sources are found in this account of the birth of Isaac.
X Š ñ~ .ó$VÐÆVÐ~yÒkS Æ÷Za Åð t GZ
:ì i ZBg6, ( 60™) óª!* ‚ÆäOÌ Ò» ~Š L 3 C4
The Elohist narrative of Isaac's birth (vv. 8-21) is a duplicate of the story of expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael found in the Yehwistic version in chapter 16.
Å ` Zy ZÆð³ ZgzZ {` ; ( 21D8 ]c* W ) yÒ » ïHi4Xß Z ~}g !* Æ ÷Za Åð t GZ I E Š Xì `gŠ~×gz† ·Æ16[ !* ì ö-4$» ã¹k Q 35. The Collegeville Bible Com., 60.
: pÆkZgzZì `gŠ 'Desolate'» ~ m, ôZ6, VŒ 3 C 6 sad and without people, comfort, hope, or friends, etc.
X% ó Æ{)zV2zŠ c* ÔyZÔ÷‚ M ÔVÍßgLzZ ókZŠ Z L
:ì È»TÔì (Badad)Šó $ +LÂãZ‡-ZaÆkZ~ª!* alone, desolate, only, solitary. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 245 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
݇ ݇ ^m Äf‰ †ne V M! äÛnÛ• X ( 19™Ô 910` Zg0 +ZÔ ó~Öe ãZ‡Å8 -z7 L )X óñ ZÔ h YZÔ ËL 37. KJV-Isa. 27:10, p. 568. 38. Enc. Biblica, 1:1076-77. 39. The Interpreter's Bible Dic. (NY: Abingdon Press, Nashville, 1962), 5:946. 40. The Interpreter's Bible Dic., 4:844. 41. William Smith, A Dic. of the Bible, p. 143. 42. Harper's Bible Dic., p. 1133.
X óÕ Lc* ó] ‚ L pÆ#gzZV Z.pÆÛXì  “%q -Z »y !* i ãZ‡ ó#ÛL 4C3 OÒG & » Zb X ( 18™883` Zg0 +Z ó~Öeª!* ãZ‡Å8 -z7 L ) ó#L+Û ó L:ì ûE©E ZÆkZ
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
"Lc* 5E 1ÒE X óVZ. »]‚ Lª'i.e., well of seven'. :ì ~( 518:1) ó é¹G be ¨ KZ L 4C4 :ì s # Ÿz~( 18™Ô884` Zg0 +Z ) ó~Öeª!* ãZ‡Å8 -z7L (...) Beer Sheba. be-ayr' sheh-bah; from 875 and 7651 (in the sense of 7650); (...) be-ayr; from 874; a pit; espec. a well.
`Zg0 +S Ô (‰‰‰)Û Ô ( ~ x|Æ7650 `g Z0 +Z ) Ð 7651 gzZ 875 ` Zg0 +Z Ô yÛ X (...) X óVZ.q -Zm<!* ÔJ ¥ /q -Z L:Ð874
:ì s # Ÿz~112™Ô7651` Zg0 +Z
(...) shib`ah shib-aw`; from 7650; a prim. cardinal number; seven ,(as the sacred full one); also (adv.) seven times; by impl. a week; seven-fold, seventh.
34]I X VZ Â‚Ô k H]‚Ôßq -Z6,gî¹:SÌû%]‚Ô]‚ÔŠ°q -ZÔÐ7650`Zg0 +ZÔ üE G
E X ( 330™Ôó~Öe÷eg‹Zeç«i±zZ L ) {@çyxgŠÆVêZuZgzZ0+zZ} . pÆÇ 4C5 :ì s # Ÿz~( 18™Ô875` Zg0 +Z ) ó~Öe¿Åª!* ãZ‡Å8 -z7L 4C6 ... be-ayr; from 874; a pit; espec. a well.
X VZ.q -Zm<!* ÔJ ¥ /q -ZÔÐ874` Zg0 +SÛ
:ì6, 18™Ô874` Zg0 +S ... ba`ar, baw-ar; a prim. Root; to dig;
Cq -ZÔg òE & X ** ŠÅÔ {Š â ~Š ã "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 246 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
݇ ݇ ^m Äf‰ †ne V M! äÛnÛ•
+Z :ì `gŠ6, 112™Ô7650` Zg0 ... shaba shaw-bah; a prim. Root; to seven oneself, i.e. swear (as if by repeating a declaration seven times): * adjure, charge (by an oath, with an oath), take an oath.
X¢ 8nÔ** ÑŠn( ** ZC Ù ŠÃyÒq -Zû%]‚) ** 3nªÔ* *™g !* ]‚Ã\ M LZÔ{Š â ~Š ã Cq -Z#
"Lc* 5E 1ÒE :ì s # Ÿz~( 518:1) ó é¹G be ¨ KZ ~Š L It is taken as meaning 'well of the oath'. One of the Simeonite towns in the southern territory of Judah (Josh. 19.2), on the border of the cultivated land, came to be regarded, for the greater part of history, as the remotest point of Canaan in that direction; whence the phrase 'from Dan to Beersheba'.
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
-Z~ê ! †Æ{Š· 6,uuÅ}i·zg' q × t X óVZ. »Õ L D Ya pÆkS $N)ìà ã’ ŒZçaL+F, gzŠ » ys~ ‚k Q~g ZzŠ Z F,{Š c* iÆ õg@* & Ô ( 2:19 ÓðG X Zƒg {gzõ» ó#ÛÐyZŠ Ð L ÏS X å* @Y
:ì qñƒD™s # Ÿzh +' × c* be ¨ KZ¸~wzZ î0G 0_Iq~fÆÔÏS The Hebrew word 'to swear' means literally 'to come under the influence of seven things.
X ó** MnÆW, ZÆVzq]‚ L: p~½Æó** 3nLÂÆy!* i ãZ‡
I4Óh$E :ì `gŠ~16™Ôˆz31:21÷Za ƒÂÔó èEjG ZR, ´Å~zöZg M L
Therefore that place was called Beer-sheba; because there both of them swore an oath. So they made a covenant at Beer-sheba.
b§kZX ðƒg Ðx ** Æ#Û({zakS Ô åc* VZÕq -ZäVâzŠyQV;zèðG3µL X H{@çq -Z6, x £Æ#ÛäV,Q 47. Hastings Dic. of the Bible, Revised Ed.,1963, p.94. 48. J. Hastings, A Dic. of the Bible, 1:265. 49. John L. McKenzie, Dic. of the Bible, 1984, p.87. 50. See Hastings Dic. of the Bible, (Revised), NY, p.375. 51. Harper's Bible Dic.,101. 52. F. F. Bruce, Places Abraham Knew (London: Scripture Union, ECIVZNJ, 130 City Road, 1984), p.53, 55f. 53. J. Hastings, A Dic. of the Bible, 1:265.
5!L 5C4 GLšEÅÅ~çEE .¿G :ì6, 86™(John L. McKenzie, Dic. of the Bible) óª!* ï "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^website iç×Ò] except those of 247 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą Ă?â&#x20AC;Ą ^m Ă&#x201E;fâ&#x20AC;° â&#x20AC; ne V M! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘ The name is literally "well of seven".
kS 6, gĂŽ~½ X VZ. Âť]â&#x20AC;&#x161; pĂ&#x2020;x **
:ĂŹ yĂ&#x2019;~375:1óª!* ~Ĺ s M ~Ă&#x2013;eiĂą6, Ă&#x161;Z L It is the "well of seven," (â&#x20AC;Ś); but in [Gen. 21] vs 31 it is apparently the "well of the oath."
áZaĆ&#x2019;Ă&#x201A; Ăżp( ...)ĂŹ ĂłVZ. Âť]â&#x20AC;&#x161;tL XĂŹ ĂłVZ. ÂťnL UC Ă&#x2122; ÂŞt~31e $ M Ăž Ă&#x2026; 21[!*
EG .nŠ$â&#x20AC;˘zi : i ZBg6,31â&#x201E;˘~óª!* çLG +Z} eĂ&#x2014;ÂąL S.H.Ă&#x201D;HORN
Heb. Be'er Sheba', "well of seven", or "well of an oath".
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
ĂłVZ. ÂťĂ&#x2022; Lc* ĂłVZ.Âť]â&#x20AC;&#x161; LĂ&#x201D; #Ă&#x203A;ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;Ą
:ĂŹ `gĹ ~639:1óª!* iĂą6, Ă&#x161;Z ~Ĺ L 5C5
'Where he is' is an allusion to the site of the 'well' mentioned in vs. 19, a sacred spot among the Ishmaelites.
& Âą gzZXĂŹ â&#x201E;˘f~19e $ M ÂťTĂŹ {g ĂĄ Zs§Ă&#x2026; q ¸z ĂżLCĂ&#x2020;,.k Q~ĂŹ Ăł { z V Ë&#x153;L XĂŹ x ÂŁkĂĽO¨G!q -ZaĂ&#x2020;Âł Z
E x ÂŁkĂĽO¨G!q -Zq -Ĺ 4, Ă&#x2020;Ă°Âł Z ĂżL h $ ĂŹ ĂłxixiĂ&#x201C;eL{ ĂłNt ĂŹ }Y Dè# râ&#x201E;˘C Ă&#x2122; gzZ
XĂŹ
56. Shorter Enc. of Islam, (Karachi: South Asian Publishers, 1981), p. 508. 57. A Lion Handbook: the World's Religions (1984), pp. 319f.
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"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^website içĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 248 This -- Ă°Ă&#x2DC;copy the publisher and the author."
kn%nu p ^Ă&#x;jâ&#x20AC;°] oĂ&#x2019; ĂŽmâ&#x20AC;Ś]çi h^jĂ&#x2019; V N! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
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( Âź[!* !Zf)
Ă&#x2026;kZq -Ĺ 4, Ă&#x2020;fpĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ ĂŻ ĂĄ ~ V1Ă&#x201A;RĂ&#x2026;ÂŞ!* ` Wp¤ /Z Ăł Ăľg Z Ă&#x201A;Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A; L Ă°Ă&#x192; bĹ x ** Âť Ăł{ c* gĂą Ă&#x192;L q ¸z ĂťĂ&#x2020; ĂŁĂ&#x2018;ÂŤ Âť kZa kZ Ă&#x201D;7o¢w~Šá 7Z E &MĂ?ZXĂ&#x161;eX â&#x20AC;&#x161; 3L4E kZ~p Ă&#x2013;ZyZ~Ăłc* be ¨ KZÜÌL (W. H. Bennett) ĂŻHG rg7yiz : Dâ&#x201E;˘& ¤Ă&#x2026;%Z
Chronicles (from its position in many manuscripts [MSS], etc., after Nehemiah) only obtained its place in the canon by an afterthought. C1
+E [ Ă&#x201A;Ă&#x2026;Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2020;{ G ĂŠ5.AĆ&#x2019;Ă&#x201A;tĂ?zgĂ&#x2026;{)z]ZĹ zĹ Âź Ă? wkZ ) Ăľg Z Ă&#x201A;[ Ă&#x201A;
XĂŹ mâ&#x201E;˘g (ZwĂ&#x2026;[Ă&#x201A;RĂ&#x2026;ÂŞ!* Ă?)g fĂ&#x2020;â&#x20AC;&#x17E;g XaĂ&#x17D;Ă&#x2026;Ë&#x2020;sĂ&#x153;( ĂŹ
{zX Âś7ĂŻ ĂĄ ~ V2zâ&#x20AC;°Ă&#x2026;V1Ă&#x201A;RĂ&#x2026;VĂ[Ă&#x201A;t ĂŹ yĂ&#x2019; Âť kZ C2
:ĂŹ q
The omission of Chronicles from some Christian lists of canonical books is probably accidental. C3
XĂŹ ]!* Ă&#x2026;t¡ Zq -Z â&#x20AC;&#x17E;¸** Ć&#x2019;sv .Ă? V2z\â&#x20AC;°Ă&#x2026;V1Ă&#x201A;RÂť Ăľg Z Ă&#x201A;[Ă&#x201A;
E+G :ĂŹ H{zĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ mÂť+zD +áL g @* Ă&#x2026;kZJ -VË&#x153; It is part of a larger work, Chronicles-Ezra-Nehemiah, composed in the Greek period between the death of Alexander (B.C. 323) and the revolt of "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on Ă° copy nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 249 This -- Ă&#x2DC; the publisher and the author."
