Watchtower (study edition) 2012

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1 /Wq ]`\/*3dD S/*ZZq w *`b\,\^ +*jbSx 2 h*abSZ\p ,a1a,TbZn\^ ]`\-`*YS +T+WTyZ\^ \a,TbSE qV* ]T/b`SYd2bnaq /\+O `\,TWnZSYS ]\31`b,*YSD `S gSbd,*ZZT ,`1yanVSf Sa*Zn ,SV\`Sab\,d2bnaq ]1O `1VW*/ -T2ZV* L,S/*ZZq 6>>6 `\VdE ZdY1`*gTq a*WYT, 4-T/Z\ 4 ,S/*ZZqY 5==> `\VdME * `1gnVSf Sa*Zn P w `SaO bSqZanVT `1gnVT Sa*ZZqD 1`1VW*/ Z\,\-\ a,TbdxD ÄąZjT /31`1W* gSb*bB dWDP ,qb1 SanY\E ]1`1VW*/ dWTj*C P w 1`1VW*/ Z\,\-\ a,Tbd ,qb\-\ SanY*x L4 ]`SYTbV*YSE *Z-WDMC \YDP ,qb1 SanY\E ]1`1VW*/ \Y1ZV*D The Watchtower (ISSN 0043-1087) is published semimonthly by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.; M. H. Larson, President; G. F. Simonis, Secretary-Treasurer; 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483. Druck und Verlag: Wachtturm BibelO und TraktatGesellschaft der Zeugen Jehovas, e. V.E SeltersNTaunus. Verantwortliche Redaktion: Ramon Templeton, Selters/ Taunus. 5 2012 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. aT ]`*,* 4+1`T-*pbnaqD Printed in Germany

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