Joe Williams
senior capstone studio
The is an opportunity for students to spend a semester immersed in intensive research, analysis, and design explorations focused on a site or topic of their own choosing. Through directed scholarship, individual critiques and group reviews, students are afforded the freedom to examine a personal interest within the field of landscape architecture that they may not otherwise be exposed to within the standard studio curriculum. Students are encouraged to choose subjects that incorporate aspects of current thinking in landscape architectural practice, such as landscape urbanism, sustainable sites, contemporary design trends or green infrastructure, which will broaden understanding of the profession and better position the student for employment following graduation. Through the course of their project work, students are expected to rigorously continue to developo their technical skills, including digital and manual drafting and representation techniques, analytical software such as GIS and design ideation and methodology.
table of contents overview
5
research and analysis
11
design process
21
design solution
27
project overview
4
Due to expanding populations and a changing climate, coastal communities have been struggling to work in harmony with the natural world. A specific example of this lies on the damaged shores of New York in the wake of Hurricane Sandy. Houses were left in ruin after this traumatic event, but it does give rise for the opportunity to rebuild so these events will not transpire again. An 81 acre site located in a FEMA Special Flood Hazard Area Zone A section of the Rockaways, Arverne East provides a suitable area to plan flood and climate resistant communities as prototype to future development.
5
context and site images THE BRONX
LA GUARDIA
QUEENS
BROOKLYN
JFK
STATEN ISLAND
6
PROJECT SITE LONG ISLAND
New York City is divided into five boroughs. Within each of these smaller neighborhoods form their own unique culture and social context. The Rockaway site is located on Long Island in the Borough of Queens.
The 80 acres site is directly adjacent to Rockaway Beach and the Atlantic Ocean. The historic boardwalk, a school, and an elevated subway rail currently exist on site. Neighboring this area are massive high rises known as the Hammels.
7
site narrative and history
New zoning laws and urban renewal practices razed many of the small residences into open plots, while other areas became high-rises, nursing homes, and other special care facilities. The lack of job opportunities and lack of social services resulted in poverty in much of the Rockaways.
8
The Rockaway peninsula is an 11-mile stretch of land lying fully within the borough of Queens on the eastern edge of New York City. The peninsula and its beaches developed as a resort community in the early 1800’s as an escape from New York City life. Slowly this community transformed from a place of recreation to an area of permanent residence. The diverse ethnic neighborhoods that developed there were composed of working-class citizens who commuted to other parts of the city for employment. Due to the geographic isolation from the greater city, the 50’s and 60’s brought dramatic decline to the Rockaways.
In the early 2000’s, New York City called for redevelopment of this neglected community and gave rise to Arverne by the Sea; a vibrantly mixed-income community comprising more than one thousand homes. However, the housing market crash of 2008 left much of the remaining area, deemed Arverne East, undeveloped. Another blow happened on October 29th, 2012, when Hurricane Sandy ravaged much of the area. However, recently developed areas, such as Arverne by the Sea, were less impacted by the hurricane due to improved infrastructure. The site area presents an opportunity to expand upon the ideas represented in Arverne by the Sea and create a coastal community even more receptive to these destructive events, specifically creating a mixed-use, mixed-income ecologic and storm-resilient community that will meet the new physical and regulatory challenges of waterfront development while maintaining a balance between innovation and affordability. The rich history and location provide an excellent backdrop for a community of housing, employment, and recreational opportunities.
