The History Of Modern Architecture
Villa Savoye (1931) Le Corbusier
William Weston ID:16110725 History of Modern Architecture ARC4010 Architecture BA(Hons)
Contents: 1) Contents Page 2) What is Modernism? 3) Pre Raphaelites 4/5/6) Examples of Bauhaus 7/8) Bauhaus Inspired Contemporary Architecture 9) Le Corbusier Unite D’Habitation Presentation 10/11) Le Corbusier Mini Essay 12) My Manifesto 13) Essay Writing Guidence Reflection 14/15/16/17/18) Essay Warm up tasks 19/20) References
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What is Modernism? Modernism is famously hard to define, it refers to a broad movement in art that occured in the west, focused on moving away from old fashioned, seemingly outdated conventions and allowing the future to come to fruition without the constraints of the
hadnt previously been seen. Modernism had a huge influence on Architecture throughout the 19th and 20th century and still inspres many today. With a focus on function over form, and a use of practicle materials such as reinforced concrete; many buildings produced
Black on Maroon (1958) Mark Rothko
"Modernism, in the arts, a radical break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression” Kathleen Kupier 22/2/16 past. There was a feel- during the modernism ing among those that era are charecterised pioneered the movby flat roofs, use of erement that art was mostly cubic or cylinnot reflecting modern drical pollygons and society acuratley, that an asymetric design. people had moved on Influential architects but our most precious at the time such as creations where still Ludwig Miles Van Der clinging on to the waysRohe designed buildof yesterday. Modern- ings around an ethos ism is not confined to of “Less is more” as one craft, but rathcan be seen by his er reaches across all beautiful yet sympliscreative outlets from tic Barcelona PavilArchitecture to Dance, iion. Buildings where all those inspired by charecterised by sleek the new way of think- and functional design, ing wished to exper- with a colour palet iment with bold new of whites, creams, forms, and new tech- chrome and black. nology in ways that
Barcelona Chair (1929) Ludwig Mies Van De Rohe & Lilly Reich
Barcelona Pavilion, (1929) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
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Pre - Raphaelites
Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye may John William Waterhouse (1909)
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The Pre Raphaelites were perhaps the first group of artists to epitomise an ethos that can be likened to modernism. They rejected the convention of the period, they were in revolt against the trivial nature of “Genre Painting� that was extremely popular at the time. Producing paintings that by todays standards may seem tame, but caused a moderate level of outrage and contrevercy at the time. The most common early theme for the Pre Raphalites was religious in nature, and many argued at the time that thier representation of holy figures was distasteful due to the level of realism. An ugly Virgin Mary? doesnt go down well in 1849 Sir Edward Burne-Jones (EBJ) was one of the founding members of the Pre Raphalites; I am lucky enough to be studying in the city EBJ was born in, and examples of his artwork are still available to view in abundance in the city. The stained glass window (Left) can be found in St.Phillips cathedral, a classic example of EBJ work that can be recognised by the slightly elongated bodies and small heads of the charecters involved in the scene. I also visited the Pre- Raphalite exhibition at the Birmingham City Art Gallery and Museum, and St.Martins Cathedral that have more Pre-Raphalite Stained glass windows, I made sketches and took pictures that can be seen on the right.
Examples of Bauhaus George Hart, Millers Department Store, Christchurch (1939)
The Millers Department (Christchurch,NZ) was designed by George Hart and opened in 1939. Its design is heavily influenced by the Bauhaus movement as can be seen in both its construction methods and its facade. It was the first building in Newzealand in which internal pillars bare the load of the slabbed floors, this enabled Hart to create a mostly glazed and somewhat fragile appearing exterior not commonly seen at the time. The cubic shape and horizontal glass panels on the exterior are rem-
iniscent of Victor Gropius’ Fagus Factory, and the curved four corners some what resemble Peter Berhens Turbine Factory. Although neither of the buildings referenced were designed for shopping, some of the humanistic design of these factories are what make the Miller Department store so successful, the inclusion of maximum natural light for example .I like many elements of this building, the floors seem to levitate over one another when viewed from the adjacent road due to the lack
of structural columns on the exterior, it gives the building a light and futuristic feel that is appealing. I also enjoy the rounded corners, the overall form of the building is more exciting than others of the time due to its unusual shape and as a result invites investigation, drawing shoppers in. If glass was available at the time that could stretch across the glazed facade rather than divided windows with frequent frames, the building would not look out of place in a modern day city.
