ITED
Tenical e-book Drawing Drawing of builder Willian Eduardo Diaz Rahuex
2011
5TO DIBUJO VESPERTINA
INDEX
Introduction ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .1 Dimensioning ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 Anthropometry ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 Instruments ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 Bibliography ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 Conclucion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .6
INTRODUCTION
This book is very important topics such as bounded is one of the very important because with them there sobesmos field measurements and others did as anthropometry because it is what relates to the measures of man because with them the measures and other furniture to use me in everyday life, acted as the level of electricity because it can see the strength that is hasi every room or rooms.
REFINE MAP CLASSIFICATION OF DIMENSIONS
There are different criteria to classify the dimensions of a drawing, here we will consider two basic classifications, and suitable for beginners in technical drawing.
In terms of their importance
, The dimensions can be classified into: Dimensions
functional (F): These are essential dimensions for the piece to fulfill its function. Dimensions nonfunctional (NF): Those who serve for the full definition of the part, but are not essential for the part to fulfill its funci贸n.Cotas auxiliary (AUX): Also often called "form". Are the dimensions that give the overall dimensions, exterior and interior of a piece. Are indicated in parentheses. These dimensions are not necessary for the manufacture or testing of parts, and can be deduced from other dimensions. Depending on their role in the plan, the dimensions can be classified into: Dimensions of dimension (d): Those that indicate the size of the drawing elements (diameters of holes, width of the piece, etc.).. Dimensions of situation (s): Those that specify the position of the elements of the piece. GENERAL Dimensioning is the process of recording, with lines, figures, signs and symbols, through an object on a previous drawing of it, following a series of rules and conventions established by rules. The certificate is the most complex work of technical drawing, and that for a correct dimensioning of a drawing, you need to know not only the dimensioning standards, but also the manufacturing process of the piece, which implies a knowledge of the machine tools used for machining.
For a correct dimensioning, it is also necessary to know the role allotted to each drawing, that is whether it will serve to make the piece, to verify the dimensions of the same once made, etc. .. Therefore, here we will give a series of rules and regulations, but will practice and experience that leads us to the exercise of proper dimension. Dimension GENERAL PRINCIPLES In general we can consider that a drawing of a part or mechanism is properly bounded, if the indication of the minimum levels used are sufficient and adequate to enable the manufacture of it. This translates into the following general principles:
1. One coat only be provided once in a drawing, unless it is necessary to repeat it. 2. It should not be omitted any dimension. 3. The coordinates are placed on the views that most clearly represent the corresponding elements. 4. All drawing dimensions are expressed in the same
units, should use another unit, shall be clearly expressed, then the dimension. 5. Not narrow down the size of those forms, resulting from the manufacturing process. 6. The coordinates are placed on the outside of the piece. It is permissible to place them in the interior, provided they do not lose clarity in the drawing. 7. Not bounded on hidden edges, except that this would avoid additional views, or substantially clarify the drawing. This can always be avoided by using sections. 8. The dimensions are distributed, taking into account criteria of order, clarity and aesthetics. 9. Dimensions related. as the diameter and depth of a hole, shall be indicated on the same view. 10. Avoid the need to obtain bounds for sum or difference of others, and which may involve errors in manufacturing. FACTORS INVOLVED IN Quotation In the process of dimensioning a drawing, as well as the number of dimensions, lines and symbols involved, which vary depending on the characteristics of the part
and element dimension. All the lines involved in the certificate, shall be made thinner thickness of the series used. The basic elements involved in the certificate are: Dimension lines: lines are parallel to the surface of the workpiece dimension medición.Cifras object: A number that indicates the magnitude. It puts focus on the dimension line. May be in the middle of the dimension line, breaking it, or about the same, but in the same drawing will end criterio.Símbolo one dimension: dimension lines will be terminated at their ends by a symbol, which may be an arrowhead, a small oblique stroke at 45 º or a small circle. Dimension Construction Lines: These lines start drawing perpendicular to the surface to narrow and limit the length of the dimension lines. Protrude slightly from the dimension lines, approximately 2 mm. Exceptionally, as we shall see, can be drawn at 60 ° with dimension lines. Dimension extension lines: Used to indicate a dimensional value, or an explanatory note on the drawings, by a line connecting the text to the piece. The reference lines, end: At arrow, ending in an outline of the pieza.En a point, ending in the interior of the arrow pieza.Sin no point, when they finish in another línea.La
