26 minute read
Space Craft
from WorkBoat August 2022
by WorkBoat
420’ Hockema Group-designed Frederick Paul will be the largest hopper dredge built in the U.S. when it’s launched in 2023.
Operators focus on crew needs, carrying capacity.
By Michael Crowley, Correspondent
Most workboat operators share a common concern — occasionally finding themselves shorthanded. Then there are barge operators who would love to build a vessel with better fuel economy. This issue’s design feature focuses on how two companies are addressing those issues.
Breaking out of old patterns and habits can be tricky. You don’t want to alienate the very people you’re trying to help. How far do you go in the new direction? Is it done incrementally or with a deep dive?
Crowley Maritime Corp., Jacksonville, Fla., appears to be taking the deep dive route as it seeks to strengthen crew retention. “We’re trying to attract talent and encourage people to come and work on Crowley engineered designs,” said Cole Van Gundy, Crowley Maritime’s vice president of engineering, while at the same time noting that “mariners of today are a lot different than mariners of yesterday.”
Crowley recently needed to lease some new vessels and found “there wasn’t much new in the way of crew comfort and keeping up with what modern culture offers right now and how people expect to live their lives,” said Bryan Nichols, senior director of business development and commercial operations with Crowley Engineering Services (previously Jensen Maritime).
Staying with the tried-and-true of the past is not what Crowley envisions as the best way to retain crews for the long term. That’s why a primary focus is modernized workboat designs with an emphasis on crew comfort, “how the crew interacts with one another, with the vessel itself,” said Nichols.
Understanding the comfort issue has been approached in several different ways, including conducting interviews with multiple workboat crews and sending Crowley engineers out on workboats for a couple of days at a time to understand the daily experiences crews go through. Also, Crowley has engaged noise consultants and brought in interior designers “to give us a complete fresh look inside the vessel to anyone stepping aboard,” said Nichols. Crowley has also gone to industries outside the marine world such as aerospace “to see how they have overcome the small space” issue.
The work, which will first be on display with the launching of the eWolf, the all-electric harbor tug being built at Master Boat Builders in Coden, Ala., is aimed at giving “people their own personal space that can be uniquely updated for each person on the vessel,” said Nichols. Whereas a generation ago once the crew was on a boat they didn’t have much connection with friends and family, part of the comfort space Nichols refers to today includes charging ports and being able “to connect to the outside world via Wi-Fi and stay connected with everybody back home.”
Attention has also been paid to the pilothouse and deck. Engineers and naval architects, Nichols said, weren’t the sole developers of the new pilothouse design. Captains were enlisted in a 3-D interactive design to develop an integrated bridge system with optimal lines of sight that allows the operator to “focus on what he needs to do to operate the vessel.”
Down at the bow, the staple, based on input from tug operators, was pushed into the bulwarks to prevent someone from getting caught between the staple and the line going to a ship. Also, a step that’s traditionally been in the deck was eliminated. However, the most innovative feature is a rescue ladder built into the port and starboard sides of the tug, about amid-
ships. Now, if someone goes overboard they can be brought aboard without rst nding a line or ladder to bring then aboard. “I believe it’s the very rst time on a tug,” Cole said.
The eWolf will be operational by mid2023. By then the next generation eWolf should be under construction. Instead of the current eWolf’s 70-ton bollard pull, the next generation will be 90 tons and capable of doing escort service.
HOPPER DREDGES AND BARGES
A distinctive feature on a hopper dredge designed by the Hockema Group Inc., Seattle, is the positioning of the well deck. On most hopper dredges, it’s built low along a vessel’s side, just above the load line and freeboard assignments. This allows for a relatively short drag arm to rotate down for pumping dredging material.
Crowley Maritime
The Crowley Maritime designed eWolf features a bow staple worked into the bulwarks and a rescue ladder built into the side of the hull.
