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] Y!Zj 1.

Bertrand Russell: Human Knowledge - Its scope and Limits; George Allen & Unwin Ltd. (1976); p 111.

2.

ibid; p 516.

3.

ibid; p 527.

4.

Karl Popper: In Search of a Better World (1975) Urdu Translation by Dr. Sajjad Ali, Punjab University

p 219.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy; Urdu Translation

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ibid; pp 25-28.

7.

William Lillie: An Introduction to Ethics; Methuen & Co. Ltd. London (1966) pp 1-3.

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] Y!Zj 1.

Will Durant: The Story of Philosophy; Services Book Club (1985); p 378.

2.

Williams Lillie: An Intruduction to Ethics; p 2.

3.

Bertrand Russel: Human Knowledge; p 17.

4.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

( ,¹ K ¶) p 22.

"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for 5. ibid, p 22. reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

44

b‚ _____ 6.

Karl Popper: Rational Changes in Science; (1976) Urdu Translation by Dr. Sajid Ali.( $ d gzZb‚, ó ) p 124.

7. 8. 9. 10.

Bertrand Russel: The Religion and Science; (1980) p---.

( ,¹ K ¶) p 22. 243m Šó * ! M xsZ óc+ &î Ã, DXØñ^ŠÚ p ^nße 1Ò 1ËŠ×Ê : xsÑZ„è‡ Francis Bacon: Novum Organum, Urdu Translation ( + h. ] ` u) Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

by

Khalid Masood, National Language Authority, p 18. 11.

81D77 m ó ^2ç‰ ^nÒ 1Þ á^ŠÞZ :, mz, 6£ZxÝ

12.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

13.

William Lillie: An Introduction to Ethics, p 2.

14.

Karl Popper: Conjectures and Refutations; (1947) pp 355-63 Urdu

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

Translation

( ,¹ K ¶) p 59.

($ d gzZ,ób‚) p 160.

15.

ibid; pp 158-159

16.

ibid; p 154.

17.

Karl Popper: In Search of a Better World;( $ d gzZ,ób‚) p 217.

18.

Karl Popper: Conjectures and Refutations; (1947)

($ d gzZ,b ó ‚)

p 140. 19.

ibid; p 141.

20.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

21.

Bertrand Russel: Human Knowledge; p 213.

22.

ibid; p 214.

23.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

( ,¹ K ¶) pp 24-25.

( ,¹ K ¶) p 25.

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ä ( Pyrrho)ƒ, 6 Xì y Z³gÅ* !qZ o Zca kZì y K ¨Z qZ

$* " UÃ] * ! Të ªXì ³, ' )lg ®Z kªÙC X 7Ç* ! :¹

-܉z kZ òº Zg ø X e J f ™nÛ Ð „¬ Ð Z ó T e * *™

gÅ* ! Ãy K ¨Z }Xì 9³ B™: nÛ t ëJ# Z Yƒ 79 om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

Ìo Zc~ T ) y K ¨Z 79/ ¦ÙC 8 ¢ ™nÛ t aÆ ä™$ "* U

å =a kZ ì ó y Z³ Ò { z + h á Xì y Z³gÅ* ! ( ì ïá

]* ! ðà : ¹ä ƒ, 6 ? h M™Š OZ , 6 kZj LZ ë HXì ³)

¹ Ð kZ ä VzŠ/ ¤ á Æ kZ Â H Š% { z # Z gzZ ì 7DÌ

å7¢¹ZèY óH7k\Z, 6 ]ñÅkZ ¸ ó p ng ]o 4C

ó ó !ì H Š%{ z

H~ }g * ! kZ xE ¹ * ! BŠ Ø M X 0Æ yw q ‹g߶t

a kZ ó ï Š } hgëîgz Z õg * @X Ù ðÉg ðÃ{ z+ h á ? ë

Æ yXì Ìk* 0 Æ y Z i» b) ã K ¨Z ; g 7ÌLt òúŠ »xEy Z 4ŒÅZˆâ ë[ Zˆ XÐB { , ^ Y ~W»] G é5šG3E

] Y!Zj (+ h. ] ` u) p 17.

1.

Francis Bacon: Novum Organum,

2.

ibid; p 19.

3.

ibid; p 18.

4.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

( ,¹K ¶) pp 30-32.

"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

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xzŠ ` ( Metaphysics)

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X D»Š z

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} g ‚t ?¦çñ * c ì èzct H Âì ~gz¢gz Z ì ~gz¢a Æ y K ¨Z 4ŒÅZˆâ ÝZgŠ ] ÑZÎ X 4ZŠ ~ ] G é5šG3E

eœâ ( Materialism) $ gz Z ðà { z ´ Æ } œ â X ì ] Ñ» Y ZJ „ { œ â Ð zg Å bÃkZ

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»y* *- *ŠX ì1 » I, F C* c qZ Å} œ â ÏZ ‚f * c ÑX ì ^+ , F G' V* c œ õ* 0 ã½Ð x?Zm}]| ( Democritus ) tZç«.GŠ^#

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~g ‚ ª Xì Ï‚ Z z  b gz Z \z Z Y ZJ » ] Ñ» x Ó „ { œ â Ð zg Å Tì G ' »tZ ç«.GŠ Xì 7ÇÚ ðÃgz Z { z ´Æ { œ â X ðƒÐ } œ â Z’Z Å] Ñ» &‡+ &‡ * ÿLE h ×' Â: ] Zg ft Xì Œ, 6 ( Atoms) ] Zg f „ÿLE * { œ â åw ì E E $© &‡: gz Z „ „ ãK ¨ Z gz Z ì  “%Ð ] Zg f -Z ã K ¨Z øL gz Z b zg X + ÿLE

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Åg Z ŠZ ¹ Ü Zt b§kZ Xì #Š à i ZÐ ] Zg¦x ÓÆ ~Š Zi M ÅkZa kZ

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60

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ˆ Æ Ï+ 0i kZgz Zì ~ œ â  ƒ » ƒ { zì Š/ ¤Šg ZÆ kZ ̼ * c ì¼

LZç O X 7]gz¢ÌÅgŠ ã qzg Ë Z®X 7„ eÏ+ 0i ~uzŠ ðÃ

Ý ¬ lÃH/ , '* ! Å t ªX ì ! x »ÝZ „ * *g Z / ¦~ i Z+ 0Zi Zà ó ów q L L

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

Xce ´ghZzÐ V ¯ÂÃÏ+ 0i {Š ñt Z]Æó ó–{g * !zŠ 4ƒ~  ñƒ q zÑ] ÃÏZ 6 6 , Z ~ ] G é5šG3E y M Æ ~œ, ÞZ &‡ * Œ, 6 ] Z ¨ f „ÿLE * L { œ â X H Š {g ™ƒ xznÇ* ! g¦ * * Z, 6 »} œ â

5~ }g * !Æ$ eœ â gz Z { œ â ë Æ kZ IXì x * * » •w¡[ Z X å

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:ì q{ zX ; g 7ïq »] * * Dg Iè ÌLŠp ì ¿{ zËgìgŠ * c

The belief that matter is real will not survive the sceptical arguments derived from the psychological mechanism of sensation.... Historically we may regard materialism as a system of dogma set up to combat orthodox dogma... Accordingly we find that as ancient orthodoxies disintegrate, materialism more and more gives way to scepticism. At the present day the chief protoganists of materialism are certain men of science in America and certain politicians in Russia, because it is there in two countries that traditional theology is still powerful.

