Unfold T h e B ro ok lyn Text ile Aca de my
Win n ie Ng Tu to r: Jayn e Ba rlo w
Contents
1 Project Overview 1-19
2 Proposal 21-57 3 Structures & Tectonics 59-73 4 Environmental Design 75-80 5 Regulatory Compliance 91-97 6
Design Development 99-111
Project Overview
1
1
Project Overview | Industry Context
The Textile & Apparel Industry
Loading of garments in the Garment District, Manhattan, 1967.
A Brief History
New York: Fashion Capital
The textile industry was the very first sector in which the Industrial Revolution took hold in 18th century Britain. Silk, wool and linen fabrics were gradually eclipsed by cotton and synthetic textiles made viable on a mass scale following the emergence of the spinning wheel and loom.
As the US was beginning to industrialise in the mid-1800s, NYC served as a port of arrival welcoming a steady stream of immigrant labour into its ever-growing garment manufacturing sector, meeting a surge in consumer demand at a time of rapid urbanisation. In contrast to that of haute couture in Paris, the clothing industry in New York City has its origins in ready-to-wear. While the invention of the sewing machine in 1846 by Elias Howe enabled volume production, the dawn of mail-order catalogues, fashion magazines and prominent department stores has helped achieve an equlibrium on the consumption end of the economy. Marketing campaigns and adverts propagated distinct trends so as to homogenise interests and tastes in a popular audience, effectively sustaining a ready-made fashion retail industry.
Between 1994 and 2014, the production of garments has increased four-fold as a result of new technologies and more efficient methods of manufacturing. As prices fell and disposable incomes grew, the volume of garment manufacturing and consumption simultaneously rose to an all-time high. The scale at which the $3 trillion global industry operates today is second only to the information technology and tourism sectors.
2
Project Overview | Industry Context
Fashion’s Environmental Cost
POLLUTION
10%
of global emissions are derived from the fashion industry
20%
70m
of global waste water is contributed by the fashion industry
barrels of oil a year is used to manufacture polyester, currently the world’s most commonly used fibre
35%
of microplastics in the oceans comes from synthetic textiles
“The fashion supply chain is lubricated by cheap oil and cheap credit, and driven by the capitalist imperative to grow.” (Vogue, 2015)
WASTE
Globally, just
12%
85%
of the material used for clothing ends up being recycled
of textile waste in the US goes to landfill or is incinerated
The average American discards
37kg
of clothing each year
It takes
2,700
litres of water to make one cotton t-shirt, enough for one person to drink for 900 days
3
Project Overview | Industry Context
Material Innovations
Top and bottom left: Kelp-derived bioyarn developed by AlgiKnit, founded by students at the Fashion Institute of Technology, NYC. Top right: Mycelium-based bioleather by California-based Bolt Threads. Bottom right: Sketches for an algae bioplastic sequinned dress for the One x One Incubator Programme by Slow Factory Foundation.
4
Industry Context
The Future of Fashion & Textiles
Textile production, from start to finish, involves copious amounts of water, energy use and hazardous chemicals in the process. The dyeing, printing and finishing stages in particular are responsible for a disproportionately large amount of environmental damage, most of which is completely avoidable (Shishoo, 2012).
Recent innovations in biofabrication have radically reimagined traditional textile processing and manufacturing practices. Synthetic biology fixes colours onto garments without the use of heavy metals and toxins that would otherwise contaminate waterways, while bio-based alternatives to polyester such as lab-grown spider silk are able to reduce the fashion industry’s dependency on petroleum-based oil.
Project Overview | Industry Context
The Way Forward
to consumption
from conception
clean production
waste reduction
5
Project Overview | Industry Context
Material Recovery
Textile mill in NYC. Image by Chris Payne.
Closing the Loop On top of scientific progress, there is a humble call to increase textile resource efficiency by improving local collection systems for reusing and recycling. Currently just 13.6% of garments discarded in the US end up being recycled, in stark comparison to that of paper, glass and plastic, which have recyling rates of 66%, 27% and 29% respectively. (BBC, 2020).
6
Large amounts of textile waste have been cumulatively generated from the rise of fast fashion, shaping consumers to prize quantity over quality with the perpetual incentive of low prices to keep up with the latest trends. With minimal utility gained in the life cycle of discarded garments ending up in landfills, the fashion industry is tending towards selfdestruction insofar as it remains resistant to the urgency of the climate crisis.
Project Overview | Industry Context
The Textile Recycling Process 1. Textile Waste Sanitisation 2. Hardware Removal 3. Automatic Sorting 4. Storage of pre-sorted textiles 5. Fibre Processing 6. UV Light Sanitisation 7. Carding 8. Sliver Processing 9. Blending 10. Re-spinning
Process adapted from The Billie System by Novetex Textiles Ltd., Available from: https://thebillieupcycling.com/ 7
Project Overview | Brief
Brief Description
One x One participant Dr Theanne Schiros, assistant professor at FIT and research scientist at Columbia University, creating her labgrown “leather” for a sneaker prototype.
Executive Summary As an extension of the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT)’s Manhattan campus, the new textile academy will be state-funded and run by FIT in collaboration with the New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC), who has overseen the development of the garment manufacturing hub - Made in NY Campus at Bush Terminal - as well as the Sunset Park Waterfront Vision Plan (2009).
8
The One x One apprenticeship programme equips low-income immigrant trainees with a six-week course on technical design, career skills and wellness to further their economic advancement in the fashion industry.
FIT will run its new specialised textile campus in partnership with Slow Factory Foundation to deliver their One x One Conscious Design Initiative - fashion’s first science incubator. To challenge industry standards on circularity and closed loop production, the new textile academy will run an in-house recycling facility to recapture the fibres of textile waste on a pre-industrial scale. This signals to the future of sustainable textile manufacturing techniques and sets a precedent for the wider industry.
