Passive Green Buildings - Case Study on National Library Singapore & Manitoba Hydro Place by Winson Teo

PASSIVE GREEN BUILDINGS CASE STUDY ON NATIONAL LIBRARY OF SINGAPORE MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE

GREEN BUILDING STRATEGIES ( ARC61804 ) - ASSIGNMENT 1 TEO CHENG YONG AHMED MOHAMED YOOSUF LOW YING THONG PAMELA LEE SU YEN

0334437 0334537 0543215 0335100

NATIONAL LIBRARY, SINGAPORE 1.0

INTRODUCTION AND SITE PLANNING 1.1 Introduction to Building 1.2 Building Orientation 1.3 Surrounding Buildings 1.4 Building Conﬁguration

2.0

3.0

5.0

6.0

DAYLIGHTING

2.1 Natural Daylighting 2.2 Solar Analysis 2.3 Skylight Design 2.4 Light Shelves Design 2.5 Sky Court

FACADE DESIGN

3.1 Light Shelves 3.2 Curtain Wall 3.3 Low-E Double-Glazed Glass 3.4 Canopy

4.0

NATURAL VENTILATION

4.1 Air Circulation 4.2 Stack Ventilation 4.2.1 Thermal Chimney 4.3 Cross Ventilation 4.3.1 Open Space 4.4 Wind Buffering 4.5 Bioclimatic Design

STRATEGIC LANDSCAPING

5.1 Sky Garden 5.2 Species of Plants

CONCLUSION

13.0 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 14.0 REFERENCE

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

1.0

01 1.1 INTRODUCTION & SITE PLANNING

Situated between Bugis Junction and and Bras Basah Complex at 100, Victoria Street, the National Library of Singapore is one of the iconic building in Singapore, National Library of Singapore is an environmentally responsive design as an ecological approach adapted to the use of energy and materials. The building won the 1st prize in the ASEAN Energy Eﬃcient Building Awards in the New and Existing Buildings Category. It was awarded the Green Mark Platinum Award in the Building and Construction Authority of Singapore (BCA), the top honor bestowed on “green” buildings.

Architect: T.R. Hamzah & Yeang Climate Zone: Tropical Vegetation Zone: Rainforest Gross Floor Area: 58,783 sqm Number of Stories: 15

CLIMATE

1.2 BUILDING ORIENTATION The building is oriented against the axis of East- West to reduce solar heat gain and glare. The cuboidal building has four corners which each points towards North, South, East and West, thus the main surface area of the facade receives less heat and glare. The building’s service core located on the South-West and North-East sides of the building serve as buffer zones to insulate the internal area. The lift core located on the North-East facade also acts as a heat shield against the afternoon sun. The adjacent block is also effective in preventing heat conduction and radiation.

The typical wind speeds in tropical climate varies from 0 mph to 14 mph. Through the wind rose diagram, approximately 60% of the wind comes from North-East, 25% comes from South and 15% comes from North-West.

1.0

02 1.3 SURROUNDING BUILDINGS The Library is situated in a commercialised area where the surrounding building caters different commercial purposes. Location: North- East

1 Type of Buildings: Service hotels Average height: 54m

Location: South-East

2 Type of Buildings: Commercial Lots Average height: 26m

1 4

Location: South- West

3 Type of Buildings: Retail residential Average height: 72m Location: North- West

4 Type of Buildings: Design Hub Average height: 17m

1.4 BUILDING CONFIGURATION Service areas

Symbolism From aerial view, the building conﬁguration forms a letter “K”. The layout is conﬁgured in such a way as it symbolizes “Knowledge”.

Form Factor & Orientation But aside from symbolism, this unique geometry helps to redirect sun rays and keep the building cool. With such form factor, it also helps prevent heat island effect. The conﬁgurations of the service area are located on the South-West and North-East sides of the building, serving as buffer zones to insulate the internal areas.

Building form redirecting sun rays ‘K’ Form

DAYLIGHTING

2.0

03 2.1 NATURAL DAYLIGHTING

DAYLIGHT FACTOR The building’s facade consist of curtain walls which provides natural daylight. The diagram above shows the daylight factor which represent the warmness of the zone, which has a direct relation with comfort zonings. The red zones are along the building as there are warmer along the building, because the building is mostly built up with curtain walls, allowing the sunlight to penetrate together with some heat (some heat are reﬂected and absorbed by the glass). This is the main reason why the comfort zones alternate during different hours. The use of glass facades allows interior spaces to be well lit, lessening the need for artiﬁcial lightings.

2.2 SOLAR ANALYSIS

8am

12pm

4pm

The morning sun rays are redirected along the facade of the building, lessening heat gain and glare, without compromising the daylight entering the spaces. The spaces in the building are well lit up, allowing for visual comfort for users within.

During this scorching hour, as the sun is at its most high up spot, the implementation of overhangs and side ﬁns help to protect the building by shading, yet allowing some of the daylighting to penetrate through the skylight and atrium.

As the solar rays hits the skin of the building, the rays fall upon existing vegetations, the horizontal louvers enable partial sunlight to penetrate instead of blocking them with solid overhangs. The experience is enhanced by the existing greeneries.

2.0

The skylight is built to be small in proportion to the surface area of the building, due to the consideration of heat content of direct sunlight.

2.3 SKYLIGHT DESIGN

Penetration of sunlight into the building into the atrium, resulting in the diffusing of light through spaces, reducing the need for artiﬁcial lightings.