kn%nu p ^Ă&#x;jâ&#x20AC;°] oĂ&#x2019; ĂŽmâ&#x20AC;Ś]çi h^jĂ&#x2019; V N! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w
the Maccabees (B.C. 167). (â&#x20AC;Ś). Chronicles-Ezra-Nehemiah must be later than the times of Ezra and Nehemiah (458-432). In style and language the book belongs to the latest period of Biblical Hebrew. The descendants of Zerubbabel (I Chron. iii. 24) are given, in Masoretic text, to the sixth generation (about B.C. 350); in the LXX, Syriac, and Vulgate, to the eleventh generation after Zerubbabel (about B.C. 200) [which shows that it was written or added after BC 200]. The list of high priests in Neh. xii. 10, 11, extends to Jeddua (c.330). These lists might, indeed, have been made up to date after the book was completed; but other considerations point conclusively to the Greek period; e.g., in Ezra vi. 22, Darius is called "the king of Assyria." On the other hand, the use of the book in the Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) referred to above, the absence of any trace of the Maccabean struggle, and the use of the LXX, Chronicles by Eupolemus (c. B.C. 150; see Swete, l.c. p. 24), point to a date not later than B.C. 200. Hence Chronicles is usually assigned to the period B.C. 300-250.C4
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Ăž [Ă&#x201A; Ăż X ( ...)X Ă°Ć&#x2019;yĂ?ĂŚ~gzĹ ĂŁ** - yxgĹ Ă&#x2020;( xt 167) ]zĹ&#x2019; Ă&#x2026;VçkgzZ ( x +E +E X Ă?Ć&#x2019;Ë&#x2020;è~äâ iĂ&#x2020;Ë&#x2020;Ă? ( xt 432D 458) { G ĂŠ5.AgzZ ZgÂąGĂł{ G ĂŠ5.A -ZgÂą-Ăľg Z Ă&#x201A;L mĂ? gzĹ ~y ď&#x20AC;ĽWĂ? Ć&#x2019; ď&#x20AC;Ś Ă&#x2020; y!* i ĂŁZâ&#x20AC;ĄĂ&#x2026;ÂŞ!* [Ă&#x201A;t Ă? g ÂąZĂ&#x2020; y!* igzZ [|Z ( xt 350ã½)Âąâ&#x20AC;?( 24:3Ăľg ZĂ&#x201A;)hĂ&#x2026;Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;. Ă&#x17E; !* zgi~QCZgzXĂŹB bg Y Âą,Ă°g Ĺ HË&#x2020; Ă&#x2020; . Ă&#x17E; !* zgi ~ ĂŻHG3½Ă&#x2030;z gzZ3 F,ĂŁc* çaNĂ&#x201D;3 F,~Ĺ U X Ë&#x2020;~Ĺ J â&#x20AC; ŸZ~ kZ c* , k â&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ă&#x2026;kZ ĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;C Ă&#x2122; ÂŞĂ? kZ] Ë&#x2020;~Ĺ hĂ&#x2026;J - ( xt 200 ã½) E + 7Lâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; - ( 330 ĂŁĹ&#x2019; J Ă&#x203A; )¡z ĂĽâ&#x20AC;°E ď&#x20AC;Ś zĂ&#x2026;V~Âťg ZĹ u~ 11D 10: 12{ G ĂŠ5.AX [ĂĽ Ĺ HHË&#x2020;Ă&#x2020;xt 200 pĂ&#x201D; Ă?VĆ&#x2019; Ë&#x2020;Ă&#x2026;f $e I\ZË&#x2020;Ă&#x2020;äYĆ&#x2019; ĂĽĂ&#x2020;[Ă&#x201A;~ |Zzt XĂŹ š ( 22:6) ZgÂą}XĂŹ Câ&#x201E;˘{g ĂĄ Zs§Ă&#x2026;gzĹ ĂŁ** - 6, gĂŽĂŁZztĂ&#x201A;ĂąYÂŹĹ Ă?p Ă&#x2019;gzZÂź & NZ Ă&#x201C; Ă&#x2018;!* ! Ă°OB Âť [Ă&#x201A; kZ Ăž ÂłZ Ăż s§~uzĹ X ĂŹ Ĺ Hc* Ĺ gZĹ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; gĂł Ă°^I ĂĄ LĂ&#x192; [Zg ZĹ ] k- g ZĹ ~ NG_L k4Ă&#x201C;ÂŽ Ă&#x2026; Vçk ~ kZ Ăž [Ăż wEZ ~ ( c Z§ 0 q 3) [Ecclesiasticus] ø½5 G ĂŠ5 G R i Z Ăľg ZĂ&#x201A;Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A; gzZ 3 F,~Ĺ U ~ kZ Ăž ` Ăż gzZ Ă?Ĺ Ăą) Ă&#x2026; yÂś KĂ&#x2039;Ă&#x2020; 4z] . Ă&#x160; . /#GĂ&#x17D;Ă&#x2122;Âą5Ă&#x201D;xt 150ã½)Ă&#x201D;( Eupolemus) ø G7Ăľg @* +Zq -ZwEZÂť (24â&#x201E;˘Ă&#x201D; ĂľH "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on Ă° copy nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 250 This -- Ă&#x2DC; the publisher and the author."
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KĂ&#x2026; Ă? 3006,gĂŽx ÂŹĂľg ZĂ&#x201A;Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A; b§kZX 7Ă&#x2026;Ë&#x2020;Ă? xt 200 Dâ&#x201E;˘â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ĺ yÂś XĂŹ CY~Ĺ g Z Ĺ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; 0Ă?äâ iĂ&#x2020;J -xt 250
' ~Ăłc* be¨ KZÜÌL;gE-Ă? DĂ&#x201D;,zZĂ&#x;o !* gĂ&#x201D;Wz6, Ă&#x201D;c ZC Ă&#x2122; Y Ăż)GZĂ&#x2039;Ze [Ă&#x201A; tgzZX¸Dâ&#x201E;˘gĂ&#x2013;Z Âťâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;6, ÂĄ]g@* Ă&#x2026;[Ă&#x201A;kZfĂ&#x2020;Ĺ >@* Dâ&#x201E;˘yĂ&#x2019; :ĂŹ 1x ÂťĂ?Ăł~Ĺ Zi W~(, L~äâ&#x201E;˘yĂ&#x2019;x ** (Ă&#x2020;èEÂąLâZzmžZ)䳸Ă&#x2020;ĂľgZĂ&#x201A; On the whole, Chronicles was regarded with suspicion; its historical accuracy was doubted by the Talmudic authorities, (â&#x20AC;Ś). The names were treated with great freedom; C5
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Certain items concerning the building of the Temple have been omitted, others are presented more briefly, others are given in the same wording as Kings, while others are entirely new. C6
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substantially complete. In dealing with matter not found in other books it is difficult to distinguish between matter which the chronicler found in his source, matter which he added himself, and later additions, as all the authors concerned wrote in the same spirit and style; (â&#x20AC;Ś). Where Chronicles contradicts Samuel-Kings preference must be given to the older work, except where the text of the latter is clearly corrupt. With the same exception, it may be assumed that sections of the primitive "Chronicles" [some older book on the annals of history of the concerned period other than the book of Chronicles of the Bible, which the Chronicler used as a source] are much more accurately preserved in Samuel-Kings than in Chronicles. (â&#x20AC;Ś) The consistent exaggeration of numbers on the part of the chronicler shows us that from a historical point of view his unsupported statements must be received with caution. (â&#x20AC;Ś). What they prove is that he did not possess that sense of historical exactitude which we now demand from the historian.C7
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(Âł Ă!Âť ĂľgZĂ&#x201A;Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A; ) {zĂ&#x201D; n pgÂľĂ&#x201A;Ă&#x2026;yĂ&#x2019;Ă&#x2021;Ă&#x2021;Ă&#x2020;]uZzĂ&#x2020;b§TĂ?cg¸ X ĂĽ~gÂŹĂ?gĂ&#x2026;: {g ¸Ă&#x2020;b§kZ
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Like most OT books, however, Chronicle is of anonymous authorship, and no conclusions are possible as to who wrote it. (â&#x20AC;Ś), he did wish to bring a specific message from God applied to the people of his own day, and it is this that leads him to his extensive working of his text, omitting what was now irrelevant, adding material that was now newly relevant, changing what was now misleading, and so on. Chronicles has been regarded as poorer history than Samuel-Kings, (â&#x20AC;Ś). Some of its alterations to Samuel-Kings raise historical problems: (â&#x20AC;Ś) textual corruption or misunderstanding has often been suspected. (â&#x20AC;Ś) D here the author perhaps resembles an artist painting the figures of the past in the dress of his own age. Such characteristics have led to the questioning of the extra material Chronicles includes which does not appear in Samuel-Kings. (â&#x20AC;Ś), and the main narratives, as we have noted, are substantially derived from Samuel-Kings. C9
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It may be summed up by saying that the Chronicler intended to write not what happened, but what ought to have happened; (â&#x20AC;Ś). This ideal is specified by three theological principles which he represents as governing events: (â&#x20AC;Ś), and the primacy of the temple and the cult. (â&#x20AC;Ś). The third principle appears in the space and importance which the Chronicler gives to the temple and its cult and personnel, (â&#x20AC;Ś). It is necessary to see the Chronicler's purpose. C10
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.O²L -G N z6,Ă&#x201D; â&#x20AC;&#x17E; â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Z & + g- g Ă&#x2020;pĹ ~(,ä â&#x20AC;&#x201D;e Ă&#x201D; á EĂ&#x201D; Ă&#x2019;Âťk;Z bzgĂ&#x201D;, ĂĽO¨G! Ă˝L BtW gzZĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ Htâ&#x20AC;š~Ăł~J´Ă&#x2026;E} Z LÂťĹ&#x201C;ÂŁz}pĂ&#x2020; Ă˝Ă&#x2026;â&#x20AC;ŚÂ¸Ă&#x2020;uCĆ&#x2019;Ă&#x201A;Bâ&#x20AC;&#x161; :ĂŹ Ă&#x2018;Ă&#x2026;~p Ă&#x2013;Zsfzgqw7Âť Ăłw~Šá 7S LĂ&#x2026;k Q The claim of Jerusalem to be the only place where legitimate worship of Yahweh is possible is the second principal element in the Chronicler's theme. (â&#x20AC;Ś). In the neutral passages (â&#x20AC;Ś) there seems to be no reason to doubt the strictly historical character of the narrative. In the other passages, however, we should be doing an injustice to him, were we to judge him "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on Ă° copy nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 254 This -- Ă&#x2DC; the publisher and the author."
kn%nu p ^Ă&#x;jâ&#x20AC;°] oĂ&#x2019; ĂŽmâ&#x20AC;Ś]çi h^jĂ&#x2019; V N! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘ merely as an historian. Since, for him, history is a handmaid of theology, it is the theological understanding that is important for him, not the naked historical fact. If he clothes this naked fact with somewhat imaginary adornments, we must accept this as his method of teaching theology and not reproach him for the lack of an historical exactness which a comparison between his text and that of Sm-Kgs shows that he never intended. On other matters, which were not affected by the Chronicler's special point of view and purposes, historical value is recognized in his traditions.C11
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EJ }gĹ ÂťkZ~ĂĄ ÂŁLZ6,uCĆ&#x2019;Ă&#x201A;~ Ăł~Ă&#x2013;e ÂŞ!* iĂą6,Ă&#x161;Z Lä ç$ Ă&#x192;Ă?Z } Zg 9q -ZĂ&#x192;~g â&#x20AC;Ąâ&#x201E;˘NĹ ] â&#x20AC;&#x161; ½ZP Ă? y*Ă&#x2020; kZXĂŹ H¡_ Cc* â&#x20AC;š:Ă?A Ĺ ĂŚ~äâ&#x201E;˘ĂŹâ&#x20AC;Ą The Chronicler not only teaches the proper faith in God, after the manner of the Priestly Code, by such graphic fictitious stories, (â&#x20AC;Ś). To raise the low morale at such times, the Chronicler exaggerated the splendor of the Jewish kingdom in the past, (â&#x20AC;Ś). In glorifying Judaism and the Jews through the centuries beyond all possibilities, the Chronicler necessarily rewrote the history from David to Cyrus; he freely omitted from his sources, added to them, modified them, being blissfully unaware of "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on Ă° copy nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 255 This -- Ă&#x2DC; the publisher and the author."
kn%nu p ^Ă&#x;jâ&#x20AC;°] oĂ&#x2019; ĂŽmâ&#x20AC;Ś]çi h^jĂ&#x2019; V N! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘ anachronisms C1 2 and impossibilities. (â&#x20AC;Ś). In general the Chronicler modified our canonical sources with complete freedom to suit his ideas. (â&#x20AC;Ś), and modified what did not agree with his religious views or his notions of the facts of history. (â&#x20AC;Ś). Elsewhere the Chronicler rewrote the narration of Samuel and Kings in order to express his own views, which often differed from those of his sources; (â&#x20AC;Ś). These examples suffice to illustrate the various methods by which the Chronicler rewrote, edited, shortened, expanded, and arbitrarily changed the passages in Samuel and Kings which suited his purposes, omitting the rest, (â&#x20AC;Ś); in the other half the Chronicler, unless he had access to other sources unknown to us was able to display his vivid imagination by composing freely, without any guidance. (â&#x20AC;Ś). A date ca 250 B.C. or a little earlier is far more probable than 400-350 B.C. C13
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w~Šá 7ZĂ&#x2026; Ăł Ăľg Z Ă&#x201A;[Ă&#x201A; L2eĂ&#x2122;Zj 1.The Jewish Enc., 4:60. 2.The Jewish Enc., 4:60.
