Интегрированная защита растений Стратегия и политика эффективного внедрения Доклад Всемирного банка Информационный центр в России
сельское хозяйство
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
YCTO14I'4BOE PA3BI4THE OKPYKAIOIIEfT CPFbhI 14CCJIEFJOBAH14I 14 MOHOFPA$DH4H4 BCEM14PHOFO BAHKA, CEPH14 N 13 R
Pa6oqii gomaa ,ii ny6numlHoro o6cywjeHHR
16681 H4HTErPHPOBAHHA5I 3AIUHTA PACTEHHIf C TPA TETH5I H HOIHTHKA 3-OOEKTHBHOTO BHE,]JPEHHff1
Integrated pest management: Strategies & policies for effective implementation
Iaapm B. Cxu-ixopn Ban Be6H, rLJyteac A. OopHo, CmuuHWoOfe,
,ljuna f1. YmaIu -,IjeHuH2ep, CaHcuea KyK
YCTOI44BOE PA3BIIME OKPYXAOMEH CPFLbI 1HCCJIFZOBAH4I. H MOHOrPADH4 BCEMHPHOrO BAHKA, CEP4I5 N 13 R
HIHTErPHPOBAHHA5I 3AIuEITA PACTEHHI CTPA TETHI'f H HOIHTHKA 39 'OEKTHBHOTO BHE,LPEHH5I
Yaapm B. CxuA3xopH Ban BeaH, ,Z(ye.aac A. OopHO, CmuH Ho0/e, ,IJuHa 11. YMaau-,JeHuneep, CaH.cu6a KYK BceMUpHbIU 6aHK BawuUHemoH, onKpy KoAym6uW?
ABTopcKoe nipaBo
© 1997 r.
Mex(gyHapOgaHbI
6aHK peKOHCTpyKUgIH
H pa3BHTHSI/BceMHpHbLIi
6aHK
1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Bce npaBa coxpaHwIOTca Ha3AaHo B COeIHHeHHbX UliTaTax AMepHKH
flepBoe H3faaHHe - MaH 1997 r.
goKnaxI noaroToBJIeH COTpyJIHHKaM1 BCeMHpHOro 6aHKa. H3aoxceHHbue B goKiiaAe MHeHHH Bbipa)KaIOT TOYKy 3peHHS1 aBTOpOB H He AOJDKHbI npHrIHCblIBaTbCH
xeHaM
COBeTa HCIIOJIHHTCJIbHbIX 2HpeKTOpOB HJI4 TeM cTpaHaM,
KOTOpbIe OHH lnpeAcTaBAIHOT.
$`oTorpa4brn
Ha o6noKKe Terni nI. ranacHHa H3o6pa)KaeT bepMepOB, o6cneayxioix paCTeHHJn KapTobenI Ha HeCejibHoro y'e6Horo Kypca no HHTerpHpoBaHHOI 3aBIIHTe
HanHqHe BpeAHTeneg H aHTOMocjarOB BO Bpems pacTeHHH B ManaHre, MHioue3uA B 1994 r. ABTOpbI
aoKiiaga,
COTPYZHHKH
erenapTaMeHTa CeCJbCKoro X031l CTBa H nPHPOAHEJX pecypcoB BceMHpHoro
6aHKaTa MaapT B. CxHAJIXopH BaH BeHH (CTapimult cneIJHaiIHcT) H p;yrnac A. ($OPHO (HaqanbHwK oTfeJIa); CTHH HPot(Pe, KOHCyJIbTaHT YnpaBneHHq 3apy6ezKHoro pa3BHTHH BeIIHKO6PHTaHHH; TJHHa JI. YMaam-JjatHHHrep H
CaHXHBa KYK, }COHCYJIbTaHTii BceMHipHoro 6aHKa. PeKBz3HTb1 ny6JIHKaTjHH no KaTanory
BH63HOTeKH KoHrpecca CIIIA:
Integrated pest management: strategies and policies for effective implementaion / Tjaart W. Schillhom van Veen ... {et a].). p. cm. - (Environmentally sustainable development studies and monographs ; no. 13) Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-8213-3748-3 1. Agricultural pests-Integrated control. 2. Agricultural pestsIntegrated control-Govemment policy. I. Schillhom-van-Veen, T.W. II. Series. SB950.1458 1996 338. 1'62-dc2O 96-38301 CIP
COPEKAHHE
npeancsloBHe
K pyCCKOMY H3AaHHIO .........................................
flpeaHCJuoBHe K aHrJIHLCKOMy
BbipaxKeHue
3aHH
.
.
.
.
.
IO
npH3HaTeJIbHOCTH
.
i.....................................................vi
..............................................................
Vi
A66peBiaTypbl H aKpOHHML
Pe3oMe
v
i................................................................vi
1
.....................................................................................
5
BcTynhIeHue ...................................................................................................................
1.
cDepMepbl H 3a2UHTa pacTeHHui OT BpeaHTeJe
..................................................................
8
3auurTa paCTeHHR OT BpenHTeJIei, 4epMepui H xHmHwecKaa IIpOMLIUIeID
6opB66
2.
BonpocI
lIopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH
C BpeLHTeJISMH
10
nOJ1HTHKH H 3aIUHTa paCTeHHH
BpeaeTee
CrpaTerHs
H rIpHSHTHe pelueHHt O mepax
.........................................................
ceJIbCKoXo3SHICTBeHHoH OT
9
HHOCTB ........................................................................................
9KoHoMHqecKHP
13....................................................................13
pa3BHTHZ ceJIBcKoro xO3SIlCTBa: H3MeHeHHe CTHMYJIOB npHMeHeHHIA
flpaBHTeJIbcTBa,
13
....................................................................
rIeCTHIIAOB
aOHOp6I n H36LITOqHOe IIpMHeHeHHe xHMHqecKHx
IIeCTHJH4OB
14
....................................................................
3. HHTerpHpoBaHHaR 3alUHTa paCTeHCH
H HHCTpyMeHTbI rocyaapcTBeHHoi
HOJIHTTHKa roCynapCTBeHHoro BMeiiaTeiiCTBa MexzyHapo,Hbie cornameHHa H KOHBeHHH 4. CTpaTerHA BHeapeHHR HHTerpHpOBaHHOi
OJInHTHKH ........
17
.................................. 18 3...................................23 ..............................
3aWHTbI paCTeHH
26
rocyaapCTBeHHaR I0JIH4THKKa no BHeapeHHIO HHTerpHpOBaHHOk 3aWiHTM paCTeHHi
26
.......................................................................
MHH4opManHn, aHJaTH3H
2..........................................27 . .................... 30
rpHopHTeTLI
MepuiKOHoMHweCKoro H rocyLapCTBeHHA OpHeHTIHpOBKa HayqHEIX HccIieaOBaHHi, H o6yqeHHA Ha 4epMepoB
pacripocTpaHeHHu
3HaHHH
......................................................
5. fOpT4e.mb npoeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, HHCTpyMeHTbI H Bap2 aHTi nOJIHTHKH ........... 0 6 3op rIopTnexs iipoeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa .......................
32 34 35
HiHcTpymeHTebI H BapaHHTbI nOJIHTHKH 1o nozAep)KKe HHTerpHpOBaHHOI4 3aIUWHTLI paCTeHH
EHa6n
orpajHAn
..............................................................
37
............................................................................. 45
iii
BCTaBKH:
1: 2: 1.1: 1.2:
aHHaq 3auwTa pacTeHHl 9? ................................................ 5 TexHrnecKHe flpfHeMBI HHTerpHpOBaHHOil 3aiIHTM pacTeHHtt .............................. 6 ($aKTopi, orIpeAejAslouiHe 3KOHOMHfeCKyIO geJIecoo6pa3HOCTh Mep 3auIHThI pacTeHHM OT BpeaTeAele .......................................................... 8 3HaHHe MeCTHOH arpoTexHHKH ............................................ 9 'ITO TaKoe HHTeIppoB
1.3: 1.4:
PIHOK c6LTa arpoxHMHKaTOB
2.1:
f0oaxow
2.2: 3.1:
rIepeMeHL
............................................
B HHAyCT)HH IHPOH3BO2CTBa iecTHHOB CH
K 3au
Te pacTeHHlH
10 OB........................ .................
11
B Caxene . ....................................
14
4.5: 4.6:
H4HTerpHpOBaHHaa 3aiIHTa paCTeHHfi KaK HH4opMaauoHHHoeMKas cHcTeMa ... 16 3aopoBneteIOBeKa ....................................................... 18 PerynrHpoBaHre irplMHeHeHHA neCTHIIUIOB B ieaLqx iipeomTBpanUeHHa 4opMHpOBaHisi pe3HCTeTHTHOCTH ......................................... 22 Ha3BaHnA OTJe[CILHIX mezyHapoaRHx opraHH3auHR, corllameHiri H KOHBeHiXHA rio HcnoJIB3OBaHH1o H npoaaxe nIeCTHIIU4OB .................... 24 H4HTerpHpoBaHHaa 3aITa paCTeHHit B I4HnOHe31Hn .......................................... 28 HlpaKrHKa pIiMHeHeHHSA HHTerpHpOBaHHOA 3aaiiTi paCTeHHi Ha Ky6e ...... 29 Heo6xoaHmMaa IHOpMamiHS aJI InpOBezeHHH nOJIHTHKH HHTerpHpoBaHHOM 3aiuHThi paCTeH 3......................................................31 aeperyjiHpoBaHHe PIHKa iieCTHLIHAOB H yCTOiPIHBOCTh BpeaHTeiei K necmnuuiaM B KHTae H HarI 2...........................................32 06yreHae H pacnpocTpaHeHe 3HaHHA cpeaH 4epMepoB .................... 32 OrimT HHIoHe3HH ....................................................... 33
5.1:
OcHoBHue rIOJIHTHNecKHe MepLi 1O BHeapeHHIO HHTerpHpOBaHHOi
3.2:
3.3: 4.1: 4.2: 4.3:
4.4:
paCTeH
3aLIHThI
41...............................................................41
5.2:
BHeApeHNe HHTerpHpOBaHHO2 3a111T1m
5.3:
IHTerpHpOBaHHO2 3anlITM paCTeHH ..................................... 39Tanw BHeApeHZH HHTerpHpOBaHHOli 3aILHTM pacTeHra
pacTeHHfl B paMKax c)oHua
43 3...................43
Ta6jxuwil: 2.1: 3.1: 3.2:
5.1: 5.2:
rlpaMie H KOCBeHHLie MepLi, cfloco6cTByioIHe npHMeHeHHIO ieCTHIIHOB O.. O6IuenpHHATw e Mepi I1o peryaapoBaHHIO HCIIOJII3OBaHKH riecTHUtZOB ...... flpHMepI ycneLuioro BHeApeHA H3P ............................. KpaTKaa CBO2Ka rIpoeKTOB H KOMnOHeHTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa nO 3aaUUTe paCTeHHfl, 1988-95 rr. .......................................... cPHHaHCHPOBaHHe neCTiuaOB ............................................
15 20 23
36 50
PNCYHKH:
5.1:
PacnpeaerieHHe iipOeKTOB
11O 3KoJIorINecKHM
iv
iaTeropHaM, 1988-95 rr ........ 37
Hlpe
cHCJoBHe K pyCCKOMY H3
laHlIO
TeMa HHTerpHpOBaHHOA 3aiUmTMi 06cyxzaeMasI B aoKinaae BceMHpHoro 6aHKa IBJI5eTC5 oco6o aKTyajibHOA aiA KaK HaM nIpeUCTaBJIqeTCa, B HacToALaee BpeM5 rpaBHTCeIbCTB, rIPOH3BOaCTBeHHBIX ripeaIIpH31THR HiiTope6HTejieA B CTpaHaX 6uIBluero COBeTCKOrO qaCTm HaceJIeHHA Colo3a. 06siCHqeTCq 9TO, B nepBY1O oqepeab, TCM, YTO 3HaYHTelILHa5 3aHHMaeTC5I paCTeHHeBOQaxeCKHM 14 KHBOTHOBOaqCcKHM HPOH3BOACTBOM Ha ,aaqHbIX yqaCTKax, B qaCTHbIX XO33i14CTBax IJI4 B KpyIHBIX aKiHOHepHbiX CeJ1BCKOX035LHCTBeHHEix rpeainpHATHAx. BoBBTOpbIX, Bce noTpe6HTeJfH 3alHTepeCOBaHbI B 3KOJIOrHqCCKH 6c3onaCHuIX nipoayKrax IIRTaHHS.
pacTeHHii,
TpeTLHX, MHoroqHCJIeHHMie <HOBCIC>>, HO He OCBOHTb <<XOpOIlyIo>> IipaKTHKY
HMeioWIHC
3emjieaejfiH,
OIlbITa cbepMepblI B 3TOM perHoHe CTpMemTCS
OCHOBHbIC IlpHHLXH4IbI KOTOpOi' Heo6xOgHMo OTpa3HTb
B HOJIHTHKe yCToiqHHBoro BCeaeHH5 CeJIbCKoro xo35fl4cTBa. OTBeTHaSi peaKiHA jipaBHTenjTCTBa Ha yKa3aHHble YCTpeMJieHHA
IPOBe,aeHIH5I npaBHYI1HOti ceJIbCKOXO3,ClCTBeHHoif no,a,gepXcKy
yCTOAqNHBOCTH
3eMJIeeleiHI
H
rIOJIHTHKH
41OPM4POBaHHq
Tpe6yeT
aOBepHR
pa3pa6OTKH H
3ailHTbi paCTeHHH
H cTpaTerXH
MexVay
iooTpe6HTeJIaMH
B H
OTaeji HHd)opMaLauA,
npOH3BOZHTeJI5MH B TaKOM BOrUpOce, KaK KaYeCTBO H 6C3onacHocTL HpOpoyKTOB nHTaHHA. 3KOJIOrHiecKH H COLHaJIbHO yCTOiiqHBOrO pa3BHTHS1 jipHzepXMBaeTc5I MHeHHS3,
'TO
cogepxauWaacs B HaCTOIueii riy6JIHKaUiH B riepeBoge Ha pyccKHii SA3LIK, 6y,aeT iTolJe3Hofl gim qHTaTelISq. Mbl HaaeeMcs,qYTO C HaCTO5Liueki ny6JIHKavHeii CMOxKeT 03HaKOMHTbCq 6oAminaq rpyina aOJDK{HOCTHbIX JIHLI, OTBeTCTBeHHbIX 3a cejIbCKOXO35JiiCTBeHHyio
pa3pa6OTKe
H
npaKTH'eCKOii
6e3onacHocTb pa6OTbI
cbepMepOB
peaCjiH3LHH
CTpaTerlHH
riOJIHTHKy,
3aHTMI
H 3TO
pacTeHHrii,
H ceJlbxO3pa6OTHHKOB, a TaK)Ke 3aOPOBbI>
K Klaueep, dupeKmop omdelia 9KoJioeuLiecKu U Co04UaJlbHOycmou0MU6oeo pa36umu31, BceMUpHblU 6aHK
v
HM B
o6ecne'IHBaIowefi
IepO,gyyKTbI riHTaHi4A aJLm
HaceJIeHHS.
PeeuoH Eeponbi u CpeaHeiuA3uu,
riOMOxceT
Ipe,WCJIOBHe K aHr.FHACKOMy H3aaHHIO
HavqHHaS
C COPOKOBBIX rozoB XX-ro BeKa TeXHOjOorx5 3aiHTblI paCTeHHii OT Bpe,HTeJIefl B OCHOBHOM oiHpaiiacb Ha ripHMeHeHHe XHMHMeCKKX lneCTHRgHOB. HeCMOTpS Ha TO, qTO BO MHOrHX cjiy'a31x HCrIOJIb3OBaHHe rCCTHULJHOB CyLUeCTBeHHO o631er'ajio oriepaTHBHOO
pelueHHe rIpO6JIeMbI 60pb6bi C BpeaNTeiiqMH, OHH CTaAH rIpH'HHOR TaKHX BTOpHqHbix ripoGjeM, KaK HOB.IiueHHa,5 COflpOTHBJI$eMOCTL BpezHTeJieC K IeCTH1IHg,aM, yBejmH'eHme pacxoaa arpOXHMHKaTOB, BpeAHoe BO3,eACTBHe Ha oKpyKaioujyio cpeay, B pe3y bTaTC 'ero cjepMepbIOKa3ajiHcbB
riOpO'qHOM
Kpyre. npHMeHeHHe XHMH'qCCKHX I1eCTHI1H4OB TaKeC CBA3aHo C PHCKOM aUSI 3,aOPOBb5I KaK camoro 4epMepa-nORb3OBaTeis, TaK H noTpe6lITejieR Ce3TbCKOX035PjiCTBeHHORi ripO,ayKi<iHH. 3a nocJleaHee zecATHIJITHe KaK cepMepbI,TaK H rocyaapCTBeHHMie OJfXHOCTHMIe iHn(a TeXHOJIOrHqeCKOM
CTaJIH OCO3HaBaTb orpaHH'eHHOCTb MeTOZOB XHMH'ecKoii 6opb6biC BPeHTejSiMH H Heo6XoqgHMOCT
riepeoUelHKH CyiCCTBYIOIIIHX CTpaTerx4. ABTOpMI HaCTOqLwek pa6OTM IIPHLIWM K BBIBOay, qTO MepbI i0o peajI]43aiLiH cTpaTerHH 3KOJIorHiqecKH 6e3OnacHoii 3aLuHTbI paCTeHHi4, qaCTO HaTaiHi{Ba1OTCR Ha HecoBepuIeHCTBO npOBoQHMOrO npaBHTeJIBCTBOM Kypca i4 CYLUCCTBYIOJUHX ripaBHJI, xITO HeBOJIbHO CiOC06CTByeT npeo6Jia,aH11o xHMH'iecKHx MeTOaOB 60pB6bi Hag 3KO2orH'ecKH 6e3BpeaHMmH npweMaMi 3KOJIorHIecKH yCTO'IqHBaq ripaKT4Ka, KOTOpaS1 BKjflOqaeT p3iA TeXHOjiOrHH H filHMmeHSeMbiX 4)epMepaMH Mep, qacTo HMeHyeTCq HITerpHpOBaHHoA 3aLUHTOIi paCTeHHH (143P). XOTS KoHl-1e71UH5
H3P
xopowUo
H3BeCTHa
H HCIIOJIb3yeTCA
B
psie
flpOeKTOB
BCeMHpHoro
6aHKa,
ee
1uHpOKOMacLuTa6Hoe BHe,apeHHe HeT MeaiieHHO.
143P paCCMarpl4BaeTcs npo6.TMbI
3aLUHTbI
HaCTO5ITeJlbHO
BCeMHpHBIM
ceJIbCKOXO35IiCTBeHHbix
peKOMeH,IyeT
CBOHM
6aHKoM
COTpYAHH4KaM
BaxHiimil MePaM14
roAxOa K peiueHIIHO
KaK npHOpHTCTHbLIk
paCTeHHit.
H
HcXo,a KmHeHTaM
H3
3TOrO,
UpOKO
BCeMHpHbNl
6aHK
iPpMeHSATb
143P.
B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHH4H qBneTC5 pa3pa6OTKa OCHOB 3a4eKTHBHOA riOJiHTHKH H CO3,IaHHe OpraHM3aUOHHMiX CTPYKTYP, cnoco6HbrX BHCePHTh 143P, o6eCneHmTb TeXHH'ecKYlO rio,MepxKy n1OCpe,CTBOM HCCJIeAOBaTej1bCKO ii: egTejbHoCTH, pacinpoCTpaHeHH5 HH4)OpMallHH H cejibCKOXO3sIicTBeHHMLX 3HaHHfi, o6yqeHI4 cbepMepoB H MOTHBHpOBKH MX YYaCTHI B pa3pa6OTKe H
ripoBeAeHHH
HHHULHaTHBHbIX MCp no
143P.
B HaCTOAIUeCM ,AomJIa,e 143P pa3JIMIHbIX
ypOBHeiH
opraHJ43aPig,
paccMaTpHBaeTcsI
rOCyaapCTBeHHOH
3aHHMaioWHXC5
BJIaCTH,
BoripocaMM
C TOqKH 3peHHSI
cbepMepOB,
pa3BHTW14
BCeMHpHoro
ceJImcKoro
poh1H rIpe4CTaBxTeJIe1 6aHKa
X03sIiCTBa.
H pa3JIH'IHbIX Haaelocb,
'ITO
cTpaTerHI H rIO,aXO.abI, OriHCaHHbie B HaCTOHuXeii pa6OTe, 6y,ayT cnoco6cTBoBaTb 6o0ee IUHPOKOMY BHegpeHH1o MeTOaOB CCJIbCKOM Xo3SiHCTBe.
H
IpaKTHKH
143P
H
cjOpMHpOBaH4iO
HcMauiL CepaeeAuH, Bu4e-npe3uaeHm Coeema 9KojioeuqecKuycmouqLu6oeopa3eumuA, BceMUpHbta 6aHK
vi
yCTOf1'IHBOIr
3aUHTBI
paCTeHH]rI
B
Bblpa)KeHHe IlpH3HaTeJil6HOCTH
HacTosI.asI pa6oTa SIB.ieTC5 cCJIbcKoXo3SIcTBeHHoH
riOJxHTHKH
H
qacTIO
fpOrpaMMbI BceMHpHoro 6aHKa no HaripaBJIeHHIX
TeXHojiorHI,
Ha
i-oiaepxKe
yCTOiPIBoe
pa3BHTHe
Pa6oqHfi BapHaHT ry6JIHKaUHH HaiiHCaH CTHHOM Aod4e, Torga ijiTaTHbIM COTPY,HHKOM 14HCTHTyTa IipHpORHbIX peCYPCOB (BeJIHKo6pHTaHHI), KOTOPMR BbIOjHH 3agaHHe BceMHpHoro 6aHKa coBMeCTHO C HaapTOM CXHIXOPHOM BaH BeiiHoM, J1HHOR JI. YMaiiH)aeHHHHrep H CaHKHBOi4 KYK (aHaJIHTHMecKIIe gaHHbIe). OKOHqaTeJIHblIl BapHaHT riogrOTOB3ieH MaapToM B. CXH4JXOPHOM BaH BeCiHOM H Eyrjiacom A. DOPHO C y3eTOM OT3LIBOB H 3aMeqaHHii ciieaYpoulIX CiCelHaZJHCTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa: MHLu1e7ib A. KoeH, axcyMaHa Oapa, HHTep ,eBeRc, CeIIBCKoro xo3RHcTBa.
repUIOH
cDezgep, Pacceni ()pHg,
MaKKauTia,
JIxoaH
CJIH4
MapTHH-BpayH
rariacHH, aeiisBH H
CyaHilTo
axuHceJIbKBHCT,
CapKap.
KpoMe
ArM Kncc, AneKcaHAp
TOrO,
yYTeHNI
OT3bIBbI
H
KOMMeHTaPHH npeACTaBHTeieii c iexayioiaX opraHH3auHi4: fnHTep KeHMOP H HHK BaH Aep Fpaa4, H CCJIbCKOXO35flHCTBeHHa5 opraHM3agmS (c)AO, 14Tainis); axe44ii Baare, flpOAOBOhILCTBeHHaS CeJ11CKOXO3aACTBeHHoe
oKpyx(aioiueH
61opo
CoApyxeCTTBa
HaUHi4
cpegmI (KOTopi1ii ripeACTaBj5IeT P1,
(BenHKo6pHTaHHr);
3aHHTpeCOBaHHbix
(IDOHq
3aLLHTHI
HeIHpaBHTejIBCTBeHHbIX
1HHCTHTyT opraHH3auHfl, B qaCTHOCTH, H4HCTHTyT cenBcKoro XO3slr4CTBa H TopmOBoH HOJIHTHKH{, HHTepeCOB 14HCTHTyT 3auLTTbI H 3KOHOMHqCCKOii nOJIHTHKH pa3BHTHS, rlpOAOBOIbCTBH3 noTpe6HTejieR H C0b03 noTpe6HTejieI, rIapTHepbI rio pa3BHTH1O CCejiCKHX pafioHOB H HHcbOpMaUHAL o geiCTBH4H reCTHLHAOB, MexCayHapOAHNIi 4oHg arpapHoro pa3BHTNA, BCeMHpHaSI OpraHH3aUH5 PegaKumw H iIOorOTOBKa K ny6JIHKaIHH I4pHHbi yCTOf4'HBoro pa3BHTHS CCJTbCKorO X035IACTBa). AKOBIeHKO.
vii
A66peBHaTypbI1 HaKpOHHMbI
CGIAR
KrMCH FAO
(DAO GATT FATT IPM
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research KoHCyAbTaTHBHaS rpynna io MeeKczyHapoaHL1M C.X. HccjieaoBaHIHqM
Food and Agricultural Organization HPoIaoBoJIBcTBeHHaq I CeJIbCKoXo3SP1cTBeHHaS opraHm3aillSq OOH General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 06iuee cor.nauleHHe o TOproB3ie H TapHc2ax Integrated pest rnanagement
143P
14HTerpHpoBaHHasI 3al1`fTa paCTeHIii
NAFTA HAO1'TA NGO HIlpO OECD 03CP PIC
North American Free Trade Agreement CeBepoaMepHKaHcKoe coruxalueHHe o cBo6OUHof ToproBsie Nongovernmental organization HenpaBHTeJncTBeHHaI opraHn3auHi Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development OpraHH3aint5 3KOHoMIqeCKoro co-TpyaHIHqecTBa Hpa3BHTH5I prior informed consent
CcfI4
coriiacie c noJIy-eHH51 npeaBapHTej11Hio
UNCED IOHCE,ZI UNDP
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development KoH4epeHglwxI OOH io oKpyKaioiueir cpene t pa3BIHThIo United Nations Development Program rlporpaMMa pa3BHTH1z OOH United Nations Environment Program rlporpaMMa OOH no oKpyxcaiomeik cpe,ie World Health Organization
1OH,Z;rl UNEP IOHEIIE WHO
B03
BceMHpHas opraHH3aIfH
mH}4opMaulwKH
3apaBooxpaHeHHn
viii
Pe3ioMe
Pe3MoMe
Bo
BO BCeM MHpe OTMeCaeTC51 TeHieHUMH5H BTOpOR HOJOBHHe HaCTO5iLUerO CTojieTH5 BHegpeHHS HHTeHCHBH]IX TexHoj1orHH cejibCKoro X0352iCTBa H B CBI3H C 3THM nepexog K BO3,aeCjiIBaHHIO MOHOKYJIhTYP H npiHMeHeHHIO XHMHKaTOB B 6opb6e C BpeaHTejIMH. TaKaq TeHAeHJHA o6-bacHseTcs HeCKOJIbKHMH 4)aKTopaMR, B onpeae1ieHHOA CTeCTeiHH CBSq3aHHIMMH co
cTpaTerHek
pa3BHTH5
CCJIbCKoro
BorlpoCbI gojiroCpOqHOCTH H
OAHaKO
HHTeHCHBHOrO
ripHMeHeHH5
npHMeHeHHe
BTOpH'qHbIX BpeAHTeJieH,
3HTOMOcbarOB H ITOqBJICHHe
YHHqTO)KeHIC
yCTONqHBOCTH K IIeCTHLxHMaM, yBeJIMMeHHe 3arpH3HeHH5 H
rIpO'He
HeraTHBHbIe
ceJIbcKoXo3.P4cTBeHHoro
TaKoro poga HHTCHCHBHbIX CHCTCM
OTPHUaTenJbHbIe BHeLUHHe 3@4eKTbI, B LaCTHOCTH, PHCK qjL 3AOpOBbq
xo3SIHcTBoBaHH3L BbI3biBaeT
ChI0o5
Bo3pacTaioiuee 3HaqeHHe npHo6peTaIOT
HPOH3BOACTBa CCJIbXO3KYJIBTYP Ha OCHOBe
yCTOR'1HBOCTH CHCTeM
arpoxHMHKaTOB.