2.4 LIGHT SHELVES DESIGN The light shelves are paired with external shading device that is placed at the same level of the internal shelves. The external shading reduces glares from the windows. The giant metal blades block direct sunlight while reﬂecting them deep into interior spaces.

Light shelves along the facade of the building

These 20 foot wide super ﬁns protect the glass curtain wall from glare, yet maximize daylight in the building. Part of the shades are be located inside the building, but the radiation that has passed through the solar selective glazing would still enter the building. Laneway sunshades These sunshades protect the north-western and south-eastern facades from solar penetration.

2.0

05 2.4 LIGHT SHELVES DESIGN

To reduce solar heat gain through the facade, the building had to be heavily shaded. A 30° solar cutoff (overhang) was adopted. When the sun is 30° and more above the horizon, no direct sunlight should be visible in the building.

Interior spatial qualities with the implemented light shelves, featuring the reading room in the building, suﬃciently lit by daylighting, increasing visual comfort of the users.

Splendor zone Preferred shading strategy with double volume spaces

While almost no direct sunlight should enter the building between 10am to 4pm, the facade design had to allow for the penetration of as much sunlight as possible to minimize the use of artiﬁcial lighting.

2.5 SKY COURT

A garden known as The Retreat, which is located at level 10 (A), is opened up until level 15. The plethora amounts of sky court shown in (B), (C ) and (D) able to lower down the ambience temperature to bring energy eﬃciency to the interior while the two sunken subterranean gardens reduce humidity of the basement.

The 2 main gardens, each measuring 40m high, situated at 5th and 10th ﬂoor, contain 12m high trees that increases biodiversity, helps retain water on site and can have a positive psychological effect in improving general working environments, whilst offering amenity and panoramic views over Singapore for the building users.

FACADE DESIGN

3.0

06 3.1 LIGHT SHELVES

White polypropylene are used as light shelves to reflect and redirect sunlight.

Facade treatment is customised for all the different directions. Sun rays incident on the facade is screened and reﬂected to the interior space providing a well-lit diffused interior space.

These 20 foot wide super ﬁns protecting the glass curtain wall from glare, yet maximize daylight in the building. Part of the shades could be located inside the building, but the radiation that had passed through the solar selective glazing would still enter the building.

The envelope is glazed on white, the heat energy from the direct sun won’t conduct easily with the wall of the building, therefore there’s still signiﬁcant temperatures differences on the internal and the external wall.

3.2 CURTAIN WALL

3D Section of Facade 1 2 3

4 5 6 7

Building Envelope

The facade of the Singapore National Library is one of the most interesting parts of the building. The facade is 80% made out of glass and ﬁnished with modular sunshades fabricated and coordinated with curtain wall system as well as internal partitions.

The building‘s envelope is mainly built of 80% glazed windows. Double glazing glass prevents energy transfer from solar radiation and ambient temperature, reduces air conditioning needs and achieves thermal comfort. The ETTV is 32.1 W/m2 and the U-value for the glass is 1.62 W/m2 k. On top of that, 19mm monolithic thick glass curtain walls are also being used as it helps reduce condensation.

8 9

EAST AND WEST FACADES 1 CONCRETE FLOOR SLAB 2 STEEL STRUCTURE 3 ACOUSTICAL CEILING 4 METAL SHADING DEVICES 5 ALUMINIUM FRAME 6 AIR DUCT 7 SPANDREL PANEL 8 COMPOSITE METAL DECKING 9 LOW-E GLASS CURTAIN WALL

3.0

07 3.3 LOW-E DOUBLE GLAZED GLASS

Double glazed with high quality low emissivity glass was used on the building facade to control the percentage of natural light to enter the interior spaces. The hard layer in double glazed glass can be intermediately eﬃcient and generally more eﬃcient compared with normal glass.

Glass Type

Viracon Glass VE1.2M

Transmittance

Visible - 47% Solar - 32% UV - 10%

Reﬂectance

Vis_Out - 51% Vis_In - 12% Solar - 31%

U-Value

1.62 W/m2

Shading Coeﬃcient

0.43

Reﬂection heat gain

SHGC

0.37

EETV

32.1 W/m2

19mm monolithic thick glass curtain walls are also being used as it helps reduce condensation.

●

Improve sound insulation by creating a barrier between the inside room and the environment outside.

●

The airtight construction of double glazed windows creates thermal insulation.

●

This reduces the ﬂow of incoming and outgoing heat.

●

Less energy is used to heat up or cool down the space, resulting in lower energy bills.

The glass enclosure and extensively louvered facade provides an open and suﬃciently lit interior spaces. Yet it is still able to respond to the demand of the tropical climate through the reduction of solar heat gain and glare. The interior gains warm lighting experience to provide a pleasant reading environment.

SPATIAL QUALITY

3.4 CANOPY

A canopy at the base of the lowest link bridge is applied to avoid area of high air velocities in the plaza. These elements serve as effective screens against potential driving rain into the plaza area.

NATURAL VENTILATION

4.0

4.0 NATURAL VENTILATION 4.1 AIR CIRCULATION

Air circulation in the building moves where wind from the outside enters one end of the street space in the building and leaves from the other end. The same circulation occurs in the void at the top of the building. Vertical air circulation also occurs in the atrium where the skylight is placed higher than the roof with openings for warm air to escape and cool air to descend on to the ﬂoor level.

Air circulation within the building

Max. Air Movement

Max. Dry Bulb Temperature

Max. Relative Humidity

25 m/min

27°C

75°C

Warm air

4.2 STACK VENTILATION This ventilation mostly occurs in large tall spaces, it functions well to extract warm air from a space and replacing it with cool air. Stack ventilation is shown in the library’s atrium. The over 16 storey atrium perpendicular to the tunnel-like street space below allows for warm air to rise and cool air to descend.

