LEEUWARDEN INTEGRATED FRAGMENTS
AR1U090 R&D Studio Tutor: Macro Lub Student: Wei Zonghao [4707125]
LEEUWARDEN _ INTEGRATED FRAGMENTS The Tale of A Sequence of "?" What is thefragment? The definition of urban fragment
Where are the fragments? The location of fragments
Why are they fragments? 1. Borders 2. Functions 3. Urban patterns
How did these fragments come into being? 1. Historical extension of Leeuwarden 2. National and political background 3. Relationship between Leeuwarden and national background
How are these fragments integrated? 1. Landscape as the framework 2. Passages territories
What's the future of the integrated fragments? 1. 2018 European Cultural Capital 2. Existing and potential qualities 3. The future vision
[Basic Information_ Location]
The Netehrlands - Composition: 12 provinces - Land area: 41526 km² - Population: 16.5 millions
Friesland -The biggest province - Composition: 24 cities - Land area: km² - Population: 646000
Leeuwarden Municipality - The biggest city and capital of Friesland - Composition: 19 population centers - Land area: 152 km² - Population: 108667 - Density: 716.33/km²
Rural
12,760
Lowly urbanized
12,600
Moderately urbanized
16,510
Strongly urbanized
24,650
Highly urbanized
42,150
Urbanization
[Basic Information_ Basic Map]
N
Water
Forest
Sports
Green
Minitary airport
Q1. What Is the Fragment? Definition: 1. A district that has obvious spatial borders, and different fabric or different functions with its adjacent districts. 2. A district has difficulty to reach other districts. Formula: Fragment=[ (Different Function OR Different Pattern) AND Obvious Spatial Borders] OR Inaccessibility
Obvious Borders Different Patterns Same Functions
Obvious Borders Different Patterns Different Functions
Obvious Borders Different Patterns Different Functions
Q2. Where are the fragments Dividing Leeuwarden into different parts according to the definition of fragments. Locations of the fragments.
Q3. Why Are They Fragments? Every part conforms to the DEFINITION of the fragment 1. Border 2. Function 3. Urban Pattern
[Why are they fragments_ Borders] Classification of borders
7
7 5
4
6
4
5
6
1 1 9 2
2
8 8
3 3
Legend of different borders Railway
Difficult to cross
Water barrier
Main Roads
Green barrier
Streets
Easy to cross
9
[Why are they fragments_ Borders] Description of borders These borders consist of train tracks, cannals, roads, streets and some green barriers, which divide different functions apart, or different urban patterns apart.
City Center Office Building
Public park Private house with a tiny garden
College building
Private yachts
Social housing
Buffer
College park
Buffer
Buffer
Border Section 1-1
City Center
Border Section 6-6
Mixed use shops and residence
Mixed use
Social housing
Social housing
Yachts for business
Parking
Buffer
Border Section 2-2
Buffer
Border Section 7-7 Industrial factory
Commercial Building
City Center Yachts for business
Mixed use
suppermarket Industrial transportation Parking
Border Section 3-3
Social housing
Border Section 8-8
Private villa
Buffer
Patch
Buffer
Private garden
Border Section 4-4
Houses with tiny gardens
For cars
Border Section 5-5
Industrial factory
Buffer
Only Buffer for bikes
Border Section 9-9
Soical housing, apartment Buffer
Private villa
Buffer
Only for cars
[Why are they fragments_ Functions] Different functions of fragments
University
Municipal government
Prison Police station Railway station
Hospital
Legend of different functions
[Why are they fragments_ Urban pattern] Division of different patterns
Five different community patterns Industrial pattern Other pattern
[Why are they fragments_ Urban pattern] Division of different patterns
Description of community patterns
Pattern Ⅰ : City Center, Organic Pattern
Pattern Ⅱ : First Expansion, European Classical Pattern
Pattern Ⅳ : Social housing Post-war pattern
Pattern Ⅴ : Broccoli flower
Pattern Ⅵ : VINEX
[Why are they fragments_ Urban pattern] Location of Paradigmatic Patterns_ five examples
Pattern Ⅳ
Pattern Ⅱ Pattern Ⅰ
Pattern Ⅲ Pattern Ⅴ
[Why are they fragments_ Urban pattern] Pattern â… : City Center, Organic Pattern The center has an organic pattern, streets are shaped by the canals. The open spaces are in the form of hard-ground squares with monuments standing in.
