DROSSLINE
The Drossline Brunswick: A new infrastructural framework providing a reinvented suite of civic, community and private programme including baths, parklands, distribution and data centres through the establishing symbiotic relationships between programe through redistribution of waste outputs.
Will Priestley Independent Thesis ABPL90169 Masters of Architecture November 2015 214501
I would like to thank my family and friends for their fantastic support as well as Jason from Any Colour You Like Printing for being so accommodating. Great thanks must go to Alan Pert for his excellent and astute guidance through the drosscape of my own creative thoughts as well as Karen Burns and Philip Goad for their fantastic insights through reviews throughout the semester.
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THESIS STATEMENT
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This thesis will demonstrate how residual ‘waste’ landscapes, ‘drosscapes’, can be the conduit for a revised urbanism better suited to the future city challenged by increased population, consumption and demand. Using the Upfield Line corridor as a case study this thesis repositions the peripheral drosscape as an ‘urban battery’ at the very heart of the city. Accommodating the infrastructural demands of the future, the drosscape becomes enlivened by the complex flows of energy, water, heat and data, facilitating a systems based approach to resource management. Absorbing and redistributing excess, the drosscape allows the growth of parasitic architecture and programme in and around it as the beginnings of a future civic space.
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WHAT IS A DROSSCAPE?
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The drosscape is natural byproduct of the urban. From the wastelands of defunct industrial land and traumatised landscapes left behind through the insertion of highways and transmission pylons down to the vacant lot within the street, the drosscape is many things. All its identities however share a commonality in the liminal qualities they present within the ‘urban whole’ as a result of macro-scale post-industrial outcomes. These spaces described as ‘drosscapes’ by Alan Berger are interruptions in the conventional understanding of our urbanised environment and undermine the simplistic labels of ‘urban’ and ‘non-urban’ due to their inherent relationship they have with the urbanisation process.
Images left to right: Interstate Highways 610/10, Houston, TX (Berger, A., ‘Drosscape’), Moonee Ponds Creek Viaduct (author), Detroit’s shrinking suburbs (www.landscapeandurbanism.com)
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The city is not full.
Despite its plethora of skyscrapers, the crush of cars at peak hour and the perpetual dance of artificial lighting around the clock our city is a patchwork of the formal and informal. What conventional urbanism may describe as ‘urban fabric’ is not a universal condition. This fabric, which insinuates continuity, is in fact carefully striated by planning controls and rent in countless locations throughout the city some through deliberate actions of major infrastructure projects and other through idiosyncratic happenstance of economic fortune and quirks of ownership.
Image: Abandoned Detroit - http://www.davejordano.com/
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Drosscapes will become increasingly common elements within our cities. In our de-industrialising, Post-Fordist urban environment, drosscapes are arising from the fundamental shift in the macro-scale forces that influence our cities. Consequently, there is an increasingly commoner need for designers to understand the implicationsof these drosscapes and work within rather than against them.
Image: Zollverein, Essen - www.timetravelturtle.com
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FUTURE DROSSCAPE
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1. Our present methodologies fail in responding to the opportunities of the drosscape. Urban renewal projects such as Docklands and Fisherman’s Bend interpet the indeterminate potential of the drosscape as the very reason for its undersiderability. From a constrained perspective of the urban and non-urban the drosscape is an anomaly in need of eradication to be replaced by an image of conventionally productive and ‘full’ urban land.
Photos left to right: Southbank 1986, State Library of Victoria Archives, Southbank 2015 - author
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2. The drosscape is the arena in which to mount expeditions into alternative urban systems As a drosscape is experienced as a hiatus in the urban fabric, a brief disjuncture in the conventional ‘order’ of urban things, it benefits from its separation from the constraints that typify the established urban fabric. Traditional notions of neighbourhood character, grain, allotments, boundaries and edges all break down within the drosscape allowing for their critical review and reinvention in a manner unable to be realistically entertained within the restrictions of a carefully stratified conventional urban fabric.