1C

___________________

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X ĂŹ g !¤JĂŒZ Ă˜<è ĂŽZzg~ Vâ€?zŠ„ y ZèYX y ZĹ

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Organum [ Ă‚ t Ăƒ M

ĂŻĂ KZ

X ĂąY M

P.D.Ouspensky

:ĂŹ

Materiality means the conditions of existence in time and space i.e. the conditions of existance under which two identical phenomena cannot take place at the same time and in the same place. This is an exhaustive definition of

C materiality. 2

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Xn ™ðÅ‚fgz Z �+ 0i { z<Yp

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}g ø # Z Dƒìg Íi Zz M Å pªZz ë H ?ì ; gƒ u ZgŠ Z » kZ …

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N* /8F Ë óVƒ: VY {Š * c igz Z ‰ õE c Ä* c gŠ Ð j§i Z Ä { zì e 2C 3

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åw ì » kZ X J , (7Ð M Ð Šzu Å] * !Ši Ÿy Z LZ Lx‘ ó {Š™7 om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

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a* * g¦ » ܉Zœgz Z †zcV ; Æ kZç O X 7„ ` Z»á Zj}uzŠ GG 4Oh8t ‹ » ] Zg¦Æ x‘ ~ }g * ï ! Æ ] Z f xgzZ ] Ñ» xX ǃ X* c M ƒ~bÃÆ( sensationalism )

6,gî C; ì H ñƒ D ™W „Š, 'i , 6 bÃkZ Ëg h, R, '

ìg™Šg ÃkZ „z p ng ¢ÙC „ , 6 kZ vß gz Z ì e* * ´g ¢, 6 kZ

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ì ¹ä John Austin gzZ A.J. Ayer X ì  „gŠ òúŠ/ ¤Zì ó * @ Y 0 u‡ Xì ~gz¢) ‡M š»g Z

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I " ( Dualism) $ e Ă°3E Æ kZ X ĂŹ * @â„˘Ă’ĂƒĂ… ä™tĂƒV âzĹ Ăł$ egÂŚgzZ $ eĹ“ â tĂł Ăƒt E Š$ : ‘+ Æ ĂƒĂŽ0GG h. ] XĂŹ Ă°Ć’ Ă? V+Z zĹ Ăą O Ă…qZ Z’Z Ă… ] Ă‘Âť I " 6._ Ăł óÑL Lgz Z Ăł Ăł{ Ĺ“ â L L{ zgz Z Ă?ZĹ“~Ĺ C ĂŁ zŠóÏ CC ‌$ e Ă°3E

ekZ Âť V â K ¨Z x ÂŹ X YY H7ĂŚ~ }uzĹ qZ ĂŒĂƒqZ Ă‹Ă? ~ X

„ Ăš Zgz Z X Ăą M D ™tĂ› ~ b zg z ŸĂ?ĂĽ { z ĂŹ ; g y Dg ÂŹt ~ om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

*ŠÆ y * *- X ĂŹ ; g * @™kCtĂ› ĂŁZz ~ b zggz Z ŸĂŒy K ¨Z *ŠÉ 7

X¸ D ™ Hi Ă?q Z~ V âzĹ y Z ĂŒa# I " óÉíú M , Ăł Âť ÂŤz Ăˆz ÛŒ ĂĽw ĂŹ Âť ‌, ' ĂĽO$kZ X ĂĽ, ĂŽĂ°3E E Âť kZ ^g ke ~ + h. ] ĂŽ0ÂŞEiĂ’ÂĄXĂŹ ` ZâZ ]gzpqZ Âť b zg gz Z Ÿy K ¨Z EĂ’O5! qZ ~ T Ăł x lZ zĹ Ă… | * c Ă™C ĂĽ òúŠ TĂŹ Zg / ÂŚ Ăź Eg -

Ăł ĂłWĂ‚ Ĺ zL L Ăƒ }uzĹ gz Z ( Thinking

being)

óŽ Ăł Ĺ z L L { z Ă‚ ĂƒĂ™C qZ

ÑL LŠZ%ÅkZ M Kn* ! � kZ X ü * @™xÎù� x * *Æ ( Extended being)

XĂŹ Ăł Ăł{ Ĺ“ â gz Z I 3" Ă…^g ke , Ă…^g ke ĂłZ ikZ X Ă°Ć’ $ "* U j−)$ e Ă°E 6 gĂŽxp " 3I c Ă™C Z zŠèYĂŹ * qZ ÂĄĂ™C ĂŹ I Âť kZ X ĂŹ n2{Ĺ * c iĂ?  Ć’, 6$ e Ă°E

Š„Í * ! gÂŚ ÙC Z zĹ gz Z ‰ƒ 7Ĺ ĂąĂœâ€°z Ă ĂłU/ U Ăž Âľ zĹ "t ~tĂƒĂ†Ĺ zÆ Z. 3I zĹ w þ¸â€˜ XĂŹ „g x Âť * * ð•Z $ e Ă°E } b§Ă?Z XĂŹ

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ĂƒD ™g e, 6 „ ÂťM + Zuz, 6 gĂŽ~Ĺ C ĂŁ Ă˜< Zè + h. ] # Z ~gzĹ kZ ĂŽSX Ç I " gz Z D M ä b‚+ h. ] Ă‚[ Z H „ Ă˜<è qZÉ XĂŹ _Ă…x ÂŁ CZ $ e Ă°3E "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

82

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G )ì * c Š }Š x * * » ( Energy) ó óð* * Z ÂL LÊ Zñ~Š C ã Æ ] Ñ» AÌ "t ÃèaX ( ì Ë$ Y ½„ ]uz 3I ì ó Š ñŠ § x» nqZ ~ $ e ðE qZ 2C 5 4»$ÙC ÃtÃkZa kZ Xì * c Š™Š šäa#Æ„î0E 0G

+J E5_ G3BE A éG Û 54G Z* c ïG }

+J GG3BE Ó Z, ' èa m» ( Hedonism ) M L¯ gzZ ( Pragmatism ) ï } om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

ñ Y ÅcÐ ,~ `Å] ª Ü Z, 6 y Z a kZ ì Ð ] ª Ü Z  „ Zg 4ŒÅZ ˆâ b§Åb‚ ì ˆƒ ãZz ] * Ì] G é5šG3E ! âZ Ð Ñ* ! gTë * @X Ï

j−)gz Z x » * *, 6 gî¬D» kZ a Æ ðÉg ã K ¨Z gz Z ì g D » ] ZŠ §

XÐ B { , ^ Y »] ª Ü Z ë[ Z ~ `‹ZXì [ƒ $ "* U

] Y!Zj

1.

Bertrand Russel: Introduction to Lang's History of Materialism; pp xi, xii.

2.

P.D. Ouspensky: Tertium Organum; (1923) Revised Edition 1981, p 199.

( ,¹ K ¶) pp 56-58.

3.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

4.

ibid; p 59.

5.

J.B.S. Haldane: The Philosophical Basis of Biology; p 38.

6.

P.D. Ouspensky: Tertium Organum; p 111.

7.

G.G. Simpson: The Meaning of Evolution; pp 13-135.

( 55m ó ^2ç‰ ^nÒ 1Ò á^ŠÞ]!Zf) 8.

C.E.M. Joad: Philosophical Aspects of Modern Science;

"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

83

, _____

9.

( 66m Ăł ^2ç‰ ^nĂ’ 1Ă’ ĂĄ^Ĺ Ăž]!Zf) mz, 6ÂŁZxĂ? 67D 66m Ăł ^2ç‰ ^nĂ’ 1Ăž ĂĄ^Ĺ Ăž]:,

( ,šK œ) pp 37-38.

10.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

11.

ibid; p 39.

12.

Bertrand Russel: Human Knowledge; p 516.

13.

Francis Bacon: Novum Organum;

14.

ibid; p 38.

15.

Karl Popper: Conjectures and Refutations; (1961), pp 3-30

16.

($ d gzZ,Ăłb‚ ) p 51. 284m Ăł Ă˜Ăą^Ĺ Ăš p ^nĂ&#x;e 1Ă’ 1Ă‹Ĺ Ă—ĂŠ:xsĂ‘Z„è‥

17.

John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding; Oxford

(+ h. ] ` u) p 19.

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

University Press 1973; Book 2, Chapter 1, Section 2. 18.

Emett Barcalow: An Intruduction to Philosophy; (1991) p 128.

19.

Bertrand Russel: Human Knowledge; p 213.

20.

Karl Popper: Conjectures and Refutations; (1961), pp 3-30

($ d gzZ,ób‚ )

p 51.

21.

Emett Barcalow: An Intruduction to Philosophy; (1991) pp 129-130.

22.

276m Ăł Ă˜Ăą^Ĺ Ăš p ^nĂ&#x;e 1Ă’ 1Ă‹Ĺ Ă—ĂŠ:xsĂ‘Z„è‥

23.

Bertrand Russel: Human Knowledge; p 189.

24.

ibid; p 196.

25.