I45E8E óš¡ Z LĂ&#x201D;Ă&#x2020;i Z zzĂ&#x2039;%Ă&#x201D;¯øL E -/Ă?Z Ă&#x152;Q Ă&#x201A;@* q Ć&#x2019;Ă?â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ď&#x20AC;Ś zq -ZsĂ&#x153;Ăłsv .tL ¤ /Z 3 C
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ÂťV2z)ĂŹ ZĆ&#x2019;Ă? ĂłV2z\â&#x20AC;°Ă&#x2026;V1Ă&#x201A;R Lsv .tV Ĺ&#x2019;pĂ&#x201D; ĂĽYYc* Ĺ 7g Z Ĺ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; &â&#x20AC;Ą** Ă? ] Z m,z*Ĺ ĂŤZ Ă&#x153;V2zâ&#x20AC;°Ă&#x2026;V1Ă&#x201A;RÂť kZgzZ Ă&#x201D; ( ĂŹ zĂ&#x201A;ĂżLE Ć&#x2019; ~ ÂŚ8 X YYc* Ĺ 7g Z Ĺ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; óš¡ Z c* CU* Ĺ qĂ? L ~i *"gzZè5kZ ** Ć&#x2019;sv .V4.The Jewish Enc., 4:60. 5.The Jewish Enc., 4:60. 6.The 7th-Day Adventist Bible Com., 3:118. 7.The Jewish Enc., 4:62-63.
ĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;C Ă&#x2122; ÂŞĂ? TĂ&#x201D;ĂŹ ;g}Ĺ !Zj Âť ĂłuCX LĂ&#x2C6;L qĂ&#x153;( latter) â&#x201E;˘ Ăł ÂŻZy ď&#x20AC;ĽÂ¸ LĂ&#x201A;VĹ&#x2019; 8C Ă? Ăłpâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;LĂ&#x152;ĂłuCX LĂ&#x2C6;L._Ă&#x2020; 'Ă&#x2020; çg WkZĂ&#x2020;Ăł c* b e¨ KZ ÜÌ L X 7pĂ´
9. New Bible Dic., 2nd Ed., 187-88. 10. J. L. McKenzie's Dic. of the Bible, 131-32. 11. A New Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture, revised and updated 1975, Ed. Rev. Reginald C. Fuller, (Hong Kong: Thomas Nelson Ltd., 1981), pp. 353, 55f.
~Ĺ â&#x201E;˘[â&#x201E;˘Ă? â&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; zĂ&#x;qĂ°Ă&#x192;Ă?zzĂ&#x2026;TĂ&#x201D;tĂ&#x2026;â&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; zL:ĂŹ Ă&#x2C6;Âť Ăł anachronismsL 1C2 XĂł qâ&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; zi ZË&#x2020;c* qâ&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; z" Ă°Ă&#x192;Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ CY 13. The Interpreter's Dic. of the Bible, 1:574-80.
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on Ă° copy nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 259 This -- Ă&#x2DC; the publisher and the author."
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But the builders encountered so much opposition from enemies in their homeland that the work soon came to a virtual stop and remained interrupted until the reign of Darius 1. In the 2nd year of his reign the prophets Haggai and Zechariah encouraged Zerubbabel, the governor, and Joshua, the high priest, to make another effort to rebuild the Temple. They responded, and with the enthusiastic support of the whole nation and the good will of the Persian officials and of the king himself, the new Temple, usually referred to as the Second Temple [or the Temple of Zerubbabel], was completed, along with its auxiliary structures, in the period of 4½ years, from 520 to 515 B.C. (Ezr. 3:8 to 4:5; 4:24 to 6:15). (…). Antiochus IV Epiphanes desecrated the Temple in 168 B.C. by erecting an altar dedicated to Jupiter Olympius in the Temple court and sacrificing swine on it. He stole the sacred furniture from the holy place and removed all Temple treasures (Jos. Ant. xii 5, 4; 1 Macc 1:21-23). However, the Temple was repaired, refurnished, and rededicated in 165 B.C., after the Maccabean forces took Jerusalem (1 Mac 4:43-59) (…). When Pompey conquered "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 262 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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Jerusalem in 63 B.C. the Temple was spared any damage, but it was later pillaged by Crassus [in 54 BC]. It may have suffered some further damage in the conquest of Jerusalem by Herod in 37 B.C. (…). When Herod announced his intention of rebuilding a new Temple [commonly called 'Temple of Herod'], the Jews feared he would tear down the old one and then fail to rebuild it. Consequently, Herod devised a method of reconstruction by which the old was demolished only as the new construction progressed; it appeared at the different stages as if he were doing nothing but repairing the older structures, while in reality a completely new complex of buildings was erected without interrupting the services. He first rebuilt the Temple proper. This work was begun in 20/19 B.C. and lasted 18 months. He had all building material finished to size before it was brought to the Temple area, and employed only priests to work on the inner Temple structure. After that was finished, most of the outer buildings, including the cloisters, were completed during the next 8 years, but the work of decoration and embellishment went on until the procuratorship of Albinus (A.D. 62-64), immediately before the outbreak of the Jewish war. Since building activities were still going on during Christ's ministry, it is understandable that the Jews said the Temple had been in building for 46 years (Jn 2:20). (…). The whole Temple with all its buildings was destroyed by fire during the capture of Jerusalem by the forces of Titus in A.D. 70. (…). Although the Temple built by Herod the Great was actually a new structure, the Jews always referred to it as still the Second Temple, considering his work no more than a repair and remodeling. Because of the Jews' hatred for him, the orthodox Jewish writings, like the Mishnah, which gives detailed descriptions of this Temple, never mention the name of its builder. (…). The old Temple area was enlarged to twice its former size, including also the palace grounds of Solomon's time. Archeological investigations show that the present Moslem enclosure, the Haram esh-Sherif, almost exactly covers Herod's Temple area, and large parts of the present walls rest on foundations or wall stumps of Herod's time. C3
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The mosque was built over a rock the traditions of which were sacred, probably the site was the same as that of the Temple which Hadrian erected to Jupiter. This in turn was on the site of Herod's Temple. C5
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X 146, x £kZÐ w‚g ZD Ù zŠ ãŒ Û Ô ì CYƒ ãZz] !* t b§kZ ãÑÿL ¹G X ;g7Š zÌ~ª qË» "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 265 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
äÒ^ì †’jíÚ Ôm] ^Ò îm…^i oÒ ó oÞ^Ûn׉ ØôÓnaL V O! äÛnÛ•
14XL3eÙZj {¿q -Z » õg @* Å óãÑÿL ¹G 2½$ 1C .G :ì @* ™s # Ÿzsf ïE L( 6, 54™)ˆz10:25`zy !Zf~çEE L i8Å ó]1@*
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A small portable box or chest: 3¾ X 2¼ X 2¼ ft, made of acacia wood, overlaid with gold inside and out. On its top were two cherubim facing each other. This is the place where Yahweh meets Israel and reveals His commandments. It contained the two tablets of stone which were thought to go back to the Mosaic period, a vessel of manna and the rod of Aaron. It was carried on the head of the column when the Hebrews traveled through the desert and before the army in battle. After the settlement of the Israelites in Canaan the ark was finally established at Shiloh, [Shiloh was 9 mi NNE of Bethel, in the central mountain range.] It was taken into battle against Philistines, who defeated Israel and captured the ark. It was finally placed in the temple of Solomon.
G &‡6, îF @ z1 c* …ÃÿLE gî4Š N* gq -Z Zƒ ¯ » ~ÇÅïþ ]1@*»Ç c* P‹1@* ÿ -Z ! z™zŠ6, q zZÆkZX åZƒZ a ** ÎC Ù !* gzZg0 +Z6,TgzZ å»ÅzŠ ZÎ[¢zŠ ZÎ[¢g e ä7 LZgzZ @* ™] ‡5Ð LZuZ \¬vZ V˜ ì x £ {zt X¸ ÆKì s§Å}uzŠ {z å @* Y Hwì 0Æ X‰Š ñÌb Zß ZzŠ {z Åß~ kZ X å @* ™ ØZ » ]â ©Z D™^~ õ Z vß ãZ‡Z # X åÌ¡»ðyzg ; gzZ @',» óèE O !MLq -ZgzZ †» ~ÎñèÇ áÐWÐWÆ` ¯ÐS ~ VlgzZƒÐWÐ Vzg ·t @* Y c* Yá b§kZ‰ Ü z kQ  e~h N ~/ œ%tÿ {,y s !* Ã]1@* ˆÆäYƒŠ !* W~ ysÆVêZuZX å @* Y c* Y XŠ Hc* ŠÄg6,gîx6,x £Æþ å µZz6,A ÃÆ éâ~ tæwÑwÑÆsZ š M~ ™ï6,]1@* kS gzZ ~Š “ÃLZuZ äV2Š Hc* Yá ~ k B s ÜÆV/ÐZ X 14Ð XŠ Hc* ŠÄg~ãÑÿL ¹G Sy s !* X1 2. Smith's Dic. of the Bible, 679 observes: The gold and silver alone accumulated by David are at the lowest reckoned to have amounted to between two and three billion dollars.
(Ái Z Á»7ÅÏ QsÜåH ¦~0 +egzZ ** Î þ aÆyÅkYZš M ÿäðŠóZ ZŠ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 266 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
äÒ^ì †’jíÚ Ôm] ^Ò îm…^i oÒ ó oÞ^Ûn׉ ØôÓnaL V O! äÛnÛ• Xì á CyxgŠÆ°Z et&gzZzŠ
c* Î._ÆõgZ ƒÂ[ˆ »kZ äg ó¹ ìt4Xì @* WÃe* *tC Ù„ X ( 14:22õg Z ÂX 1Ù±5)ìg aÆVÇZg W¾IKZ ǃ 3. 7th Day Adventist Bible Dic., p. 1099 ff.
Š Z%Ð kZÉ Ô¶ZK:gzZì /K è Â:Š Z%Ð pÑxw ìgÃ7]!* tVŒ 4C X åï
á ~«ÆWZ›z‹ ìKg Zg ‚{z 5. The Jewish Enc. 12:100.