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3. The drosscape is not a divide but in fact a connection. In sitting outside the scope of typical planning canon which segreates and treats our city as a composition of individual allotments like archipelagos swimming in an urban sea, the drosscape allows us to look at the inherent connections within a district and rethink the urban system that comprises it. The smooth spaces of the drosscape occur through residential, industrial and commercial alike allowing for synergies to be examined. Far from a barrier, the drosscape offers the opportunity to be the urban glue of our future cities.
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MAPPING
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Initial mapping looked at the existing distribtion of form, greenery and power within the vicinity of the drossline to begin to establish pockets, precincts and fields relevant to the field of enquiry.
SURROUNDING BUILDING FORMS
GREEN AND OPEN SPACE
ENERGY
POWER LINES
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100m
200m
300m 120m
180m 19 0m
300m
180m 200m
125m
475m
115m
635m
In proposing a redefinition of our urban fabric as an interconnected network of inputs and outputs, at both the local and regional levels the drossline has the opportunity to become the foundation of new format of national infrastructure, delivering, monitoring and redistributing power, energy and resources throughout the landscape based on the particularities of each districts supply and demand. From a theoretical standpoint the drossline could become the energy arterials of our nation expanding the concept of infrastructure from singular large scale installations to an ‘energised field’ or diverse and complementary uses that flourish along the drossline, capitalising on each others outputs to subsidise their own energy expenditure.
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Evolution of the street. The exploration of the drosscape as the future infrastructural corridor of the urban environment liberates the street from its progressive evolution into an infrastructural apparatus that usurps and disrupts its original role as a human scale environment The following diagrams outline the gradual evolution of the street over time and the increased occupation of space by services, power lines, lights and sewage lines, their continued maintenance and upkeep resulting in the regular disruption of the street’s original and now diminished function. In seeking to provide a liberating alternative the drosscape must successfully incorporate all the infrastructural elements presently foisted upon the street.
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Mapping of uses was conducted to establish a framework of base inputs and outputs that occurred within the vicnity of the drossline. Assumptions were made on base outputs in line with existing figures on energy and resource demands of various industrial sector derived from literature on Austrlian energy and industrial markets (Pears 2006, Clean Energy Future Group 2004) What arose was a diverse mix of uses and outputs in a geographically small catchment supporting the potential for a district based exchange of outputs, byproducts and waste resources in line with the differing peak demands that apply across commercial, residential and industrial uses.. Key anchor sites within this landscape arise in the form of RMIT Brunswick campus, Safeway, Brunswick Baths and the Moreland Road Tram Depot with specific energy needs and waste outputs.
1m2 of pool GFA
cools
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Overall energy expenditure
Retail distribution
Residential distribution
Industrial/warehouse distribution
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Mapping of physical qualities was also complemented by more experiential analysis resulting in the following zonal diagrams. Taken at 250m intervals along the Upfield Line these diagrams seek to plot the audible, atmospheric and movement based experiences of the drosscape. These diagrams revealed micro-environments within the drosscape that spoke of a diversity of system and environments contrary to its generalised image as defunct ‘unproductive land’. Sweeping paths indicate the flight of native parokeets between isolated pockets of native Eucalypts and Grevillea within an otherwise hostile landscape of industrial infrastructure. Radiating spheres betray the thrum of industrial machinery, forklifts and loading bays just beyond the blank brick interfaces hinting at a vibrant activity beyond. Vehicular traffic ebbs and flows as one passes key arterial roads resulting in an constantly shifting atmosphere of calm and activity punctuated by the defeaning clatter of passing trains.
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Spatial relationships were established at 400m intervals along the length of the study area revealing a diverse relationship of exposure and enclosure dependent on the nature of the surrounding interfaces. Another key finding was the ‘bleeding’ of the drosscape into the urban hinterland across property boundaries into the empty lots, over fences and up perimeter walls in the form of grafitti, billposters and similar embellishment suggesting a hidden relationship and underlying programme of activites that inhabit the space and surrounding area.