65D 63m Ăł Ă˜Ăą^Ĺ Ăš p ^nĂ&#x;e 1Ă’ 1Ă‹Ĺ Ă—ĂŠ:xsĂ‘Z„è‥

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84

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xĂŽ` /

( Ethics)

] ÂŞĂœ Z $Ć’Ă„°* e c$ eĆ’

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c* $ + Ăł z (Æ w dZ z w qZ ĂŁ K ¨Z ĂŤ Æ TĂŹ%{ z Âť D] ÂŞ Ăœ Z %Ngz Z i Z DÂť ( values ) g Z Ĺ Zt ~ p Ă–Z }uzĹ X D ĂŽ ÂŹÂť äĆ’ } ĂŚE :ĂŹ q ĂśĂ?OÉL@zX p n, 6 Ăƒx Âť Ă‹ĂŤ ._ÆXóÏ

%Ngz Z i Z * ~ w qZ ~g (Z Æ y K ¨Z w ZĂŽ Âť äĆ’ } ĂŚE c g ZŠ™ ĂŁ K ¨Z

~ i Z+ 0 Z ZĂƒÂżĂ‹y K ¨Z ĂŤ Ă? Z Âż~g (Z XĂŹ * @Ć’ Za

w qZ ĂŁ K ¨Z X DĆ’ ~gĂ…w qZt X * @™g (Z Ă? Z { z / ¤ Z ĂĽ Y™

ŸãK ¨Z } Ăł7~ g (Z Ă’, ] ZŠÆ kZ 74ZĹ , q { z ~

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X ĂŹ Lg

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Xg6 * c ĂŹ Ĺ Zi M zg UĹ p~ w qZ z w dZ L Z y K ¨Z * c M ĂŹ ~gz¢ð•Z * *™

óÖ#è : gz Z ĂŹ Ă‹$ Y Ă… dĂ‚: Ă… Vù ‰ K ƃ Ă‚ĂŹ g6{ z / ¤Z ___________________

´Ăƒ@ĂĄ Æ c kZ a kZ X Ă… 7W, 6 V ĂŽU  Ć’ ä ĂŤ~ c Ă… ] ÂŞĂœ Z / 454Xe [ G c ÂŻ c qçùâ€žĂƒV Ă‚* ! KĂąKĂąP sĂœä ĂŤX èG øŠà Ă‚ XĂŹ * "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

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-Z Ð ~Š Z i M z g (Z L Z { z / q ¤ Z V; X * @ƒ 7Za „ w ZÎ » ] ª Ü Z a kZ ÿL X3Z ~}g * ! kZ BŠØ M Xì Y Y * c ά¹Ü Z, 6 kZ Âì êŠ x Zu÷ X ì CY ð * 0 Ì~ âZ vŠ { z ´Æ y K ¨Z H ø8L¹ Ü Z X p ng ñ Zg HD :ì qw åH]IZg~}g * ! kZ

An absolute moral law or moral ideals cannot exist in material things.

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Xh Mƒ

aÆ W Å ã* 0 Ã] Zg \ M X ¡§6Y âZ ~ œ â a kZ ?VY

Ð }> Z, '* c Ð , g â ÃÏ™\ M HXì @™^Ð Ï™Ã\ M X 0Z

Ù ªs ™zz Å kZ ǃ ~ ÔG [ Z » \ M ? ðÎ VY ™^Ã\ M ä kZ C Ã~–\ M Âá Z e ™Š * !, ' `Å\ M ~–Å Ïz , 7 Æ\ M/ ¤ Z b§ÏZ

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XÆ( good will) : ì êŠt öÐOÉL@z w VqZ ÅkZ ___________________

/ Kant: Fundamental Principals of Metaphysics of Morals, First Section (Abbott, p 9)

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:ì qÐá ZjÆu@Wz, 6, 6 qçñÏZ ógñËZ e "Good", (or evil for that matter) then undefinable; and yet as far as I know, there is only one ethical writer, Prof. Sidgwick, who has clearly recognized and stated this fact.

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An absolute moral law does not (we have seen) exist in the mind of this or that individual.

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: ì Reason cannot conquer feelings, because feelings can only be conquered by feelings.

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120

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X îŠ 7»ðŠ …= ì YY ¹

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121

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] Y!Zj

! !n } Š¼

1.

Williams Lillie. An Intruduction to Ethics; p 3.

2.

H.Rashdal: Theory of Good and Evil; vol.2 (1907), p 212.

3.

ibid; p 319.

4.

Emett Barcalow: An Intruduction to Philosophy; (Spinoza: The Ethics Part 2, Proposition 48) p 90.

5.

ibid; p 105.

6.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

7.

Bertrand Russel: The Religion and Science; p 145.

8.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

9.

ibid; p 81.

10.

Will Durant: The Story of Philosophy - Respective Chapters.

11.

H.Rashdal: Theory of Good and Evil; vol.2 (1907), p 319.

12.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

13.

ibid; p 82

( ,¹K ¶) p244. ( ,¹K ¶) p 81.

( ,¹K ¶) p 81-82.

14.rights ibid; p 83. "All of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

122

~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ] 15.

ibid; p 84

16.

ibid; p 85.

17.

Bertrand Russel: Introduction to the History of Materialism by S.A. Lange.

18. 19.

27D 26m ó$ d gzZb‚, ó óZ. ]‚ËZ e 28 m ó sZ

20.

Karl Popper: Conjectures and Refutations ( $ d gzZb‚, ó ) p 132.

21.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

22.

ibid; p 87.

23.

Bertrand Russel: The Religion and Science; (1989); p 228.

24.

H.Rashdal: Theory of Good and Evil; vol.2 (1907), p 8.

25.

Dr. G.E. Moore: Principia Ethicia; (1906), Latest Edition 1960, p 17.

26.

H.Rashdal: Theory of Good and Evil; vol.1 (1907), p 45.

27.

ibid; p 143.

28.

ibid; p 145.

29.

ibid; p 98

30.

Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan (1962), chapter 15, pp 114-115.

31.

Emmett Barcalow: Modern Philosophy - Theory and Issues (1994),

( ,¹ K ¶) pp 86-87.

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

pp 54-55. 32.

Max Lerner: Essential Works of J.S. Mill; p 194.

33.

Richard Brandt: A Theory of Right and the Good; (1979), p 271.

34.

H.Rashdal: Theory of Good and Evil; vol.1, p 184.

35.

Williams Lillie: An Introduction to Ethics; p 167.

36.

ibid; pp 85-86.

37.

Prof. Broad: Fives Types of Ethical Theories; p 124. quoted by Williams Lillie in `An Intruduction to Ethics', p 154.

38.

Dr. G.E. Moore: Principia Ethicia; p 6.

39. ibid;ofp this 7. book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for "All rights reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

123

, _____ 40.

ibid; p 11.

41.

ibid; p 17.

42.

P.D. Ouspensky: Tertium Organum (1907); p 184.

43.

Emmett Barcalow: Modern Philosophy - Theory and Issues (1994), p 49. H.Rashdal: Theory of Good and Evil; vol.2, p 212.

45.

ibid; p 286.

46.

ibid; p 211.

47.

Williams Lillie: An Intruduction to Ethics; p 116.

48.

William Graham Summer: Folkways (Customs, Traditions and Moral Bilief; p 3.

49.

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

44.

Ruth Benedict: A Defence of Ethical Relativism in Ethical Theory; p 23 - quoted by Emmett Barcalow in Moral Philosophy - Theory and Issues; p 37.

( ,¹K ¶) p 91.

50.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

51.

Emmett Barcalow: Modern Philosophy - Theory and Issues; p 45.

52.

¨Z!Zf) Bertrand Russel: Reith Lectures (1949), p 109.( 153m óeÎHäyK

53.

Emmett Barcalow: An Intruduction to Philosphy; p 107.

54.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

55.

Williams Lillie. An Intruduction to Ethics; p 118.

56.

ibid; p 119.

57.

Lan Freed: Social Pragmatism; p 120.

58.

Lord Samual Butler: Belief and Action;

59.

P.D. Ouspencsky: Tertium Organum; p 182.

60.

H.Rashdal: Theory of Good and Evil; vol.2, p 286.

61.

ibid; pp 194-195.

62.

C.G. Jung: Modern Man in Search of a Soul; p 235.

63.