Project Overview | Brief
Manhattan Metropolitan Museum of Art
Museum of Modern Art
New J er sey
Garment District Fashion Institute of Technology
Queens
Parsons School of Design
Lower East Side Garment Cluster
N ew Y o rk
Brooklyn Sewing Academy City College of Technology
Textile Arts Center
Brooklyn
Sunset Park Material Recovery Faility Industry City
Made in NY Campus
Project Site 9
Project Overview | Regional Context
The Garment District
Evolution of New York’s Garment Manufacturing Sector
From Midtown Manhattan to Sunset Park, Brooklyn
At its peak, NYC’s Garment District manufactured 95% of America’s clothing back in the 1960s; today, it is a mere 3% (2015). Garment companies have been closing shop over the last few decades due to high competition from low-wage producers overseas, property redevelopment and a lack of enforcement by the city of zoning requirements. (Moin, 2018)
In place of the restrictive land use regulations previously enforced, the city now adopts a tax incentive programme to enlist more owners, upgrade the industry and train workers to preserve the long-term vitality of the Garment District. The city’s rezoning plan also covers real estate and programmatic support for fashion manufacturers, allocating significant investments in city-owned assets to create a 200,000 square-foot garment manufacturing hub at the Made in NY Campus in Sunset Park, Brooklyn.
Since 1987, landlords in the Garment District were legally obliged to add a square foot of garment space for every square foot removed for other uses. This parameter was superseded in a landmark vote for the rezoning of the Garment District in 2018, allowing for greater diversification into a thriving and responsive mixed-use hub.
10
Sunset Park’s existing Industrial Business Zone is characterised by a linear strip along the South Brooklyn waterfront, with the established presence of Industry City and a host of local warehouses and wholesalers.
Project Overview | Regional Context
Top & middle: Renders of the Made in NY Campus, a garment manufacuring hub at Bush Terminal in Sunset Park, Brooklyn by WXY Architects. Anticipated to open in 2022, the campus will provide small white-box spaces ranging from 2,000 to 40,000 square feet to companies working in pattern making, marking and grading, cutting and sewing, and sample making.
Bottom: Industry City (formerly Bush Terminal) - view from the south, looking towards the Lower Manhattan skyline - a historic intermodal shipping, warehousing, and manufacturing complex on the Sunset Park waterfront in Brooklyn. The Made in NY Campus will soon open south of this complex.
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Project Overview | Regional Context
Regional Context
Motorway Railway Subway
Transport Infrastructure
12
Significant Maritime and Industrial Area (SMIA)
Waterfront Access
Project Overview | Regional Context
Sunset Park, Brooklyn CD7
Parks & Recreation
Residential District
Sunset Park Waterfront Vision Plan
13
Project Overview | District Context
District Context
Sims Municipal Recycling
Made in NY Campus
1
2
3
Maximising Resource Efficiency
Industrial Conglomeration
Revitalisation of Disused Piers
Sims Municipal Recycling processes NYC’s curbside metal, plastic and glass waste, but there remains a gap in the textile industry for better resource efficiency.
The Made in NY campus is a garment manufacturing hub scheduled to open in 2021, supporting the relocation of Manhattan’s Garment District into the industrial hub of Sunset Park.
Shoreline Elevation
14
Bush Terminal Piers Park
The Sunset Park waterfront is lined with disused piers from the historic intermodal shipping & warehousing industry at Bush Terminal - one of which has been converted into a park.
MAJOR ASSETS
PARK SLOPE
1. Industrial infrastructure – The Sunset Park waterfront is well suited for continued maritime and/ or industrial use. It has an extensive industrial infrastructure, developed over more than 100 years.
Prospect Expy
Sunset Industrial Park
Gowanus Bay
1
2. Local labour force – Sunset Park’s industrial area lies in close proximity to a large labour pool, comprised of both skilled and unskilled workers, many of them recent immigrants in search of entry level jobs.
Gowanus Expy
RED HOOK
3. Waterfront views – Sunset Park’s two-and-a-half miles of waterfront provides expansive views of Lower Manhattan and the New York Harbour.
Greenwood Cemetery
Sims Municipal Recycling
4. Proximity of sub-contractors, suppliers and support services – especially for the garment industry, one of Sunset Park’s primary manufacturing sectors.
Industry City South Brooklyn Marine Terminal
MAJOR ISSUES
Bay Ridge Channel
2
Made in NY Campus
1. Access to jobs – CD7 has a large immigrant population with relatively low levels of education. There is a widespread need for job training and job readiness programs.
SUNSET PARK
43rd St
Industrial Business Zone
51st St
Note: All other areas not highlighted are predominantly of residential land use.
N
Brooklyn Meat Market
0m
100m
500m
7th Ave
Site Boundary
Bush Terminal Piers Park
5th Ave
3
1st Ave
Key:
3rd Ave
Site Location Plan Sunset Park, Brooklyn
2. Limited waterfront access - The BAT pier and ferry landing at 58th Street currently provides the only public access to the waterfront. It has limited provision for recreational activities and is poorly publicized. 3. Lack of community facilities and services - residents have expressed the need for community centers that could be used for meetings, recreation and cultural events. 4. Environmental justice – residents are concerned about the environmental impact of proposed maritime and industrial development, including the potential for increased truck traffic and therefore, increased emissions. 15
Project Overview | Site
The Site at Bush Terminal
1 9 50
2 0 10
16
Approach views to the site
Project Overview | Site
Site Strategy
Maximise waterfront access and open space opportunities in combination with industrial and waterfront redevelopment
Reconnect upland residential communities to the water’s edge
N
Views towards Lower Manhattan & Statue of Liberty
Deliveries by barge substantially minimise carbon emissions from road travel
Seaweed cultivation restores marine ecology in historically polluted waters and serves as a carbon & nutrient sink
Rail infrastructure promotes the efficient movement of goods
17
Project Overview | Programme
Schedule of Accommodation
Textile Academy
Design studios Workshops (weave, knit) Workshops (dye, print) Biofabrication lab Lab prep Classrooms Textile library Cafeteria Gallery
432 m2 418 m2 965 m2 167 m2 50 m2 217 m2 605 m2 155 m2 940 m2
Faculty & staff offices Reception/Foyer WCs Storage Kitchen Plant Circulation
178 m2 340 m2 84 m2 60 m2 75 m2 388 m2 880 m2
5,895 m2
Textile Recovery Facility
Seaweed Harvesting 950 m2 Loading Bay 220 m2 Tipping & Sanitisation 2556 m2 Sorting 1,000 m2 Fibre Processing 500 m2 Re-spinning 500 m2 Fabric storage 250 m2 Utilities 560 m2 WC/Locker room 98 m2 Visitor’s Cafe 186 m2 Viewing platform 302 m2 Terrace 165 m2 7,028 m2
Gross Internal Area (GIA): 12,363 m2
External Landscaping
Public Promenade 1350 m2 Service Promenade 1540 m2
Gross External Area (GEA): 2890 m2
18
Project Overview | Programme
Bridging Education & Industry
For the longest time, consumers have been shielded from the grave consequences of their purchasing habits. While recycling and more sustainable fabrics will be a key part of the solution, consumers too will need to change their behaviour in hopes of partaking in a more sustainable fashion ecosystem - buying less, knowing where their clothes were made and ideally the conditions under which they were made.