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N connings st
tinnings st
victoria st
phoenix st
RMIT
barkly st
S
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Mapping of the Upfield Line’s relationship to the surrounding road network showed the reliance on a number of key east-west links for vehicular traffic over the Upfield Line whilst pedestrian linkages were more frequent provided through a series of smaller crossings from residential side streets.
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CAMELLIA - BRISBANE
CLAISBROOK COVE - PERTH
BICENTENNIAL PARK - SYDNEY
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In anticipation of future grade separation along the Upfield Line the proposal had to take a position in relation to the merits of the Upfield Line being relocated below or above grade. After consideration of the logistics and economic ramifications of both scenarios a decision was made early in the design process that the raising of the trainline presented a more beneficial, if visually prominent outcome, releasing the potential of the ground plane whilst necessitating a design that was ‘designed to be viewed�
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Whilst problematic in their representation of idyllic environs detached from their immediate context initial collaging of the drosscape presented the formative steps of the design’s presentation of the various relationships that could exist within its framework as a series of ‘scapes’ each articulating the possibilities of new forms of ‘parasitic’ programme creating new and unanticipated relationships between resource distribution and civic/community uses.
Top; Datascape, Middle: Bathscape, Bottom: Greenhousescape
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BRUNSWICK DROSSLINE
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Aerial Photo Source: Nearmaps Pty Ltd
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Site Selection: The Upfield Line The Upfield Line represents one the primary north-south transport corridors within Melbourne. Running for a length of 20.1km and servicing 15 stations. Whilst running through a diverse mix of environments, the 2.2km stretch between Jewell Station just north of Brunswick Road and Moreland Station north of Moreland Road has been selected because of its urban condition as a of particular interest given its inclusion within the Brunswick Structure Plan. Liminal landscape residing directly behind and within the Brunswick Structure Plan. With the knowledgeof future redevelopment of the surrounding area there becomes an opportunity to critique and rethink the opportunities that exist in their adjacencies. The inclusion of Moreland Road intersection on the at-grade separations also foreshadows the raising or lowering of at least part of the line in future. The diverse mix of uses comprising educational, community, industiral, residential and commercial also provides the opportunity for symbiotic relationships to be formed.
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DESIGN: DROSSLINE
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Overall Section
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The Drossline presents an alternative model of our urban system. It envisages an urban landscape conceived not by the invisible lines of allotment boundaries, crude application of planning zones and the nebulous ill-defined notions of neighbourhood character but rather one defined by a holistic understnading of a cities inputs and outputs. Through liberating the city from a blinkered site-by-site perspective of its own operation, a systems understanding of the urban landscape begins to lay bear the flows of heat, energy, water, gas and data that courses through it the drossline invites an urban order based on fluidity and interconnected relationship where programme rises into existence off the back of the natural byproducts and outputs of the surrounding system resulting a symbiotic relationship of the city as organism.
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Overall Section
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The drossline becomes an urban battery, absorbing and redistributing flows accessible by all, through which infrastructure and sustainability is considered in a holistic fashion. The drossline is a creature of consumption. It looks at the notion of sustainability in a broader sense than that of zero-emissions posterchild buildings and instead seeks to redefine the concept of sustainability on a district scale, essentially proposing a model of urban form based around consumption where programmatic uses can agglomerate and feed off latent outputs of high-intensity activities leading to the creation of new relationships between programme./
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DROSSLINE SECTION 1-250
Overall Section
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THE TRANSFER STATION
The Transfer Station is a critical interchange in the Drossline system providing all the required relays with respect to recalibrating and converting energy and resources to scales appropriate for local distribution. Occurring at intervals in the vicinity of 300-500m the Transfer Station performs a wide range of vital functions which allow the macro-scale infrastructure of the drossline to interact at the local level. These services comprise: Designation as a distribution substation within the electrical network downgrading 22,000kV mains electricity down to 230 volt for local distribution Analysis and storage of short-term storage within power cells of energy surpluses generated by local energy pool. Redistribution of local energy surplus into the drossline at regular intervals for longer-term storage or immediate reuse. Low and high-grade underground thermal storage and distribution. Redistribution of residential grey water outputs for reuse in proximate industrial operations and localised greywater treatment Transfer of blackwater for treatment at district scale Provision of fibre optic and passive wireless connection Repressuring of district and mains gas for local connection. Elevated railway full grade separation with provision of dual line elevated railway. Third line capacity for separated localised freight or express passenger services