9
research and analysis
ar Rise
ar Rise
10
discovering the character of the Rockaways... JFK
JAMAICA BAY
PROJECT SITE
11
sea level rise diagrams Current Sea Level Current Sea Level Current Sea Level
Land Area Impact Land landArea areaImpact impact Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping,
Legend
Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping,
Immediate Need Legend Anticipated Need Immediate Need No Impact Need Anticipated No Impact
Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community
Projected Sea Level Riserise projected sea Level Projected Sea Level Rise
Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community
Legend
cityStructure structure impact City Impact City Structure Impact
100 Year Rise
Legend Legend
Legend 200 Year Rise 100 Year Rise 200 Year Rise
Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping,
Legend Legend Major Structures "
"
Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community
12
Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community
Major Structures
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Major andand Planning Areas areas mitigation MajorMitigation planning Major Mitigation and Planning Areas Legend Legend
100 Year Rise 100 Year Rise 200 Year Rise 200 Year Source:Rise Esri, DigitalGlobe,
Legend Legend
GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, Source:AEX, Esri,Getmapping, DigitalGlobe, USGS, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping,
Planning Needed Planning Needed Medium Planning Medium Planning Immediate Planning Immediate Planning
This project is a prototype for future planning and development to combat natural disaster and sea level rise specifically in the New York City area. An important exercise involves locating areas of land that are in danger of these impacts, and ranking which are in immediate need of planning. Some factors that effect this rank relate to public utilities and environmental pollution mitigation. The Rockaway site is located in a zone in immediate need of planning and relocation. The many healthcare facilities, infrastructure stations, and housing pose an immense threat to the well-being of New York City. All maps generated using arcGIS
13
natural analysis
JFK
EAST BAY
JAMAICA BAY HEWLET WLETT ETTT B BA AY
MIDDLE BAY M Y
PROJECT SITE
LONG BEACH
LEGEND New York City Land Natural Area New York City Park
Long Island has a rich ecologic history and intricate system of bays and inlets that create abundant wildlife habitat. These ecosystems range between coastal salt marshes, rocky shores, and dune landscapes.
14
Within these distinct zones range a wide variety of flora and fauna, all of which are important to the character of this region.
Beachgrass grassland:
Ammophila breviligulata (beach grass) Solidago sempervirens (seaside goldenrod) Hudsonia tomentosa var. tomentosa (hairy hudsonia) Danthonia spicata (poverty oat-grass) Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem) Lathyrus japonicus (beach pea) Lechea maritima (seabeach pinweed) Polygonella articulata (jointweed) Cyperus lupulinus (perennial umbrella-sedge) Aristida tuberculosa (sea-beach needlegrass) Cyperus grayi (Gray’s umbrella-sedge)
Maritime shrubland:
Shrubs Myrica pensylvanica (northern bayberry) Prunus maritima (beach plum) Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy) Rosa virginiana (Virginia rose)
Herbs Oenothera perennis (small sundrops) Achillea millefolium (yarrow) Polygonum scandens (large climbing false buckwheat) Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata (tall wormwood)
Coastal interdunal marsh/swale:
Shrubs Vaccinium macrocarpon (large cranberry) Aronia prunifolia (purple chokeberry) Ilex verticillata (winterberry) Toxicodendron radicans (poison ivy)
Herbs Juncus arcticus (shore rush) Triadenum virginicum (marsh St. John’s-wort)
15
context analysis
LEGEND
LEGEND Tourism
Goldie Maple Academy
Rockaway Care Center
Financial
Marina
Far Rockaway Police Department
Public School 106
Beach 59th St Playground
Soccer Turf Field
Queens Borough Public Library
Public School 43
Arverne Playground
Dubos Point Wildlife Sancutary
Peninsula Hospital and Health Center and Medical Library Public School 105
Challenge Prep Charter
Conch Playground
Rockaway Community Park
Market and Retail
Existing Amenities
LEGEND
Healthcare
Dining
Public Buildings
Thursby Basin Park
Parks and Playgrounds
LEGEND
Large Vegetation
LEGEND
FEMA ZONE V - 14-20’
FEMA Floodzones
Edgemere Urban Renewal Park
LEGEND
FEMA ZONE A - 11-15’
FEMA Advisory Base Flood Elevations (ABFEs) Substantial building development, except certain auxiliary uses like access and storage, must be elevated above the ABFE flood elevations
Bayswater Park
Drainage
Drainage High Point Low Point
Grasses and Low Vegetation
Vegetation
Sand and Dune
The site is surrounded by many programs. The most notable of which are the medical centers and elevated subway system. These systems are detrimental to the future development of the Rockaway site. Although this is a densely populated residential community, the lack of social and public amenity provides great opportunities for program implementation. Topography provides an interesting challenge. The low elevation puts large amounts of the area in the FEMA floodplain. This was one reason why Long Island was impacted so heavily by Hurricane Sandy.
16
LEGEND
NYC Zoning Areas
LEGEND
Single Family Housing
Public and Open Space
Multi-Family Housing
Vacant Land
Commercial
Circulation
Solar Direction
Subway Stop
Pedestrian Walkways Boat Traffic
5 minutes
Summer Winds
Wind and Solar Conditions
Bus Stop
Elevated Subway
LEGEND
LEGEND Winter Winds
Major Vehicular Highway
Walking Distance from Transit Stations
10 minutes
Opportunities
LEGEND Good Building Opportunity Poor Building Opportunity
A number of environmental factors exist around the site. The ocean winds and solar orientation are what made the Rockaways so popular in the past. Lines of large vegetation create an interesting fabric among the homes and apartments.