The new textile academy and in-house recycling facility collectively aims to facilitate the intersection of fashion design and biotechnology, as part of FIT’s initiatives to expand their textile design curriculum into the Sunset Park industrial zone. A joint institution for students, educators, practitioners and community members as proposed will steer the destructive industry in favour of long-term sustainability and circularity.
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20
2
Proposal
Part I: General Arrangement Part II: User Experience & Key Spaces
21
Proposal | General Arrangement
Site Plan N
0
100m
Key: 1. Made in NY Campus (garment manufacturing hub) 2. South Brooklyn Railway 3. Light-industrial warehouses 4. Tidal pool 5. Bush Terminal Piers Park
1
4
2
5
3 22
Proposal | General Arrangement
View of the Textile Academy from Bush Terminal Piers Park, looking north towards Lower Manhattan.
23
Proposal | General Arrangement
Design Intent
merging of two typologies under one roof
24
linear production sequence and user progression
raw to refined process
Proposal | General Arrangement
artistic and industrial production
true north orientation
the roof and facade as one
25
Proposal | General Arrangement
Ground Floor Plan 1:500 10
50m
N
0
11
10
Key: 1. Entrance Plaza 2. Reception/Foyer 3. Canteen 4. Kitchen 5. Loading Bay 6. Dyeing Workshop 7. Seaweed Harvesting 8. Boat Docking 9. Seaweed Farm 10. Waste Tipping & Sanitisation 11. Barge Unloading 9 26
Proposal | General Arrangement
5
7
6
4
2
1
3 8
27
Proposal | General Arrangement
N
First Floor Plan 0
10
50m
16
16
17
18 20 19
KEY: 12. Classroom 13. Staff Room 14. Gallery/Event space 15. Textile Library 16. Mechanical [Recycling Facility] 17. Hardware Removal 18. Automatic Sorting 19. Storage 20. Fibre Processing 21. Re-spinning
28
16
21
Proposal | General Arrangement
16
15
12
12
14
13
29
Proposal | General Arrangement
N
Second Floor Plan 0
10
50m
29
30
29
KEY: 16. Mechanical 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
30
Knitting Workshop Lab Prep Biofabrication Lab Design Studio Printmaking Studio Weaving Workshop Cafe Viewing Deck Terrace
28
Proposal | General Arrangement
22
16
23
24
27
25
26
25
31
Proposal | General Arrangement
Landscaping Strategy
Barge deliveries of textile recyclables are handled at the end of the building 32
Docking piers with stepped access for seaweed harvesting boats
Ground floor canteen spills out onto promenade in warmer months
Accessible waterfront edge with separate lanes for pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles
Proposal | General Arrangement
North approach along the Bush Terminal shoreline.
33
Proposal | General Arrangement
The Long Edge
wet vs. dry processes
Southwest Elevation
sequence of heights
NW-SE Section
goods vs. user circulation
0
34
10
50m
N
framing views
Roof Plan
Proposal | General Arrangement
35
Proposal | General Arrangement
Materiality
concrete piers & steel sheet piling
steel frame & composite slab
corrugated & perforated steel
A Language of Folds The building’s folded appearance is echoed at varying scales with the use of corrugated and perforated steel - as a retaining substructure, a permanent formwork for floor slabs, and as a cladding material. What appears to be something solid from afar begins to unravel into a fine and textured facade as one approaches the building.
Substructure
36
Superstructure
Envelope
Proposal | General Arrangement
The Short Edge 0
10
20m
Northwest Elevation (Barge Deliveries)
Southeast Elevation (Entrance)
37
Proposal | General Arrangement
Sectional Perspective
Sectional Perspective SW-NE Key: 1. Canteen 2. Staff Room 3. Design Studio 4. Biofabrication Lab 5. Classroom 6. Loading Bay 7. Entrance Foyer 8. Gallery 9. Workshop public - private
3 Studios, Workshops & Labs
skeleton & skin
2 Admin & Gallery
1
box within a box
Promenade & Foyer
Seaweed Farm sectional progression
38
Proposal | General Arrangement
+19.0m FRL Roof: +17.5m
4 Level 2: +13.0m FFL
9
5
Level 1: +8.5m FFL
8
6
7
Level 0: +2.5m FFL
Mean Sea Level: 0m
Seabed: -2.0m
Bedrock
39
40
Part I: General Arrangement Part II: User Experience & Key Spaces
41
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Visitor’s Journey
Arrival at entrance hall into triple-height space unveils the building’s full structure and volumetric layout.
42
The gallery space begins where the stepped seating ends, where textiles produced by students of the academy are hung for display.
Stairs leading from the open gallery onto the second floor gives occupants glimpses into the workshops, where fabrics are being woven or knitted.
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Elevated platforms overlook the in-house recycling facility that processes textile waste into recycled fibres, serving as an educational tool for students, staff and the wider public.
The linear experience through the building is concluded with views across the New York Bay as occupants arrive at the terrace, looking towards the Statue of Liberty and the Lower Manhattan skyline.
The top floor cafe serves light refreshments for visitors, staff and students and overlooks the Bush Terminal Piers Park to the south.
43
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Entrance Hall & Gallery
Exhibition Space The introduction of diffuse north light into a double-height space creates the optimal environment for the display of fine fabrics and textiles produced by students of the academy. The exposed primary beams act as a substrate from which textiles can be hung.
End-of-term Show The open-plan configuration enables a level of flexbility and adaptability required in a campus setting, catering for different events throughout the academic year.
Textile Fair / Marketplace The generous circulation space allows for conventions and expos to take place, connecting industry suppliers of sustainable fabrics to potential clients and creatives.
44
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Entrance hall and gallery, viewed from first floor.
45
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Day in the Life: Student
46
9am
12pm
1pm
Attend lectures and seminars in first floor classroom.
