References

2. Iraqi simulations are not included in this report, but a paper coproduced by the

World Bank and UNICEF finds that the initial lockdown and a sharp decline in oil prices increased the national poverty rate by 7 to 14 percentage points in the summer of 2020, from 20 percent in 2017. With the gradual opening of the economy and improved oil prices, poverty receded slightly by the end of 2020 and remained 6.7 percentage points above the 2017 level (under a mild scenario) (World Bank and UNICEF 2020). 3. World Bank data (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD .ZG?locations=IR; https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL .ZG?locations=IR).

References

Cornish, Chloe. n.d. “Lebanon’s Queue Jumping Affair Threatens World Bank

Vaccine Lifeline.” Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/55d802dc -d5d4-424e-9c55-7dde3a0f7f50. Roser, Max, and Esteban Ortiz-Ospina. 2021. COVID-19 Data Explorer (published online at OurWorldInData.org), https://ourworldindata.org /explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer. World Bank. 2020. “Poverty and Distributional Impacts of COVID-19: Potential

Channels of Impact and Mitigating Policies.” World Bank, Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/brief/poverty-and -distributional-impacts-of-covid-19-potential-channels-of-impact-and -mitigating-policies. World Bank. 2021. “MENA Economies Face Rapid Accumulation of Public

Debt; Strong Institutions Will Be Key to Recovery.” Press release, April 2, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/04/02 /strong-institutions-will-be-key-to-mena-recovery-amid-rapid-accumulation -of-public-debt. World Bank and UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2020. “Assessment of COVID-19 Impact on Poverty and Vulnerability in Iraq.” UNICEF, New

York. https://www.unicef.org/iraq/media/1181/file/Assessment%20of%20

COVID-19%20Impact%20on%20Poverty%20and%20Vulnerability%20 in%20Iraq.pdf.