17
program definition
TRANSFORMING THEROCKAWAYS ROCKAWAYSINTO INTOTHE THENEXT NEXTGREAT GREATNEW NEWYORK YORKDESTINATION DESTINATION TRANSFORMINGTHE GOALS GOALS
••Create Createaaresilient resilientcoastal coastalcommunity communityfor foraa socially sociallydiverse diversepopulation population ••Promote Promotepublic publictransit transitand andalternate alternatemodes modes ofoftransportation transportation
••Establish Establishdefined definedzones zonesfor: for: Single SingleFamily FamilyHousing Housing Multi-Family Multi-FamilyHousing Housing Mixed-use Mixed-usebuildings buildings Commercial Commercial Public Publicopen openspace space Natural Naturalpreservation preservation
••Promote Promoteand andprotect protectnative nativeecology ecologyand and encourage encourageenvironmental environmentaleducation education
••Design Designa apedestrian pedestrianoriented orientednetwork networkofofcirculation circulationimimproving provingwalkability walkabilityand andsite siteaccess access
••Foster Fosterideas ideasofofenvironmental environmentalstewardship stewardship
••Construct Constructamenities amenitiesdedicated dedicatedtototourism, tourism,amusement, amusement, and andjob jobcreation creation
••Stimulate Stimulateeconomic economicopportunities opportunitiesfor forlocal local employment employmentand andtourism tourism
••Allocate Allocateparcels parcelsspecific specifictotonatural naturalpreservation preservationand andedueducation cation
••Provide Provideopporunity opporunityfor forpublic publicamenity, amenity, education, education,and andnatural naturalexperience experience ••Honor Honorthe therich richheritage heritageofofthe theRockaway Rockaway Peninsula Peninsula ••Define Definesense senseofofcommunity communitycharacter character
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STRATEGIES STRATEGIES
••Implement Implementcontemporary contemporarytechnologies technologiesof:of: Flood Flooddamage damagemitigation mitigation Stable Stablecoastal coastalbuilding buildingdesign design Resilient Resilientutility utilitysystems systems Sustainable Sustainableenergy energypractices practices Environmentally Environmentallyfriendly friendlyconstruction construction Water Watertreatment treatmentand anduse use
PROGRAM PROGRAM SITE USE SITEUSE • • UpUp toto 1500 1500 units units ofof housing, housing, mith mith aa mix mix ofof low low toto midrise midrise buildings buildings • • UPUP toto 500,000 500,000 square square feet feet ofof commercial commercial / recreational / recreational space space • • 3535 acre acre nature nature preserve preserve ••9 9 acre acre dune dune preserve preserve • • 3.3 3.3 acres acres minimum minimum ofof active active and and / or / or passive passive open open space space • • Increased Increased community community amenities amenities - addition - addition toto existing existing school school • • Market-rate Market-rate and and affordable affordable home home ownership ownership and and mixed mixedincome income rental rental • • Commercial Commercial amenity amenity - stimulate - stimulate economy economy and and produce produce jobs jobs - food - food - movies - movies - hotel - hotel - amusement - amusement venues venues - • • Youth Youth centered centered services services • • Food Food and and flower flower community community gardens gardens
BUILT ENVIRONMENT BUILTENVIRONMENT • • Low Low toto mid-rise mid-rise buildings buildings - nothing - nothing higher higher than than three three stories stories • • Bungalow Bungalow architecture architecture • • Hotel Hotel • • Mixed Mixed use use buildings buildings • • Roof Roof decks decks toto expereince expereince views views • • Underground Underground and and strctures strctures parking parking garages garages forfor beach beach access access • • Pier Pier and and boardwalk boardwalk • • Wind Wind resistant resistant design design
RESILIENCY ANDSUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY RESILIENCYAND • • Resilient Resilient toto flooding flooding events events and and major major storms storms oror other other climactic climactic events events • • Economic Economic Stability Stability • • Dune Dune system system • • Undergound Undergound electrical electrical and and communication communication services services • • Alternate Alternate energy energy production production
19
design process
20
journeying from research to implementation...