Lunch break in ground floor canteen overlooking Bush Terminal Piers Park to the south.
Work on textile design drawings in design studios upstairs.
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
designing
Make fabric design in weaving/knitting workshop.
testing
Develop GMO colours in biofabrication lab to naturally dye fabrics by fermentation. Dyed fabrics are hung up to dry in south-facing perimeter bays.
end of term
Finished fabric design is attached onto a pulley system that lowers the textile down from the design studios to the gallery below for display.
47
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Weaving Workshop
Precedent Royal College of Arts, Battersea Campus / Serie Architects
“A spatial model that encourages creative collaboration across academic disciplines.” Image reference
The weaving workshop on the top floor of the textile academy is reminiscent of industrial spaces often adapted for artistic production. The expressed fixings of partitioning sreens are dropped to below the primary beam, maintaining a level of privacy and security without compromising on the visibility, openness and flexibility of the central floor plan (14m span). Serie Architects’ RCA proposal adopts a ‘tables, shelves and ladder’ approach in systematically organising their studio spaces, services and circulation without clearly defined boundaries. The decision to position the workshop space in the textile academy overlooking the doubleheight gallery and main line of circulation draws upon this programmatic clarity and layering of different zones.
48
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Weaving Workshop
Polycarbonate screens loosely partition flexible wiorkshop spaces, with north-facing rooflights to optimise visual comfort for intricate tasks such as drawing, weaving or needlework.
49
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Textile Library
The textile library archives the academy’s growing collection of sustainable yarns and fabrics for use by students in their project work.
50
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Design Studios
Afternoon light is filtered into the design studios through the perforated steel cladding, with views orientated towards the Bush Terminal Piers Park.
51
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Day in the Life: Recycling Facility Operator
Arrive at work, place belongings in locker rooms.
52
Operate gantry crane system to unload termly deliveries of textile recyclables by barge.
Oversee processing plant operations for quality assurance and health & safety.
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Organise private tours of the recycling facility for clients, educational groups and the wider public.
Manage and audit the academy’s textile and yarn inventory on a weekly basis.
Communal dining facilities shared with design school.
53
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Recycling Facility
Textile Fibre Recovery Process
1.Unloading
2.Textile Waste Sanitisation
4. Automatic Sorting
5. Storage
7. UV Light Sanitisation
10a. Weaving
3. Hardware Removal
6. Fibre Processing
8. Sliver Processing
10b. Knitting
9. Re-spinning
11. Sewing
Fabrication & Finishing
54
12. Dyeing
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
The recycling facility serves as an educational tool for students, staff and the wider public - an extension of the building’s continuous route of exhibition.
55
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
A Linear Process
Reycling Facility Section
gantry crane unloading system
sorting
processing
re-spinning
finished fabric is stored in the textile library. 56
Proposal | User Experience & Key Spaces
Night time view of southwest elevation from onshore pedestrian pathway.
57
58
Structure & Tectonics
3
59
Structure | Structural Strategy
Structural Strategy
Steel Roof Modules
Steel Frame & Composite Slab
Steel Sheet Piles
Reinforced Concrete Piers
The Orthogonal & The Oblique The scheme employs a primary steel frame system adhering to the existing 14x14m foundation grid on site. The sawtooth roof frame is laid at a N-S orientation, fixed to the primary structural beams using pinned connections. This oblique geometry forms the framework onto which the building envelope is attached, creating rhythmic projections along the facade.
60
Structure | Structural Strategy
Structural Grid
Roof
Level 2 Slab
Level 1 Slab
196m
Substructure
213m
INDUSTRIAL
EDUCATIONAL
61
Structure | Substructure Design
Substructure Design
existing foundations
historic warehouse structure
proposed intervention
A
B
MSL seabed
bedrock
Foundation Details @ 1:50 A
B
Adaptive Reuse The scheme builds upon a series of preexisting concrete piers and 100mm sheet piling, formerly upholding a single-storey intermodal shipping warehouse. These existing foundations and compacted sand infill will be retained and reinforced with an additional layer of steel sheet piling designed to support the new 3-storey building. The building’s edge will be lined with reinforced concrete piers and decking to create a durable and robust promenade structure.
62
steel column to steel sheet pile
steel column to concrete pier
Structure | Substructur
Site images of existing concrete pier foundations
existing concrete piers
63
Structure | Superstructure
Exploded Structural Skeleton
Two Systems and a Whole The building has a visually homogenous facade externally, but is experienced internally as two separate systems. 1. The Folded Facade The projecting bays along the perimeter are inhabitable pockets of workspaces in the design studios or for exhibition purposes. 2. The Box Within a Box The recycling facility is inset from the folded geometry, adopting a rectangular floor plan due to the difference in scale of machinery and activity from the design school. The modular roof system stitches the two volumes together to form a unified whole. 64
Structure | Superstructure
Steel Frame
Steel Frame Tectonic
Composite Slab Build-Up
5
4
3 Key: 1. Primary beam 700mm 2. Secondary beam 250mm 3. ‘Holorib’ steel profile decking 80mm; Shear studs welded through to top flange of primary beam 4. Reinforced concrete topping 150mm 5. Universal column 300mm
2 1
Steel Member Profiles
Transverse Beam Connection
Key Considerations The choice of steel was due to its relative capacity for larger spans in comparison to timber or RC beams of the same depth. This maximises the flexibility of the internal programme, creating a permanent skeleton that can be infilled or adapted in various ways throughout the building’s lifetime. The nature of the project’s site enables the transportation of long-spanning beams (14m) via barge.
