Water Quality Report 2023 for the Western Virginia Water Authority

About This Report

The Western Virginia Water Authority supplies customers in the City of Roanoke, the Counties of Roanoke, Franklin and Botetourt and the Towns of Boones Mill and Vinton, VA with an annual water quality report. This provides you with information about the source of your water, what it contains and how it compares to the standards set by regulatory agencies based on data collected during calendar year 2022 or the most recent testing period.

The Water Quality Division of the Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to deliver safe drinking water. Once again, the Water Authority is in full compliance with all state and federal monitoring and reporting requirements.

On July 1, 2004 the Western Virginia Water Authority was formed from the former utility departments of the City of Roanoke and Roanoke County. In November 2009 Franklin County joined the Water Authority, and Botetourt County joined in 2015 offering a larger regional approach to meeting the communities’ water and wastewater needs. The Town of Boones Mill started receiving service from the Water Authoity in 2021, and the Town of Vinton utilty system was aquired in 2022.

The Authority has earned the highest industry awards for both water and wastewater, implemented energy saving measures across all departments, focused on cleaning the sanitary sewer lines and rehabilitating aging water distribution and sewer collection pipes.

Connecting with Us Executive Director

The Western Virginia Water Authority’s Executive Director, Michael McEvoy, oversees the daily treatment and delivery of 19-million gallons of drinking water and the collection and treatment of 37-million gallons of wastewater a day.

Authority Board of Directors

The Western Virginia Water Authority’s Board of Directors, appointed by the member localities, governs the Authority. Representatives from the City of Roanoke include Mr. John P. Bradshaw, Jr., Mr. Bob Cowell and Mr. Harvey Brookins. The Roanoke County representatives include Mr. Don Halliwill, Mr. Richard Caywood and Mr. Randall Hancock. Mrs. Shirley Holland represents Franklin County, and Mr. Hunter Young represents Botetourt County.

Board meetings are held on the third Thursday of each month (with the exception of August and December) at 601 S. Jefferson Street. The Board meetings are open to the public.

Customer Service

Our customer service representatives are available Monday-Friday from 8am - 5pm. After hours water or sewer emergency calls to the Water Authority are answered by Roanoke County’s 911 Dispatch Center.

540.853.5700 | info@westernvawater.org

601 S. Jefferson Street • Suite 200 • Roanoke, VA 24011

www.westernvawater.org

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2023 Water Quality Report

Testing Your Water

In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prescribes regulations which limit the amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. That informaton is provided in the data charts on pages for each water system.

Food and Drug Administration regulations establish limits for contaminants in bottled water which must provide the same protection for public health. All drinking water, including bottled drinking water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate that water poses a health risk.

More information about drinking water is available through these sources

Virginia Department of Health: (Roanoke & Botetourt area)

540.463.7136

Virginia Department of Health: (Franklin County)

434.836.8416

Center for Disease Control and Prevention:

1.800.311.3435 404.639.3311 or 404.639.3312 (TTY)

Roanoke Environmental Health Department: 540.857.7663

EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline: 800.426.4791

How are the Standards Set?

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) at very stringent levels. In developing the standards, EPA assumes that the average adult drinks 2 liters of water each day throughout a 70-year life span. EPA generally sets MCLs at levels that will result in no adverse health effects for some contaminants or a one-in-ten-thousand to one-in-one-million chance of having the described health effect for other contaminants.

The tables of data on pages 10 - 43 summarize water-testing results from 2022 or the most recent reporting year for both regulated and non-regulated substances. Many other primary and secondary contaminants have been analyzed but were either below the instrument’s detection limits or below the MCLs.

There is no State or Federal MCL for sodium. Monitoring is required to provide information to consumers and health officials that are concerned about sodium intake due to dietary restrictions. The EPA recommended optimal level of sodium is less than 20 ppm, established for people on a “strict” sodium intake diet. The amount of sodium detected in each water system is listed in the data charts.

The Western Virginia Water Authority constantly monitors its water supplies for various contaminants to meet all regulatory requirements. All regulated substances must be tested annually (or triennially) for small systems) except for lead and copper and SOCs, which must be tested every three years, and radiologicals, which must be tested every six to nine years. The TTHMs/HAA5s were derived from running annual averages.

Cryptosporidium and Giardia

Cryptosporidium and Giardia are microscopic organisms that can cause fever, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms when ingested. The organisms come from animal and human wastes and are eliminated through water filtration and disinfection. Even though the presence of these organisms is not regulated by the state or federal government, the Water Authority has tested for these organisms.

Some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water than the general population. Immuno-compromised persons, such as persons with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, some elderly, and infants can be particularly at risk from infections. These people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care providers. EPA/CDC guidelines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and other microbiological contaminants are available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791).

What Causes Discolored Water?

Changes in water pressure in water systems, such as when water mains break or fire hydrants are used or flushed, can occasionally cause drinking water to be discolored. The discoloration is caused by sediments in pipes mixing with clear water. The sediments occur naturally from the oxidation of iron in pipes.

While discolored water is ordinarily safe to drink, it is best to flush any discolored water from pipes by turning on all cold-water faucets in your home or business. Avoid turning on hot-water faucets so the discolored water is not drawn into water heaters.

If you notice evidence of a water main break or leaking fire hydrant, please call 540.853.5700.

Lead and Copper Testing

Quality water begins at the source. It is important that the Western Virginia Water Authority knows and understands the water chemistry from each source, closely monitors the treatment process and understands the pipe material that the water can flow through. This is especially important regarding lead and copper.

Copper is a nutritionally essential element, but at high levels, copper can cause gastrointestinal difficulties such as nausea and diarrhea. Elevated levels of lead, if present, can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young children. Lead in drinking water is primarily associated with materials and components in service lines and home plumbing.

The Authority maintains over 1,200 miles of pipes up to and including the lines going to the customer’s water meter. Pipe materials in our system can be cast iron, ductile iron or pvc. We do not know of any lead pipes in our distribution system. However, customers, particularly those in older homes, may have lead plumbing in their homes or pipes that were joined with lead solder.