21
design process
LEGEND Major Vehicular Highway
Bus Stop
Single Family Housing
Public and Open Space
Elevated Subway
Subway Stop
Multi-Family Housing
Vacant Land
Pedestrian Walkways
LEGEND
NYC Zoning Areas
Circulation
Commercial
LEGEND
LEGEND
5 minutes
Walking Distance from Transit Stations
Boat Traffic
Large Vegetation Grasses and Low Vegetation
10 minutes
Vegetation
Sand and Dune
LEGEND
LEGEND
LEGEND
FEMA Floodzones
22
Thursby Basin Park
LEGEND Healthcare
Tourism
Beach 59th St Playground
Soccer Turf Field
FEMA ZONE V - 14-20’
Financial
Marina
Arverne Playground
Dubos Point Wildlife Sancutary
Conch Playground
Rockaway Community Park
FEMA Advisory Base Flood Elevations (ABFEs) Substantial building development, except certain auxiliary uses like access and storage, must be elevated above the ABFE flood elevations
Existing Amenities
Market and Retail Dining
Parks and Playgrounds
Edgemere Urban Renewal Park
Goldie Maple Academy
Bayswater Park
FEMA ZONE A - 11-15’
Far Rockaway Police Department
Public Buildings
Rockaway Care Center Public School 106
Queens Borough Public Library
Public School 43
Peninsula Hospital and Health Center and Medical Library Public School 105
Challenge Prep Charter
Retirement Community and Park/Playground
Mixed-Use and Office Buildings
Dune Roof Parking and Reserve
0’
200’ 400’
800’
Boardwalk
Subway Plaza and Pier
Hotel
Dining and Retail
Amusement Park
Community Center
Fields and Facilities
Grocery and Retail
Dune Roof Parking and Reserve
Residential Community
School
Dune and Recreation Open Space
working model
24
25
design solution JAMAICA BAY
ATLANTIC OCEAN
26
0’
400’
800’
N
creating a multifunctional and resilient community...
27
60% increase in
NATURAL AREA
20% increase in
PUBLIC AMENITY
NODES
increase in
HOUSING
60% increase in
COMMERCIAL
BUILDING INDEX
MARKET
28
20%
GREENSPACE
OFFICE PARK
SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING
MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING
MIXED-USE BUILDING
PUBLIC BUILDING
MIXED-USE COMMERCIAL
TOURISM
PROGRAM METRICS
LARGE VEGETATION
UPLAND GRASSES
DUNE ECOLOGIES
PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION
PROGRAM CATEGORIES
DESIGNED
%
TOURISM
60%
FINANCIAL
40%
BUSINESS OFFICES
60%
MARKET AND RETAIL
60%
DINING
40%
MIXED-USE
80%
WATER ACCESS
40%
PARKS
20%
PLAYGROUNDS
20%
PEDESTRAIN TRAILS
60%
NATURAL AREAS
60%
NATURAL DUNES
100%
SCHOOLS
20%
PUBLIC SERVICE
40%
HEATHCARE
VEHICULAR CIRCULATION
CURRENT
0%
LIBRARY
20%
COMMUNITY CENTER
80%
VEHICULAR ROADS
-20%
BIKE ACCESS
40%
BOAT ACCESS
40%
MASS TRANSIT
60%
SINGLE FAMILY
40%
MULTI FAMILY
20% 29
hurricane mitigation layered boardwalk to allow flood water to move into next dune sequence intertidal habitat wavebreaks cause wave to crest and fall
dunes absorb wave energy
subtidal terrain dissipates energy of wave u tal d co a s
nes
m urse disb wave
ent
boardwalk CURRENT LANDFORM water table
ELEVATED SITE water table
OFFSHORE WAVE DISBURSEMENT
WIND DIRECTION
water table
CT DUNE FORMATION OBJE
VARIED SITE ELEVATION TO ALLOW WATER INTAKE AND DRAINAGE water table
ELEVATED SITE + OFFSHORE WAVE DISBURSEMENT
water table
VARIED SITE ELEVATION + OFFSHORE WAVE DISBURSEMENT water table
ELEVATED SITE + VARIED SITE ELEVATION + OFFSHORE WAVE DISBURSEMENT water table
DUNE FORMATION 30
BEACHFONT LANDFORM OPTIONS
The from
Storm
Surge Hurricane
7-15
feet above sea level
retention basis
bioswales
HURRICANE
dune buffer
extended landform
31
CURRENT SEA LEVEL
Sea levels are expected to rise
5 FEET
20YRS
20YRS 50YRS
50YRS
100YRS
100YRS
on Long Island by 2080
100YRS 50YRS 20YRS CURRENT SEA LEVEL
MIXED USE RETAIL ON TERRACED LANDFORM
bioswale improves water quality
transitions to pedestrian channel
terraces keep structures above rising water
32
ELEVATED RAIL PLAZA AND TOURISM PIER
MULTI FAMILY HOUSING AND RETAIL
