Will Brouwer
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Student ID 4161337
K13UDT
The Urban Redevelopment of the London Road Area in Brighton
Introduction to the London Road Area At the heart of the London Road area in Brighton, is a High Street with several retail outlets. It is also a main thoroughfare for cars, trucks and buses leaving Brighton toward London. Air pollution is recognised as a problem. Traffic levels, heights of buildings and topology all combine to produce poor air quality.i The area has experienced a gradual decline since the mid-1980s. Several shops have closed down, including Woolworth (opened in 1927, closed in 2008) and the Cooperative Department Store (opened in 1931, closed in 2007). Charity shops now occupy many former retail outlets. Brighton & Hove Council has sought to revive the area as part of their local development framework (LDF). The Council considers that parts of the London Road area feel unloved, unsafe and difficult to navigate. A blog site provides a range of views:ii ‘London Road is full of drug dealers and addicts’; it is ‘full of rubbish collecting around fast food places’; and is “blotchy and neglected.” Others have different views. “Being a low income single parent with two voraciously hungry kids, the Open Market is a lifeline for me,” writes one blogger. Another suggests that “London Road feels real, the traders are real too. Yes, there are some real issues and it does need some care and attention.”
Figure'1')'Map'of'the'London'Road'Area,'Brighton
Will Brouwer
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Student ID 4161337
K13UDT
Historically, London Road has been the main route for coaches travelling in early 19th century from Brighton’s Royal Pavilion to London. When the railways arrived in the 1840s, it grew into a commercial area. Shops were developed in the front gardens of residential houses that lined the London Road. Some early 19th century Regency buildings are still in evidence behind present day shops. Three landmark buildings in the area are noteworthy. On the southern perimeter of the London Road area, is the Grade II listed St. Peter’s Church (1828) built by Sir Charles Barry (known for the 19th century rebuilding the Houses of Parliament). More centrally located is the Grade I listed neo-Gothic St Bartholomew’s Church (1874) known for its distinctive high redbrick exterior. Finally, on the northern perimeter of the London Road area is the Grade II listed Duke of York’s art house cinema which claims to be the oldest working purpose-built cinema in the UK since it opened in 1910.iii On the eastern border of the London Road area is a park known as ‘The Level’, designed in the 1920s.iv Finally, Brighton mainline rail services to London mark the western perimeter of the London Road area.
Figure'2')'Old'Map'of'Brighton'and'London'Road'in'the'1950s
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Will Brouwer
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Student ID 4161337
K13UDT
In 2009, in an effort to revive the London Road area, Brighton & Hove Council adopted the London Road Central Masterplan.v The main aim of the masterplan was to promote economic regeneration and provide for an environmentally healthy area. To secure this aim, the Council proposed several things. Firstly, they wanted to attract new investment into the area by ensuring that affordable accommodation for businesses exist. It was also felt that the area should host a range of retail shops. Secondly, the masterplan wanted to improve the legibility of the streetscape and promote a safe environment for the public. New builds or renovation of existing buildings were encouraged to support safety through ‘passive surveillance’. Designs of new developments, it was hoped, would ensure attractive ground floor shop windows that look out onto pedestrian pavements as well as providing for residential accommodation on upper floors. The masterplan argued that the area should prioritise both pedestrians and cyclists over cars. Thirdly, and linked to the circulation of people and cycles, the Council wanted to improve signage, remove unnecessary obstacles and barriers to movement and ensure that the area remain well connected to other parts of Brighton. It is important to note that pedestrians and cyclists from sub-urban residential areas such as Preston Park and Fiveways, would find it necessary to go through the London Road area to reach Brighton’s main train station if commuting to work in London or elsewhere. Fourthly, the Masterplan called for ‘design solutions’ and sustainable building to improve air quality. What was understood by ‘design solutions’ remained unclear. Finally, the Masterplan raised the idea of a ‘community pot’ to fund the redevelopment. However, the issue of financing – especially estimated costs and how redevelopment was to be paid for was left unclear.
Figure'3'')'London'Road'Area
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Will Brouwer
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Student ID 4161337
K13UDT
Many aspects of the Masterplan are similar to the 2005 report called Toward a Strong Urban Renaissance. vi This was an independent report written by the Urban Task Force and was chaired by Richard Rogers. Brighton Council’s Masterplan echoed the view that urban regeneration should promote sustainable development. The task force stressed that good urban design should recognise environmental responsibilities through, for example, recycling and the reduction of energy and materials demand. Both master plan and report share a ‘brown-field first approach’, the regeneration. There is also a shared commitment to providing affordable housing. Whether the London Road regeneration will succeed in creating a vision of a socially inclusive urban community that incorporates quality design, affordable accommodation and a well-integrated public transport system will be explored below.
