A.4 Definition of education indicators

TABLE A.3 Definition and calculation of health indicators (Continued)

Indicator Definition Management of maternal and neonatal complications

Inappropriate antibiotic use Number of relevant treatment actions proposed by the clinician

Share of providers inappropriately prescribing antibiotics Details The SDI includes two vignettes to assess maternal and neonatal complications. Providers are scored on the number of relevant treatment actions that they propose out of five specific actions for postpartum hemorrhage and seven specific actions for neonatal asphyxia.

The SDI surveys also collect information on inappropriate antibiotic use, defined as prescribing an antibiotic during the tuberculosis vignettes (aside from the antibiotics recommended as part of the tuberculosis regimen) or any antibiotics for the diarrhea vignette (for which antibiotics are not indicated by the patient examination). Inappropriate antibiotic use is calculated as the % of health care providers who inappropriately prescribe antibiotics among all health care providers given the clinical vignettes.

Source: Service Delivery Indicators (SDI) core team.

TABLE A.4 Definition of education indicators

Indicator Definition School absence rate Share of a maximum of 10 randomly selected teachers who are absent from school during an unannounced visit

Classroom absence rate

Time spent teaching per day Share of teachers who are present in the classroom during scheduled teaching hours as observed during an unannounced visit

Amount of time a teacher spends teaching during an average school day

Minimum knowledge Share of teachers with minimum knowledge and test score Details This indicator is measured in the following way: During the first, announced, visit, a maximum of 10 teachers are randomly selected from the list of all teachers (excluding volunteer and part-time teachers) on the school roster. The whereabouts of these 10 teachers are then verified during the second, unannounced, visit. Teachers found anywhere on the school premises are marked as present.

This indicator is constructed in the same way as the school absence rate indicator, except that the numerator is the number of teachers who are either absent from school or present at school but absent from the classroom.

This indicator combines data from the staff roster module (used to measure absence rate), the classroom observation module, and reported teaching hours. Teaching time is adjusted for the time teachers are absent from the classroom, on average, and for the time teachers teach while in the classroom, based on classroom observations. While inside the classroom, distinction is made between teaching and nonteaching activities. Teaching is defined very broadly, including actively interacting with students, correcting or grading students’ work, asking questions, testing, using the blackboard, or having students work on a specific task, drill, or memorization. Nonteaching activities include working on private matters, maintaining discipline in class, or doing nothing and thus having students who are not paying attention.

This indicator is based on mathematics and language tests covering the primary curriculum administered at the school and is calculated as the % of teachers who score more than 80% on the language and mathematics portion of the test. The test is given to all mathematics or language teachers who taught third grade in the prior year or fourth grade in the year the survey is conducted. Test score is measured as the overall score on mathematics, language, and pedagogy tests covering the primary curriculum administered at the school level to all mathematics and language teachers who taught third grade in the prior year or fourth grade in the year the survey is conducted.

(continued)

TABLE A.4 Definition of education indicators (Continued)

Indicator Definition Minimum infrastructure availability Unweighted average of the proportion of schools with the following available: functioning electricity and sanitation

Minimum equipment availability Unweighted average of the proportion of schools with the following available: functioning blackboard with chalk, pens or pencils, and notebooks or paper

Share of pupils with textbooks

Observed pupil-teacher ratio Number of mathematics and language books used in a fourth-grade classroom divided by the number of pupils present in the classroom

Average number of fourth-grade pupils per fourth-grade teacher Details This is a binary indicator capturing availability of (1) functioning toilets and (2) classroom visibility. Functioning toilets is defined as whether toilets are functioning, accessible, clean, and private (enclosed and with gender separation), as verified by an enumerator. To verify classroom visibility, the survey team randomly selects one fourthgrade classroom in which the enumerator places a printout on the board and checks whether it is possible to read the printout from the back of the classroom.

This is a binary indicator capturing availability of (1) functioning blackboard and chalk and (2) pens, pencils, and exercise books in fourth-grade classrooms. In one randomly selected fourth-grade classroom in the school, the enumerator assesses whether there is a functioning blackboard by looking at whether text written on the blackboard can be read at the front and back of the classroom and whether chalk is available to write on the blackboard. A classroom has met the minimum requirement of pens, pencils, and exercise books if both the share of students with pen or pencils and the share of students with exercise books are above 90%.

This indicator reflects the typical ratio of students to textbooks in the fourth-grade classroom. It is measured as the number of students with the relevant textbooks (mathematics or language, conditional on which class is observed) in one randomly selected fourth-grade class divided by the number of students in that classroom.

This indicator reflects the typical ratio of pupils to teacher in the fourthgrade classroom. It is measured as the number of students in one randomly selected fourth-grade class at the school.

Source: Service Delivery Indicators (SDI) core team.