We treat the water with corrosion control or adjust the pH of the water so that pipes in our distribution system and the customers’ pipes in their homes are protected.

The Western Virginia Water Authority is responsible for providing high quality drinking water but cannot control the variety of materials used in plumbing components. When your water has been sitting in your pipes for several hours, you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by flushing your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes or until it becomes cold or reaches a steady temperature before using water for drinking or cooking. If you are concerned about lead in your water, you may wish to have your water tested.

Information on lead in drinking water, testing methods and steps you can take to minimize exposure is available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline or at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead.

What is my Water Hardness?

As water naturally flows over rocks and through the soil, it picks up minerals. The more calcium and magnesium present, the harder your water. While water hardness is not a safety issue, you may notice increased mineral build-up or soap residue with harder water. Hardness can be expressed as PPM - parts per million or GPG - grains per gallon.

Terms Used in This Water Quality Report

Action Level (AL): The concentration of a contaminant that triggers treatment or other requirement that a water system must follow.

Combined Radium: Radium 226 + Radium 228

E. coli: Bacteria from human and animal fecal waste

HAA5s: Haloacetic acids.

LRAA: Locational Running Annual Average

Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL): The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLG as feasible using the best available treatment technology.

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG): The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety.

Maximum Residual Disinfection Level (MRDL): The highest level of a disinfection allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants.

mg/L: Milligrams per liter, also referred to as parts per million (for example, one minute in two years).

ND: Analyte was not detected or was below the method detection limit of the laboratory’s instrumentation.

NTUs: Nephelometric Turbidity Units; a measure of turbidity.

P/A: Present or Absent

pCi/L: Picocuries per liter is a measure of the radioactivity in water.

ppm: One part per million, also referred to as mg/L, (for example, one minute in two years).

ppb: One part per billion, also referred to as μg/L (for example, one minute in 2,000 years).

ppt: One part per trillion, also referred to as ng/L (for example, one second in nearly 32,000 years).

TTHMs: Total Trihalomethanes

Treatment Technique (TT): A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.

μg/L: Micrograms per liter, also referred to as parts per billion (for example, one minute in 2,000 years).

μmhos/cm: Micromhos per centimeter; a measure of conductivity.

Substance

Source of Substance

Alkalinity Measurement of naturally occurring carbonates

Antimony Discharge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder

Arsenic Erosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards, runoff from glass and electronics production wastes

Barium Discharge from drilling wastes; discharge from metal refineries; erosion of natural deposits

Beryllium Discharge from metal refineries and coal-burning factories; discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industries

Cadmium Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of natural deposits; discharge from metal refineries; runoff from waste batteries and paints

Chlorate By-product of treating drinking water with chlorine dioxide

Chlorine Required disinfectant added during treatment process to eliminate bacteria

Chlorite By-product of treating drinking water with chlorine dioxide

Chromium Discharge from steel and pulp mills; erosion of natural deposits

Conductivity Physical property of water

Copper Natural\industrial deposits, plumbing, wood preservatives

Corrosivity Physical property of water that occurs when water reacts with metal

Ethylbenzene Discharge from petroleum refineries

Fecal Coliforms Human and animal waste

Fluoride Erosion of natural deposits; water additive which promotes strong teeth; discharge from aluminum and fertilizer factories

Gross Alpha Erosion of natural deposits

Gross Beta Decay of natural and man-made deposits

HAA5s By-product of drinking water chlorination

Hardness Measurement of naturally occurring hardness metals

HFPO-DA

Hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid; an industrial replacement for the straight-chain perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Also called GenX.

Iron Naturally occurring in the environment

Lead Natural\industrial deposits, plumbing solder, brass alloy in faucets

Manganese Naturally occurring in the environment

Orthophosphate (as P) Corrosion inhibitor added during treatment process

PFOA Perfluorooctanoic acid is a manmade chemical used to make everyday products we use resist heat, oil, stains, grease, and water.

Radium 226/228 Erosion of natural deposits

Selenium Discharge from petroleum refineries; erosion of natural deposits; discharge from mines

Sodium Naturally occurring in the environment

Styrene Discharge from rubber and plastic factories; leaching from landfills

Thallium Leaching from ore-processing sites; discharge from electronics, glass, and drug factories

Toluene Discharge from petroleum factories

Total Coliforms Naturally present in the environment

Total Nitrate & Nitrite (as N) Run-off from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of natural deposits

TTHMs By-product of drinking water chlorination

Vinyl Chloride Leaching from PVC pipes; discharge from plastic factories

Xylene Discharge from petroleum factories; discharge from chemical factory

Zinc Naturally occurring in the environment

1,2-dichlorobenzene Discharge from industrial chemical factories

1,2,4-trichlorobenzene Discharge from textile finishing factories

Learn More

Classroom Presentations

The Authority’s outreach staff is pleased to offer free Standards of Learning (SOL) correlated lessons to students in our service area grades four and above. These hands-on programs help students understand concepts such as watersheds and the amazing properties of water. Students in the upper grades learn about watershed protection, GIS mapping and future careers in the water and wastewater industry. Interested in bringing the Water Authority into your classroom? Email us at education@westernvawater.org to schedule a visit.

Guest Speakers

Interested in having a speaker talk to your civic league or community group? We’d be happy to talk to your group about your water source, how we treat your water and improvements we are making to the water and wastewater infrastructure. Contact us at info@westernvawater.org for scheduling and information.

Tours

Tours of our treatment facilities and reservoirs are offered to our customers, students, civic, community groups or other groups of ten or more. You will be amazed to learn what goes on behind the faucet as we treat and deliver the highest quality drinking water to our customers. We’d love to show you how we treat your water. To request a visit, please call 853.5700 or email education@westernvawater.org

Videos

Learn about our water and wastewater treatment processes or explore the science of water without ever leaving your classroom or home. The Water Authority has a collection of videos on our YouTube channel to teach, inspire and amaze. Visit the Western Virginia Water Authority YouTube channel to start exploring.

Dam Inundation Information

The Western Virginia Water Authority utilizes four surface water sources in the Roanoke Valley - Carvins Cove, Spring Hollow, Beaverdam Creek and Falling Creek Reservoirs. Each of these bodies of water is impounded by a dam which is physically inspected annually.