IOJIHTHKOj1,
H oTpacJIeBofi
MaKpo3KOHOMHKqeCKOi
fipaBHTCeibCTBaMH H aoHopaMH.
ripOBOgHmMOl
HaCeJeHHSA,
xo35IHcTBa,
3KoJIOrHqecKHe
riocJieacTB1A.
ocTaeTcsA
HpOH3BO4CTBa
CpOpMHpOBaIHe
IlOqBbI H BO,1bM, HCToUI;eHHe rIPH
KPHTHteCKH
3TOM yBejIHIeHHe Ba)KHbIM
dm
O3OHOBoro
o6beMoB
o6ecne'eHlCHH
cTpaHax. E|j;m B 6yAyweM HpOH3BOaCTBa ceJIbCKOXO3,qi!CTBeHHoro ypOBHeMi HCo6xoHMMbix AOCTHXeCHH.q noTpe6yloTcsl iOoXOabi, iTpeaIycMaTPHBaioHme COXpaHHOCTh 6a3bI ripHpOaHMX pecypcoB H 3aLiHTy qeJIOBeKa, qTO CBq3aHO c 6oJiee paUHOHajliHbIM HcrioJIb3OBaHHeM BBOAHMbIX peCypCOB, 3,0pOBbI O MeCTHbLX CejibCKOrO X03siCTBa, IOnOJIIOIeHHeM 3HaHH4 HaBbIKOB BeaeHH5 ROBbIIweHmHM oKpaIHeHMeM 3aBHCHMOCTH OT XHMHKaTOB. Mc arpo3KoJLOrH'ecKHx CHCTemax
HaceJeiHHAI ITPOAOBOJIbCTBMem
H CpeaCTBaMH K CyiueCTBOBaHHIO B pa3BHBaiOWHXC3I
B riocJIeaHee
B03paCTaiOuMHi HHTCpeC K BHeapeHHiO aeCSITHJICTHC OTMeqaeTC5 MeTOaOB BeaeHHg ceJlbcKoro XO35IHCTBa H 6opb6bI c BpeRHTejiaMH, B qaCTHOCTH, K B 143P HCfOJlb3yeTCSl paIgHOHajibHaa HHTerpHpOBaHHOik 3aWHTMI paCTeHHf4 (k13P).
yCTOkqiBbIX
ripMmeHeHHIO
arpoTexHMqecKaA
BpegHTeJIefi,
ipM
TaKOM ITOarXOa 6oJiee
rpaKTHKa,
OCHOBaHHaSl
Ha
3HaHHH
MHHHMMM3aiL4H HCIOJIL3OBaHH5
3KOJIOrHH
ceJILbXO3KyJIbTyp,
CHHTeTHqeCKHX XHMHKaTOB.
)KHBOTHbIX H
B HacToquLee BpeM5
IHMpOKO 13y'aeTC5I H BO MHOrHX cjiyLasx, KaK IOKa3MIBaIOT pe3yJIbTaTbI, 3iBjLeTC5I
3KOHOM4qHbIM,
qCM
CHCTeMa
3aUHTbI
paCTeHHi'1,
OCHOBaHHa5
HCK3IOHTeJI1bHO
Ha
ipMmeHeHHH arpOXHMHKaTOB. TeM He MeHee, IToBceMeCTHOC BHeapeHHe 143P H,aeT MeAJIeHHo, IlOJIMTHKa HlpOAOjLIKaeT rlpOBOAgHTbCS OTxaCTH H3-3a Toro, xITO BO MHOrHx CTpaHax nIpHHITa M 'ITo 143P npe'anoziaraef H OTqaCTH 4IOTOMY, XHMHKaTOB, no,agepxKKH IIpHMeHHHAS CHHTeTHI4eCKHX H 3HaHHfi, qTO YPOBeHb HH4)OpMaUHH4 BbICOKHHI o6pa3oBaTeJIbHoro YpOBHS, nepenoarOTOBKH KagpoB, HayqHCix HCCJIeaOBaHHR.
B CBOIO oYepegb, Tpe6yeT riOBbIUIeHHIA pa3pa6oTKH Heo6xoRHMbIX TeXHOJIOrH]k H
B oco6eHHOCTH, B CBA3H C B MHpOBOM CeZJbCKOM X035IiiCTBe, H3MeHeHlHu ycyry6JAnloweiics ipo6AeMoft YCTOf4'IHBOCTH cemlbCKoro X03Ir4CTBa H 3KOJIorHH, COKpalIeHHeM yHapOHorO TOprOBorO 3aKOHOH yKpeCTHHemM m rocy,apCTBCHHoro cbHHaHCHPOBaHH5 ,aaTe3IbCTBa, rOBOPAT 0 Heo6xOAHMOCTH nlepeCMOTpa H TICpeOpHCHTHPOBKH CeJIbCKOX035IHCTBeHHOH TIOJIHT4KH H BbIpa6OTKH 6oniee yCTOR'HBbIX MeTO9OB B03geZIbIBaHHS CeJIbXO3KyJILTyp, B TOM 'q4CJIC
143P.
14HTerpHpoBaHHasl 3aUHTa pacTeHHil
rocy,aapCTBeHHas nOJIHTHKa rlpaBHTeJThCTBa OKa3MiBalOT OrpOMHoe BJIH5HHe Ha ripHMeH5eMbIE MeTOqbI 6opb6bI C Bpe,HTeji5MH riocpeaCTBOM IIOJIHT4KH HJIH CHCTeMbI CTHMYJIHPOBaHHA H ripaBH, onpeaejisoiax BbI6op arpOXHMHiqeCKHX HMH aZjbTCpHaTHBHbX MeTOaOB, a TaKXKe ryTeM focy.gapCTBeHHOii
rio4aepxKKH HccJIeLIoBaTeJThcKo'i r,eATeJI,HoCTH, pacnp ocpaHCHHs cejibCKOXO3SiCTBeHHbIX 3HaHHfI H TeXHoj1orHfi, o6pa3oBaHHH H HH.HuHaTHBHMAx mep nio o6yqeHHIo KagpoB. B KaqecTBe npHmepOB IIOJIHTHKH, CiToCo6CTByIOieA ripHMeHeHH1O 11eCTH1UUOB, MO)KHO I1PHBeCTH cueAyiouHe: * * * *
MaKpO3KOHOMMIHeCKaq flouIHTHKa, HaripHMep, 3aBbIiueHHLie o6MeHHmIe KypCMi BaJIiOT, qTO CrTiOCo6CTByeT HMiopTy neCT4HLMHAOB; MHHHMaJtEHbHe CTaBKH 3apfriaT, HYyWuHe Bpa3pe3 C TpyaOeMKHMH MepaMl 11o 3alUIHTe paCTeHHir OT BpeaHTeCJeie; flparMoe IMH KOCBeHHOe cy6cKgMpoBaHHe UCH Ha arpoxHMHKaTbI; rlo=epxKxa HayqHbIx HCCJIe1OBaHHfA r paeCnpOCTpaHCHHYS 3HaHHfi H TexHoJiorHr4, B OCHOBHOM COPHCHTHpOBaHHEIX Ha rpYMHeHeHHre rieCTMH1JHoB,
HJAH TeH,fgeH1Hs
<<CBepX>>
npHBaTYH3aurH
* *
HayqHMIX HmCcJeaoBaHHfl, pacrdpoCTpaHeHHLc 3HaHHJAi H TexHoirorHii, B pe3yJ11,TaTe qero yKper[irsieTcA HO31tlHsI XHMHYeCKOurl TpoMbI>uuieHHOCTH1; Cuia6oCTm CHCTeMbI peryJIYpOBaH]HIS HJIH cy6cYtgYrpoBaHHe H1CCJICa0BaHHii, HarpaBJ1CHHXIX Ha ripmeHeHHHC Ie CTHUIIYOB; Htrozep"xa npaBHTCJIbCTBOM YITH opraHH3aIgHeir 3KOHoMHqeCKoro pa3BHTHS4 RreCTH1ErH,0B, H arniapaTypuI aJIJ1 HX IpIHMeHeHrsI,
paci-pe,aeuieHHAi
3aKyrrKH H
HanlpHMep,
pacflpbIcKHBaTeJieti.
BbIiueyKa3aHHasI IIecTHUH,LHoB,
OTBeYaiolueii ripHrHIXl4raM H4HTeHCHBHoro 6mcTporo
HOnIHTHKa,
IIpertITCTBYJOT
31IH,geMH'IeCKHX
MO)KCT
IOtlyJJISUHi]i
MaCInTa6oB.
HCCJIC,OBaTCJ1bCKOfI
aJIlTepHaTHBHOIr1
yBeCiJeHCHHs
npIHMeHeHHAI
ripaKTHKH,
CCJibCKOXO3JIHCTBeHHOY
143P. no;zepxKa BEPIpaHBaIH5A BICOKOYpOXKaiIHuX MOHOKYJT>Typ HJIH
)HBOTHOBOZCTBa
yBeji4HicHH51
HepaiYHoHa1E>Horo
riOMHMO
BHegpeHHI0
CH4CTeMMI
riprHBeCTH
BpegHlTeCJeR
THnHqHOji H1 CHCTCMbI
H
K cbOPMHPOBaHHO
HvgeajJbHEix
POCTa 3a6oJIeBaeMoCTH,
OTBCTHOHt
pacnpocTpaHe
peaKU1ieYi HA
a
yCJiOBHil
TaIKe pYHCKy
o4)H1HajitbHO]I
3HaHHii
SIB
teTC5t
guri HX
HayYHopa3pa6OTKa
TexHojtorYTYecKHx riaKeTOB Ha OCHOBe r1prMCeHeHH51 nteCTHJLHAOB HJrH J1CKapCTBeHHbIX ripenapaToB. TaKOgI rloaXoz oCjOxH5LeT pClueHHe ripO6JieMbI 3a=TXHI paCTeHHIYt B oJ1roCpOqHOi rnepciteKTHBe, BBH,ny Toro, YTO coKpawaeTc3I 'HCJIeHHOCTb eCTeCTBeHHbIX 3HTOMO(4arOB ("noute3Hue" )KYKH HAM HaCeKOMMie), KOTOpbIC TpazYHUHOHHO KOHTpOJIHPYIOT qIHCJICHHOCTh "BpeHbEiX HaCeKOMbMX". Majto 3HayeHHsi npIpgaeTcsA CoXpaHeHHIo reHeTHqIeCKoro pa3H0o6pa3HYS, BMABegegHH10 COPTOB paCTeHHI4 Hl fIIOPO AKHBOTHLIX, yCTOiiqHBXIX K 6ouie3HsIM H4BpeaHTeJsitM. BHeapeHH4e H pa3pa6oTKa aeweBbIX H 6uc,ITpo,aeYtCTBy1OWHtx rieCTHUHLOB H BCTepYHaHEPHX ritperapaToB rIpHBO,HT K 3CeKT1HBH,IM pe3yJtETaTaM Y BEICOKOYt 3KOH0OMIYCCKOYI peHTa6eJIb>HoCTH B KpaTKOCpO'iHOt repCiIeKTHeBe. OAHaKO C TOYIKH 3peHHst ,oj0roCPO0'HOt YCTOR'qIHBOCTHt H 3Aop0oBb5i lejIoBeKa TaKasi ripaKTHKa Bbi3mBaeT ps3,
BOrIpOCOB BO MHOrHX CTpaHaX. ,JJI5A
C03AaHxt51
I-OJIHTH'IeCKHX
yCJIOBHI'l,
cnoco6CTByloUIHX
BHCepeHHio
143P,
MO)KHO
MCHCO11 3OBaT0 b pa3JIH'-iHbe HHCTpyMeHTbl
pacripocTpaHeHHA 6e3ortaCHE,ix H 344eKTHBHLx MCTO,OB 3awUHThI OT BpeLHTeJIei, YTO BKJIIOiaCT cieCyiolwHe MeponpHl4tTH5I: *
Pa3pa6oTKa HOpMaTHBHOH 6a3bI, peryJIHpyioiUgef IpOH3BOaCTBO, pacnpezeiteHe e Ht HCrIOflb3oBaHHe reCTHIiHJVOB, H nepCePmCHTaUH5I 3KOHOMHYCCKYX CTHMYJIOB 1tyTeM rHpOBCenCHeHH HaZAe)KaluXeil CCJIbCKOXO35tqtCTBCHHOIA H 3KOJIOrH'LCCKOYt IIOJIHTHKHK,
2
Pe3loMe BKMIo'asl Hajioroo6jioxKeHRe H ceelleajibHbIC C6OpLI 3a RCIIOJU3OBaHHe neCTHLUHIOB, BblI3bIBaioU]Hx OTpHi4aTeJIL-HIe BHeIIjHHe 344eKTwI; KpaTKOCPOwHoC cy6c1i4poBaHHe MeTOaOB HHTeTpHpOBaHHOii 3aUXHTM paCTeHHl, BL3DIBaiouflX nOJIO"TeTjThHMie BHeluHHe 3c4¢eKTrI. *
HlepeopH4eHTaLHsifnOJIHTIKH B o6nIacTH HayIHbDIX HccJiCeOBaHHA H TexHo.iorIHf Ha C03,aaHi4e OrITHMaJTBHOi o6WeCTBeHHOf1 HH4OpMaLxHH 0 MeTo,aaX H TeXHOjiOrHqX 3alU1HTb paCTeHHf4.
*
CO3,aHHe CHCTeMbI HH4)OpMa1IHi rpIlMeHeHHAI
o6 OIIaCHbIX inOCJIe,cTB1C
eCIITHUMOB aJlJ5 pyKOBOAHTeIeie,
X HeorpaHHIeHHoro H npO13BOAHTeiieH.
noTpe6HTeJIezi
B Boripoce
o6ecneqeHHI 6e3onacHocTH H KaqeCTBa HeCTHUXHOB BaxHyio poZl, HrpalOT perRcTpavAs H peryiHpOBaHme IIpHMeHeHH5 XHMHKaTOB, ocylueCTBjiAeeMbIe IIpaBIHTeITBCTBaMH BO MHOrHX CTpaHax MHpa. PaCTYUrYI0 pOJIB B pery.iHpOBaHHH iTeCTHUH,ZOB HrpaIOT Mex4yHapoL4Ubie opraHH43aiLHH, B qaCTHOCTH, HpO,OBOJIbCTBeHHas H CCJIBCKOHCrlbITaHHSI,
XO3,aiCTBeHHa5I opraH13auuH OOH (cDAO), BceM4pHaa opraHH3auLH 3,apaBOoxpaHeHHA (B03), FeHepaJIbHoe cornialueiHe o Tapmd)ax H TOprOBJIe (FATT), CeBepoaMepHKaHcKoe cornameHHe 0 CBo6O,LHOi TOprOBZle (HAc>TA), a TaK)Ke MeX(ayHapogHbie CTaH,gapTb>I, 3aKpeniUeHHbIC B TaKHX
aoKyMeHTax, KaK <<flpO,4oBOJbcTBeHHuI4 HpOTOKOJD> (CM. rziaBy 3). rlopTpejv6
npoeKTOB H CTpaTerH. 0
6
30p
KOaeKC)>
(Codex
Alimentarius)
H
<<MOHpeaABcKHk
BceMHpHoro 6aHKa
HHBeCTHJ9HOHHOP
qgeqTCJIIHOCTH
BceMHpHoro
6aHKa
3a IIepHo,i
1988-95
rr.
qTO rIPH OKa3aHHH HOMOLUH CTpaHaM B BOnpOCe 9KOHOMHeCCKoro pa3BHTHS HeO6XOAHMO ygeZJIITB 6ouibie BHHMaHH5 3KOJIorHWecKH 6e3oriaCHLIM MeToaaM 3aIgTbI paCTeHHii. 0 6 3op nOKa3aA, IqTO B paMKax 95 ilpOeKTOB 4JIH KOMIIOHeHTOB, llpe,IycMaTpHBaIoUXIx 6opE6y C Bpe,aHTeJIMMH, B 44 ripOULCHTOB ciyqaeB npi4o6peTaJIHcL rieCTHIJlHgbI. JnHmb 23 ripoleHTa TaKHX rOBoPHT 0 TOM,
ripeaycmaTpHBan rnpoBegeCHe IIporpaMM, CB5I3aHHbIX c 1H3P. B TO BpeMj KaK Ha btHHaHCHPOBaHHe r1eCTHIuHOB BbiLeiieHo 361 MjTH. qoJUapoB, Ha cJHHaHCHpOBaHHe ipaKTrHeCKoro BHe,apeHHI H3P B KOHKpCTHBIX X0331HCTBaX BBIaejieHO Bcero 81 MJIH. aojijiapoB (B 3TOf4 CyMMe He 11POeKTOB
yqTeH 3a'aCTyIo CyeCCTBCHHIli MaTepHa3lbHb>Iii BKJIaA cbepMepOB H y'e6HrInx HHCTHTYTOB). CpeAH IIpOCKTOB, ripegycmaTpHBaiolX 3aKyriKy neCTHIHLaOB, 43 npoewHTa 6iL11H OTHeCCHEI K KaTerOplm
"B",
coriacHo
KIacCHcbHKaTOPY
3KOJIOrHieCKOI
OAeHK4,
H
Tpe6OBaJIH
oKpyxaioWeii cpegbi. 32
ITPOUeHTa IIpOCKTOB 6BuInH OTHeCCHBI K KaTerOpHH
3KOJIorwqeCKOA oueHKI, KmaCCHclHUHpOBaHbI./l
H 24 ripo1eHTa
C
npOeKToB,
IIOJIO)KHTCJIIHLIX
Haqaziaci go
1989 r.,
He
BbIuieH3JIOKeHHOrO, IIpHBezeHHIMA B HaCTO3iuSefi pa6oTe aHaJIH3 H MOrYT HCIIOJIh3OBaTbCSq ilpi pa3pa6OTKe IOJIHTHKH H flOHCKa iipHMepOB 43 onIATa pa3HoO6pa3Hiix riporpaMM l1o 3aLHTe paCTeHRH.
BOnIPOCbI
BceMHpHoMy 6aHKy TaKXKe PCKOMeH,4yeTc5 paCTeHHR
3KOjiori'IecCKH
COCTOqHHI
He Tpe6oBaBuX
yvWTOM
o6cyKgaeMbie
3aW1HTbl
peaAH3aUHI KOTOpIAX
aHajiH3a
"C",
B
nOJIb3y
6e3orlaCHoRi
H
aKTHBH3au14H YCTOi4qlHBOii
riepeCMOTPeTb oliepaioHOHHylo CBOCe
TIpaKTHKH
rIOJIHTHKY
B
PeKOMeHZyeTC3I 4CrIOJIB3OBaTB cJeIaylouHe HHCTpyMeHTbI H JI'llUHe HPHMCPMI H3 OIIbITa:
3
B 06jiaCTH
pacHpocrpaHeHHH 14 noepxKe 3aWH1TbI paCTeHHik. C 3TOH ueZE3ibO
POJIH
1HHTerp1pOBaHHaSI 3aiTa
fi4pH pa3pa6oTKe nOTpe6HOCTe1k
pacTeHHA
CTpaHOBbIX nporpamm cieayeT yaeJTAiTL 6o0jibe BHHMaHkE
H
1PI4HOPHTCTOB,
CB53aHHEIX
TexHoAorH3lMH,
rpOH3BOACTBeHHbIMMH
KaK
C
143P
m
HeoTheMjieMorO
ApyrHMH
ogeHKe
YCTOHqHBMIMH
KOMrIOHeHTa
cTpaTermH
yCTOIlqHBOrO pa3BHTHR.
*
lUHpe
HcriOlLI3OBaTb 3KOHOMHIeCKHfl H oTpacAeBOR aHaJIH3 IIPH pa3pa6OTKe oTpaciieBoni
IIOJIHTHKH H COOTBeTCTBYIOI1HX HopMaTHBHbIX OCHOB H HHCTHTyUHOHaALiHOf' 6a3M.
r pH OT6ope npoeKroB aKTHBHee HC0IIO,b3OBaTb TaKHe HHcTpyMeHTbI, KaK oleHKa 3KOJIOrHqeCKoro COCTOJLHHS4 ripH aHaJIH3e acIeKToB "yCTO]ftqHBOCTH" npeaaraembix CTpaTerHii, BKJMO'1a5 nepcCIeKTHBbI ripHMeHeHH5 143P. DiaBHaa ueJIb BIueyi7iOMiH-yTbIX HHCTipyMHTOB COCTOHT B TOM, xTo6mI Ha paHHef4 CTaAHH pa6oTbI HaYaTba 4ajior MeXzy pYKOBOaHTeii5MH ripOeKTHIX 3aaaHHfI BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, o4tH14HajibHbIMH qOJIXfHOCTHBIMH jiHixaMH, prROHaJlbHIMMH opraHH3agHAMH, 3aHHMaDioUfMHcSi BOrIpOCaMH oKpyKaioigeii cpeCabi, npeaCTaBHTeZjIMH CeJbCKOX03,iCTBeHHlIX, TexHHYecKIx H rocygapCTBeHHLIx CAyXK6 perHoHa, MHHHCTepCTBa cejicKoro XO3,IHCTBa H flpHpOLHHbIx pecypcoB ITo BOrIPOCY HCrIOJIb3OBaHH5 Jiyqiiero OTlJITa IlpHMmeHeHHA TeXHOjiOrHli yCTOR'qHBOrO ILpOH3BOQCTBa. B HeKOTOpIAX cnyqa3x MoryT rioHaao6HTbc5C cneiHaIbHbIe OVeIHKH 143P. BCeMHpHMIR 6aHK i4MeeT orpaHH'leHHoe
qHCjIO «y3KMX*
CieJMHaJIHCTOB,
KOTOPMie MOryT
nOMO'qlb PYKOBOAHTeji3iM npoeKTHbIx 3aaaHPiA onpeaeJTHTb, npec.ieayeTca JIIH B npeaiiaraemurx H cbHHaHcHpyCMbIx BSaHKoM npoeKrax nOJHTHKa no pacClpocTpaHeHio YCTOWiqHBXIX MeTO1ROB H TexHoIorHiO . CyWeCTByeT HCO6XOIIHMOCTb 03HaKOMHTb COTPY,HHKOB BIaHKa C KOHgeniiHeirl, 3KOHoMH'IecKHMH acrieKTaMH H BHe,apeHHeM 143P; TaKX(e cieayeT YJIYqILHTb npoLecc HAeHTHn4HKauHH H aHaJi3a 1ipoeKTOB HuH KOMnOHCHTOB H13P. C 3TOII UejibiO CHCTeMa HHTerpHpoBaHHOiL 3aLUUTbi paCTeHHu1 BKjUo'eHa B OCHOBHBIe y'e6HLie nporpamMMi ,gZI COTpYAHHKOB erapTameHTOB CeJibCKOro X033PHCTBa, ripHpO2iHbix peCYpCOB H 3KOJIOrHH BceMHpHoro 6aHKa. BCeMH4pHOMy
6aHKy
peKOMeHryeTC3I
HCrIO3Th3OBaTb qeTKHe aHpeKTHBLI H 3aLUHTbl paCTeHHA lHpHMCHHTeiTbHO K KOHKPeTHOii CHTyauim H o6ecrieqHTI KaYeCTBeHHoe BbInOJHeHHe Tpe6OBaHHA K TpaHCnOpTHpOBKe, XpaHeHHIO H yaajieHHIo KOHKpCTHbIX XHMHKaTOB. aHpeKTHBMi BceMHpHoro 6aHKa HeO6xOaHMO aOIIOJIHHTb MaTepHazaMH O uiyqiieM HaKOrLTIeHHOM OrIbITe rpHMeHCHeSH 143P, YTo6bI nOMOYb pYKOBOsHTTeaaM npoeKTHMIX 3a,AaHlHH HcriOJIb3OBaTb 143P, a nOp5IOK 3aKynOK ,aOJIKeH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb np1HLIHraM OCMOTPHTCeibHOHO 1H 6e3onacHoro npHMeHCHLHH rieCTHIJLXHOB. BceMHpHbIA 6aHK, rlporpaMMa pa3BHTHS OOH (FIPOOH), FIporpaMMa no oKpy)aiolueii cpeAe OOH (IOHErI) Hr frpOAOB0JIbCTBeHHa3i H ceCJbCKOXo33SiCTBeHHa5 opraHm3aums OOH ((DAO) npHH3MH COBMeCTHYIO nporpaMMY B ueJlAx aKTHBH3agjuH pa3pa6OTKH H peazn3agHH nHmOTHbIx (onuLTHiux) npoeKTOB H3P. rpearIoj1araeTCf, YTO B pe3ylTbTaTe 3TOi IIpOrpaMMbI YBeJIH'qHTC5 'HCJIO BbICOKOKaYeCTBeHHbIX KpeAHTHUIX onepai.Hui, cioco6CTBy1ouLIvc yCTOI'HBOCTH ceumCKoro X03AIHCTBa. nOJLO)KTenJIbHbie npHMepbI H3 ripaKTHKH HHTerpHpOBaHHOti
JJpHMe4aHHe:
1. BceMHpHbIi B03aegcTBHII
6aHK npHcBaRBaeT rIpOeKTaM KaTeropmu A, B win
Ha OKpy)Kaoliuylo cpegy c y-1eTOM nOTeHuiiaSjbHbIX
HOTeHLtUaRbHOMO pHicKa BO3,aeICTBH4
C
cor.1acHo
ipo4I4iaKTiiMeCKI4X
Ha OKpyxIcaiolyio cpeay H 3tOpOBbe nIouaeel.