Emmett Barcalow: Moral Philosphy - Theory and Issues; p 37.

( ,¹K ¶) p 91.

( 162m óeÎHäyK ¨Z!Zf)

( 163m óeÎHäyK ¨Z!Zf)

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] Y!Zj 1.

R.M. Mac IVER: The Modern State; p 10.

2.

Karl Popper: In Search of a Better World;

3.

ibid; p 225.

4.

ibid; p 228.

5.

53D52m ót £~Š C ã : +−Z b &·

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Emmett Barcalow: Modern Philosophy - Theory and Issues; p 168.

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ibid; p 168.

($ d gzZb‚, ó ) p 225.

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Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

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ibid; p 330.

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ibid; p 330.

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ibid; p 331.

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ibid; 334.

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ibid; pp 334-335.

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Alfred Cobban: The Crises of Civilization; p 68. ( 222m óeÎHäyK ¨Z!Zf)

17.

ibid; p 221.

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Rene Guenn: The Crises of Modern World; p 106.

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Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

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ibid; p 332.

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( ,¹ K ¶) pp 327-328.

( 227m óeÎHäyK ¨Z!Zf)

( ,¹ K ¶) p332.

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H. Rashdall: The Theory of Good and Evil; vol 1, pp 225-226.

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H.J. Mencken: Treatise on Right and Wrong; p 23. m óeÎ H ä yK ¨Z !Zf)

( 227D228

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C.G. Jung: Modern Man in Search of a Soul; p 236.

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] Y!Zj

1.

306D 305m ób)~Š C ãÆ :xsÑZ„è‡

2.

P.D. Ouspensky: Tertium Organum, p 195.

3.

H. Rashdall: The Theory of Good and Evil; vol 2, p 194.

4.

ibid; p 195.

5.

Francis Bacon: Novum Organum;

6.

Hans Driesch: The Problem of Individulity; p 60. ( 160m óeÎHäyK ¨Z!Zf)

7.

Samuel Butler: Upon Human Nature; ( 160m óeÎHäyK ¨Z!Zf)

8.

H.Rashdall: The Theory of Good and Evil; Vol 2, p 211.

9.

Will Durant: The Story of Philosphy; p 143.

10.

Williams Lillie: An Introduction to Ethics; p 77.

11.

ibid; p 78.

12.

Francis Bacon: Novum Organum; ( + h. ] ` u) p 17.

13.

ibid; p 19.

(+ h. ] ` u) p 23.

"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

181

~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ] 14.

ibid; p 27.

15.

ibid; pp 37-38.

16.

ibid; p 43.

17.

ibid; p 71.

18.

ibid; pp 80-82.

19.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

20.

P.D. Ouspensky: Tertium Organum, p 189.

21.

Williams Lillie: An Introduction to Ethics; p 40.

22.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

23.

ibid; pp 44-48.

24.

Karl Popper: In Search of a Better World

25.

ibid; p 82.

26.

ibid; p 219.

27.

ibid; p 51.

28.

J.A. Barnes: A Pack of Lies; p 10.

29.

ibid; p 55.

30.

ibid; p 55.

31.

ibid; p 63.

32.

Karl Popper: Conjectures and Refutations;

33.

ibid; p 89

34.

Will Durant: The Pleasures of Philosophy

35.

ibid; p 97.

36.

ibid; p 10.

37.

ibid; p 67.

38.

ibid; p 79.

39.

ibid; p 70.

40.

ibid; p 104.

( ,¹ K ¶) p 35.

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( ,¹ K ¶) p 19.

($ d gzZb‚, ó ) p 28.

($ d gzZb‚, ó ) p 89.

( ,¹ K ¶) p 90.

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182

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(a) In ordr that our moral judgements should have any real validity, it appears necessary to suppose that there are absolute moral standards. (b) No subjective theory of ethics is valid. Apart from the general arguments against all relative theories of ethics, there are consequences of these subjective theories which no reasonable person can accept.

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Whether from the intellectual, the moral or the aesthetic viewpoint, the undercurrent of the psychic life of the West

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2.

Willians Lillie: An Intruductions to Ethics; p 116.

3.

Bertrand Russel: The Religion and Science; p 145.

4.

ibid; p 230.

5.

ibid; p 243.

6.

P.D. Ouspensky: Tertium Organum; p 208.

7.

C.G. Jung: Modern Man in Search of a Soul; p 247.

8.

Dean Inge: The Fall of the Idols; p 71.

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

1.

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( Richard Elliot Friedman) }Ă ZĂ› ĂĄZ e lg 0Æ kZ X ĂŹ * @Y š

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It is a strange fact that we have never known with certainty who produced the book that has played such a central role

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The Original scroll of the Torah (and other books of the Bible) was burned up in the fire that destroyed the temple in 587BC but Ezra was able to restore it by a revelation - but

C this tradition is nor part of Bible itself. 3 "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

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1 94

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t Ă‚~ /Religion of the World [ Ă‚g KZ ä Don Reisman 7„ Ă°Ć’ ĂĽ~ ug IÇÆðÜ\WĂą]|] Zg Ă‚ ĂŹ Ă… ½ ]Ĺ Ăž ]g * @ : –ä kZX Âś

The first five books (The Pentateuch) is an account of various events which was compiled at different times and in different places over the centuries. 1C 0

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At present, however, there is hardly a biblical scholar in the world actively working on the problem who could claim that the five books of Moses were written by Moses - or by any one person. 1C 1 ___________________

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1 96

kz‹gz¢_____ 1C 2X eƒy: Lt {g * !zŠ H Š HŠ * !, 'z {nb§kZgzZX H Š* c °gzZ * Nß

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:Ï q} à ZÛ åZ _ l g ~} g * ! kZ In the third stage of the investigators, investigation concluded outright that Moses did not write the majority of the five books. The first to say it was the British Philospher Thomas Hobbes in the 17th century.

1C 5

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Since the last chapter of Deuteronomy records Moses' death, he could not have been the transcriber of these

1C words". 7

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~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ] People also noticed that the five books of Moses included things that Moses could not have known or was not likely to have said. The text, afterall, gave an account of Moses death.

1C 8

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] Y!Zj 1.

Lewis M. Hopfe: Religions of the World; p 286.

2.

Richard Elliot Friedman: Who Wrote the Bible?; p 18.

3.

ibid; p 224.

4.

Lewis M. Hopfe: Religions of the World; p 295.

5.

Hastings: The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics; vol 2, p 568.

6.

ibid; vol 2, p 565.

7.

ibid; vol 2, p 581.

8.

Richard Elliot Friedman: Who Wrote the Bible?; p 18.

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~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ] Don Reisman: Religions of the World; p 376.

11.

Richard Elliot Friedman: Who Wrote the Bible?; p 28.

12.

Don Reisman: Religions of the World; p 298.

13.

ibid; p 302.

14.

ibid; p 320.

15.

Richard Elliot Friedman: Who Wrote the Bible?; p 17.

16.

ibid; p 17.

17.

Don Reisman: Religions of the World; p 376.

18.

Richard Elliot Friedman: Who Wrote the Bible?; p 18.

19.

ibid; p 19.

20.

ibid; p 19.

21.

ibid; pp 19-20.

22.

ibid; p 20.

23.

ibid; p 20

24.

ibid; pp 23-24.

25.

ibid; p 28-29.

26.

ibid; p 219.

27.

ibid; p 226.

28.

ibid; p 234

29.

ibid; p 15.

30.

ibid; 242.

31.

Don Reisman: Religions of the World; p 376.

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~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ] Biblical critcism, in addition to science, has made it difficult to belive that every word of the Bible is true. C22

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1.

Hastings: The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics; p 582.

2.

James W. Deardord: The Problem of New Testament Gospels Origins; chapter 5, p 45.

3.

ibid; (forward) p ii.

4.

ibid; p 1.

5.

ibid; p 2

6.

ibid pp 5-7.

7.

ibid; p 15.

8.

ibid; p 9.

9.

ibid; p 9.

10.

ibid; pp 12-14.

11.

ibidi; p 17.

12.

ibid; p 46.

13. ibid;ofpp 103-106. "All rights this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

218

kz‚gz¢_____ Lewis M. Hopfe: Religions of the World; p 331.

15.

ibid; p 334.

16.

ibid; pp 345-346.