To narrow the focus, three developments within the London Road area will be looked at more closely. These are the New England Quarters, The Open Market and The Level. The aim is to consider whether these parts of the London Road area support the overall vision for urban regeneration and fit seamlessly into the overall spatial plan for the area.
1!The!Open!Market! 2!The!Level! 3!St!Peter’s!Church! 4!Duke!of!York!cinema! 5!Site!of!former!Cooperative! Department!Store! 6!Brighton!City!College! 7!St.!Bartholomew’s!Church! 8!Preston!Circus! 9!New!England!House! 10!Fire!Station!
Figure'4')'Key'Landmarks'in'the'London'Road'Area
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Will Brouwer
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Student ID 4161337
K13UDT
\New England Quarters The area of development that lies to the West of London Road and is adjacent to Brighton railway station is known as the ‘New England Quarters’. In the 1950s, the area witnessed so-called ‘slum clearance’ where low cost terraced Victorian houses were replaced by mainly buildings for industrial and commercial use. This includes New England House, an 8-story building built in the 1960s, which now offers low rent accommodation to digital and creative businesses.vii The Council approved the redevelopment of the 24-acre site in 2003. The aim was to provide affordable accommodation and includes a hotel (Jury’s Inn), an English language school (Bellerbys College) and a supermarket (Sainsbury’s). Spaces for offices are also provided that includes an ethical property company.viii Parts of the development were controversial. In 2005, the Council’s planning committee, following protests from local residents, turned down a proposal for Beecham Tower, a 42storey building next to the station. This decision was upheld in 2006, after the property developers failed to win an appeal.ix The New England quarters were partitioned into blocks for purposes of development. Blocks E and F stand out as an example of sustainable architecture in that they are designed to provide zero-carbon homes and offices. The two blocks - the 11 storey Block E and 9 storey Block F – are mixed-use buildings. They are known collectively as ‘One Brighton’. ‘One Brighton’ consists of 172 units (from studio to 3-bedroom flats) with additional ground-floor space for offices. These were designed by the architectural firm FeildenCleggBradleyx and developed by Crest Nicholson BioRegional Quintain.
! Figure'5')'New'England'Quarters
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Will Brouwer
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Student ID 4161337
K13UDT
From the outset, One Brighton was guided by One Planet Living’s 10 principles of sustainability and secured the highest assessment rating by BREEAM’s EcoHomes (which has now been replaced by the Code for Sustainable Homes).xi A central biomass boiler provides energy for heating and hot water. Photovoltaic cells help produce electricity. Walls and windows were designed to be 40% above building regulations.xii Thermally efficient building materials and windows and low-energy bulbs aim to reduce energy demand. Different coloured shoots manage waste for recycling and disposal. There is space for cycle storage. Outdoor areas include a climbing wall and pedestrian areas that link to the footpath known as the ‘Greenway’ that runs along a reclaimed former rail sidetrack.
Figure'6')'One'Brighton,'New'England'Quarters'
One Brighton succeeds in providing well-designed, affordable and more environmentally sustainable accommodation. The integration of One Brighton into a pedestrian-friendly area is more problematic as it is surrounded by traffic congestion, partly caused by cars going to both Sainsbury’s supermarket and Brighton Rail Station’s car park and passenger drop off point. Pedestrian access to the station is not complete and certainly needs to go beyond steep stairs that is unacceptable to wheelchair users. The Greenway footpath supports recreational use, but is somewhat isolated. A more radical plan, inspired by the success of New York’s Highline, could integrate this further with the rest of the London Road area (see section on ‘The Level’ below).
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Student ID 4161337
K13UDT
There remains a tension between the internal and external spaces in the New England Quarter. Katerina Borsi suggest that this is a relevant issue for cultivating a neighbourhood identity. Writing about the spatial qualities of 19th century Berlin blocks, Borsi observed: “The spatial organisation of the block draws its interior and exterior spaces closely together such that programmatic activity can evolve fluidly from the street into the courtyards. This supports a flexible gradation from public to private xiii space, while also promoting a distinct neighbourhood identity.”
