References

22. Information on AUPSA and other details of Panamanian implementation of the US–Panama PTA are from the Global Agricultural Information Network (GAIN) database of the US Department of

Agriculture’s Foreign Agricultural Service: https://gain.fas.usda.gov/#/. 23. This process is supported by the Inter-American Development Bank with the participation of regulatory authorities. 24. When harmonized regional import requirements already exist, products originating in the EU should comply with those requirements (and with registration where needed) in the Central

American country of first import. Thereafter, free circulation in Central America is possible. 25. Vested interests in Panama opposed the implementation of this agreement, but the United States had several levers to induce compliance, including conclusion, implementation, and adoption of the free trade agreement itself.

REFERENCES

Baldwin, R. 2000. “Regulatory Protectionism, Developing Nations, and a Two-Tier World Trade System.” Discussion Paper 2574, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London. Chen, M., and A. Mattoo. 2008. “Regionalism in Standards: Good or Bad for Trade?” Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’économique 41 (3): 838–63. Correia, S., P. Guimarães, and T. Zylkin. 2019. “PPMLHDFE: Fast Poisson Estimation with HighDimensional Fixed-Effects.” The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata 20 (1): 95–115. Costinot, A. 2008. “A Comparative Institutional Analysis of Agreements on Product Standards.” Journal of International Economics 75 (1): 197–213. Disdier, A.-C., L. Fontagné, and O. Cadot. 2015. “North-South Standards Harmonization and International Trade.” The World Bank Economic Review 29 (2): 327–52. Dorantes, J. 2020. “Former Director General of International Trade Rules, Secretary of Economy, Mexico.” Interview with the author, November 30. Economist. 2020. “Wine Whinge: The Costs of Colombia’s Closed Economy.” Economist, February 8. Ederington, J., and M. Ruta. 2016. “Nontariff Measures and the World Trading System.” In Handbook of Commercial Policy, Vol. 1, Part B, edited by K. Bagwell and R. W. Staiger, 211–77. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Espitia, A., S. Pardo, R. Piermartini, and N. Rocha. 2020. “Technical Barriers to Trade.” In Handbook of Deep Trade Agreements, edited by A. Mattoo, N. Rocha, and M. Ruta, 343–65. Washington, DC: World Bank. Fatat Romero, A. 2020. “Vice Minister of Trade, Colombia.” Interview with Anabel Gonzalez, December 2. Fernandes, A., E. Ferro, and J. Wilson. 2019. “Product Standards and Firms’ Export Decisions.” The World Bank Economic Review 33 (2): 353–74. Fernandes, A. M., K. Lefebvre, and N. Rocha. 2021. “Heterogeneous Impacts of SPS and TBT Regulations: Firm-Level Evidence from Deep Trade Agreements.” Policy Research Working Paper 9700, World Bank, Washington, DC. Fontagné, L., G. Orefice, R. Piermartini, and N. Rocha. 2015. “Product Standards and Margins of Trade: Firm-Level Evidence.” Journal of International Economics 97 (1): 29–44. Gaulier, G., and S. Zignago. 2010. “BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level: The 1994–2007 Version.” Working Paper 2010-23, Centre d’Études Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (CEPII), Paris.