That’s not the case on a hopper dredge design from the Hockema Group, where the well deck is “essentially up to the top of the hopper,” said John Myers, president of the fullservice naval architecture company. A couple of advantages come with this location. The hopper dredge’s hull can be submerged much deeper, thereby increasing the carrying capacity of dredged material, and the hull with a higher sided well deck has greater longitudinal strength. Of course, the drag arm is another deck higher, which means it is longer than if the well deck was lower down on the hull.
The impetus for the design came from working with Manson Construction Co. in Seattle, which wanted a higher capacity hopper dredge with-
Hockema Group
Hockema Group-designed 438' barge Namakani being towed out of Honolulu Harbor.
out making it longer or wider. “They wanted to be able to carry certain tonnage within a certain size vessel,” said Myers. The raised well deck is “a prominent feature when compared to other hopper dredges being built around the world.”
That lead to the largest hopper dredge in this country, the Glenn Edwards, a 390'×76' hopper dredge built at Ala-
bama Dry Dock and Shipbuilding
and delivered to Manson in 2006. It has a 12,000-cu.-yd. capacity. A competitor’s hopper dredge was then built that bumped the Glenn Edwards down to second largest in the U.S. But a new Hockema Group hopper dredge “will once again take the reins of being the largest in the U.S.,” said Myers, when in early 2023, the 420'×81' Frederick Paup is launched at Keppel AmFELs in Brownsville, Texas, for Manson. It will have a 15,000-cu.-yd. capacity.
The maintenance dredge Frederick Paup will operate primarily in the Gulf of Mexico. Like the Glenn Edwards, it will have a pump-off module, enabling it to be a few miles off a beach dredging sand and then, through piping, pump the sand back onto the beach.
Barging is a commercial marine sector not generally thought of when it comes to design innovations. But that’s not stopped the Hockema Group, which has done extensive computational uid dynamics work on barges to optimize hull designs, which leads to giving a lot of shape to the bow and stern entries. A lot more “than you nd on traditional barges,” said Myers. “We boldly state that our barges are the most hull ef cient of any.”
Two Hockema Group sister towing barges are the Namakani and the Kamakani, both 438'×105'×25' and built by Gunderson Marine, Portland, Ore., for Sause Brothers, Coos Bay, Ore. The Namakani was built in 2016 and the Kamakani in 2008.
Both barges have “a lot of hull curvature, particularly in the buttocks of the hull shape in the bow and stern,” said Myers. They also have Hydro-Lift skegs that reduce a barge’s resistance as it moves through the water by 8% to 10% and provide directional stability while producing “a vector of force that adds a forward thrust vector to the barge when being towed.” That’s important when a barge is being towed from, say, the West Coast to Hawaii or to Alaska.
Then there is the fuel savings. Myers said towing the Hockema Groupdesigned barge, as opposed to a boxy traditional barge, gives the towboat operator 15% to 20% fuel savings.
Myers cringes when he sees more traditional box-shaped barges being built. They are cheaper to build than the Hockema designs, “but if they’d just spend another 10% to 15% on construction to create a barge with the proper shape, they will make that money back in the rst year of towing.”
BRI DWYER PHOTO
Dates just in
Nov 17-19, 2022
Seattle, WA
Lumen Field Event Center
CONNECTED
Presented by:
Produced by:
EMPLOYMENT
SHOR RE O OF FF FS SHOR RE SERVICES
Has Immediate Openings!
Derrick Barge Deck Foreman Leadermen Rigger Derrick Crane Operator Deck Crane Operator Tower Operator Welding Foreman Welder (6 GR Certified) Clerk Chief Engineer Chief Electrician Mechanic Oiler Electrician Steward Night Cook Galley Hand Tug Boat Captain Able Body Seamen QMED/OILER
VANUATU FLAGGED TUG CREWS:
Able seafarer deck–II/4 or II/5 Chief engineer—III/3 Able seafarer engine—III/4 or III/5
All deck officers must hold valid Vanuatu GMDSS– General Operator’s Certificate (GOC) (IV/2)
Minimum 2 years offshore experience onboard a derrick barge required. Applicants must have a valid TWIC card. Email resume to: jobs@shoreoffshore.com
HIRING ALL POSITIONS ABOARD OUR FLEET!