The Western Virginia Water Authority has published this information to inform customers in the unlikely event of a catastrophic dam failure. If this should occur, or if conditions should occur that would increase the likelihood of such an event occurring, the public would be notified through all major media outlets and local emergency centers.

To learn more about the risk of flooding to your property, and to learn how you can protect yourself, please visit the FloodSafe.gov website.

If you have specific questions about the Western Virginia Water Authority dam inundation information or to see if you property is located in an inundation zone, please see www.westernvawater.org.

Use Your Water Wisely

Using water wisely in times of drought is critical; however, it is always important to use our natural resource wisely.

BRUSHING YOUR TEETH

Shorten your shower to 5 minutes and save up to 25 gallons of water.

SHOWERS LEAKS

Fix a leaky faucet and save up to 140 gallons of water a week.

Turn off the water while you brush your teeth and save 2 gallons of water.

LAUNDRY & DISHES

Use full loads in your washing machine and dishwasher to maximize efficiency.

WATERING PLANTS

Put an empty tuna can on the lawn to catch and measure the output of your sprinkler. When the can is full, it’s time to turn off the sprinkler.

WATERING YOUR LAWN LAWN CARE

Water your garden or lawn before 10 AM or after 7 PM when temperatures are cooler to minimize evaporation.

Use old water from your dog’s bowl, leftover water from rinsing vegetables or the warm-up water from your shower to water plants.

CAR WASHING

Instead of washing your car at home, take it to a commercial car wash that recycles its water.

How to Check for a Toilet Leak

Toilets are the number one source of water leaks inside the home so this is the best place to start a leak detection. Because a toilet leak can waste up to 200 gallons of water per day, it is important to regularly test your toilets and quickly repair any leaks you discover.

To determine if a toilet is leaking, place some dye such as food coloring, Kool-Aid, cola or brewed coffee in the tank of the toilet before you go to bed. Do not flush or use the toilet during the test. If you see any of the color in the bowl of the toilet the next morning, then you know you have a leak that needs to be repaired.

If you discover that you have a toilet leak, make sure the lift chain is free of kinks and that you don’t have any mineral buildup around your valves that might prevent them from sealing properly. You can also use the adjustment screw on the overflow pipe to lower the water level in the tank to keep it from flowing into the overflow pipe. Most overflow pipes have a line on the pipe that indicates where the water level needs to be. If the flapper valve or plunger ball isn’t properly sealing at the bottom of the toilet, you will also get leaks. Parts are available at your local hardware store to replace these items.

Source Water Assessment

As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground, it dissolves naturally occurring minerals and can pick up substances resulting from the presence of animals or from human activity. Water from surface sources is treated to make it drinkable while groundwater may or may not require any treatment.

Contaminants in source water may be naturally occurring substances, or may come from:

• Microbial contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which may come from sewage treatment plants, septic systems, agricultural livestock operations, and wildlife;

• Inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals, which can be naturally-occurring or result from urban stormwater runoff, industrial or domestic wastewater discharges, oil and gas production, mining, or farming;

• Pesticides and herbicides, which may come from a variety of sources such as agriculture, urban stormwater runoff, and residential uses;

• Organic chemical contaminants, including synthetic and volatile organic chemicals, which are by-products of industrial processes and petroleum production, and can also come from gas stations, urban stormwater runoff, and septic systems; and

• Radioactive contaminants, which can be naturallyoccurring or be the result of oil and gas production and mining activities.

The Western Virginia Water Authority has worked with the Virginia Department of Health to determine our water sources susceptibility to contaminants. The assessment is a requirement of the Virginia Department of Health’s (VDH) Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) in accordance with the 1996 Amendments of the Safe Drinking Water Act.

The assessment determined that Crystal Spring, Falling Creek and Carvins Cove are susceptible to contamination based on land use activities and potential types of contaminants in these areas. This designation does not mean that the source water has been impacted or that it will be impacted. It does mean that if there is a release of pollutants in the assessment area, the source water could be impacted.

The VDH also completed a source water assessment of Spring Hollow Reservoir’s water source, the Roanoke River. This assessment determined that the Roanoke River may be susceptible to contamination because it is surface water exposed to a wide array of contaminants at varying concentrations. Also, changing hydrologic, hydraulic and atmospheric conditions promote migration of contaminants from land use activities of concern.

The assessment also determined that the Water Authority’s wells might be susceptible to contamination because they are located in areas that promote migration of contaminants from land use activities of concern. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Backflow Prevention & Cross-Connection Identification

A plumbing cross-connection is an actual or potential connection between the public water supply and any source of contamination or pollutant. Without proper plumbing precautions, contaminated substances could backflow into the public system and your drinking water supply through this connection.

Water travelling through the Authority’s distribution system is pressurized. If the water system loses pressure, such as during a water main break, system maintenance or fire hydrant usage/testing, the flow of the water may be reversed. If a customer has made a cross-connection with hazardous substances or even non potable water, these substances can backflow into the public water system and create a risk to public health.

What You Can Do To Protect Your Drinking Water

Help us identify potential locations where backflow can occur. You can complete a simple Backflow Prevention Survey on-line at www. westernvawater.org.

If necessary, contact the Water Authority to schedule a free assessment with our staff to assist you in finding and removing any potential cross-connection sources.

Remove any cross-connections you find or install backflow prevention devices (available at hardware stores) where needed. A Water Authority representative is available to assist you with this process if needed.

If you have a backflow prevention device installed by a certified plumber, have it tested annually or after any repairs.

Questions about backflow prevention?

email us at backflow@westernvawater.org call us at 540.853.5700

Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring - UCMR4

The following substances were tested in Western Virginia Water Authority sources during calendar year 2019 as part of the unregulated contaminants monitoring.

Unregulated contaminants are those for which EPA has not established drinking water standards. Unregulated contaminant monitoring helps EPA to determine where certain contaminants occur and whether the Agency should consider regulating those contaminants in the future.

