SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE
THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE & URBANISM [ARC 61303]
PROJECT 2: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ESSAY OF RECTO TERMINAL, MANILA, PHILIPPINES & MEDAN PASAR, KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA
NAME : TAN WUI XIANG STUDENT ID : 0321128 TUTOR : MR. PRINCE
CONTENTS
1. BACKGROUND OF THE CONTACT POINTS 2. URBAN LANDSCAPE 3. RESPONSE TO TROPICAL CLIMATE 4. ECONOMIC PATTERNS AND STREETSCAPE 5.URBAN HUMAN PATTERNS 6. CONCLUSION 7. REFERENCES
1. BACKGROUND OF THE CONTACT POINTS RECTO TERMINAL
RECTO STATION IS THE WESTERN TERMINAL STATION OF THE MANILA LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM LINE 2, LOCATED IN RECTO AVENUE. IT IS THE FIRST AND LAST STATION FOR TRAINS HEADED TO AND FROM SANTOLAN. THE CONVENIENT WALKABILITY LOCATION HAS CONTRIBUTED TO MANY BUSINESSES IN THAT AREA SUCH AS, HOTELS, RESTAURANTS AND SHOPS. THE STATION IS NEAR POPULAR SHOPPING CENTERS LIKE ISETANN RECTO, ODEON TERMINAL MALL, EVER GOTESCO MANILA PLAZA, ARRANQUE MARKET AND CENTRAL MARKET. IT IS WITHIN A FEW MINUTES WALK OR THERE ARE JEEPNEY RIDE AVAILABLE HEADING TO THE FAMOUS BARGAIN CAPITAL OF DIVISORIA AND THE OLD GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL OF TUTUBAN. THERE ARE SOME NEARBY LANDMARKS SUCH AS NICE HOTEL, THE MANILA GRAND OPERA HOTEL, FABELLA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL AND MANILA CITY JAIL (BILIBID VIEJO). DUE TO ITS POSITION BEING NEAR TO THE UNIVERSITY BELT, THE STATION IS ALSO CLOSE TO EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY, CHIANG KAI SHEK COLLEGE, ARELLANO HIGH SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST AND SAINT STEPHEN'S HIGH SCHOOL.
MEDAN PASAR
MEDAN PASAR OR MARKET SQUARE IS THE HEART OF THE INNER CITY OF KUALA LUMPUR. IT IS THE CENTRE OF THE ORIGINAL TOWNSHIP AS ESTABLISHED BY YAP AH LOY. IT MUST HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED PRIOR TO 1882, WHEN A FIRE ENGULFED KUALA LUMPUR, AND THE BRITISH RESIDENT FRANK SWETTENHAM DIRECTED THAT ALL BUILDINGS SUCH BE BUILT OF MORE DURABLE MATERIAL GOING FORWARD. IT WAS A BUSTLING PLACE DURING THE LATE 19TH CENTURY. YAP HAD HIS WOODEN HOUSE ON THE SOUTH END OF MARKET SQUARE, ALONG WHAT IS NOW LEBUH PASAR BESAR. THE ORNATE NEO-CLASSICAL SHOPHOUSES FACING MEDAN PASAR WERE THE RESULT OF GUIDELINES PUT IN PLACE BY AB HUBBACK, THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT ARCHITECT. UNFORTUNATELY MOST OF THESE SHOPHOUSES ARE NOT AS WELL MAINTAINED TODAY AS THEY OUGHT TO BE. THE THE CENTREPIECE OF MEDAN PASAR IS THE MARKET SQUARE CLOCK TOWER. HSBC BUILDING AND THE CLOCK TOWER ARE THE TWO LANDMARKS THAT PEOPLE OFTEN ASSOCIATE THIS PLACE WITH. ESPECIALLY THE CLOCK TOWER ERECTED RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF MEDAN PASAR THAT WAS BUILT IN THE EARLY HISTORY.