part of the reference line is labeled don the text is drawn parallel to the narrow element, if this is not well defined, draw horizontal line or no support for text. Symbols: Sometimes the amount of elevation is accompanied by a symbol indicating the piece formal features that simplify their marking, and at times can reduce the number of views needed to define the part. The most common symbols are:
Anthropometry Anthropometry is a systematized set of technical measures that express quantitatively human body
dimensions. Anthropometry is often seen as the traditional tool, and perhaps basic biological anthropology, but has a long tradition of use in Physical Education and Sport Sciences, and has found increased use in the Biomedical Sciences. The purposes of this chapter are to provide an overview of anthropometry as a method, to describe a range of sizes and various proportions or quotients that are relevant to physical activity and sport science; discuss issues related to the variability of the measurements and Quality control in anthropometry and discuss several applications of anthropometry and the concept of reference data. Keywords: determination of anthropometric, body composition, skinfold, fitness ANTROPOMETIA IN SPORT SCIENCE TITLES Body size and proportions, physique and body composition are important factors in the physical performance and fitness. Historically, height and weight, both indicators of overall body size, have been used extensively to age and sex to identify some optimal combinations of these variables in groups of
children, youth and young adults in various types of physical activities . Body size, particularly the weight, is the standard framework to express the physiological parameters (eg., The VO2 max. As ml.kg.-1 min. -1), While the thickness of skin folds is often used to estimate body composition. It has long been used to anthropometry to identify overweight and obesity, and to establish the relationship between overweight and physical fitness related to health, and life expectancy. Therefore, anthropometry is essential as it relates to physical activity and sport science. 200.49.162.39 SUGGESTED TECHNICAL AND MEASUREMENT TITLES Anthropometry involves the use of reference body markings, carefully defined, the specific positioning of the subjects for these measurements, and the use of appropriate tools. Measurements can be taken on an individual, are almost unlimited in quantity. Generally, the measurements are divided into: mass (weight), lengths and heights, widths and diameters, depths, circumferences or perimeters, curves or arcs, and measurements of the soft tissues (skin folds).
In addition, numerous special measurements can be defined for specific parts of the body, especially your head and draw the hand and foot. There is a minimum list of accepted measurements that must be taken to define a population. A key issue is the selection anthropometric measurements. This depends on the purpose of the study and the specific issues that are under consideration. Therefore, it is necessary that before the application of anthropometry is made perfectly logical analysis, starting with a clear concept of the knowledge sought, and to carry a selection of measurements necessary to obtain an acceptable response. "Anthropometry is a method and should be treated as such, a means to an end not an end in itself." Each measurement must be selected to provide a specific piece of information within the context of the study design. Therefore, "no battery isolated measurements meet the needs of each study." The corollary is that it is not. Acceptable to take measurements from measurements in themselves do not make sense to take an extensive battery of measures, simply because one has the opportunity Anthropometry is noninvasive in a physiological sense. All measurements are external dimensions of the body, or part thereof. However, anthropometry is invasive in a personal
sense: A person is being measured. In some groups, cultural norms may limit the dimensions can be measured. Although anthropometry is highly objective and highly reliable in the hands of trained anthropometrists, the biological significance or function of many dimensions has not been adequately established. The key to effective anthropometry lies in understanding the meaning or significance of the measurement problem in order to make the right choice to enable effective responses to the questions asked. The measurements differ in their profits, and some have been firmly established, more due to a blind repetition because they are known to be useful. Much of the variation in human morphology is related to the development of skeletal tissues, muscle and fat, as well as the viscera. Therefore, the suggested measures are concentrated in the bones, muscles and fat, and provide information on skeletal tissue, muscle and subcutaneous. One should also consider regional variation in morphology, therefore, we suggest taking dimensions of the trunk (top and bottom) and extremities (upper and lower). The combination of the dimensions also provide information on body proportions, and the physical. The suggested dimensions are also selected on the basis of site Idealization and accessibility, although sometimes local cultural preferences may limit access to some sites of measurement