Drinking Water Systems in the Roanoke Valley

The Western Virginia Water Authority utilizes four surface water sources and multiple springs and wells as drinking water sources in the Roanoke Valley to serve customers in the City of Roanoke, the Counties of Roanoke, Franklin and Botetourt and the Towns of Boones Mill and Vinton. Having an abundant supply of water helps protect against drought or other emergencies.

Combined, the water treatment facilities for these sources can treat over 56-million gallons of water a day; however, current production averages about 19-million gallons per day.

Reservoirs

WVWA Water Sources

Carvins Cove

Crystal Spring

Martin Creek

Salem Source

Spring Hollow

Town of Vinton

Mu nicipal Bound aries

Town of Boones Mill

City of Salem

Carvins Cove Reservoir & Treatment Facility

Carvins Cove Reservoir is situated within Carvins Cove Natural Reserve, a 12,672-acre watershed near Hollins University in Botetourt County. The land in the reserve above the 1,200-foot contour is owned and managed by the City of Roanoke. The land below this elevation, and the reservoir, are owned and operated by the Western Virginia Water Authority. In addition to receiving water from the watershed, the reservoir is fed from two underground tunnels that carry overflow from Tinker and Catawba Creeks. This surface water source covers 630 acres and stores 6.42-billion gallons of water at full pond.

How is it treated? Carvins Cove Water Treatment Facility has the capacity to treat 24-million gallons of water from the reservoir every day. Annual production averaged 6-million gallons per day. The water is first oxygenated and treated with sodium permanganate to oxidize dissolved organic matter, iron and manganese. Water is aerated to remove unwanted dissolved gases and to oxidize dissolved metals, which reduces any unpleasant tastes and odors. Flash mixing of chemicals is the next step, where ferric sulfate is added to coagulate suspended particles. Water then flows into settling basins where the particles clump together, become heavy and settle to the bottom of the basins. Next, the water is filtered through sand and anthracite and disinfected with chlorine. Fluoride is added to promote strong teeth. Sodium hydroxide is added to adjust the pH and reduce corrosivity, and orthophosphate is added to control corrosion in pipes.

Where does it serve? A large part of the northeastern and northwestern parts of the city, and the majority of the southeastern part of the city, to Reserve Avenue, are served by Carvins Cove. Portions of northern and northeastern Roanoke County are also served by the Carvins Cove water source. Water from Carvins Cove also serves the Botetourt area around Exit 150 to Tinkerview and Greenfield.

Many other primary and secondary contaminants have been analyzed but were either below the instrument’s detection limits or below the Maxium Contaminant Levels (MCLs). Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Water treated at the Carvins Cove Treatment Facility meets all state and federal monitoring and reporting requirements.

Carvins Cove Natural Reserve

www.westernvawater.org/carvinscove

Carvins Cove Natural Reserve, the second largest municipal park in the United States, offers outdoor recreation opportunities on the water and in the 12,700-acre watershed including boating, horseback riding, fishing, hiking, paddleboarding. picnicing and nature viewing.

You can bring your own boat or rent kayaks and jon boats at the reservoir. A large picnic shelter is available for daily rentals. For details and reservations, please see www.westernvawater.org/coveonline.

Visitors to the Natural Reserve in personal vehicles are charged $7 per vehicle for daily use or annual passes are available for $50. See wwwwesternvawater.org/carvinscove for fees and infomation regarding equestrian and personal boat trailers.

Payment drop boxes are located at the Bennett Springs, Hollins Trailhead and Timberview parking lots. Passes can also be purchased from the Boat Landing Office on Reservoir Road or on our website. For more information, call the Natural Reserve at 540.362.1757 or visit www.westernvawater.org/coveonline.

Crystal Spring Water Treatment Facility

Crystal Spring

Crystal Spring flows at the base of Mill Mountain in the southern part of the city. Annual production from this groundwater source is 4.85-million gallons of water a day.

How is it treated? The water is filtered in the Crystal Spring Ultrafiltration Treatment Facility which filters out all particles larger than 0.01 micron. One micron is one thousandth of a millimeter. Filtered water is treated with chlorine and fluoride and pumped to water customers from the Crystal Spring Pumping Station.

Where does it serve? Crystal Spring serves portions of southwest Roanoke County and the southwestern part of the city. With the capacity to filter five-million gallons of water a day, Crystal Spring Treatment Facility is the largest ultrafiltration plant in western Virginia.

Tests for volatile organics (VOCs), pesticides and synthetic organic compounds (SOCs) have been conducted, and all were non-detect (ND) thus meeting current state and federal standards for drinking water.

Many other primary and secondary contaminants have been analyzed but were either below the instrument’s detection limits or below the MCLs.

Crystal Spring data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Water treated at the Crystal Spring Treatment Facility meets all state and federal monitoring and reporting requirements.

Historic Snow Steam Pump at Crystal Spring

You are invited to tour the historic Crystal Spring Pump Station. Located at the corner of Jefferson and McClanahan Streets, the pump station is open for free guided tours each Saturday (12 noon - 4 pm) and Sunday (1 pm - 4 pm) the first Saturday in June through the end of August. Call 853.5700 for tour information.

From 1906 until 1957, when the steam powered pump was replaced with electric motors, the Snow Steam Pump pumped water from Crystal Spring into Roanoke’s distribution system.

Muse Spring

The Muse Spring Water Treatment Facility (WTF), located at the site of Muse Spring on Riverland Road, treats raw water from Muse Spring and Garden City Well No. 3. This facility has the capacity to treat 2-million gallons per day. Annual production from this groundwater source was 1.43-million gallons of water a day.

How is it treated? The water is filtered in the Muse Spring Ultrafiltration Treatment Facility which filters out all particles larger than 0.01 micron. One micron is one thousandth of a millimeter. Filtered water is treated with chlorine, fluoride and orthophosphate and pumped to water customers from the Muse Spring Pumping Station.

Where does it serve? Muse Spring ties directly into the existing Authority distribution system and will help serve the eastern portion of the Carvins Cove service area southeast of downtown.

Many other primary and secondary contaminants have been analyzed but were either below the instrument’s detection limits or below the MCLs.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Water treated at the Muse Spring Treatment Facility meets all state and federal monitoring and reporting requirements.