Oldehove
Baisc component_ Cadastral units
Rabobank
Baisc component_ Public Streets Organic grown
Diversity of architecural form and function
Church
Open space and connecting routes Squares with monuments standing on
[Why are they fragments_ Urban pattern] Pattern â…Ą : First Expansion, European Classical Pattern
Uniform facades
There are obvious axes, and houses were built in uniform. Green parks which are surrounded by neighborhoods replace the hard-ground squares. Private garden
Streets as axes
Baisc component_ Cadastral units
Baisc component_ Public Streets Growing along axes
Open space and connecting routes
Community green parks surrounding by dewellings
[Why are they fragments_ Urban pattern] Pattern â…Ł : Social housing Post-war pattern
Social housing, apartment
In the social housing neighborhood, Apartments replace the private houses, streets are built for cars, shopping mall and big green parks are put together in the community center. Semi-public park
Shopping mall
Grids
Middle school Primary school
Baisc component_ Cadastral units
Baisc component_ Public Streets Street system as grids
Community center
Shopping mall and green spaces
[Why are they fragments_ Urban pattern] Pattern â…¤ : Broccoli flower In this area, ever y family has its own private gardens, houses are built in a low density, streets are built for cars.
Private garden
Shopping mall Green park
Water system
Baisc component_ Cadastral units
Baisc component_ Public Streets External roads and internal streets
Water as framework
[Why are they fragments_ Urban pattern] Pattern â…Ľ : VINEX
Houses separated
The vinex neighborhoods are built in the outskirts, and have a good landscape, every family has its own private gardens, houses are built in a low density, streets are built for cars. Private garden
Canal
Streets for cars
Water system
Baisc component_ Cadastral units
Baisc component_ Public Streets Streets for cars
Water as framework
[Why are they fragments_ Urban pattern] [Overview of Typologies]
[Overview of Public Streets]
[Overview of Cadastral Units]
Q4. How did these fragments come into being? Historical development in different stages 1. Historical extension of Leeuwarden 2. National and political background 3. Relationship between Leeuwarden and national background
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…
Nijehove
Oldehove
Hoek lagen
[Three Settlements] Three separated villages were located in the current city center of leeuwarden, at the coast of the Middelzee.
800 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…
Nijehove Church
Oldehove
Hoek lagen
Oversea trade
[Population Migration Among Three Settlements] Oldehove became a religious center, and the villagers moved to two other settlements, therefore, three settlements were well connected at this stage. Oversea trade even reached Russia.
1000 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…
For trade
[Local Trading Center] Oversea trade became impossible as the Middelzee was silted up. Therefore, Leeuwarden lost trade far away and became the regional trading center.
1300 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…
[First Leeuwarden City ] Leeuwarden became an official city with urban privileges in 1435, canals were dug for defense. Then later it became the capital of Friesland.
1500 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…
[Leeuwarden as an Open City] Leeuwarden was connected with the rest of the Netherlands by canals. Some inner city canals were silt up to build streets.
1600 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…
[Stable Leeuwarden] Some old canals in the city were silt up to build new streets, and new canals were dug in outskirts.
1800 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…Ą
[Infrastructures Revolution] A plenty of working class build their houses along the train tracks and main roads outside the city center for the convenient work.
1900 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…Ą
[Regular Extension] Leeuwarden kept expanding along main roads, railways, and canals with the interventions of housing associations and Dutch housing law since 1901. Streets network had been growing.
1929 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…Ą
[Regular Extension] Leeuwarden kept expanding along main roads, railways, and canals with the interventions of housing associations and Dutch housing law. Streets network was relatively completed.
1956 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…˘
[Social Housing] The ring road was finished, but the population kept increasing, therefore, the new social housing communities were built in the outskirts.
1970 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…Ł
[Broccoli Flower] After 1970, the Dutch government started to withdraw from housing sector and to promote privatingzing housing. At the meantime, the liberation of housing association began. Broccoli neighborhoods were built on the outskirts of Leeuwarden, and business area was expanding, too.