100 Ton Captains & Deckhands For Utility & Crew Boats Captains & Mates Lic. Engineers & QMED AB & OS
All applicants must possess valid MMC, Medical Certificate and TWIC credential Apply online: www.dannmarinetowing.com/employment
PLACE YOUR EMPLOYMENT AD HERE!
Contact: Wendy Jalbert
wjalbert@divcom.com
WE ARE HIRING!!
Skilled & Qualified Personnel • Assistant Project Managers • Estimators • Mechanical Supervisors • Crane & Rigging Supervisor • Tank Department Supervisor • Yard Superintendents • Fork Truck Operators • Mechanics • Electricians • Laborers
www.bayonnedrydock.com
We Offer Competitive Salaries & Benefits Equal Opportunity Employer
Please forward all inquires/resumes to: HR@Bayonnedrydock.com
Marine transportation company in Washington State is looking for experienced launch boat/water taxi operators to service deep water vessels at anchor and underway.
USCG 100 Ton License HS Diploma or GED T.W.I.C. FCC Marine Radio Operator Permit (MROP) Radar Observer Full Time with full Benefits Package Drug test required
Please email resume to: jo.johnston@arrowmarinegroup.com
HIRING
DECK & ENGINE
Chief Engineers Masters & Mates
Seeking (2 ea) for shallow draft hopper dredge “MISS KATIE” assigned to Wanchese NC. All work in coastal NC. Competitive pay with benefits. • Chief Engineer 2000 HP • Masters • • • • Mate 1600 NC DDE Oiler EJE DREDGING SERVICE
For More information
CALL 252-619-3606
Dann Ocean Towing NOW HIRING!
As our fleet continues to grow, we are looking for experienced wire boat:
- Captain - Engineers - Mates - AB Deckhands
We Offer: A company committed to safety Competitive Day Rates Equal Time Opportunities Paid Travel
Apply online: www.dannoceantowing.com Email: hiring@dannoceantowing.com Phone: (813) 251-5100
EMPLOYMENT
SEEKING QUALIFIED & EXPERIENCED PERSONNEL
to work on our subsea construction fleet. AVAILABLE POSITIONS
Master Senior Chief Officer Chief Officer Second Officer Chief Engineer Second Engineer Third Engineer Fourth Engineer Electro-Technical Officer Electrician Instrument Technician Bosun Able Seafarer Able Seafarer (Engine) Welder Crane Operator Crane Technician Materials Coordinator Chief Pipelay Engineer Fitter Technician Supervisor Hydraulic Technician PLC Technician Electrical Technician Mechanical Technician Pipelay Operator Deck Mechanic Deck Coordinator Offshore Const Manager SR Offshore Const Supervisor Offshore Const Supervisor Offshore Operations Engineer Deck Supervisor Rigging Supervisor Assistant Rigging Supervisor Rigger (incl Lead rigger) Rigger Welder ROV Superintendent ROV Senior Supervisor ROV Supervisor ROV Senior Pilot Technician ROV Pilot Technician HSE Advisor Medic Administrator Offshore Administrator
Harvey Gulf International Marine Apply Online at: www.harveygulf.com
Or apply in person at our Fourchon Facility
495 Adam Ted Gisclair Road, Fourchon, LA 70357 Great Benefits, Travel Pay, Matching 401K and more... Please submit resume to Jobs@harveygulf.com
EOE
For job description go to: https://www.workboat.com/resources/jobs-marketplace/seeking-fleet-deckhands
Seeking fleet deckhands
3 locations
Waggaman, LA - Vacharie, LA - Destrehan, LA
ADM is seeking a full time laborer to work as a deckhand under the direction of a Captain on a tug boat at our American River Transportation Company (ARTCo) fleeting locations
Complete benefits package, including 401K/ESOP Pension, Health, Life, Vision and Dental Insurance
Please visit our website to apply: www.adm.com/careers
We are Hiring!