4
KAaCCH4H4KaTOpy
Mep Hiif Mp
oLUeHOK
no CHH)KeHHIO
BcTyrLeHHe
BCTYHJIEHHE
M4To6LI rapaHTHpOBaT]
CyWeCTBOBaHHIO
B
BmIpa6OTaTb TaKOH
ripOOBOBIBCTBeHHy]o
pa3BHBaIoWHXxcS
CTpaHax,
B
6C3oHiaCHOCTb
IpTcACToirq
e
H o6ecrIeqHTL
geCATHneTHA
rioxoz, frpH KOTOpOM HHTeHCHd4HKa}LHA ceEbcKoro X0351}HCTBa
cpeCTBa K
Heo6xo,HMo
coqeTaniacE 6MI c
coxpaHeHHeM
6a3bi HlpHpOaHLIX pecypcoB. flpH TaKOM rIon4xoae Heo6xoaRMo COKpaTHTb HHTeHCHBHOe HCflOJIlb3OBaHHe BBOHMMJIX peCYPCOB H o6paTHTb OCHOBHOC BHHMaHHe Ha T1OBbIlUeHHe HaBbIKOB BeaeHHSI ceiibCKoro X035fl2CTBa H 3HaHHr MeCTHMiX arpOCHCTeM. 1AHTCrpHpOBaHHaS CHCTeMa 3alUHTI paCTeHHfl (143P) IBJIqeTCq OaHHM H3 TaKHX flOaXOAOB (CM. BCTaBKY 1). BcTaBKa 1. 'qTO TaKoC HHTerpHpoBaHHas 3atuHTa paCTeHHUi? 113P
-
mHoopMa1UnOHHoeMKHfi
HoAXZoa,
ocHOBaHHbIlk
Ha aKTHBHO9i POJI14 epmepOB B CTHMyJIHpyeT eCTeCTBeHHbie MCpbi 60pb6bl C nonIl0fl51UHMH BpeAHTeiieir nOCpeaCTBOM npOrHO3IpOBaHHI cBSi3aHHOH C BpegXTenjiMH npo6lreMbl u npo)HjiaKTHK4 IOCTI)KeHHu1 npo6neMbl 3KOHOMMHeCKOro riopora BpeaOHOCHOCTH. FIp4 3TOM cenbCKOXO3liCTBeHHOM
I1I4MeHfAlOTC51
KOTOpbIlU
npOH3BO,4cTBe,
COOTBeTCTBy1OiUe
MeTOAbN,
HanpHMep,
yBeJiWHeHHe
IlonyflqUH1l
eCTeCTBeHHbIX
3HTOMo4barOB, B03UJIbNBaHUm KyflbTyp, YCTOA1HBbIX K BpealAMTeM, ripMeHeHHHe arpOTeXHHKH 14, B cjiyae KpaiHe1l Heo6xoaUMocTH,
pauHo-HajibHoe HCrIOJIb3OBaHHC neCTH140OB.
HcmO;rnuHc: Omaeiz ceilbcKoXo3RuCeMeeHHbtx Hay'Hbtx uccmeOoeaHWu
g'enapmaMeHma ceaibcKOEo XO3S[ucm6a
CIIA, 19932.
H3P
KoHUenuWA
He HoBa.
HHTeIPHPOBaHHYIO
ripHmeHAHIiH
(epmepui
CHCTeMy
3aiojiro ,o
6opb6Mi
C
ITORBJIeHH5
BpeajHTejli5MH.
Hay3HMIx pa3pa6OTOK
B TpaA,HHOHHNIX CHCTeMax
BeAeHH3I CejrbCKoro X033fliCTBa 3alUHTa OT BpeCaHTeCJICe Hepa3pblBHO CB53aHa c paUHHOHanjbHbIM 3eMJIeflOJIb3OBaHHeM H BKJHO'IaeT arporIpHeMbI, KOTOpMIe He OKa3BIBaJOT BpeCHoro B03AeiiCTBHA Ha paCTeHH$ H 3XaOPOBbe )KHBOTHbIX, zep)KaT nO2g KOHTpOjieM IlOrIyJIL4HH BpeCJHTeJIefl 6e3 IpHMeHeHHE rIpoMbIiJJJeHHbIx
XHMHKaTOB. 3a riocJIeaH4e ITATbIecST JICT CHlCTeMbI 3eMjiegejiHA nipeTepneJlI CyIUeCTBeHHbIl H3MeHeH5I, YCTYrIHIB MeCTO COBPeMCHHbIM TeXHOJIOrHSM, rAe X4MM'eCKH4e MeTO,a>I 3aILHTbI paCTeHlHHi OT Bpe2iHTejIeiR 1 6oie3HeRi 3aHAJI4 Begyiuee MeCTO. OAHaKO 3a nocJIe,Hee eCIATHAeTHe pacTyiuas o6eCnoKoeHHocTb B CB5L3H C pHCKOM H HeraTHBHiIMMH 3mreKTaMH XHMHtIeCKHX
MeTOJ,OB
o6paTHTbC31
K
JIHMHTHPOBaHHOe
CTpaTerHii
3aWHThI paCTCeHR1
H3yqeHHIo no6oqHoe
B 3TOM
rlJIaHe
TaKHx
aeiiCTBHe
HaH6ojlee
3aCTaBHRa paCTeHHeBOXoB,
arpoITpheMoB
3aUHTBI
3KojiorOB H 3KOHOMHCTOB
paCTeHHi4,
KOTOpbIe
Ha 3ZIPOBbe qeJIoBeKa H oKpyialouAyo
XOpOi0o H3BeCTHOR
ABJISieTCL
Bbl3bIBalOT
cpezAy.
HHTerpHpOBaHHaq
H3
BCex
3aWHTa
paCTeH{i{.
H3P JIy-'iue
BCero oxapaKrePH3OBaTb KaK CHCTCMy, oIITHpaouWIol0c
Ha 3HaHH5I cepMepOB
H OITTHMaJIIbHOe CO'IeTaHHe MCTOAOB H TaKTHKH 6opb6BI C BpCIHTeJIqMH C y'eTOM pa3H0o6pa3HbIX cJaKTopOB, HanpHMep, ypo)KaS, aOXOaOB, pHCKa, yCTORaqHBOCTH H 6e3onaCHocTH (CM. BCTaBKY 2).
143P
.BJI5IeTC31
xopoLuas
HeoTbeMJTeMbIM KOMITOHCHTOM HHTerpHPOBaHHbIx arpoTexH1qecKMx lpIPeMOB (T.e.,
arpOHOMHs),
OCHOBaHHMiX
Ha
riOHMmaHHH
paCTeHH3SMH, )KHBOTHLIMH H BpeaHTeJI1M4, a TaKxe
CTOJIhKO
Ke
3KOJOrMHH
H
B3aHMoAeACTBHM
MeXCAy
cpeaofi HX o6HTaHHI. YKa3aHHofl KOHUerILIHH
jieT, CKOJIbKO H 3eMjieaeJiHo, HO COBpeMeHHIe HcciCeaoBaHHS B 3HaqHTejBHoR mepe IIOHHMaHHe Z14HaMHKH nOflyJIASUHH, paclHPHhIH MaCLuTa6Mi CTpaTerHii 6opb6bi c BpeAHTeJIAMH. XOTSI, rOBOPsi O 143P, Mbi nOdPa3YMeBaeM paCTeHHeBOZ(CTBO, lIPHHUHribI 3TOIf CHCTeMbI B paBHOR CTerieHH npHMeHHMbIaJl5I 3aLUHTbI IieCOB, 3J1OpOBb15 )BOTHbIX H HaceJIeHHl.
yrAy6HJiH
5
HHTeipHpoBaHHasr 3aJU{Ta pacTeHHIi BCTaBKa 2. TexHHwecKHe npHeMbI HHTerpHpoBaHHoii 3auWHTbi paCTeHHH% OCHOBHbIMI pacTeHI4h:
*
oco6eHHOCTqMH
BUww?UZIeCCKUU flOfle3HbIM14
H3P SBJIeTcq HcfOJIb3OBaHH
Memoa:
HcnoJnb3oBaHHe
OpraHI3MaMH",
B
UX
cnieggyioullx HexHMH1ecKHx
eCTeCTBeHHbIX fmuCiie
napa3HTbl,
3HTOMO¢aroB, XHLIH11KH
MeTOIOB 3aii4TbI
Ha3blBaeMbix
tiaCTO
H
3HTOMoriaToreHHble
MHKpOOpraHH3MblI.
*
A2pomexHuiecKuIu U 300meXHu4(ecKuu MeMOabi: OT 3a6oJIeBaHMIrI, flpHMaHO'HbIe KyJIbTypbl, MyIbM4HpoBaH4e,
03,IOpOBAeHHe
noieg,
rpHMeHeHHe KYJIbTypbI TKaHH, 03AOpOBjieHHe CMSAH nlepeKpeCTHaq 3aIIlHTa, KyAbTHBagHI, jiyileHle, riaCT6H1iieo6opoTbI
ceBOO6OpOTbI,
H
BO3,ejibIBaHHe
npOMe)KyTO'HbIX KyJIbTyp.
* *
Ha
CmpameuziecKui Memoa- MeCTOpacnoj1oxKeHi4e noceBoB, CpOK ceBa H y6opKu ypoxKaq. TeHemuiecKui Memoa BKJIIOIaeT HaceKOMO- H 6oJIe3HeyCTOrTHBbIe copTa, 4epeHKOBaH4e H IIOABOH. HHoraa MeTOu 6HonorHgecKof4 3ai1lHTbI BKJIIOqaeT ipHMHeHeHHe x4MHKaToB, HMeiOIItHX MHHHMaJIbHOe B03aehCTBHe Ha OKpy)KaIOiityiO cpeay, HanpiMep, noAyXHMHKaTbl, BKJIiO1a1 (1epOMOHbi H aTTpaKTaHTbI, 6HoneCTHLfHAbI (HanpHMep, crieijH4WhHbie H Hojie3HbIe 3KOAOrWIeCKH 6e3BpeAHbIe HHCeKTHUHabI). npaKTHKe acTo co,eTaeT eCTeCTBeHHbIe cbOpMbI 3a11HTbl, Koraa HcnOJIb3ylOTCq DKo;IorHwecKHe
H3P
B3aHMoCB.13H
B CeYIbCKOX03,hiCTBeHHOHi
CHCTeMe
(2nw
xero
npoBoA14Tcq
o6yxleHMe)
H
3KOHOMHxlecKH
o6ocHoBaHHbIe npaBi4ia rpMmeHeHHq 1IecTHUHMOB. OZHaKo npHmeHeHi4e fieCTHUHAIOB B 143P OTnIHqaeTCi OT o6I4enpHHsToro MeToja 3aIHTbI pacTeHHHI. TaM, rae B03MO)KHO, H3P IonaraieTCi Ha rieCTHUHabi UejieBoro aeHCTBHI, KOTOpble MOXCHO pllHMCHlTb B Majibix Ao3ax C MHHHMaJibHbM BpeAHbIM B03aer4CTBHeM Ha nojie3HbIe OpraHH3MbI. Cehgac pa3pa6aTbIBaIOTCs HOBbIe MeTOAbl 3aWlHTbl C r1pHMeHeHi4eM
6Holiorw4eCKHX MaTepHaflOB, HarlipHMep, JtepoMOHNl H HafOIHHT4enH-aTTpaKTaHTbI, CejieBbIX BpeaHTeJ1ehi K nleCTHUHAy. HopMbI pacxoxa, CpOKH H ePl4HO0,HTHOCTI onpegeiiSlIOTCA
TaKHM
o6pa3oM,
'To6bi
MHHHMH3HpOBaTb
B03ge9CTBHe
IpHBJIeKaIOWHe
lieCTH1HAOB
rIpHMeHeHH5s Ha
rIoYIe3HbIC
OpraHH3Mbl, llpH 3TOM B3aHMo3aMeHeMbiel neCTHL4H2abi lipHMeH5IIOTCR rIooMepe)jHo, HT06bI CHH3HTb TeMrlbI toPM1pOBaHH2 pe3HCTeHTHOCTH BpeAlHTeJIi5 K rieCTHuHmaM. •cmo[iHUK: BaHaeMaH H Ap. 2.
1994
CorjIacHo
IiOBeCTKe
HSA HOMCp
21 KoHbepeHui1x OOH rio oKpyxalon.eii cpeae H
(UNCED, 1992 r., 7), 1H3P cqwTaeTcq IIpHOPHTeTHOhi CTpaTeHmeCi B 6opb6e C Bpe,HTeji.qMl: "XHMHqeeCKHe MCTobI 60pb6bI C CeJTbCKOX03SLICTBeHHbIMJ BpeAgHTejMmH HrpaiOT Be,3yiuyIO pOJIb, OaHaKO HX H36bITOqHOe HClOJIb3OBsaHHe OKa3MBaCT nary6Hoe BO3AeACTBme Ha 61o,ceTbI 4CepMepoB, 3,aOPOBF>C HaceiieHHS4, oKpyxaioiuyio cpe,y, a TaKCe meXgyHapoRHyIO ToprOBJIIO. rIpO,ojExalOT B03HHKaTb HOBbIe npo6AeMbi C BpeCHTejLqMH. 14HTerpHpOBaHHaSi 3aITa pa3BHTKIO
paCTeHHfi, KOTOpaq Co'eTaeT 6HojiorHqecKHe MeTOAbI, yCTOiqHBOCTb COITPOTHBiLqMOCTH paCTeHHI-
Xo35IHHa, Ha,)lUe)KaugHe arporipHeMbI H MHHHMaJIbHOe ripHMeHeHHe rIeCTHUHIOB, nipeACTaBimeT co6oik HaHIyqluHii BapHaHT ,15 6yAyigero, IIOCKOJIBKy rapaHTHpyeT ypo)KaH, CHHxCaeT 3aTpaTmI, He BbI3LIBaeT ywep6a VJi3i oKpyKaioiueki cpeAbI H CnoC06cTByeT yCTOi'HBOCTH cejmbCKoro X035IiiCTBa."
OCHOBHbIM
acnicKrom
143P
5BJi5ieTCsI
HTCrpaLUHS
TeXHilqecKHX H coL4aHjilHMX 3HaHHiA,
npeqiroJiaraeT r.ry6oKoe iOHMwaHHe oco6eHHocTehi OCHOBHbIX Bpe,HTeJIei, 6HojjorHwecKoii H 3eMJIe,aejIbqecKoAi CHCTeM. TaKie oco6eHHOCTH HOCST cneiLH4H'IecKHxi H JIOKajibHbIA xapaKrep, nOTOMY y'aCTHe cjepMepoB H o6meH HHtopMaauHe HrrpalOT CywCCTBeHHy1O POJIb B pa3pa6oTKe ITO
COBpeMeHHMIX HayqHoo6oCHoBaHHbIx CHCTeM ABJiSieTC3I
HeAocTaTo'IHaa
TexHoJiorH5IM3H
143P,
a
BOOpy)KeHHOCTb TaKiKe
aIeq)HLRT
143P.
OZaHaKO OCHOBHbIM c,CepXXBaiOM
cjepMepoB HayHlHbIX
COOTBeTCTBy1OIUHMH
HCCJIeZaOBaHHfl,
4TaKTOpoM
HpHK7ia,HbIMH
OpHeHTHPOBaHHbLX
Ha
4epMepcKoe X0331f{CTBO. Ha ripOTcDKeHlH qaCTHOCTH,
,BYCTOpOHHHC
6oJIee 'IeM aBaaiUaTH iieT opraH43ai4HH 3KOHOMH'eCKOrO pa3BHTHIA, B lIpOrpaMMbI, c4HHaHCHpyeMbIC FepMaHHeHl, HH,epJlaH,uaMH H CIIIA, a
6
BcTynmeHHe
CDAO
11pH OOH 11poraraHaHpoBaJIH H 1io,aep)KBaJH Mepbi, HaiipaBJIeHHbIe Ha BHe,apeHi4e 143P. B HaCToqiugee BPCMAI TBePALIM CTOPOHHHKOM 143P BLIcTynaeT BceMHpHlii 6aHK, KOTOpBiA C 1988 r. BbIZeJI1HJI 80 MJIH. 4OJUI. CIIIA Ha npoeKmi 1o BHegpeHHIO 143P. ORHaKO, H3P B OTqeJILHUX cTpaHax, BoripeKH i7ipm1oKeHHbIM YCHJI145M H 3aMeTHEIM pC3yjiLTaTaM BHeApeHA14
TaKcKe
IporpaMMbI
LHpoKOMaciuTa6Hoe BHeapeHHe 143P BO BceM MHpe OCTaeTC31 TPyRHOAOCTHXRMoHiiM ejbio. KaK 4jI5 iipaBHTeJIbCTB, no-npexHeMy, OCTaeTCSI 3aMaH'HBLIM ripHMeHeHHe c)epMepOB, TaK H AJI31 ee 17POCTOTbl H HeMegiieHHOii TpaAHUHoHHOA CHCTeMbI arpoxHMHqecKorO KOHTpOJIM, BBH,y BbICOKOl 3KOHOMHqeCKO]k oTAaqH. Bo MHorHx cn"yaqx B HHTepeCaX ripaBHTejBCTB H qaCTHjIX KoMMepxeCKHX CTpyKTryp cpeaH 4)epMepOB npOnIaraH,RHpyIOTCz CTaH,aPTHbIl HIpHeMbI 3auxHTn OT BpeJgHTeiefi, a Tpa,LHUHOHHMIe CHCTCMbI 3eMneAenS H rIpHeMbi 6opB6bI c BpeAHTeJMMH HrHOpHpyIOTCSI. JJ;JI5 Toro YTo6bI paCIIpoCTpaHHTb 143P B MIHPOKOM MacIIITa6e, Heo6xo,4HMO C03,RaTb BOOPY)KHTb MX 3HaHHSMH H iIpHKjaiaHbIMH COOTBeTCTBYI0OIe CTHMyJIbI ,ARA cjepMepoB, OT 4epMepOB BHeApeHHe H3P nOTpe6yeT HeXHMHxeCKiMmH iTpemaMM 3aWHTMI paCTeHHV!. lIoHHMaHHSI, YTO 3Ta CHCTCMa B oTJIHxHe OT XHMHYCCKOH 3a1lIHTbI paCTeHHii 6o0iee TpyaoCMKa H OCHoBaHa Ha 6ojblueM Hcjie arpoTexHMmecKHx npHeMOB. B C4JIy 3Toro 4epMepaM Heo6xo04HMo y6eAHTbcsA B HarljuIjHOH 3KOHOMH'eCKOH OTaaqe. B KOHeYHOM HTOre, BLI6Op TeXHO3iorMH 6opL6Li C Bpe,aHTeIsAMH 3aBHCHT OT 3aTpaT, BbirOg, HaJIH4HS1 aXJbTepHaTHBHMX MeTOOB, CylUeCTBY1014HX rOCy,aapCTBeHHbIX npaBHJI, peryHmpyioniHx Hx rIpHMeHeHHe. Po1Im npaBHTenIbcTBa B nepCerIKTHBHOM UIPOKOMacIUiTa6HOM BHCepeHHH
H3P
COCTOHT B
pa3pa6oTKe MeXaHH3MOB CTHMYJIHPOBaHHMA H npaBHJI, BjIHAioII1x Ha BbI6op iTeCTx1XHAOB HJIM ApyrHx
aJIbTepHaTHBHbIX MeTOXROB 3aUHTbI paCTeHHii, a Ta1OKe B aKTHBHOii riioAepxxKe HOBbIX HHHiHMaTHB B o6JiacTH HayYHbMX HCCjiegOBaHHi, pacnpocrpaHeHAs 3HaHHM, o6pa3oBaHrH H 06yIeHHH. TaKOii IIO,aXo,a K BHCepeHHIO 143P, yYHTbIBaA Bo3MOKHoe BJIHAHHe OpraHH3aUnH4-XgOHOpOB Ha rocyXapCTBeHHYIO lOJIHTHKY, 1BJSAeTC51 OaLHHM H3 HaH6oJIee Ba)XHbIX H Manjo OCBelUeHHLIX aCrieKTOB I1OCTaBjiCHHoif rlepea MeCYHapOAHbIM coo61JJeCTBOM 3a,Iaqm. flO BbirIOJIHeHHIO peKOMeH,AalHfl
IOHCE,Z. B HaCTO5IWeH pa6oTe paccmaTPHBaeTCs BOITPOC 0 TOM, KaKOrO po,ra iOloAepx)Ky MOryT OKa3aTb IpaBHTeJIbCTBa B nponaraiiae npHHMeHeHHI 1I3P, H KaKOe coAef'CTBiC B 3TOM HanpaBJIeHHH B nepBoM MoryT oKa3aTh BceMHpHUiM 6aHK H apyrHe opraHH3auHH 3KOHOMMYIeCKoro pa3BHTHSI. 4)aKTopbI, BJIH51luOHe Ha Bbi6op CepmepamH TeXHOJIOrHH 3auU{TbI OT pa3Aenie O11HCbIBalOTC5 Bpe,aHTeJiefi; BO BTOPOM - paccmaTPHBalOTCH BOnPOCbI pa3pa6OTKH CTpaTerHH M rOCy,AapCTBeHHOiM CTpaH CO3tAaJIO IOJIHTHqecKMe ycJIOBHA, IIOJIHTHKH H OTMeqaeTC51, qTO MHO)KCCTBO 6iiaronpIuTcTByIoui4e rIpmeHeHHH0 XHMH'ecKHX CpeLACTB 3aflHTLI paCTeHHM; B TpCTbeM pa3,enie paCCMaTPHBalOTC51 HHCTPYMCHTbI cejIBCKOXO3Ir4CTBeHHOH TIOJIHTHKH, KOTOpbIe MOryT CO3fAaHHI paBHLIX YCJIOBHIi BHeApeHHA anjibTCpHaTHBHbIX HCn OJlL3OBaTbC1 ripaBBHTeJIbCTBOM ,aJn iMipoiiaraHigmI 143P B HagiiexKauix cffyqaqx; B qeTBepTOM pa3AgeJie MeTOZIOB 3alIHTbI paCTeHHMM 143P H Heo6XOAHMOCTb 6oJIbUieM OpHeHTaJHHl o6cyzaeTcTI HaUHOHaJlbHaq rOJIHTHKa no,gepx H o6yqeHHA Ha Hy)IXM H TeXHoJIorHiM, pacnpoCTpaHeHl4A 3HaHHM HayqHbIX 4CCJIeZAoBaHH4R, aHaJ1H3HPYeTC5 COBpeMeHHbIfi IlOpTcbeJIb I1pOeKTOB BceMHpHoro 4)epMepOB. B n5ITOM pa3,aejie 6aHKa, CB313aHHbIM C 143P, a TaK)Ke HHCTpyMeHTblM H rYTH rpOBeAeHH5I rIOjIHTHKH 11O nporIaraH,e 143P H ee IpOKOMacInTa6HoMy BHeJepeHHIO.
7
14HTerpHpOBaHHaSI 3aIIHTa pacTeHRMi
1. FEPMEPbI H 3AIUHTA PACTEHHIf OT BPEa4TEJIEfI
CeJILCKOX033IqCTBeHHOe rlpOH3BO,4CTBO Hepa3pbIBHO CBSI3aHO C BpCAHTejMm, 6ojie3HAMH B lpiHH1xHie, 4jepMepi HMeIOT B CBOeM pacnopxKeHRH1 PSLf MeTOXOB
H HaHOCHMMIM HMH yUjep6oM.
6opl6b
C BpeCHTeJlMH,
Ky.IBThHBHpOBaHmSA,
HaqHHaq
C eCTeCTBeHHLIx,
H
4H3HxiecKHx
riiaBHbIM
6HoAorHqeci<Hx cpeaLCTB HH XHMHYeCKHX rleCTH1HgOB.
baKTOpbi, o6ycjIaBJIHBaioa-ie BCTaBKY
1.1.).
rIpowe
o6pa3oM,
nprIeMOB,
mexaHHqecKHx
B
BEI6Op TeXHoJioriH4
ripHMeIeHHe
3aKaHqHBIaq
MeTOIOB
IIPHMeHeHHeM
HaCTOigeCM pa3Aejie paccmaTpHBalOTCq
BbI6op c4epMepaMH MCTOJAOB H
rOBOpA,
H
plpHeMOB
6opb61I C
3aUqfTbI paCTeHHA (CM.