Cool air

ATRIUM

Section of the building showing the stack ventilation system

Openings were averted away from East and West to keep hot wind from entering the building.

4.2.1 THERMAL CHIMNEY

SPATIAL QUALITIES The plaza that incorporates the atrium provides a well ventilated walkway for visitors, reducing temperature within the building, increasing thermal comfort The usage of a 100m tall atrium functions as a thermal chimney to induce ventilation throughout the entire building. The principle of the thermal chimney uses air convection for stack ventilation. It moves the air using buoyancy. Warm air rises and cool air sinks in the atrium, thus the warm and stuffy air is ﬂushed out from the upper openings whereas cold air is drawn downwards and accumulates at the plaza. The horizontal openings were oriented away from the main streets to prevent polluted air from entering the building.

NATURAL VENTILATION

4.0

4.3 CROSS VENTILATION Warm air Cool air

The pressure caused by wind against a large wide obstacle results in air being forced into any small openings found on the surface of the obstacle. The air rush enters the space and bounces off other surfaces to ﬁnd another opening to leave the space. This is shown in the national library as well, in the void on the upper ﬂoor and the tunnel on street level.

Section of the building showing the cross ventilation system

4.3.1 OPEN SPACE

Air circulation in the atrium assist interior air ventilation and minimizes active cooling and energy consumption. The plaza located at the ground level with widely open space ensures smooth air ﬂow and attracts cool wind into the space. Natural ventilation is applied in the main transition spaces; such include internal walkways, event plaza and courtyards.

4.4 WIND BUFFERING

Being the tallest building around Bugis area, the library is facing the strongest wind. With these louvers, the building is able to optimize the ﬂow of wind and natural ventilation. The vegetation are planted on the balconies, the wind would have destroyed the plants without the louvers acting as buffers.

Diagram on the left showing louvers acting as Wind Buffers against strong wind

SPATIAL QUALITIES The breeze makes the open spaces within the building to be prominently comfortable, especially in a tropical climate. The photo above features the central internal streets and plaza that serves as essential part of the stack effect, and also as the main area for various activities.

4.5 BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN

By inserting greeneries in between few ﬂoors, it allows the local vegetation shades to reduce the heat and effectively lowers wall surface temperature by 17°C. Evapotranspiration cooling is also adapted in the building, lowering air condition cost by 25%-80%. Vegetation was ideal in creating the right ambiance for aesthetic values as well as a natural element to prevent the occurrence of heat islands.

STRATEGIC LANDSCAPING

5.0

10 SPATIAL QUALITY

GREEN SPACE More than 6,300 square meters (68,000 square feet) of this building are devoted to green space in the form of urban skycourts, constituting more than 60 percent of the building's footprint. Rainwater is harvested to be used for irrigation system in the garden. HIGH SKYCOURTS The northeast facade contains a pair of 40-meter(130-foot-) high skycourts planted with three-meter- (ten-foot-) high trees. Fourteen landscaped areas / gardens are also located throughout the building. The indoor thermal environment and thermal performance of the building is improved.

5.1 SKY GARDEN

An example of Level 5 Floor Plan indicating location of balconies (3rd ﬂoor and 10th ﬂoor has balconies too)

Balconies indicated on one of the levels, Level 5 The sky gardens and terraces are strategically placed on balconies to serve as effective heat shield, acoustics as well as to reduce glare. The local vegetation shades heat absorbing surfaces and effectively lowers wall surface temperature by 17°C.

SUNKEN GARDEN The two sunken gardens in the basement, letting in light and greenery, reducing mould and humidity, resulting in a pleasant experience on lower levels.

GARDEN TERRACES At level 14, two stretches of garden terraces engage the users in therapeutic working environment, encouraging them to connect with nature.

GARDEN BALCONIES On levels 5, 7, 9 and 10 are garden balconies shielding the building from the rising and the setting sun, increasing comfort levels for users.

5.0

11 5.2 SPECIES OF PLANTS

Among palms, creepers and assorted foliage, visitors can soak up the scents of the spice and herb garden while curling up with a favourite book.

SPATIAL QUALITIES

Green Oasis Pockets of garden featuring herbs located at level 10, creating a green oasis. Visitors are able to learn the different species of herbs whilst contemplating in the garden, with diffused natural lighting, thermal and visual comfort is enhanced with the presence of greens

Attract Visitors The garden is well used by visitors as it provides a breezy and cool environment to stay in as the vegetations ﬁlters the air.

CONCLUSION

6.0 ENERGY SAVINGS

12 6.1 ENERGY SAVINGS 31%

DESIGN ENERGY 17% lower than SAVINGS the National Library Building’s design benchmark ELECTRICITY ENERGY SAVINGS

31% lower than the national average of 220 kWh/sqm/annu m for non-green buildings

ENERGY EFFICIENT INDEX

151 kW/hr/m2

Studies show that the environmental impact of the National Library is lower than that of a typical office building of similar size. The energy efficiency index of the building is around 172 kilowatt-hours per square meter per year (16 kWh per square foot per year), compared with the index of a typical office building in Singapore which consumes around 250 kWh/m2/year (23 kWh/ft2/year). Post-occupancy evaluation has shown that over 90 percent of library users and staff are satisfied with the building, which has also received several prizes, including an award from the World Association of Chinese Architects.