1999 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Formation of Pattern â…¤
[Vinex] Vinex neighborhoods were built on the outskirts at a low density. At the meantime, urban renewal projects have been carried on in the social housing neighborhoods.
2017 AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ Historical extension of Leeuwarden] Overview of Urban Extension
Population growth curve of Leeuwarden
Period 1： City center Population
Period 2： First extension
12000
Period 3： First extension
10000
Period 4： First extension
8000 6000
Period 5： Social housing Period 6： Broccoli flower Period 7： Vinex
4000 2000 Time
0 1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000 2050AD
[How did these fragments come into being_ National and political background] Geographical Changes
Oldehove, Nijehove, and Hoek lagen
Middlzee
Land Reclaim
Leeuwarden
[How did these fragments come into being_ National and political background] National Infrastructure Network
Groningen
Leeuwarden Leeuwarden Harlingen
Groningen
Zwolle Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Zutphen
Zwolle
Utrecht Rotterdam Nijmegen
Leeuwarden
Groningen
Zwolle Amsterdam Apeldoorm
National Canal System
National Railway System National Highway System
[How did these fragments come into being_ National and political background] Political Background
Better living condition of working class
SOCIAL HOUSING
HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS & DUTCH HOUSING LAW
HOUSING LIBERATION NEIGHBORHOOD RENEWAL
Poor living condition of working class
[How did these fragments come into being_ Relationship between Leeuwarden and national background] Overview of Leeuwarden Extension and National Background At the first stage, the geographical transformation shaped the city center. At the second stage, the infrastructure influenced the first extension area a lot. At the third stage, new built neighborhoods were much influenced by the housing policies.
1. Geographical transformation
2. Infrastructure revolution
Middlzee
Middlzee silt up
Three settlements
Formation of the city
Leeuwarden Extension
Canal system
Open
Railway and road networks
Regular extension
[How did these fragments come into being_ Relationship between Leeuwarden and national background]
3. Changing housing policies Dutch housing law
Social housing
Housing liberation
HOUSING LIBERATION
HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS & DUTCH HOUSING LAW
SOCIAL HOUSING
Social housing neighborhoods
Broccoli flower neighborhoods
NEIGHBORHOOD RENEWAL
Vinex neighborhoods
Q5. How are these fragments integrated 1. Landscape as framework 2. Passages territories
[How are these fragments integrated_ Landscape as framework] Landscape at Regional Scale Different landscape elements
Grassland
Forest under protection
Water
Built area
Military airport
[How are these fragments integrated_ Landscape as framework] Landscape at Regional Scale From landscape to structure
Water
Outskirts Suburb Green Outskirts
Leeuwarden
Leeuwarden center
Leeuwarden
Outskirts Green Suburb Green Outskirts Green
Step 1. Green as background
Step 2. Human settlements
Sept 3. Water system as connection and framework
[How are these fragments integrated_ Landscape as framework] Landscape at Regional Scale Entry points to Leeuwarden
N 357
N 355
N 31
To Swolle
To Corningen
[How are these fragments integrated_ Landscape as framework] Landscape at City Scale
Square
Public park
Community park
Water
Cemetery
Institutional green
Undeveloped area
[How are these fragments integrated_ Landscape as framework] Landscape at city scale From「Green and Water System」 to 「Urban Structure」 Green patches, water, green corridors and streets make up a big network to hold the whole Leeuwarden together. The landscape makes Leeuwarden integrated at the regional level.
Green patches and connecting routes
City structure, landscape as framework
Incorporating different territories
Incorporating borders
A centripetal structure
A centripetal structure
[How are these fragments integrated_ Passage territories] Daily life of local citizens_ two residents in the eastern part According to the inter views of local residents, I located their daily activities in Leeuwarden, and study how he crosses borders and use different parts of the city.
Name: Nationality: Sex: Age: Civil status: Address:
Why does he stay in Leeuwarden? Because the working opportunities both for him and his wife. The parts he used most in Leeuwarden: City center, eastern park, working place, green for sports.