BpeXHTeJLIMmH
orIpeAzeJIAeTC5 H3 (3aKynrKa Cpe,aCTB npOH3BO,CTBa H ipoqC TIeepeMeHHbIe H3IgepxcH, B aCTHOCTH H noCTOAHHLIC H43,ep)KXH, HanpHMep, ripHo6peTeHHe OnpbICKHBaTeJIei H.II paCXOaLM Ha
paCQeTapacxaO6O
Tpya,
Ha
HH4)OpMaU1HIO) H aoxodo6
(Tpygoc6eperaioluee ipegoTBpaweHle noTepb ypoXas B geHeXHoM HJI
Ha nIpaKTHKe, IIPOBOlHMbIe 4)epMepOM Mepbi 60pB6LI C BpeIHTCJMMH g,A coKpaiLxeHHSA rOTepb ypoxaS 3aBHC5LT OT i[eJioro p3iga 4aKTOpOB, CBq3aHHN,X c oco6eHHOCTSIMH HaTypaJIbHOM Bwpa)KeHHH)./1
KOHKpeTHOsf CHCTeMbi ceJBCKOXO3SlACTBeHHoro
BBHgy orpaHWIeHHOCTH
IIpOH3BO;XCTBa.
O;xHaKO
MajOHMomye
4epMepi,
Hmeiowerocsi y HHX Bbi6opa, MOryT H3Bjie'B BbIro;Xy OT 3KOHOMHIHbIX
MeTO;XOB HHTerpHpOBaHHOIi 3au.HTbI paCTeHH]f.
aKTOpaMH, BJIH5LRIIIHMH Ha BbI6 op
BaxHbiMMH MeTo;xa
3aIlflTMI
OT
npeAiojiaraemasi
yiuep6a,
BpeaHTejieC,
3KOHOMHqeCKa5
HaHOCHMOrO
BCTaBKa
SBJISIOTCS 3HaqHMOCTb
KOHKpeTHIM
mepui Gopb6Mi c H3BeCTHMMH 9UIA HHX BpeaH-
* *
HMMIOT
AJI
HOCTb.
:3Toro
06l,eM
* *
HlO MX MHeHHIO, rIpeXCTaB-
iOTeHLilHa11bHy1O
OnaCHOCTb,
MaTepHaSbHY1O
MHbOpMomaHH
H
H
ecCIiH
*
B03MO)K-
*
HaJIHrqHe
*
TexHojIorHir 3aBHCIIT OT KOJIHqeCTBa H Ka,CCTBa
HIOCTaBJLqiO=UfX O4HHaAibHMie H
HMM,
p
MX
HCTOqHHKOB,
CHCTeMNi
PaCHpOCTPaHeHRS
(pepMepOB,
HayqHbIX
3HaHRMI
XHMHKaToB
arpOTexHHKH (cM. BCTaBKY
YpoxcaHHocTb H Ka'eCTBO ypoxKaq. CTeneHb ymWep6a. CneKTp Bpea}UTejieH. MaCTOTa npo6IeMbi. TeXHHIYeCKag 3c4eKTHBHOCTb
(6Ho)npenapaTa.
eHa Ha HpOH3BOegHHYIO npOAyK1nIO. PHCK.
CBOeBpeMeHHoe HaJIHqie HeO6XOaHMbIX MaTepHanioB.
BKjloqas
*
CTOHMOCTb CpeXCTB
MCCIeAOBa-
*
3aTpaTbl iia npoBeeHi4e 3aMHTHbIX Mep. Bbiroam OT aJIbTCPHaTHBHblIX ipOrpaMM H HX
H o6yqHRS
CHCTeMy bepMepCKHx CBq3e1i,
nOCTaBKlUCOB
H 3HaHHe
3aIHTbI.
CTOHMOCTb. *
ceTH
Coo6]iecTBo H peruOHajibHaq OpraHH3aUi4.q.
MCCTHOM
1.2).
BBHLy Toro, qTo CCJIbCKOXO3aI{CTBeHHbie BpeC;HTeii Xo3ARCTBOM
eeoo6pa3HOCTb
Bpe,4H*
JTUIOT
DaKTopbi, onpeAejioUHe
Mep 3aulHTbi paCTeHH" OT BpeaweTiefi
TeiieM, I HaJIWHqH COOTBeTCTBYOeUCi HH4)OpMaLUHH H IIpo4)eCCHOHanjBHHX HaBMIKOB ,XJM peulueHHA 3TOif npo6AIeMbi. (DepMepbi ripOBOZT TeJISMH, KOTOpEl,e,
1.1
3KoHomHIecKyo
H, KaK rpaBMJIO, pacfpocTpaHH5IOTcC
pCaKO orpaHHMHBaloTCS
rio BceMy perHOHY H 3a ero
8
OTge3IbHbIM
iipeAenaMM,
Henjl351
Dpmep1LI MCpaMH
orpaHHqHBaTbCSI
aOIxcHibI
BpC,ZUHTeJMm
B
3aUUHTLI
.n:6o
ypOBHe, H B 3THX uiieix pa3pa6aTbIBaIOTCI
B
rlpHMepa
Ka'ecTBe
MH
nIeCTHUHLOB B perHOHaJIbHOM
Ha
perHoHaJIbHOM,
JI1H6o
3aUTa paCTeHHi
nporpamm
6opb6bi
C
rocyaapCTBeHHOM
Ha
O HafLHOHaJiBHOM H perHOHajibHOM KapaHTHHe.
npaB}ia
IIpHBeCTH
MO)KHO
BO.IIbU{HCTBO
X03AAiCTBe.
OZaHOM
ocy3ueCTBJISTBCq
H UHITerpHpOBaIHa
Mepbi
yceuieHie
O,D;HOBpeMeHHOrO
IIpHMeHeHHS
B 6opb6e C JIHqHHKaMm MICHOR MYXH B
HaUHOHaBlbHOM MacumITa6
CIIA H B CeBepHofi A4PHKC. 1.2
BCTaBKa
3HaHie MeCTHo~i arpOTeXHHKH HY)KHO
3HaHHe
MeCTHOi4
paCCMaTpHBaTb
arpOTeXHHKH
KaK 6oraTbIlI HCTOIHHHK HOBOBBeZAeHMA B 6opb6e C npOH3BOgCTBa
BpeZHTeniMH, OaHaKO Ha cbOHe 6bICTpO CMeHhIflO4XCI CHCTeM CebcKoxo3SAlCTBeHHoro
B ueJIOM,
3HaHHg 4)epMepOB 0 KOHKpeTHbIX BpeAHTeiISX CBOaqTCS ripHWHHHOi CBSA3H MeX;Y BpeaUiTeiieM H HaHOCHMOM Mm yrgep6e (BeHTnH,1989). K OC03HaHHIO O'eBHAHOH TaKoro poza 3HaHHU He Bceraa 5IBJIqhOTCq rIOJIHbIMH HuH TOqHbIMH, K npHMepy, (cepMepbI MOryT He 3HaTb O 3TOT t4aKTOp TepleT CBOIO aKTya;IbHOCTb.
,IUm o aeTaniix
nlOTep.x ypOKaq, Bbl3BaHHbIX BHpyCaMm,
KH3HeHHOro UHKiia BpeAHTeuhI, T.e. He Bnia4(eTb
TOi HH4bopMai4Heri, Ha OCHOBe KOTOpOMI nIHpMeHqIOTCs aKTHBHbie MepbI 3aigHTh. ctepMepaMH 14 yCeHbLIM,
COTPYAHHteCTBO Mex,y
'aCTO
OCHoBaHHOe Ha B3aHMHoM o6MeHe HHbopMaauHeil,
taea nlpaKTHHecKHe
3HaHH5R.
3aluHTa paCTeHUN OT BpetaHTeneH,
43epMepbi
rIpH'l4HHSeMOrO
OCHOBHbIM BHHOBHHKOM yuep6a,
3,IOPOBb]O
Jfloztei,
r
3anacamH
CYHTaCTC5I
HerIocpeaCTBeHHO
TieCTHUH,D(OB
xHMH'eCKaa
oaHaKO
CBepXnpOH3BOaCTBOM,
IeCTH1uAaMH
oKpy)KaiolUeii
YBeJIjHeHHe
nIpOMbIl7ieHHOCTb.
BTOpOiR MHpOBOiH
nocJIe
npOMbU1eJIHHOCTb
H XHMHleCKasl
ripHMCeHCHH
HX 1136bITOqHbIMH
BOtHbl o6sIcHAIeTcqI
rlO3AHee
cpegae H
pearHpyeT
rIpOMMIJIACHHOCTL
Ha
noTpe6HTeJiLcKHRi cripoc, MaH4HfYJH4py5I 11M./2 4>epMepbi HCIOJIb3ylOT neCTHfILHAI H3 coo6paxceHRi ypo)Ka3i, nonyYeHHrs COXpaHHOCTH flOBbIWeHlsr rapaHTHr coKpaiWeHHA1 3aTpaT Ha TpyaL, BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHoro H4 OHopoaHoro KOHeYHOrO ripoayKTa, a TaioKe, B pe3yJlbTaTe nojjyIeHHAI 4H¢opMpauHR
y6e,qRTeJnHoii
0
XO35IHiCTBeHHbIX 3HaHHA H peKJiaMHORI
HayiHriX
HcciiezoBaHHsIx,
pacripocTpaHeHHA
ceJILCKO-
pa60TbI xHMHqeCKO1ii TIpoMbIu-eICHHOCTH4 (CM. BCTaBKY
1.3). K
nOTpe6HTeJIei o KpaCHBOM (6e3 qepBOTOqHH) BHeCIHeM BHae OBOWeii H CbPYKTOB rIpoMbIIIIJeHHOCTb oTpearHpoBajia pa3pa6OTKOii Ueixoit cep{HH XHMHKaTOB
npHMepy, Ha HaCTOH'qHBbIe Tpe6OBaHHII ,aii, 6Opb6i C BpeaHTeJI5IMH.
B
TO
)Kce
BpCMSI
HHayCTp]S4
HaCTpoeHH5IMH o6iuecTBa. 3a liocnegHHe
lIpOH3BOaCTBa
Cfle,HT
neCTHJ.H.oB
3a MCH5OIIJOHlMMHCS
IBa XaeC5ITHAeTH5I B pa3BHTbIX cTpaHax
ripeKpaiueHo
HAH
coKpaweHO rIpHMeHeHHe HHCCKTHuHL[OB B ceCILCKOM XO3Ir4cTBe, ITOCKOJIBKY OHH CqHTa1OTC51 OAHH14M H3 nepBMIX H OCHOBHbIX BH4HOBHHKOB BpeaHorO Bo3,aeACTBHs1 Ha 3,aOPOBB
OAHaKO
rIpH
3TOM B03pOCJIO IIpHMeHeHHe rep6HiHroB.
arpoXHMHKaTOB,
XOTS
H OxleHb MeeUieHHO,
rIpHlMeHeHHe
HO BWTecHSIeTcI
yeeoJBeKa
(NRC, 1989 r.),
"BCeCHJIbHbIX" IipeiiapaTOB H1
6onIee r;OpOrOCTOSIUJHMH XHMHKaTaMH
arpOxHMHqecKoi rIIpOMblLuieHHOCTH B i[eCeeBoro Aei4cTBw41I. 3HaMHTeJIbHOi4 CTeneHH HaiipaBjieHbI Ha pa3pa6OTKy XHMHKaTOB BacoKo cdneugH4HHoro XetCTBHS, COBPeMeHHMle HayMHbIe H3bICKaHHI B
aTaK)Ke reHeTHaecKHe MCTO,bI BMIBCaeHH5 (H rep6HutzxoycToRt'HBbIx
COpTOB paCTeHHAI,
YCTolqHBNIx K 6one3HAIM H COPHSIKaM
KyjibTyp, YTO IlO3BOJIHT B 6yaylUeM ]lHpe HciTojT3oBaTb rep6HL4mHbI).
CuieAysI 6o0iee CTpOrHM npaBHjiaM,
pa3pa6oTaHHbIM no Tpe6OBaHrIo o6luecTBa, OLLLYTHMbIe PC3ynbTaTLI OTMexialOTC5I B ccepe 6e3oIIacHoro o6pawueHHL c neCTHUiHaMH, XOTSI 3Ta TeH,2;CHLUHM cKopee xapaKrepHa z3I5i pa3BHTbIX, a He pa3BHBaloJlHXCSI CTpaH. fIpoMbiuIeHHoe Pa3Mepbi IIpOH3BOZACTBO Bcerga CTaBHT nepe, co6oii ueum OKynIHTb 3aTpaTbI H IOJIY'IHTb InpH6bLn. 6yAyineRI npH6BriH MOryT H3MeHHTbCI B CB5I3H C coKpaiueHHeM Cy6C1A;MpOBaHw15I cenbcKoro 1OJIOXHTCJIbHbIe
9
14HTerpHpoBaHHasI 3aigHTa pacTeHiA
XO3PR4CTBa B pa3BHBaio1WXcA CTpaHax, y KeCTOneHHem rlpaBI IpHMeHHHSe arpOXHMHKaTOB no Tpe6oBaHImoa o6uaeCTBa. Pa3yMHOe H4CnOJIb3oBaHHe MaJibiX a03 HeTOKCH'HbIX XHMHKaTOB HHTeHCHBHoro ueJIeBoro aeiCTBHSI H P13P He HcKJUoqa1oT gpyr apyra, HO Mx 1HpHMeHeHHe Tpe6yeT IIOCTOSRHHoro KOHTpOJIsI, IpH 3TOM Henjb351 II03BOJIHTh o6pa3oBaTbcs 3aMKHYTOMy TeXHonorecKoMy Kpyry, 3aCTaBIsIA 4)epMepOB HC1OJTb3oBaTb nleCTHILl HOCpeaCTBOM TaKHX MexaHH3MOB MapKeTHHra, KaK rIOCTaBKa CeMSIH, o6opyJaoBaHH5 H i1eCTHLUHAOB <(eaHHbiM ImaKeTOM> (CM. BCTaBKy 1.4). BCTaBKa 1.3 PblHOK C6bITa arpOXHMHKaTOB B HacToqiijee BpeMq MHpOBOH1 pbIHOK arpOXHMHKaTOB OUeHHBaeTCq B 21 Mnpa. Aoii. CIlA: 27% npHXOaHTCff Ha CeBepHyio AMepHKY, 30% - Ha 3anaaHyio EBpOny H 14% - Ha AhIOHHIO. POCT PbIHKa B cTpaHax 03CP (OpraHH3aUHsl 3KOHOMHqeCKOrO COTpyH4HHMeCTBa H pa3BHTHS) rPHOCTaHOBHCICR, OAHaKO ripetOaraeTCSo a , TO B pa3BHBaiolIHxcS cTpaHax rlpOH3O0zieT 3HamHTeIbHoe yBeiHMeHHe HCrIOJIb3OBaHHSi arpOXHMHKaTOB. B 1990 r. npImeHeHHe XHMHKaTOB B pa3BHBalO1MHXCSI CTpaHax COCTaBHjiO 20% OT MHPOBOrO noTpe6YieHHa, HO K 2000 r. npeXnonaraemcs
yABOeHHe
3TOFO
rIOKa3aTeiiSi.
HpHMeHeHHe
orpaHHWHBaeTC.q, B OCHOBHOM,
XHMHKaTOB
HeCKOJIbKHMH KyjIbTypaMH: XJIOIOK, KaKao, H 4PYKTbI (B OCHOBHOM, 6aHaHbI), OBOUiH,pi,HC H MaHC.
HcmoqnuK:
AaHHbIe BceMHpHOro 6aHKa,
3KOHOMHmeCKHUu
HIoiTHSi
03CP, 1995
H
cTpaHax
r.
nopor BpeLOHOCHOCTH H nllHSITHe peweHUlU
"nopoeu 6pedoHocHoCmu"
B 3THX
Ko04e, Ta6aK, 1BeTbI
o mepax 60pb6bl C BpeAHTeCjmMH
"3KoHoMuziecKue nopoeu eperoHoCHOCmU"
'aCTO
KCr1OJIb3ylOTCs1 B YrIpOl1eHHOM BHeC aiI o&65ICHeHH5I npogecca ripHHATHA pewreHHA4 no 6opb6e C BpeaHTeJnMH. lUTepH (1973 r., 261) onpegeisieT nopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH KaK <<«iOTHOCTb rIO1yJSLUHH, rIpH KOTOpOir aKTrHBHbeIC Mepbi IpHBegyT K MaJIOH BepORTHOCTH Toro, qTo rio1y nHSI Bpe,HTeiiei4 npeBbICHT 3KOHoMH'ecKHJir nopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH>. 9KOHoMHWecCKI{] nopor Bpe,OHOCHOCTH o6O3HaqaCT <(TOqKy 6e3y6TITOqHOCTH, IIPH KOTOpo0'k CTOMMOCTb KnOjimiCTBeHHbIX HJH KaqeCTBeHH>X flOTepb ypoxcas paBHa CTOHMOCTH Mep 60pB6i'L, yCreelHo JIHKBHIHpy}OU1UX ylgep6 OT BpegHTeJIeA H npeIOTBpaWaiouL U fIOTepH ypoxas*i. rIopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH H 3KOHOMH'iecKmli nopor BpCeOHOCHOCTH MOrYT nepeCeKaTbC3, HO Heo6sI3aTejibHo COBnagaTb. rlpHHHMaeMbIe 4JepMepaMH aKTHBHLIe Mepbl MOryT 6ITIm o6yc.ioBjIeHBI gec)HgxTOM C1iCegHmaLH1IX 3HaHHA (HarIpHMep, OHH 6oibl2ue noIaraiOTC31 Ha 3PHTeJIbHOe BOCripSHTHe MHOXeCTBa )KyKOB, a He Ha oLueHKy MX nOTeHHanHJbHorO Bpeaa) HJIH ilojiyqeHHOfi HMH HHcjopMagHH H3 pa3j[HbHLIX pCKjiaMHMIX KaMnaHHir, B pe3yJ1bTaTe qero 3aTpaTBI Ha 3aLIUHTHbIe MCpi ripeBBiuialoT noiyqaemBIe OT HHX BBIrO2AI. CJIHIKOM xmaCTO H3-3a HegOCTaTOYHOrO IIOHHMaHHUS 3KOJIOrHH BpeLAHTe3m 4tepMepbI CqHTalOT, YITO BCC HaCeKOMbIl rIpHHOCAT Bpeg. rIOTOMY Bo3H4Ka3IOT 3Ha'iiTeJIbHHe TpyLHOCTH' npH 1pHMeHeHHH TBep,tMX KOJIWIeCTBeHHBIX 3Ha'eHHIir nopora BpeaHOCTH4 B ionjeSBbIX YCJIOBHAlX 6e3 y'eTa H3MeH'IHBOCTH IOflrynSTAHH BpeLHTeJISI H KOHKpeTHOrO MeCTOpacfonlo)KeHH31, a TaICKe IIHarHOCTH'IecKHX H arpOTCxHH'ecKJ4x HaBbIKOB 4iepMepOB. OCHOBHOUi
HefoCTaTOK TaKoro noAxoxga
3aKmiuoaeTcsi B TOM, 'YTO OH OCHOBLIBaeTC5 Ha cIiHLuKoM ripOCTO aLHHaMHKe rOTiy.ISJAIHH H mepax 6opb6bI. B HeKOTOPLIX c7yqasix ,eCiCTBHTeJI5HO HMeeT CMLICJI IlpHHHSITb rpocDHnaKTrH'eCKHe MepbI IpOTHB yBenjieHIHH folyOYISI14HH BpeAlHTeCJeH Ha caMol4 paHHe34 CTa,aH. B apyrHx cjiyYasix HMeeT CMbICJi He rIpHHHMaTE HHKaKHX Mep, IIOCKOJIBKY MHorHC cIepMepm MOryT HeaoOLleHHBaTb BOCCTaHOBHTeJ3ThHYIO cnoco6HOcTL KYJIbTyp H JHBOTHLIX. HanpHMep, XoIonIaTHHK ZaOBOJIBHo 6NicTpo pereHepHpyeT 31pH paHHeM Aecboua3uaHH, BbI3BaHHOA X)IO11KOBOU ryceHHueH, OaHaKO cyraHcKxie XJIOnKOpO6biI HCflOJIb3yeT a3pO3OJnIHbIe Ae4)oju4aHTm Ha
10
cIepMepI 1 IHTerpHpOBaHHaH 3HTOMO0barOB H C03,aaBa5
paHHefl CTaqHH, rlpH 3TOM YHHqTO)KXa
BriOCAeaCTBHH Inpo6jIeMy 3auHTbI
OT TJIU H 6e.IOKpbIuOK.
paCTeHHii
nogo6HO
flpHMeHeHHe TeXHOWorHii 60pB6Mi C BpegHTeJIsIMH, HUIM TexHoJiorHqM, o6ycAoBJIeHo pa3JIH4qHbIMH B
3aIHTa pacTeHHf4
(caKTopax IIPOH3BOACTBa
cbaKTOpOB rlPOCTOTUI
a6coJIoTHbIMH H OTHOCHTeJIbHEIMH iToTpe6HocTqMH
Tpyg, KaIIHTaJI H HaBUIKH BeAeHHA X035flCTBa).
THu
H
ypOBeHb
npO43BOaCTBa, HCIIOJIB3yeMmX bepMepOM, 3aBHCHT OT MX CTOHMOCTH, HaJIH'HA H H36paHHoro MeTOIa 3aUHTbI i4HHe CTOHMOCTH npHMeHeHHA. HanpHMep, yBeinH B qaCTHOCTH,
paCTeHHii,
(3eMJiu,
BCeM CeJIBCKOXo3SifCTBeH-
rieCTH1HLOB, MO)KeT npHBeCTH K TOMY, xITO
4)epMepu
CTaHyT go)KHAaTbCs
YPOBHsA BpegOHOCHOCTH, B pe3yJILTaTe Qero XHMHKaTMI 6yAyT IplHMeHATBcq peXCe H
6oJiee BUICOKoro
MeTO,hI TaKlKe, KaK H H43MeHeHHe ueHbI OqHOrO KOMIIOHeHTa
HOBMie geMH HJI
B MCHbwIeM o61eMe.
B H36paHHOM c?epMepOM
"inaKeTe"
MCTO,4OB 3aUIHTbI paCTeHHi4,
3aCTaBHT ero H3MeHHTL CXeMy
H
pa3JIHIIHbIX CyUeCTByIoiux IIplHeMOB (HanpHMep, COKpaTHTb nIpHMeHeHHe neCTHIHgOB H YCOBepIlieHCTBOBaTb lipoUecc BO3gCeJIbIBaHHSI KyYiLTypbI). B TO Xe camoe BpeMs B,I3OBeT yn.ep6a YPOBHe ripH IaaHHOM ITOTepb IIOTeHlHUaEJ1HMAX IOBbIlLIeHHbli flOKa3aTeEJI CTerIeHb
ripMmeHeHH5
aKTHB43aLHIO
3a:UJHTHMIX Mep, HeCMOTP5I
Ha HH3KHH
KanHTaJIOBJIO)KeHI4S1 B 3alUHTHbC MmeponpHMRTH5 1eHHOCTH
riopor
BpeaOHOCHOCTH,
BcJIeCCTBHe
qero,
HMCIOT TCH,eHLIHIO yBCJlHMHBaTbC5q C B03paCTaHHeM
B03ZeJbIBaeMOk KyJIbTypbI.
1.4
BCTaBKa
IlepeMeHbl
B 14HAyCTpIIH lpOI3BOLlCTBa nIeCTHU4LOB
B arpOXHMwHeCKOf IlpOMbiiljieHHOCTH, B rIpOuIJIOM o6BI4HScMeH B nPOH3BOICTBe SZOX11MHKaTOB, 11poHCXO,1T nepeMeHbI. B KOMMep4eCCKOM rinaHe arpoxmmHwecioe rIP0113BOaCTBO YKpYIHIeTC1 3a c'HeT CJInz1HH5I H npxo6peTeHI45 o6aHKPOTHBIMHxcSI npearipH5iTHii, aKTHBHO npeBpaMasi B CBOH npOH3BOACTBa OThaCTH bwinabil CeMeHoBoaqeCKIe npe2npH51T1s. TaKaq )LMBepCM4)HKaU1151 o6bScHsAeTcR BO3paCTaioIUM I4HTepeCOM K npOH43BOQICTBY COPTOB pacTeHHA (nopoa )IHBOTHbIX), yCTOiN14BbIX K
YCTOiNI4BbIX K KOHKpeTHbIM
BpeAMIHTenM 1 6ojie3H51M 11I1
IICCT11UHAaM. HaH6o;nee
reHa Bt (reHm, COBpeMeHHbIe 6one3HeycTo0i9HBbIe copTa BbIBegeHbI nyTeM 1HTpoAyoHpoBaHz5 KOTOpaq1 Bbipa6aTbIBaeT ecTeCTBeHHaq 6aKTep5is, BbI,eCIeHHbIe H3 Bacillus thuringienses, TOKCHH C MHCeKTMUHaHbIMH CBo0CTBaMH, m pa3nIHiPHbie
npOTC14HOBbII
Ha
onpeaenieHHbie
npecne,aoBaBmaa
THifbI
UenIb
ArpoxHiMwieCKas
HaCeKOMbIX).
X4I4MHKaT,
yHI4BepCaJIbHbIi
CO34aTb
HITaMMbI
Bt
Bo3AeHCTByIoT
HCTOpH4MecK1
rIpoMbIJIeHHOCTb, MeHqeT
HanpaBjIeHHe,
flbITaqCb
OKa3blBaBO11HC MHHHMaJIbHblf4 394eKT Ha nojie3HbIe opraHH3MbI. TeM He MeHee, TaKHe pa3pa6oTKH '4opOroCT05IU4 1 BeAyT K BbLICOKO
cneijHqlHtlecKoFO
pa3pa6oTaTb
reCTHUHTbI
yaopoxcaHH1o
arpOXHMHKaTOB. OCHOBHbIM
4eiiCTBM1,
C,4ep)KHBaiOfljmM
,aKTopoM
B BbIBeaeHHH
YCTOfl0HBbIX
COpTOB ABJISeTCqL (OPMHPOBaH4e pe3HCTeHTHOCTH. PerHcTpauWs rHI6pltnHbIX COPTOB KyKypy3bI M COU c Bt B CIUA 3aBHCHT OT BbIfOJIHeHHSI riiaHa 3D4CKTHBHOrO pery.iHpOBaHH5IHX YCTOWiHBOCTH.