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Transfer Station Axonometric Section
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DATASCAPE
The datacentre, the physical manifestation of the world’s most pervasive yet invisible infrastructure; the Internet will become intrinsically linked to the drossline system as the sheer virtual size of the Internet increasingly has a physical influence pushed onwards by the increased retention and analysis of metadata and the incessant chatter of devices on The Internet of Things. In the resolving latency issues, private companies will increasingly seek to site within key areas with access to infrastructural support. Requiring excessive amounts of power and incorporating its own co-generation power plants datacentres are forced to connect to the drossline in order to appropriate offset and redistribute the large waste heat inefficiences that result from the year round temperature regulation. Wired into adjacent residential buildings to provide hydronic heating, electricity and internet access, data centres will become district power plants effectively providing subsidised housing to offset the limited public offerings these edifices provide. Within the Brunswick drossline, the datascape occupies the defunct grain silos north of Tinning Street, establishing a relationship to the site’s lineage of storage and societies transition from physical to virtual in the commodities it purveys.
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DATASCAPE
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DISTRIBUTIONSCAPE
With the drossline’s radical realignment of infrastructure comes a resultant change in commercial and industrial distribution flows. The benefits of industries connection to the drossline alleviate some of the pressure for a business to eliminate inefficiences and waste outputs within their production cycles instead allowing for these waste outputs to be absorbed and redistributed along the drossline to other uses.
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DISTRIBUTIONSCAPE 1:400
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Local distribution centres appear along the drossline, conveyor belts and assembly lines integrated directly into the drossline to expedite the loading and unloading of products and materials. In turn, retail and commercials uses skin their supporting warehouses creating a direct link between distribution and the creation of new commercial arcades through the shells of Brunswick’s remnant industrial buildings.
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DISTRIBUTIONSCAPE 1:250
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BATHSCAPE
Behind the boundary walls of the Brunswick Baths and the Safeway, encrusting the drossline like barnacles to a ship, lies the Bathscape. Materialising as a series of thermal baths and saunas, the bathscape feeds off heat expelled by the refrigerant units of the supermarket and nearby industrial uses providing a consistent source of low-grade heat to heat the baths between 20-50 degrees. Questioning the traditional assumptions of ‘natural resources’ the bathscape repositions industrial outputs and byproducts, ‘natural’ results of industrial processes against the paradigm of the traditional spa-town and its narratives of health, rejuvenation and symbiosis with natural processes.
Right: Bathscape Plan
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Higher-grade heat in the form of steam harnessed from industrial boilers is redistributed to saunaus along the drossline, their sculptural masonry forms reminiscent of the brick kilns of the areas former industry. Beneath the baths, underground thermal storage lines provide a repository for excess heat, allowing the baths to establish a reserve supply of year round heat with minimal energy loss.
Previous - Bathscaoe Axonometric
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Above: Bathscape - Steam Saunas 56 Overleaf: Bathscape Night
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PARKSCAPE
The parkscape proposes a future typology of public space. Hybridizing the picturesque but inert landscape of the public park with the infrastructural capacity of the drossline the underutuilised at-grade car park on Dawson Street is converted into an energised field awaitin colonisation and occupation in its true sense. Connected to the drossline by transfer station set within brick plinths a field of energised pylons provide accesibility to all the services granted one within the conventional urban fabric; reticulated water, sewage, electricity and fibre optic connections. This ‘forest’ of pylons mimics the surrounding Eucalyptus merging concepts of natural and technology into a singular experiential condition. Seemingy spread at random throughout the landscape this aleatoric condition influences the occupation and experience of the space with clusters of pylons resulting in the formation of informal settlements within the landscape whilst stand-alone access points result in isolated outposts as users connect into the drossline network.
