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Organization (WTO) as follows: (1) cross-border supply of services (that is, from one economy’s territory to another’s); (3) commercial presence (by a service supplier of one economy that establishes business in the territory of another economy); and (4) presence of natural persons (that is, when a service supplier sends an individual abroad to provide the service). 6. The FATS database has been replaced since 2008 by the Activity of

Multinational Enterprises (AMNE) database, which groups together statistics on foreign affiliates in services and manufacturing. Here, only the data on services from AMNE are used, which is why the data are still called FATS in this study. 7. The denominators, total services employment and total services GDP, are calculated by the authors through the help of two sources, the

World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) and the Penn

World Table (PWT). The WDI data provide the percentage share of services in total GDP and percentage share of services employment in total employment. Multiplying by the total GDP of a country from

WDI yields the services GDP value. And multiplying the share of employment in services by total employment from PWT yields the number of employees in the services sectors. Ideally, it would have been preferable to have the same data but only for the services in which we are interested. But, to our knowledge, the data are not readily available for these countries. 8. The figures for changes in exports and in turnover shares by Broad

Economic Category are available upon request. 9. The United Nations delivers data on the input-output matrix for

Morocco and South Africa from 1995 to 2011. Because we do not have access to input-output data for Egypt and Nigeria, we applied

Morocco’s input-output matrix to the two countries. We also applied 2011 w figures to the 2012–14 period.

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