2. URBAN LANDSCAPE URBAN LANDSCAPE IS DISTINCT FROM 'STREET PHOTOGRAPHY', WHICH LOOKS AT URBAN EXPERIENCE LARGELY THROUGH A STUDY OF THE PEOPLE WHO LIVE IT, ALTHOUGH THE TWO GENRES MAY OVERLAP. URBAN LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHS OFTEN INCLUDE PEOPLE, BUT THEY ARE CLEARLY SITUATED AND EXISTING IN THE STRUCTURES OF THE TOWN OR CITY.
RECTO TERMINAL
IN THE EARLY 1900S, THE AVENUE WAS A THEATER-AND-RESTAURANT ROW, WITH TEATRO LIBERTAD AND ZORILLA THEATER ATTRACTING THE WELL-DRESSED CROWD TO THEIR ZARZUELA SHOWS AND OPERAS ON WEEKENDS. BECAUSE OF THE JUNCTIONS ALONG THE RECTO AVENUE, IT ATTRACTS ALL THE PEOPLE COMING FROM ALL DIRECTION, CAUSING THE AREA BUSY ALONG THE FIVE FOOT WALKWAY. IT MOSTLY CROWDED WITH COLLEGE STUDENTS AS THEY LIKE TO HANGING OUT AFTER SCHOOL AND THE AFFORDABLE ITEM FROM THE SHOPHOUSES ARE THE KEY POINTS TO ATTRACT THE STUDENTS. VENDORS OF SELLING CHEAP FOODS RIGHT IN FRONT OF SHOPHOUSES IS IN A FAST AND CASUAL SETTINGS THAT SUITS THE CONTACT POINT WHERE PEOPLE ARE IN A RAPID URBANIZATION. THIS IS SIMILAR TO MEDAN PASAR, THE SHOPHOUSES ARE RETAINED ITS CHARACTERISTICS BUT THE FUNCTION SUITS NOWADAYS FAST AND CASUAL SETTINGS OF THE URBAN.
MEDAN PASAR
OLD MARKET SQUARE NOW KNOWN AS MEDAN PASAR WAS THE PLACE TO BE FOR TRADERS AS THERE WERE FACILITIES LIKE BANKS, TEXTILE SHOPS, GROCERS, AND TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL HALLS. MEDAN PASAR IN THE MODERN TIMES IS JUST LIKE MANY OTHER ROADS, A PICTURE OF TALL BUILDINGS AND REFURBISHED OLD SHOP HOUSES. THE THREE-STOREY SHOP HOUSES WERE BUILT IN 1920S AFTER THE RELOCATION OF THE MARKET AND NOW HOUSES CAFES, TRINKET SHOPS, CHEAP BOUTIQUES AND MOBILE PHONE STALLS. THE MAIN ROAD THAT CONNECT TWO END OF MEDAN PASAR IS NOW BECOME PEDESTRIAN SQUARE. ALTHOUGH THE ROAD NO LONGER PLAYS HOST TO THE CITY’S BUSIEST MARKET, MEDAN PASAR IS STILL BUZZING WITH ACTIVITIES AS IT IS NOW ONE OF THE MAIN HUBS FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORTS. IN THIS CASE, IT IS SIMILAR TO RECTO TERMINAL, WHICH BECOME A FAMOUS CONTACT POINT BECAUSE OF TRANSPORTATION THAT BRINGING MORE PEOPLE TO THE SITE. MOREOVER, THERE ARE 2 NEARBY LRT STATION AT MEDAN PASAR WHICH ARE MASJID JAMEK LRT STATION AND PASAR SENI LRT STATION.
MEDAN PASAR
G RIV
ER
CLOCK TOWER
KLAN
FIGURE 1 : MEDAN PASAR SITE PLAN SHOPHOUSES ALONG THE KLANG RIVER
FIGURE 2 : UNIVERSITY BELT SITE PLAN CIRCLE HIGHLIGHTS THE CONTACT POINTS AND NUMBER 1 INDICATE THE RECTO TERMINAL.