City of Salem

The Western Virginia Water Authority contracts with the City of Salem to purchase water to supply Robin Hood Park and other areas around West Main Street and Riverside Drive in Roanoke County. The City of Salem’s water source is the Roanoke River and three ground water wells.

If you have any questions about this data, please contact the City of Salem Water Department at 375-3029. If you want to learn more about this source, please attend any of the regularly scheduled Salem City Council meetings. They are held on the second and fourth Monday of each month in council chambers.

The City of Salem Water Department routinely monitors for contaminants in the drinking water mandated by Federal and State laws. The following table shows the results of monitoring for the period of January 1st to December 31st, 2022 or the most recent monitoring period. The City of Salem Water Department had no violations during this time period.

The Virginia Department of Health has completed a source water assessment for Salem’s waterworks system. This assessment provides information on possible sources of contamination to our source water. As determined by the source water assessment, the possibility of contamination to our water source (Roanoke River) is high. This is due to the fact that surface water is exposed to an inconsistent array of contaminants at varying concentrations due to changing hydrologic, hydraulic and atmospheric conditions with land use activities of concern in the assessment area. To view a copy of this water assessment, please contact the City of Salem Water Department office at 540-375-3029.

Spring Hollow

The water source for this system comes from the Roanoke River and is pumped into the Spring Hollow Reservoir, a 3.2-billion gallon side-stream storage reservoir.

How is it treated? Water is first oxygenated in the reservoir, then the water is withdrawn from the reservoir and treated with sodium hypochlorite and sodium permangante to oxidize dissolved organic matter, iron and manganese. Treatment at the Spring Hollow Treatment Facility includes upflow clarification, filtration, chlorine disinfection and fluoridation. Orthophosphate is added to control corrosion in pipes. The Spring Hollow Water Treatment Facility currently has the capacity to treat 18-million gallons of water a day and can be expanded to 36-million gallons a day. Treated water is stored in a two-million gallon storage tank then pumped through the north and south transmission lines to the distribution system. Annual production averaged 5.35-million gallons a day. During an emergency, standby wells may be used to supplement the source water.

Where does it serve? Spring Hollow supplies water to various neighborhoods in Roanoke County and Franklin County through the southern transmission lines. The northern transmission lines run along I-81 and serve the City of Roanoke and Roanoke County.

Many other primary and secondary contaminants have been analyzed but were either below the instrument’s detection limits or below the MCLs.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Water treated at the Spring Hollow Treatment Facility meets all state and federal monitoring and reporting requirements.

Learn About PFAS

PFAS are a group of over 6,000 man-made compounds used in various industries around the globe since the 1940s to make everyday products we use resist heat, oil, stains, grease, and water. They are extremely stable and do not breakdown in the environment. The only two regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency are Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).

The Western Virginia Water Authority (Authority) voluntarily tested for these substances as part of the unregulated contaminants monitoring program. Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), known more commonly by its trade name GenX, was detected at Spring Hollow. All other compounds were below the level of detection. At the time of this testing, there were no national or state advisories or regulations for HFPO-DA. Testing continued as did research into the source of this substance.

On June 15, 2022, the EPA issued a new lifetime health advisory for HFPO-DA of 10 parts per trillion (ppt). For reference, if expressed as a unit of time, one part per trillion would be approximately one second in 32,000 years. The Authority increased the frequency of testing for this compound at Spring Hollow and adapted the use of granular activated carbon, considered the most viable treatment option for drinking water, as a treatment technique. While some results may exceed the health advisory, the granular activated carbon is now replaced every three months to provide optimal treatment to produce drinking water that is below the lifetime health advisory and proposed regulatory level of 10 parts per trillion.

Pumping water from the Roanoke River stopped in August 2022 to avoid introducing any more of the compound into the reservoir. The source of HFPO-DA in the Roanoke River, ProChem, Inc. in Elliston, Virginia has stopped discharging water containing this compound. Once repeat tests determine that the river is nondetect for HFPO-DA, the Authority will resume pumping water from the Roanoke River into the Spring Hollow Reservoir.

More information and current testing data is available at www.westernvawater.org/LearnAboutPFAS.

Town of Vinton

The Western Virginia Water Authority acquired the Town of Vinton utility system July 1, 2022. Anticipating this acquisition, on June 7, 2022 Vinton’s Chestnut Avenue well was turned off, shifting water supply for customers in the downtown district to a blend of water from the Craig Avenue well, Carvins Cove and Muse Spring.

Drinking water for the Town of Vinton, except as noted above, is groundwater obtained from ten drilled wells. Water is distributed throughout the system by booster stations, storage tanks, and distribution piping. Chlorination treatment is provided before the water enters the storage tanks.

We constantly monitor for various contaminants in the water supply to meet all regulatory requirements. The table lists only those contaminants that had some level of detection. Many other contaminants have been analyzed but were not present or were below the detection limits of the lab equipment.

A source water assessment has been completed by VDH. The assessment determined that the wells may be susceptible to contamination because they are located in an area that promotes migration of contaminants from land use activities of concern. More specific information may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Gross Alpha, Gross Beta and Combined Radium data was collected on the following dates:

2017: Well 5; Well 10

2018: Well 11

2019: Well 2; Well 3; Well 4; Well 6; Well 8

2022: Well 7; Well 9

*Between July and September 2022, the Western Virginia Water Authority failed to monitor for E. coli from wells in Vinton. We don’t believe there is any health concern because we disinfect the water and distribution samples collected during those months did not show the presence of coliform bacteria or E. coli. Required samples were collected in October, November and December.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period.

Martin Creek System

Seven wells supply this groundwater source, which is disinfected with chlorine prior to distribution. Water is distributed throughout the community by two storage tanks and distribution piping consisting of 8-inch, 6-inch and 4-inch pipe. The total source/pump capacity is equal to 76,000 gallons per day. Current usage is approximately 22,100 gallons per day. This system supplies water to the Forest Edge and Carriage Hills areas. According to results of the chemical analyses for Metals

based on a sample collected in 2021 and 2022, the sodium in the treated water from well 1 had sodium of 40.5 ppm.