Wa l k i n g the dog
Home with a garage
Playing sports
Shopping
Seeing exbitions
Drinking
Eating
Shopping
Warching movies
Mapping
Working
Surrounding address
parking
Carnival activities
Daily route
Harkemastate Dutch Male 52 Married Taniaburg street
[How are these fragments integrated_ Passage territories] Daily life of local citizens_ three college students in the northern part Name: Casper, Tim, Alex Nationality: All Dutch University: Hogeschool Age: 18, 18, 22 Address: Hooidollen 137, Hooidollen 137 Pilotenhespel
The parts they used most in Leeuwarden: City center, campus, shopping area, their neighborhoods, train station, football club. Playing sports
Shopping
Apartment
University
Seeing exbitions
Drinking
Eating
Shopping
Warching movies
Mapping
Train station
Surrounding address
Playing sports
Carnival activities
Daily route
Their opinion about Leeuwarden? The social housing is quite cheap, the city is too small, they are looking forward to moving to a bigger and more international city.
[How are these fragments integrated_ Passage territories] Daily life of local citizens_ a resident in the southern part Name: Nationality: Sex: Age: Address: Working place:
Why does he expect about the future in Leeuwarden? He hopes there will be more tourists, The municipality can focus more on cultural heritage and less on the festivities, and creates more working opportunities in problematic neighborhoods. The parts he used most in Leeuwarden: City center, sport area, natural park, historical area. Walking
Working
Seeing exbitions
Drinking
Eating
Shopping
Warching movies
parking
Working
Mapping
Home with a garage
Surrounding address
Playing sports
Walking
Daily route
Jan Dutch Male 60 Taniaburg street Oldenhove, tourist office
[How are these fragments integrated_ Passage territories] Local Traveler 1 According to human activities, some fragments are well connected.
Connected fragments
[How are these fragments integrated_ Passage territories] Local Traveler 2
Connected fragments
[How are these fragments integrated_ Passage territories] Local Traveler 3
Connected fragments
[How are these fragments integrated_ Passage Territories] Divider Canals and train tracks divde the three parts of Leeuwarden.
Cutter
[How are these fragments integrated_ Passage Territories] Connector A ring road connected the three parts.
Connecting territories
[How are these fragments integrated_ Passage Territories] Overview of Passages Territories The human activities integrate fragments in three parts at the local level, and a ring road connected these three parts. But it is just a spatial connection which is kind of weak.
Passages territories
[How are these fragments integrated_ Passage Territories] Overview of Passages Territories
Layers
Repairing the urban sructure
Territories
Connector
Local traveler 1
Divider
Local traveler 2
Passages Local traveler 3
Fragments
Urban structure
Q6. What's the future of the integrated fragments? 1. 2018 European cultural capital 2. Existing and potential qualities 3. The future vision
The policy document specifically for leisure, called 'Hospitable Fryslan', stresses the potential for leisure to function as a connecting theme to strengthen crossovers between sectors and to offer solutions for cleaner water, sustainable energy usage, healthier food and better health (Provincie Fryslan 2014b)
[What's the future of the integrated fragments_ Existing and potential qualities ]
[Aspect of complexity]
Start with SIMPLE targets of general EOC
But the COMPLEXITY in reality
1 Attracting tourists
1
2 Tourists’ experiences of feeling cosy and at home in the city and their possibilities for spending leisure time in urban space
2 Balance between developing leisure and protecting existing qualities
S3tart with SIMPLE targets of general EOC Leisure-led regional development 1 Attracting tourists
Conflic line
2 Tourists’ experiences of feeling cosy and at home in the city and their possibilities for spending leisure time in urban space 3 Leisure-led regional development Conflic line
Therefore, Frisian decisions
The fragmentation of the leisure sector
1 An increase in tourist overnight stays, visits and expenditure 2 A growth in the number of jobs in the leisure sector 3 Not aiming at an international mass tourism market, but niches of cultural and nature-based tourism that suit the herefore, Frisian decisions existing qualities
3 Crossovers between leisure and broader utregional the COMPLEXITY in reality development
B
T
Coexistence line 1 The fragmentation of the leisure sector
Strategy line
2 Balance between developing leisure and protecting existing qualities
1 An increase in tourist overnight stays, visits and expenditure 2 A growth in the number of jobs in the leisure sector 3 Not aiming at an international mass tourism market, but niches of cultural and nature-based tourism that suit the existing qualities
3 Crossovers between leisure and broader regional development
Coexistence line
Strategy line
[Overiview of hypothetical experience designing]
Excavating exsiting qulaities
1 Opportunity map
Landscape, cultural, and economic resources
2 Limitation map
Landscape and historical sites protection
Internal: Strengths & Weaknesses SWOT analysis External Opportunities & Limitations
Human resources Physical resources Financial Activities and processes Past experiences Events The economy Demographics The physical environment Legislation
The future vision Possiblities based on the 2018 European Cultural Capital
1 For toursits 2 For the integration of Leeuwarden
1 Maximum connectivity for fragments Strategies to cross the “cutter” Water corssing “park”
2 Integrated green patches 3 Arrange possible activities for leisure and recreation
[What's the future of the integrated fragments_ Existing and potential qualities ] Limitation Map
Military airport It is the biggest and the most important military airport in the Netherlands. And it is officially reclaimed to be kept being used in the future, therefore there is no possibility for transformation of other functions.