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The literal empowerment of the public park is a marked departure from traditional conceptions of public space, deliberately undermining the underlying notions of civic order and control that permeate these spaces. When one wishes to protest or engage in the public realm their agency as citizen is inherently limited by the constraints associated operating solely withing public space. In leaving our private residences we leave behind the infrastrucual support that allows for permanent settlement and become detached from our infrastructural support. Through removing these inhibiting factors the parkscape rejuvenates and actively supports the revival of public space as a site of protest and community empowerment allowing contemporary examples of mass and long-term protest such as the Aboriginal Tent Embassy, Occupy Wall Street and Hong Kong student protests to operate and express their opinions with the same level of support as their fellow non-dissenting citizens.
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Systems Section Parkscape
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LINESCAPE
With the Upfield Line elevated within the drossline the ground plane is released from its previous infrastructural role. No longer a corridor the rhythm of support columns and overhead trusses transforms the space into an arcade of monumental scale under which the pedestrian path and the Upfield Bike path are sheltered. Freed from the solidity of flanking walls, the arcade serves as the medium into which small programmatic additions can be freely inserted along the drossline their forms reaching out perpendicular to the drossline offering relief and diversions from the linearity of its path.
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DROSSLINE
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1:400
The linescape is envisaged to include a plethora of smaller uses within a park setting in and around the Jewell Station Precinct. Faceted brick structures house bike change facilities and showers for bike commuters alongside artist’s studios hardwired directly into the drossline, the modest energy loads of these uses absorbed by the macro-scale for public benefit. Outdoor play and picnic areas are offset slightly from the drossline, their vistas framed or contained by a field of free-standing walls and geometric forms creating a varied sense of openess and enclosure that promotes exploration and deviation from the path. Ultimately, the space operates as an arcade of courtyards. As one progresses along the parkscape they pass through a series of archway which universally open out horizontally into open spaces subtlely contained by the presence of low garden beds and isolated masonry walls.
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APPENDICES : TECHNOLOGY
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THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used at a later time for heating and cooling applications and power generation. Most frequently seen in northern European countries a typical arrangement such as that utilised at am Ackermann-bogen in Munich comprises of 35m deep 225mm diam. pipes sunken into the ground in a circular field at spacings between 1.0-3.0m intervals. The closed Pipes are filled with granitic rock or water as transfer mediums. Energy efficiency over a 6-month period can reach as high as 90% handling low-grade heat between -40 and 90 degrees. “Sensible heat storage is relatively inexpensive and is applicable to domestic systems, district heating and industrial needs.� (IRENA 2013) Images: Left: UTES diagram - www.undergroundenergy.com; Right: aerial of am-Ackermann-bogen - commons.wikimedia.com
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PEISO-ELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY Piezoelectric ceramics, when mechanically activated with pressure or vibration, have the capacity to generate electric voltages. The system can be configured to generate and store energy from roads, airport runways and rail systems. The harvested energy can be transferred back to the grid, or used for specific public infrastructure purposes such as lighting. Whilst returns are relatively small the ability they have to elicit energy passively from within the environment has generated considerbale interest in their development. Israeli engineering firm Innowatech have installed peiso-electric system on small stretches of railway and generated up charges up to 120kWh sufficient enough to run signalling lights and upload to the grid.
Photo: Innowatech Peiso-electric rail plate - sourced inhabitat.com
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WIRELESS VEHICLE RECHARGING Wireless recharging technology for vehicles is already a reality with technology available in the domestic home with the Qualcomm ‘Halo’. The passive incorporation into the urban landcape is increasingly becoming a reality with the concept of embedding electric vehicle charging technology under the road used to power buses in Korea and trialed on UK highways by laying charging cells beneath the asphalt of designated ‘charging lanes’. The trajectory of electrical recharging technology points to our urban infrastructure becoming an ‘energised field’ with previously inert urban enviornments such as parking spots and roadways actively distributing and recharging our vehicles and devices.