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Example Two Marcel Breuer “Wassily Chair” (1926)
Marcel Breuer became director of the Bauhaus in the late 1920’s, the Wassily Chair is one of many examples of furniture he created alongside Architectural designs that embodied the Bauhaus’ philosophy of integrating industry and design.The chair is was inspired by the manufacture of bicycle frames, and the construction of the chair uses techniques learnt from local plumbers. Steel was readily available in large quantities at the time and the use of this industrial material combined with Canvas taught by concealed springs was a revolution in furniture design that embodies the spirit of Bauhaus fantastically. I personally enjoy many aspects of the aesthetic, at a glance the steel tubing appears to be endless, as one piece,
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leading the eye to explore the intricate canvas strips suspended between the frame. There is no material in places where it is not absolutely necessary and there is a complete lack of ornamentation which is inline with the Modernism movement of which Bauhaus is a significant part of. The simplicity of the colour scheme is something that I find striking and inquisiting, I find myself studying this chair much more than a traditional piece of furniture in order to understand the purpose of each canvas piece, that from many angles is not immediately clear. The practicality of the chair is also something I can appreciate, the sloped seat and sturdy Lumbar support look equally comfortable and supportive as they do elegant and sexy.
Example Three Piet Mondrian “Composition with yellow blue and red” (1937-1942)
Mondrian believed he was representing a universal truth beyond every day experience with his expressions of the abstract quality of line, he produced numerous pieces using only perfectly straight, horizontal or vertical lines and primary colours. I believe this piece is a strong example of the “less is more” approach to art that was created by Bauhaus Pioneers such as Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, as can be seen in the reductionist yet elegant Barcelona Pavilion. There is simplistic beauty in this
piece, the ratios used are naturally pleasant to the human eye and reflect the “Golden Ratio” seen throughout nature as well as in ancient architecture. The use of only primary colours, black and white makes the piece visually very striking, all tones are sharp and crisp and definitely not like anything seen in popular paintings of centuries previous. Artists like Mondrian broke molds in the same was as the Pre-raphaelites did many years earlier, by rejecting the need to paint something tangible but
rather experiment with the abstract. Also as an architectural student I see some resemblance to a floor plan, especially of the style of building created by Bauhaus’ most famous Architects, and this cubic geometry is pleasing to the eye in the same way as the Villa Savoy’s 1st floor is. At first glance simple and without feeling but ultimately an elegant and refined piece of work that shines a light into te future of the designed world.
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Bauhaus Influence Today
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Bauhaus’ influence can be seen in many modern day architectural projects, the use of piloti to free up floor space and allow for a none structural outer wall is utilised in most large scale commercial builds, including the one I have chosen to site on this page. There is a building currently under construction to extend the Bauhaus School of Arts Archives and museum. So not only is the design of the building influenced by, and a representation of Bauhaus architecture but it also is to become a part of Bauhaus history in a literal and physical sense. A competition was held for the archive expansion which was won by Berlin architect Volkar Staab. The design encompasses 6700
ed that upholds the experimental quality of the Bauhaus. It will attract people to meet up there, exchange views and rediscover the many different aspects of the Bauhaus idea.” The design reflects many elements of Bauhaus design, it is understated and minimalist yet striking and beautiful. Its simple geometric shape and use of heavily glazed exterior is reminiscent of many commercial scale buildings of the period. Staabs design does differ from many Bauhaus constructions in the fact that the exterior walls do provide structural strength to the building and share the load of the concrete slabbed floor, however this is done through the use of a thin widely spaced lacing of metal
Volkar Staab’s Winning Design
Quick Sketch of Staab’s Design
square feet of expansion including underground rooms to house the worlds largest collection of materials on the history of the Bauhaus art school. The most interesting element of Staab’s design however is the inclusion of a five story tower with a completely glazed, almost frail appearing facade. “Volker Staab has given us a design that will cause a sensation,” - Regula Lüscher, the senate director of urban development for Berlin. “It has an attractively modest quality, an open, flexible museum setting will be creat-
work that does not lessen the effective lightness and delicacy of the exterior. The building also bares a striking resemblance to many conceptual sketches produced by Bauhaus architect Ludwig Miles Van Der Rohe for the Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper Project, 1921 (Example on the next page). Both designs include the use of a completely glazed exterior, a glass tower encasing a layered cake of concrete slab floors.