FIGURE 3 : SIDE WALKWAY SHOPHOUSES UNDER THE RECTO TERMINAL
FIGURE 4 : FIVE FOOT WALKWAY VENDOR AND SERVICES IN FRONT OF THE SHOPHOUSES
FIGURE 5 : BUS HUB PEOPLE WAITING INSIDE FIVE FOOT WALKWAY
FIGURE 6 : MEDAN PASAR VENDOR BESIDES CLOCK TOWER
3. RESPONSE TO TROPICAL CLIMATE MOST SHOPHOUSES OF BOTH MEDAN PASAR AND RECTO TERMINAL HAVE LARGE OPENINGS, LOUVERED DOORS AND COVERED WALKWAYS. THESE ELEMENTS WERE DESIGNED IN RESPONSE TO THE WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE OF SOUTHEAST ASIA SUCH AS MALAYSIA AND PHILIPPINES. THEN, THERE IS THE JACK-ROOF AND AIR-WELLS THAT CAN BE SEEN IN MANY OLD SHOPHOUSES AND TERRACE HOUSES. THIS SEGMENT OF ROOF, SEPARATED FROM THE MAIN ROOF, HAS A CLERESTORY OPENING OR PATTERNED GRILLES. IT PROVIDES STACK VENTILATION THAT REDUCES THE INTERNAL HEAT BUILD-UP, ESPECIALLY DURING DAYTIME. BOTH MEDAN PASAR AND RECTO TERMINAL HAVE THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS IN TERMS OF HOW THE SHOPHOUSES’ STREET TYPOLOGIES DESIGN RESPONSE TO THE HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE. THE SHOPHOUSES ARE SET BACK TO CREATE SPACE FOR PEDESTRIAN WALKING. THE SIDEWALK IS THEIR ONLY WAY OF GETTING FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER, REGARDLESS OF THE WEATHER. IT IS LINE WITH GREENERIES WHICH IS TO PROVIDE A BUFFER ZONE AND SHADE FOR PEDESTRIAN. TOGETHER WITH THE OVERHANG ROOF OF SHOPHOUSES, IT CREATES A MORE PLEASANT WALKING ROUTES DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF SHADE AND CLOSE PROXIMITIES. BESIDES, THE RECESSED ENTRANCES OR STEPS THAT FUNCTION AS AN EXCELLENT TEMPORARY SHELTER FOR PEDESTRIAN. TO ESCAPE THE BUSY FLOW OF HUMAN TRAFFIC UNDER THE SCORCHING SUN, PEDESTRIANS COULD SIMPLY CROSS INTO THE ENTRANCE THRESHOLD OF SHOPHOUSES FOR A SHORT REST. SHOPKEEPERS OFTEN PULL OUT STOOLS IN FRONT OF THEIR SHOP TO MINGLE AMONG EACH OTHER UNDER THE SHADING AREA OF THE OVERHANG PART.
FIGURE 7 : OVERHANG ROOF OF SHOPHOUSES
FIGURE 8 : RECESSED ENTRANCE OF SHOPHOUSES
BECAUSE OF THE ADDITIONAL SPACE CREATED IN FRONT OF THE SHOP, THE SHOPKEEPER TENDS TO MOVE OUT THEIR STALLS AND RACKS TO ATTRACT MORE PASSING PEDESTRIAN TO THEIR SHOP. THE TRADING BETWEEN THE SHOPKEEPER AND THE PEDESTRIAN ARE ENGAGED AND THE RESULT IS THAT THE NECESSARY ACTIVITY OF TRAVELLING THROUGH FIVE FOOT WALKWAY EVOLVES INTO OPTIONAL ACTIVITY OF SHOPPING. PASSIVE AND CHANCE CONTACT ARE FREQUENT BETWEEN SHOPKEEPER AND PEDESTRIAN.
FIGURE 9 : FIVE FOOT WALKWAY AS SOCIAL AND OPTIONAL ACTIVITY
FIGURE 10 : LARGE UMBRELLA AND OVERHANG ROOF SHADING TO CREATE CONTACT POINT
THE FOOD CARTS ALONG THE MEDAN PASAR AND RECTO TERMINAL ARE SIMILAR IN A WAY THAT THEY SET UP UNDER THE SHADE OF BUILDINGS WHILE SOME OF THEM ARE SHELTERED BY LARGE UMBRELLA THAT HELPS TO CREATE CONTACT POINTS DUE TO A MORE COOLING WALKING EXPERIENCE. IN THIS CASE IT LEAD TO MORE AREA FOR OPTIONAL ACTIVITY, WHICH IS SHOPPING AND SERVICE.