HeonpeAej1eHHocTb, Co3ZaCT npOI43BOaCTBeHHbIe
CBq3aHHa5
C rOTeHUHajThHOR nOTepeii ypoxKas1H3-3a BpeAHTejieA,
PHCKH z4TIA ClepMepOB.
OT Toro,
KaKHM
o6pa3oM 4epmep oTpearHpyeT
Ha TaKHe pHCKH (HjiH npoHrHopipyeT Hx), 3aBHCHT aKTHBHOCTh npHMeHqeMbIX CHH3HTb pHCK 11OTepH ypo)Ksa
BpeAHTeY1efl H yaiep6e,
B
cyiytae
Depmepbi
OTCYTCTBHS4
3aLUHTUI.
MTo6LI
HHcJopMaiHH o6 ypoBHB pacpocTPaHeHHOCTH
ipHMeHqIOT rieCTHUH.bI rIPH 6oniee HH3KOM niopore Bpe,OHOC-
HOCTH. TaKoe peiueHie BeCeT K yBejiHqeH4Io0IaCTOTbI H KOjiH'eCTBa He3HaHHe CTeineH
mep
riHMpHSmeMex
neCTHIUHgOB.
3944eKTHBHOCTH KOHKpeTHoro MeToga 3alMHTI MO)KeT ITpHBeCTH K ero H33lHU1He
HHTeHCHBHOMy
IPHMeHeHHmo paaH cHHH)KeHH5
(DepMepbI, KaK
H
HeoCBeqomeHHme
ceJIbCKOXO3,II4CTBeHHbIX 3HaHHI4
CTeremIHb riOTeHUHaJhi-bHoro pHcKa. (Feder, 1979 r.). HH C1ICfHaJIHCTbI 1o pacnpocTpaHeHHb COBpeMeHHbIM CKJIOHHbI OTAaBaTb npegflOqTeHlHe
HcciegOBaTejiH
H TeXHOYIOrFH,
TexHojiorSMm, a He TpagH1HOHHbIM MeToaaM.
11
14HTerpHpoBaHHasI 3aWHTa paCTeHHii
MHorHe clepMepbl 11pH BbI6ope MeTOaOB 3a11wThI npH6eraIOT K rioMOUlH KOHCyjBTaHTOB ceJIlCKoro X03fl4CTBa, K KOTOpIM OTHOCITCS, rocy apCTBeHH CefceHaZJHCTbI rno
rIO BOipOCaM 3aigfTe
paCTeH4ii,
COTpyAHHKI
ciieuxaJJ
HCTbI
no
pacripocTpaHcHHlo
CeJIbCKOXO35,rCTBeHHMrX
opraH3aUHWi no c6LITy IeCCTH1HLOB 11H He3aBHCHMbIe KOHCyJIbTaHTbI.
cJiy'asix TaKHe KOHCYJIBTaHTbl HCI1MITMIBaIoT BJTH{IHHe peKiiaMHOfl
3HaHHf,
Bo MHorHx
AeqTejibHocTH arpoxHMH'eCKoR
rIpoMmIIeHHOCTH, H rIO3TOMY Hx peKoMeHgajUHH He Bcerna yqHTwIBaIOT YCTOW1HBOCTB 11pOH3BOzCTBa B aJ1rOCpOYIHOf' nrepcrieKrHBe 1111H 3KOHOMHqeCKyIo 3("eKTHBHOCTb. COBpeMeHHaS TeH,ieHyHSI <<CBepxrIpHBaTH43HpOBaTb)> KOHCYJIBTaIHOHHie cyx6bi i cnyx6bI pacnpocpaHeH CeJIBCKOX035IiiCTBeHHbIX
rIoJiyqaTb
o6eeKTHBHbie
4jepMepOB
3HaHHR B HCKOTOpbIX cayqaax coKpaiiaeT B03MOXHOCTH peKoMeHgaauHH. C Apyroif CTOpOHLI, B HeKOTOPUX TexHojiorHNeCKHX
liaKeTax, peKOMeHAyeMbIX (rocyaapCTBeHHbIMH) CnKyx6aMH no pacnpocTpaHeHHio ceJIbCKOXo33IiCTBeHHbx 3HaHHf B pa3BHBaioi0RXCcA CTpaHax, qaCTO yKa3bIBaIOTC3 3apaHee YCTaHOBJ1eHHble CPOKI{ XHMHIQeCKOi o6pa6oTKIL HH1 apyrHx MepOnpAsTHR 6e3 y'eTa BO3,aeACTBHA CpeaCTB 3a=TbI Ha 3,UOPOBbC cbepMepOB wnH co6cTBeHHoro CyxcAeHHS bepMepa, BMpa6OTaHHoro Ha oCHOBe IlOJllyqeHHO1i HM HHd)opMauxx. (CM. riaBy 2). npHMeqaHHs CM. B Norton H paCTeHHH . 2. B 60JIbInHHCTBe ceabcKoXo31IHcTBeHHofi ceRbCKOX03CRCTBeHHbLIX ciiycK6, IIOCTaBfjIfOmiLX 1.
Mullen (1994 r.) 0 6 30p 3KOHOMw4eCKOH
OLXeHKH rporpaMM
H4HTerpHpOBaHHOH 3ai1UTbl
pa3BHTbIX CTpaH arpoxHmwHecCKas 14H.yCTpHa IUHpOKO peKnamHpyeTCq B npecce H 'aCTO cbHHaHcHpyeT npoBeaeHHe HayIHbIX i4cCjieaoBaHH Hi pacnpOCTpaHeHHe 3HaHHfiH H TexHonjorH. TaKaq ripaKTI4Ka nO,HHMaeT BOIIPOC 0 HC3aBi4cHMOCTH OCHOBHbIX HH1opMaLlHio ,inq cepMepcKoro coo6rueCTBa.
12
BoipocTli CeJriCKOX03aAcTBeHHoA IIOiHTHxH H 3awaTa pacTeHHA OT BpeasITete
2.
BOHIPOCbI CEJIbCKOX035IAfCTBEHHOH HIOJIHTHKHI H 3AIIUITA PACTEH14fI OT BPEVTaHTEJIEfI
B Tpa,KiHltOHHux CHCTeMaX 3eMAezeJiHA cyuecTCT B zIHamHIecKoe paBHOBecHe (Hu 3HzeeM1recKa5I
Mexay
yCTOIE}HBOCTh)
MHOrHMH
BpeIHTeJimH
H
riOjie3HEIMH
OpraHH3MaMl.
OnipeaejieHHaœ CTerieHB rioTepb ypoxKaq CIHTalOTCSI ripHeeMAMMH (CM. BCTaBKY 2.1), HO HX riomoraeT orpaHHIHTb KOMIlneKC pa3HoO6pa3HNx H 3KoJIorHrecKH c6aAaHcHpoBaHHux Kcym,Typ (a TaiCKe ceJlTXO3XMBOTHbIx H ,HKO1i rIpHpO;ThI). 3a riocieaHHe A5TLaeczCT iieT oTmeqaeTcs o6WeMHpoBasI TeHaeHIIHAES HHTeHCH4)HKaulHH H MexaHH3aufm CeJL1CKOXO3s CTBeHHLX CHCTeM B ueAsix IIOBbIIIIeHHI rIPOyQKTHBHOCTH H o6IIeMOB rlpOaOBOJILCTBHA, qTO BO MHOrIx cTpaHax CTaIO OCHOBHOH 3aaaqeRi 3KOHOMHIeCKOrO pa3BHTH5. B CBI3H C coKpaXeHxeM B03MOXcHOCTH KYJIBTHBHpOBaTB HOBEIe 3eMn}{ rIpOH3BOaCTBO MO)xHO yBeZJIHTB TOjThKO 3a CqeT yBeffReneHH BbXo,a rIpoxyX14HH c reKTapa. HHTeHCH4dHKaUH4 HIpOH3BOaCTBeHHI1IX CHCTeM TaICKe InpeC.ne,yeT ue.n aOCTHKeHRS pocTa CeCJCKOR 3KOHOMHKH H 3aUHTMI
CTpaTerHSl pa3BHTHS cee.IBcKOrO X03RACTBa:
iHo ,ylueBbIX ,OXOLIOB HaCeJIeHmSl./
H3MeHeHHe CTNMYJIOB lpHmeHeHUH
nIeCTHUH1OB
H4HTeHCHCbHKaUjH5
TIPOH3BOaCTBa CBsi3aHa C TeHZeHUiHef B03,aeJubIBaHHA MOHOKYvjTyp w XHMHqeCKHIX MeTOaOB 3=UXHTLI paCTeHHR OT BpegHTeJieA. 3To HanpaBjieHHe o6yciaBJIHBaeTCa HeCKOJrbKHMH cDaKropamH (B HeKOTOpOA CTerieCH CB53aHHIMMH CO cTpaTerHeR CeJibCKOX03HflfCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHA), a TacKce MaKpO3KOHOMxqeCKOfi H oTpacieBofi HOJIHTHKOR,
ripHMeHeHHS
iipOBOIHMOk IlpaBHTeJTbCTBaMH
H
O1UZepAKBaeMOAE OHOpaMH.
CTpaTerHA pa3BHTHI5I Ce,bCKoro X03,PfiCTBa OTKa3biBaeTCq OT Tpa4RuHOHHmX MeTOaOB X03,IHfCTBOBaHHAI H riOHMepXHBaeT TeXHOhOrmIO MOHOKYJTBTYp H HHTeHCHBHOe )KHBOTHOBOaCTBO, OaIHHM H3 io6oqHwX 3t4eKTOB KOTOPMIX ABjSieTCS C03,aaHHt HOTeHUVHajHbIX yCJIOBH ai5A S 6mc'rporo pOCTa rIOr Il,vJAIHH BpeHHTe.ieRi 6HoHe3Hefi, H pHCK aOCTxJIeHHS H 3rleMHqecKmX MaciLTa6OB. ObHUHajiBHbIe CHCTeMbI CeJIBCKOX03,5lHCTBeHHbIX HcciiezOBaHHii, pacnpocTpaHeHEA
3HaHHIH H TexHojiorHfi pearHpyIoT Ha TaKY1O TeHaeHUHiO nyTeM pa3pa6oT1c COpTOB
paCTeHHII
BbICOKOypOxaEHix
(H BBIBeaeHH5 BNICOKOipOpoyKTHBHW(X IIOPOa CKOTa) B coYeTaHHH c TeXHOJiOrx}eCKi4MH iIaKeTaMH XH4MxqeCKOff Hn7x MeaHKaMeHT03HOff 3autHThI. XOTS npHMeHeHHe H pa3pa6OTKy IeiueBbX H 6bcTpoae1CTByIOunxx rieCTHI.IHOB H BeTepHHapHI MXeaHKaMeHTOB MOXKHO paccMaTpHBaTB KaK 344eKTHBHLIfl H oIepaTXBHLIR cIIoco6 6opb66I c BpeaHTeJIAMH H 6o0e3HMM, B aojiroCpO'IHOii IIepcrieKTHBe OH MOxKeT OCjOxHHTh npo6HeMy 3a11.tTbI B pe3yTaTe yHMToeHHA 3HTOMObarOB ("nOjie3HNX XYKOB" TaKHX, KaK 60XCs KOPOBKa H 3eMmqRLuIe qepBH, a TaKKe ITH), iiomoraioIX KOHTpOJIHpOBaTh nOIIYJIAIIHH "BpeIHNX XYKOB" H yKpeITb eCTeCTBeHHibIe 3autfTHLIe CHCTeMi paCTeHHi H XGHBOTHIIX./2
13
4HTerpHpOBaHHa5l 3aHTa paCTeHHi4
BCTaBKa
2.1
Hot0xoA K 3aUxHTe pacTeHHiU
Caxapm)
B Caxeme (paioH CaBaHH K IOrY OT
B Caxene, rae npHMeHAleTcq CHCTeMa HeopoInaeMoro BO3,aeRbIBaHMa npoca, peUKo npH6eralOT K HCHOJIb3OBaHHIO xHMMxeCKHX reCTHLIU OB BBHEY HexBaTKH KanHTanIa H BbICOKHX TpyAO3aTpaT, HeCMOTpNS Ha TO, HTO nOTeHUi4aJIbHble rIOTepH ypOXcaf H3-3a BpeAHTejjei COCTaBJqIlOT flpHMepHO 40%. ,IOXOQZbl OT
peanm3auim npogyKilmH CBepxnpOH3BOACTBa no MCCTHbIM PbIHOHHbIM CeHaM peRKO OnpaBAbIBalOT KarI1Ta1IOBJIo)KeHHq Ha HpHo6peTeHHe HHceKTHLHxOB; 3TE )Ke HHBeCTHLIIHH HMmeH 6bl 6oibmmii 34bcbeKT, eciH4 6bl HcnOJ]b3OBajIHcb Ha HaeM pa6oTHHKoB ARA YHHITO)KeHHh1 COpHAKOB (oCHoBHoro BpeUIHTeisl) HJnH Ha 3KCTeHCHBHoe rpoH3BOZcTBO. C apyroir CTOpOHbI, rieCTHgHabibi iHPOKO npH BO3Ae1blBaHHH TexHHMeCKHx KyJIbTyp, HanpHMep, XnOnKaOB pe3yJIbTaTe BePTHKaJIbHO
HCrIOJIb3ylOTC.
EHTerpE4pOBaHHbIX npOH3BOZCTBeHHbIX CHCTeM H KOHTpaKTHOrO 3eMjiezejiHg.
MeHblue
BHHMaHHS4
yaeJIAeTca
noa=epxaHxio
qHcjie COXpaHCHHIO 3HTOMOd)arOB, CeJICKULH paCTeHHJ'i Bpe,aHTeiAIM.
MaKpO3KOHoMHIecKas
XO3SWICTBeHHoro rIOJIHTHKa
IlPOH3BOaCTBa
3KOHOMH']eCKOro
TaKX(e
rlOJIHTHKa
Ha
pa3BHTHSI
reHeTHwecKoro pa3HoO6pa3A, B TOM H KIBOTHbIX, YCTORIHBBIX K 6oJIe3HA[M H
ciToco6cTByeT
OpHeHTHPOBKe
CeJIBCKO-
rIPHMeHeHHC neCTHI]HAOB. UpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHa rHP Bezynxei pOJIH ripOMbIUleHHOrO ripOH3BOACTBa
conpoBoAgaeTcJq "Hajioroo6JIoxeHHeM" ceJIhCKOrO X03S1HCTBa (Korga ygep)KsaioTcs3 HH3KHC 1leHbI Ha llpOROBOJIbCTBHe), qTO qaCTH'IHO KOMieIHCHPYeTCA 3a CqeT cy6cMHpoBaHHs CpCACTB
CeJIICKOXO35P4CTBeHHOrO IIPOH3BOaCTBa (Bi,Ioxa5L IeCTHUIHMHbI). POCT H3AePXCCK Ha Tpy,t, BLI3BaHHbIA KOMMePLUHajim3aLI'i CeJIbCKoro XO3A]r4CTBa, IIPHBeJI K ,aaThHe1IuIeMy COKpaluCHHIO TpaAHIIHOHHbIX TpygoeMKHx MeTOAOB 60pb6i c BpeAHTeji5MH. npaBHTeJIbcTBa,
4OHOpbl
BO3pociiia C4)OpMHpOBaBLua5ICA
H H36blToMHoe
3aBHCHMOCTb 6niarogaps
npHMeHeHHe XHMHqeCKHx
CeJIbCKOX035AiCTBeHHOrO
CTpaTerH1M
IeCTHUH2OB nlpOH3BOaCTBa
CeJIBCKOX03iHCTBeHHOrO
OT
pa3BHTH5i,
nleCTH14HOB,
CO BpeMeHeM
nlpHBena
K yKperiJIeHHIO TeH,CHLaeHUH HCrIOJlb3OBaHxI MeTOaOB XHMH'eCKOH 60pb6bi C BpeaHTeIAMH ripeo6aiaiaaoiuei CHCTeMMI 3aUWTbI paCTeHH]i. B HacTogiiee BpeMsI npal4TeJIbCTBa MHorHx pa3BHBaioiuHxc3i cTpaH MmexOT B CBoeM pacnop5KeHN14 CHCTeMy CTHMyJIOB, KOTOpaq noompseT KaK
3K1oiorHqecia4 6e3BpeAHuIX MCTOaOB 143P.
npmeHeHHe neCTH1IIH,zOB, a He 6o0iee
HpHMeHeHCe
IieCTHUHUOB
rIpoBo,axmMbIMH iipaBHTejibCTBOM H iiOCpe,UCTBOM LUeHOBoro MexaHH3Ma
nO,gepKHBaeTCi
xHMH'ieCKOfi (Waibel,
cy6cHgHpoBaHHe 1[eH coKpawaeT 3aTpaTm
riLooup3LS
ero yBenJHxIHBaTb MX
IlpsIMBIMH
H
npoMLIJeHHOCTbMO
1994
r., Farah,
1994
Ta6J.2.1),
MepaMH, a
Taxxce
r.). npAMoe rocyaapCTBeHHoe
cbepMepa Ha npMmeHSeMmIe Cna6ocTb
KOCBeHHIIMH (CM.
riecTHIKMabI, TeM CaMMm
OTCYTCTB4e
COOTBeTCTBYOILero 3aKOHoaTenBcTBa H nIpaBHi, H HeaAeKBaTHbIAif KOHTpOJIb 3a MiX co6uniogeHHeM TaioKe crIoco6cTByIOT HeHaAjexaiemy rIpHMeHeHHIO rieCTH1HiOB. rIOMOlUb RByCTOpOHHHX H MHoroCTOPOHHHX opraHH3aHiji B BHAe rpaHTOB HJIH Cy6CKgHpOBaHHbIx UXeH Ha ileCTHLH,ALI rlO3BoJIeT IIpaBHTenJICTBaM JeHe.
Bouiee
meTogax
HuH
pacripeeIi3TB rICCTHULHabI CpetH 4)CpMepOB JIH6o 6ecInaTHO, nH6o rIO HH3KOfl OTCYTCTBHie HHcIopMaLLHH o6 aibTepHaTHBHMx, 3KOjiHorMIecKH 6e3onaCHrix
Toro,
3a=TMI
crioco6CTByeT TOMy,
3HaHHfI H TexHojiorH]
'ITO cuiyx6mI paCnipocTpaHeHI CejBCKOXO3AfICTBeHHbIX 3axacCyToinponaraHaRpyloT ripMmeHeHw iTeCTHtgHOB (CM. BCTaBKy 2.2).
rIpaBHTemTCTBa
o6MeHHbIe
4CHOJIb3OBaHHe.
KypcbI,
'ITO
KOCBeHHO
HHBeCTHLRHH B Hay'iHbie HCcJleaOBaHH5 cxieT noTpe6HTeYIeA;
cy6Cdh4gpylOT
cinocO6CTByeT
CTOlMOCTb
yBenIHeHHIO
HX
iieCTHIlaOB
HMnOpTa;
H pa3pa6OTKy rieCTHIIHAOB,
'iepe3 oco6ie (OpMbI
rioOU~PCHHA
14
BHeUIHHX
xepe3
qepe3
3aBbIUeCHHmIe
rocyaapCTBeHHbIe
KOTOpLie He Bo3MeWaXIOTCS H BHyTpeHHHX
3a
IHBeCTMRIHil B
BornpoceI ceJibcKoXO3RHCTBeHHOHf nOJIHTHKH H 3aUIHTa paCTeHHIi OT BpeaHrTeIieH
(HanpHMep, 6eCn xOxHHuII HMHOpT CpeXCTB IIPOH3BO)CTBa H flOTHmKa, C03oaaioxa 6aptepbI Ha flYTH BHI-apeHH5 HOBbIX TexHoAorHi (HanpHKMep, AJIHTCJIbHbIM, CJIOXHbIi H ,flopOrOCTOiujHii IIOpMOK perHCTpaunH CeMAH yJy'ieHHLIX H yCTOiPqHBLIX K 6one3HmM COpTOB paCTeHiiR, HIH OTCYTCTBHe 3aWiHTbI HHTejueKTyaJrbHOii co6CTBCHHOCTH), TaKxKe orpaHH'HBaeT cjepMepoB B BbI6Ope TCXHOJior0lH 3aLxHTbI paCTeHHAI OT BpeAH{Teieii. IIPO03BOXaCTBO
rIeCTHUHOB
HaJIOrOBbIC JIbrOTmI).
Ta6Anua 2.1 fipAmbie u KOCBeHHbie Mephi, cHoco6CTByIOwUHe HpHMle MepblI IJeHOBMe baKropb * FocyaapcTBeHHbc e1HOBbiC cy6cmawn. * rocyaapcTBeHHoe flPOH3BOaCThO H pacnpe.ieneHle. * Cy6cwaHpoBaHme pacxozioB qacTHbix npOH3BO31HTc31eC neCTHUHIoB. * Be3HianoroBasi npo3aaKa riCCTHUHLIOB. * nIpHBa3Ka cy6c&HxHpoBaHmoro Kpez2HT H CTpaXOBaHHH K HCTIOJIb3OBaHHIO neCTHUHIOB. * JbroTHLie HMITOPTHbie noIMTIHHbI H o6MeHHbMe KYPCbI fPH HMnIOpTe rIecTHUHloB. * BioaKeTHoe 4)HHaHCHpOBaHHe 6Opb6bl C. MaCCOBbiM riOIBieHHeM c.x. BpeaHTe3ie1. * fleHoBble cy6cwHvH opraHH3aliHA-;IoHopoB. * ,EOHOpCKHH4 ipaHT H13H HOMOIIUb no cy6cwa14poBaHHI0 3aTpaT Ha necTHUH1abi.
HeieHOBbMe laKrOpbLi * rocyaapcTBeHiHa Tio31THKa, HariplMep, npHMoe y'facTHe rocyaapcTna B c6lrre. * Cia6oe mTH HeHaaRexamee 3aKoHo3aTeC1CTBO 0 necTHUHaax. * Cna6oe BbITTO31HeHHe (114 HCBbMO31HeHHe) npafBH3 0 IpHHMeHeHHH rieCTHUHDOB; XOHJI14HKT HHTepecoB. * rlponarai-a rieCT141H3OB roCyzIapCTBeHHblMH cJIyIK6amH c.x. KoHCyAbTaljHA. * focyaapcmBeHHas flO3IHTHKa no 3alume paCTeHl4fi OT BpezaHTenlel, HanpHMep, noaaepxcxa pCKIiaMHpoBaHHH HniH
XCCuIeIOBaHHH
*
rleCTHUH,OB
(HcTpe6nieHHe Bper4Tene$eH; cneuwHamboe 3axKOHOaaTebCCTBO oTHocHTe31bHo npoqpHnaKrqYecKHx Mep). HpO XHMHqecKHA HaCTpoH nPOMblieiCHHOR
pNMHeHeHHIO neCTHEHLAOB
KOCBeHHbie MepbI IeHOBbMe llaKrOpbi * KoCBeHHbme rocyaapcTBeHB-ie Cy6CHJHH. * rlepeoueHKa o6MeHHBix KypCOB, cnoco6cTyiouas HMriopTy necThwtaoB. * rocyaapcTBeHHaA HHBecTHuHoHHaA rlozlCepXxKa HayqHbix Hcce2mOBaHHm rIecTHUIIOB. * CTHMYJTbl raU npHMMX BHeluHHx H BHyTpeHHHX HHBecTHIIHA, BKIioqaSI TTPOH3BORCTBO reCTHIHnOB. * nowHTKa MHHHMaJiiHOA 3apa6oTHoH nmaTm, BbI3bIBalOlUaq 1HCKpHMIHaUH1o ripOTHB TpyaoemKHX, 3KOJIOrFJeCKH 6e3BpeaHrx p1OH3BO31CTBeHHbIX TexHon1orHH. * BbicoKe HMfiOpTHLie nO1HHbM Ha a31bTepHaTHlBHbIe TeXHO31OrHH.
HeuexoBbie caKropbx * rocyaapCTBeHHaM flOJIHTHKa, HanpHMep, Haioroo6AoxeHHe. * TexHo31orwiecKaa nJnIOHTHKa, orpaH'{HBa]OIuas BHeapeHHe 3KOAOIIrwCCKH 6e3BpeaUMIX TeXHOjiOrHA (3anpeT Ha BB03, OTCVTCTBHe 3amwmI HHTeJIeKcyaJIbHJ.x nrpas co6cTBeHHocTH). * Cia6aa (iHH HecylLecTByiomuaA) 3KoQ3orfqecKas rlO3IHTHKa. * ToproBaA rapaHTHa aiA C.X. cpeacTB npOH3BOaCTBa. * HeHaanexcawHe y'ie6Hire
riporpaMMm cHcTeMbi pacnpocTpaHeHHiO C.X. 3HaHHV H o6pa3oBaHms.
HH4pOpMaB1HH H ciyxc6 c.x. KOHCyJIbTaIIHA.
AKrHBHOe 31o66H neCTHuIHOB 13H C113bHbIe 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbie B 3TOM rpvnnbi.