MSHSISHIRING EXPERIENCED:
Florida Louisiana Washington
• Application Engineers • Field Service Engineers • Workshop Technicians ...Controls & Actuations • Workshop Technicians ...Engine & Turbochargers • Project Coordinators • Workshop Machinists • Welder
Visit our website at
https://www.mshsgroup.com/careers/
to view available positions.
A AC CC CO OU UN NT T M MA AN NA AG GE ER R II
ZF is seeking Account Manager I Sales Department - Marine Division Mukilteo, WA
BE PART OF THE
ZF TEAM www.ZF.com
For full job description and to apply go to:
https://www.workboat.com/resources/jobsmarketplace/account-manager-i Is now accepting applications for Chief Engineers
Harvey Gulf International Marine Apply Online at: www.harveygulf.com
Or apply in person at our Fourchon Facility
495 Adam Ted Gisclair Road, Fourchon, LA 70357 Great Benefits, Travel Pay, Matching 401K and more... Please submit resume to Jobs@harveygulf.com
EMPLOYMENT / LAW / MARINE GEAR
1st Class Aluminum & Steel Shipfitters
Senesco Marine is looking for first class shipfitters to perform tasks to lay out, fabricate and assemble various metal structural parts of a ship such as plates and bulkheads.
Quonset Point North Kingstown, RI
For full job description and to apply go to: www.senescomarine.com/careers.htm
**Immediate Hire**
Marine Fire Suppression inspectors
40 hrs per week, OT is paid as double time Located in Seattle Company has been in business for 99 years Will train as needed
For full job description & to apply go to: www.gowfire.com
SIMULATOR INSTRUCTOR
The Seamen’s Church Institute’s Center for Maritime Education-Paducah is seeking an experienced captain to teach courses related to towboat captains, pilots, mate/steersman, and Subchapter M companies
5 yrs + experience operating vessels on the Western Rivers or Inland Waters Strong communication skills Experience training steersmen or leading meetings Current USCG license Matching 403b Retirement Plan Dental /Medical Full Time- Mon-Fri
Send resume to: HR@seamenschurch.org
www.workboat.com/resources/jobs-marketplace You'll also fi nd Marine Gear, Equipment, Services, and more in our Marketplace. To get more info on running an advertisement contact wjalbert@divcom.com
LAW
MARINE GEAR
MARINE GEAR / SUPPLIES / SERVICES
Heated Work Boat Cabin Glazing
Electrically Heated Interlayers
For estimates please call: 724-256-9151 www.hotlineglassusa.com
MB Brokerage Co.
HOSS Winch Division
NEW & REFURBISHED WINCHES
Call or email for a quote or custom winch requirement! cgonsoul@gmail.com 850-255-5266 www.HossWinch.com
BOLLARD™ MARINE GENERATORS
Designed & Built for the Harsh Marine Environment
9kW - 550kW Gensets
LOWEST COST OF OWNERSHIP MORE COPPER = LOWER OPERATING TEMPS & LESS FUEL CONSUMPTION CUSTOM SPECS AVAILABLE
Manufactured by MER Equipment
800.777.0714
Locate a dealer www.merequipment.com
MARINE GEAR / SUPPLIES / SERVICES
MARINE MACHINING & MANUFACTURING Your One-Stop Shop for Your Marine Drive Needs
Sales and Service
• A17, A19, A22 and A22HS • Propeller Shafting Bar Stock
lengths up to 36’
• C.N.C. Machined Propeller
Shafting
• Precision Propeller Shaft
straightening & repair Sales and Service
• Custom Machined Shaft
Couplings up to 30” diameter
• Michigan Wheel Propellers • Propeller Repair
WORLD LEADER IN BOAT SHAFTING
World's Largest Stocking Distributor of AQUAMET
33475 Giftos Dr., Clinton Township, MI 48035 ◼ PH. 586-791-8800 www.marinemachining.com - www.aquamet.com
The Alutech and OP Series Chairs & Deck Rails Greater Quality. Greatest Value.