FIGURE 11 : CORNER WALKWAY OFTEN CREATE CONTACT POINT
4. ECONOMIC PATTERNS AND STREETSCAPE THE TRADITIONAL SHOPHOUSES ARE THE MOST POPULAR BUILDINGS FOUND IN MEDAN PASAR. A SHOPHOUSE, NORMALLY TWO OR MORE STOREYS, IS A COMMERCIAL AND PRIVATE STRUCTURE. THE TENANTS USUALLY USE THE FIRST FLOOR FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSES SUCH AS SUNDRY SHOP, LIGHT INDUSTRY OR WAREHOUSE, AND RESIDE IN THE UPPER FLOORS. THE BUILDING IS NOT FREESTANDING BUT IT IS CONNECTED TO SEVERAL OTHER SHOPHOUSES, WHICH CREATE A SHOPHOUSE BLOCK. THIS SHOPHOUSE UNIT IS REPEATED TO FORM STREETS AND TOWN SQUARES. BUILDING MATERIALS SUCH AS BRICK, PLASTER, CONCRETE AND TIMBER ARE USED. BECAUSE OF THE ECONOMIC INCENTIVES THROUGH TRADE, THE COMMERCIAL NATURE OF THE SHOPHOUSE CAUSED IT TO BECOME THE PRIMARY HOUSING TYPE INTRODUCED IN MEDAN PASAR. THE ORIGINS OF THE SHOPHOUSE CAN BE TRACED DIRECTLY TO THOSE SEEN IN SOUTH CHINA AND WERE OFTEN LOCATED ALONG MAJOR TRADE ROUTES. SOMETIMES THE SHOPHOUSES WERE BUILT DIRECTLY OUT OVER WATER ROUTES, WHICH ENABLED JUNKS TO OFFLOAD THEIR CARGO DIRECTLY INTO THE SHOPS THEMSELVES. IN LANDLOCKED SITUATIONS, THE SHOPHOUSES WERE LOCATED ALONG MAJOR COMMERCIAL AXIS WITHIN THE CITY CENTER WITH BROADER COMMERCIAL STREETS TO CONDUCT BUSINESS IN THE FRONT AND NARROW BACK ALLEYS THAT ALLOWED FOR MOVEMENT OF GOODS IN THE BACK. THUS, THE CHARACTER THAT IS CREATED ALONG THE BUSY COMMERCIAL STREET-FRONT IS VASTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE MORE PRIVATE BACK ALLEYS. ALL OF THIS WORKED TO CREATE A SPECIFIC IMPACT ON THE URBAN FABRIC THAT IN THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY WAS LARGELY A TRANSPLANTING OF CHINESE BUILDING INTO MEDAN PASAR. HOWEVER, THE TYPE WAS QUICKLY ADAPTED TO LOCAL ENVIRONMENT THAT CAUSED SOME SPECIFIC ALTERATIONS.