17.

ibid; p 338.

18.

C.E.M. Joad: Good and Eveil; p 323.

19.

ibid; p 319.

20.

Don Reisman: Religions of the World; p 458.

21.

Hastings: The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics; p 580.

22.

Bertrand Russell: The Religion and Science; p 145.

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

14.

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X ;g * @ Y –._ÆM K, FgzZ({Š™gHĂ…ĂĽ\ MçOX ˆÆ Æ kZ CĆ’ ]gz¢ĂœX ZĆ’ 7wi * *g* !qZ w žz x *™y M ÛŒ D 2 mvZ -x™ Z Ă‘a Ă?Z X 'YĆ’ wi * * ]* c MP* c ]gĂŽ Ă°Ăƒ._ pĂ´~ ]gĂ&#x;! 媃y M ÛŒü ZĆ’: et ~Ç Ă°Z’ZÆ Ă…z P Ă? w ™zÆ Ă…zmvZ -x™ Z Ă‘Ÿ Âť y M ÛŒà z, 4X * @ Y 1™ x?Z m Ă‘ X * @ Y 1 ÉĂ? Z * @Ć’ wi * * z X ; g ~g Y JÂŹizg ___________________

Ă…VĂ‚gĂŽ+ hĂĄ ĂŹ CYĆ’ Za .Ă&#x;ĂŒĂ? Ăł óäĆ’:B‚ÆM K, Fb* ! Ă…VĂ‚gĂŽL L]‥zZ ‰/ bZ y M ÛŒ# Z ĂŹt x|ÂťVĂ“yZ X 7 „gĹ ]* ! t XĆ’ „g: M K, Ft ~ ^Ă…t ZgzZgzZ Z  X Tg DĆ’: ĂşĂ? M ],B Ăł ‚Æ M K, FĂ?Z ĂĽ YĆ’ 7„ et Ă‚ ĂĽ?)p[ÂŻ qZ ` M ‌b§TX 0Ă? {gĂŽž]* c M Ă°Ć’ è, 6 ½V# ĂĽxÂĽĂƒâ€žď€Ś Ć’tp/ ¤Z Ă…VĂ‚gĂŽZtp/ ¤ Z X ]* c M Ă… {gĂŽžĂ…y M ÛŒt ĂŹ * @Ć’Ă˜ 0Æ]* c M Ă°Ć’ è, 6Ă” X ĂĽĹ Ăą~~tÇĂ? „M K, F{Šùˆy M ÛŒX CĆ’]* cM

"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

231

~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ]

]|kz $ A Âťgz Z ! Ă´g X D â Ă› x ĂˆZ m{ Âť $ "Ă‚ Ă…Ĺ“Ăˆ M ÛŒ GL E "Ă‚ Ăą$ ~ L L D ™ y Ă’ V- Ăƒg Âť & §Ă† y M ÛŒ ĂŹ "* U0+ hi

ĂĽ M# \ Z X ĂĽgùâ , 6$ "Ă‚ Ă…kz Ă? s§Ă…Ă…zmvZ -vZ wĂŽg

ÆÄ , 6 Ă” Z Ÿ Ăł* @ Y MĂ„ Ăƒ \ * kz, 6 ĂĽ M Ă? ]â€?Ă…kZ Ă‚ CĆ’ wi *

c* ~A Ă‹~ Ă‚ CĆ’ ªt # Z X â€? h e b§Ă… VZĂą} ¢

™= gz Z D ZĂ™C Ĺ Ăƒ] * c M {â€?wi * * ĂĽ\ M Ăł* @Ć’¢q™å Z•} l om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

y Z D â Ă› ĂĽ\ M Ă‚ 8 Š É~ # Z X8 Š Ă‰Ăƒ] * c M yZ ~ X ĂŻĹ ÂŹ

Ăœ z Ă‹/ ‰ ¤ ZX * @ ‚™| , 7 Ăƒ] * c M Ă°Ć’ èy Z ~ X V ĂŽ ‚™| , 7 Ăƒ] * cM

Qgz ZX ĂŻ Šâ Ă› b & Z Ă…kZ Ug ÂŻĂĽ\ M Ă‚* @Ć’ ĂŒtĂ› ‚ à ŠðĂƒ} I 4X3 -+ G TX 1 5 2m Ăł1 ` + Z Ăł Zz²Z ‌ óÜ + −Zgâ! Zf) Ăł ĂłD â€šĂƒVĂ?Ă&#x;}uzĹ

( Y 1 967 ]zĂ› Ăł! ²Z ^Zg ZĹ " 4E 5G Z D â Ă› Ăł Ă? ~ kz èE # LG Âť Ĺ p Ăą$ "* U0+ h i ]| D 3

y M ÛŒ Zg7 Ăœâ€°z kZ ‰ ĂĄ p=Ă? *Ĺ kZ Ă…zmvZ -vZ wĂŽg

% Z X œŠùĂŒĹ ZÂŽ ~, ( Ă… p ™~ Ăąx Z™/Ă´X ĂĽĹ Ăą ZĆ’ –œ

ĂŻvÆ Ă…zmvZ -x™ Z Ă‘ {Ă­f Zg ‚t gzZ ĂĽ: ~ ]gĂ&#x;! Ă‚ 1C 2

X ĂĽpĂ´~ ug I

bc[ Ă‚~ > ½&ĂŹ CY Ă…Ăœ$ guqZ Å›z ~g g ~ yM

:ĂŹ H Ĺ H `gĹ ~ w Ă? Z ` óÖ#z ZĂŚ, 6 y M ÛŒ‚zˆ[ * ! Ăły M ÛŒ †ø ĂŠø ^Šø %m ĂĄĂť ]ø Ăœø Ă—$ ‰ø Ìø änĂ—Ă‚ äÜ Ă—#Ă–] oĂ—â€˜ äô Ă—# Ă–] ÙÜ ç‰Ü ‌ø o`F Ăžø Ă™ø ^ĂŽø †Û³Â Ă Âłe] à ³ÂÌ ]ĂŚĂť †Ü ĂŠĂ´ ^Šø iĂś Ÿø ĂœĂľ Ă—Ă´ Ĺ Ăť ÚÜ äô mø ]Ìø ‌ô oĂŠø Ìø DänĂ—Ă‚ Ă?Ă‹jĂšE ÌÚô ‚Ü Ăƒø Ă–Ăť ] ĹĄĂ´ ‌Ý ]ø oĂ–F ]Ă´ ĂĄĂ´ !†Ý ÂłĂ?Ăś ³ÖÝ ^ÂłeĂ´ I ĂŚ% ‚ø ĂƒĂť Ă–ø ] äÜ Ă–ø ^Ă&#x;ø m% ĂĄĂť ]ø Ă Ăś Ăšø ! Ÿø oĂť ÞôÚ ^Ă´ ĂŠø ĂĄĂ´ !†Ý Ă?Ăś Ă–Ăť ^eĂ´

ĂŹ crights â Ă› I zmare vZreserved -vZ wforĂŽgtheĂł publisher ĂŤ Ăą/0 Z ]the|author. ( Ă€, FThis ) copy is for "All * ofä thisĂ… book and reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

232

kz‚gz¢_____

p Ă– Zt ~ $ eZzg qZ Å›XĂ? äY ĂĄ y M ÛŒ~ o Æ Ă”Ĺ

~ a kZ ĂŽ Y : ™åBâ€šĂƒy M ÛŒ~^ĂŹ * c â Ă› ä ĂĽ\ M X Çå 7ĂĄĂ? Z ÔŠr ‚g 7y EZ Âť% Z kZ

1C 3

~ „ ª‚g ĂĽL<X’k* 0 Æ Ăąx Z™/Ă´ ĂŹ * @Ć’xÂĽĂ? VĂŹZzg V âzĹ y Z

:^B‚Æ y M ÛŒ Ă‚ * @Ć’: (Z/ ¤ Z:gz X¸ Šù° ĂąĆ’â€˜Ă† *™y M ÛŒ

kZ X ĂĽ * @Ć’ 7Za „ w ZĂŽ Âť ä Y ~ ‘´Ă† ÔŠ™åB‚Ă? Z * c ä™

: CĆ’ $ "* U' * ! sf `gĹ Ă? c

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

SC+Gg + ™ Z hĂ°Z hĂ°~å²Ă†w ‚ 23 ĂŠE DÉ ZĆ’ 7wi * * Ă?g Ă? y M ÛŒ D 1

ÂŹ Ă…zmvZ -x™ Z Ă‘ Ăł CĆ’ wi * *$ e M Ă°Ăƒ# Z X ;g * @Ć’ wi * *Æ G 4E 5" ÂťQgz Z D ™Š* Ă? Z X ĂŻ Ĺ Z ™ Z ĂƒqZ Ă‹Ă? ~ kz èE LG c Ă?Z