6.2 CONCLUSION By incorporating passive design into building, the building can maximize the effect of thermal comfort. For example in our case study, the garden terraces act as an important role play to maximize the thermal comfort of the users in a building. For example, putting a garden terrace in a building. The vegetation able to increase oxygen and reduce carbon dioxide thus reducing the humidity of the environment. Besides that, sun shading devices will influence a building’s temperature and lighting systems that affect the overall thermal comfort. For example, the sky court in a building able to lower down the ambience temperature to bring energy efficiency to the interior and transfer out the heat in a building. The daylighting in a building can be maximized by using light shelves in and outside the building. As a conclusion, our group learned to identify and define the principles of heat transfer in the relation between building and people. We had also learned to understand the importance of thermal comfort of the users and realized how the orientation and materials used able to affect the thermal comfort.

MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE 7.0

INTRODUCTION AND SITE PLANNING 7.1 Introduction to Building 7.2 Existing Surrounding Building 7.3 Massing and Orientation 7.4 Building Conﬁguration

8.0

DAYLIGHTING 8.1 Natural Daylighting 8.2 Building Management System (BMS)

FACADE DESIGN

9.1 Six Storey Wintergarden 9.2 Double Walled Facade 9.3 Shading Devices

10.0 NATURAL VENTILATION

9.0

10.1 Passive Geothermal System 10.2 Stack Ventilation 10.3 Cross Ventilation 10.4 Ventilation Strategies in Different Season

11.0 STRATEGIC LANDSCAPING 11.1 Public Green Space 11.2 Green Roof 11.3 Plantscaping

12.0 CONCLUSION

13.0 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

14.0 REFERENCE

CONTENT

7.0

7.1 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Architect: Kuwubara Payne Mckenna Blumberg Architect with Architecture 49 and Prairie Architects Climate Zone: Continental, hot summers, very cold winters Gross Floor Area: 64,590 square meters Net Floor Area: 63,287 square meters Number of Stories: 22 Date of Completion: 2009

Manitoba Hydro is the major energy utility in the Province of Manitoba, the fourth largest energy utility in Canada and offers some of the lowest electricity rates in the world. Owned by the provincial government, nearly all of its electricity comes from self-renewing water power. Its new headquarters tower, Manitoba Hydro Place, is the ﬁrst of the next generation of sustainable buildings integrating time-tested environmental concepts in conjunction with advanced technologies to achieve a “living building” that dynamically responds to the local climate.

LOCATION: WINNIPEG Located at the centre of North America. One of the coldest large cities in the world (650,000+ people) as well as the sunniest location in Canada. Temperatures vary 70°C over a year, plummeting below -35°C in the winter, and soaring to 35°C in the summer

CLIMATE Winnipeg has a climate which varies dramatically, in temperature of the course of a year. The wind speed is fairly consistent over time as it precipitation. Windiest Intersection in Canada Winnipeg is subjected to strong southerly winds.

7.2 EXISTING SURROUNDING BUILDING The site was previously an abandoned commercial or industry site. The site is within close proximity to 95% of city bus routes and many restaurants, bars, and daycare. The building is compatible with the scale of the surrounding buildings and minimizes the ‘ skyscraper effect ’ to encourage pedestrian traﬃc.

Mall

Site

Open Space Mid Rise Building (6 - 12m) High Rise Building (30 - 45m)

7.0

7.3 MASSING AND ORIENTATION Oriented Solar South Direction 3 Six Storey Wintergarden

Solar Chimney Exhausts the used and contaminated air from the building

Prevailing Wind from South Allows natural ventilation into the building Building Podium

Green Roof

Optimized solar exposure maximizes the building’s South area and minimizes North facing surfaces to take advantage of the sun passive warming effect on air as it rises through the south atria in the winter months and to reduce thermal loss through the North side of building .

Form and Orientation The form and orientation optimizes passive system for ventilation, heating and cooling, where the three and six storey atria function as solar collectors, air exchangers, air handlers and air shafts.

7.3 BUILDING CONFIGURATION BUILDING PODIUM The entry hall divides the podium mass along the solar axis of the building with a Tyndall stone wall.

Entrance

SOLAR CHIMNEY Retail Frontage

Tra ns

par ent Voi d

Solar Chimney

Sol ar A xis

Entrance

Triangular Green Space

Wrapped with exterior zinc canopy

GREEN ROOF Assemblies aid in storm water retention, reducing strain on the city infrastructure. TRIANGULAR GREEN SPACE

JOINING OF MASS North and South atria stitch the masses together through their light structure and highly transparent voids.

It marks the south end of the entry hall corridor its connection to the main pedestrian axis through the site.

ENTRY POINT

RETAIL FRONTAGE

The Solar Chimney at the North end, the building joins symbolically the two splayed masses and signiﬁes the entry point along the Portage Avenue.

Retail frontages are set along all four sides maintaining the strongest links to the pedestrian activity at grade.

8.0

15 8.1 NATURAL DAYLIGHTING

DAYLIGHTING

DAYLIGHTING FACTOR

SPATIAL QUALITY A narrow loft combined with a 3.1(10 ft) ceiling height and open ﬂoor plan provides natural daylight throughout nearly all of the occupied areas. The use of on all glass facade coupled with an automatic shading device allows the oﬃces close to the window to be daylit throughout the day. The natural daylight provides a visual comfort and create a warm space to the users in the building. It also reduce the energy consumption of the building.

OPEN FLOOR PLAN A narrow (11.5 m [38 ft] wide) loft combined with a 3.1 m (10 ft) ceiling height and open ﬂoor plan provides natural daylight throughout the occupied areas. Suﬃcient levels of daylighting provided during peak hours, increasing visual comfort for the users.