Images: Left: Highways England Electric Lane Trial - gizmag.com Right: Qualcomm ‘Halo’ - theengineer.co.uk
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REFERENCES
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Berger, A., (2006), “Drosscape”, Princeton Architectural Press, NY Berger, A (ed.), (2008) “Designing the Reclaimed Landscape”, Taylor & Francis, NY Byles, J., “Terrain Vague” (2003), in Cabinet, iss. 12 Fall/Winter, Brooklyn, NY Corner, J., (ed), (1999) “Recovering Landscape, Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture”, Princeton Architectural Press, NY Duany, A., & Talen, E., (2013), “Landscape Urbanism and its Discontents: Dissimulating the Sustainable City”, New Society Publishers, British Columbia Everett, B., (2013) “Drosscape as Sponge’ in 101st ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings: New Constellations New Ecologies, McFadden & Thorpe, California Hawkins, G , (2008), “The Ethics of Waste: How we Relate to Rubbish”, Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc, NY Henard, E., (1911), “The Cities of the Future” in Transactions, The Royal Institute of British Architects, pp. 345-367 Huang, M., (2004), “Walking between Slums and Skyscrapers: Illusions of Open Space in Hong Kong, Tokyo and Shanghai”, Hong Kong University Press Koolhaas, (1995), ‘Whatever Happened to Urbanism’ in S,M,L,XL, OMA (with Bruce Mau), The Monicelli Press, NY, pp.959/971 Lehmann, S., and Crocker R., (2012) “Designing for Zero Waste”, Routledge, NY
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Lehmann, S (ed), (2015), “Low Carbon Cities”, Routledge, NY Moreland City Council, “Amendment C134” (as advertised February 2015) – Brunswick & Upfield Corridor Structure Plan, City of Moreland Moreland City Council & Victorian Government “Sydney Road and Upfield Corridor Strategic Framework Plan” (October 2014), Moreland Planning Scheme Mostafavi, M., Doherty, G., (2012), Ecological Urbanism”, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts Pears, A., (2006), “Imagining Australia’s Energy Futures”, RMIT Publishing, Melbourne, Weller, R., (2002) “Between hermeneutics and datascapes: A critical appreciation of emergent landscape design theory and praxis through the writings of James Corner 1990-2000”, in Landscape Review 2002:7(1) pp.25/43 Smith, G., “Private data the Architecture of the Internet”, Smith, G., May 2015 in Architectural Review Sola Morales, I., (1995) ‘Terrain Vague’ in Anyplace, Davidson, C., (ed), MIT Press, Massachusetts Vanz, E., Karakiewicz, J. & Holland, A; (2013), “End User No Longer” in Workshop Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Intelligent Environments J.A. Botía and D. Charitos (eds.) Waldheim, C., (ed.), (2006), The Landscape Urbanism Reader, Princeton Architectural Press, NY
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Relevant Projects OMA – Parc de la Villette Entry OMA et al – Zollverein Master Plan Adriaan Geuze and West 8 – Schowburgplein, Rotterdam James Corner Field Operations and Diller & Scofidio - The High Line Lats + Partner - Landschaftspark Duisberg Nord Kieran Thomas Wardle - Parliament of Eastminster Cedric Price – Potteries Thinkbelt Eugene Henard – Streets of the Future (Paris Cross-sections) Lebbeus Woods – Walls of Change Junya Ishigami - KAIT Artur Nesterenko -Retrofitting the American Dream Tonkin Zulaikha Greer and James Mather Delaney– Paddington Reservoir Gardens
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Art / Images / Structures USSR, DUGA Radar Array, Chernobyl, Ukraine Stockholms Almanna Telefon AB - Telefontornet (Stockholm Telephone Tower) – 1887 Man Ray, Terrain Vague – 1929 Art Front Gallery & Various Artists – Echigo-Tsumari Trienalle and Art Field Setouchi Tirennale Executive Committee - Setouchi International Art Festival Brodsky & Utkin – Wandering Turtle 1984-1990
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Will Priestley - Independent Design Thesis - Semester 2 2015 The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
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