HcmozuHUK:Waibel 1994 HefloCTaTKm4 B 3KOJIOrHMeCKOi IIOJIHT4Ke TaicKe ITpeLTTCTBYIOT InepeopHeHTaUi Ha cTpaTerHIo YCTO,lNHBOrO pa3BHTH51 HIH CAepXCBaiOT npHMeHeHHe KOppCKTHripyoU4X Mmep. Jrax2e B Tex cIyNaax, KOria HIpHHHMaeTC5 COOTBeTCTBY]OJjee 3aKOHOgaTeJIbCTBO, OHO qaCTO OKa3MIBaeTC5 CJIHUIIKOM CJIO)KHIM ,JUIAnpaKrmeCKorO BMIIOJIHeHHI. rlpaBHTeJBCTBa MOrYT KOCBeHHO 1OojipTB HCrIOJlB3OBaHRe IIeCTHL4Hf0B iTyTeM rOCygapCTBeHHOi noT AepIKKH ceJILcKOXO3SkflcTBeHHrIX
Hay'HLIX
HccIieaOBaHHii,
HOBbIX
BHAOB
OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIe
KoHiUeHTpH10py1OUHX BHHMaHHe Ha TaKHX HanpaBJIeHHqx, KaK pa3pa6oTKa
nTeCTHUIOB,
MeTO4TI
HCKJl0ll4TChIbHO
HX
rIpHMeHeHHS,
Ha BbICOKHiH
ypOBeHb
TeXHoJIorHH
ipHM4meHeHHL
paCTeHHeBoACTBa,
BBOQHMEIX
peCCycoB H
BaHKII TaKxKe MoryT coaeiiCTBOBaTB nIpHMeHeHHIo IIeCTHJJKfOB, IIPHB4B3bIBa5I KpCe,HTI K KOHKpeTHbIM TCXHoJIorHxLM, B TOM 'IcJIe H K npHMCHeHHio rIeCTHLH[OB (Thrupp, 1990 r.). BLICOKHil YPOBCHL rHpoH3BOSCTBa.
15
14HTerplpoBaHHaa 3aIHTa paCTeHiHl
HHor,aa HaLHOHanJbHLIC IepaBHTeJIBCTBa npiHMCH5UOT 3UKOHoga2TJIBHBe aKra o rleCTHUixL aX CO6CTBeHHOIf arpoXHMHqeCKOlOl XHaYCTpHH. B HeKOTOpBIX cny'xasx TaKoro poja pacnpocTpaHreTca Ha YCTapeBCBeIH npoxgeccu fnpoH3BogCTBa, Inpe,rnpHATHS, He aioiHe TeXHHKy 6e3onacHocTH, HA BMirryCKaioUe BpegHylo npo,yKLrno, qTO
B UeMasx 3awxrTMI
3a14HTa co6ino
IIpeAITCTByeT
lIpegirpHaqT
ripoHHKHoBeHHIO
110
IIPOH3BOQCTBY
Ha
BHyTpeHHHIf
lieCTHIUHaOB
pLIHOK qacTo
HOBLIX
H
HCfOJlb3WOT
6e3onacHmrx
lpaBHITesJILCTBO
rpOtyKTOB.
B
ueasx
pacumpeHHu
pLIHKa c6u'Ta CBOA IpIOayK]{HH, B pe3yJIbTaTe nero nTponIaraHARjpyloTca KOMrTLeKCHLIe TexHojiormecKHe raKeTHI, Kyga BXOJa3IT CeMeHa, ygo6peHwL H ITeCTHg4I; OKa3MIBa1OT Iowgeprxy
IPHKJIa,aHLIM HCChieaOBaHHIM 1T0 iipHMCHeHl10 HeCTHfHOB; 4IHHaHCHPYIOT cJyZX6bi pacIIpocTpaHeHHs CeCJbCKOX03SlHCTBeHHLIX 3HaHlt, IponaraHaHpyloufe HpHMeHeHHe rleCTH1JfOB. BCTaBKa 2.2
irHTerpwpoBaHHaA 3aauXTa paCTeHHfi KaK JHHdOpmaUHOHHOeMKaM cHCTeMa
BBHUY TOro, 'qTO pa3HbIX Bpe2IHTeflef4 npHBhIeKalOT pa3HbI paCTeHHa, H 6opb6a C HHMH Tpe6yeT HHAIHBHIayaJbHbIX CTpaTerHii 143P, x4HTerpHpOBaHHaa 3aUHTa paCTeHHHi B 3HaqHTeJIbHOh CTerIeHH IoHHpaeTC Ha HayqHbIe HCCnejIOBaHHA H o6pa3oBaHHe. H4MeHHo o6pa30BaHH4e HayqHT tpepMepoB nOHHMaTb H npaIBHJTbHO HCnOJhb3OBaTb HHC)opMaiHKIO Ha TaKOM ypoBHe, HTTO5bI OHH MOrJIH C yBCpeHHOCTbhO OTKa3aTbC5 OT flpaKTHK4 <oflpbicKHBaHHI5 no;ief no KaJIeHgapio>>, nepeRTa K ripaKTHKe HaGIoKaeHI4 H yqeTa, BbIHBJIRTb H npejaynpex(aTb 3a60oIeBaHHI4, H HauIaeCTBHe BpefHTenieii, H ripHMeHHTb XHMHKaTbI TOJbKO no Heo6xoQHMoCTH. PeryalpHbIrl o6Mex HHC)opMaLU{eii cpegm 4C)pMePOB noMoraeT npaKTHKC Ha6IIO4eHHSR;
HanpHMep, 4epMepbi MoryT coo6maTb a Bbl5BJIeHHbIX HacCKOMbIX no TenecjOHy, I4JI14 BCTpv4aTbCSi Ha eAKeHeaeJIbHbIX co6paHaHx, rue MoryT o6cyxcaaTb OT'eTbI a Ha6JloLIeHH4ax, BcIThIIUKH 6one3HeTH, HamieCTBHe BpeJAHTe;leP, peKOMeHaOBaTb MepbI 6opb6bI.
flpHMemaHHns
1. O6cyxczaeTcs BOnpOC o npeHMymeCTBax IUHpOKO npHMeHAeMbIx nOHSTHt4 3KOHOMHqHOCTH H yCTOIIqHBOCTH CHCTeMbI BbICOKHX BJIOKeHIHH - BbICOKOHi OT2aaqH (BbICOKHH YPOBCHb BBO1HMbIX peCypcoB - BbnCoKue o6teMb npoH3BofCTBa) no cpaBHeHHio C CHCTeMOII HH3KHX BJIO)KCHH141 - HH3KO9 OT4aqH 2. B 6o0ee IIIHpOKOM nOHHMaHHH 3HTOMOq4arm MOryT BKAIOoaTb orbLIJIHTeJieCi, HanpHMep, MeAOHOCHbIX rIleJ.
16
(NRC, 1989 r.). MeCTHbIX H HHTpOfAyL4HpOBaHHbIX,
14HTerpRpOBaHHaa 3aiIHTa paCTeHHiM
HHTerpHpOBaHHaq 3atlUHTa paCTeHHUiiH HIHCTpyMeHTbl roCyJaapCTBeHH0OH
3.
HOJIHTHKH
rocyAapCTBeHHIIX Mep, aKTHBHEX 1ip}MHeHeHHI CyigecTByIoT BeCKHe nIpH'IHHLI B03,aeiiCTByIO IHX Ha Bm6Op TeXHOjiOrlHi XHMHqeCKOf4 HIiH HeXHMHqCCKOi4 3aUVTLI OT BpeaHTeJIeR. 3TH IlpHWHbI OCHOBIIBa1OTC5 Ha aBYX ciiejyioLuHx dcaKTopax: •
Bo3ae6cmeue npufmeHefMbix necmuL4uaoe Ha oxpyicaioou.yIo cpeay u 3aopo6be 4emoeeKa: HMeeTCA B BHAY BpeaHoe Bo3J,ejiCTBHe Ha 3aopoBBbeqeJIoBeKa, HaqHHaL c OCTporo OTpaBJIeHHS H
BMICoKoro PHCKa paKOBEIX 3a6ojTeBaHHi cpeaH Tex, KTO pa6oTaeT C XHMH'qeCKHMH BeLUeCTBaMR, H 3aKaHxIHBaA 3arpI3HCHHeM IlpOAYKTOB IHTaHHA OCTaTOWHbIMM IiCCTHUHAaaMl (CM. BCTaBKY 3.1).
KpoMe Toro, YqHTbIBaeTCS UHpOKoe Bo3XICeICTBHe XHMHKaTOB Ha oxpy)KaIouPio cpeAy, TO opraHH3MbI, He riotjiexaiL[He geJIeBofl o6pa6oTKe. TaKHe
CCTb BO,ay, IIoqBy H pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe
BHCIuHHe
oTpHuaTeJIbHbIe
BM13MIBalOT
pHCKH
KOTOpbIe
344ieKThI,
BJIeKYT
co6oi4
3a
oKpyxaioiueii CpegmI. O,aHaKO 3TH ii yujep6 ,uims B LjeHOO6pa3OBaHHH, He IIpaBHJIO, He HaXOgAT OTpaXKeHH5 B TaKOil CHTyaLHH He KOMneHCHpyIOTCS/1. copMe B KaKOi H HH roTpe6HTejisMH oIiJaqMBaIOTCa ,ii Ha6Jmo,aaeTcs1 pacxoXeCHHe Mexgy 3aTpaTaMH qacTHoro noTpe6HTeJIL H H3rAepAKKaMH o6uWeCTBa, T.e., 10o4JIHHHbIMH "COUaA4bHbIMH H3,4epxxKaMl". TaKlM o6pa3oM, Korqa c TO'IKH 3pCHHS o6iijeCTBa YpOBeHB HcriOJIb3OBaHmS rIeCTHIJHZOB SIBJISICTCS HeOrITHMaJIBHIM, Tpe6yeTcs rocyzapCTBeHHoe BMeluaTejibCTBO.
•
aJIA
MaTepaJIbHbIe
3aTpaTbI
MaTepHaJIbHbIe
3aTpaTbI,
o6uleCTBa
KaK
AepOHOMUCeCKue nloCJeaCm6'wq npumeHeHUS necmU(UO06: BpeHTeiiek, yCTOI4IHBbX K Uef1CTBHIO rJiaBHaa npo6JLeMa COCTOHT B nOSBjeeHHH rorIyjLURHi Mellon, 1983 r.). B TaKHIX cayqasix MOxeT 6L1Tm IIOAopBaHa rleCTHUMOB (Georghiou, yCTOf4lqHBOCTb
pOCTa
BBEHy
CHCTeM,
ripOH3BOaCTBeHHbIX
H3MeHTIHBOCTH
POH43BOXaCTBa
H
3KOHOMHlleCKoii X3HeCrioCo6HoCTH. B KaqeCTBe rpHmepa pC3HCTCHTHOCTH K XHMHMeCKIM riperiapaTam MO;KHO nIpHBeCTH c4OpMRpOBaHHe CoripOTHBiLeMoCTH K IIHpeTpHHy y ryceHHLbI COBKI XJIOIKOBOIi, 'ITO BEI3Banjo pe3Koe coKpallUeHHe IIpOH3BOACTBa xjioT'aTHHKa B KYHTae H H,IH,HH B 1994 r. H IIOBUIUeHHe MHpOBMiX ieH Ha XJIOrIOK. B o6emx cTpaHax 3Ta CHHxeHHS
ripo6JleMa
CB5I3aHa
HeCipaBHJbHOM H3AepxcKH
no
B03,ae4CTBxeM IIpaKcrHKe
C
OTCyTCTBHeM
c6mITa lTeCTH]HAOB.
3C4eKTHBHOrO peryjiHpOBaHMS
'aCTHbIe
lipHMeHeHim HCCTHUH,fOB MOryT 6bIcTpO Bo3paCTH 6opb6e
c
BpeaHTeYI5MH.
X14MHKaTOB
ripHMeHeH4
Ha 3,2OpOBBe
rIIeCTHUHAOB
CollHaabHbIe
H3,aepxGH
:enIOBeKa H oKpyx(aioulyIO
cdnoco6cTByeT
OTCYTCTBHe
H
yBehIH'HBalOTCq cpeay./2
3HaHmiI
o6
rlpH
COUHanJIHbIe B
CBSI3H
C
HenpaBwbHof aBjiTepHaTHBHbIX
H4HH HaBNIKOB Hx IIpHMeHeHHsL. MCTozaX 3aUHTI paCTeHHii
nepeoueHKa pojiH rieCTIH[OB B ceCJbCKOM XO3JLfICTBe Ha'aJaci 40 neT Ha3ag, BMIXOAa B CBeT iny6uHKaui.H
PeiNeu KapcoH "Mojma1nHBasi BecHa"
rnocue
(Farvar H Milton,1992r.).
OuHaKo J1H1LLb B nociieaHHe HeCKOJIbKO neT npo6uIeMa, peIluaBuiascs Ha TeXH'IeCKOM YPOBHe (HanpHMep, 3aliHTa pa6OTHHKOB, HeriOCpeACTBeHHO pa6OTaiougx C rieCTHgHAaMH, a TaKxKe
noTpe6HTejieA;
KiaCcq4)HKaUH5
neCTHUH,oB
17
H 3anpeT HCnoJLb3oBaHHA
HaH6ojLee
oiTacHbix
143P H HHCTpyMeHTh rocyaapCTBeHHOii IIOJITHKH LLIOXHMHKaTOB), BKTIOqeHa B IIOBeCTKY aHS rOCyAapCTBeHHOIt H AOHOpCKOA HOJIHTHKH B o6aacrTH CCJIJCKoro XO33IHCTBa. 3To CB53aHO C TCM, qTO 4OKyCe BHHMaHHS OKa3aJIHCL He TOJILKO o6teMbI CCJbCKOX03AflCTBeHHOrO
HpOH3BOACTBa,
HO 3KO3IOrRHCcKH yCTOiPHBOe yripaBjeHHe llpOH3BOf-
CTBeHHLIMH CHCTeMaMH, qTO orpaXeHO B cornauiemAax BCTaBKa
3.1.
IOHCEjJ no floBecTKe tHH 21.
32aopoBbe 9eAoBeKa
Yrpo3a 3,0POBbUO YenoIBeKa HaH6oJIee ApKO npoSBASeTCH B pa3BHBaioiitXcS cTpaHax, rae nonIb3oBaTeIn{ neCTH1IJHOB MaJIoo6pa3oBaHHbI H HMe1OT TIJIoxHe cpeaCTBa HHaIHBayaibHOi 3amiTbl xsia pa6oTbl C neCTHI4HAaMH. OcHoBHoe BHHMaHHe yaensieTC5c OCTpblIM oTpaBJIeHH3M, CBH3aHHbIM C HCnpaBHJIbHbHM xpaHeHHeM, ripMmHeHHeM XHMHKaTOB H OTCYTCTBH4eM cneuoAexczbi. rlo ogeHKe BceMHpHoiI opraHH3aUHH 3apaBooxpaHeHHH (BO3,1990 r.) 25 MJIH. 'ieJIOBeK B pa3BHBaioLHXc5 cTpaHax MoryT nocTpaaaTb OT OTpaBBieHHI rneCTHIHAaMH Ha flpOH3BOACTBe. Ha o6uaeM 4OHe rIpiHMeHeHHq neCTHUHAOB 1OJIi nIocTpagaamHx OT HX B03IekICTBHq, B OCHOBHOM, flpHXOfHTCH Ha pa3BHBaIOIrHecH CTpaHbl, rge HeYAOB eTBOPITenI HMCHAIOTCH MepbI 6e3onaCHoCTrH fpl4 pa6oTe C XHMHKaTaMH H3-3a HerpaMOTHOCTH pa6OTHHKOB H cna6oCTH npaBHJI H HOpM. ZJoonroCpoMHbie rocJeICTBHH BO3[eCACTBHl neCTHUHAOB (paK H JpyrHe Y YHKUH4OHajibHbie HapymeHHa opraHHA3Ma) nnoxo goKyMeHTHpyIoTcq. Rola H Pingali (1993 r.) pa3pa60Taanr IHHelHoe ypaBHeHne xJnA ripoc'eTa 3aTpaT Ha 3upaBooxpaHeHHe, KOTOpOC BKjiioMBaT TaKHe napaMeTpbl, KaK Bo3paCT, Bec H pOCT, KypeHme Him ynoTpe6JleHHe ainKorojiq, o6mHe H OTHOCHTeuIbH$Ie [03bi p14HMCHeMbLIX riCCTHUJHOB.
HOJIHTHKa roCyaapCTBeHHoro BMeiuaTeJubCTBa B THPYIOWHX
pacriopSIKeHHH
IIpaBHTeCJbCTB
HHCTpyMeHTOB,
3KOHOMHqeCKH
HMeeTCT
CTHMYJIHPYIOIIHX
geiubi
psig
IOJIHTHMCKHCX
3KOJorIecKH
fipHMeHCHHe
UeAecoo6pa3Hoii fpaKTHKH 3aui{TbI paCTeHHH OT BpejHTeJlei.
H
perJIaMeH-
6e3BpeAHoA
H
HaH6oaee Ba2KHbIe
HHCTpyMCHTI nepeqHcisnHoTcsi HH)KC (BapHaHTNI npaKrHiecKoro ITPHMCHCHHA TaKHX HHCTpyMCHTOB o6cyxgaloTCA B pa3Laejie 4): *
CO3AaHHe CHCTeMbI, nppeaycMaTpHBaloluei IIOBbMIucHHe HH4OpMHJpOBaHHOCTH rocyaapCTBeHHBIX JIHU, HrpHHHMa1o0lUx nojIHTWqecKHe peuleHHa, a TaicKe nioTpe6HTeaefi H npOH3BoaHTeJIeii o6 onacHoCTH ripHMeHeHHui neCTHJUJAOB.
*
Pa3pa6oTKa
*
nepeopweHTMpoBKa
HopMaTHBHofi 6a3b1 ArI3 o6ecneqeHHa Haguexaixero npOH13BOnCTBa, pacrnpeieieHHA H HCIOJIL3OBsaHH5 neCTHUMAOB. rlpHMeHeHHe
3KoHOMHMecKUX BLI3bIBIHOWX
CeCJICKOXO35IHCTBCHHOH
HHTerpHpOBaHHOi CTHMyJIOB
B BHLC
OTpHUaTeCJbHble
HHTerpHpOBaHHol
3aUxHThI
H
HaJIOrOB H
BHCeUHHe
3KOJIor]HueCKOu
paCTeHHi4,
BBegeHHe
CieilHaibHMIX
3cjceKTbI;
6e3onacHoro
IOJIHTHKH
Ha
COOTBeTCTBY1OU1HX
C6OpOB Ha fCCTHgUHbI,
KpaTKOCpOqHoe
3aW1HTBI paCTeHHit (H3P) KaK npHMep
H
cy6CHAHpoBaHHe
roJIoXKHTeJILIHbX
BHeEUHHX
S44eKTOB. *
OpHeHTHUpOBKa rIOJIHTHKH B o6uacTH HCcJIeaOBaHHR H TexHojiorFH Ha HOuIyqeHHe peryYI5IpHOi mHcopMamgH 0 MeToaax 6opb6u C BPCeHTeJI3IMH H TexHoJIorHAx, B TOM qHCJLe aOCTaTOqHbIe 6IoaxCeTHbIe OTqHcJCeHHA Ha HCCJICAOBaHHI4, pacnipocTpaHeHHe CeJIECKOXO3iiCTBeHHIX 3HaHHA H o6y'eHHe.
OueHKa
npeHMyLgeCTB, HCeOCTaTKOB H 3aTpaT Kax goro H3 HHCTpyMCHTOB rocyzapCTBeHHoro BMeiUaTeCJbCTBa llpOBO0LHTC5 C y'eTOM CHTyaUHH H yCJIOBHA] B KOHKpeTHOH cTpaHe. HOTOMy IipH pa3pa6oTKe Mep rocyaapCTBeHHorO BMeluaTCJIbCTBa KpHTHIeCKyIO pOJIb HirpaeT y'eT MeCTHbIX B03MO)KHOCTeHi H Oco6eHHOCTei
CeJTECKOX03,LCTBeHHOro ceKropa.
18
I4HTerpHpOBaHHasI 3ai~HTa pacTeHHif
HHfiqOpfa4UOHHbienpoepaMMb1 U o6pa3o6aHue MHorHe
HaripaBjieHH3S
ceeIbCKOXO31iiCTBeHHOil
HCIrIOJT3OBaHHe rCCTHU1HfOB (CM. pa3,Reii
IIOJIHTHKH,
paTyIoUr~e
3a
UHpoKoe
2), BbIpa6aTbIBaaHcb B nlepHog OTCYTCTBHSA HH4OpMagHH o
Bpe,aHOM B03gefiCTBHH iHeCTHLUHOB Ha 3,aopoBbe xieJioBeKa H 4)aKTop yCToAqHBoCTH.
floBbIllIeHHe
OCBCe,oMjieHHoCTH rOCYaapCTBeHHbIX AOAUKHOCTHUIX JIH1U, IpOH3BO[HTeJIeiA H noTpe6HTejei4 B 3THX Bornpocax rnyTeM perynispHoro IHIOCTyImeHHS 1HHbopMaui4H noMoraeT coKpaTHTb rpHmeHeHHe rIeCTHJJHOB, rlOCKOJIbKy rlpHHHMaeMbIe HMH peuieHHS Ty'une oTpaxKaIoT peaJIbHbIe H3gaepxKH Ajns o6iuecTBa. I4H4)OpMHpOBaHHMie noTpe6HTeJIH MOrYT OTKpbITO BbIpa3HTB CBOe MHCHle H OKa3aTb AaaBjeHHe Ha rOCyxapCTBeHHwIe BjiaCTH, Tpe6ya peryjiHpOBaTB IIPOH3BOaCTBO, TpaHCIIOPTHPOBKY H IpHmeHeHHe rneCTHL4HoB; HJIH OKa3aTb gaBJIeHHe Ha PbIHOK IIyTeM IoIKynIKH 6e3nleCTH9HAHOi IIpO,ayKuMH no 6onee BbICOKOM UCHaM HuH nryTeM npoBe,aeHHA npSMoro ,Haiora C HipoH3BOAHTeJMMH. B paMKax o6weR cTpaTerHH iio CO3gaHH1o paBHbIX YCJIOBHi AJS TIpHMeHeHHA H3P Heo6xoaHMo o6eciie'HTb rOCyAapCTBeHHbIe HHBeCTHIHH B CHCTeMy o6pa3oBaHHA H cpeaCTBa MacCOBOR HH4bOpMaaUHHa,jIsI pacripocrpaHeHHsI o6eieKrHBHoii HH4)OpMaUHH1 KaK 0 npe4myieCTBax, TaK H 0 pHCKaX ]?IPHMCHeHHSI neCTHlIH,fOB.
rocydapcm eeHHoepeeypupo6aHue C03,aaHHe CHCTCMbI prJIameHTpOBaHZ rieCTH1HOB IBjiCTCS iepBOCTCieeHHOI Mepofl o6ecrieqeHHJ1 HX KaqeCTBa, 1To6MI MHHHMH3HpOBaTb HX B03geliCTBHe H oripegeJiHTL Hajviexcauilee paBHOBecHe MeN)IY PHCKaMH H BbIrOZaMH IIpHMeHeHH5H arpoxHMHKaTOB. FIpH 3TOM npecuienyloTc3i cnienyioiaHe OCHOBHUIe geiiH:
,a1sI
* * * *
*
3awHTa nepCoHaIia, HCeioCpeaCTBeHHO pa6oTaioiuero C rieCTHUHgaMH, H rioYlb3oBaTejieA. 3aWHTa 3ZOPOBbq HaceJIeHHsI. lpo:HjiaKTHKa HeraTHBHOrO BO3,4eCiCTBHIM Ha oKpyxaioLIo cpe,gy. IpocfHjiaKTHKa 4bOPMHPOBaHHSI yCTOPIHBOCTH K ReCTHJfHgaM B [eueiBbix H He ixeiieBIx Ionyi,Uwix. 3aulHTa nOJIe3HLIX opraHH3MOB.
CHCTeMbI perIiameHTHpOBaHEiq OCHOBaHblI Ha co6juoaeHHH YCTaHOBJIeHHbIX iIpaBHn H pa3Hoo6pa3HbIx MexaHH3Max (Ta6n. 3.1). OpraHbI peryjiHpoBaHH4 MoryT orpaHH'HTb, o6Y1o)MTh HajioroM, 3aiipeTHTb flpOH3BOAiCTBO, HMnopT, npoAaxcy HUiH ripHMeHeHHe onpe,geneHHbIx rieCTHHLtOB. KpHTepHH iTpHMeHeHHS iieCTHILMOB MOryT oIpeaeJI31TbC3I c y'eTOM oco6eHHoCTeii reorpa4H',ieCKoOR 3OHbI (HanpHMep, qyBCTBHTeiibHoCTI, eCTeCTBeHHoiH cpe,abi o6HTaHHA XMBbIX opraH43MoB), rpynnMi nouIb3oBaTeJeii (HanpHMep, opraHH3auLISI HJIH OTAejbiHbii cbepMep), HvIH TOBapoHpOH3BoACTBeHHOfi
CHCTeMbl
H MOHHTOpHHra
TaKoro poga PerYJ1HPOBaHHI Tpe6yeT riOHHMaHI131
YCTO2NHBOCTH
K
neCTHviHgaM.
BBe1aeHHe
Ceiiecoo6pa3HOcTH pa3JIH'HbIX BapHaHTOB 3TOA
CHCTeMbl C YMeTOM npeo6uIaAaiowmx o6cTosITeJIcTB B KOHKpeTHOM4 CTpaHe.
MexaHH3M perHCTpallHH neCTHLHaOB Tpe6yeT, 11T06bi H3rOTOBHTeiH iipegaoCTaBHJH Ha,jiexcauywo HHH4copMauIHIo, aOKa33bIBaIouo 6e3oiiacHoCTb H 3q4eKTHBHOCTb ripHMeHeHH5 KOHKpeTHOrO rieCTHLHga B oco6Lix cuiyqaqx H B COOTBCTCTBHe c pa3pa6oTaHHwMH HHCTpyKUHRMH. TeCHO CBS3aHO c npoiteccom perHcTpai.iHH Tpe6oBaHH4e o6 yKa3aHHH Ha HaKnieiiKe TO'HOji HHcbOpMagi3H O ripoayKie, Mep ripeaOCTOpOXKHOCTH H lIoTeHuHajlabHot OriaCHoCTH. KaK npaBHIo, TaKHle Xe Tpe6oBaHH5 npeabTIBJMIOTC5 K pemname H Har[5HbIM noco6HAM. TaiKxe MOx(eT CyU.eCTBOBaTb Tpe6oBaHHe o6 HCIIbITaHHH H oLgeHKe KOHKpeTHbIX npO,xyKToB. TaKHe Mepbi, KaK jiHUeH3HPOBaHme H CepTH4bHLIHpOBaH4e, HeO6XOaHMbi LanJ TOrO, 'To6LI iHILa, pa6oTaio=e C
19
143P H HHCTPYMeHTM IIeCTHU4HAaMH
(pa6oTH14KH ilpeInpIpTTi4
nOJITHKH
iiHLta), rIpOeMOHCTpHpOBaJIMH crioco6HlocT iipaBHjia H lIOKa3aJIH 3HaHH5I, inOJIyCHHmae Ha KypCax o6yteHwH.