The Danish architect, Jan Gehl, stressed the importance of the ground floor for urban spaces: “Ground-floor façades are also an attractive place for urban users who don’t live in buildings.”xiv So far, there is nothing within One Brighton that encourages a ‘street life’ that supports a range of activities. It remains to be seen if unused ground floor office spaces can improve the ‘close encounters’ with buildings and the urban space that Gehl suggests.
! Figure'7')'New'England'Quarters
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Will Brouwer
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Student ID 4161337
K13UDT
However, One Brighton is only part of the redevelopment of the New England Quarters. Spaces between blocks are mostly pedestrian. The square at the end of Ann’s Road is overlooked by balconies from the flats above and has seats and trees integrated into the design. There is potential for vibrant urban community space, but there is little evidence of this at the moment. The square acts mainly as a forecourt for entrances to Subway and Sainsbury’s. Some improvements and more flexible use of the space could make it more of an outdoor space for residents and a destination for people to visit. Jan Gehl in Cities for People presents a case for ‘climate planning’ where café areas are framed by glass walls and covered with awnings. Together with blankets provided to users, the effect could make the square a destination in winter. So could temporary art exhibitions or street theatre. If noise were a concern for residents, other activities could be encouraged. There could be a designated area for chess or table tennis. For Jan Gehl, urban design is also about making a good city for meeting. “The good city for meeting,” Gehl writes, “is essentially a city with good opportunity for three basic human activities: seeing, hearing and talking.”xv The positive experience of the Jubilee Square development in Brighton with the brilliant award winning Jubilee Library should provide a useful source of inspiration on how to extend Gehl’s good city experience to the London Road area. As Gehl suggests: “If cities and buildings are going to invite people to come and stay, the human scale will require new and consistent treatment. Working with this scale is the most difficult and most sensitive urban planning discipline. If this work is neglected or fails, city life never stands a chance.”xvi The brown-field redevelopment of New England Quarter does succeed in providing affordable accommodation and integrating eco-design into the buildings. Yet the development of a ‘human scale’ remains a work-in-progress. The Open Market Another key initiative has been the redevelopment of the Open Market on the East side of London Road. It has been in use as an open air fruit and vegtable and fish market since 1926, but has witnessed a gradual decline in business since the 1970s. It is being replaced by a covered market that will include affordable flats and workshops. There will be space for 45 market stalls, 87 affordable homes and 14 workshops.xvii The work will be completed this year (2014). The Council’s master plan considers the Open Market as essential part of the revival in the area. The Council agreed that the Hyde Group, a housing association, take responsibility for the developement. It was founded in 1967 and its mission was to highlight social injustice and act to provide homes for the poor and vulnerable in society. The 1988 Housing Act was significant for the provision of affordable urban housing. Local authorities no longer developed housing and it was left to housing associations to do so. The Hyde Group switched from refurbishing properties to building new homes. Housing Associations have to find money from a variety of sources to finance new developments such as the Open Market. The Open Market is expected to sustain 100 full-time jobs when complete. This is probably what Hyde Group means when it says it not only Figure'8')'Artist'Impression'of'the'Redeveloped' Open'Market' !
wants
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sustainable homes for the poor, but also to create communities.xviii Improving movement and access is central to urban design. A key aspect of the location of the Open Market and Baker and Oxford Street is that it connects the eastern part with London Road and from there to Brighton rail station via the New England Quarters. The masterplan highlights the need for a more ‘permeable street network’ that gives the priority for pedestrians.xix To do this, the aim is to improve street signs and differentiate surfaces that would clearly mark pedestrianised spaces. If this happens, it would challenge the dominance of cars and buses especially on Baker Street and Oxford Street. These two streets, including the Open Market, also connect the London Road area to open space of ‘The Level’. At the moment the park does not feel to be integral to activity in the London Road area. Apart from the preserved façade of the old Cooperative Department Store, the rest of the building has been torn down and rebuilt to accommodate Sussex University students. Together with Bellerby’s in the New England Quarter, this is the second purpose built student development in the area. But in contrast with areas such as Lenton in Nottingham, the planned student accomodation is small in relation to the mixed use of the London Road area. As such, it is unlikely to lead to ‘studentification’ where young people push out other residents and worsen litter and noise.xx Instead, student spending may help local shops and fresh food sales in the Open Market. More of a concern is whether retailers exploit students with higher prices which in turn would discourage local people from using the area. That would defeat the goal of sustainable urban regeneration. Saskia Sassen has written on on the Global City.xxi Mobile internatlonal students demonstrate the Figure'9')'Current'Construction'of'the'Open'Market' global-local links.