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 267 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
äÒ^ì †’jíÚ Ôm] ^Ò îm…^i oÒ ó oÞ^Ûn׉ ØôÓnaL V O! äÛnÛ•
om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a .ja w w ww w w "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 268 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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?ĂŹ x?Zg ZĹ zk , H
wâ&#x20AC;&#x161;gZD Ă&#x2122; & ĂŁĹ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; Ă? `WXĂŹĂ szcĂ?Ć&#x2019; ď&#x20AC;Ś ~VzĂ *Ĺ Ă&#x2020;ys Ăł zk , L
Ă kZĂ?DX c* ÂŻ# Ă&#x2013; |ZgZĹ Âť L Ăł u Z Z L xKZĂ&#x192;Ă kZäx?ZmĹ ĂłZ ZĹ ]|I 4 Ă?0 + iĂ&#x2026; Ă°ĂśgWGâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;]| Ïà ¸XZĆ&#x2019;Ă?qĂť%zxÂŁ*q -ZĂ&#x192;w~Ĺ&#x201C; / %gzZĂ&#x2018;Ă&#x2026;
._Ă&#x2020;Z + \gzZHi¸WÂť Vz]úŠKZäð\W~Ă Ă?ZXĂĽ@ ĂĄ Âťxc* Z+F, ĂŤZĂ&#x2020; ä" #y ď&#x20AC;ĽWzWZ9XĂŹ0Ă&#x152;ZĂ&#x2026;Ă kZĂ&#x152;~xsZ+Ĺ X Ĺ HH[QĂ&#x192;yZD c* Ă?XZĆ&#x2019;Ă?xÂŁĂ?ZĂ&#x152;i¸WÂť^Ă&#x2020;`ZcgzZðâ Ă&#x203A; ~Ă Ă?ZĂ&#x152;# Ă&#x2013; âZĂ&#x2026;Ă° xZâ&#x201E;˘}m CZxĂ&#x201C;
XĂŹĂŻqÂťwĂ&#x2026;/ Ĺ&#x201C;%´ŠaĂ&#x2020;yc* Ĺ Z+F, ĂŤZ&Ă&#x2020;*Ĺ â&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; zq -/Ă t Ă&#x2026;# sŸz Ă&#x2026;] !* kZgzZX ĂŹ Ĺ HH7{ ^ ,Y Âťw]g@* Ă&#x2026; zk , ~ Z ĂĽXE3W!ÂŁ XĂŹ Ă&#x17D;â HĂ&#x2026;Ă kZĂ?g ÂąZĂ&#x2020;äsc* Ă°Z ĂŹ Ë&#x2020;
x|~½ ó zk , L
Ă&#x2026;~p Ă&#x2013;ZyZ# sŸzĂ&#x2026; ãçŠĂ&#x2020;kZ~Ăłc* be¨ KZÂŞ!* eg Ĺ&#x201C;ZDĂ&#x161;Z L :ĂŹ Ë&#x2020; With regard to the meaning of the original name there is no "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on Ă° copy nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 269 This -- Ă&#x2DC; the publisher and the author."
îm…^i †’jíÚ oÒ ó Ü× æ†mLV 4! äÛnÛ• concurrence of opinion. The oldest known form, Ura-sa-lim, has been considered by many to mean either the 'City of Peace' or the 'City of (the god) Salem,' but other interpreters, considering the name as of Hebrew origin, interpret it as the 'possession of peace' or 'foundation of peace.' It is one of the ironies of history that a city which in all of its long history has seen so little peace and for whose possession such rivers of blood have been shed should have such a possible meaning for its name.C1
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»kZ™}Šg Z Œ Û ÝÑZ ãZ‡ÐZ ä ±g á vŠ ‰pÔì c* ŠgZ Œ Ûà ó »Ý‚ @* -Š LÐZ E Tà (Z q -Z ì hø0=t Å õg @* Xì Œók‚ Z ÅðZ L c* óðZ î0E 0Ò‘Lx| âZaÆä™Ýqº6,Tgz Zƒ ¬Š ðZ „ f á ~yZgzŠÆõg @* sîKZ ä X N YbŠg Z Œ Û ptÆx ** Æk QÔVƒˆð·Vc* +Åyp 0
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Šð óZ ZŠi ZI: â i
Xì `gŠ 'Salem'x ** ÇÆ ª!* »àkZ~ ( 18 :14)÷Za [  Š*Š)**
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+ zZ} .‰ Ü z k Q Ô ñÑ { á Š !* » (Salem) Ý‚ ( Melchizedek) t åuL o ‚» » \¬0 :ì ˆÅ# sŸz~[ Âò ** ó zk , L0Æ# Ö ZŠÅkZX å
Various pre-historic sites of the Lower Paleolithic period have been found. in the Mesolithic period, which followed, the climate was stabilized in its present form and, due to the prevailing dryness, conditions became much more difficult for prehistoric man in the Jerusalem area. Only two sites are dated to this period. the agricultural revolution of the Neolithic period enabled man to make progress against the desert: 16 sites are indicated for this period. in the Chalcolithic period, settlement contracted somewhat, probably because of the strong attraction of the Jordan Valley "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 270 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
îm…^i †’jíÚ oÒ ó Ü× æ†mLV 4! äÛnÛ•
and the Negev, which led to a relative decline of the mountain area. C2
C 3
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X ¶ˆƒ „ ÜgzŠ {Š ñ Zƒz [W~ gzŠ ãxgŠ Æ äâ iÆßáZz ˆ X y¨ KZÆõg @* i ZIU â i~º´Æ zk , Ðzz Åäƒ {gzŠgzŠ ».( ~Ìñ)
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ËÆTÔðƒ µZz ¶¼ ~ ~g »Š !* WÐzz Åæo¢kZ Å1gzZ yŠg Z „Š Zz X c* WwZzi ×~~Š !* WÅVè~h N ~
:ì @* ™~p ÖZyZ „Šy¶ KÅ# Ö ZŠÅkZ óc* be ¨ KZª!* eg œZDÚZ L Pre-Israelite period, --- The beginnings of Jerusalem are long before recorded history; at various points in the neighborhood, e.g. at el-Bukei'a to the Southwest, and at the northern extremity of the Mount of Olives to the Northeast, were very large settlements of Paleolithic man, long before the dawn of history, as is proved by the enormous quantities of Celts C7 scattered over the surface. It is certain that the city's site itself was occupied many centuries before David, and it is a traditional view that the city called SALEM (Genesis 14:18), over which Melchizedek was king, was identical with Jerusalem. C8 The first certain reference to this city about 1450 BC, when the name Ur-u-salem occures in several letters belonging to the Tell el-Marna Letters correspondence. In 7 of these letters occurs the name Abd Khiba, and it is clear that this man was 'king,' or governor of the city, as the representative of Pharaoh of Egypt. (...). Incidently we may gather that the place was then a fortified city, guarded partly by mercenary Egyptian troops, and there are reasons for thinking that then ruler of Egypt, Amenhotep IV, had made it a sanctuary of his god Aten --- the sun-disc. C9
3rE ˆƒ¬¹ÐäYñÑ~k Æõg@* Z’ZÅ zk , , ’ûLE :gzŠLu Z Zi ZI G3Å Z~[f[†})6,]â £ZÆg Z z[ Œ Û X¶ yìiÓÃ~tæwÑgzZ îœG3©E Åy ¨ KZÆ äâ i ðZ’ZÆ߬ ¹ Ð Z’Z Å õg@*( ~ º´ à Ñð•ZÆ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 271 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
ĂŽmâ&#x20AC;Ś^i â&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;&#x2122;jĂĂ&#x161; oĂ&#x2019; Ăł Ă&#x153;Ă&#x2014; ĂŚâ&#x20AC; mLV 4! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
Ĺ !* Wâ~(,~(,š Ă?Ĺ ZÂŽ~(,Ă&#x2026;Vzg ZizZĂ&#x2020;Ă&#x;Ă°Ć&#x2019; ~)6,}i R 6Ă&#x201D;â&#x20AC;°Vc* &C ÂťĂ&#x2039;: Ă&#x2039;ÂŹVc* Ĺ&#x201C;FĂ?Ă°Ĺ ĂłZ ZĹ 6,q ¸z ĂżL Ă&#x2020;Ă Ĺ pâ&#x20AC;š Z& + ĂŹ D]!* tXĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;C Ă&#x2122;ÂŞ E Š$ ĂŽZzgX ĂĽĂŻ gzZ ( 18:14áZa Ć&#x2019;Ă&#x201A; ) ĂĽ* @Yš(Salem) Ă?â&#x20AC;&#x161;&Ă&#x201D;Ă {z ĂŹtĂ&#x192;ĂŽ0 G X ĂĽâ&#x20AC;&#x17E; zk , {zĂ&#x201D; ϋZxĂ&#x2026;tĹ&#x201C;ĂŤL Ă&#x201C;$6, T yZx ** Âť (Ur-u-salem) Ă?â&#x20AC;&#x161;zg- Z # Ă&#x201D;ĂŹ Md $Ĺ&#x2019; Ă&#x203A; Ă&#x2020;xt 450!ZjDªà kZ
oè]â&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă?~oèyZXĂŹĂ?oèĂ&#x2020;** %Ă&#x2018;ZL Ă&#x17E; mÂťXĂ&#x201D; ZĆ&#x2019;Ĺ g Zz~]!* ÂŻĹ Âź 47Eâ&#x20AC; ~X , Z ^Ă&#x2C6;Ăş Ă&#x203A; Âżt ĂŹ ĂŁZz ]!* t XĂŹ gĂ&#x192;è x ** Âť (Abd Khiba ) ĂŠE 5G
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xgXB $Ć&#x2019;Ă°ZyZx~^Ă&#x2020;â&#x20AC;° Ă&#x153; zkZ Ĺ Ăą@ZĂ&#x2DC;o¢aĂ&#x2020;WĂ&#x17D;tXĂĽĂ?q
X ĂĽHĂ&#x2030;aĂ&#x2020;{ Ă&#x2021;]Ĺ â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Ă&#x2026; (Aten) @W@* - Ĺ LZĂ&#x192; º´kZ ä (Amenhotep IV) 1C0
X ~WĂ&#x2026; `gĂ&#x17D;ĂŹĹ Z%Ă?(Aten) @W
X œŠù~Ĺ !* WVĹ&#x2019;ÂŹĂ&#x152;Ă? xt 3200._Ă&#x2020;e $Zzgq -Z Ă°Z5Ă&#x2026;Ă zk , (Early Bronze Age
1C1
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[ø 7Ĺ Ă&#x2020;(Middle Bronze Age 2200-1550 BCE) gzĹ Ă&#x2020;´ VzgzZ 3150-2200 BCE)
Ă&#x2122; }uzĹ gzZ}Ĺ ~º´k ~wzZĂ&#x203A;Ă&#x2020;[I}gZD Z ĂŹ@* Ć&#x2019;" $U* Ă?szø
: Ë&#x153; Stewart Henry Perowne'gzZcg¸Ă&#x201D;tĂ g q -ZX¸Š!* WvĂ&#x;Ă&#x152; Excavation has shown that a settlement existed on the site south of the Temple platform, possibly in the Early Bronze Age and certainly by 1800 BC. A massive town wall still survives, just above the spring that determined the location of the ancient settlement. C12
xt 18006,gĂŽDgzZĂ&#x2021;´ Ă°Zâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ZJuĂ&#x201A; ĂŹ @* Ć&#x2019;C Ă&#x2122; ÂŞĂ? Ă°Z5Ă&#x2026; º´ Ă°Ă&#x2018;!* Ă&#x2020;`X œŠù~Ĺ !* Wq -Z~[â&#x20AC; Ă&#x2020;(Temple Platform)} F, ĂŠĂ&#x2020;ÂŤJ E 5{¢à ½~g ¸q q ¸zĂťĂ&#x2020;~Ĺ !* W*Ĺ Ă?)g fĂ&#x2020;TĂ&#x201D;ÏŠùà ÿLG -ZĂ&#x152;[Zs§ "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on Ă° copy nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 272 This -- Ă&#x2DC; the publisher and the author."