BbIIIOJIH3ITb YCTaHOBJieHHbie Per4cTpauj4w1 IIeCTHJUHAOB B
rOCyaapCTBCHHOR
CIIA
H
H HacTHLe
B EBporie qaCTO HcnoT1L3yeTCA B KaqeCTBe aprymeHTa B
flOJLb3Y HX IPHMeHeHHA B zipyrxx cTpaHax. XOTS yKa3aHHa5 <<TO'qKa OTcqeTa> He6ecIIoJIe3Ha, per,HcTpaJHA XHMHKaTa B apyrofi cTpaHe caMa riTo ce6e He rapaHTHpyeT ero IIpmrO,4HOCTH B CTpaHaX C OTJIHI'HMMH CHCTeMaMM 3eMjieAeJIA, nOrgrOTOBKH 4)epMepOB, MeTOaaMH 3aUHTLI H rioTpe6HocTSlMI.
Ta6JIuHia 3.1 06WuenpHHsT6ie MepLi no perynipoBaHHIo HCfl0JIoB630BaHHS neCTuRuHt40 Bui
peryimpomaui
PenCTpaiHsm
Ilp2agTmeceKfe MephJ
necTHuaa.
rIepeperHcTpauHsl neCTHIHROB
LeBa
*
KoHTpojb IaqecTBa HOBbIX arpoXHMHKaTOB.
*
OieHKa pHCKa HOBbIX XHMHKaTOB.
.
rpp
rIpOH3BOflHTeil, pa3pa6oTmHKH,
pacnrpocTpaHmTeim.
OueHKa PHCKa
rlpoH3BOZkHTeJn, pa3pa6oTqilKH,
(HoBoro cocTaBa, HOBOrO
cymecTBylom;Hx arpo-
pacnpocTpaHHTeimr
npe,iHa3HaqeHHql).
XHMHKaTOB B IojnroCpoqHo0
nepcneKTHBe. 3anpeT BpeaHbix IIecTTIUHJoB.
*
3anpeT npoztnac
H
npOH3BOzCTMa.
HpoH3sBOHTeCH, pa3pa6oTqHKH,
pacnpocTpaHHTeJn H KOHeqEHble nOJb30BaTeJm (y6biTKH
qpepMepaM He KMoneHCHpylOTC$q)
Be3onacHOCT UIHileBbIX InpOflyKTOB.
*
Pa3pa6oTKa CTaHwapTOB KaqecTBa. KoHTpoIb 3a KaqeCTBOM
*
IpoLy(KTOB. YronoBHoe npeciezioBamHe
*
.
CoziepxcaHHe neCTHIIHnIOB B
fIOfl3eMHbIX BOWaX.
HapyIllHTeieg. KoHrponb 3a HciiojiHeHHeM HOpMaTHBHbiX Tpe6oBaHHf H
IpoN3BoAHTeMm,
nepepa6on1HKH, c6blTOBbie CTpylcypbl H YteHbIe.
rlp0N3Bo2ZHTeniH H noab3oBaTeii.
aHaJIH3 rpyHTOBbIX BOut;
XpaHeHie H yZameHie fIeCTHUIHJOB.
*
Bme3onacHocTb f0Tb3OBaTenj
*
rWIH
yroBosHoe npecineIoBaHHe HapymHTehieg. CepTH1cHKaUNi H HHCneICIuK; HaKa3aHHe 3a HapynieHHe npaBHJI xpaHeRHHA H yIanieHHA. CepTm4EHKaLiiH H o6yqeHme.
c.x. pa6OTHHKOB. rlpo04mnaKTxKa 4popMHpOBaHWI
conpoTHB3CMeocTH
fnpoH3BozTenn, pacIIpocTpaHHTeniH H noM3oBaTem. IlpoH3BouarlTeuH, lonJIb3oBaTeJl4 H c.x. pa6oTHHECH.
*
aEo6poBoJMHoe HrH
rIpom3BoHTeAmHr
nplHHUHTJTJIbHoe yqacTne
pacrIpoCTpaHHrTeji.
nonT3oBaTewH,
HcmozjuHK: aBTOpLI 394eKTHBHaSL C1CTCMa peHYJ1HPOBaHH5 iBJeCTCI MOIJHMIM CpegCTBOM B03AefCTBHS Ha TbI paCTeHHir OT Bpe,4HTeCAe1 1 nOBBIleHHe Hx 6e3OHaCHOcTH. OCHOBHOi HeAOCTaTOK CHCTeMbI - 3aTpaTbI, B TOM qHCJIe 3aTpaTbl Ha KOHTpOJIb H HaA30P 3a co6JIloaeHHeM HopMaTHBOB. O,aHaKo cyWeCTBYIOT B03MO)KHOCTH KOMIIeHcaUgi paCXOaOB 3a cqeT B3KMaHS1 rUIaTbI 3a perHcTpaurno, c6opa c iiOJTb3OBaTejieR w HaJIoroB/3. YCTaHOBKa cTporuix Tpe6oBaHHA ripH jiHLjeH3HpOBaHHH H CePTH41RKauRH, B3HMaHHe riiiaTI 3a perHCTpaUHIO H ITpoq14X c6opoB B oTAejibHbIX cuiyqaix BbI3bIBaeT IOBblUICHHe HHgHBHAyaJIbHbIX pacxOAOB, TaKHM o6pa3OM coKpaLuaq o6Luee nOTpe6uieHre iHeCTH1U4AOB, XOTS nplH 3TOM MOXCT BO3paCTH PHCK 3JlOy1lOTpe6JIeHH4 H CTpeMjieHRe rIOhyq1HTb He3aKOHHbIC aOXOZbI. CBepxperyniHpOBaHle TaKDKe MOXeT 3aTopMO3HTb HacwIlUeHm1 pbHKa HOBOii, 6o0ee 34XeKTHBHOR H 6e3onacHoii TpoAyKuHei.
MeTOgbI 3aU
20
14HTerPHPOBaHHa$I 3aIIHTa paCTeHHit
9KOHOMuzieCKue u npaeoebie CaHKL4UU HpHHUHII "nllamum mom, KmO 3aepwrHiem oKpyvcaiou(ywo cpedy" iIoJIoKeH B OCHOBY 6opb6m C OTpHUaTeJIHBIMH BHeIUHHMH 34jx)eKraMH, CBSI3aHHBiMMH C HCIIOJIb3OBaHHeM neCTHL1H1OB. CorJlaCHO 3TOMY iiplHiuHrIy, cy6ieKrbi, BbI3bIBaIo0He 3arpI3HeHHe OKpyxailoweii cpeaBi, 21o0W[I oIrIaTHTb ywep6, HaHeCeHHLIR o6iieCTBy. B cayrae c neCTIIH,gaMH cTporoe co6mJoeHHe yKa3aHHOrO rIpHHuHIIa OCcjOo)KHReTC51 BBHRY CJIOXKHOCTH H pacxoaOB 110 BIS3IBJieHHIO cy6beKTa, BM3BLBaB1iO 3arpI3HeHHe OKpyKaioiueii cpegbi, oiTpeaeZeHH3 CTenleHH HaHeCeHHOrO HM yIUep6a, Heo6XOAHMOCTH OuCHHTb O1ITHMaAbHbIA YPOBCHb ripHMCHeH rieCTHa H CBa3aHHbIf C 3THM Or1THMaZjbHbIA Hajior. CAIe,oBaHHe IPHHIIHITY <<3a yuiiep6 iTiaTHT TOT, KTO 3arpI3HAIeT oKpy)KaiOmPyIO cpeAyx>, BKHO'qaeT BBegeHHC c6opa 3a JIHLeH3HpOBaHHe, Hazora C noTpe6HTe3m H Haziora C ToBapoo6OpoTa. TaKHe Mepm npHBOqATCq B COOTBeTCTBHC C oco6eHHOCTSMH KOHKPeTHbIX neCTHVH'aOB. B3HMaHHe c6opoB, KaK TipaBHJO, noxUKpenriqeTcqI 3aKOHo,aaTeJIbCTBOM, oroBapHBaIouuHM uITipac1bI 3a Heco6jlloeHHe
npaBHJI,
Hajioroo6jio)KeHHe <(BCe
HJIH
xajIaTHOCTB
HIero>>»,
H
HapyIueHHe
npeACTaBJeT co6oi
iieCTHULHOB
IpHMeHsieMbiH
Ip1H
YCTaHOBjieHHIIX
6o0ee Fm6KHiai
perlCzCTpaUHH
(TO
XHMHKaTOB
eCTb,
teZiom,
B
HopMaTHBOB.
HCTpyMeHT,
YeM npHHHHn
rieCTHLAHA
31H60
3anpeWalOT), OaHaKO Hyxaamj B 6o0ee CTpOrHX (H 6ozee ,goporoCTo0I9Hx) mepax no o6ecneqeHHno ero BbIrIojLHeHma. frIojiyeHHbie HazjorOBbIe iiOCTyriLieHH5 MOXKHO HC11OJIb3OBaT]b AJIA noAepxKH mep rio riponaraHae yCOBep1LueHCTBOBaHHIDX MeTOIOB pa3peUlialOT K HpHMeHeHHIo, JIH60
3aUHTMI paCTeHHiVi H yKpeTieI-HH5I yCTOfl'IHBOCTH ceJIicKoro XO3sriiCTBa B OAHHM
H3
HCeoCTaTKOB
3aBHCHMOCTH
HCr1OJTh3OBaHHM
Hay-HO-4Cc1eaOBaTeJIBCKOi
EBponeiecKoro
Cob03a,
HCrIOAb3OBaHHeM
Hajioroo6jiox(eHii
nio o6ecne'IeHHno o6LUenpHHsqTbIM
CPCACTB
aeslTeJIbHOCTH
rtpogawu
OT
B CIEA
neCTHJIHaOB.
neCTRUH,OB, HanpaBBJ31IOTC5
rieCTHgHAOB.
HC3X4OpOBOA
B cTpaHax
(LuTaT
HHCTpyMeHTOM,
KOTOpbIR 1HLJ,
AVIOBa)
-
noXyqeHHbie
IICIIOJIb3yeTC5
ripaBHTejibCTBOM,
aJIA OUeHKH yluep6a HIHI
Ba)KHbii ibaKTOp,
OT
pa6oTLI
B CIUA cy,qe6Haa ipogexypa 5BJ1eTC5 HaKa3aHH3I 3a
B TaKOi4
xazjaTHOCTb HJIH HeCo6JuogeHHe YCTaHOBBJeHHbLX HopMaTHBOB.
PHCK
riOCTynIJIeHH5,
Ha 4¢HHaHCHpOBaHHe HccJIeaOBaTeJIbCKOi4
yCTOIxIHsBOCTH CeJIbCKOro x03,qiiCTBa.
C 3THM
TeM He MeHee,
PHCK
apyrmx rocyuapcTBax (Bonny H Charles, 1993r.) cepbe3Ho ripHMeHeHHS npHHHiTSa "3arp$I3HHTejib rmaTHT" B LueJIx KOHTpOJLS
xiaCTHbIMH JIHWaMH HJIH rpynnoifi
CBSI3aHHbdI
3IBji3iCTCSI
a TaKxKe
paccmaTpHBaeTC.I B03MOXKHOCTb 3a
HaZOrOBUIX
ueZjOM.
onpeqejIno=uni
IIOCTPpaaaBIUMMH
Hapy-uieHHe
cHTyaLHH
nOBe4IeHHe
3aKoHa,
cyae6Hoe
AeIo
H
11OTeHIHajIbHbIX
"3arpq3HHTejiefi".
,9KOHOAluqeCKue CMUMYJlbl
aJI
nponaraHbi 3KOjiOrHYecKH 6e3BpeAgHIX TipHeMOB 6opb6W C BpCeHTenJIMH MOryT
HCHOJ1b3OBaTbC51
nOOUJpHTeJTIbHbIe
CTHMYIbI,
B
'aCTHOCTH,
noAgepxcKa
aiJbTepHaTHBHbIX
arponpHeMoB 3a cqeT 11pe,aoCTaB3IeHH31 BpeMeHHbIX rpaHTOB, ocBo6oxaQeH4e OT noagepxxa Hcc1e,LOBaHHii, pacnpocTpaHeHqu 3HaHHia H TeXHoj1ormir. HanpHMep, CTHMYJIHPOBaHHI
BHCepeHCH
3KOJIorH'ecKH
HajiorOB, B
gezuix
iipaBHTenjibCTBa MOryT rpaHTOB aZA 4)epMepOB, npHMeHA1iUHX
6e3onacHbIx
TeXHojiormii
pa3pa6OTaTL KpaTKOCpO'HbIe nporpaMMbI npe,goCTaB3IeHH 1I3P. TaiGxe Cy6cHMax 3KOHOMUiYeCKM OTipaBaaHbI, rIOCKOJIbKy CTHMYJIHPYIOT qeJ5TcejbHoCTb "TIepBonpoxogLieB", ripoKja,bIBaIoiuHx nyTI. AAR I11pOKOMacduTa6Horo BHepeHCHH H13P, nyTem Harj1ZHoR AgeMoHcTpa:tHH ee ripaKTHiecKHX pe3yjibTaTOB. HanpHMep, npe,aOCTaBj1eHHe nepBoro rpaHTa cbepMepCKoR rpynTne aisi ripHMeHeqHH5I 1I3P, MoxKeT rOZOjKHTb Ha'Iajlo KoiLTeKTHBHOi& nporpamme Ha6mIozeHI.q 3a Bpe,HbIMMU opraHH3MaMH HJIH HCnoJIb3oBaHrIno XpyrHx MeTOaOB KOHTPOJIA 3a BpeCHTeji5iMH H yKpCnHTb KOHTaKTbi Meexy 4TepMepaMH.
21
1I3PH HHCTpyMeHTM
BCTaBKa 3.2
rocyaapcTBeHHoIA IIOJITHKH
nIeCTHUUUOB B ue.,iAx npegoTBpauleHHA
Pery.HpOBaHHe ripUMeHeHHM
4)OpMHuOBaHHR
pe3HCTeHTHOCTH
B
TO BpCMeI, KaK
TaKCKe
650IbIn14HCTBO
ripaBHJI KacaeTc.9 Ka'ecTBa u 6e3OnacHOcT14 Me,HKaMeHTOB HnJ1
4 rpe,gycmaTpHBaeT 3aIUTY nOAb3OBaTeJieg H oKpy)Kaiolegi cpeXabI, B HeKOTOpbIX cTpaHax
leCTH1LUH,OB
peryii4pyeTcq
rpe,aOTBpaT14Tb
i4x
6bIcTpoe
nplpHMeieHHe.
LUe.nb
cbOPM14POBaHHe
TaKOrO
peryJIHPOBaHH51 K
YCTOAI1HBOCTH
,ICieCTBH1IO
COCTOHT
TOM,
B
reCTH141UHOB.
'ITO6bI
IlpHMeHeHHe
lIPOTHB XJIOrIKOBO14 COBKI4 14 apyrHx CpeaCTB 60pb6bl C XJIOrIKOBbMM4 BpeaUTenjiMH CTporo perynipyeTC51 B TaKHX cTpaHaX, KaK ABCTpaIiHS, 3HM6a6Be H B HeKOTOphlX EaTaTax CILIA, B HHceKT14UH14OB pe3yzbTaTe
qero
3Ha'q1TeJIbHO
yBenIiiHJncsi
HarIpOTHB, 6eCKoHTpOJIbHaq
nHpeTp1Ha.
CPOK nojie3HOIo
TOprOBJII
aeAiCTBHR
HHceKT14L9H,AaM1
HHCeKTHLHZ,OB
B MH,HI
H K1Tae
Ha OCHOBe
ripHBeIia
K
O,4eHb 6bIcTpoMy (bOPMHpOBaHH1I pe3HCTeHTHOCTH, TeM CaMbIM flOBJ1iB Ha 06111yio nepcneKTiHBy rlO4O6HbIe ripaBHnia ripMeHfflOTCq ripi4 HcCnOJIb3OBaH1H41 B03eCJIbIBaH149 XJIOIKa B o6eC4x CTpaHax. Tpi4riaHOCOMHbIX ripenapaToB ;LJiq JIe'eHMSI CKOTa B HHrep1H HU pyrHx cTpaHax A4pHKH.
HayzfHble uccaedoeaHw?,pacnpocmpaHeHue ceA7bCKOXO3AuCmeeHHbIX 3HaHUU U mexHOuOeUU, o6yzieHue cHHaHCHPOBaTb HayqHbIe 4ccJIe,eoBO MHOFHX CTpaHaX TeH,CHLeHUsH H o6yqeH4e, ripegycMaTpHBaiouie BaHH5I, pacnpoCTpaHeHHe CeJIbCKOXO35ii4CTBeHHbIX 3HaHHR ipiHMeHeHHe reCTH1MHaOB, 5BjiSeTC1 OTBeTHOH peaKlHeH Ha HCKa)KeHHe 3KOHoMHqecKHx CTHMYJIOB, AJIAS cHHaHCHPOBaHHS3 CBq3aHHbIx c B pC3yJibTaTe qero HCKYCCTBCHHO CO3,aalOTCA YCJIOBHJ XHMHKaTaMm HCCJIetOBaH4W. TaKaJl TeHZeHUH5 CBULzeTeJIbCTBYeT o6 3KOHOMH4qeCKOR CHle CywecTByIoijjasI
3apy6exHoi4
H OTeqeCTBeHHOH
1HHyCTpHH npOH3BO4CTBa
IleCTHLjHaOB,
HMe1OLIHX
BO3MO)KHOCTb
pCKiaMHpOBaTb H cjHHaHCHpOBaTb 14CIIOJIb3OBaHHe 3aiaTeHTOBaHHbX TexHojorHecKmx TiaKeTOB. rlpaBHTeJIbCTBa MOryT CTHMYJLHpOBaTb COUHaNJbHO OpHCHTHPOBaHHbIH H ITOqTH OrITHMa)buHbIH KOMriiJeKC Hay'HbIx HcciiegOBaHHR H npaKTHtIeCKOii ae5Te3IbHOCTH iryTeM nocJIezoBaTeJIbHoro BbIInIIerepexHCJIeHHbIX 3KOHOMH'qeCKHX H iipaBOBbIX pbIqarOB, 'ITO BbI3OBeT 3c4)eKT IplPMCHMeHeH C COL[HabHbMIMH H3AepxKaMH, H TaKlIM o6pa3oM COIIOCTaBJ1CHH3I CTOHMOCTH rfCCTHL,40OB BKJIOqa 143P (CM. IpHMepbI ycneiLiHoro Ha aBJbTepHaTHBHbIe TexHojiorHH, CTHMYJIHpOBaTb CnIPOC nepexoAa OT reCTHAH,1OB K 143P B Ta6ii. 3.2.). XHM4IqeCKaq HH,ycTpHA TacKie 6ygeT 6e3BpeRHbIX B pa3pa6OTKy 3KO3IOrHqeCKH B HHBeCTHPOBaHHH CpeaCTB 3aRHTepeCOBaHa TexHoJIorHiH/4. XOTS B AojiroCpO'IHOH repcieKrUBe ripHopHTeTHbIe CeJlbCKOX03.UiiCTBeHHbIX HCcjie,OBaHHA, paciipoCTpaHeHH5 H3MeHHTbCg
B COOTBeTCTBHe
C 3KOHOMH'eCKHMH
H
HaripaBjieHH5 B o6inacTH Hay1 HbIx ,O)HbI 3HaHHA H o6y3eHHq
HOpMaTHBHO-npaBOBbIMH
yCJIOBHMMH,
B
HacTosLuee BpeMA y)Ke cyLeCTByeT pL1A BapHaHTOB 10OOWPeHHSq BHCepeHH5i 143P nyTem npOBeaeHHs COOTBeTCTByIoLueii IOJIHTHKH B o6nacTH HayHIHX HCCJIeXOBaHHi4 H TeXHOjIOrHH. OrHH H3 11OAXOAOB COCTOHT B OUCHKe H H3MeHeHRH (B cIiyae Heo6xooiHMocTH) opraHH3aIIHOHHOfi CTPYKTyPLI 3HaHHf C R1O3HURH oco6eHHOCTeir H3P B KOHKPeTHbIX HCcJieAOBaHHH H pacfipocTpaHeHHSI CeJIbCKOHCcJIeaOBaHHH, pacnpocTpaHeHHa aeUeHTpajiR3OBaHHbID4 xapaKrep yCJIOBHsqX. X035fACTBeHHbIX 3HaHH1 U o6y'eHHs (KOTOpbxe npOBOaATCS B HenocpeaCTBeHHOf' 6JiH30CTH OT c4epMepcKHx
noiieii) Mo)KeT OTBeqaTb MeCTHbIM
nOTpe6HOCT5M
H TeM caMbIM cIoco6CTBOBaTb
3HaHHi4) TexHojiorH'ecKHx riaKeTOB, H3P. PacnpocTpaHeHHe (repeaaqa B HayMHO-HCCJIe,4OBaTeITbCK4X CTaHUH53X, npOBORHTCf C MeHbuLLM ycnexoM. pa3pa6OTaHHbIX BHeApeHHIO 143P cnoco6CTByeT geieHTpan43aUHA B YCTaHOBKe rpHOPHTeTHbIX HanpaBieeHHi Hccne, oBaHHi4, OpHeHTal]4A Ha H1OTpe6HOCTH 4)epMepOB, cbHHaHCHPOBaHHe H BO3HarpaxKeHHe HccJiC,aOBaTeJIbcKix yqpexLeHHi4. Hay'Haa rIOJIHTHKa B o6iaCTH 6opb6bI C Bpe,lHTejIIMH TacKxe InpOH3BOCTBeHHBIX Mo)KeT 6bITb copHCHTHPOBaHa Ha KOHKpeTHbIe HOTpe6HOCTH pa3JlIHqHbIX BHeApeHHIO
22
I4HTerpHpOBaHHasI 3auUHTa paCTeHHIi cHcTeM. rlpH pa3pa6oTKe HaytHoro npoeKra H ero alHaJi3e Heo6XoZRMo COCpe,OTOlqRTL BHHMaHHe Ha rIOTCHLHaJBHbIX COHaJhHbMX H 3KOJIOrHqeCKHX <3aTpaTaX H BuIrogax» .IH6o rryTem nIOOUIPeHl MHoro0 HUHClHUfiHapHbiX HccjieAOBaHHi, JIH6o iyTeM 11iaHHPOBaHHR Io3TanHOrO YTBep1KAeHHA
IIpoeKTa, KOrga ripocbHIbHbIe
yqHTbIBa]OTCSI yKa3aHHbie acneKrbi. CAegyeT HpogyMaHHo
4)opMHpoBaTL MHoro-
HayqiHo-4CcJIeAOBaTejibCKHe
rpyruiI H OripegejmTb HX 3aAaHHA BO H36exaHHe KOHc)jiHKroB <<oxpaHsieMOR TeppHTOpHH>>, B qaCTHOCTH, MexAy cIyx6aMH no pacripocTpaHeHHo ce3BCKoXO3JPACTBeHHLIx 3HaHm4,
3alXHTbI paCTeHHH HAH BeTepHHapHIMMH cnyx6aMH (Rolling H van
de Fliert, 1994 r.). Ta6inua 3.2. IlpHMepbl ycneWHioro BHeApeHsi KvnbTvpa CoeBbie 6o6bi
CTIpaHa Bpa3HJIIn
3deKT
B TeqeHHe 7 IieT
ipfMmeHeHHe rieCTH1lHAOB COKpaTHJIOCb Ha 80% CoKpaTHJIOcbEHCflOJb3OBaHHe Hi-iceKTHUHaoB HcUORb3oBaHme neCTHILIAOB coKpameHO Ha 60% B 70-x lriMHeHeHHe neCTHUIA0B COKpaTHJIOCb Ha 30% B 80-x i4cnoJIb3OBaHHe neCTHInHAOB COKpaTHJIOCb Ha 80%
lHH{Ig
PHC
(OpHcca) 14HAOHe3HR
PHc XAori,aTHHK
HHKaparya
PamnKHbie KYJIbTypbl
Ky6a
143P
MexayHapoawHbIe corJalueHHs H KOHBeHUUH C Haqaria 80-x rO,OB yqpeKeHHIA, BXoa5WHe
B COCTaB OpraHH3aILHH
O6ieAHHeHHblIx
HauHui, BbICTynalOT C 1HHLtHaTHBo4f no 3aKyJoqeHHio MeXZYHapOAHbIX ZRoroBopoB 0o rpHMeHeHHH iecTTH1HAoB/5. HanpHMep, (DAO (rIpoAoBJmbcTBeHHaI H ceejbCKOXO3s4iCTBeHHaI opraHH3agq OOH) BMIIYCTHJIa pag lnO,pO6HbIX PYKOBO,ACTB nIo 3aKyHKe, ToproBJIe, TpaHCrIOpTHpOBKe H XpaHeHHIO
neCTHUNHOB
nIo,
Ha3BaHHeM
"MexyHapo0HMii
KOgeKC
IIoBegeHHAs
no
pacripOCTpaHeHHO H 11pHMeHeHHIO necTHeuTHIoB" ((DTAO, 1990 r.). KogeKC oxBaTbIBaeT Bce acineKrm, BKJuOIa3i rIoJIox(eHHsI o perylJIipOBaHHH ripHMemeHHHs H rIpaKTHKC rlpOH3BOACTBa neCTHUHAOB.