(eg. The circumference of the chest on the chest, or some trunk skinfolds in adolescent girls). The procedures for taking measurements suggested from the "Manual Anthropometric Standardization Reference," edited by Lohman, Roche, and Martorell (26). Equipment and methods for the measurements are illustrated in the manual. Some of the measurements are also illustrated in Malina and Bouchard (31). TOTAL BODY SIZE TITLES The weight and height (H) are the most commonly used anthropometric dimensions. Body weight is a measure of body mass. It is a measure heterogeneous composition of many tissues often vary independently. Although the weight should be measured with the naked guy, often, this can not be practiced. Therefore, the weight is often taken with the individual dressed in light clothing (shirt and gym shorts) without shoes. Height or height is a linear measure of the distance from the floor or flat surface where you stand, to the top (apex) of the skull. Is a composition of linear dimensions contribute laque the lower extremities, trunk, neck and head. Height should be measured with a fixed stadiometer. If a mobile anthropometer, an individual must maintain anthropometric, so that it is properly aligned while the
other subject positions the subject and take the measurement. The individual must be in an upright position without shoes. Eventually, the weight is distributed on both feet, heels should be together, your arms should hang relaxed at your sides, and the head should be in the Frankfort horizontal plane. The height and weight show a diurnal variation, or variation of the dimension in the course of the day. This can be a problem in the short-term longitudinal studies, in which apparent changes might simply reflect the change, according to time of day, in which the measurement was taken. For example, height is greater in the morning, when getting out of bed, and decreases when the individual assumes an upright posture and starts walking. This "shrinkage" in height occurs as a result of compression of fibrous cartilage discs between the vertebrae. With the force of gravity imposed when standing and walking, the discs are compressed gradually. As a result, may decrease in height an inch or more. The loss of height is limited to the spine. This is recovered when the individual remains in bed, or on a flat surface for about 30 minutes. Body weight also shows a diurnal variation. The individual is lighter in the morning, specifically after emptying the bladder after getting up. After the body weight increased gradually during the course of the day. This is affected by
diet and physical activity. In girls and women who menstruate, the variation in menstrual cycle phase also affects the diurnal variation of body weight. Segmental SPECIFIC LENGTHS TITLES The "sitting height" as the name implies, is the individual's height, while the same sitting. Is measured with an anthropometrical, and is the distance from the seating surface to the top of the head while the guy in the standard position. The subject sits on a table with legs hanging freely and directed forward. The hands should be on the thighs and the head in the Frankfort horizontal plane. The individual is asked to sit as upright as possible. This measurement is particularly valuable when used in combination with height. The height minus sitting height provides an estimate of the length of the lower extremities (subisquial length or leg length). Most of the diurnal variation in height that discussed previously, occurs on the trunk and therefore influences the height and sitting height. WIDE or diameter of the bony skeleton TITLES Generally, measurements of bone width or diameter are taken through specific marks on the bones, and therefore provide an indication of the robustness of the skeleton. Here, we describe the four widths or diameters of the
skeleton most commonly taken: • "Diameter biacromial" measures the distance from one side to another, between the left and right acromial processes of the scapula, and therefore provides an indication! diameter of the shoulders. • "Diameter Biileocrestídeo" measures the distance from side to side between the lateral parts of the iliac crests, and therefore provides an indication of the width of the hip. Both measurements are taken from behind the subject, using the high end of anthropometric sliding gauge. The position of the subject is the same as when measuring height. • "diameters or widths of the humerus and femur" measures the distance yourself from side to side, between the condyles of the femur bone (bicondylar diameter). and between the epicondyles of the humerus (diameter biepicondíleo) provides information on the robustness of the skeleton of the limbs. The first is measured from one side to the other side of the more outgoing and more medial the femoral condyles, with the individual sitting with knees flexed at 90 ° using a "sliding gauge broadleaf" (type gauge GIVS ). The second is measured from one side to another, between epicódilos the humerus with the elbow flexed to 90 °, you can use a small slide gauge or a "broad leaf".
Drafting instruments The rule T. The rule T gets its name from its resemblance to the letter T. It has two perpendicular arms. The cross arm is shorter. They are made of wood or plastic. It is used to draw horizontal parallel lines quickly and accurately. It also serves as a support to the squads and to align the format and proceed to fixation.
The parallel rule. An instrument for measuring and drawing straight lines, its shape is rectangular, flat and has at its edges recordings decimeters, centimeters and millimeters. They are usually wood or plastic. Although clear plastic preferred to see the lines to be drawn. Their lengths vary according to usage, ranging from 10 to 60 inches The most common is 30 centimeters.
The squads.
The brackets are used to measure and draw horizontal, vertical, inclined, and combined with the rule T lines are drawn parallel, perpendicular and oblique. Graduates can carry centimeters and millimeters. The brackets that are used in technical drawing are two: - The 45 degree which is shaped like an isosceles triangle with an angle of 90 ° and two of 45 º. - The squad of 60 ° bevel also called shaped like a scalene triangle, whose angles measure 90 °, 30 ° and 60 °.