This is above the EPA recommended optimal level of less than 20 mg/L for sodium in drinking water, which is established for those individuals on a “strict” sodium intake diet. Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period.

Wells

The Authority maintains well systems that serve the community of Martin Creek and over 20 other wells in the Roanoke area. While many of these wells are inactive, they can offer an additional supply of water if needed. Wells* represent those in service in 2022 including LaBellevue 7, North Lakes 6, and Starkey 3. Data presented as (range) average.

The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to meet all requirements, and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022. Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period.

Botetourt County Water Systems

Customers in Botetourt County receive treated water from Carvins Cove or from community wells.

The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to report that Botetourt well systems meet all requirements, and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022. Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period.

Dal-Nita Hills

Water from Dal-Nita Hills well comes from a groundwater well and is distributed throughout the community by a storage tank and distribution piping. Chlorination treatment is provided. According to results of the chemical analyses for metals, the sodium in the treated water is 63.2 ppm. This is above the EPA recommended optimal level of less than 20 ppm for sodium in drinking water, which is established for those individuals on a “strict” sodium intake diet. A source water assessment for the Dal-Nita Hills well has been completed by the Virginia Department of Health. The assessment determined that the well may be susceptible to contamination because it is located in an area that promotes migration of contaminants from land use activities of concern.

Eagle Rock

Your drinking water is groundwater obtained from two wells. Disinfection treatment (by chlorination) is provided for both wells prior to discharge to the storage tank. Water is distributed from the storage tank by gravity.

Glen Wilton

Your drinking water is groundwater and can be obtained from three wells. All wells are treated for iron and manganese removal by chemical precipitation and filtration and chlorine for disinfection. Wells 1 and 2 have higher levels of iron and manganese and these wells are normally not used. Well 3 is the primary source. Water is pumped from the treatment building to the storage tank and distribution piping.

According to results of the chemical analyses for Metals, the sodium in the treated water is 23.6 ppm. This is above the EPA recommended optimal level of less than 20 ppm for sodium in drinking water, which is established for those individuals on a “strict” sodium intake diet.

Griffith Park

Your drinking water is groundwater obtained from a drilled well. Water is pumped from the well to a metal storage tank behind the well house. A booster pump in the well house draws water from the tank and sends it to a pressure tank (also in the well house) and then throughout the community. Treatment is provided for iron and manganese. A small pump in the well house feeds a blend of orthophosphate and polyphosphate to sequester iron and manganese. Chlorine feed equipment was installed to continuously disinfect the water.

The Manganese level (0.37 ppm) and Iron level (2.4 ppm) are above the EPA’s recommended secondary maximum contaminant

levels or (SMCLs) of 0.05 ppm for Manganese and 0.3 ppm for Iron. There are currently no known adverse health effects associated with the presence of manganese at this level; however, it can result in aesthetic problems such as staining or discoloration of clothes and fixtures, as well as the impairment of taste of beverages made with the water.

Volitile Organic Compounds were tested on 3/14/2022, and three detections were made. Bromodichloromethane was detected at 1.5 ppb. Chloroform was detected at 3.6 ppb. Dibromochloromethane was detected at 1.4 ppb.

Keswick Farms

Your drinking water is groundwater obtained from a drilled well. Water is distributed throughout the community by a storage tank and distribution piping. Chlorination treatment is provided.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was detected in the groundwater at Keswick Farms in the amount of 2.99 parts per trillion. For reference, if expressed as a unit of time, one part per trillion would be approximately one second in 32,000 years. The proposed Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) issued by the EPA in March 2023 for PFOA is 4.0 parts per trillion.

Town of Iron Gate

Your drinking water is purchased from the Town of Clifton Forge. Clifton Forge has a water treatment plant that filters surface water from Smith Creek. Clifton Forge chlorinates and fluoridates the water prior to distribution. Water is distributed throughout the Iron Gate system by a storage tank and the distribution piping. The Western Virginia Water Authority acquired the Town of Iron Gate water distribution system in 2022.

Walnut Manor

Your drinking water is groundwater obtained from a drilled well. Water is distributed throughout the community by a storage tank and distribution piping. Chlorination treatment is provided.

Botetout County

Drinking Water Systems in Franklin County

The Western Virginia Water Authority utilizes surface water and well water sources to provide customers in the Franklin County service area with drinking water and fire protection. Information on each of those sources can be found on the following pages. For information on the water supply serving the U.S. Route 220 area, please see pages 18-19 (Spring Hollow Water Supply) of this publication.

Smith Mountain Lake Water Treatment FacilityWestlake Area Water System

The Western Virginia Water Authority (WVWA) has a successful working relationship with the Bedford Regional Water Authority (BRWA) to provide treated drinking water from the Smith Mountain Lake Water Treatment Plant to customers in the Westlake Area Water System area. This facility, which opened in May 2017, was designed to meet both utilities’ joint water needs through the year 2060 as recommended by the Regional Long Range Water Supply Plan.

How is it treated? Water from Smith Mountain Lake is screened through 500 micron woven mesh stainless steel strainers to remove fine silt and then pumped to the treatment facility. The membrane plant has 216 modules that each have 10,000 membrane filter strands to provide the unique water treatment capability. The membranes can filter out particles larger than 0.02 microns. Ferric sulfate and permanganate is added as a coagulation. After filtration, the water is treated with sodium hypochlorite, a required disinfectant to eliminate bacteria. The finished water in the distribution system is re-chlorinated at The Boardwalk, The Waterfront Section 2-9 subdivisions and at Burnt Chimney for continuous chlorination.

Where does it serve? Water from this treatment plant serves customers in Bedford County and Franklin County. As the water flows through pipes under Hales Ford Bridge, it enters the Westlake Area Water System service area. Customers in the Westlake Commercial District, Boardwalk, Chestnut Creek, Deer Creek, Hales Point, Lakewood Forest, Long Island, StarOverLake, Striper’s Landing, Twin Cove, Waterfront, Waverly, Weatherwood and Windmere Point communities, along Scruggs Road and along Route 122 to just past Wirtz Road are served by the Westlake Area Public Water System.