subway underpass transition from highway to pedestrian corridor
piers extend from elevated plaza to allow pedestrains to cross transit corridor
over time transportation will shift fully to subway system and water vehicles
CURRENT SEA LEVEL
Ecologies transition to create new ecosystems and circulation routes
20YRS
20YRS 50YRS
50YRS
100YRS
100YRS
100YRS 50YRS 20YRS CURRENT SEA LEVEL
MIXED USE RETAIL ON PLAZA AND PIER
ECOLOGIC DRAINAGE AND BIOSWALE
retail extends over environment to connect social and natural activity
HISTORIC BOARDWALK AND BEACH ACCESS
paths lead through landscape and allow access to the ocean
pier structure improves recreational activity between shops and boardwalk
elevated boardwalk creates a pathway through landscape without damaging ecosystems
balancing cut and fill to create retail allows for deep channel boat access
although the beach has disappeared, the boardwalk keeps tourism in contact with ocean
33
CURRENT SEA LEVEL
Sea levels are expected to rise
5 FEET
20YRS
20YRS 50YRS
50YRS
100YRS
100YRS
on Long Island by 2080 100YRS 50YRS 20YRS CURRENT SEA LEVEL
SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING
modern bungalow architecture
vegetated dune beach for wildlife and public to enjoy
pier extends to deep water for ocean experience
elevated residences
beach transition from grassland to interdunal marsh
increased water recreation with pier access
swales between homes to take water
34
POCKET PIER FOR NON-TOURISM BEACH ACCESS
saltmarsh and subtidal coastal ecosystems
pier gives direct access to ocean
CURRENT SEA LEVEL
Landscape forms adapt to rising waters and create new social opportunity
20YRS
20YRS 50YRS
50YRS
100YRS
100YRS
100YRS 50YRS 20YRS CURRENT SEA LEVEL
REMODELED SCHOOL
easy school access for residents
raised elevation for limited flood damage
educational access to natural systems
LARGE UPLAND GRASS FIELD FOR ACTIVE RECREATION
bioswale drainage corridor
active recreation field
bioswale drainage corridor
large field area to take storm surge and allow water to infiltrate
field transistions to large natural wetland
35
single family housing
vegetated pedestrian and wildlife corridor between homes
36
dense housing to connect to urban fabric
vegetated roadway to reduce runoff
corridor retains moisture surge to protect homes
catch basin parking garage
low streets keep water from damaging residences
HURRICANE 37
e h t g n i r e t en F O O R E DUN
38
dune roof areas
dune roofed parking garage for tourism vehicles
acts as catch basin during storm events
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plant selection
Juncus arcticus Shore Rush
Aronia prunifolia Purple Chokeberry
Ilex verticillata Winterberry
coastal interdunal marsh/swale Ammophila breviligulata Beach Grass
Schizachyrium scoparium Little Bluestem
Hudsonia tomentosa Hairy Hudsonia
Lathyrus japonicus Beach Pea
beachgrass grassland Myrica pensylvanica Northern Bayberry
maritime shrubland 40
Prunus maritima Beach Plum
Rosa virginiana Virginia Rose
Lechea maritima Seabeach Pinweed
Oenothera perennis Small Sundrops
Aristida tuberculosa Sea Beach Needlegrass
Achillea millefolium Yarrow
Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata Tall Wormwood
41
project summary JAMAICA BAY
ATLANTIC OCEAN
42
0’
400’
800’
N
The implementation of multiple programs, landscapes, and circulation systems will rience. The residents of Long Island will be
connected
revitalize
the Rockways through tourism and natural expe-
to the landscape without damaging the ecosystem. Over the course of time this will
become a thriving community among changing climactic conditions. Infrastructure will be the leading agent against sea level rise. This community will survive natural disaster through innovative technology and a defensive
landscape
resilient
.
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