Alu Design offers a standard product line in addition to the option for customization to suit specific needs. Sleek modern design and maximum utility and comfort are emphasized. No matter whether you call it a pilot chair, helm chair, navigator chair or operator seat, we have the chair for your application.
THE MOST POWERFUL TOOL
for removing coatings and rust
www.alu-design.no
In-Mar Solutions offers a complete line of Alu Design & Services chairs and deck rails. www.inmarsolutions.com info@inmarsolutions.com (225) 644-7063
Rustibus® is designed to de-scale and de-scale and power brush ship decks, hatch covers, tank tops, etc. free from paint and rust!
USA OFFICE Ph: 832-203-7170 houston@rustibus.com
MARINE GEAR / SUPPLIES / SERVICES
NEW KIENECOOL RUNNING INDICATOR VALVE!
• Unique design keeps
temperature well below
SOLAS and Subchapter M limits.
• Safe, easy to use.
• Long life due to reduced
temperatures.
• Near-straight through flow
path provides accurate cylinder pressure readings.
Hand wheel operated COOL RUNNING Indicator Valve
• Available now for EMD
engines!
• Available with pressure
sensor port - for continuous pressure monitoring.
• Hex nut and hand wheel operated
versions are available.
Call or e-mail for info!
1-800-264-5950 info@kienediesel.com www.kienediesel.com
Place your Marine Gear / Supplies or Services AD HERE! wjalbert@divcom.com Keel Coolers
Trouble free marine engine cooling since 1927!
THE WALTER MACHINE CO, INC
Tel: 201-656-5654 • Fax: 201-656-0318 www.waltergear.com
D E S I G N , M A N U F A C T U R I N G , M O D I F I C A T I O N S
Huard Technology Services
Jacques Emile Huard
Electronic Design Engineer jacques@huardtechserv.com
http://huardtechserv.com
NMEA 2000 & SAE J1939 ISOLATED CANBUS INTERFACES CLOSED-LOOP HYDRAULIC CONTROL NMEA 0183 & GPS & IMU BLUETOOTH & WIFI & MESH SENSOR & ELECTRICAL DESIGN
Now Manufacturing and Installing Fire Retardant Bunk Curtains We are a Custom Manufacturer of Wheelhouse Tinted Shades & Crew Quarter Blackout Shades
We custom build every shade to fit each window in our facility.
They are Incredibly durable, driven by over-sized clutches and operated by a stainless steel pull chain. We offer measurement and installation services in Southern Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. We carry $5,000,000 workers’ compensation, and liability insurance policies with U.S.L.&H. and the Jones Act.
Download our order form to purchase your shades today.
Contact: Edward Kass III | 504-615-5833 | ekass@solarboatshades.com | www.solarboatshades.com
MARINE GEAR / SUPPLIES / SERVICES
36-inch Diameter Modular Plastic Pontoons
The Best Idea Since the Indian Canoe
Uses: Pontoon boats, house boats, workboats—replace old steel or aluminum pontoons Heavy Duty: Molded from sturdy, medium density polyethylene (MDPF) and filled with polyurethane foam for increased stability Modular: Each bow, middle and stern modules are 10 ft. in length Displacement at full submersion: Bow module supports gross weight of 3,100 lbs. and middle/stern each supports 4,200 lbs.