- Primary beam: 300 x 700mm - Transverse beam / Universal Column: 300 x 300mm - Secondary beams: 150 x 250mm - Oblique roof beam (RHS): 150 x 250mm
65
Structure & Tectonics | Facade
1. The Folded Facade
7
10 6 5 4
3
11 8 8
Isometric Bay Detail @ 1:50
2 1
N
9
66
Floor Build-up: 1. Transverse beam, 300mm 2. ‘Holorib’ steel profile decking 80mm; Shear studs welded through to top flange of steel beam 3. Reinforced concrete topping 150mm 4. Slab opening for MEP penetration and floor diffuser 5. Impact sound insulation, 20mm 6. Vapour barrier, 1mm 7. Polished screed with UHP, 60mm Building Envelope: 8. Corrugated steel cladding 9. Double-glazed unit 10. Perforated corrugated steel screen over double-glazed unit 11. Galvanised steel soffit
Structure & Tectonics | Facade
solar panels on corrugated steel roof
Designing for light filtration & controlled views
perforated steel screen over double-glazed unit
corrugated steel cladding
galvanised steel soffit
corrugated steel cladding
double-glazed unit
Elevation Detail @ 1:50
galvanised steel soffit corrugated steel cladding
N
perforated steel screen over double-glazed unit Plan Detail @ 1:50
67
Structure & Tectonics | Facade
2. The Box Within A Box
Section Detail @ 1:50 Ground Floor Slab: 1. Steel sheet pile, 300mm 2. Pile cap 3. Concrete pedestal, 100mm 4. Thermal break, 250mm 5. Universal column, 300x300mm 6. EPDM vapour barrier 7. Insulation, 250mm 8. Geotextile between slab and top of insulation 9. Reinforced concrete slab, 300mm 10. Polished screed, 60mm 11. Existing concrete footing, 500mm First Floor Slab: 1. Primary beam, 700mm 2. ‘Holorib’ steel profile decking 80mm; Shear studs welded through to top flange of steel beam 3. Reinforced concrete topping 150mm 4. Impact sound insulation, 20mm 5. Thermal insulation, 100mm 6. Polished screed, 60mm Walls 1. Insulated bifold shutters 2. Sliding track 3. Polycarbonate, 150mm 4. Double-glazed unit 5. Pulley system for drying seaweed 6. Thermal insulation, 100mm 7. Roof frame 8. Corrugated steel roof
68
Structure & Tectonics | Facade
solar panels on corrugated steel roof
double glazed unit
corrugated steel cladding
heated internal space
naturally ventilated cavity
naturally ventilated internal space
secondary thermal line (polycarbonate/glass)
building envelope
sliding track
Elevation Detail @ 1:50
N
bifold shutters
Plan Detail @ 1:50
69
Structure & Tectonics | Roof
The Oblique Roof
Sawtooth Roof Detail @ 1:60 S
N
Key: 1. Solar panel 2. Corrugated steel roof panel, 50mm 3. Gutter section 4. Breather membrane 5. Double-glazed unit 6. Thermal insulation in galvanised steel sheet trays, 150mm 7. Acoustic insulation, 50mm 8. Perforated metal acoustic ceiling panel with vapour barrier 9. Universal beam, 150x250mm 10. RHS roof beam, 150x250mm 11. Pin connection to top flange of primary beam
Perspective Roof Section Cut N
70
S
Structure & Tectonics | Roof
Node Connection Detail @ 1:10 oblique roof beam to orthogonal primary beam
Detail Precedent Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin / Mies van der Rohe
Image reference
1 5
2 4
3
10
6
7
8
9
11
Structural Articulation The roof is expressed as secondary to the primary structural frame through the use of pinned connections, lifting the roof up by 100mm to alleviate the building’s facades and partitioning walls. This visually articulates the two grids as separate systems. The Neue Nationalgalerie is referenced for the structural honesty it conveys with the geometry of each steel profile employed. The cruciform columns place emphasis on the building’s two-way roof slab, while splices indicate its structural gridlines on elevation.
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Tectonics | Internal Finishes
Internal Finishes Wall Type 1: Demountable Partitions Open-plan workshops and studios
Floor Finish polished screed
Internal Partitions polycarbonate & glass
Ceiling Finish perforated metal acoustic panels
Internal Detail Elevation @ 1:100
Aluminium fixings 450mm service zone Glass double-leaf doors Polycarbonate screens
72
Section Detail Key: 1. Light steel separating wall 2. Polished screed 3. Mineral wool packing 4. Dense mineral wool between primary steel beam and light steel channel 5. Steel channel & deflection head 6. 2 layers of gypsum-based board 7. Suspended ceiling, flush with 700mm primary beam
Tectonics | Internal Finishes
Wall Type 2: Fire Protected Enclosures Plant rooms, escape stairs and other areas with fire hazards
Detail Precedent Filter Life Factory, Taiwan / Waterfrom Design
Section Detail @ 1:20
Image reference
1
2
3 4
5 6
7
Plan Detail @ 1:20
Internal Materiality The exposed screed floor finish provides a hardwearing surface suitable for light industrial uses, contrasting with the lightness of the polycarbonate partitioning screens that loosely define workshops and studios on the top floor. Its fixings to the transverse beam are droppeed down to express its separation from the primary frame, while perforated acoustic ceiling panels continue the language of the external facade into the inhabitable spaces for better sound absorption.
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Environmental Design
4
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Environmental Design | Overview
Systems Overview Part L: Conservation of Fuel & Power
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Environmental Design | Overview
Environmental Conditions Zoning
1
2
3
Energy
Thermal Separation
The building’s systems and services are fully electric and powered by solar PVs throughout the year, with excess energy generated in the summer months stored in battery banks to be utilised in winter when there are fewer sunlight hours (or sold back to the grid).
Within an overarching airtight building envelope, the scheme is subdivided into three zones of different environmental conditions.
Water The availablility of seawater all around the site presents the opportunity to minimise the building’s overall demand for freshwater, particularly in processes such as toilet flushing and textile dyeing. Its high speific heat capacity also allows for effective heat exchange in a WSHP system to condition the building.
1. The waste tipping and seaweed harvesting rooms are unconditioned and naturally cross-ventilated. 2. The elevated recycling facility is conditioned and thermally separated from the floor below as well as the design school. 3. The design school is conditioned and serviced by its own HVAC plant.
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Environmental Design | Zoning
Zoning Strategy Environmental Conditions: Heating, Cooling & Ventilation
Level 2
Level 1
Ground Floor
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MVHR
Natural Ventilation
Mixed Mode
Environmental Design | Zoning
Acoustics: Acceptable Room/Space Sound Levels
Room/Space
dBA
Classrooms, Libraries
30-35
Offices, Private Work Rooms
40-45
Corridors, Lobbies, Bathrooms, Reception
45-55
Common spaces, Dining Halls, Kitchens, Workshops
45-55
Level 2
Level 1
Ground Floor
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Environmental Design | Design School Strategies
Section: Design School Passive Design Strategies
Perforated screens provide shading without compromising views out
South
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External soffits prevent overheating in summer; south glazing maximises sunlight penetration in winter
N-S roof orientation optimises daylighting, minimises heat gains and maximises PV efficiency
Operable windows allow for single-sided nat vent in localised areas for 26% of the year
North
Environmental Design | Design School Strategies
Distribution of Services
Level 2 Plan: Air Supply N
Enclosed Plant Room Plant Room
The plant room will be enclosed in a fireproof stud wall and false ceiling construction, adopting the ‘box-in-abox’ system to separate itself (as a potential fire hazard) from the openness of the rest of the building.