îm…^i †’jíÚ oÒ ó Ü× æ†mLV 4! äÛnÛ•
Xì @* ƒç»
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]ª!* ÅkÅgzŠ ´» ðZ’ZX ¶Œ6,àJ -}u! †LZ ~h N {0 +â ¹!* gzZ c*
Horites Hurrians
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Å (Ophel ) >zZX åyZx6, zk ,~ xt ~œ,ðŠa å (Arti-Hepa) L Cg Z c* C13
Xì B bg mÐ gzŠ ÏZ ko¢Å³ q -Z ñƒ ¶ Ðß6,yZze ¹æ À& ä þ ( 3:8 > , õ/GŸG Š ) Ìy’µ b§ÏZ ÿ ZŠ· µL~ Z’Z Åxt ~œ, ðg !* àgz Z HOÃVz° !* ÆàkZ äV,ZX 1™ ìÐ ZgzZ ~±k B s ÜÆ zk , 1C4
: D™{û~p ÖZyZ W. Smith Ðá ZjÆe $WkZXó c* Š™>W§ 2 + Ã
In the fifteen centuries which elapsed between this siege and the siege and destruction of the city by Titus, A.D. 70, the city was besieged no fewer than seventeen times; twice it was razed to the ground, and on two other occasions its walls were levelled. in this respect it stands without a parallel in any city, ancient or modern. C15
{gG yxgŠ Æ VzÜõyZ gzZ „n ÅàVð; Æ òzg Titus ~ ~{70
c* Š™u {0 + è kÐZ Âû%zŠX Š HH{Üõû%{Š c* iÐ {, »àkZ~yQ,g¦ /Vc* œ
c* *ŠÌË: i Zñ »àkZÐ p ÒkZ X ˆ~Š™xâkÅkZ6,µZñzŠvŠ X Š H X YYH7Ðàh +] . 1C6
X Hyâui ZÃàgzZ 1™ï{g !* zŠ6, àkZ „¢ä(Jebosites)x ¸Ï'
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(...), and [Jehoash of Israel] brake down the wall of Jerusalem from the gate of Ephraim unto the corner gate, 400 cubits. And he took all the gold and silver, and all the vessels that were found in the house of the Lord [Temple of Solomon], and in the treasures of the king's house, and hostages, and returned to Samaria. C20
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For the next 100 years we have scarcely any historical knowledge of Jerusalem. A glimpse is afforded by the papyri of Elephantine where we read of a Jewish community in Upper Egypt petitioning Bagohi, the governer of Judea, for permission to rebuild their own temple to Yahweh in Egypt; incidently they mention that they had already sent an unsuccessful petition to Johanan the high priest and his colleagues in Jerusalem. In another document we gather that this petition to the Persian governor was granted. These documents must date about 411-407 BC. Later, probably about 350, we have somewhat ambiguous referneces to the destruction of Jerusalem and the captivity of numbers of Jews in the time of Artaxerxes (III) Ochus (358-337 BC). With the battle of Issus and Alexander's "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 278 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
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Palestinian campaign (ca. 332 BC), we are upon surer historical ground. C22
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He [Antiochus Iv] sacrificed swine upon the holy altar, and caused the high priest himself --- a Greek in all his sympathies --- to partake of the impure sacrificial feasts; he tried by barbarous cruelties to suppress the ritual of circumcision. In everything he endeavoured, (...), to organize Jerusalem as a Greek city, and to secure his position he built a strong wall, and a great tower for the Akra, and, having furnished it well with armor and victuals, C23 he left a strong garrison. But the Syrians had overreached C 24 themselves this time, and the reaction against persecution and attempted religious suppression produced the great uprising of the Maccabeans. C25
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After the death of Antiochus VII in 128 Judea was practically independent. John ruled with the title of ethnarch and high priest. He extended Jewish rule over E Palestine and Edom, where he forced the Edomeans to submit to circumcision. He attacked Samaria and destroyed the temple of Samaritans on Mt. Gerizim. The Pharisees, alarmed at his ambitions and secular character of his rule, broke with Hasmoneans during his reign. Aristobulus I (105-104), son of John Hyrcanus: He imprisoned his mother, to whom the sovereignty had been bequeathed by the will of John, and imprisoned his brothers except Antigonus, whom he associated with himself in government but later assassinated. Aristobulus assumed the title of king. Alexander Jannaeus (Jonathan), brother of Aristobulus I "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 283 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
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(104-76): Salome Alexandra, widow of Aristobulus, released her brothers-in-law from prison and set Jonathan, who preferred to go by his Greek name, upon the throne. Alexander extended the Jewish kingdom, in spite of a number of setbacks, almost to the limits of the ancient kingdom of David. (...). Alexander extended his rule over Philistia (capturing it from Ptolemy Lathyrus of Egypt's Control) and (..) some of the Hellenestic cities. In his expansion northward in Palestine he confronted the Nabatean king Obadath, who held Damascus and halted his advance in that direction. This defeat aroused his adversaries among his own people, who summoned help from the Selucid king Demetrius III Eukairos. Demetrius invaded Judea and defeated Alexander. The defeat, however, turned the patriotism of the Jews to sympathy with Alexander; Demetrius, thus deprived of support, was forced to withdraw. Alexander revenged himself by having 800 of his Jewish captives and their wives and children executed before their eyes; he himself dined with his concubines, watching the spectacle. Antiochus XII Dionysus, the successor of Demetrius III, invaded Palestine, and Alexander was unable to resist him; but after Antiochus was defeated and killed by the Nabateans, Alexander continued his conquest in E Palestine. (...). Salome (75-67), widow of Alexander Jannaeus: She appointed Hyrcanus II, the elder son of Alexander, high priest and recognizing the unchecked ambition of Aristobulus II, the younger son, kept him in private life. After her death the civil war between Hyrcanus and Aristobulus led each brother to seek the assistance of Pompey, then engaged in his eastern conquests. Aristobulus, however, finally refused Roman arbitration; and Pompey attacked and took Jerusalem in 63 BC. He ended the Hasmonean monarchy, detached the territories conquered by earlier Hasmonean rulers, and made Judea part of the province of Syria. C28
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In 362 Julian is said to have attempted to rebuild the temple, but the work was interrpted by an explosion. The story is doubtful. C33
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ĂŽmâ&#x20AC;Ś^i â&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;&#x2122;jĂĂ&#x161; oĂ&#x2019; Ăł Ă&#x153;Ă&#x2014; ĂŚâ&#x20AC; mLV 4! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘ short. Seven years earlier had occured the historic flight of Mohammad from Mecca (the Higira), and in 637 the victorious followers of the Prophet appeared in the Holy City. After a short siege, it capitulated, but the Khalif [or 'khalifah'?] Omar treated the Christians with generous mercy. The Christian sites were spared, but upon the temple-site, which up to this [time] had apparently been occupied by no important Christian building but was of peculiar sanctity to the Moslems through Mohammad's alleged visions there, a wooden mosque was erected, capable of accommodating 3,000 worshippers. C36
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During the long rule of Mu'awiya, the Muslim place of worship on the Temple area, approximately described by Bishop Arculfus in ca. 680 must have taken shape. (â&#x20AC;Ś) Mu'awiya built the Muslim sanctuary there "after 'Umar". It stands also to reason that the plan for erection of the Dome of the Rock, which needed immense preparations, was made during the protracted and orderly rule of Mu'awiya. The inscription in the dome bears the year 72/691-2, but the beginning of 'Abd al-Malik reign (65-86/685-705) was extremely turbulent. 'Abd al-Malik had good reasons to make efforts towards the completion of the building, which would show him as the great champion of Islam, but the early years of his caliphate were hardly suited for both conceiving such an enormous undertaking and carrying it out to its very end during a comparatively short period. Contrari-wise Mu'awiya is known also by his extensive buying and building activities in Mecca, in which he was not followed by later Umayyads. (â&#x20AC;Ś.). The real urge for the erection of the Dome of the Rock on the site where it stands and in the form which it has, was religious, in addition, of course, to the natural acculturation of the Arabs to an environment, where magnificent edifices were the eloquent witnesses of a triumphant Church and of great rulers. (â&#x20AC;Ś.). The end of Umayyad rule was for Jerusalem (ca. 750 AD), (â&#x20AC;Ś), a period of great tribulations. In the wake of a rebellion against the last Umayyad Marwan II, the walls of Jerusalem were pulled down and its inhabitants punished. Earthquakes aggravated the situation. C40
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The crusaders [laid siege on June 6, and] took Jerusalem in A.D. 1099, July 15th, and it remained in Christian possession 88 years, [until] Saladin retook it in 1187. C43
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ĂŽmâ&#x20AC;Ś^i â&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;&#x2122;jĂĂ&#x161; oĂ&#x2019; Ăł Ă&#x153;Ă&#x2014; ĂŚâ&#x20AC; mLV 4! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘ in which the defenders threatened to kill the Muslim prisoners and all non-combatants, to burn all the valuables and to destroy the buildings on the Haram al-Sharif, an agreement was reached in November 1187, which permitted the inhabitants to ransom themselves after surrender. Only the Eastern Christians remained, and Jerusalem soon assumed the character of a predominantly Muslim city. (â&#x20AC;Ś.). The influx of Learned Jews from France attested for the period ca. 1210-15 in both literary texts and Geniza letters proves that Ayyubid rule at that time must have had a reputation of an orderly government able to guarantee the safety of foreigners. (â&#x20AC;Ś). The Khwarazmians over-ran Syria and Palestine, took Jerusalem in August 1244 and plundered and murdered in the town, desecrating the Holy Sepulchre and other churches. C44
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In a dismantled state it was ceded to the Christians [or Muslims?] by the treaty with the emperor Frederick II, in 1219, and has ever since remained in the Mahometans' hands. From the first siege by the children of Judah (Judges 1:8), 1400 B.C., to A D. 1244 Jerusalem underwent 27 sieges, the last being by the Kharesmian hordes who slaughtered the priests and monks. There was the city before David, the second that of Solomon 1000 to 597 B.C., the third city that of Nehemiah which lasted for 300 years. A Grecised city under Herod (the fourth city) succeeded. This city, destroyed by Titus A.D. 70, was followed by a Roman city, the fifth, which lasted until the Mahometan time, the sixth city. Then followed the Christian city of Godfrey and the Baldwins, the seventh; lastly the eighth, the modern city of 600 years of Moslem rule. The Ottoman Suleiman in 1542 built the present walls. After a brief possession by the [Ibrahim] Pasha of Egypt from 1832 to 1840, Jerusalem was restored to the Sultan of Turkey, in whose hands it continues. C45
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In the 19th century, Jerusalem and the rest of Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire, became the focus of international concern. For several centuries European countries had had political and commercial interests in Palestine because of its position at the crossroads to India and the Far East. Several of these countries had attempted to expand their influence there from the 16th century on by extending their protection and patronage over the Christian Holy Places and the Christian subjects of the Ottomans. They also sought certain privileges within the empire. It was such privileges that the Ottomans had granted to the French and the Russians that the British, Austrians, Prussians, and Italians attempted to have set aside in their favor in the 19th century. The Ottoman Turks were defeated in World War I and evicted from Palestine by the British, to whom the League of Nations awarded the Palestine mandate. The mandate period witnessed an immense struggle between Arab and Jewish nationslist movements for control of Palestine, with Jerusalem as the chief prize and heart of the conflict. (…). By the end of World War II the British had despaired of unreveling the tangled issue, and it was turned over to United Nations. A UN resolution of November 29, 1947, recommended the partition of the country between Arabs and Jews and the internationalization of Jerusalem. The Palestinian Arabs and the Arab states rejected the plan. The day after its adoption a general attack was launched against the Jews throughout the area. As a result of the ensuing war, Jerusalem was divided by an armistice agreement in 1949 between Jordan and Israel, with the Old (Walled) City and East Jerusalem under Jordanian control and West Jerusalem (the New City) under Israeli rule. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 301 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
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The Peel Royal Commission, sent out in 1936 to investigate the situation, for the first time recommended the creation of an Arab and a Jewish state and the conversion of Jerusalem, together with Bethlehem, into a separate unit remaining under British mandate. But neither this nor any other of the subsequent attempts of the mandatory government to find a solution led to results. On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted Resolution 189 (II) calling for the division of Palestine into two states, but united by economic union. Jerusalem was to be "internationalized". Immediately after this decision the country was in flames. Jerusalem in particular suffered great losses in life and property even before 15 May 1948, the official end of the British mandate. (â&#x20AC;Ś.). The ceasefire divided Jerusalem by a line slightly west of the western wall of the old city. (â&#x20AC;Ś.). On 13 Dec. 1948 the Transjordonian parliament resolved the annexation of the areas of Palestine occupied by the Arab Legion. Israel followed suit by transferring its parliament from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem in Feb. 1949 and proclaiming Jerusalem its capital on 13 Dec. 1949. Both actions were in contradiction of the UN resolution of Nov. 1947, which had foreseen Jerusalem as a corpus separatum. The matter came up repeatedly in the UN until 1952, when it was left dormant, until the war of 1967 created an entirely new situation. C48
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Yet none of this would have brought Jerusalem into the war had King Hussein heeded a message from Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol on June 5, 1967. Fighting had broken out with Egypt as a result of President Gamal Abdel Nasser's blockade of the Straits of Tiran on May 22 and his intimidatory troop concentrations accompanied by threats to destroy Israel. Eshkol's message, conveyed through the United Nations chief of staff, General Odd Bull, said plainly that if Jordan kept out of the war, Israel would leave every-thing as it was. The reply was an all-out Jordonian assault on western Jerusalem. Indeed, the fighting in Jerusalem was the fiercest of that in any sector-and it took a heavy toll of Israeli lives. On June 5, Israel hastily improvised troop convoys for the Jerusalem front. By June 7 the laconic C49 message of the brigade commander ('The Temple Mount is ours') conveyed the momentous news that Jerusalem was united. It had "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on Ă° copy nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 304 This -- Ă&#x2DC; the publisher and the author."