X D Zz™ü~ ĂŁ ZĂ´KZ $ "™ Zz™ o~gz¢â„˘Ă?{g * !zĹ

Ăƒ$ e M kZ ĂŤ ĂĽ\ MÉ IĂ°Z 7Ă? g ÂąZ Ă z , 4$ e M {â€?wi * * D2

I CĆ’ ĂĽ'gĂŽ b§kZ X ˆ * c ÂŹĂ? $ e M V #Ă… {gĂŽV # X ˆ CĆ’Ă™C ÂŞĂŒM K, FĂ…V Ă‚gĂŽgz Z

�Z g CY ðZ ~ ã ZôÅ gü—] * c M {� w i * *� M K, FT D3

$Ă‚ Ă… y M ÛŒ# " Z ç O X IĂ°Zz™ ĂŒÂĄ ĂƒĂąx Z™/Ă´Ă? M K, F

Ĺ * c ĂŁ* !i y M ÛŒĂ? M K, F Ă?Z Ăƒx Z™p ™ Ă‚Ă°Ć’ ĂĽĂ? M K, F m{ qZ

XĂŹ Ï‥J ` MŸt gz Z ĂĽ E g$~g Âťu{â€?$ ĂĽĂĽp/ ¤ Z y M ÛŒÎ0@E "Ă‚~ ĂŁ ZĂ´Ă…Ă…zmvZ -g— D 4

§ zŠèY ĂĽ YĆ’: gz Z ĂĽ: ( ? ) ~ ]gĂ&#x;! Ă‚ Ĺ t ĂŹĂ™C ÂŞ1

mvZ -g—Ÿ Âť kz Âśtzz Ă…T ĂĽ: „ e(Z ~  ª‚g

Ug ÂŻĂƒQ 7ĂĽ Ă‚gzĹ Âť, RĂ›X ; g ~g Y JgzĹ ~ y M Æ Ă?+ 0i Ă…Ă…z

"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

233

~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ]

~, 7* *™g (Z I, F ¸ ˜ i Ñ X CY à ™ å$ "ÂÆ ™n , 6z Z

Ã ƒgz Z H Š 1É, 6 ù Zg f [ 7 øŠ }uzŠ * c ~ t Zgz Z µ Z µ ZÃ] * cM

Ìä x Z™p ™ b§ÏZ X 0Ð {gξ] * c M t H Š* cŠ C X 1™¡Ãy M ÛŒ} g7

Å „ å\ M ~ ug I {vÆ ÅzmvZ -x™ Z Ñ {íf Zƒ – Zg ‚t D5

~ V ¶CZ f LZ LZ ñx Z™/ô}uzŠ Ð kZgz Z åpô~ ã Zô om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

X¸ Ì° åCZ f LZ k* 0 Æñx Z™/ô‰X ¸ e f™Ü

]Š ÞÅ>›)

Ñ Špˆ y M ÛŒ ï Š ]Š Þ Å ] * ! kZ Ì[gz Z g›ZŠ ›)

rÌÃ] * ! kZ ÒZÐ ~ y Zp / ¤ Z óå [Y – ã Zô, ki ÅÅzmvZ -x™ Z

gz¢ Ât { z ªX åx¯ CZ » ÅzmvZ -·]|y M ÛŒt B ƒo

pì x¯ CZ » ÅzmvZ -g—É 7kzÐ s§Å Z. } y M ÛŒ ë

t X ¸ ‰ ™å™ Z ~ Ï+ 0i KZŠpgå—x¯t h M™7g ï ZÐ ] * ! kZ

X Ë$Y Å77~ hÆ[ ÂIègz Z ËÅ *Š ì ]Š Þ~, (¹ E4´ :ì q ( Kenneth Cragg) r™ô-G

It is well known that Muhammad did use seribes, that the Quranic utterances were recorded from his lips or after being memorized, and that prior to the Quranic experience he had not been either orater, poet or preacher.

1C 4

" 4E 5G 1x »Ð kz èE LG » ä ÅzmvZ -·]| ì ] * ! g qZt

Æ ä ™¡ * c „ Zg Ó Z, ' Ð ug IÈ * !i Åå\ M ] * c M ã M ÛŒ t gz Z

"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

234

kz‹gz¢_____

äƒ wi * * y M ÛŒ … Y „  ƒ Ì] * ! t gz Z X ‰CY à Ɉ X +ðà * c ²á : ¸ ó ¿ Â: å\ M IÐ

q] * ! t ñƒ D ™ { , ^ Y © »Ð y M ÛŒ » ª* ! gz Z gZ '¸

Æ ÅzmvZ -·]|y M ÛŒ² H Š H ¦ˆ V- œÃgZgz Z ª* !L L ì

X å [ M ~Š zH„~Ç YE 43 :ì q ( Hastings) æE¾54hGX 1C 5

Four persons are mentioned in the traditions as having

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

1 collected the Quran in the Prophet's time. (Tabri ii.90) C 6

vZ -x™ Z Ñ ä V,Z ì * @ Y ¹0Æ VñŠ M g e ~ ] * c Zzg

X å 1™ ¦y M ÛŒ„ ~ äâ iÆÅzm

x™ Z g—ˆ y M ÛŒ L L ì ˆÅ ½]Š Þ¸ Ì~ ¥* N, '* c beK ¨Z

X å [ Y –„ ~ ug IÇÆÅzmvZ $ 4)gG : –ä ( Don Reisman) èEG gyZ e

1C 7

Muhammad memorized the contents of these divine messages and evantually they were committed to writings, to become scriptures of Islam, called the Quran.

1C 8

GL G " Z@ äå·]| tXH Š 1ÉÃy Zgz Z 1™Š * c ã* !iÃ] â Æ ã * !g ì

X D Y äTÐ x * *ƈy M ÛŒ ó[  klÅxs Z ‹ â

X¸ tàg qZÆ ~œ, ÞZ ( Sir William Muir)gñ@zu

¶è[ ÂqZ ä V,Z X ¸ Š* *} , (Æ ÅzmvZ -x™ Zg—gzZ xs Zt c Š î#* qZ ~ *Š dä T ( The Life of Muhammad)Ô Ô å·‹ § L L

: ˜ ~} g * ! Æy M ÛŒX å

"All of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for It rights is also evident that revelations were recorded, because reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

235

~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ] they are called Koran itself Kitab i.e what is written or `scriptures'.

1C 9

ª[ ¹Z y M ÛŒèY ‰ˆà É] * c M { ”w i * * ì ÙC ªÌt Xì * @g å ™È—* c Zƒ –

: ˜ 't ñƒ D C ,ÅkZ óå * @ƒ b§¾t At the moment of inspiration or shortly after, each passage was recited by Muhammad before the friends or followers

to writings.

2C 0

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

who happened to be present and was generally committed

Æ ñx Z™/ôå·]|ˆ Æ M z } hð * c „ Dƒ wi * * Æ kz Xå* @ Y 1Éxk* ! ÃX¸ D ™]z ˆ] * c Mt ‚

:ì C M t ‚# s Ÿz+ h ×'™^Ð M

Still, the fact remains, that the fragments themselves were strictly and exclusively Muhammad's own composition, and were learned or recorded under his instructions.