The Western Virginia Water Authority and Bedford Regional Water Authority are pleased to report that this water meets all requirements, and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022.

A source water assessment for the Westlake Area systems has been conducted by the Virginia Department of Health. Well(s) serving this community were determined to be of high susceptibility to contamination using the criteria developed by the state in its approved Source Water Assessment Program. The assessment report consists of maps showing the source water assessment area, an inventory of known land use activities of concern and documentation of any known contamination within the last five years. The assessment determined that this source might be susceptible to contamination because they are located in areas that promote migration of contaminants from land use activities of concern. More specific

information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average. PWSID# 5067244

Alton Park | PWSID# 5067020

The Alton Park Water System is served by two groundwater wells and related storage facility. The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to report that this water meets all requirements, and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022.

The Western Virginia Water Authority has worked with the Virginia Department of Health to determine our water sources susceptibility to contaminants. The assessment is a requirement of the Virginia Department of Health’s (VDH) Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) in accordance with the 1996 Amendments of the Safe

Drinking Water Act. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

Burnt Chimney | PWSID# 5067042

In 2018, the Authority combined four existing waterworks (Boxwood Green, Fox Chase, Royal Estates and Dam Shores) to form the Burnt Chimney Water System to serve these communities.

The system consists of five drilled groundwater wells and related storage facilities.

Greensand filters are used to remove iron and manganese from the drinking water. Soda ash is used for pH adjustment and chlorine is used for disinfection of the water. The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to report that this water meets all requirements, and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022.

The Western Virginia Water Authority has worked with the Virginia

Department of Health to determine our water sources susceptibility to contaminants. The assessment is a requirement of the Virginia Department of Health’s (VDH) Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) in accordance with the 1996 Amendments of the Safe Drinking Water Act. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

Cherokee Hills | PWSID# 5067070

The Cherokee Hills community’s waterworks consists of two drilled wells and a storage tank. Treatment included sequestration for iron and manganese and chlorination. The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to report that this water meets all requirements, and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022.

The level of Iron detected (1.3 ppm) is above the EPA’s recommended secondary maximum contaminant levels or (SMCLs) of 0.3 ppm for Iron. There are currently no known adverse health effects associated with the presence of iron at this level; however, it can result in aesthetic problems such as staining or discoloration of clothes and fixtures, as well as the impairment of taste of beverages made with the water.

The Western Virginia Water Authority has worked with the Virginia Department of Health to determine our water sources susceptibility

to contaminants. The assessment is a requirement of the Virginia Department of Health’s (VDH) Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) in accordance with the 1996 Amendments of the Safe Drinking Water Act. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

Compass Cove | PWSID# 5067083

The Compass Cove system was connected to the Westlake Water System on March 15, 2023. (see pages 30-31) Prior to that, the Compass Cove groundwater systems upplied water to the Compass Cove and Sunset Point Subdivisions. That waterworks consisted of three drilled wells and a storage tank. Treatment included iron and manganese removal. The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to report that this water meets all requirements, and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022.

The Western Virginia Water Authority has worked with the Virginia Department of Health to determine our water sources susceptibility

to contaminants. The assessment is a requirement of the Virginia Department of Health’s (VDH) Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) in accordance with the 1996 Amendments of the Safe Drinking Water Act. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

Dillards Hill | PWSID# 5067415

The Dillards Hill Water System consists of nine drilled wells (Contentment Island wells 1, 2, 3 and 4, Highland Lake well 2, Kennedy Shores wells 1 and 2 and Lands End Wells 1 and 2) and related storage facility. Pre-treatment of the water includes the addition of soda ash, potassium permanganate and sodium hypochlorite solutions, and greensand filters are used to remove iron and manganese from the drinking water.

There is no State or Federal MCL for sodium. Monitoring is required to provide information to consumers and health officials that are concerned about sodium intake due to dietary restrictions. The sodium level in the water was measured at 38 ppm in 2020. This is more than the EPA recommended optimal level of less than 20 ppm, established for people on a “strict” sodium intake diet. This elevated level of sodium could be caused by the addition of soda ash.

The Western Virginia Water Authority (WVWA) has worked with the Virginia Department of Health (VDH) to determine our water sources susceptibility to contaminants. The assessment is a requirement of VDH Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) in accordance with the 1996 Amendments of the Safe Drinking Water Act. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

Frederick Acres |

PWSID# #5067160

A groundwater well provides water for the Frederick Acres community. A 10,000-gallon storage tank and a sodium hypochlorite feed system for disinfection was added in 2019.

The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to report that this water meets all requirements, and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022.

A source water assessment for Frederick Acres has been conducted by the Virginia Department of Health. Well(s) serving this community were determined to be of high susceptibility to contamination using the criteria developed by the state in its approved Source Water Assessment Program. The assessment determined that these wells might be susceptible to contamination because they are located

in areas that promote migration of contaminants use activities of concern. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Manganese (0.0739 ppm) is above the EPA’s recommended secondary maximum contaminant levels or (SMCLs) of 0.05 ppm for Manganese. There are currently no known adverse health effects associated with the presence of manganese at this level; however, it can result in aesthetic problems such as staining or discoloration of clothes and fixtures, as well as the impairment of taste of beverages made with the water.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

The Retreat Water System

The Retreat | PWSID# 5067786

In 2018, the Authority interconnected the Retreat’s distribution system to provide potable water to Cedar Ridge, Lake Forest, The Coves and The Retreat. Groundwater from wells located in Lake Forest and The Retreat is pumped to The Retreat where pre-treatment of the water includes the addition of potassium permanganate and sodium hypochlorite solutions, and greensand filters are used to remove iron and manganese from the drinking water. Once the water is filtered and disinfected, it is introduced into the interconnected distribution system providing potable water to Cedar Ridge, Lake Forest, The Coves and The Retreat.

The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to report that the Retreat water system meets all requirements, and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022.

The Western Virginia Water Authority has worked with the Virginia

Department of Health to determine our water sources susceptibility to contaminants. The assessment is a requirement of the Virginia Department of Health’s (VDH) Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) in accordance with the 1996 Amendments of the Safe Drinking Water Act. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

Ridgecrest | PWSID# 5067785

The Ridgecrest Water System is served by a groundwater well and related storage facility.