ĂŽmâ&#x20AC;Ś^i â&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;&#x2122;jĂĂ&#x161; oĂ&#x2019; Ăł Ă&#x153;Ă&#x2014; ĂŚâ&#x20AC; mLV 4! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘ known many masters. Now, after 19 centuries, its original builders were back again. Soon the barriers were down-the barbed-wire fences, the tank traps, the Mandelbaum Gate, all the symptoms of ghetto-like separation-and Jews, Muslims, and Christians, with multitudes of pilgrims from all over the world, swarmed together, mingling, jostling, sometimes colliding, but always together in a single human destiny. Requests from United Nations organs that they get themselves divided again D back to their respective cages and compartmentsD evoked their good-humoured derision. C50
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ĂŽmâ&#x20AC;Ś^i â&#x20AC; â&#x20AC;&#x2122;jĂĂ&#x161; oĂ&#x2019; Ăł Ă&#x153;Ă&#x2014; ĂŚâ&#x20AC; mLV 4! äĂ&#x203A;nĂ&#x203A;â&#x20AC;˘
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: Dâ&#x201E;˘Bâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2020;]g â&#x20AC;&#x17E;kZx !Z å ÂŁ: H Ă&#x192;LZyâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;!* Z Jerusalem's population distribution (218,300 Jews, 62,300 Muslims, and 11,100 Christians) cannot fail to be determinant in its political status. But on a deeper and higher level of history, Jerusalem represents the confluence of many streams of memory and culture. Its sun has risen and set on a multitude of human longings, passions, agonies, and hopes. It is the capital of one nation and yet also the touchstone of the entire human condition. C51
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â&#x20AC;&#x161;q -Z Ă&#x2026; Ăľg @* wâ&#x20AC;&#x161;/wâ&#x20AC;&#x161;Ă&#x2026; zk , Ă? ( 148 Ă&#x201D; 146:7) Ăłc* be¨ KZ ÜÌ~Ĺ L :ĂŹ `gĹ V;zXĂŹ sf `gĹ ÂĄ
Âť XĂŹ @* â&#x201E;˘ĂŤ Z Ă&#x203A;â&#x20AC;&#x17E; ď&#x20AC;Ś zq -Z Ă&#x2026; ]uZz ĂŤ Z {Ĺ c* i yQ ^g e ]g @* wâ&#x20AC;&#x161;/ wâ&#x20AC;&#x161;t :ĂŹ mĂ°Ă&#x192;Ă´ZĂ&#x; !* c* Ă´ZzĹĄĂ?Ăľg @* Ă&#x2026;V- Š¡Ă&#x2020; zk , B.C. 1500. Earliest historical mention of Jerusalem, found in the El-Amarna tablets. 1048. David takes possession of Jerusalem from the Jebusites. 1007. Solomon's Temple completed after seven years' labor [It may be ca. 955] 972. Shishak of Egypt takes the city from Rehoboam. 722. The fall of Samaria at the hands of Assyrians. 713. Sennacherib advances toward Jerusalem. 700. Hezekiah perfects the water-supply. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on Ă° copy nĂ&#x201A;^Ă&#x203A;cannot â&#x20AC;°] ^m Ă&#x2018; Ă° be ^vuploaded â&#x20AC;°] VxneĆ&#x2019; â&#x20AC;&#x161; Ă´ Ă&#x17E;â&#x20AC;Ąany â&#x20AC; Ă&#x160; ^iwebsite çĂ&#x2014;Ă&#x2019;] except those of 306 This -- Ă&#x2DC; the publisher and the author."
îm…^i †’jíÚ oÒ ó Ü× æ†mLV 4! äÛnÛ• 586. (Ab 9. ) [Jerosalem] Captured by Nebu zar-adan [Nebuchadnezzer]. 516. Rebuilt during reign of Darius. 350. Seized by the Persians. 332. Visited by Alexander the Great? 320 or 305. Seized by Ptolemy Soter. 170. Plundered by Antiochus Epiphanes. 165. Judas Maccabeus recaptures Jerusalem and reconsecrates the Temple. 166. Pompey enters Jerusalem.
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37. Besieged and taken by Herod the Great.
20. Restoration of the Temple begun by Herod the Great.
C.E.
29. (April.) Jesus of Nazareth executed at Jerusalem.
70. (Nisan 14.) Siege commenced by Vespasian, lasting 134 days. 70. (Ab 9.) Jerusalem destroyed by Titus. 135. Hadrian rebuilds the city.
136. Jerusalem called Ælia Capitolina.
362. Restoration of the Temple undertaken by Julian the Apostate. 614. Jews aid the Persian Chosroes II. in attack on Jerusalem. 628. Retaken by Heraclius; Jews forbidden to enter the city. 637. Omar puts Jerusalem under Moslem power. 688. 'Abd al-Malik builds the Dome of the Rock. 1046. Solomon ben Judah head of the yeshibah at Jerusalem. 1077. Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem. 1099. (July 15.) Crusaders put 70,000 infidels to the sword, and found a new Christian kingdom. 1100. "Assize of Jerusalem" established by Godfrey of Bouillon. 1140. Judah ha-Levi visits Jerusalem. 1173. Benjamin of Tudela visits Jerusalem. 1187. (Oct. 2.) Saladin defeats the Franks and takes Jerusalem. 1211. Several hundred English and French rabbis settle in Jerusalem. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 307 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
îm…^i †’jíÚ oÒ ó Ü× æ†mLV 4! äÛnÛ• 1218. Al-Harizi visits Jerusalem. 1267. (Aug. 12.) Nahmanides visits Jerusalem. 1437. Elijah of Ferrara made chief rabbi. 1492. Jews expelled from Spain settle in Jerusalem. 1517. Capture by Ottoman Turks. 1580. Nahmanides synagogue closed by the Moslems, claiming that it had previously been a mosque. 1621. Isaiah Horowitz and a number of his friends settle in Jerusalem. 1627. Ibn Farukh, governor of Jerusalem and persecutor of the Jews, deposed.
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1705. Jews subjected to certain vexatious restrictions in matters of attire. 1798. Napoleon visits Palestine; Jewish community of Jerusalem accused of assisting him and its members threatened with death. 1827. First visit of Moses Montefiore.
1838. Edward Robinson commences archeological research in Jerusalem. 1840. Crémieux, Montefiore, and Albert Cohn visit Jerusalem. 1841. (Nov. 7.) S. M. S. Alexander, convert to Christianity, consecrated first Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem. 1854. Albert Cohn establishes many charitable institutions.
1862. (Sept. 5.) Treaty to preserve the Holy Sepulcher signed by Russia, France, and Turkey. 1880. Siloam Inscription discovered. 1892. (Sept. 13) Railway from Jerusalem to Jaffa, built by a French company, opened. 1898. (Nov. 1.) William II. of Germany visits Jerusalem in state and receives a Jewish deputation. 1900. Abarbanel Library founded.
Sources Consulted (for 'Hist. Of Jerusalem') ENCYCLOPAEDIAS, ETC. Compton's Enc. Chicago: Compton's Learning Co., 1989, s.v. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 308 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
îm…^i †’jíÚ oÒ ó Ü× æ†mLV 4! äÛnÛ• 'jerusalem' (12:99-102). Enc. Americana. Connecticut: Grolier Incorpora-ted, 1986, s.v. 'Jerusalem', by J. L. Kraemer, Tel Aviv University, 16:26-32. Enc. of Islam, New (1986) edn., s.v. 'al-Kuds' by O. Grabar, Harvard Univ. Enc. of Judaism Second (2005) edn. Leiden: Brill, s.v. 'Jerusalem in Judaism', by Mayer Gruber (2:1201-1211). Enc. of Religion, Second (2005) edn. USA: Thompson Gale, s.v. 'Jerusalem' by Reuven Firestone. Grolier Academic Enc., 1985 (11:399-401).
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Illustrated World Enc. NY: Illustrated World Enc., Inc., 1969 (12:2903-05). International Standard Bible Enc. (Version 1.0 © 1997). Albany, OR USA: AGES Software, s.v. 'Jerusalem' (6:180-250). Jewish Enc. NY: KTAV Publishing House, INC., 1901 (7:118-57). Merit Students Enc. USA: Crowell-Collier Educational Corporation, 1967 edn., s.v. 'Jerusalem' by Donald N. Wilber (10:158-162). -----Year Book 1973, s.v. 'Jerusalem' by Abba Eban (p. 46-55). New Book of Knowledge, The Cildren's Enc. NY: Grolier Inc., 1970 (10:78-81). New Caxton Enc. London: Caxton Pubg. Co., 1973, s.v. 'Jerusalem' (11:3420-22). New Enc. Britannica, Macropaedia. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1982, s.v. 'Jerusalem' by Stewart Henry Perowne (10:138-44). New Standard Enc. Chicago: Standard Educatioinal Corp., date etc. have been recorded in Vol. I only, which is not available (7:J-52 to J-55). Universal World Reference Enc. Chicago, Illinois: Consolidated Book Publishers, 1964 (8:2709-10). al-Suwaida#n, Dr. T@ariq. Falastine, al-Tarikh al-Musawwar. al-Ibda' al-Fikri, Kuwait, 2004 (84-86). Jerusalem. Keter Books, Israel Pocvket Library, 5 (1973). Jamie Scott & Paul simpsom-Housley. Sacred Places and Profane Spaces. NY: Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881, 1991. Islamic Studies (Special. Issue on 'Jerusalem'), Vol. 40: Nos. 3,4 Autumn-Winter, 2001. Ed. Dr. Zafar Ishaq Ansari, Guest ed. Salma Khadra "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 309 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
îm…^i †’jíÚ oÒ ó Ü× æ†mLV 4! äÛnÛ• Jayyusi. Islamabad: Isl. Research Institute, International Isl. Univ.
ATLASES Oxford Bible Atlas. Ed. Herbert G. May. Oxford: Oxf. Univ. Press, 1984. New Bible Atlas. Ed. J. J. Bimson and J. P. Kane. Leicester: I.V. Press, 1985. Terrien, Samuel. Lands of the Bible. Wisconsin: Western Pblg. Co. Inc., 1957. Magi, Giovanna. Jerusalem. Florence: Casa Editrice Bonechi, 1992.
DICTIONARIES, ETC:
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Fausset's Bible Dic. (Version 1.0 © 2000). Albany, OR USA: AGES Software, s.v. 'Jerusalem' (2:417-51). Interpreter's Dic. of the Bible (2000). Nashville: Abingdon Press, s.v. 'Jerusalem' by M. Burrows (2:843-66). McKenzie, John L. Dic. of the Bible. London: Geoffrey Chapman (1984), s.v. 'Jerusalem' (426-31). Smith, William. Dic. of the Bible. Michigan: Regency Reference Library, Zondervan Pblg House, Grand Rapids (1967), s.v. 'Jerusalem' (292-305). Illustrated Bible Dic. Inter-Varsity Press (1980). S.v. 'Jerusalem' by D.F. Payne, London Bible College, (2:752-60).
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 310 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
îm…^i †’jíÚ oÒ ó Ü× æ†mLV 4! äÛnÛ•
õg @* ¿Å ó zk , L4eÙZj 1. International Standard Bible Enc., (Albany, OR USA: Books For The Ages, AGES Software, Version 1.0 © 1997), s.v. 'Jerusalem' by Geerhardus Vos, 6:181. 2. "Jerusalem", Israel Pocvket Library, (Kate Books, 1973), 5.