2C 1

mvZ -·]|sÜgz Z sÜM K, F Å]* c M ì |qZt X ‰CY à É * c ‰CY Å¡, 6$ eZ@ Å„ y Zgz Z ¶KZ ÅÅz

]* ! kZÉ 7¸X å [ M t ‚y M ÛŒ„ ~ å ª‚gÇ, 6 gîkZç O

y M ÛŒk* 0 Æñ/ôÆ \ 0i Å \ 6 å M „ ~ Ï+ å M { z ° » Å ä ™ ¢ , 2C 2X ¸ Š ñ° Ð ¹Æ

y ZZ Æ ñ/]| îS~ bÑŠ Ð ¹ Æ y M ÛŒ ¦ ä '

: ì H™f »§ ZzÆ äÑ

Å"All]rights ! kofZ§thisZz »book * äÑareyreserved ZZÆ ñ/for]the |publisher Iw ‚gand e* c the &author. Ð ]This ó copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

236

kz‚gz¢_____

ŠùðĆ’ è{gĂŽ, Ă…y M ÛŒ~ y Z+ 0{Æ y Z ĂŹ ĂŞĹ ]Ĺ Ăž

# Ï * Z @ƒ x¼t � kZ X ( œ„g ™]z ˆÇ Å ù\ M ) œ

ĂŹ % Z Dt X ĂĽĹ Ăą ZĆ’ –y M Ă›Ĺ’ĂŒ$ A¸ gz$ ð•Z y ›

žlzÂťt Ăœâ€°z kZ Ă‚Âľ y â ‥gz Z g2Ĺ Âť } iu Ă… [²[ Ă‚t # Z

2C 3X Ă?Ć’ _| , (gĹ

7y â€şĂŒ¿ÿL X3Z w5q óºĂ› à ¸ P Æ ÂżI Z Ă? ÂŹ+ $ om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

~Š™~p~ y M ÛŒ~g Z M ZgzĹ LZ ä Ăąy ¢]| ĂŹg D ™òúŠt B

KZ '* ! Ă… nĂ?Z ä VĂ&#x; Zz ™ ›) F, 6 ÂŻ Ă… ]* c Zzg {Ĺ Ć’ " „ y Z X Âś

ä ĂŻĂ…gĂą@zuX Ăą M D ™Šg '* ! tĂĽ >1X , ŠÉ~ V1Ă‚

: * c C Ăƒ *Ĺ ĂŒ

hĂˆĂ? ¢ ĂŤ ?œðĆ’ ~p~ kZ * M c ĂĽĂœĂ…Ăą+ h i y M ÛŒt H[ Z &‥ * ]* !tĂ? $ eZzgĹ OZ ĂżLE c Ă°Z’Z ĂŒĂ‹èY ĂĽy M ÛŒ„zt

Ă? Ć’ Ăł Ă… ~p½{g f Ă°Ăƒ~ y M ÛŒä Ăąy ¢]| CĆ’ 7$ "* U

Æ ĂąZ]|èY ' D ™ òúŠ kZ [ Z ] Z|Ă› ‰ X* c VZ 7w ZĂŽ Ă°Ăƒä V,Qgz Z ; g y M ÛŒ¸ ˆ Æ ä M g Z M ZçLa, ' X 7G ?¸ h M™ (Z { z H~ ]gĂ&#x;Ă…~p

2C 4

Ă? M ĂŤ,Ă… kZ ĂĽ * c M 7 H§ Zz Ă?Z ~ ug IÇÆ Ăąy ¢]|

¡]| Zg7 Âť} g7 ˆ y M ÛŒ ĂŹ Ă… ä™^ â] * ! t w Ă’Z ° Ă? Ăł , ™y Ă’

YĆ’:gzZ ĂĽ7Ĺ ~ ]gĂ&#x;?tp / ¤ Z óü [ Y –~ÇÆ Ă…zmvZ HE4H_ :ĂŹ H ( H.U.W. Stanton) èE45G5 ~ bZz ZÆ ~Ĺ“, ] * ! ¸X ĂĽ During the life-time of the Prophet, the Quran had all been written down but it was not yet united in one place.

2C 5

"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

237

~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ]

-ÌZpå [ Y –y M ÛŒx Ó„ ~ Ï+ J 0i ÅÅzmvZ -x™ Z Ñ

X å Zƒ 7Š ( ~ ]gßÅ[ Â?qZ ) Í & .>E GG :ì ˆèb§kZ ] * ! t ~ çEE gs M * c beK ¨Z

It is almost certain that there were written collections of Quranic materials that the Prophet had a part in creating and ordering.

2C 6

-x™ Z ÑŠp& å Zƒ –)i Ñ ã M ÛŒx Ó ì {”ðgz Z D] * !t om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

Xå* c ŠM K, FÐ Zgz Z å * c ¯ ä ÅzmvZ

:ì q+ h ×'g ó! £

ˆèsÜ: kz ã M ÛŒ ì CY M t ‚™Á] * ! t Ð ]* c Zzg y Z

³Ü‰z ÏZ Ìx * * Æ y Z gz Z ^z¯ Å ( V ÂgÎ ) [ Z1Z É ¶

„ ä å\ M t gz Z¸ {+ 0i ÅzmvZ -·]|²¸ ‰ a™

]| 7ãZzt % Z X å * c Š ¬»™B‚ÆM K, FqZÃ] * c M yZ

X 7* c ‰è] * c M ðÃÌŠpä ÅzmvZ -· 4E -G & » ï+ qZ~ Y 1 977 ä ö, 6 ;gz ã- `‰X ì ¸ Ì„î0E @G h. ] University of St. ) i- g hZ Âs M ;gE- & óÅ ù á [  ë Z „ ¹ 4].2E G H, k’ä( John Burton) H, ' y Y g Z¼çG qZ Æ ! ²Æ ( Andrews 2C 7

The Collection of Quran :ì x * * »[ ÂX ì

: ì –~ i Z+ 0Z ãZz} , ( ä '„ ~ Z’Z Å[ Â kZ Despite his personal inability to read and write, during the twenty odd years of his public activity Muhammad had employed the services of a series of amanuenses to record

at each of the for individual fragments of the "Allhis rightsdictation of this book are reserved the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

238

kz‚gz¢_____ revelation immediately he received it. Other of his followers had devotedly committed the revealed texts to memory. On the death of the Prophet and before the written texts had been assembled, edited and promulgated.

C28

y ZgzŠÆ4z. ] ò ZĂş!‚ä z Ă KZ ä Ă…zmvZ -¡]|

Âżg™Ă?q] â . } Ă… ŠŸŠz * ! ÆäĆ’| , 7 y R, 6 gĂŽ CZ f ~

}uzŠÆ ĂĽ\ M X ĂƒĂ‰, 6 gĂŽ~g ÂŻĂƒkz Ă Zz äĆ’ wi * * { z * @‰ om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

Ă… ĂĽ\ M X ‰¿g ™7z V H Ĺ + 0i a Æ y M ÛŒ¥ ĂŒä Ăąx Z™/Ă´ X ĂĽ [ Ć’ t : Z Âť kZgz Z M K, F Ăł+ z+ DĂ…y M ÛŒ„ Ă? ] Ăƒz

X eĆ’: Ă?qĂťgt Ăƒ[ Ă‚ Iè ~uzĹ Ă‹~ˆ gz Z IĂ? ˆ y M ÛŒ

½+ Ă™C â gz Z y ZĹ Ăľg * @ Ăł>gĂł ›ZŠÆ½ *ŠÉ 7g›ZŠ›sĂœ] * !t :ĂŹ qgĂą@zu~ekZX ĂŹg™y Ă’

There is probably in the World no other book which has remained twelve centures with so pure a text.

2C 9

Ă? V- Ĺ“ {g * ! QÂť T 7Ĺ Ăą[ Ă‚ Ă°Ăƒ+Z ~uzŠ„¸ ~ *Ĺ

XĆ’ e {gĂ˜{ b§kZ

>›)'Ĺ Ăž Ă…ĂŽJĂŤ~ ^pĂ´gzZ Ă˜{Æ kz ĂŁ M ÛŒ

ĂŤX ĂŹ ¸ h ĂŹ ĂžZg ĂĽ ÂżI s ÂťZĂ™C Ĺ“gĹ kZ { z Ă…ĂŤ ZĂ› ä : g6, 6 ĂŹt ~ p Ă–ZÆ „gĂą@zu

We may upon the strongest presumption affirm that every verse in the Koran is the genuine and unaltered composition of Muhammad himself, and conclude with the least a close approximation to the verdict of Von Hammer; that hold the "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

239

~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ] Koran to be surely Muhammad's words as the Muhammadians hold it to be the word of God.