The Level. Compared to other cities in the UK, Brighton was relatively slow to develop city parks because of the attraction of the seaside for visitors and residents. Today, the main parks in Brighton are Stanmer Park (which is really outside the City), Preston Park, Queen’s Park and The Level. Cricket was played in the open space of The Level from around the 1750s to the 1820s. In 1822 it was formally laid out and lined with Elm trees. In the 1920s, the park was redesigned by Captain Bertie Hubbard MacLaren, who was the Superintendent of Parks.xxii A playground was built that included a boating pond surrounded by columns and pergolas. The Level is
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characterised by a cross path and cycle routes. Prior to the redevelopment in 2012, a skateboard park was next to the children’s playground. Public consultations were held to discuss the plans. There were concerns about drug use in the skatepark that prevented parents of younger kids from using the adjacent playground. It was hoped that a redesigned skatepark could be better integrated with the playground. A Brighton and Hove Skatepark Associations community group was formed to ensure that a quality and more integrated skatepark be built that would create a more positive image of the sport.xxiii
Figure'10')'Original'1920s'Design'for'The'Level
Figure'11')'Plan'of'New'Skatepark'in'The'Level'
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The redevelopment, completed in 2013, was funded by the lottery. It appears to be a success. It brings people of all ages to the park. It encourages a range of play and sport activities and, in doing so, promotes better health. The old wooden skatepark has been replaced with concrete polished Skatepark with sunken bowls that had been designed by Freestyle Skateparks. It includes a social area with seating and is bordered by attractive planting. Figure'12')'The'New'Skatepark'
A major success is the design of the new glass and wood cafĂŠ whose green roof is the most notable feature of the integration of environmental sustainability concerns into the overall design. The glass windows also supports passive saftey. It attracts people and is a meeting place. The cafĂŠ also projects the image of a cycle centre selling a range of cycling products and offering bike services. The outdoor cycle racks have locks attached with keys available inside.
Figure'13')'New'Cafe'in'The'Level'
Although the playground is sensitive to the orignal 1921 design, it has been updated and is contemporary. The boating pool has been sensitively filled in allowing children to run and splash through fountains of water that spray upwards from the ground. The Dutch architect Aldo Van Eyck (1919-1988) wrote of the city:
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"If they are not meant for children they are not meant for citizens either."
K13UDT xxiv
Liane Lefaivre, with Alex Tzonis, is credited with promoting Critical Regionalism in the early 1980s. Inspired by Aldo Van Eyck, her work examines how playgrounds can form part of an urban design strategy.xxv Susan Solomon has highlighted how playgrounds can serve to revitalise community space.xxvi The redevelopment of the café, playground and the skatepark at The Level appears to have succeeded in creating a sense of place and community. The challenge will be to see how people consider this to be an integral part of the London Road area, rather than a separate green oasis surrounded by cars. The Open Market will be a key link between the park and the London Road area. Full pedestrianisation – rather than just distinctive surface marking as planned - of Baker Street and Oxford Street would support the aim of a creating a more permeable street network. At the moment the park does not easily relate to activity in the London Road area. Certainly a more radical approach and probably a missed opportunity, would have been to design an extension of the ‘Greenway footpath’ that could connect East with West. Instead of starting and ending in the New England Quarters, the Greenway footpath could be extended to run through York Hill, Providence Place, Ann Street and Oxford Place all the way to The Level. A range of materials, seating and lighting could be used along this Greenway like that used in New York’s Highline.xxvii Artwork could more directly link the space with the cultural industries based inside the New England House. Overall the London Road redevelopment can be considered to be a step in the right direction in urban design. The affordable accomodation in the New England Quarters makes a clear effort to deliver quality urban design that encourages more sustainable living. More work needs to be done to ensure that the urban space develops a neighbourhood identity by blending public outdoor spaces with private interiors. Gehl’s principle that urban planning should follow a space-life-buildings order is not always easy given the preexisting stand-alone ‘introvert’ buildings and road thoroghfares. Efforts are being made to create a more permeable street network, and pedestrians and cyclists have certainly been given more priority than before. But a major challenge remains the volume of traffic along a main exit route that is London Road. This is essential to improve air quality. There appears no evidence of any thought given to trams along pedestrian zones like in Nottingham or Amsterdam. Rogers complained about the separation of authorities responsible for public transport and urban redevelopment. Gehl invites us to think what happens if we invite less cars?xxviii Traffic around Preston Circus remains a victory for cars. Removing street furniture and improving signage to improve pedestrian access to major venues such as the cinema may be insufficient. The plans for streets such as Elder Place and Providence Place are unclear. Without pavements they do not encourage pedestrians. These car dominanted side streets remain grim and people tend to avoid them especially at night. Kenneth Frampton’s Critical Regionalism advocates an ‘architecture of resistance’ to both universal civilisation and notions of local culture and identity.xxix Applied to this context, urban redevelopment requires a critical confrontation with dominant car culture. Roger’s Urban Task Force emphasised the importance of quality design and Gehl the importance of the groundfloor level. Brighton Council applies this to shop windows: “The design and appearance of shop fronts play an essential role in ensuring that these diverse shopping centres continue to thrive and prosper by improving perception of the public realm and in this way contribute significantly to the local xxx economy.