Underfloor heating & cooling pipes and fresh air supply ductwork
N
Level 2 Plan: Air Extracts
Plant Room
Ceiling mounted air extracts
Fresh air is supplied via underfloor vents at frequent intervals in order to maximise thermal comfort and ventilation efficiency within the large open-plan spaces. Warm, stale air is extracted at ceiling level. The residual heat is recovered by air handling units to pre-heat fresh air, reducing the building’s heating demand and thus, operational costs.
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Environmental Design | Reycling Facility Strategies
Section: Recycling Facility Passive & Active Design Strategies
Elevated processing plant mitigates potential damage to equipment from flooding
South
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Thermal separation between naturally ventilated ground floor and conditioned workspaces above
Louvres at roof level enable stack ventilation in perimeter cavities to dry harvested seaweed
Folding shutters allow for vehicular entry and the circulation of fresh air for natural cross ventilation
North
Environmental Design | Reycling Facility Strategies
Distribution of Services
N
Level 1/2 Plan: Air Supply
Plant Zone
i
ii
iii
Exposed Services The plant equipment that services the recycling facility is left unenclosed, as are all the other machinery that handles textile waste within the same thermal environment.
Controlled Air Flow The recycling process is partitioned into respective zones based on their relative cleanliness and dust production levels. By introducing localised air handling units in each zone, this ensures that dirty air from one process does not get circulated across the entire facility.
N
Level 1/2 Plan: Air Extracts
Plant Zone
i
ii
iii
Moisture Control Although the ground floor tipping zone is designed to be unconditioned, the accumulation of textile waste material will require dehumidification in order to prevent mould growth. Ozone Production Textile waste is purified via an ozone sanitisation system. The ozone is produced onsite, then disposed as oxygen into the air.
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Environmental Design | Solar & Energy Use
Energy Consumption
Summary: Estimated Annual Energy Demand: 1.28GWh/an (Electric: 820MWh/an; Electric Heating: 457MWh/an)
Estimated Annual PV Output: 1.48GWh/an (assuming full roof area installed with PV)
Roof Area Available: 5200 m2 Area of 1 PV panel: 2 m2 Max. no. of PV panels for roof area available: 2600 PV panel rating: 450W Max. PV output (2600 panels): 1170kW NY average annual amount of sunhours: 2540 hours Average annual PV output (with 50% reduction factor): 1485kWh/an
Harnessing Solar Energy The mechanical recycling process is one that demands a high level of electricity use throughout the year. In order to avoid a dependence on fuel, solar energy is harnessed to supply the building’s electricity, as well as to power the water-source heat pump (WSHP) that conditions the building. WSHPs are 300-400% efficient (for every unit of electricity used by the heat pump, three to four units of heat are captured and transferred). This will mean a 70% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions than for a gas boiler system. Assuming the full area of the roof is covered in PV panels, the annual solar energy output is able to cover the building’s overall energy demand for electricity and heating. The PV array is linked to an inverter and battery bank in the plant room, which then distributes power across the building.
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Environmental Design | Solar & Energy Use
Roof Form Analysis Solar Energy in New York
Average: 3.79kWh/m2/day
Average: 4.62kWh/m2/day
Average: 3.93kWh/m2/day
7 6
kWh/m2/day
5 4
ATaL in New York 3
DNI in New York
2
GHI in New York
1 0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
DNI in New York
Jul
Aug
GHI in New York
Time of Year
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
ATaL in New York
Data Source: Solar Energy Local, 2021. Solar Power in New York, NY. Available from: https://www.solarenergylocal.com/states/new-york/new-york/#positioning
2
1
3
40°
Average Tilt at Latitude (ATaL)
Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)
Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI)
PV surface is fixed and tilted towards the equator at an angle equal to the current latitude.
PV surface is always perpendicular to sun rays (dynamic tracking).
PV surface is fixed and horizontal.
[Brooklyn NY: 40.6° N, 74.0° W]
Optimum Energy Output
22%
less average daily output than option 1.
18%
less average daily output than option 1.
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Environmental Design | Embodied Eenergy
Embodied Energy
Material Specifications
The building’s programmatic use as a recycling facility inspired reuse throughout the scheme.
93%
of steel sections and purlins from end-of-life buildings get recycled.
It takes
1/5 1/15
the amount of energy to manufacture GGBS than it does for Portland cement and produces less than
the amount of carbon dioxide emissions.
Concrete A 50% GGBS cement mix reduces not only the amount of energy-intensive Portland cement required in concrete manufacturing, but also offers increased resistance to thermal cracking and corrosion to further protect the steel reinforcements within. A 50% ratio of GGBS provides an optimum blend for greatest strength at 28 days. Steel Recycled steel is used for the building’s primary and secondary structural frames. It is also introduced in composite action with concrete as a permanent formwork (profiled decking) in the floor slabs, minimising the deadweight of the structure and thereby maximising material efficiency.
Designing for Reuse
The use of long-span beams allows an increased flexibility of use and to be resusable by cutting the beam into a new kength at the end of the building’s life.
14m
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The standardisation of the building’s 7x14x7m structural grid across its length facilitates future reuse, along with the use of standard, bolted connecitions between steel members and demountable sheer studs that enable the ease of deconstruction.
Environmental Design | Embodied Energy
Transport Emissions Factors for different modes of transport
Mode
TEF (gCO2e/kg/km)
Source
Road transport emissions
0.10650
(BEIS, 2020) [1]
Sea transport emissions
0.01614
(BEIS, 2020) [2]
Rail transport emissions
0.02556
(BEIS, 2020) [3]
Freight transport emissions
0.59943
(BEIS, 2020) [4]
Strategic port location at Bush Terminal makes use of barge and rail connectivity, saving up to 10x the emissions of road travel and up to 60x the emissions of air freight for the distribution of building material, as well as of textile waste to be processed when the building is in operation.