5602 Sea Grapes Way The Village, FL 32163 Phone: 419-675-0002
info@wilsonpontoons.com
Toll Free: 877-456-2531 www.plasticpontoon.com
Become a Certified and Accredited Marine Surveyor Fishing Vessel Qualified. Complete course and examination for all vessel types and uses. 1-800-245-4425 or navsurvey.com
Coast Guard & State Pilotage License Insurance
Available Coverages; Legal Defense for CG, NTSB and State Pilot Hearings; Federal and State Civil Actions Reimbursement for Loss of Wages Group Coverage Also Available
R.J. Mellusi & Co., 29 Broadway, Suite 2311 New York, N.Y. 10006 Tel. 1(800)280-1590, Fax. 1(212)385-0920, rjmellusi@sealawyers.com www.marinelicenseinsurance.com
MB Brokerage Co. | MB Barge Co. | BG Fleeting Barges | Boats | Cranes Vessel Chartering Services
Chris Gonsoulin, Owner (850) 255-5266 cgonsoul@gmail.com www.mbbrokerage.net
VIEW MORE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES AT www.WorkBoat.com
ADVERTISERS INDEX
Ahead Sanitation Systems Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Airmar Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Arcosa Marine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 BAE Systems Ship Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 BMT Group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Browns Point Marine Service, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 CAIG Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Furuno USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CV3 Gilbert Associates Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Gladding-Hearn Shipbuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Imtra Corp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 International WorkBoat Show . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,35 John Deere Power Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Karl Senner, LLC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CV4 Louisiana Cat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 McDermott Light & Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 MTU - A Rolls-Royce solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CV2 Pacifi c Marine Expo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Robert Allan Ltd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Rouses Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 R W Fernstrum & Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Schoellhorn-Albrecht Machine Company. . . . . . . . . 29 Transport Products and Service Enterprises, Inc.. . 37 Trimaco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 U.S. Coast Guard Foundation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 WorkBoat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Yank Marine Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Yanmar America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
AUGUST 1962
LOOKS BACK
• C.G. Willis Jr., Paulsboro, N.J., has ordered four twin-screw towboats from Wiley Manufacturing. The boats will measure 90'×28' and are scheduled to be delivered later this year. • The Island Exporter, described as the “world's largest oceangoing deck cargo barge,” was delivered recently to Island Tug & Barge Ltd., Victoria, British Columbia, by Yarrows Ltd., Esquimalt, British Columbia. The 360'×75'×25' Esporter is designed to carry 10,700 gross tons of bulk cargo. Fully loaded, it will draw 18'4". Vancouver naval architect Robert Allan designed the barge for use in the 20' channel of the Willamette River. • The 55'×16'×4'6" excursion boat Lady M was recently placed in service by River Excursions, Dubuque, Iowa. The new Mississippi River boat has seating for 150 passengers but has passed stability tests for up to 200.
AUGUST 1982
• Christening ceremonies were held recently for the 285'×78' cargo/oil combination barge Thunderbird, built by Eagle Marine Construction, Seattle, for Paci c Western Lines. • Alter Barge Line, Davenport, Iowa, has recently been issued an ICC Certi cate of Public Convenience and Necessity, granting authority to engage in transportation as a common carrier by water. The certi cate enables Alter to transport general cargo commodities between points and ports in the Mississippi, Illinois, Ohio, Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas and Cumberland rivers, and the Intracoastal Canal. • Riedel International has been selected as the general contractor with Dravo Corp. in charge of engineering and construction management for Paci c Coal Corp.’s $60 million coal export terminal at the Port of Portland. The new Mississippi River
AUGUST 1972
• The 90'×30' towboat National Ranger was built at Main Iron Works, Houma, La., for the Transport Division of National Marine Service, Brentwood, Mo. The new boat is designed primarily to work from Chicago to Houston but with a maximum draft of 8' when fully loaded, the boat is shallow enough to work the Missouri River or anywhere else. • The Wharf Cat, a 75'×31' party boat, was recently delivered by Breaux’s Bay Craft, Loreauville, La., to Wharf Cat Inc., Port Aransas, Texas. The all aluminum, twin hull catamaran is certi ed to carry up to 86 passengers. • Plans for a new Hall of American Maritime Enterprise at the Smithsonian Institution has been announced by Dr. Daniel J. Boorstin, director of History and Technology in Washington, D.C. The museum hopes to open the new hall in 1976 — in time for the nation’s bicentennial.