C X (Paleolithic) gzŠ »Iâ Ð 10,000 BCE Ô(Old Stone Age)gzŠ ~v*Š 3
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X (Mesolithic)gzŠ » 10,000 to 7,500 BCE Ô(Middle Stone Age)gzŠ ~vVz 4C E ÐÆVzߤSVc* úÅgzŠ kZÔ (the latest part of the Stone Age)gzŠ ~væL:ZzZ 5C E eç«i±zZ R, g á EL ) X (Neolithic)ì wEZ » Vzg ZizZ gzZ Vzg Ï {” °gzZ ñƒ X ( Y 1993Ôó~Öe
-(Chalcolithic) 4,000 to 3,150 BCE Ô (Copper Age)´»Ç
6C
454Xe äƒ 'celts' X 9Æ b ˜Z kZ 7 G -V˜ X óZ h â »ß L : pÆ TÔ èG J C
Ôì ÙaÆVÍßÆ\g- ! fb ˜ZtÔì m» (B‚ÆóÏ L} (, ) 'Celts' ÆndZgzZ§ÆnpH} (,{z X¸ ‰ƒŠ !* W~6¤' ,¬ Ð äWÆðzg
X¸D™wEZIá ZzäYQÐVEgzZ¸Ìy‚iZ {zX¸gZ− 8. International Standard Bible Enc., CD-ROM Version 1.0, 1997, 6:227. 9. International Standard Bible Enc., CD-ROM Version 1.0, 1997, 6:227-28. 10. Enc. of Judaism, Second (2005) edn., 2:1201. 11. Interpreter's Dic. of the Bible,(2000) , 2:846. 12. Enc. Britannica: Macropaedia 15th edn. (1982), s.v. 'Jerusalem'10:139. 13. Interpreter's Dic. of the Bible, (2000), 2:846-47.
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15.William Smith, A Dic. of the Bible (Michigan: Grand Rapid, 1067), 302. 16. Interpreter's Dic. of the Bible (2000), 2:847. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 311 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
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/ŸGŠ 1C7 Interpreter's Dic. of the Bible, 2:848. õG 18.International Standard Bible Enc., 'Jerusalem,', 6:231. 19. Enc. Britannica: Macropaedia 15th edn. (1982), 10:139. 20.2-Kings 14:14 KJV.
\ X 324™ó{(- LÂk , iÔY 1967Ô óª!* ‹¸ÅôG-. Ù L ±5 2C1 22.International Standard Bible Enc., s.v. 'Jerusalem,' by Geerhardus Vos, 6:237.
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25. International Standard Bible Enc., s.v. 'Jerusalem,' by Geerhardus Vos, 6:239. 26.See International Standard Bible Enc., s.v. 'Jerusalem,' by Geerhardus Vos, 6:240f.
E 45µ], ! k y’ (John Hyrcanus or Johanan: 135-140 BC ) áq- c*øG ; y C27 {Š ZPq -Z »yZ0 +{ (Hasmonean)ã ð.g8gzZ‚»g ZŠu »«Ôåg C» (Simon Maccabeus) X å§C Ù â gzZy Zx` Z' × ëgzZq={zX å
28. John L. McKenzie, Dic. of the Bible (1984), 340. 29.A. R. Fausset, Bible Dic. (Albaney: AGES Software, Version 1.0, 2000), 2:434.
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kZX å c* Š™òúŠ » ðZ} .KZ ä kZX ¶4zŠ ~!B‚Æ(Agrippa ) 0* /Z { ¤ á Š !* ~Š· ÅkZgzZ¶CY~Š ã!* Û Åx ** Œ ÆkZ6,XN Zz™y Çy!* Û +Z6, Œ ]â £Zä X (Jewish Enc., 3:514) ¶CYÅ]Š „ A. R. Fausset, Bible Dic., 2:435-36:i Z fp â
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,hg: ¹!* ß6,ßË~2gzZ Ô ( ...) ¹gzZ c* zg6,k Q  ¬ŠÃà™ Wq -Š 4, # 3 Z C2 X ( 44Ô41:19‡ß )Ð 33. International Standard Bible Enc., s.v. 'Jerusalem,' by Geerhardus Vos, 6:247. 34.A. R. Fausset, Bible Dic., 2:437-38. 35.International Standard Bible Enc., s.v. 'Jerusalem,' by Geerhardus Vos, 6:248. 36.International Standard Bible Enc., s.v. 'Jerusalem,' by Geerhardus Vos, 6:248, 49. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 312 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
îm…^i †’jíÚ oÒ ó Ü× æ†mLV 4! äÛnÛ• 37.A. R. Fausset, Bible Dic., (2000), 2:438.
+šZtg¤ËZe 3 C8 X84™ ((Y2004(kmçÒ (†ÓËÖ] Å]‚eŸ])Ôg6ZõgmZ:¦ÔyZh
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43. A. R. Fausset, Bible Dic., 2:438. 44. The Enc. of Islam, s.v. 'al-Kuds' by O. Graber, 5:330-31. 45. A. R. Fausset, Bible Dic., 2:438.
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47 .Enc. Americana (1985), s.v. 'Jerusalem' by J. L. Kraemer, 16:26f. 48.The Enc. of Islam, s.v. 'al-Kuds' by O. Graber, 5:337.
X óŠzŠgzZ¿ÔìYL:ìŠ Z%Ð'laconic' 4C9 50 . Merit Students Enc. (Year Book 1973), s.v. 'Jerusalem' by Abba Eban (the then Israeli Minister of Foreign Affairs), p.55. 51. Merit Students Enc. (Year Book 1973), p
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on ð copy nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 313 This -- Ø the publisher and the author."
îm…^i †’jíÚ oÒ ó Ü× æ†mLV 4! äÛnÛ•
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l ^ ne ^ jÒ
@f0 × + i Û @* ³Zl]ÒÂ (a)The Bible, Translations and Versions:
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S. No NAME OF THE BOOK ABBREVIATIONS 1. Authorized/ King James Version. AV=KJV 2. The Christian Community Bible. Manila: Divine Word Publ., 1988. CCB .3 Contemporary English Version. NY: American Bible Society, 1995. CEV 4 Easy-to-Read Version. Texas: World Bible Trans. Center, Inc Fort Worth, 2000. Easy-to-Read 5 Good News Bible [Today's Eng Version]. NY: American Bible Society, 1982. GNB/TEV 6 Good News Bible (Revised Edn.) Minto: The Bible Society in Australia Inc, NSW 2566, 1994. GNB Rvd. . 7 Greek New Testament. Greek.NT 8 The Holy Scriptures Heb. & English (Hebrew OT with Eng. Tr.). Middlesex: The Society for Distributing Heb. Scriptures, nd. Heb.OT 9 The Living Bible Illinois: Tyndale House Publrs., 1976. LB 10 James Moffatt. A New Trans. of Bible. London: Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd, 1941. Moffatt 11 The Torah, The Masoretic Text. Jewish Publication. Society of America. MT 12 New American Bible, Catholic Bibl. Association, 1991. NAB 13 The New American Standard Bible. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1977. NASB NEB 14 The New English Bible. Oxford: Univ. Press, 1985. 15 New International Version. London, 1984. NIV 16 The New Jerusalem Bible, Standard Edition. Bombay: St. Pauls, 1993. NJB 17 The New King James Version. The Gideons International,1985. NKJV 18 New Living Translation: Award Bible. Ed./Tr. A Huge Team of Tr. Illinois: Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. Wheaton, 1996. NLT 19 The New Oxford Annotated Bible, with Apocrypha. Ed Bruce M. Metzger, R. E. Murphy. NY: Oxford Univ Press, 1989. NOAB 20 New Revd. Stand. Version, Catholic. Edn. for India, 1993. NRSV 21 New World Trans. of the Scriptures. NY: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1984. NWTS 22 The NT, Standard Edn. Tr. Conor Murphy. Limuru. Kenya: Paulines Publications Africa, 1995. NTSEdn "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 315 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
l ^ ne ^ jÒ 23 The OT books of poetry 26 trans. Ed. Curtis Vaughan. Michigan: Zondervan B Publi-shers, Grand Rapids, 1981. 26 TransOTPoetry 24 The Tr. from Peshitta (The Authorized B. of the Church of the East), 1957. Peshitta 25 The Reader's Digest Bible. London; The Reader's Digest Association Ltd, 1995. RDB 26 Revd Berkeley Version. Gideon International, 1974. RBerkleyV 27 Revd. Standard Version. UK: The B.F.B.S., 1974. RSV
(B) COMMENTARIES OF THE BIBLE
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Sr.No. NAME OF THE BOOK, AUTHOR, PUBLISHER, ETC. 1 An American Com. on the NT. Ed. Alvah Hovey. Phila-delphia: American Baptist Publication Society, 1886. 2 William Barclay. The Daily Study Bible. Bangalore: TPI,1995. 3 William MacDonald. Believers Bible Com. (NT). Kansas: A & O Press, PO Box 8550, Wichita, 1989. 4 The Bible Knowledge Com. Ed. John F. Walvoord, Roy B. Zuck. Illinois: Victor Books, Wheaton, 1986. 5 Broadman Bible Com. Tennessee: Broadman Press, 1971. 6 The Collegeville Bible Com (OT). Gen. Ed. Dianne Bergant. Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, Collegeville, 1992. 7 A Commentary on the Holy Bible. Ed. J. R. Dummelow. The Macmillan Co., 1956. 8 The Expositor's Bible (25 Vols). Ed. W. Robertson Nicoll. NY: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 3 & 5 West 18th Street, 1903. 9 John Fawcett, D.D. The Devotional Family Bible. London: Baldwin, New Bridge Str., 1811. 10 James Comper Gray and George M. Adams. Bible Com. Michigan: Zondervan Pblg. House, Grand Rapids, na. 11 The Pentateuch and Haftorahs. Ed. Dr. J. H. Hertz. London: Soncino Press, 1979. Hertz, 12 The International Bible Commentary. Ed. William R. Farmer et al. Bangalore: TPI, 2004. 13 Rev. S. R. Driver. The International Critical Com. (a Critical & Exegetical C. on Deu.). Edinburgh: T. & T. Clarke, 1895. 14 The Interpreter's Bible. Ed. George Arthur Buttrick. NY: Abingdon Cokisbury Press, Nashville, 1952. 15 Dr. I. W. Slotki. Isaiah, London: The Soncino Press, 1949. 16 The Jerome Biblical Com. Ed. Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, Roland E. Murphy. Bangalore: TPI, 1987. 17 Ronald A. Knox. The Holy Bible Tr. From Latin Vulgate. London: Burns & Oates, Macmillan & Co Ltd, 1957. 18 Ronald A. Knox. A NT Commentary for English Readers. London: Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd, 1955. 19 The Learning Bible: Contemporary English Version. NY: American Bible Society, 2000. 20 Matthew Henry. A Commentary on the Holy Bible. London: Ward, Lock & Co, Warwick House, Salisbury Square, E.C. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 316 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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21 W. Gunther Plaut, Bernard J. Bamberger. The Torah, A Modern Com. NY: Union of American Heb Congregations, 1981. 22 Nelson Study Bible. Ed Earl D Radmacher. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Pub, 1997. 23 The New Bible Com. Ed. by F. Davidson etc. Michigan: W M. B. Eerdmans Publg. Co., Grand Rapids, 1953. 24 D. Guthrie, J. A. Motyer, etc. The New Bible Commentary Revised Edn. London: Inter-Versity Press, 1972. 25 A New Catholic Com. on Holy Scripture. Ed. Rev. Reginald C. Fuller. Surrey:Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd, 1981. 26 A New Commentary on Holy Scripture. Ed. Charles Gore, H. L. Goudge, Alf. Guillaume. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1928. 27 New Jerome Bible Com. Ed. Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, Roland E. Murphy. Bangalore: TPI, 1994. 28 NIV Study Bible. Ed. Kenneth Barker etc. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing. House, 1995. 29 The Open Bible (Expanded Edn). Ed na. NY: Thomas Nelson Publishers, Nashville, 1985. 30 Peake's Commentary on the Bible. Ed, Matthew Black, H. H. Rowley. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons Ltd, 1967. 31 Pocket Bible Com. William Neil. HarperSanFrancisco, 1975. 32 The Pulpit Commentary. Ed. Rev. HDM Spence DD, Dean of Gloucester & Rev. Joseph S. Excell. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd, 1897. 33 Thomas Scott, Rector of the Aston Sanford, Bucks. Scott's Bible. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co, 1857. 34 Seventh-day Adventist Bible Com. Ed. Francis D. Nichol. Hagerstown: Review & Herald Pblg Association, 1978. 35 A Jewish Com. 'The Soncino Chumash'. Ed. The Rev. Dr. A. Cohen. Surrey: The Soncino Press, Hindhead,1950. 36 Dr. Frank Charles Thompson. Thompson Chain Ref Bible (5th Ed.). Bangalore: The Bible Society of India, 1988. 37 Lawrence O. Richard. Victor. Bible Background Com. (NT). Colorado, 80918, USA: Victor Books/SP Publ., Inc., 2003. 38 Marvin R. Vincent. Word Studies in NT. Michigan: WM. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Co, Grand Rapids, 1946. 39 Warren W. Wiersbe. Wiersbe's Expository Outlines on the NT. Colorado 80918, USA: SP Pubns., Inc., Cook Communications Ministries, 2003. 40 The Wycliffe Bible Com. Ed. Charles F. Pfieffer (OT), Everett F. Harri-son (NT). Chicago: Moody Press, 1983.