Sourcing Locally Stage A4 Embodied Carbon Factors for typical transport scenarios (UK) A4 Transport Scenario
km travelled by road
A4 ECF (kgCO2e/kg)
Locally manufactured
50
0.005
Nationally manufactured
300
0.032
European manufactured
1500
0.160
The building’s primary building materials are sourced locally from NYC-based suppliers via shipment along the New York Bay and via rail transport on the South Brooklyn Railway.
SITE
HB Steel is selected for all structural steel members as well as sheet metal cladding and profile decking elements. These will be shipped from 7.5 miles away. NY Concrete will be supplying the building’s 50% GGBS cement mix for the structural floor slabs from within South Brooklyn. Although polycarbonate elements will be delivered by road travel from Queens, its locality still means that its embodied carbon would be 6x lower than materials sourced from somewhere further in the country or internationally (10x), based on a broad comparison with UK transport scenarios above.
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Environmental Design | Seaweed Cultivation
Seaweed Cultivation
200m
tonnes of CO2 sequestered every year by seaweed globally
Grows up to
61
cm (2ft) a day
5x
faster CO2 uptake than land plants
Carbon & Ecology Kelp is a fast-growing seaweed that acts as a carbon and nutrient sink. By elevating pH levels and supplying oxygen to the waters, it can reduce effects of ocean acidification in the historically polluted brownfield site at Bush Terminal. From Fibre to Fabric Seaweed aquaculture requires zero onshore land use, fertilisers, pesticides and freshwater irrigation requirements, as opposed to cotton or energy-intensive polyester. Seaweed fabric uses cellulose fibre and it is made using the same lyocell process as Tencel and some bamboo, but with seaweed as the plant source. This provides a highly renewable source of natural fibres for the research and development of innovative textiles within the academy. Growing & Harvesting The kelp is grown out between November to June, and it is then harvested to be chopped and processed into yarn. The kelp is attached to floating rafts that are anchored to the seabed.
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Environmental Design | Seaweed Cultivation
Harvesting Season Seaweed is harvested into the building via fishing boats and a tracked conveyor system.
New York Daily Sea Temperature
Temperature (C)
Harvesting season
Growing season
optimum growing temp range
Time of Year
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90
Regulatory Compliance
5
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Regulatory Compliance | Part B
Part B: Fire Safety
B1 - Means of Warning/Escape Enclosed staircase shafts are located at frequent intervals along the linear building, such that worst case escape distances do not exceed 45m in compliance with Part B regulations for low-risk industrial and educational building types. B2/3 - Internal Fire Spread Structural steel members are coated with a thin film intumescent paint for up to 60 min of fire protection. Areas containing fire hazards such as the plant room and kitchen are enclosed in fire-resisting partitions and dropped ceilings to prevent its spread to surrounding spaces. Sprinkler systems and hand-held fire extinguishers are specified in areas deemed higher-risk, such as the biofabrication lab and recycling facility. B4 - External Fire Spread Structural steel members with thin-film intumescent coating. (steel - primer - intumescent - top coat)
The building’s external walls are sufficiently distant from the closest development or potential for future developments due to its water-based site. B5 - Access & Facilities for the Fire Service The east approach from 43rd St as well as the north strip of the building is designed for general vehicular access (5.5m width) and can be accessed by fire engines. This covers more than 50% of the building’s perimeter, as outlined in Table 15.1 for buildings with a GIA between 8,000-16,000m2.
1-hour fire-rated enclosures - wall build-up.
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Regulatory Compliance | Part B
Emergency Escape Strategy
Fire protected enclosure (60 min)
Vertical means of escape
Escape distance (worst case)
Final exit
Assembly Point
Fire Vehicle Access
Level 2
Level 1
Ground Floor
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Regulatory Compliance | Part M
Part M: Access to and Use of Buildings
1. Access to & into Building The external pier/promenade is lined with handrails to the south for pedestrian access. The north edge of the pier is lined with concrete dividers for the safety of vehicular travel, with security gates to control access. Folding shutters enable vehicular entry into the loading bay and waste tipping space. Anticipating a high volume of visitors, access to private facilities such as the workshops, labs and studios is managed with key card access doors. An entrance lobby controls draughts, limits air infiltration and provides transitional lighting prior to entering the triple-height foyer/gallery space. Accessible locker room layout
2. Horizontal & Vertical Circulation Internal lobbies and corridors are min. 2m wide with enough clearance for wheelchair users. Passenger lifts are located at strategic intervals in the building such that Stepped access is centrally located in key circulation routes for ease of navigation. 3. Sanitary Provision
Turning radius in escape stairs accounts for wheelchair refuge points
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Wheelchair accessible unisex toilets are provided on each floor of the building. The recycling facility has dedicated locker rooms with showers provided for industrial workers.
Regulatory Compliance | Part M
Plan of Access & Security
Public Entry
Private Entry
Private access
Managed Public Access
Accessible WC
Vertical Circulation
Key Card Access Point
Level 2
Level 1
Ground Floor
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Regulatory Compliance | CDM
CDM - Health & Safety Considerations
Existing foundations and infill retained
Site Office
Material Storage / Delivery Yard
Vehicle Entry Point
Barge & Rail Deliveries
Building Works Boundary
Pre-Construction Deteriorated concrete platform decking cleared from site
Under the CDM regulations a principal designer must be appointed, whose role in the preconstruction phase is to carry out the following: 1. Contractor Mobilisation: - risk assessment register - define site curtilage & delivery/storage area - site offices setup - establish site protocols 2. Enabling Works - archaeological/ecological surveys of existing pier foundations and immediate site conditions - protection of existing pier foundations to be retained - site clearance Construction (see next page for construction sequence) Handover - handover to client, including O+M (operations and maintenance) manual & training. - begin defects liability period
Site Plan @ 1:5000
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Regulatory Compliance | CDM
6. Wall and roof cladding to watertight condition. 5. Secondary frames (roof and cladding) assembled.
SECONDARY FRAME & FIT-OUT
7. MEP 2nd fix, internal finishes & fit-out.
3. Steel frame delivered by barge and assembled. MEP 1st fix.
SUPERSTRUCTURE
4. Steel profile decking, sheer studs and reinforcements fixed onto steel frame. Concrete topping cast in-situ.
2. Reinforced concrete topping cast insitu over existing compacted sand infill.
1b.. Steel sheet piling and reinforced concrete piers + footings driven into seabed.
