What is learning?
Group Dewey 17.9.2013
Today you will learn what some of the most famous researchers learned about learning 1. Howard Gardner: Multiple Intelligences 2. David A. Kolb: Experimental learning 3. Maslow’: Hierarchy of needs 4. Behaviorism & Cognitivism 5. Humanism & Constructivism
Howard Gardner: Multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner: Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences was introduced in his book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1983). The main argument in the theory is that there’s no one specific way of learning – instead different people are learning in many different ways. One person can have one or multiple intelligence(s), such as logicalmathematical or visual-spatial. It helps learning, if one discovers her/his own primary intelligence(s). A person learning in certain way isn’t necessarily more intelligent than a person learning other way.
Different intelligences by Gardner Gardner has named eight (later possibly nine) different intelligences that are: musical-rhythmic visual-spatial verbal-linguistic logical-mathematical bodily-kinesthetic interpersonal intrapersonal naturalistic later also existential-moral.
1. Musical-rhythmic They are sensitive to rhythm, pitch, meter, tone, melody or timbre and learn through audio and music, eg. lectures. 2. Visual-spatial They have ability to visualise with the mind’s eye and learn best with visual help, as drawings or video. 3. Verbal-linguistic They are typically good at reading, writing, telling stories and memorizing words along with dates.
4. Logical-mathematical This intelligence has to do with numbers, reasoning and causal system. It helps to think why and how (something goes as it goes), when learning. 5. Bodily-kinesthetic They should learn better by involving muscular movement and be generally good at physical activities such as sports, dance or acting, also just moving and being active (as policemen, soldiers). 6. Interpersonal Those with this intelligence communicate effectively and empathize easily with others, and may be either leaders or followers. They typically learn best by working
7. Intrapersonal A person with this intelligence may have a deep understanding of oneself and strong self-reflective ability. This should be helpful tool with independent work, such as doing research and analysis.
8. Naturalistic This area has to do with nurturing and relating information to one’s natural surroundings. This ability was clearly of value in our evolutionary past as hunters, gatherers, and farmers; it continues to be central in such roles as botanist or chef.
9. Existential-moral Some proponents of multiple intelligence theory have proposed spiritual/religious intelligence as a possible additional type. Gardner did not want to commit to a spiritual intelligence but suggested that an "existential" intelligence may be a useful construct.
Something to think about (Gardner, MI): 1. What kind of a learner are you? 2. How you do/you could help yourself in learning, when recognising your type of intelligence? 3. How do you, as a teacher, enable different intelligence types in the class room? Examples: You’re teaching different types of mushrooms from the Finnish forest/ Plato’s allegory of the cave.
David A. Kolb Experimental learning
Experimental learning David A. Kolb (1939-)
Source: http://www.learning-theories.com/experiential-learning-kolb.html
Cyclic model of learning What is learning? “Learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience.”
Theory shows, how experience is translated through reflection into concepts, which in turn are used as guides for active experimentation and the choice of new experiences
Model consists of four stages:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Concrete experience (DO) Observation and reflection (ORSERVE) Forming abstract concepts (THINK) Testing in new situations (PLAN)
The stages of learning 1. Concrete experience ď‚š The learner actively experiences an activity such as a lab session or field work
2. Observation and reflection ď‚š The learner consciously reflects back on that experience
3. Forming abstract concepts ď‚š The learner attempts to conceptualize a theory or model of what is observed
4. Testing in new situations = active experimentation ď‚š The learner is trying to plan how to test a model or theory or plan for a forthcoming experience
Four learning styles Highlight the conditions under which learner learns better. Correspond to the four stages. 1. Assimilators: Learn better when presented with sound logical theories to consider 2. Convergers: learn better when provided with practical applications of concepts and theories 3. Accommodators: learn better when provided with “hands-on� experiences 4. Divergers: learn better when allowed to observe and collect a wide range of information
Maslow´s hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology by Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) who presented the theory in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" Maslow's theory was developed further in his book Motivation and Personality in 1954 The underlying principle in the theory is that while people aim to meet basic needs, they seek to meet successively higher needs in the form of a hierarchy
Maslow´s hierarchy of needs
Deficiency needs The first four levels of the pyramid are considered deficiency needs because their lack of satisfaction causes a deficiency that motivates people to meet these needs: Physiological needs, the lowest level on the hierarchy, include necessities such as air, food, and water. These tend to be satisfied for most people, but they become predominant when unmet. Safety needs such as health and security are on the second level. Once these two levels are met, belongingness needs, such as obtaining love and friendships, become important. The next level, esteem needs, include the need for recognition from others, confidence, achievement, and selfesteem.