FIGURE 12 : THE SELLING PRODUCTS ARE BRING TO FRONT
FIGURE 13 : ECONOMIC AS SOCIAL ACTIVITY IN FIVE FOOT WALKWAY
THIS SETTING BACK OF THE SHOP INTERIOR IS KEY TO THE ARRANGEMENT OF MALAYSIAN COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY. TO THIS DAY, IT IS STANDARD PRACTICE TO SET UP GOODS THAT SPILL OUT ACROSS THE WALKWAYS, SOMETIMES ALL THE WAY OUT ONTO THE STREET, LEAVING PEDESTRIANS TO STRATEGICALLY DODGE OVERFLOWING RACKS AND GOODS HANGING FROM ABOVE. BECAUSE THE SPACE WITHIN THE SHOPHOUSE IS SO LIMITED IN WIDTH IT MADE SENSE FOR THE OWNERS AND CUSTOMERS TO APPROPRIATE SPACE IN ANY WAY THEY COULD. THE DIMLY LIT AND CRAMPED SPACE WITHIN MEANT THAT THE PRIMARY GOODS OR SEATING FOR RESTAURANTS WAS ACTUALLY LOCATED OUTSIDE THE PHYSICAL BOUNDS OF THE SHOP ITSELF. IN THE REAR OF THE SHOP, THE TERRACE AREA LEADING INTO THE BACK ALLEY WAS SIMILARLY ADAPTED TO WHATEVER EXTRA LIVING SPACE WAS NEEDED AND COULD OFTEN BE SEEN FESTOONED WITH LAUNDRY LINES AND USED AS STORAGE SPACE FOR BIKES OR EQUIPMENT. IN CONTRAST TO THE MODERN DAY CHINESE CITY OF SINGAPORE WITH ITS PROLIFERATION OF FUTURISTIC SKYSCRAPERS, MALAYSIAN CITIES CAN APPEAR QUITE SHABBY BY COMPARISON. THIS IS IN PART DUE TO THE INSISTENT TRAIT OF THE MALAYSIAN PEOPLE OF TAKING OVER THE SPACE THEY USE AND FULLY POPULATING IT WITH THEIR EVERYDAY LIVES.17 THOUGH SOME WOULD DESPAIR OF EVER HAVING A SLEEK MODERN CITY, WHEN YOU LOOK TO THE SHOPHOUSE DISTRICTS IT MANIFESTS THE CHARM AND COMFORT OF A HUMAN-SCALED NEIGHBORHOOD THAT PEOPLE HAVE TAKEN FULL OWNERSHIP OF.
FIGURE 14 : THE MEDAN PASAR USE BUS TRANSPORT AND MASJID JAMEK USE LRT
THE WALKABILITY OF THE STREETSCAPE ON BOTH MEDAN PASAR AND RECTO TERMINAL ARE SAME IN TERMS OF SCALE. IT IS SMALLER IN SCALE OF THE SIDE WALKWAY, BESIDE IT IS THE BUSY VEHICLE LANE TRAVELLING AT SLOW SPEED. ZEBRA CROSSING IS PROVIDED TO HELP THE PEDESTRIAN CROSSING. IN THIS CASE, LOCALS ARE CREATING THEIR OWN INFORMAL SPOTS TO PAUSE AND WAIT TO CROSS THE ROAD. IN ADDITION, PARKED BUSES ALONGSIDE THE LEBOH PASAR BESAR SLOWS DOWN VEHICULAR TRAFFIC AND EASES THE PROCESS. THIS SITUATION FORMS A CONCENTRATION OF PEOPLE WAITING FOR THE BUS AND HENCE CREATE PASSIVE CONTACTS. BOTH STREETS GIVE A SENSE OF LINEARITY WHEN THE PEDESTRIAN PASS THROUGH THE WALKWAY TO ANOTHER PLACE. BESIDES, MEDAN PASAR PROVIDES PUBLIC SEATING BENCH BUT RECTO TERMINAL IS NOT. PLUS, PEOPLE REACH TO MEDAN PASAR BY PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORTATION BUT RECTO TERMINAL IS BY LRT STATION. LAST BUT NOT LEAST, IT WILL CREATING NODES FOR PEOPLE TO WAITING FOR THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT WHICH LEADS TO ACQUAINTANCE CONTACTS.