ALUMINIUM LIGHT SHELVES Spatial qualities with light bounces deep into the topmost level of each ﬂoor with a good daylighting angle. It provides natural daylight to the oﬃce area which reduces the energy emission.

DOUBLE FACADE The double façade design is “stepped” to maintain a good daylighting angle.and low-iron glass provides excellent visible transmittance. It allows 91 percent transmission of light compared to 83 percent of regular glass which features high degree of clarity.

8.0

8.2 BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS)

BMS MONITORS MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE TOWER OFFICE SECTION A sophisticated BMS monitors internal and external environments to optimize lighting, solar shading, and heating/cooling loads. This technology enables every individual element within Manitoba Hydro Place to respond in real time to changing weather conditions.

ENERGY SAVING Combining high-quality glazing, a narrow floorplate, and advanced lighting fixtures and controls for daylight integration leads to a 65 percent energy savings for office lighting.

AUTOMATED SHADING DEVICES MOTORIZED AWNING WINDOWS The use of on all glass facade coupled with an automatic shading device allows the oﬃces close to the window to be daylit throughout the day. This lowers the need for electric lighting in the space. The computer controlled exterior window vents allow air into double skin when temperatures allow.

July 10:00am

NO RETRACTION To allow maximum sunlight into the building.

July 10:00am

DAYLIGHT SENSORS

50% EXTENSION To allow suﬃcient sunlight into the building.

100% EXTENSION Prevent sunlight from penetrating into the building. July 10:00am

LIGHTING LEVEL

Overhead direct-indirect lighting uses integrated occupancy and daylight sensors to control amount of lighting within the spaces.

T5 HIGH OUTPUT FIXTURES T5 high output ﬁxtures supplement the daylight through uplighting, and the use of an integrated daylight sensor.

Integrated daylight sensors reduce oﬃce lighting energy use. Even on an overcast day with minimal brightness, lighting energy (red line) decreases as daylight (blue line) increases.

FACADE DESIGN

9.0

BIODYNAMIC DOUBLE WALLED FACADE

The office tower consists double walled facades, facing West, East and Northeast and three South facing, stacked six-storey winter gardens. It enhances the natural flow of air through the building. The long facades are placed towards the South or North to control glare and the great temperature swings caused by the sun. Double-walled facade was used to benefit the passive solar gain trapped inside the space which shelter glare-controlling blinds. It provides a well balanced temperature to the user in the space and achieve a high thermal comfort level. Exposed radiant ceiling slab heats and cools the space efficiently.

6- Storey Staircase

Computer controlled louvre blind / exterior window vents reduce solar gain

Humidiﬁcation and Dehumidiﬁcation

Fan Coil Units Horizontal Blinds

Long span structural concrete ribs provide ﬂexible column free oﬃce lofts.

Glycol Circulation

SIX - STOREY WINTERGARDEN

The perimeter edge of the slab has been shaped to allow for maximum daylight penetration into the building.

WEST AND EAST FACADE SPATIAL QUALITY The double-walled facades that make up the East and West elevation to control glare and great temperature swings, resulting in good thermal comfort for users in the spaces.

The South and North atriums are enlarged versions of the double facade cavity and are used as the supply and exhaust air collectors for the building.

9.1 SIX - STOREY WINTERGARDEN

HORIZONTAL BLINDS

SIX- STOREY STAIRCASE

GLYCOL CIRCULATION

HUMIDIFICATION/ DEHUMIDIFICATION

FAN COIL UNITS

During summer, it deploy and protect the atrium from the harsh summer heat and glare.

Encourages physical activity and inter department communication

Air is preheated at the exterior bench using the geothermal ﬁeld, which provide comfortable resting area for the users.

It is provided by a water feature in each atrium. The water feature also serves the purpose of decoration.

Fan- coil units at each ﬂoor level further heats and cools the air as it is drawn into the raised ﬂoor at each level.

9.0

9.2 DOUBLE WALLED FACADE SYSTEM

Aluminium Frame Fixed Exterior Window Operable Exterior Window

Motorized Vent Automatic 150mm Perforated Shaded

Automated Aluminium Louvres Insulated Glazing Unit (IGU) Operable Interior Window Low Iron Glass Finish Floor Raised Floor Plenum Thermal Mass

Manually Operable Vent Radiant Cooling & Heating in Slab

Unitized Curtain Wall 4000mm Clear Span IGU

LOW IRON GLASS Transmission of Light and High Degree of Clarity

BUFFER ZONE

Allowing it to transmit 91 percent of light compared to 83 percent of regular glass, without the greening effect associated with clear glass panels.

Each one buffer zone is one ﬂoor in height and extends continuously from the South end of the building to the North.

INSULATING GLAZING UNIT RADIANT SLAB Low Emissivity Coating Ideal for heating-dominated climates, passive low-e coated glass helps heat a building, while still reﬂecting the interior long-wave heat energy back inside.

The radiant slab on each ﬂoor extends to the outer curtain wall, so that each buffer zone is a one ﬂoor deep, continuous horizontal space from the South end of the building to the North.

9.3 SHADING DEVICES

AUTOMATED LOUVRE BLIND SYSTEM

MOTORIZED VENETIAN BLIND

To minimize glare and solar radiation within the interior.

Deploy automatically to control glare and reﬂect light back into the air space.