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It remains to be seen how this will be applied to London Road shops. There is a need to create more inviting spaces. Small supermarkets and fast food chains remain. Urban redevelopment must be more than just creating a space for shopping. Of course, quality design and urban redevelopment is also influenced by availabilty of money. As Rogers complained: “The plethoria of overlapping, but differently funded and monitored, regeneration bodies has reduced the effectiveness of public sector led regeneration xxxi schemes.”
Funding for the London Road area has come from a range of sources (e.g. housing associations, lottery funding, Portas scheme) that can appear confusing. But perhaps a bigger challenge to Brighton Council’s urban vision may be the impact of spending cuts in an age of austerity. The pursuit of quality urban design should be an essential feature of urban plans. This applies not only to the design and delivery of projects but also to the future maintenance of the whole area. Overall, the New England Quarters, the Open Market and the Level can be seen as an improvement to the London Road area and to living in Brighton.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Endnotes i
Brighton & Hove City Council, Planning. Available at: http://www.brightonhove.gov.uk/content/planning/major-projects-planning/london-road-regeneration. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. ii
Clark, Sean, London Road: An Unpleasant Obstacle Course. Available at: http://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/page_id__5969.aspx . Last accessed: 10 January 2014. iii
Kenan, John (2012) Brighton Cinema will Stay True to its Arthouse Roots. Available at: http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/10095872.Brighton_Cinema_will_stay_true_to_artho use_roots/. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. iv
Brighton & Hove City Council, History of the Level and the Level Restoration Project. Available at: http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-andlibraries/parks-and-green-spaces/history-level-and-level-restoration-project. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. v
Brighton & Hove City Council (2009), London Road Central Masterplan. Available at: http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brightonhove.gov.uk/files/downloads/London_Rd_SPD_17_Dec_09.pdf. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. vi
Urban Task Force (2005) Towards a Strong Urban Renaissance. Available at: http://www.urbantaskforce.org/UTF_final_report.pdf. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. vii
See Brighton & Hove City Council, New England House. Available at: http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/planning/major-developments/new-englandhouse. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. viii
See Brighton Junction. Available at: http://www.ethicalproperty.co.uk/brightonjunction.php. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. ix
Lumley, R. (2007) Government Dumps Beetham Towwer Plans. Available at: http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/1404410.government_dumps_beetham_tower_plan s/. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. x
See FeildenCleggBradleyStudios. Available at: http://www.fcbstudios.com. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. xi
See BREEAM. Available at: http://www.breeam.org/page.jsp?id=21. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. xii
See LowCarb4Real. Available at: http://www.goodhomes.org.uk/downloads/pages/One%20Brighton%20LC4R%20cas e%20study%20(Crest%20Nicholson%20BioRegional%20Quintain).pdf. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. xiii
Borsi, K. (2008) ‘Drawing and Dispute: The Strategies of the Berlin Block.’ In Di Palma, Lathrouri and Periton, eds. Intimate Metropolis: Urban Subjects in the Modern City: Constructing Public and Private in the Modern City. London: Routledge, p. 1.
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! xiv
Gehl, J., Johansen, L and Reigstad, S. (2006) ‘Close Encounters with Buildings’, Urban Design Inernational, Vol. 11, p. 30. xv
Gehl, J. (2012) Cities for People, Washington: Island Press., p. 148.
xvi
Gehl, J. (2012) Cities for People, Washington: Island Press, p. 198.