Self-actualization The highest level is self-actualization, or the self-fulfillment. Behavior in this case is not driven or motivated by deficiencies but rather one’s desire for personal growth and the need to become all the things that a person is capable of becoming. “What a man can be, he must be” (Maslow)
How does Maslow's hierarchy relate to learning ?
Maslow's hierarchy is directly related to learning through motivation: ď‚š The higher up in the hierarchy a student is, the more levels that are met, the better the motivation and therefore the better possibilities for learning . ď‚š When all levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are met, learners are at their full potential for learning.
Hierarchy of needs extended
 Maslow's original five stage model has been expanded to include a seven-stage model (cognitive and aesthetic needs) and a eight-stage model (transcendence needs), both developed during the 1960´s and 1970´s
Maslow extended
Homework
ď‚š https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yM8SwZkvCIY&feature=player
Behaviorism & Cognitivism
Behaviorism
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ď‚š The term behaviorism refers to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson based on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism was established with the publication of Watson's classic paper "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" (1913). ď‚š Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviors. (psychology.about.com)
Behaviorism
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ď‚š Strict behaviorists believe that any person could potentially be trained to perform any taask, regardless of things like genetic background, personality traits, and internal thoughts (within the limits of their physical capabilities); all it takes is the right conditioning ď‚š Famous behaviorists include, Pavlos, Skinner, Hull
Behaviorism
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”Radical behaviourists maintain that all determinants of behaviour are environmental rather than intrapersonal” (Foxall 1993) Strengths: Clarity and simplicity Weakness: Passive learning (grundtvux.internetix.fi)
Cognitive Theory
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ď‚š Learning as a cognitive process of observing, remembering and decision-making ď‚š Processing knowledge is more important than the result of learning ď‚š The student is seen as an active and goal-oriented receiver, handler, producer and interpreter of knowledge (grundtvux.internetix.fi)
Cognitive Theory
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Cognitivism developed in 1960’s Moving away from behaviorism Cognition is conceived of as an interactive process involving the internal dynamics of the individual mind and the physical and cultural resources found in the social context (Shariq 1999)
Cognitive Theory
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ď‚š Social congnitive theory is built upon the foundations of individual and group psychological behavior and is also referrred to as social learning theory (Ratten & Ratten 2007)
Humanism & Constructivism Today we are going to learn a little about constructivism and then humanism There will be a some theory about humanism and its role in education followed by an explanation of constructivism But first lets all set up a padlet wall so we can work together. (add address during lecture)
Humanistic learning theory Basics of human learning theory:
Focused on personal growth and the full development of each humans potential Goal of education-help develop good human beings Good humans- knowledgable, able to nurture self, other and their environment Instill joy of learning, help students identify passions and talents Important to remember that all humans have a natural tendancy to grow, learn and develop fully- ascenion is our natural state
Humanistic learning theory Basics of human learning theory:
Self actualisation- humans desire to progress to their highest state- Maslow Education should try to create experiences that work with these natual desires When students are coerced into learning (external motivation) they tend to learn less Goal of education should be human development and personal growth leading to self actualisation
Self actualistion?
Discover and understand oneself Express your inner drive Find your passion and act on it Discover your strengths and talents- learn to use them to solve problems-
What is constructivism? people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences learning is most effective when the individual is actively engaged in the learning process rather than being in a passive environment
Constructivism
ď‚š http://ed.ted.com/on/5z0ICv2H Video about constructivism Lets watch this and actively discuss as we go through it
Constructivism
Can you provide an example of constructivism in your classroom? Lets list out a few examples What problems can you see with this?
Thank you!
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