ALUMINIUM LIGHT SHELVES

MOTORIZED ROLLER BLIND

MOTORIZED AWNING WINDOW

Bounces light deep into the topmost level of each six storey neighbourhood.

Control solar heat gain and glare for south facing oﬃce spaces with the use of a metallized low VOC fabric.

Computer controlled exterior window vents allow air into double skin when temperatures allow.

10.0

NATURAL VENTILATION

10.1 PASSIVE GEOTHERMAL SYSTEM The foundation of the building’s heating and cooling system is the geothermal system, a closed loop system consisting of borehole which contains tubing ﬁlled with glycol encased in thermally enhanced grout. In summer, the glycol extracts heat from the building, and returns it to the ground. The same heat is used to warm the radiant slabs during colder temperatures.

HYDRONIC RADIANT HEATING COOLING Uses a water system to heat and cool the ceiling plate of the spaces. Eliminates the need for a bulky air system. Utilizes radiant panel heating and cooling to achieve thermal comfort

MECHANICAL LUNGS - ATRIUM The South atriums act as the building's "lungs" providing natural displacement ventilation. The North atriums act as collectors to exhaust air.

SOLAR CHIMNEY The solar chimney uses thermal mass to exhaust the used and contaminated air to the exterior using the stack effect.

10.2 STACK VENTILATION Stack effect within the northern solar chimney pulls fresh air across the oﬃce ﬂoor to exhaust it vertically .

10.3 CROSS VENTILATION The building orientation and massing are key strategies to naturally ventilate the building. As the building plan opens up to the South, three stacked atria take full advantage of sunlight and southerly prevailing winds. Cross-ventilation draws fresh air across the oﬃce spaces and stale air is exhausted in the North atria solar chimney.

10.0

20 10.4 VENTILATION STRATEGIES IN DIFFERENT SEASON

AIRFLOW - NATURAL VENTILATION The solar chimney is the main exhaust plenum for the building. From spring to fall, stack effect in the building naturally draws exhaust air up and out of the occupied spaces.

AIRFLOW - SUMMER OPERATION Dampers open to engage stack-effect air ﬂow. Solar gain collector at top of solar chimney. Geothermal cooling is carried out in the ground source heat exchanger.

Solar Preheating of Fresh Air in South atrium

AIRFLOW - WINTER OPERATION Dampers closed to allow oﬃce ﬂoor exhaust air to vent into parkade during winter months Geothermal heating is carried out in the ground source heat exchanger.

11.0

21 11.1 PUBLIC GREEN SPACE

STRATEGIC LANDSCAPING

The green spaces are placed strategically on open spaces to serve as effective heat shield, acoustics as well as to reduce glare. The local vegetation shades heat absorbing surfaces and effectively lowers wall surface.

Interior Landscaping

Triangular Public Green Space

Green Roof

Seasonal Exterior Plantscaping

This well-used plaza forms the main outdoor space for the thousands of Hydro employees and bus commuters using Graham Avenue on a daily basis. The space acts as a comfortable, South facing, green pocket on an otherwise hard edged street.

MAIN PEDESTRIAN AXIS It marks the south end of the entry hall corridor its connection to Graham’s public transit corridor.

MAIN OUTDOOR SPACE The well-used plaza forms the main outdoor space for the Hydro employees and bus commuters using Graham Avenue.

PUBLIC SEATING Local stone mixes with steel and concrete in patterns softened by mass plantings and bosques of stately elms.

STREET LEVEL PLAZA The street level plaza, Graham Grove hosts a weekly farmer’s market and providing a lush respite to workers and passersby.

STORMWATER SYSTEM Below the surface of this sustainable plaza, a massive cistern captures stormwater for the building’s green roof and plaza irrigation systems.

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11.2 GREEN ROOF

The podium rooftops feature deep soil intensive green roofs and accessible terraces, creating a lush landscaped outdoor amenity for employees, while also reducing stormwater runoff and providing additional thermal insulation. There are a total of six 3-storey atriums that can be accessed from every floor, starting at the 4th floor where visitors can gaze directly through massive windows at a lush green roof. A reflective coating on the tower rooftops reduces the summer season cooling load and the urban heat island effect. A rainwater/condensate reclamation system is used to water the green roof.

Rainwater Reclamation System To water and maintain the green roof

Water Retention

Water Irrigation

Rooftop Gardens

Reducing strain on the city infrastructure.

Apply controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals.

Features spacious outdoor terraces with raised planters, barbeques and great views.

SPATIAL QUALITY

11.3 PLANTSCAPING Seasonal displays are used for the exterior of the building and the displays are to be rotated from spring/summer to fall and then winter holiday displays. This seasonal display design is to carry in through to the main floor gallery in the appearance of a color matched floral program. Along with the main-floor gallery, south atriums and exterior seasonal displays, 400 live plants of various species are spread out throughout the office tower.

American Elm Act as ornamental tree and provides shade

Lush Tropical Plant Apply color matched ﬂoral program.

The greens ﬁlters the air surrounding the building, the experience is enhanced by the air quality, resulting with better comfort. EXTERIOR LANDSCAPING Basswood Tree Provide shades to the pedestrian.