Administrative boundary
Protected historical sites
Protected green spaces
They can be both opportunities and limitations for future development of Leeuwarden, on the one hand, they can be a big tourism and cultural attraction for 2018 European cultural capital. On the other hand, these sites have fewer possibilities for other development.
These green spaces are officially forbidden from further developing. Now they consist of forest, natural parks, lakes, sport fields, and grass land.
[What's the future of the integrated fragments_ Existing and potential qualities ] Opportunity Map
Protected historical sites
Urban renewal from 2007
They can be both opportunities and limitations for future development of Leeuwarden, on the one hand, they can be a big tourism and cultural attraction for 2018 European cultural capital. On the other hand, these sites have fewer possibilities for other development.
The Vrijheidswijk has many high-rise buildings from the sixties. Some flats have been replaced by apartment blocks and single-family houses. Also in this district was much crime. In 2007 the district was inhabited by many students. The Schieringen is built in Heechterp and Schie rings-kind buildings match the liberty district. There was a lot of crime, some flats for urban renewal have given way to single family homes. Also lived in this district many students and young people. There are apartment complexes built. The area appears on the list of problem areas of Fowler. The Vegelinbuurt is an old working-class neighborhood, and was characterized by many addicts and crime. There were a lot of slum landlords. Most of the neighborhood is cleaned up. Vrijheidswijk
Schieringen
Vegelinbuurt
Future urban renewal area These parts have been planned for a new business area for creating more working opportunities and economic growth.
Expanding area
Undeveloped green spaces
These parts have been already planned for the new extension of Leeuwarden, for residential use and business park.
These parts are left undeveloped, surrounded by built districts. Some of them are currently used for taking a walk by residents, and some of them are not used at all.
[What's the future of the integrated fragments_ Existing and potential qualities ]
Strength
Weakness
Human resources - teachers and students of the university, increasing population Physical resources - historical buildings, cultural heritage Financial - business park, national companies Past experiences - experience of neighborhood renewal projects
Human resources - aging society Physical resources - fragmented urban patterns Past experiences - Social distancing, community crime
Opportunity
Threat
Events - 2018 European Cultural Capital The economy - Leisure and tourism development Demographics - Attracting a diverse body of tourists and immigrant The physical environment - Undeveloped landscape resource Legislation - Frisian policies for 2018 European Cultural Capital
The economy - The fragmented nature of leisure means that local entrepreneurs focus on competition with neighboring firms, and lack the capacity to oversee potential mutual gains within the region (Provincie Fryslan 2014b). Demographics - higher housing costs and an increased crime rate (Steiner et al. 2015). The physical environment - the activities themselves can also be damaging to the environment (Puhakka & Saarinen 2013).
[What's the future of the integrated fragments_ The future vision ] Tourism route_ Water crossing "park"
The proposal is a strategy rather than a concrete design. The current Leeuwarden is characterized by its fragmented green spaces, a historic city center, and industrial districts. The need to create a new, cohesive identity is addressed at various levels. The concept of water(divider) crossing park should be a flexible possibility for future development. The design strategy is also not limited to the waterfront area, but can expand into adjacent neighborhoods to make the designed area both belong to tourists and local citizens.