FIGURE 15 : PUBLIC BENCH AT MEDAN PASAR
FIGURE 16 : ACTIVITIES IN FRONT OF RECTO AVE
FIGURE 17 : PUBLIC SEATING RARELY FOUND AT RECTO TERMINAL, HENCE PEOPLE SIT ON THE POT
5. URBAN HUMAN PATTERNS IN RECTO AVENUE, IT LOST A NUMBER OF CHINESE INHABITANTS. HOWEVER, WHEN WE OBSERVE THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE PER BARANGAY, WE CAN SEE THAT THEIR CHOICE OF PLACE OF RESIDENCE HAS CHANGED OVER THE YEARS. CHINESE PEOPLE ARE TO BE FOUND GATHERED UP WITHIN A FEW BARANGAYS. THIS PHENOMENON CAN BE SEEN IN ALL THE TOWNS INCLUDED IN METRO-MANILA. IN SPITE OF THE HIGH NUMBER OF BARANGAYS, THE DISTRIBUTION OF GROUPS OF MORE THAN 100 INHABITANTS OF CHINESE ORIGINS IS ONLY SEEN IN 54 BARANGAYS. CHINESE PEOPLE ARE SPREAD ALL OVER MANILA BUT IN VERY DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS. THEY HAVE TAKEN PART IN THE SUBURBANIZATION MOVEMENT, WHICH HAS BEEN REALLY SELECTIVE SINCE THE 1960s AND SUCH A FACT CAN EXPLAIN THEIR SMALL NUMBER IN HIGHLY POPULATED CITIES. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHINESE POPULATION WITHIN METRO-MANILA IS AS SELECTIVE AS IT IS IN MANILA ITSELF. MANY RESIDENTS HAVE LEFT THE OLD DISTRICT AT THE CENTRE OF THE CITY TO SETTLE IN SUBURBAN TOWNS. WHILE IN MEDAN PASAR, THE PEOPLE MOVEMENT IS TOWARDS INDIVIDUALISM BECAUSE OF THE MONOTONOUS ACTIVITY HAPPENING AROUND MEDAN PASAR SUCH AS BANKING, TELECOMMUNICATION SHOP, MONEY EXCHANGER AND RESIDENTIAL AT THE UPPER FLOOR OF THE SHOPHOUSES. FURTHERMORE, THE WORKING INDIVIDUAL ARE PASSING THE MEDAN PASAR TO OTHER PLACE, IT FUNCTION MORE AS A TRANSPORTATION HUB.
FIGURE 18 : INDIVIDUALISM HAPPENING IN MEDAN PASAR
FIGURE 19 : KLANG RIVER OF LIFE REVITALIZATION PROJECT
THERE ARE EVENTS USUALLY HOSTING ON THE OPEN SPACE OF MEDAN PASAR SUCH AS CULTURAL, MUSICAL, EXHIBITION AND SEMINAR. THIS IS LEAD TO SOCIAL ACTIVITY IN MEDAN PASAR. MOREOVER, THE KLANG RIVER OF LIFE REVITALIZATION PROJECT THAT ARE DONE BY GOVERNMENT ALSO ATTRACT LOCALS AND VISITORS COMING TO VISIT WHICH CREATES AN OPPORTUNITY ACTIVITY.
FIGURE 20 : THE LESS AMOUNT OF CHINESE PEOPLE DISPERSE AWAY TO OTHER DISTRICT
6. CONCLUSION ALL IN ALL, HUMAN ACTIVITIES HAVE BECOME A MAJOR FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF SPACES. BOTH OF THESE CONTACT POINTS SHARE THE SIMILARITY OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE AND STREETSCAPE. THE ACTIVITIES THAT ARE PRESENT ON THE STREET ATTRACTS PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT SOCIAL CLASSES INTO A NODE, WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE CONGREGATE INTO A BOUND COMMUNITY. THE ONLY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEDAN PASAR AND RECTO TERMINAL IS THE CULTURE OR LIFESTYLE IN THAT AREA. FOR EXAMPLE, MEDAN PASAR HAVE MORE FOREIGNER WORKERS COMPARED TO LOCAL WORKERS DUE TO THE CHEAP LABOUR AND MIGRATION OF FOREIGNER. THE MULTICULTURAL IN MEDAN PASAR TOGETHER WITH THE MIGRANTS ARE HARDER TO GET ALONG WITH BECAUSE OF THE LANGUAGE BARRIER.
7. REFERENCES NATHAN, Y. T. (2016, December 13). Funding to rejuvenate the nation. Retrieved November 28, 2017, from https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/12/14/funding-to-rejuven ate-the-nation-grants-await-ideas-that-can-stimulate-community-and-economy -in-any/ Insight, T. M. (n.d.). Heart of the city pulses again | The Malaysian Insight. Retrieved November 28, 2017, from https://www.themalaysianinsight.com/bahasa/s/4318/ Yeang, K, (1992), The Architecture of Malaysia, Amsterdam, The Pepin Press. Ahmad, A.G., (1997), British Colonial Architecture in Malaysia 1800-1930, Kuala Lumpur: Museums Association of Malaysia. Badan Warisan Malaysia, (1990), A Guide to Conservation of Buildings of Historic and Architectural Significance.