INTERIOR LANDSCAPING Rhapis Exselsa The plant is in sub-irrigation for South atriums

Ficus Amstel King Tree One of the top 10 best plants for ecological beneﬁts

Dieffenbachia Act as decorative plant to complement the water feature

CONCLUSION

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12.1 ENERGY AND EMISSIONS

Outstanding energy performance is achieved through Building Management System High performance Building Envelope Geothermal Radiant Heating and Cooling Winter Gardens to Humidify Incoming Air Solar chimney to Exhaust Air 85 % Daylighting and High Eﬃciency Artiﬁcial Lighting and Controls

Reduction in Energy Loads

These and other strategies have led to a steady reduction in energy loads. In the ﬁrst year of operation, energy usage was 161 kWh/m2. By 2013 this had been reduced to 85 kWh/m2/year, going beyond the modelled target of 120 kWh/m2/year and surpassing the project goal by reducing energy usage by almost 70% of the MNEBC.

Actual energy use data for 2012 and 2013 show a small performance gap relative to the predictions from the energy model.

Actual usage of natural gas and electricity shows a small difference to the predictions from the energy model.

ENERGY USED Annual Energy Used Intensity (Site) 29.3kBtu/ft Natural Gas 6.8kBtu/sq ft Electricity 22.5kBtu/sq ft

12.2 CONCLUSION

Annual Source Energy 82.3kBtu/sq ft Annual Energy Cost Index (ECI) $0.50 CDN/sq ft Savings vs MNECB Design Building 60%

Innovative Design The project offers a new way to think, design and deliver climate responsive architecture in the 21st century – both for an extreme climate as well as to anticipate extreme weather fluctuations. Leed Platinum Certification The project was awarded LEED Platinum certification in 2011. User Comfort The building is able to take advantage of passive solar and natural ventilation due to Winnipeg’s high percentage of sunny daylight hours and dominant southerly Winds

SITE PLANNING

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

NATIONAL LIBRARY, SINGAPORE

MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE

Oriented against East - West Direction The building is oriented against the axis of East- West to reduce solar heat gain and glare. The cuboidal building has four corners which each points towards North, South, East and West, thus the main surface area of the facade receives less heat and glare.

Oriented Solar South Direction Optimized solar exposure maximizes the building’s South area and minimizes North facing surfaces to take advantage of the sun passive warming effect on air as it rises through the south atria in the winter months and to reduce thermal loss through the north side of building .

DAYLIGHTING

Form and Orientation This ‘K’ geometry helps to redirect sun rays and keep the building cool. With such form factor, it also helps prevent heat island effect. The conﬁgurations of the service area are located on the South-West and North-East sides of the building, serving as buffer zones to insulate the internal areas.

The skylight is built to be small in proportion to the surface area of the building, due to the consideration of heat content of direct sunlight .

A loft combined with open ﬂoor plan provides natural daylight. The double facade design is applied to maintain good angle for daylighting, while low-iron glass provides excellent visible transmittance

Light Shelves The light shelves are paired with external shading device that is placed at the same level of the internal shelves. The external shading reduces glares from the windows without compromising daylight into the spaces

Motorized Awning Window All glass facade coupled with automatic shading device allows the oﬃces adjacent to the windows to be well lit during the day. Thus inhibits the need for artiﬁcial lighting in the space.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

NATURAL VENTILATION

FACADE DESIGN

NATIONAL LIBRARY, SINGAPORE

Curtain Wall

Light shelves

MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE

Double Walled Facade System with Six Storey Winter Garden

These 20 foot wide super ﬁns (light shelves) protecting the glass curtain wall from glare, yet maximize daylight in the building.

The Manitoba Hydro applies double-walled facades, with low iron glass used to transmit high amount of light without having greening effect. Shading devices are frequently used in the interior face like light shelves, motorized awning windows, automated louvre blind, motorized venetian blinds for various type of uses, and for the ease of maintenance.

Atrium Function as thermal chimney to induce ventilation. The principle of the thermal chimney uses air convection for stack ventilation.

Passive Geothermal System In summer, it extracts heat from the building, and returns it to the ground. It also warms the radiant slabs during colder temperatures.

The National Library uses curtain wall system with the aid of horizontal shading devices like light shelves due to the hot tropical weather. It uses low-e double glazed glass to ﬁlter the heat transmission.

Cross Ventilation The air rush enters the space and bounces off other surfaces to ﬁnd another opening to leave the space in the void and the tunnel.

Stack Ventilation The over 16 storey atrium perpendicular to the tunnel-like street space below allows for warm air to rise and cool air to descend.

Mechanical Lungs - Atrium The south atriums providing natural displacement ventilation. The North atriums act as collectors to exhaust air. Solar Chimney Uses thermal mass to exhaust the used and contaminated air to the exterior using the stack effect.

STRATEGIC LANDSCAPING

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

NATIONAL LIBRARY, SINGAPORE

MANITOBA HYDRO PLACE

More than 6,300 square meters of this building are devoted to green space in the form of urban skycourts, constituting more than 60 percent of the building's footprint.

The green spaces are placed strategically on open spaces to serve as effective heat shield, acoustics as well as to reduce glare and temperature.

Sky Garden

Public Green Space This well-used plaza forms the main outdoor space for visitors. The space acts as a comfortable, south facing, green pocket on an otherwise hard edged street.

The sky gardens and terraces are strategically placed on balconies to serve as effective heat shield, acoustics as well as to reduce glare. The local vegetation lowers wall surface temperature by 17°C. Garden balconies

Green Roof Green rooftops feature deep soil intensive green roofs that reduces stormwater runoff and provides thermal insulation.

ENERGY SAVING

Garden balconies helps to shield the building from the rising and the setting sun, increasing comfort levels for users.