Treatment consists of the addition of polyphosphate for removal of iron and manganese.

The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to report that this water meets all requirements, and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022.

Manganese (0.23 ppm) and Iron levels (0.37 ppm) are above the EPA’s recommended secondary maximum contaminant levels or (SMCLs) of 0.05 ppm for Manganese and 0.3 for Iron. There are currently no known adverse health effects associated with the presence of manganese or iron at this level; however, it can result in aesthetic problems such as staining or discoloration of clothes and fixtures, as well as the impairment of

taste of beverages made with the water.

The Western Virginia Water Authority has worked with the Virginia Department of Health to determine our water sources susceptibility to contaminants. The assessment is a requirement of the Virginia Department of Health’s (VDH) Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) in accordance with the 1996 Amendments of the Safe Drinking Water Act. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

Timberlake Crossing | PWSID# 5067951

The Timberlake Crossing Water System is served by a groundwater well and related storage facility.

Treatment consists of the addition of soda ash, sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate for disinfection and removal of iron and manganese.

The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to report that this water meets all requirements and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022.

The Western Virginia Water Authority has worked with the Virginia Department of Health to determine our water sources susceptibility to contaminants. The assessment is a requirement of the Virginia Department of Health’s (VDH) Source Water Assessment

Program (SWAP) in accordance with the 1996 Amendments of the Safe Drinking Water Act. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

There is no State or Federal MCL for sodium. Monitoring is required to provide information to consumers and health officials that are concerned about sodium intake due to dietary restrictions. The sodium level in the water was measured at 49.7 ppm in 2021. This is more than the EPA recommended optimal level of less than 20 ppm, established for people on a “strict” sodium intake diet. This elevated level of sodium could be caused by the addition of soda ash for pH adjustment.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

Town of Boones Mill | PWSID# 5067043

The Town of Boones Mill Water System consists of three drilled wells, a spring, iron and manganese removal treatment system for the wells, chlorination and pH adjustment for the spring and associated appurtenances.

Treatment consists of the addition of soda ash, sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate for disinfection and removal of iron and manganese.

There is no State or Federal MCL for sodium. Monitoring is required to provide information to consumers and health officials that are concerned about sodium intake due to dietary restrictions. The sodium level in the water was measured at 34.1 ppm in 2020. This is more than the EPA recommended optimal level of less than 20 ppm, established for people on a “strict” sodium intake diet. This elevated level of sodium could be caused by the addition of soda ash for pH adjustment.

Town of Boones MillFranklin County

The Western Virginia Water Authority is pleased to report that this water meets all requirements and there were no drinking water violations in calendar year 2022.

The Western Virginia Water Authority has worked with the Virginia Department of Health to determine our water sources susceptibility to contaminants. The assessment is a requirement of the Virginia Department of Health’s (VDH) Source Water Assessment Program (SWAP) in accordance with the 1996 Amendments of the Safe Drinking Water Act. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

Walnut Run | PWSID# 5067957

Groundwater wells (Wells 1, 2 and 3) provide water for the Walnut Run community. The three drilled wells use sodium hypochlorite and soda ash for chlorine disinfection and pH adjustment.

There is no State or Federal MCL for sodium. Monitoring is required to provide information to consumers and health officials that are concerned about sodium intake due to dietary restrictions. The sodium level in the water was measured at 47.5 ppm in 2021. This is more than the EPA recommended optimal level of less than 20 ppm, established for people on a “strict” sodium intake diet. This elevated level of sodium could be caused by the addition of soda ash for pH adjustment.

Manganese (0.061 ppm) levels are above the EPA’s recommended secondary maximum contaminant levels or (SMCLs) of 0.05 ppm for Manganese. There are currently no known adverse health effects associated with the presence of manganese at this level; however, it can result in aesthetic problems such as staining or discoloration of

clothes and fixtures, as well as the impairment of taste of beverages made with the water.

A source water assessment for Walnut Run has been conducted by the Virginia Department of Health. Well(s) serving this community were determined to be of high susceptibility to contamination using the criteria developed by the state in its approved Source Water Assessment Program. The assessment report consists of maps showing the source water assessment area, an inventory of known land use activities of concern and documentation of any known contamination within the last five years. The assessment determined that these wells might be susceptible to contamination because they are located in areas that promote migration of contaminants from land use activities of concern. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Walnut Run data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.

Water’s Edge | PWSID#

5067961.

Customers who live in The Water’s Edge community get their drinking water from four groundwater wells (Well No. 3, 4, 11 and 12) that are located throughout the Water’s Edge subdivision. Water from well 4 and 11 go to the treatment plant where three greensand filters are used to remove iron, manganese and radium from the drinking water. An orthophosphate feed system for corrosion control and a sodium hydroxide feed system for pH adjustment has been added at the treatment plant and Well 12. Well 12 is also disinfected with chlorine. No treatment is added to Well No. 3.

There is no State or Federal MCL for sodium. Monitoring is required to provide information to consumers and health officials that are concerned about sodium intake due to dietary restrictions. The sodium level in the water for entry point EP001 (50.7 ppm) and in Well 12, (47.5 pppm) was measured in 2021. This is more than the EPA recommended optimal level of less than 20 ppm, established for people on a “strict” sodium intake diet. This elevated level of sodium could be caused by the sodium hydroxide added to the water for pH adjustment.

A source water assessment for The Water’s Edge has been conducted by the Virginia Department of Health. Well(s) serving this community were determined to be of high susceptibility to contamination using the criteria developed by the state in its approved Source Water Assessment Program. The assessment report consists of maps showing the source water assessment area, an inventory of known land use activities of concern and documentation of any known contamination within the last five years. The assessment determined that these wells might be susceptible to contamination because they are located in areas that promote migration of contaminants from land use activities of concern. More specific information about these reports may be obtained by contacting the Western Virginia Water Authority’s Water Quality Division at 540.853.5700.

Water’s Edge data collected during calendar year 2022 or most recent testing period. Data presented as (range) average.