xvii
Brighton & Hove City Council, Open Market Redevelopment. Available at: http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/planning/major-developments/open-marketredevelopment. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. xviii
The Hyde Group. Available at: http://www.hyde-housing.co.uk/about_us/historyof-hyde. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. xix
Brighton & Hove City Council (2009) London Road Central Masterplan. Available at: http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/sites/brightonhove.gov.uk/files/downloads/London_Rd_SPD_17_Dec_09.pdf. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. xx
Anderson, J. (2013) Studentification. Available at: http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/cplan/sites/default/files/CCS-Studentification.pdf. See also debate on studentification in local Brighton newspaper The Argus at: http://www.theargus.co.uk/news/3807780.Debate_over__studentification__intensifies /. Both last accessed: 10 January 2014. xxi!Sassen,!S.!(2005)!‘The!Global!City:!Introducing!a!Concept’!Brown&Journal&of&
World&Affairs,&Vol.!XI,!Issue!2,!pp.!27\43.! ! xxii
Brighon & Hove City Council, History of the Level and the Level Restoration Project. Available at: http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-andlibraries/parks-and-green-spaces/history-level-and-level-restoration-project. Last accessed: 10 Janauary 2014. xxiii
Brighton & Hove City Council, The Level Restoration Project: The new skatepark and wheeled-sports facility. Available at: http://www.brightonhove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/level-restorationproject-new-skatepark-and. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. xxiv
McGuirk, J. (2008) Aldo van Eyck. IconEye. Available at: http://www.iconeye.com/read-previous-issues/icon-064-%7C-october-2008/aldo-vaneyck xxv!See!Institute!of!Architecture!profile!on!Liane!Lefaivre.!Available!at:!http://i\o\
a.at/organisation/people/liane\lefaivre/.!Last!accessed:!10!January!2014.! ! xxvi
Solomon, S. (2005) American Playgrounds: Revitalizing Community Space. Lebanon: University Press of New England, p. 2. xxvii
High Line. Available at: http://www.thehighline.org. Last accessed 10 January 2014. See also film Urbanized. xxviii!Gehl,!J.!(2012)!Cities&for&People,!Washington:!Island!Press,!p.!9.!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! xxix!Frampton,!K.!(1998,!originally!published!in!1985)!‘Towards!A!Critical! Regionalism:!Six!Points!for!an!Architecture!of!Resistance’!in!Foster,!H.!ed.!The& Anti9Aesthetic:&Essays&on&Postmodern&Culture,!New!York:!New!York!Press.! ! xxx!Brighton!&!Hove!City!Council!(2005)!Shop&Front&Design.!Available!at:! http://www.brighton\hove.gov.uk/sites/brighton\ hove.gov.uk/files/downloads/conservation/Shop_Front_Design_SPD_\ _Final_Version.pdf.!Last!accessed:!10!January!2014.! ! xxxi!!Richard!Rogers!(2005)!‘The!Urban!Renaissance!Six!Years!On’!in!Urban!Task! Towards&a&Strong&Urban&Renaissance,!p.!3.!www.urbantaskforce.org! ! Bibliography' Borsi, K. (2008) ‘Drawing and Dispute: The Strategies of the Berlin Block.’ In Di Palma, Lathrouri and Periton, eds. Intimate Metropolis: Urban Subjects in the Modern City: Constructing Public and Private in the Modern City. London: Routledge. Brighton & Hove City Council, Planning SPD10. Available at: http://www.brightonhove.gov.uk/content/planning/local-development-framework/spd10. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. Department for Environment, Transport and Regions (2000) By Design. Urban Design in the Planning System: Towards Better Practice, Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/7665/1 58490.pdf. Last accessed: 10 January 2014. Gehl, J. (2012) Cities for People, Washington: Island Press. Gehl, J., Johansen, L and Reigstad, S. (2006) ‘Close Encounters with Buildings’, Urban Design Inernational, Vol. 11, pp. 9–47. Frampton, K. (1998, originally published in 1985) ‘Towards A Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance’ in Foster, H. ed. The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, New York: New York Press. Hustwit, G. (2011) Urbanized. Documentary Film. Llewellyn-Davies (2007) Urban Design Compendium, 2nd editon. London: English Partnerships. Ritchie, A. and Thomas, R. (2003) Sustainable Urban Design: An Environmental Approach, 2nd edition, London: Taylor Francis. Sassen, S. (2005) ‘The Global City: Introducing a Concept’ Brown Journal of World Affairs, Vol. XI, Issue 2, pp. 27-43 Solomon, S. (2005) American Playgrounds: Revitalizing Community Space. Lebanon: University Press of New England
! Urban!Task!Force!(2005)!Towards&a&Strong&Urban&Renaissance.!!Available!at:! www.urbantaskforce.org.!Last!accessed:!10!January!2014.! !
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