Additional Readings

Badgett, M.V. Lee, and Randall Sell. 2018. “A Set of Proposed Indicators for the LGBTI Inclusion

Index (English).” World Bank, Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated /en/608921536847788293/A-Set-of-Proposed-Indicators-for-the-LGBTI-Inclusion-Index. Badgett, M.V. Lee, Kees Waaldijk, and Yana van der Meulen Rodgers. 2019. “The Relationship between

LGBT Inclusion and Economic Development: Macro-Level Evidence.” World Development 120: 1–14. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X19300695. Berggren, Niclas, and Mikael Elinder. 2012. “Is Tolerance Good or Bad for Growth?” Public Choice 150: 283–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-010-9702-x. Flores, Andrew Ryan, and Andrew Park. 2018. Examining the Relationship between Social Acceptance of

LGBT People and Legal Inclusion of Sexual Minorities. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332060888_Examining_the_relationship_between_social _acceptance_of_LGBT_people_and_legal_inclusion_of_sexual_minorities. Fredman, Sandra. 2013. “Anti-Discrimination Laws and Work in the Developing World: A Thematic

Overview.” World Development Report Background Papers. World Bank, Washington, DC. Panter, Elaine, Tanya Primiani, Tazeen Hasan, and Eduardo Calderon Pontaza. 2017. “Antidiscrimination Law and Shared Prosperity: An Analysis of the Legal Framework of Six Economies and Their Impact on the

Equality of Opportunities of Ethnic, Religious, and Sexual Minorities.” Policy Research Working Paper

No. 7992. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26242. World Bank. 2013. Inclusion Matters: The Foundation for Shared Prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16195. World Bank. 2018a. Doing Business: Reforming to Create Jobs. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://www .doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/media/Annual-Reports/English/DB18-print-report.pdf. World Bank. 2018b. Economic Inclusion of LGBTI Groups in Thailand (Vol. 2): Main Report (English). Washington,

DC: World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29632. World Bank. 2018c. Life on the Margins: Survey Results of the Experiences of LGBTI People in Southeastern Europe (English). Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/123651538514203449 /Life-on-the-Margins-Survey-Results-of-the-Experiences-of-LGBTI-People-in-Southeastern-Europe.

Aghion, Philippe, Eve Caroli, and Cecilia García-Peñalosa. 1999. “Inequality and Economic Growth: The

Perspective of the New Growth Theories.” Journal of Economic Literature 37 (4): 1615–60. Bénabou, Roland. 1996. “Inequality and Growth.” NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1996 (11): 11–92. Bertola, Giuseppe, Reto Foellmi, and Josef Zweimüller. 2005. Income Distribution in Macroeconomic Models.

Princeton, NJ, and Woodstock, Oxfordshire, UK: Princeton University Press. Bourguignon, Francois. 2004. “The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle.” Presented at Indian Council for

Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi, February 4. http://documents.worldbank .org/curated/en/449711468762020101/pdf/28102.pdf. Ehrhart, Christophe. 2009. “The Effects of Inequality on Growth: A Survey of the Theoretical and Empirical

Literature.” Working Paper 107, ECINEQ, Society for the Study of Economic Inequality. World Bank. 2006. World Development Report 2006: Equity and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.

1 Criminalization and SOGI

KEY FINDINGS

Canada, Costa Rica, Japan, Kosovo, Mexico, Mozambique, South Africa, Ukraine, and Uruguay do not criminalize same-sex relations. They also do not use laws on vagrancy, public nuisance, or public morals to target sexual and gender minorities.

Five of the 16 countries measured by the report do criminalize conduct based on the individual’s sexual orientation.

All sample countries have the same legal age for consensual sex for opposite sex and same-sex relations.

Almost one-half of the countries analyzed use vagrancy, public nuisance, or public moral laws to target sexual and gender minorities.

It is advised that countries repeal laws, constitutional provisions, and regulations that criminalize people based on their sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, and sex characteristics.