Goldberg, E. 2019. “Regulatory Cooperation: A Reality Check.” M-RCBG Associate Working Paper Series 115, Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, MA. González, A. 2020. “Deep Preferential Trade Agreements as Mechanisms to Support TBT and SPS Regulatory Cooperation in Latin America.” Unpublished working paper, World Bank, Washington, DC. Hoekman, B. 2015. “Trade Agreements and International Regulatory Cooperation in a Supply Chain World.” Working Paper RSCAS 2015/04, European University Institute, Fiesole, Italy. Hoekman, B. 2018. “‘Behind-the-Border’ Regulatory Policies and Trade Agreements.” East Asian Economic Review 22 (3): 243–73. Hoekman, B., and A. Nicita. 2011. “Trade Policy, Trade Costs, and Developing Country Trade.” World Development 39 (12): 2069–79. Hornbeck, J. 2012. “The US–Panama Free Trade Agreement.” Congressional Research Service, November 8. Ing, L., O. Cadot, and J. Walz. 2017. “Transparency in Non‐Tariff Measures: An International Comparison.” The World Economy 41 (3): 884–912. Inside U.S. Trade. 2006. “Dispute over Agriculture Inspections Holding Up U.S.–Panama FTA Talks.” Inside U.S. Trade, January 27. Kee, H. L. 2019. “Trade Policies in Latin America Region and the Trade Impact.” Unpublished manuscript, World Bank, Washington, DC. Kee, H. L., and A. Forero. 2020. “Non-Tariff Measures of Colombia.” Unpublished working paper, World Bank, Washington, DC. Kee, H. L., A. Nicita, and M. Olarreaga. 2009. “Estimating Trade Restrictiveness Indices.” Economic Journal 119 (534): 172–99. Lejárraga, I., and B. Shepherd. 2013. “Quantitative Evidence on Transparency in Regional Trade Agreements.” Trade Policy Paper No. 153, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. Macedoni, L., and A. Weinberger. 2020. “Quality Heterogeneity and Misallocation: The Welfare Benefits of Raising your Standards.” MPRA Paper, University Library of Munich, Germany. Mattoo, A., N. Rocha, and M. Ruta, eds. 2020. Handbook of Deep Trade Agreements. Washington, DC: World Bank. Molina, A., and V. Khoroshavina. 2015. “TBT Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements: To What Extent Do They Go beyond the WTO TBT Agreement?” Staff Working Paper ERSD-2015-09, World Trade Organization, Geneva. Mowatt, R. 2017. “Trade Policy Issues in Latin America and the Caribbean: Views from Country Authorities and Current State of Play.” Survey report, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2013. International Regulatory Co-operation: Addressing Global Challenges. Paris: OECD Publishing. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2017. International Regulatory Co-operation and Trade: Understanding the Trade Costs of Regulatory Divergence and the Remedies. Paris: OECD Publishing. Piermartini, R., and M. Budetta. 2009. “A Mapping of Regional Rules on Technical Barriers to Trade.” In Regional Rules in the Global Trading System, edited by A. Estevadeordal, R. Teh, and K. Suominen, 250–315. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Piermartini, R., and Y. Yotov. 2016. “Estimating Trade Policy Effects with Structural Gravity.” School of Economics Working Paper No. 2016-10, LeBow College of Business, Drexel University, Philadelphia.

Polanco, R., and P. Sauvé. 2018. “The Treatment of Regulatory Convergence in Preferential Trade Agreements.” World Trade Review 17 (4): 575–607. Reyes, J.-D. 2011. “International Harmonization of Product Standards and Firm Heterogeneity in International Trade.” Policy Research Working Paper 5677, World Bank, Washington, DC. Santos Silva, J., and S. Tenreyro. 2006. “The Log of Gravity.” Review of Economics and Statistics 88 (4): 641–58. Schmidt, J., and W. Steingress. 2019. “No Double Standards: Quantifying the Impact of Standard Harmonization on Trade.” Staff Working Paper No. 2019-36, Bank of Canada, Ottawa. Stone, S., and F. Casilini. 2020. “Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures.” In Handbook of Deep Trade Agreements, edited by A. Mattoo, N. Rocha, and M. Ruta, 367–90. Washington, DC: World Bank. Stone, S., and I. Lejárraga. 2018. “Regulatory Coherence.” White paper, Global Value Chain Policy Series, World Economic Forum, Geneva. Teti, F. 2020. “30 Years of Trade Policy: Evidence from 5.7 Billion Tariffs.” Working Paper No. 334, ifo Institute – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research, University of Munich. UN (United Nations). 2019. International Classifications of Non-Tariff Measures: 2019 Version. New York: UN. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on International Trade and Development). 2017. “UNCTAD TRAINS: The Global Database on Non-Tariff Measures User Guide.” Publication UNCTAD/DITC/ TAB/2017/3, UNCTAD, Geneva. USTR (US Trade Representative). 2007. “National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers.” Annual report series, USTR, Washington, DC. USTR (US Trade Representative). 2011. Agriculture in the US–Panama Trade Promotion Agreement. Washington, DC: USTR. Van Tongeren, F., V. Bastien, and M. von Lampe. 2015. “International Regulatory Cooperation, a Trade-Facilitating Mechanism.” Paper for the E-15 Initiative, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the World Economic Forum, Geneva. World Bank. 2019. Trade Integration as a Pathway to Development? Semiannual Report of the Latin America and Caribbean Region (October). Washington, DC: World Bank. WTO (World Trade Organization). 2005. “Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Summary of the Meeting Held on 29–30 June 2005.” Document G/SPS/R/37, August 11, WTO, Geneva. WTO (World Trade Organization). 2012. World Trade Report 2012 – Trade and Public Policies: A Closer Look at Non-Tariff Measures in the 21st Century. Geneva: WTO. WTO and OECD (World Trade Organization and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2019. Facilitating Trade through Regulatory Cooperation: The Case of the WTO’s TBT/ SPS Agreements and Committees. Geneva: WTO; Paris: OECD Publishing.