There are many things that have drawn me to select this building over the multitude of other Bahaus influenced designs I could have picked from. I find its story particularly interesting, the fact that it is going to become an extension of the infamous Bahaus school, but I’m more drawn to this design due to its beauty, the way it seamlessly interacts with the surrounding sky,
the fact that you can see straight through the floors and out the other side. Its a building that is fascinating by nature, no person will walk past this structure and not be drawn into it, for it invites curiosity. You will be able to see other visitors browsing the archives from outside the building, a passer by cant help but wonder what they are looking at. I find myself wanting to
explore the level by level interior view, to admire the landscape in every direction and to try and understand how such a seemingly delicate building can exist. The glazed exterior is also an extremely clever way of not disrupting the history of the site, it is effectively transparent. It does not stick out like a sore thumb among the genuine Bauhaus architecture as a solid facade may do, the original views of the school are not disrupted by this elegant addition. The lighting too, inside the building must be an interesting site. No shade is provided by anything other than the exterior metalwork that no doubt will cast an intriguing shadow through the rooms.
Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe, Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper Project (1921) Concept Visualisation
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Le Corbusier Unite D’Habitation
Below are my Group Presentation Slides for a Resarch Task on the Unite D’Habitation:
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My Thoughts on the Unite The Unite D’Habitation was commissioned in 1947, following the second world war in which Marseille was frequently bombed, many homes were left destroyed and thus there existed a severe lack in public housing the unite was commissioned in order to provide homes on a large scale for this having survived the war. The commission was unique in the fact that no restrictions were put upon the build, Le Corbusier had a free rein of the site.The buildings Is Situated in Marseille, southern France and is surrounded immediately by lush greenery, grass trees and shrubs. The wider context of the site sits among a grid of roads and developed buildings in the densely populated french city. The internal layout of the Unite is intended to reflect this city context, with internal streets and shops functioning as an enclosed micro-city. The Huge tower block had 337 apartments at the time of opening and was capable of housing some 1600 residents. The ambitious build also included shops, a hotel, rooftop terraces and athletic tracks and many other quirky features all intended to bring together a community that had been torn apart by war. Corbusier envisaged an ideal living environment for residents, not only a practical mass housing solution but also a building that would dramatically improve the quality of life for those residing in it.
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“The Radient City” The Unite D’Habitation birthed the famous Le Corbusier quote that a house is a “Machine for living in” however this can easily be mis interpreted. I believe what Le Corbusier meant by this was not that homes were places that had no character, no love and no individuality, but rather that it is possible to affordably and effectively mass produce homes that are beautiful places to live in.A more appropriate quote in my eyes is Le Corbusier referring to this build as “The Radiant City” a whole community contained within one building, an idealised vision of what the future may hold for architecture in which neighbours know each other, everyone has enough space, nature is easily accessed and seen, and people look after one another.The unite took advantage of Le Corbusier’s Domino Housing System, designed back in 1914, it includes the use of Piloti and large slabs of reinforced concrete creating a
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string layering of floors with a very flexible floor space. There exists four main structural Piloti running through the heart of the building in a classic Corbusier grid style, and living units cut a section along the block, deciding it up into pairs if apartments where supporting columns allowed for an open floor plan. Corbusier used three floors for each pair of interlocking apartments, this allowed for double height spaces in the living units and for fewer, more populated “roads” to run through the building rather than tight corridors. The Building was made from reinforced Beton Brut (Rough Cast) Concrete for the most part, Le Corbusier is known for his use of Reinforced Concrete, a relatively new material for the time, however this particular rough cast Concrete is less frequent. The concrete was left unfinished and remains visually exposed for the most part. This design decision may have been made
for several reasons, firstly I would imagine this rough cast Concrete is cheaper than a smooth finish, therefore the building would be a more cost effective solution to the housing problem. However although rough concrete may give rise to quizzical and confused looks to many people today, at the time of construction there was no negative connotations or stigmatisation attached to bare concrete. It was a new material, and was being used in some of the most highly regarded architecture of the time, it is completely possible that it may have been considered some what exotic and exciting. There is no ornamentation or attempt at traditional elegance inside or out, aside from the use of concrete and glass there is little other to mention in terms of materiality, a refined and understated design choice, typical of Le Corbusier.