Brackets: Instrument in the form of triangle with three unequal angles of 90 °, 60 ° and 30 ° and line drawing is used for drawing angles or parallel lines perpendicular to the other given. It is usually an auxiliary of the fleet.
Scaler To measure distances in a straight line scaler is used, which is graded on different scales pushbar, used to calculate distances reduced or enlarged. In this course we will use a scaler with the following scales: 1:20,1:25, 1:50,1:75, 1:100, 1:125. There are several types of scaler:
- Scaler for architects - Scaler for civil engineers
The compass. It is a precision instrument that is used to draw arcs, circles and transport measures. It consists of two articulated arms at the top which houses a cylindrical piece which called mango drink and drive with the index finger and thumb. One arm has a adjustable steel needle with a screw and a nut on a wheel. The other arm has a device that allows the placement of pencils or other accessories.
Compass Classes are: - Compass Part: the normal rhythm that may be placed accessories like pencil or pen. - Compass dry ends: it has sharp points on both ends of steel and serves to take action or move. - Compass mustache, is characterized by maintaining fixed aperture radii. The opening of this bar is graded by a screw or threaded shaft. It is used to draw circles and circles of small dimensions of equal radius. - Compass pump: used to draw arcs or circles very small. It
consists of an arm that serves as a vertical axis so that the pencil holder revolves around him.
Pencils. The pencils are essential for writing and drawing. They consist of a graphite mine and a sheath of wood. They can be round or hexagonal cross section. To draw a hexagon are better because they facilitate the attachment between the fingers and prevent it from rolling to leave them on the drawing board. The pencil leads has several degrees from the hardest to the softest. Hard lead with fine lines are drawn in gray and bold lines and softer black color. They are classified by letters and numbers. The H comes from the word meaning hard drive, the F stands firm and the B black meaning black. The hardest are: 4H, 3H, 2H and H. The intermediates are: HB and F. The softer are: B, 2B, 3B and 4B.
Eraser. The erasers are used to get rid of bad strokes, bugs, stains or traces remaining. They are usually soft, flexible and light colors to avoid stains on the paper. Before deleting make sure it is clean and if we delete small
parts, surplus lines or lines close, we use the auxiliary staff cleared of steel sheet. To eliminate the role of graphite particles using a spray rubber pad inside called smudging.
Pencils or pens. The pencils are metal or plastic housing inside the mine or mines by a spring slide out, which will be used to write or draw. The mines are of different hardness. Leads to sharpening pencils for the mine and its guard.
Mechanical Pencil This mechanical pencil 0.5 mm has a mine that does not require sharpening. You can make very fine lines and precise if it spins enough to draw. To draw thick lines, vigorous, repeat the track. The accessories in the drawing are as important as the instruments themselves, as they come to be the auxiliary or supplement to a good job.
Brush drawing - Brush for drawing, which drafts shake waste and powders, without risking hands to remove stain or damaging the
work. - Flannel or cotton cloth, very useful for cleaning tools and China ink stroke, and to shake waste rubber and talc in the absence of brush.
Delete template Use a square with holes to erase a drawing precise areas also serves to protect the surface of the drawing will be erased with an electric eraser.
Drawing board. It is a drawing tool on fixing the paper for drawing. It is usually constructed of wood or plastic smooth and flat, straight edges allowing the displacement of the rule T. The size depends on the format to be used. The format is sufficient school size of 40 inches tall and 60 inches wide. In the workshops, technical drawing, instead of boards, built tables are used only for this activity, the size and angle required.
The conveyor. It is an instrument used for measuring angles or transport.
They are made of plastic and are of two types: in a semicircle divided into 180 degrees in a circle and full 360 潞. The numbers are arranged in two graduation so they can be read from right to left and from left to right, depending on where the opening angle.
Pencil or scraper Tuner After cutting the wood of a pencil sharpener with a knife or mechanical, should sharpen the pencil graphite rod and give a long tapered tip. on its surface has pieces of fine lines where the pencil scratch to tune.
Soft eraser The soft rubber or artist, who called Nys贸n milk and is useful for cleaning paper or cloth frames and dirt left by the fingers that hurt the appearance of the finished drawing. There is also a spray that is cleared for further abuses by the sweat graphite left unintentionally.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
TECHNICAL DRAWING BOOK INTERPRETATION OF PLANS WHITE BROCHURE
CONCLUTION
Is all that is related to technical drawing each plane can do this construction for a project and the tools we used to we can get well and put everything on the plane.