References

infrastructure investments on poverty reduction or the merits of the hukou system and China’s managed urbanization policies. In all these areas, active exchanges between researchers within and outside of China and between academics and policy makers should be encouraged, and the data needed for high-quality empirical work should be made more widely available. This will help ensure that China’s poverty reduction achievements get the attention that they deserve.

Commission on Growth and Development. 2008. The Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. Liu, Mingyue, Xiaolong Feng, Sangui Wang, and Huanguang Qiu. 2020. “China’s Poverty Alleviation over the Last 40 Years: Successes and Challenges.” Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource

Economics 64 (1): 209–28. Ravallion, Martin. 2009. “Are There Lessons for Africa from China’s Success against Poverty?”

World Development 37 (2): 303–31.

Appendix A: Key Household Surveys

Throughout the report, several sources of information on household and individual’s wellbeing are used, some of them used extensively by the authors of the background papers. This appendix describes their main characteristics.

National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure and Living Conditions. Collected by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), this survey is used for obtaining information on income, expenditure and living conditions of urban and rural residents. From a sampling frame from the population census, 160,000 households are selected across urban and rural areas, based on place of residence. Until 2012, the NBS implemented separate urban and rural household surveys. In 2013, they were integrated into a single survey. The sampling frame changed, from relying on registration (hukou) to being based on population census. With this change, rural migrant workers that have been working and residing in a city over six consecutive months were reclassified as being members of the urban population. Households record information on income and expenditure using a diary for a full year. The survey is used to measure key indicators such as average disposable income, per capita expenditure, poverty incidence in rural areas, and the Gini coefficient, among others. The main results are presented in the China Statistical Yearbook and the China Household Survey Yearbook, published yearly by the NBS. For more information, see http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjzs/cjwtjd/201308/t20130829_74325.html.

National Rural Poverty Monitoring Survey. The NBS also carries out a similar household survey in rural poverty-stricken areas identified in the “Outline of China’s Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development (2011–2020).” The purpose is to reflect the poverty situation in contiguous poverty-stricken areas and key counties in poverty alleviation and development work, and compare the income growth, infrastructure, and basic public services of rural residents in poverty-stricken areas and the country. The results are reported in the annual China Rural Poverty Monitoring Reports, produced by the NBS.

RCRE Household Panel Survey (National Fixed-Point Survey), carried out by the Research Center for Rural Economy, Ministry of Agriculture in China. This is a nationally representative household survey that has been collected continuously since 1986. The survey collects detailed

household-level information on incomes and expenditures through a daily diary, in addition to information on education, labor supply, asset ownership, landholdings, savings, formal and informal access to credit, and remittances. Because of its structure, the survey provides a long panel of villages across rural China.

Rural-Urban Migration in China is a longitudinal survey, conducted annually since 2008. It was initiated by a group of researchers at the Australian National University, the University of Queensland, and Beijing Normal University. The survey collects data about migrants’ health, education, employment, social networks, household income and expenditure, housing conditions, and place of origin. The annual sample size consists of 5,000 migrant households living in 15 cities across 9 major provinces with the highest level of rural-to-urban migration. For more information, see https://sdc-iesr.jnu.edu.cn/wome_16220/main.htm.

Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP). This project is part of the activities carried out by the China Institute for Income Distribution of Beijing Normal University. The CHIP survey is implemented by a mix of research institutions and academics in coordination with the NBS. There are six rounds (1988, 1995, 2002, 2007, 2013, 2018) covering rural and urban areas. The survey is representative at the urban/rural level and regional level (four regions). CHIP surveys are a good alternative to official data when micro data are not available, particularly if the aim is to cover a long period. They are a subsample of the official rural, urban, and integrated household surveys described above. Households are revisited to implement the CHIP questionnaire, which captures rich information on hukou registration, education, social insurance, employment and job characteristics, retirement conditions, education and occupation of parents of heads of households, as well as subjective well-being. For more information, see http://www.ciidbnu.org/chip/index.asp?lang=EN; Gustafsson, Shi, and Sicular (2008); and Li, Sato, and Sicular (2013).

References

Gustafsson, Björn A., Li Shi, and Terry Sicular, eds. 2008. Inequality and Public Policy in China.

Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Li, Shi, Hiroshi Sato, and Terry Sicular, eds. 2013. Rising Inequality in China: Challenges to a

Harmonious Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

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