17%

31%

70%

Lower than the National Library Building’s Benchmark

National Average of 220 kwh/sqm/annum for Non-green buildings

Reduction on Energy Usage of the Model National Energy Code for Buildings (MNEBC)

Studies show that the environmental impact of the National Library is lower than that of a typical oﬃce building is around 172 kilowatt-hours per square meter per year (16 kWh per square foot per year), compared with the index of a typical oﬃce building in Singapore which consumes around 250 kW/m2/year (23 kWh/ft2/year)

85% Daylighting and High Eﬃciency Artiﬁcial Lighting and Control

Outstanding energy performance is achieved through Building Management System, high performance building envelope, geothermal radiant heating and cooling, winter gardens to humidify incoming air, solar chimney to exhaust air, 85% daylighting and high efficiency artificial lighting and controls. In the first year of operation, energy usage was 161 kWh/m2. By 2013 this had been reduced to 85 kWh/m2/year, going beyond the modelled target of 120 kWh/m2/year.

14.0

REFERENCE

Ajmal, A. K. (Aug 11, 2001). Passive Solar Design. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/ajmalahammedkp/passive-design2. Average Weather for Changi, Singapore. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://weatherspark.com/averages/34049/Changi-Singapore. D. Tunas. (October 8, 2012) Maximizing Daylight Penetration with Light Shelves. Retrieved from http://greenasiaforce.com/Blog/maximizing-daylight-penetration-with-light-shelves/ Global.ctbuh.org. 2020. [online] Available at: <https://global.ctbuh.org/resources/papers/download/414-tall-buildings-in-southeast-asi a-a-humanist-approach-to-tropical-high-rise.pdf> [Accessed 4 June 2020]. Issuu. 2020. Building Science I: National Library Of Singapore. [online] Available at: <https://issuu.com/erhaulee/docs/bscience_library.compressed> [Accessed 4 June 2020]. L. Sadmin. ( January 9, 2012). National Library Board Singapore. Retrieved from http://lightingsolutions.sg/?p=1043 OpenLearn. 2020. Energy In Buildings. [online] Available at: <https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/energy-buildings/content-section -2.2.1> [Accessed 4 June 2020]. Passive Cooling. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/passive-cooling-and-ventilation-0 Pearson, C.A. (2009). AAU3STUDIO. Singapore National Library. Retrieved from http://aau3studio.blogspot.com/2009/ Peter James R., Howard W. Dick (2009). The City in Southeast Asia: Patterns, Processes and Policy. Singapore: NUS Press. Sara Hart (2011). EcoArchitecture the work of Ken Yeang. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. Shahin Vassigh, Jason R. Chandler (2001). Building Systems Integration for Enhanced Environmental Performance. USA: J. Ross Publishing yazılar, e., 2020. Sustainability Case Study: Singapore National Library. [online] Eda Turgut. Available at: <https://edaturgut.wordpress.com/2018/03/19/sustainability-case-study-singapore-nati onal-library/> [Accessed 4 June 2020]. Yeang K. (1999). The Green Skyscaper: the basis for designing sustainable intensive buildings. The University of Michigan: Prestel. Yoke Kiew (2008). Rediﬁning The Library: The National Library of Singapore. Sinapore: GK Consultancy Ptd Ltd.

14.0

REFERENCE

A Model for Cold Climate Design. (n.d.) Manitoba Hydro Place Head Office, Winnipeg, Canada. Retrieved from http://iisbe.org/iisbe/sbc2k8/teams/canada/Manitoba_Hydro/images/hydro_Summary_Doc.p df Air Strength Canada. (2020). Awards 2012 - Manitoba Hydro Place Interior landscaping. Retrieved from http://www.airstrength.com/awards-2012.cfm ArchDaily. (2020). Manitoba Hydro Place/ KPMB Architects. Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/44596/manitoba-hydro-kpmb-architects CANADA. DOWNTOWN WINNIPEG BUSINESS IMPROVEMENT ZONE. (2010-2012) Downtown Trends. Downtown Winnipeg Market Research. Retrieved from http://www.centreventure.com/PDF/Downtown Trends.pdf Case Study 3: Manitoba Hydro Head Office, Winnipeg, Canada. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://iisbe.org/iisbe/sbc2k8/teams/canada/Manitoba_Hydro/can_Man_Hydro.html DIVISARE. (2018). KPMB Architects. Manitoba Hydro Place. Retrieved from https://divisare.com/projects/386636-quinn-manitoba-hydro-place Featured Projects: Manitoba Hydroplace. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.htfc.ca/projects/manitoba-hydro-place/ iiSBE. (n.d.) Manitoba Hydro Place Winnipeg, Canada. Retrieved from http://iisbecanada.ca/umedia/cms_files/iiSBE_-_MBHP-_FINAL__TO_PRINT.pdf Jenson, N. T. (2019). Manitoba Hydro Place Case Study. Sustainability Features. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/nicholastjensen/docs/manitoba_hydroplace_jensen-cahoon Kuwabara, B. (2009). Manitoba Hydro Place. Retrieved from http://www.kpmb.com/project/manitoba-hydro-place/ Kuwabara, B., Auer, T., Akerstream, T., & Pauls, M. (2013). Manitoba Hydro Place: Design, construction, operation - lessons learned, Winnipeg. Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg Architects. doi:10.1515/9783034614283.214 Linn, C. D., & Fortmeyer, R. (2014). Kinetic architecture: Designs for active envelopes. S.l., Victoria: The Images Publishing group. Vitro Architectural Glass. (2018). Glass Topics. Retrieved from http://glassed.vitroglazings.com/topics/why-specify-which-type-of-glass Wood, A., & Salib, R. (2017). Guide to natural ventilation in high rise office buildings. Illinois: ROUTLEDGE.