1a. Protection of existing building fabric to be retained.
SUBSTRUCTURE
Perimeter edge slabs are connected to RC piers with steel reinforcements.
Construction Sequence
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Design Development
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Design Development | Early Concepts
Stage 1: Form, Function & Concepts
The project began with exploring the potential for overlaps between two seemingly disparate programmes (design school & processing plant), encouraging students and innovators to experiment with more sustainable textile production methods for economic scalability. One of the main requirements that both the typologies share is the need for diffuse lighting for the intricate work that takes place in fabricating textiles - from processing to fabrication & finishing. The sawtooth roof was explored further to create a lightness and fluidity that signals the delicate textiles that are handled within the building, whilst also recalling the architypal massing of industrial buildings. The idea that students and professionals can interact, collaborate and engage with the makings of modern fabrics under one roof was tested and explored in the following images. Refining the traditional sawtooth roof form to express lightness in both an artisanal and industrial setting.
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Design Development | Early Concepts
2. The linear process from raw to refined.
1. Education wraps around industry, circulation bridges the two
5. Finely textured facades express the intricacy of textile craftsmanship
4. Stepped massing expresses movement and programmatic definition.
3. The solid vs. the permeable
6. Passive daylighting strategies
Exploring Key Adjacencies
Massing & Elevation Studies
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Design Development | Site Strategy
Stage 2: Between Land & Sea
The choice of an expansive waterfront site in Brooklyn’s industrial business zone created endless opportunities for the building’s landscaping, massing and zoning strategies, with minimal context to which to respond. The flexibility that the site provided was a real asset but also one of the biggest challenges to design around. Thresholds The initial response was to build onshore on an existing carpark site, bordered by the entrance to Bush Terminal Park and a pedestrian and cyclist path. The attempt to masterplan this site was challenging due to the risk of the building creating a cul-de-sac on an otherwise continuous waterfront promenade. It also inhibits one of the main access routes to the park from 43rd St. The decision to move offshore and build upon a disused pier adjacent to the initial site creates a much stronger presence for the scheme, engaging with the water for cultivating marine aquaculture and handling goods deliveries by barge. It leaves the shoreline open and free for pedestrian movement and capitalises on the views and resources already present on site by reaching out into the sea.
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Design Development | Site Strategy
The woven roof floods the building with natural light, stitching industrial and educaitonal workspaces together to make a unified whole.
public & private
solid anchor volume for learning tall central volume for production flexible framework for growing
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Design Development | Programmatic Zoning
Stage 3: Zoning & Hierarchy
Elevated studio spaces that overlook the double height industrial space adjacent.
Taking into account the flood risks of the offshore site, the main processing plant and workshops of the scheme are elevated to mitigate any potential water damage to equipment. This frees up the ground floor for messier tasks, wet processes and increased circulation space for both users and vehicles. The decision to maintain a N-S oriented roof despite a NW-SE oriented primary structural grid was retained as a constituent part of the building’s passive solar design.
Initial detail drawings of timber-concrete elements.
A vertical hierarchy of programmatic zoning is established, along with a horizontal layering of industrial and educational spaces, and lastly a structural hierarchy of primary and secondary elements, visually expressed with pinned connections to the roof beams and lightweight screens that infill the permanent skeleton of the ‘flexbile shed’.
Initial sketch of processing space with folded roof form.
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Design Development | Programmatic Zoning
Relationship between seaweed farming and harvesting at ground floor; public entry and exhibition above; studios on top floor and exhibition below for hanging displays of textiles.
The arrival of textile waste at ground level and the processing of it above.
The recycling process as an educational tool for visitors and students.
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Design Development | Form and Facade
Stage 4: The Roof and Facade as One
The decision to have the elevations meet the geometry of the roof gables was key to introducing a richness in texture and shading, simply by alternating the material used on each side of the ‘pleats’. The folded facade creates minor projections along the building’s edge that are inhabitable within the design school, varying the treatment of large open flexible workspaces with more intimate and personal moments. The recycling facility was designed to interact differently with the facade, maintaining its programmatic efficiency as a rectangular boxed shed, and leaving the perimeter projections as cavities in which harvested seaweed is hung and dried prior to being processed in the facility. Externally, the building maintains a uniform visual identity, with minor distinguishments made in the treatment of soffits/brises soleil on the design school to define each floor and act as shading for the inhabited walls; while the verticality of the building is emphasised on the industrial portion to indicate scale and a larger floor-ceiling height.
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Design Development | Form and Facade
Approach
Interiors
Tectonics
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Design Development | Experience & Materiality
Stage 5: Internal Experience & Materiality
Final Review At the final review the project was well-received for its simplicity in structural resolution. It was suggested that there might have been a missed opportunity not to provide a space in which the full beauty of the building’s roof form is shown and celebrated, which, as depicted in the section on the right, does not make the most of the building’s tectonic composition. The workshop space over the foyer was then shifted to distinguish a hierarchy of spaces that gradually journeyed from the generous, expansive entrance hall, filtering through to the spaces beyond. It was highlighted that the wall to roof detail was a key junction to interrogate further as this is where the scheme really comes together. The subtle decision to lift the roof beams up to distinguish the primary from the secondary made the biggest difference in establishing a clear order and structural delineation of each element.
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“Low-tech, high tectonic”
Design Development | Experience & Materiality
Designing in section
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Design Development | Reflective Summary
Reflective Summary
To conclude, this project has been the most complex and technical one I have experienced thus far and I am pleased with the degree of resolution achieved within the time frame. It has been challenging but equally as rewarding to juggle between designing at an urban scale, on the threshold of land and sea and on a human scale. Overall, there had been a high level of attention directed to resolving the building’s geometry that I feel could have enriched the project further if it had been channelled towards exploring the materiality of internal spaces and how this relates to the finer attributes of textile fabrication and the tactility of the craft. The project has also pushed me to experiment with different styles and media of graphical representation to visually convey the breadth and scope of the proposal. The weekly support and guidance from my tutor Jayne Barlow was vital to extrapolate the ideas in my head into a ‘reality’, with invaluable consultant insight to elevate and refine the project’s ambition on an operational level.
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Design Development | Reflective Summary
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