My Manifesto Taken from the latin word “homines” meaning “people” Hominism is focused not on one country, or one influence, but humanity viewed as a whole. In order to tackle such issues as over population, global warming, water shortages and the ever increasing rate of deforestation, I believe that geographical boundaries should be disregarded, and humanity should work as one to make useful change. It is my belief that it is key to mankind’s survival that in the near future countries merge, rather than segregate, that rich culture is remembered, but not forcibly maintained, and that all humans can be represented by one flag. A global community is much more capable of tackling the real time threats to our earth, than a heap of segregated, quarrelling and hateful individual countries.
HominISm 1) An absolute focus on sustainability, over all else. A building should not take more from the environment than it gives. 2) Inspiration for buildings should be taken from its natural surroundings rather than made up stylistic movements. Architects should not scar the landscape, but rather leave the world a more beautiful place than they found it. 3) Architectural styles should not be confined by geographical boundaries, buildings should not be created to look like their neighbours, but rather to look like their setting. 4) Housing should include shared, communal spaces such as gardens and play areas, encouraging interaction, conversation and understanding. 5) A site should not be flattened in order to build a cubic building, but the building should be designed around the site. 6) Communities should not be segregated by class, a rich mans lavish house should be next door to a council housing project. 7) More investment should be put into educational facilities, and creating inspiring buildings for the next generations greatest thinkers.
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Essay Task One
Referencing, Citation and Sources
This worksheet was useful in order to get clarification on how to reference and what style of referencing BCU require. I learnt that BCU use a Harvard Style referencing system, I looked up and noted the order that the references should be
It also got me thinking about what sources I should use for my essay, and got the ball rolling as to how I should quire these. One big problem I face is that there is a very limited number of books from the recommended reading list that can be found in the library, some for example only have one copy. This means I may have to order some books online, or look for other useful books that may not have been taken out yet.
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in for different kinds of sources! Also some elements of the reference need to be in Italics and others in brackets, this exercise has made me more confident that my referencing will be accurate.
Overall I believe that this task was very useful, and helped me gain clarification through my own research as to what referencing style is expected. Some of the metaphors used in my eyes were shooting a little low, and definitley seemed to be targeted at someone far less experienced than myself, however this is to be expected as not everybody on my course will have had that prior experience.
I already have some essay writing skills from previous education, the majority of things I have learnt from this process is the specific format required by BCU. I have used citations in essays before, and luckily for me the method of citation I am used to is the
same as that outlined on the Academic Writing Guidelines that I used to help me complete this task. The order of references (alphabetical from last name) is something I didn’t know prior to reading through this worksheet.
Essay Task Two I have chosen the following question: Frank Lloyd Wrights concept of Prairie Style houses epitomises American values, breaking with the european influence of the neo-classical style that was prominent in the USA at the turn of the century. How did Frank Lloyd Wright develop this style, what were his key influences and how are these principles represented in the houses themselves. Discuss with reference to two examples.
Where to begin??
What does the question mean: How did Frank Lloyd Wright develop the Prairie style, what were his influences and how did these influences manifest themselves in the houses, with reference to two specific examples. What do I already know: I have a good knowledge of Frank Lloyd Wrights history, I have an in depth knowledge of three of his buildings (Robie House, Falling Water, Guggenheim Museum) I know the prairie style was influenced by the flat landscape of the Prairie lands in america, I know FLW was influenced by his love of Japanese art, and he took inspiration from nature. I also know that he experimented a lot with cubic geometry, which is sometimes attributed to him playing with a kind of building block as a child. What do i need to know: An in depth history of FLW from birth to the creation of the Prairie style, I need to understand his influences e.g what Japanese art did he particularly like? What specifically did he enjoy? how can this be seen in his buildings? I need an in depth knowledge of two or more of his classic Prairie houses, and an understanding of cultural context at the time of this new style emerging. How is this assignment different to others that I am working on: Its far less creative, and much more analytical. I understand the importance of a task such as this, and I enjoy having a discussion and forming an argument. There is a lot of reading involved, which isn’t ideal for me as I am dyslexic - however I’m excited for the challenge. How will I chose my Sources: I want to use a broad range of sources, I aim to find conflicting opinions that enable me to better form my own judgement rather than regurgitating information that somebody else has put together. My sources need to be written by qualified experts, and be well researched themselves. I wish to also take notes from audiobooks where possible and take advantage of recorded interviews with Frank Lloyd Wright.
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Free Writing task Prior to writing the essay, or doing the reading, I wrote for ten minutes, completely un planned, about the topic. This helped me identify gaps in my knowledge, helped me focus my reading and gave me an insight as to what the structure of my essay may look like.
