References

3. These findings, and the underlying analysis, are presented in chapter 1. 4. Data on the region’s trade-weighted average tariffs and PTA coverage ratios are taken from chapter 2. 5. The region’s performance on several trade facilitation indicators is further discussed in chapter 3. 6. In addition to services, rules on investment in trade agreements are important to attract foreign direct investment that can remedy the scarcity of capital or technology. These issues will be analyzed in future work. 7. The data on services trade, by region, are from the World Development Indicators database. 8. The most common classification of services trade is that of the World Trade Organization treaty, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), which defines four modes of services trade: (1) cross-border supply, (2) consumption abroad, (3) commercial presence (including foreign direct investment), and (4) movement of natural persons (in which service delivery involves the travel of a service provider to the consumer’s country). 9. Data on the share of subsidies in GDP or government budgets are from the International Monetary

Fund’s Government Finance Statistics database. See chapter 6 for a detailed discussion of state support through subsidies and state-owned enterprises.

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