(C)
DICTIONARIES, ENCYCLOPEDIAS, CONCORDANCES AND ATLASES
SR.NO NAME, AUTHOR, EDITOR, PUBLISHER, YEAR, ETC. 1 Adv Learner's Enc. Dic. Ed. Jonathan Crowther. Oxford Univ. Press, 1994. "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 317 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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2 The Enc. Americana International Edn. (in 30 Vols.). Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated, Danbury, 1987. 3 Arabic-English Dictionary. Maan Zulfu Madina. NY: Pocket Books, 1973. 4 Enc. Biblica. Ed. Rev. T.K. Cheyne. London: Watts & Co. 1899. 5 Enc. Britannica (15th Edn.). Chicago: the Univ of Chicago, 1988. 6 The Chambers Dic. Ed. Catherine Schwarz. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Pub. Ltd., 1995. 7 Chambers Essential English Dictionary. 1998. 8 F. L. Cross. The Oxf. Dic. of the Christian Church. London: Oxf Univ Press, 1974. 9 Colliers Enc. (24 Vols.). NY, 1995. 10 Rev. James L. Dow. Collins Gem Dic. of Bible. London & Glasgow: Collins, 1974 11 Easton's 1897 Bible Dic. in "Power Bible" CD. ROM Version. 12 Harper's Bible Dic. Ed. Paul J. Achtemeier. Bangalore: Theological Publications in India, 1994. 13 A Dic. of the Bible. Ed. James Hastings. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1904. Hastings 14 Dic. of Bible Ed. James Hastings, Rvd. Edn. By Frederick C. Grant & H. H. Rowley. NY: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1963. 15 Holman Concise Topical Concordance. Tennessee, USA: Holman Bible Publishers, Nashville, 1998. 16 Holman Topical Concordance. Philadelphia, USA: A. J. Holman Co., 1973.. 17 The Illustrated Bible Dic. Ed. J. D. Douglas, Rvn. Ed. N. Hillyer. Inter-Versity Press, 1980. 18 International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, OR USA: Books For The Ages, AGES Software, Versioin 1.0 © 1997 19 The Interpreter's Dic. of Bible. (5 Vol). Ed. George Arthur Buttrick. NY: Abington Press, Nashville, 1962. 20 The Enc. of Islam (New Edn.). Ed. E. Van Donzel, B. Lewis, C. E. Bosworth. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1978. 21 The Jewish Enc. Mng. Ed. Dr Isidore Singer. NY: KTAV Pub House, Inc.,1901. 22 Enc. Judaica-CD-ROM-Ed. Version 1.0, Copyright 1997. Judaica Multimedia (Israel) Ltd. 23 The Lion Handbook to the Bible. Ed. David & Pat Alexander. Herts, England: Lion Publishing plc, 1986 24 Longman Dic. of Eng. Language & Culture. Essex: Longman Group UK Ltd, 1992 Longman Dic. 25 Master Study Bible, NAS, Enc, Concordance, a Harmony of the Gospels, etc. Nashville: Holman Bible Publishers, 1977. 26 JL McKenzie's Dic. of Bible, London: Geoffrey Chapman, 1984. 27 A Dic. of Modern Written Arabic. Ed. J. Milton Cowan. London: Macdonald & Evans Ltd, 1980. 28 New Bible Dic. (II Ed.). N. Hillyer (Revision Edn.). Leicestor: Inter-Varsity Press, Eng., 1986. 29 The New Shorter Oxford English Dic., 1993 30 The New Standard Enc & World Atlas With an Introduction by The Rev. C.A. Alington, D.D., Hm of Eton. Prepared under the general editorship of J. M. Parrish, M.A. (Oxon), John R. Crossland, F.R.G.S., & A. W. Holland, managing ed. of the Enc. Britannica (13th Edn); with the specialist assistance of George Somerville, MD, DPM.; John S. Linnell, B.A. (Oxon); K. M. Gadd, M.A. (Oxon & London); C. H. Knowles, B.Sc. (London); the Rev. Eric "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 318 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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Dixon, M.C., B.A., B.D. (Lond.); E. S. Roberts, B.A., and over 40 experts, learned societies and institutions. Odhams Press Ltd, London, W. C. 2, 1932. 31 The New World Dic.-Concordance to the New American Bib. Manila. Philippines: Daughters of St Paul, 1994. 32 John R. Kohlenberger III. NIV Compact Concordance. Manila, Philippines: OMF Literature Inc. PO Box 2217, 2002. 33 J. D. Douglas & Merrill C. Tenney. NIV Compact Dic. of the Bible. Michigan: The Zondervan Corp., Grand Rapids, 1989. 34 Oxf. Dic.& Thesaurus. Melbourne: Oxf. Univ. Press, 1997. 35 Pictorial Biblical Enc. Ed. Gaalyahu Cornfeld. NY: Macmillan Co., 1964. Pictorial Bib Enc 36 The Enc. of Religion. NY: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1987. 37 Roget's II New Thesaurus. Ed. Fernando de Mello Vianna. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1980. 38 The Seventh-day Adventist Bible Dic. (Rvd Edn by R. H. Woolsley). Ed. Don F. Neufeld, Washington DC. Hagerstown: Review & Herald Publishing Association, 1978. 39 H.A.R. Gibb, J. H. Kramer. Concise Enc. of Islam. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, Inc. 2001. 40 W. Smith. A Dic. of Bible (Revd. Ed. F.N., M.A. Peloubet). Michigan: Regency Ref. Lib. Grand Rapids, 1984. 41 The Standard Jewish Enc. Ed. Dr. Cecil Roth. London: W. H. Allen, 1959. 42 James Strong. Strong's Exhaustive Concordance. Michigan: Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1984. 43 James Strong. A Concise Dic. of the Words in The Hebrew Bible. NY, Cincinnati: The Methodist Book Concern, 1890. 44 W. E. Vine, Merrill F. Unger, William White Jr. Vine's Complete Expository Dictionary of O & NT Words with Topical Index. Nashville, USA: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1996. 45 Webster's Dic. of Eng. Usage. Ed. E. Ward Gilman. Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Inc., Springfield, 1989. 46 Webster's New Dic. of Synonyms. Ed. Philip B. Grove. Massachusetts: G.&C. Merriam Co, Springfield, 1978. 47 Webster's New World College Dic. 3rd Edn. Ed. Victoria Neufeldt. NY, USA: Macmillan, 1997.. 48 Ah~mad bin F~a#ris. Mu'jam Maqa#yi#s al-Lughah. Beiru#t: Da#r Ih~ya# al-tura#th al-'Arabi#, 2001. 49 Isma#I#l ibn H~amma#d al-Jawhari#. Ta#j al-Lughat wa S~ih~a#h~ al-'Arabiyyah. Beiru#t: Da#r al-'Ilm lil Mala#yi#n, 1984. 50 Al-Usta#dh al-T~a#hir Ah~mad al-za#vi#, Tarti#b al-Qa#mu #s al-Muh~i#t~ 'ala T~ariqah al-Mis~ba #h~ alMuni#r, 1979. 51 Mu'jam al-Wasi#t~. Beiru#t: Da#r Ih~ya# al-tura#th al-'Arabi#, 1972, 52 Ibn Manz~u~ r# . Lisa #n al-'Arab. Beiru#t: Da#r S~a#dir, 1300 AH, Lisa#n al-'Arab 53 Mu'allim But~rus al-Busta#ni#. Muh~i#t~ al-Muh~i#t~. Beiru#t: Maktabah Lubna#n Na#shiru#n, 1993
(D) MISCELLANEOUS SR NO NAME OF THE BOOK, AUTHOR, EDITOR, PUBLISHER, YEAR, 1 Al-Ima#m Abi# 'Abd Alla#h Muhtammad bin Ish@a#q al-Fa#kihi#, Akhba#r Makkah fi# Qadi#m al- Dahr "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 319 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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wa H~adi#thihi'. Makkah: Maktabah al-Nahd~at al-H~adi#thah, 1987. 2 Dr. Muh~ammad Muh~sin Kha#n. Tr. of the Meanings of Sah ~i h ~ Al-Bukhare. Riya#dh: Da#r al-Sala#m, S. A., PO Box 22743, 1997. 3 H~ami#d al-Di#n Fara#hi#. al-Ra'y al-S~ah~a#h~ fi# man Huwa al-Dhabi#h~. Damascus: Dar al-Qalam, 1999. 4 George Sale, 'The Preliminary discourse' to the Alkoran of Mohammed. London: Frederick Warne & Co., na. 5 The Koran, Tr. N. J. Dawood, India: Penguin Books, 1994. 6 N. J. Dawood, Revised Dr. Zayid. The Quran, An Eng Trans. Beirut: Dar Al-Choura, 1980. 7 The QUR'AN. Tr. E. H. Palmer. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1988. 8 Geddes MacGregor. The Bible in the Making. London: John Murray, 1961. 9 Raymond E. Brown. An Introduction to NT. Bangalore: Theological Pub in India (TPI), 2000. 10 The Cambridge History of the Bible. Ed. P. R. Ackroyd & C. F. Evans. Cambridge: at the University Press, 1970. 11 Paul Johnson. A History of Christianity. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1995. 12 Rheme Perkins. NT Introduction. Bombay: St Paul Publications, Bandra, 1992. 13 Werner H Schmidt. OT Introduction, Tr. by Matthew J. O'Connell, Bombay: St Paul Publications, Bandra, 1992. 14 The Works of Flavius Josephus. Tr. by W. Whiston. Boston: D Lothrop & Co., na. 15 The Book of the Jubilees, in 'The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the OT in Eng.' Ed. R. H. Charles. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1968. 16 A Lion Handbook: the World's Religions. Ed. R. Pierce Beaver, etc. England: The Lion Publishing, Herts, 1984 17 Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy. The New Jerome Bible Handbook. Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, Collegeville, 1993. 18 The NT Background. Ed. C. K. Barret. HarperSanFrancsco, 1995. 19 Bruce M. Metzger. The Text of the NT. Oxford: at the Clarendon Press, 1964. 20 F. F. Bruce. Places Abraham Knew. London: Scrip-ture Union, City Road, ECIVZNJ, 1984. 21 Joseph Kudasiewicz. Synoptic Gospels Today. Manila: T Pauls, Makati City, Philippines, 1996 22 Mawla#na# Ami#n Ah@san Is@la#h@i#. Tadabbur-e-Qur'a #n. (Lahore: Faran Foundation, 1977), 23 Ken Anderson. Where to Find It in the Bible. Nashville, USA: Thomas Nelson Publ, 1996.
"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. on nÂ^Ûcannot ‰] ^m Ñ ð be ^vuploaded ‰] Vxneƒ ‚ ô Þ‡any †Ê ^iwebsite ç×Ò] except those of 320 This -- ðØcopy the publisher and the author."
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