Frank Lloyd Wrights Prairie style house draws on a few key influences, firstly FLW loved Japanese art, as well as elements of the culture. FLW was influenced by nature and the context/ surroundings of a building, the low bold geometry of the Prairie style was inspired by the flat nature of the American Prairie lands. Also, from a young age Wright was given a sort of building block (not dissimilar to lego) to play with, and assemble into building like forms. This could explain his fascination with right angles, cuboid geometry and long horizontal lines. Franks first building projects were for family members, although not all of these projects bare a striking resemblance to a Prairie style house, elements that would later combine to form this style are visible in some of these early works. Such as the use of flat, dramatically overhanging roofs, and long, low strips of glaze and even a floor plan that resembles a cross. The floor plan of wrights buildings were kept open, with little division compared to others of the time, this may reflect the Japanese influence, as many traditional Japanese buildings contain large open plan communal rooms. I will likely include reference to the Robie house as one of my two examples, a house intended to allow the resident to observe his neighbours. . . without being observed himself.
From this exercise I am beginning to understand how the structure of my essay may look, and what points I need to cover. I have no idea on cultural context at the time so that is definitely a weakness at this point - and also I need to identify which elements of Japanese art Wright was most drawn to, although I can visually understand the Japanese influence I am struggling to eloquently define it.
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Essay Mind Map Japanease Art
Nature
Early Works
Geometry
Open Floor plan
Praire Lands
Beliefs Mentors Early Works
Influences
Wrights History Childhood Family Life
war
Politics
Cultural Context Economy
Technology
How did Frank Lloyd Wright develop the Praire style, what were his influences and how did these influences manifest themselves in the houses, with reference to two specific examples.
Concept sketchs
Identifying influence
Interviews and quotes
Praire Houses Cross floor plan
Flat Roofs
Low bold geometry
2nd Example
Robie House
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Essay Plan INTRODUCTION: Give Cultural and Architectural context, refer to neo-classicism, introduce Frank Lloyd Wright and define Prairie style giving examples. Outline franks influences briefly.
PARAGRAPH 1: Childhood, early education and family influences with reference to Building blocks PARAGRAPH 2: Wrights early work, beginning to pick out characteristic elements. (Including Illustrations) PARAGRAPH 3: Japanese art influence, giving specific examples (Including Illustrations) PARAGRAPH 4: Wrights love of nature, mention falling water to give example? Talk of how flat Prairie land began to influence Wrights low bold Geometry (including Illustrations) PARAGRAPH 5: Wrights first Prairie style house, identify features linking with key influences, talk about how revolutionary the elements were. (Including Illustrations) PARAGRAPH 6: More refined example e.g Robie, identify development since early house, how has it changed, how is it the same? (Including Illustrations) PARAGRAPH 7: Over view of several builds in less detail, highlighting similarities and how they link to the influences
CONCLUSION: Summaries success and influence of the Prairie style, make statements about each of the potential influences and their validity, which do I think is the most important? Do I like the Prairie style? is it still influential today?
Note "Paragraph" is aprox 200 words, around 2-3 Paragraphs in reality. 17
Essay Poster Introduction: - Who is Frank Lloyd Wright? - What is the Prairie Style? - Some of his main influences
Winslow House sketch:
Key illustrations
Cultural Context: - Racial Segregation - Automobiles becoming available - Pre WW1 Essay Body: 1) Family Life
Willet House Sketch:
2) Love of nature and Prairie 3) Winslow House 4) Japanese Art 5) Froebel Blocks 6) Influence of client
Robie House Sketch:
7) Robie House Conclusion: The style is a mix and match of wide spread influence’s however this does not take away from the originality of the style. My Books: Curtis, W. (1996) Modern Architecture since 1900, (3rd ed. ) London, Phaidon (Chapter 7, The Architectural System of Frank Lloyd Wright) Frampton, K Modern( 1992) Architecture – a Critical History.(3rd ed) London, Thames & Husdon Pp 57-64 The Myth of the Prairie Larkin, D, (1993) Frank Lloyd Wright: the masterworks Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation London: Thames & Hudson in association with the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, 1993 Pfeiffer, B & Futawaga, Y,( 2002 ) Prairie houses : Frank Lloyd Wright, 18671959;Tokyo: ADA Edita Wright, F, L. (2005) Frank Lloyd Wright, an Autobiography (7th ed) Pomegranite Publishing