C0 3

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:ì * @™{ûV- , 6kZH',yY / It is said that upward of 700 companions fell in the Yamama. Sufyan reports that when Salim was slain Umer hastened to Abu Baker. But as Salim had already collected the Quran into a single volume, - he was the first to collect the Quran, and gave it the name Mushaf - his death wold have had no damaging effect for the text.

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wJ$ eZzg Å y M ÛŒ ¦Æ ñy ¢]|ëÐzz ÅX ] ; zt 4<X(E 6C 2X h M™ èEG Å äC t ™w ï w ïtZzg * 0 zu" Å nkZ :àJá²qZ

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$Ds ÜÆ kZ X ì [  ÅH, e ' y Y ÒÃqZ „ +Z X H Š* c¯:K ¶ »W & Ñ .>EG : –ä( Mircea Eliade)ñ+ iZ rÆ çEE gs M * c beK ¨ Z ñƒ D ™ Burton believes that Muhammad himself prepared and sanctioned a complete written Quran, which he left behind Him.

6C 3

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It must now have become abundantly clear how little assistance is to be hoped for from the Muslims accounts of the history of the collection of Quran text. The reports are a mass of confusions, contradictions and inconsistencies.

6C 4

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] Y!Zj X 9m Ăł( Y 1994)gĆ’Ă‘ĂłM +K ¨Zy„ óå2†Ă?Ă–] Ă?çĂ—Ă‚ oĂŠ ĂĄ^nfĂ–] Ă Ĺ u]:ÂŁZ +−Z Ĺ’Ă‹Z e -r X 66m Ăł( Y 1968) Ăł~, kwÂŁZxĂ?Ă€, F XĂĄ2†Ă?Ă–] Ă?çĂ—Ă‚:Ô™ ĂśAEĂ‹Z e X 1 Ă­q óògŸZ {gĂŽ Ăł4¢ Ăł ĂĄ2†Ă?Ă–] ĂœnĂŁĂ‹i :ò~Ĺ zĹ ĂądĂ‘Z1ZÂŚ * * Ă‘Ăą " X 56 Ă­q óÏZ {gĂŽ Ăł2¢ XĂĄ2†Ă?Ă–] ĂœnĂŁĂ‹i X 41D 40mĂ” Ă˜mˆĂ&#x;jĂ–] ‌^$2:Ĺ Ăşâˆ’{)´ mgĂł Ć’Ă‘Ăł]xsZ {g ZĹ ZĂ‘* * ~g ÂťZJ¡* * ÑùÀ, F Ăł1 ` XĂĄ^Ă?iŸ]:òï¹+−Zw°)´ X 166D 163

-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6

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-r F óá2†ÏÖ] Ýç×Â:Ô™ öAEËZ e X 103D 101 m ó~, kw£ZxÝÀ, X 103m ó sZ X 42D41 m óØmˆßjÖ] …^$2:Šú−{)´ X 368 m ó2¢ ó~ ó p„Ú†i ÄÚ^q X 66D 63m óá2†ÏÖ] Ýç× oÊ á^nfÖ] àŠu]:£Z +−Z ŒËZ e X 46ó44 ó40 ó39m ó( Y 1997) á2†ÏÖ] Ýç×Â:jœVx·ËZ e X 582m ó2093 $ gu óy M ÛŒbc[ ó( Wá) pÑ > ½ 14.

-7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13

Kenneth Cragg: The Event of the Quran - Islam in its Scripture,

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

George Allen & Unwin, Londen; p 58. 15.

ibid; p 176.

16.

Hastings: The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics; p 54.

17.

Encyclopaedia Britinica; vol 9, p 866.

18.

Don Reisman; Religions of the World, 2nd Edition, St. Martins Press, N.Y.; p 391.

19.

Sir William Muir: The Life of Muhammad; Edinburgh, John Grant 1894 edition; chapter 1, p xv. foot note.

20.

ibid; chapter 1, p xiv.

21.

ibid; p xix.

22.

ibid. p xix.

23.

ibid; p xxi.

24.

ibid; p xxiii.

25.

H.U.W. Stanton: The Teaching of Quran, Darf Publications Ltd., London, 1919 revised 1987, p 11.

26.

Mircea Eliada - Editor-in-chief; The Encyclopaedia of Religions; vol 12, Macmillan Publishing Co., N.Y. p 161.

27.

ibid, p 161.

28.

John Burton - Senior Lecturer in Arabic: The Collection of Quran,

"All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

297

~ lˆÅ$ eZ@:knÞ^ŠÞ] University of St. Andrews, Combridge University Press, (1977) p 4. 29.

Sir William Muir: The Life of Muhammad; Edinburgh: John Grant 1894 edition; chapter 1, p xxiii.

30.

ibid; chapter 1, p xxviii.

m ó2088 $ gu óyâ ²Z©z)´À, F óá2†ÏÖ] Øñ^–Ê[ óxzŠ¢ ó p…^íe xnv‘ X 1092D 1091 X 49m ó ØmˆßjÖ] …^$2 Šó ú−{)´ 33.

.31

.32

Shehzad Saleem, Editor: The Monthly "Renaissance", February

om i.c id am rg gh d.o ad wri hm a da l-m ve .a . ja w w ww w w

2000, vol. 10, No. 2, p 29-33. 34.

ibid; p 9.

35.

John Burton: The Collection of Quran; p 118.

-r X 107 m ó~, kw£ZxÝÀ, F Xá2†ÏÖ] Ýç×Â:Ô™ öAEËZ e .36 X 47 m ó ØmˆßjÖ] …^$2 Šó ú−{)´ .37 67D 66m óá2†ÏÖ] Ýç× oÊ á^nfÖ] àŠu]:£Z +−Z ŒËZ e .38 X 54 ó51 ó50m ó( Y 1976) á2†Î àmæ‚i:òã5ŒZøo * * Ññ .39 ó2089 $ gu óyâ ²Z©z)´À, F óá2†³ÏÖ] سñ^³³–³Ê[ óxzŠ¢ ó p…^³í³e x³nv³‘ .39A X 1093m X79m ó( Y 1977)gƒÑó[Š ÑZ¥„ óá2†ÏÖ] îm…^i:~ÙCiÑZxg ™/Z†Wz, 6 .40 ó2092 $ gu óyâ ²Z©z)´À, F óá2†³ÏÖ] سñ^³³–³Ê[  óxzŠ¢ ó p…^³í³e x³nv³‘ .41 X 1095m X 124* @98 m ó( | 1396)cZ™x‰Zg ZŠ„ óá2†ÏÖ] Ýç×Â: ã¢i·* * Ññ .42 X 108* @107 m ó sZ .43 X 111D 110m ó sZ .44 X 56m óá2†ÏÖ] Ýç× oÊ á^nfÖ] àŠu]:£Z +−Z ŒËZ e .45 X 111 m óá2†ÏÖ] Ýç×Â: ã¢i·* * Ññ .46 X 141 ó140m ó sZ .47 X 186m ó sZ .48 "All rights of this book are reserved for the publisher and the author. This copy is for reading purpose only. This copy cannot be uploaded on any website except those of the publisher and the author."

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X 189m Ăł sZ X 121 m sZ X 188D 187 m Ăł sZ X 102m Ăł sZ X 111m Ăł sZ X 113m Ăł sZ X 111m Ăł sZ X 115D 113m Ăł sZ X76m óå2†Ă?Ă–] Ă?çĂ—Ă‚ oĂŠ ĂĄ^nfĂ–] Ă Ĺ u]:ÂŁZ +−Z Ĺ’Ă‹Z e X 56m Ăł sZ X 98 m óå2†Ă?Ă–] Ă?çĂ—Ă‚:ã¢i¡* * Ă‘Ăą X 32* @26m Ăł( 2000~gzĂ› )gĆ’Ă‘t ZĂ‘Z„ Ăłp9^fĂš ĂŚ Ă™ç‘]:~̸£Z+ h zY 33* @31m Ăł sZ 62.

Shehzad Saleem, Editor: The Monthly "Renaissance", pp 30-34.

63.

Mircea Eliada: The Encyclopaedia of Religions, vol. 12, p 16.

64.

John Burton: The Collection of Quran; p 225.

65.

ibid; p 239.

.49 .50 .51 .52 .53 .54 .55 .56 .57 .58 .59 .60 .61

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