Directions
Maximum connectivity
Integrated green patches
[The story review_ From the past to the future] "Yesterday"_ The different stages of historical development shaped the "fragments" of Leeuwarden "Today"_The landscape framework, human activities, and infrastructure hold the fragments together to make Leeuwarden integrated "Tomorrow"_ The future is a great opportunity for Leeuwarden to have a more cohesive identity
[The story review_ From the past to the future]
My narrative ends here But the new story of Leeuwarden is just beginning...
[What is the fragment?] [Where are the fragments?] [The location of the fragments] [Why are they fragments?]
[How are these fragments integrated?]
[What's the future of the integrated fragments?]
[City Portrait Introduction]
[City Portrait Introduction] The city portrait has three layers: bottles, lines, and suckers. They represent different elements of Leeuwarden. [Layer 1, Bottles/Fragments] The bottles represent fragments of Leeuwarden, the different colored water represents different human activities in different territories. [Layer 2, Connecting lines/Framework] The lines represent spatial connections between the fragments. Landscape and infrastructure are the connectors in Leeuwarden. [Layer 3, Suckers/Passages of human activities] The suckers can transform water from one bottle to another bottle, then different colored water can be mixed together in one bottle. The process represents the communication among the fragments. Once the water is mixed, it will never get back to the pure color anymore, the phenomenon indicates that Leeuwarden is an organic and complex system, rather than a simple "single colored" machine.
[Water Transformation Experiment] Take the air out of the bottle
Before transformation
Driving power
Take the air out of the bottle
Result of water transformation and driving power
Result of water transformation
APPENDIX & REFERENCE
[Appendix_ Infrastructures]
[Appendix_ Landscape and city structure]
[Appendix_ Human activities and city structure]
[Appendix_ Design sketches]
[Appendix_ Hand-made models]
[Reference]
[Book] Es, E. v., Harbusch, G., Maurer, B., Perez, M., Somer, K., & Weiss, D. (Eds.). (2014). Atlas of the Functional City: THOTH. Hauck, Thomas, Keller, Regine, Kleinekort, Volker. (2012). Infrastructural Urbanism Infrastructural Urbanism (pp. 366). Hillier, B. (1999). Time as an aspect of space., Space is the Machine (pp. 480): Cambridge University Press. Jacobs, J. (1992). The Death and Life of Great American Cities: Vintage. Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the City: The MIT Press. Meyer, H. (2002). The composition of the urban groundplan. In C. Steerbergen, H. Mihl, W. Reh & F. Aerts (Eds.), Architectrual Design and Composition (pp. 262): Uitgeverij Thoth. Waldheim, C. (2016). One: Claiming Landscape as Urbanism Landscape as Urbanism (pp. 216): Princeton University Press. Waldheim, C. (2016). Two: Autonomy, Indeterminacy, Self-Organization Landscape as Urbanism (pp. 216).
[Journal article] Meekes, J. F., Buda, D. M., Roo, G. D. (2016). Leeuwarden 2018: Complexity of Leisure-led Degional Development in a European Capital of Culture. Window on the Netherlands.
[Thesis] Langen, G. J. d. LEEUWARDEN AND TRADE BETWEEN C. 800 AND 1200 AD. Groningen, Netherlands. Scheer, B. C. (2015). The Epistemology of Urban Morphology. University of Utah, USA. Sijmons, D. Simple Rules: Emerging Order? A Designer's Curiosity About Complexity Theories. Technical University of Delft.
[Newspaper essay] Senneett, R. (2006). Sennett- the Open City, Urban Age, p. 5.
[Data source] Historish Centrum Leeuwarden, historischcentrumleeuwarden.nl. Leeuwarden Vrij-baan, www.vrij-baan.nl EnduGIS, kaart.edugis.nl City Population, www.citypopulation.de Map of NL, urbanfabrics.weblog.tudelft.nl Leeuwarden Studiestad, www.leeuwardenstudiestad.com DNA2018 Leeuwarden, www.dnalwd2018.nl