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Bibliography
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Image References: Title Page (Villa Savoye) Original Image: Archikey, Nick (n.d) Buildings, Villa Savoye Image by Nick. Available at: http://archikey.com/building/read/2763/Villa-Savoye/552/ [Accessed Dec 1st 2016] What is Modernism? (“Black on maroon” by Mark Rothko) image: Mark Rothco (June 21st 2014) Black on Maroon 1958 Restored to its Former Glory. Available at: http://www.markrothko.org/black-maroon-1958-restored-former-glory/ [accessed Nov 14th 2016] What is Modernism? (“Barcelona Chair” by Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe) Image:Design Eternal (n.d) Barcelona Chair. Available at: http://designeternal.com/home/1362361397-barcelona-chair.html [Accessed Nov 13th 2016] What is Modernism? (“Barcelona Pavillion” by Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe) Image: World Arcgitecture Map (n.d) Barcelona Pavillion. Available at: http://www.worldarchitecturemap.org/ buildings/barcelona-pavilion [Accessed Nov 24th 2016] Pre Raphaelites (“gather ye rosebuds while ye may” by Jhon William Waterhouse) Image: Faith Dreams (July 10th 2013) Develop Your Purpose in Life. Available at: https://faith-dream. com/2013/07/10/develop-your-purpose-in-life-and-make-the-most-of-your-time-on-earth/ [Accessed Oct 16th 2016] Examples of Bauhaus (“milers Department Store” by George Hart) Image: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand ( Oct 22nd 2014) Millers Department Store, Christchurch. Available at: http:// www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/44770/millers-department-store-christchurch [Accessed 0ct 28th 2016] Examples of Bauhaus (“wassily Chair” by Marcel Breuer) Image: Bauhaus Furiture, Alice ( Jan 24th 2014) Bauhaus Wassily Chair. Available at: https://psychedelialice.wordpress. com/2014/01/24/buahaus-furniture/ [Accessed dec 1st 2016] Examples of Bauhaus (“Composition with yellow blue and red” by Piet Mondrian) image: Humanities 31 (Nov 28th 2012) Composition with yellow blue and red 1930. Available at: https://humanities31.wordpress.com/2012/12/01/lecture-11-28-2012-dada-russian-constructivism-bauhaus-le-corbusier-and-beginnings-of-social-realism/composition-with-redblue-and-yellow-1930/ [Accessed Oct 29th 2016] Bauhaus Influence today (“Bauhaus archive extention” by Volkar Staab) Image: Freason, A (Oct 23rd 2015) Staab Architeken Chosen to extend Berlins Bauhaus - Archiv With “Almost Frail” Design. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2015/10/23/staab-architekten-extend-berlin-bauhaus-archiv-competition-walter-gropius-museum/ [Accessed Nov 2nd 2016] Bauhaus Influence Today (“Friedrichstrasse Skyscraper Project” Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe) Image: Modern Architecture (n.d) Mies van der Rohe: Friedrichstrasse office building projects. Available at: http://www.pitt.edu/~tokerism/0040/mod1.html [Accessed Nov 2nd 2016] My Thoughts on the Unite (Top Image) :Dirie, A (Dec 8th 2012) Unite D’Habitation Marseille. Available at: http://petitcabannon.blogspot.co.uk/2012/12/childrens-bedroom-plan-and-section-of.html [Accessed Nov 23rd 2016] My Thoughts on the Unite (Second from top image) : Google Maps, Available at: https:// www.google.co.uk/maps/place/Housing+Unit/@43.2613442,5.3945146,766m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x12c9b8a031739b61:0xfd751c7510d38d56!8m2!3d43.2613 442!4d5.3967033 [Accessed Nov 23rd 2016] My Thoughts in the Unite (Second from bottom image & bottom Image) : Kroll, A (Nov 5th 2010) AD Classics: Unite D”habitation/Le Corbusier. Available at: http://www.archdaily. com/85971/ad-classics-unite-d-habitation-le-corbusier/ [Accessed Nov 23rd 2016] The Radient City (Unite D’Habitation Elevations) Image: Imgarcade.com (n.d) Unite D”Habitation Elevations. Available at: http://imgarcade.com/1/unite-dhabitation-elevation/ [Accessed Nov 23rd 2016] Essay Task One (“Modern Architecture since 1990” By Curtis, W.) Image: Amazon (n.d) Modern Architecture since 1990. Available at: https://www.amazon.co.uk/Modern-Architecture-Since-William-Curtis/dp/0714833568 [Accessed 20 Dec 2016]
Bibliography
Research References:
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