FIPHHAITle rOJIOoKeHHi4 Ko,AteKca ipOTHCXOAHT Me,UIeHHO, IIOCKOJIBKy HIX OCylueCTBJIeHHe HaXO,4;HTCc B pyKax CTpyKTyp, KOTOpbIe 3aHHMalOTC3I He TO1IbKO 3auHTOrli CeJIbCKOX03I4iCTBeHHbIX paCTeHHii, HO H pacnpee ieHnem
HeCTHR}HIOB.
OTHOCHTeJIIHO
HeZAaBHO 06WenlpHHATbie MCAyHapOZtHwIe HOpMb 6op16Mi c IOIIOJIHeHbl HOBbIM r1oj1oxKeHHeM "CorJiacHe c npeABapHTenbHoro noniyqeHsA HHcbopMauxlH" (prior informed consent/ PIC), KOTOpOe np1OBOHl4TC5I B AGH3Hb (DAO H IOHEn. B BpegIHTeiAMH 6IJIH
COOTBeTCTBHe C 3THM ZAOKYMeHTOM coAep)KaWHeC3 B CIIHCKe rlpOAyKTbI, (Te, KOTOpIie 3anpelueHw HJIH CTpOFO orpaHHoeH I B p5iAe cTpaH) MOrYT 3KCIlOPTHpOBaTbCSI JIHUEb B TOM cjiyiae, ecjIH cTpaHa
pacIojiaraeT IOJIHOi4 HH4)opMaltHeii 0 XHMHKaTe H gaeT 11oToxHTeJleHoe CIIHCOK, coLIepACaBWHi4 12 HaHMeHOBaHHj4, ceiPiac BKJIHO'aeT 39 xHMHKaToB. TaKoe coriiaLuieHHe
corJIacHe.
flepBbI}i
B HacToAuWee BpeMA
rio,rIHcaHo 120 cTpaHaMH.
B03 BBeJia HOBLIA MeexcyHapoAHbIii CTaHzapT, corniacHo KOTOpOMy neCTHLIH,gbI K10acCHtHpYIOTC.ITo CTerieHH opajibHOil TOKCH'-HOCTH ,Aim MJLeKOnHTaIOUHx. rIpeACTaBJIeHHbIe AaHHbIe
cjiyIKaT HHdopMaUHeA' 0 HaAjIeX(alUHX
OCTaToqHMie
YPOBHH
(npoAoBoJmcTBeHHbIfi KaqeCTBO
rleCTHHRAOB, KOgeKc),
CenbCKOX03Pi;CTBeHHOi
yKa3aHHMie
KOTOpbI4i
HOpMax, B
SBj1SeTCA
npOLgyKI14H.
BKJlioqaSl
corJIIaweHHm OCHOBHLIM
o
<Codex
AOKyMeHToM,
MeXQyHapoZHbIe
23
MaKCHMajiBHo
KO,AeKCbI
aoIryCTHMCe Alimentariuso
peryAHpY1OIIUlM 1H
coriaiueeHH
113P H HHCTpyMeHTm OKa3bIBaIOT OIIOCpCeOBaHHoe cTpaHax (CM. BCTaBKy 3.3).
BJIHSHHC Ha MeTOgbI
rOCyaapCTBeHHOJi IIOJITHKH
60pb6bi C Bpe,HTeiSMH
B pa3BHBaiouiHXC1
TaKHe corlIalIleHHA H KOgeKCI cjiyxcaT HCTO'qHHKOM UeHHO1r HH43OpMaaHi HH o6pa30oM YCTaHOBJICHHMIX CTaHaapTOB IIpH BBefeHHI B aeCCTBHe HaUHOHajiLHOrO 3aKOHoaaTeJIBCTBa, TaKHM cgeAOK. TeM He MeHee, o6pa3ysa coKpaluai pacxoAm Ha HHtopMaLUHIO H COBepiUeHHe HeIIOCpeaCTBeHHOC BJIHHHeC OrOBOpOB H KOgeKCOB OrpaHWqeHHO, H, KaK B 60JIbUmHCTBe cuiyqaCB C 3waICTYIO He gOrOBOpaMH, KOTOpme 3aKiiOoqa]OTCs Ha ao6pOBOJmHOMi OCHOBe, HX IIOJIO)KCeHH no BMIIOJIHsIIOTC5I (Fleishcer, 1994 r.). aoroBopLI, co,gepxawHe KOHKpeTHLIe o6A3aTeJiLcTBa (HarnpHMep, POYKrOB orpeaeYeHHIX HCIIOJIb3OBaHH5 npeKpaiueHHno nO:3TarlHOMY MOHpea.iBcxiHZIpOTOKOJI), HMelOT 60.mblue rpaKTHqeCKOii CHJIbI, KaK H co6JiboAeHHe CTpaHaMHHMrIOPTepaMH
KeCTKHX CTaH,aapTOB MaKCHMaJIBHO gOrIYCTHMbIX OCTaTOqHbIX ypOBHeHl
ITeCTHULH,OB B
BB03HMO IIrIpOyKUHH. OCHOBHiM acneKTOM, HipaioiuHM po0nb IIPH 3aKIioCeHHH meyHapoAHEIX 4)aKT, qTO TOprOBJIA ITCecTH4JHMaMH, 6yAyqiH SIBrIAIeTC5I TOT O rieCTHLgAax, AOrOBOpOB KpyITHOMacuITa6HOR MHpOBOR HH,HlyCTpHWfi, 3aBHCHT OT apryMeHTOB 0 CBo6OAHOA ToprOBJIe, KaK H rio6oAi pyro ii poayKT HJIH ToBap. B cwiay 3Toro perynJIHpOBaHHe 1IeCTHIIUAOB lpeC,CTasBji5eT Co60H oTAeJThHM1'i BOIlpOC B paMKaX corialueHHri FATT H HAO)TA, HO He C TOqKH 3peHH5L OXpaHbI OKpyKaiolueiR cpeabi, a B ruiaHe CO3fIaHH5I HecCnpaBeRJ14BbIX TOPrOBmIx 6apbepOB. CoriiaieHHe rATT pYKOBOaCTBYeTCA rIojioxceHHAMH rlpO,xOBO.mcTBeHHorO KogeKcaCa H 6o0iee xceCTKHC HOpMbi OCTaTOwHOrO co,gep)KaHHA ieCTHIgHOB, qeM MaKCHMaJIbHO ,onyCTHMbIC YpOBHH B KoAeKce, MOryT paccmaTpHBaTbCsI KaK TOprOBbIfi 6apbep. nHcnof06b3oBaHHI0 H BCTaBKa 3.3 Ha3BaHHA HeKOTOPbIX MeeXyHapOAHbIX opraHH3aLHi, coriauweHHH H KoHBeHllHH no npolaawe neCTHIJHAOB/ *
IlpOAOBOJIbCTBeHHaa
H
6 OOH ((DAO)
opraHI3aalid5
ceJIbcKoXo35H1CTBeHHaSi
BbInYCTHiBa
pa
noapO6Hbix
<(Mex,kiyHapOXHoro H H InpHMiHeHHH neCTHIUHAOB>> (GDAO, 1990 r.). DAO TaK)Ke BBeJ1o B KoAeKca noBeaeHNH, npi pacnpe4eneHI ,aeicTBHe npaBHJIo <,CoriiacHe Ha OCHOBe npeABapHTeJIbHO9 HH4)opMaLUHH>>, BKA1ol4eHHoe B <'MeXayHapOAHbIl PYKOBO,aCTB 0 3aKynKe, ToproBJIe, TpaHClIOpTHpOBKe H xpaHeHHH neCTHIUHAOB B COCTaBe
KOAeKC *
lOBeaCHH5I>;.
HPOZOBOnbcITBeHHbul
KOQCKC (Codex Alimentarius) yCTaHaBJIHBaeT o6ulHe CTaHaapTbl KaMecTBa H OCTaTO'IHOrO
B KogeKce YCTaHaBJIH4BaeTC5I MaKCHManbHoe coaepxKaHHe
CoAepxKaHHA XHMHKaTOB B npOgyKTax nHTaHHq.
OCTaTOIHbIX neCTHIUHXOB B pa3JIHqHbIX BHIaaX ceJIbcKOXO35IHcTBeHHbIX H fIJIOXOOBOIUHbiX npoglyKTax.
*
OpraHH3aumq a(bpHKaHCKOrO eaIHHCTBa riozQOTOBHMJa #3aripeT Ha NMIIOPT B IepeBO3KH no TeppHTOpHH A,PHKH onacHbIx OTXOAOB>> (KoHBeHLXHH B BaMaKO)
*
B
*
OpraHM3anUH
*
JIOHAOHCKOM pyKOBO,CTBe aeTaJIbHo pa3pa6OTaHbI npHHUHrIbI MeX.yHapOaHOH ToproBjie> (1OHEHI, 1987 r.). 3KOHOMHMeCKOrO COTPYZgHHNleCTBa H
A(4PHKY
r.).
<'06MeHa HH4)opMaLUHe4 0 XHMHKaTaX B
pa3BHTHN (09CP)
BblIUYCTHIia <'PYKOBOXaCTBO no 6opb6e C
BpeAJHTeJIHMH H ripHMmeHeHHio neCTHUHOIOB zo]I areHTCTB nIOM014H)> (03CP, 1990 r.). 06iee cornalneH-He o TapHmtax H TOPrOBjie (FATT) H CeBepoaMepHKaHcKoe cornanleHHe o CBo6O0lHOA TOproBjie (HAq)TA) CTaBST uenb rapMOHH3HpOBaTb npaBnia TOprOBJIH, BKJIiOa5i perynJIHPOBBaHHe TOPrOBJIH neCTHLxUaaMH H MeAHKaMeHTaMH. B COCTaBe BceMHpHOH Op-aHH3aUHH 3LapaBooxpaHeHHq HMCeTCq pPg KOMHTeTOB, KOTOpbIe 3aHHMalOTCq BOripOCaMH TOprOBJIH necTH1HUZaMH, B TOM 'IHCJIe,
XO3SIiCTBy, CaHHTapHbIM H (pHTOCaHHTaPHUlM 3aKyrIKaM H TeXHHIeCKHM 6apbepaM TOprOBJIH.
*
N TpaHCH paHHHbie
(OAE. 1991
MoHpeajibcKHN
npOTOKOJI (1988, 92, 95 rr.),
4HHaHCOBbIMH
opraHH3aUHRMH
BedecTB,
MepOnpHRTHRM, aOKyMCHT
(IOHEn, 1994 r.).
24
KOMHTTblI no CeCjbCKOMy
13KOJIOr'HH, H
0 3aripeTe 4)HHaHCHpOBaHHq
BbI3bIBaiOMiHx
ipiHMeHeHHe MeTNji 6poMHaa, IIIHpOKO HcnojIb3ylOIeroca
TOprOBjie
HCTOM;CHHe
O3OHOBOFO
rOCyzapCTBeHHblM MHOrOCTOpOHHHMH CjiO5
(3anpeiaeHo
B cejibcKOM XO3sRHCTBe B KaBeCTBe dbyMHraHTa).
HHTerpHIpOBaHHasI 3auxTa paCTeHMii
rIpHMeqaHNs
1.
B KaqIeCTBe npOCTOrO npmCepa ytie`a BHeinH3X 3b)C4eKTOB, CBS3aHHbIX C BO3aeHCTBHeM OHOro neCTH4tHU CM. James (1955 r.) Cy6cHX4HpoBaHHe leCTHIItH,AOB TaKxce roUHHMaeT BOnPOCbl coiCHajibHoro paBeHCTBa, nOCKOJIbKy
a Ha
rITHL,
2.
6onee COCTOSITeJIbHbie bepMepbI m KOpnOpaUmH H3B3ieKaIOT H3 cHTyaLHH 6oRmme Bbiroz,, eM MeJIKHe 4epMepEa. MeAiaHe 4epMepbI H ceJIbXo3pa6oTHHKH iaCTo rlOBCepraeTCg 6oIbHieMy pHCKy OTpaBjieHHq neCTHLHAMmH HiuH noTpe6jieHH5I 3arp.q3HeHHbMX XHMHKaTaMH
3.
npOOYKTOB
IHTaHHq N BO,bl.
HHoraa BbI3bIBaeT 3azepxcKy HCIOJb3OBaHR60ne 60.iee 6e3onacHbIx 6HojiorHIecKHx H MeTOaOB 6opb6bi C BpeCHTeuISMH, BBHAY Toro, qTO orpaHHtl4HHOCTb pbIHKOB c6buTa 3aCTasBJIeT
)KecTKoe peryjiHpoBaHje
Tpazi4HHOHHbIX
H36eraTb xZoporocToiiero npoiecca CepTH14UKai4HH. 4. B TO BpeM51 KaK HHAYCTPHI nlpOH3BO,aCTBa neCTH14H,JOB rlepBOHwaaIbHo CTpeMHi4aCb K BbInYCKY r1eCTHUHAOB mHPOKOOXBaTHOrO aer1CTBH5I, 3KoJIOrMH'ecKHe npo6uieMb
H y)KeCToqeH4e perynJHPOBaHIH
ripHHenJIH K pa3pa6oTKe
KOHKpeTHOrO iAerieBoro ACeCTBH51. XOTA yjiyImeHiCe i4enesoro ZeHCTBHR XHMHKaToB coKpamaeT 3KOAormOHecKHe p4CKH, yBejiHneHHie pacXOAOB Ha pa3pa6oTKy neCTHIjHaOB H TI031yqeHH51 pa3pemUeHHq Ha HX upHMeHeHHe, a TaKxce cyxKeHHe PbIHKa rp1PBOAI4T K POCTy UeHbl Ha TaKHe npO,yKTbl. 5. YVLHTbBaq pa3HOUJiaHOBOCTb HHTepeCOB, TaKHe corjiaifeHHiM oTpa)Ka1OT HHTepeCbi iUHPOKHX KpyrOB 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIX JIH4. MHoroHaLIHoHaJbHbIe KOHrn3oMepaTbl KOHTPOI14pY1oT OCHOBHYIO tIaCTb MHpOBOso HHIIYCTPHH nleCTHI4HZOB, H BBHay HX MaCmTa6HOCTH H 3aHHTepecOBaHHOCTH B paCiuHpeHHH reorpa4)H'feCKoro OXBaTa, OHH OKa3bIBaIOT CyUeCTBeHHOe B.HIHlHHe Ha peCYhIHpOBaHHe H HCfIojIb3oBaHHe nleCTHIIHX40B (nuH60 HanIpAMYIO Ha KOHKpeTHbie npaBHTejibCTBa, 3460 Ha MecAWyHapoaHbIe opraHH3aU4KH, HanpHMep, Groupement XHMHKaTOB
International de Fabricants de produits Agrochimiques/MexQyHapoaHbIu
C0103 npoH3BOAHTejiefi arpoxMmH'eCKO9 KoMHTeT Codex Alimentarius, BceMi4pHasa opraH43aumq 3zpaBooxpaHeHHH). C Apyroi CTOpOHbI, HenpaBHTejibCTBeHHbie opraHM3au4H (HanpHMep, I'IHH4opMau4S o 1erCTB14H rieCTHgIHAoB, (DOHA 3aI4TbI OKpy)Kaiowegi cpeabi H gpyrme) IoRIMpKHB0lOT PHCK HCIIOJIb3oBaHi4SI neCTHN14210B, nporiaraHZHpyIOT a3IbTepHaTHBHbie MeTObI 3aIIIHTbI, aKTHBHO uo66HpylOT, BbICTynlla B no4zepXCKH rIoJIHTHK14 H npaKTHKH liapTH4 3ejieHbIX>>. 6. 3aAaqH H pa6o0He IIiaHbI yKa3aHHbIX opraH3agHti MOX(Ho Hal4TH no c3e1y1omlHM agpecaM KOMnbrOTepHo0 ceTH: npOAYK4H4,
IIpoAoBoIIcTBeHHaq
H
cejibCKOxO35IIiCTBeHHaq
opraHI3aIH5l OOH (qPAO),
Basel Convention: http://www.unep.ch/basel/ Codex: http://ftp.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/ECONOMIC/esn/codex/Default.htm FAO: http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT /AGP/dafault.htm Montreal Protocol: http://www.unep.org/unep/secretar/ozone/issues.htm OECD: http://www.oecd.org/ OAU: http://www.rrapide -pana.com/demo/oua/bamakoco.htm UNEP: http://www.unchs.unon.org/home.htm WIO/GATT: http://www.wto.org
25
/
1HHTerpHpOBaHHaSI 3aIUHTa pacTeHHif
4.
CTpaTerHsI BHeapeHHs HHTerpHPOBaHHOH 3alllHTbI paCTeHHH
OHIT IlpOBegeHgR niporpamm HHTerpHpoBaHHOf4
3alHTbI paCTeHJA B
cTpaHax APHIpKH,
A3HH, JIaTHHCKOfi AMepHKH H CIlA (KarIHclopHHsq) npeAcTaBsjieT co6ok iUeHHbie ypoKH quA pa3BHBaiouHXxcq cTpaH (Teng H Heong, 1988 r.; Wiebers, 1993 r.; Kiss H Meerman,1991 r.; Murray H Nathan, 1994 r.). OnbIT noKa3IBaeT,IqTO ripH UIHpOKOMacduTa6HoM BHe,gpeHHH 13P HYXKHO yqecTb LABa KJloqeBMIX CTpaTerHqeCKHX KOMIIOHCHTa:
*
03HaqIaeT
C BperHTeJMMH, YTO
paBHbIX yCJIOBHf{ RJTq pa3HbIX MeTO,4OB 6opb6MI
C03,aaHHe OTKa3
npoinaraHgi4pyiowefi
IIOJIHTHKH,
OT
HCYCTOWIHBbIe
3KOJIOrHqeCKH
yKpemeHHe HHCTHTYTOB peryJIHpOBaHHA. 6JIarOrIpH3TCTByIOUU{X BHegpeHH1o 143P liocpegCTBOM
npiHeMbi 6opb66I C BpeCHTeJlMH, H *
BbIIROIHeHHe MepOflpHSITHlf,
4jOpMHpOBaH5KI
o6weCTBCHHOrO
AeATeIBHocTH,
pacpoCTpaHeHs
o6yreHHsi;
3TOM
TPH
rio,CepXKKH
MHeHHS,
Hay3HO-HcCJIeLoBaTeJ>BCKoHf
ceJIbCKOXO3JHCTBeHHbIx
11o2IepKHBaeTc5I
pOJib
3HaHH1
aeiUeHTpa32H3aLHH
H
TexHojTorHji,
H
HHHLUHaTHB,
OpHeHTHpOBaHHEIX Ha cbepMepa. flepBbii KOMIIOHCHT HeO6xogHM O,aHaKO BTOPOIi
aiil
cOPMMHPOBaHHA 6JIaronPHSITHbIX YCJIOBHii]rLs
143P,
3TorO HCeoCTaTOYHO aJI3L 4HTeHCHBHOrO BHeIpeHH5I HHTerpHpOBaHHOHi 3aUHTbI paCTeHifH.
KOMIIOHeHT
Heo6xoRHM,
HO
He3d4eKTHBeH
o6cyxcgaeTCsi 31beKTHBHOe HCIIOJIb3OBaHH4e 3THX
143P. npl4BepxKeHHOCTb
KYPCY
B
6e3 nepBoro.
HaCTo5jlXeM
pa3Aene
aBYX HHCTPYMCHTOB, CTHMYJIHPYIOWi4X BHe)RPeHHe
1H3P H Tpe6oBaHHe
nIo ero BbIIOJIHeHHIO
C TOYKH 3peHH1 nHOjIHTHKO-
paMKII OTpaCJIeBbIX ipaHH1t H Tpe6yloT Oco6oe BHHMaHHe HPOBegCHHI MCpOIIpHITHH KaK Ha MHKpO-, TaK H Ha maKpo ypoBHe. KOHKpeTHbIX HaTIpaBJIeHHOCTH H ueJIeBoR riOChiigOBaTeJIbHOCTH YaCJIHTb Heo6xoQLHMO C H3MeHeHHeM CB5I3aHHbie MepOnpHITHii, 'T06bI CBeCTH K MHHHMYMY 3KOHOMH'ecKHe 3aTpaTbI, ofilIO3H1RUH 1HJIH yKperiHTC5c IOJIHTHKHI, B OCo6eHHOCTH4 TaM, rqe MOXKCT C¢OpMHPOBaTbC5 opraHH3agH0HHlJX nepemeH CJIO)KHbI, rIOCKOJIbKy BMIXORUT 3a
IpOBO,HMbIM
npeo6pa3oBaHHisM.
Focy,aapcTBeHHasl nOJIHTHKa no BHeapeHHlO HHTerpHpOBaHHON 3aUl4RTbI paCTeHHH
143P SBjseTCi rOCyZapCTBeHHOR IIOJIHTHKH IpHMeHeHHS OCHOB Pa3pa6oTKa HeKoTopbie ypOBHe. Ha HayHOHanIbHOM 143P Heo6xO,HMoR CTyneHb]O B peanl43axHH CTpaTerHH cTpaHLI y)Ke cgeiaaim Imar B 3TOM HaripaBJIeHHH, HanpHMep, Ky6a (Rosset H Benjamin, 1994 r.), I4HAoHe3Hsi (Kenmore,1991 r.), HHaepAaaHgbI (Vijftigschild, 1996 r.) H CELIA (USDA/ARS, 1993 r.). rlpeHMyWeCTBa TaKoro noaxoaa COCTORT B TOM, qTO nporpamma pa3H0o6pa3HbIX MepOIlpHTiTHH no BHCegpeiHo 143P, KaK Ha YpOBHe 3JxiMeHTOB rocygapCTBeHHOi{ ITOJIHTHKH, TaK H Ha YPOBHe npaKTH'ieCKoro BHCapeHH5
143P
nocJIe,oBaTeYIbHoro peuieHmsA. BceMH
3aHHTepeCOBaHHLIMm
B xo3sHHCTBax, TaKoe
JmLlaMH,
pa3pa6aTWIBaeTCsi
pelneUHe MOX(eT
qTo6bI
o6eCneHqHTb
no,mepXKy B03MO)KHbLiM paaHKaJIbHbIM H3MeHeHHSM
26
(CM.
Ha OCHOBe e,HHoro H JIorH'ecKC4
3aSjOX1Tb OCHOBY AJS KOHCyJIbTauHfHi IIIHPOKyio
BCTaBKy
4.1
H
CO
HHCTiHTygHOHanbHYpo
4.2). 14
HaKoHeL,
SRCHO
CTpaTeriA BHeapeHRA BbIpaeKeHHa,5 flO3HULHSl ripaBHTevJbCTBa B OTHOIueH[H A,3 BceX y4acTH1rKoB 3Toro npouecca.
143P
BHeapCHHA 143P CTaHeT MOUUH{IM CHrHaJiOM
BO3HHKaeT BOIIpOC, Kyga B HHCTHTyL.HOHaJIbHOM
ruiaHe BITHCElIBalOTCS riOJIHTHKa Iio IIOJIHTHKa BHepeCHH51H3P CB13aHa iHe TOJIbKO c ceJIbCKHM XO35qiHCTBOM H JieCOBOACTBOM, HO H C rocyaapCTBeHHLim yNpaBZcHHem oKpyxKaioIef cpe)tor, HayLIHOi geqTeJILHOCTOIO H pa3pa6OTKOH TexHoJIorHl, IIpOH3BOaCTBOM H o6pa3oBaHmeM. CylUecTByeT CHEHa5I B3aHMoCB53b MCexzy nepeHcCJIeHHEIMMH c4epaMH, Bm6opOM BapiaHTOB BHeapeNHis H3P H 6o0iee IIHpOKO]r4 npo6.ieMoii YCTOiPHBoro pa3BHTH5 cenBCKoro XO3.IHCTBa H 1pHpHQOaHbIX pecypcoB, a TaKCKe COOTBCTCTByiOiLel nIOJIHTH4KOH H HHCTHTyLUHOHamIBHOI CTpyKTypoi4 no ee no,uep)oxe. TaKl[M o6pa3oM, Co3,aHH4e cneiUHaJbHOii mil pa6o'eii rpyiTnni nIo BOlIpOcaM 143P MOxcHO paCCMaTpHBaTL B KOHTeKCTe 6o0iee UpOKOAi ueJieBOH4 HHRH1aTHBLI, HaripHMep, B KOHTeKCTe HagHOHaJIbHOrO iDIaHa 3KOJlorHqIcKHx MepOripHRTHRA HJiH pa6OTbI HauHOHaJEbHorO KOMHTeTa no yCTORHHBOMy pa3BHTH10. CneuHarIbHwIe, 4CHHaHCHpyeMbie rocyAapCTBoM, HHHuHaTHBbI H MepbI I1o BiHapeHH1O 143P ciieayeT r1pOBOAgHTb Ha 1pOTIXLeHHH onpe,eAeHHorO riepxoga BpeMeHH, TO eCTb, .Io Toro, KaK 6yayT CO3,AaHbI Hae2KaulHe CTHMYJIM>IaSI
BHeapeHHIO 143P H ee HHCTHTYUOHaHJ1bHbIC OCHOBLI?
CeHoo6pa3oBaHHH,
pery.7iHpOBaHHSI
H
TaK
Aaliee,
H
,o
TOrO,
KaK
c1yHKIHOHHPOBaTb HHCTHTYTLI, 3aHHMmajoHuc5 peryipoBaHem o6ecne'qHBalooiHe nOTOK Heo6XoARHMOii HHOpMaugH H TeXHoJIorHii.
B
344eKTHBHO
HaIHyT
H
KOHTpOjieM,
H
ICJIqX OKa3aHEHW
riOMOUH B onpeAe1jeHHH iejiei, rIpHOpHTeTHLIX HanpaBJIeHHii, pOJIH pa3JIH'IHbIX HHCTHTYTOB H HX OTBeTCTBeHHoCTH 3a BHe,npeHHe pa3JIHqHbIX acrieKTOB 143P Mo)KHo HCfrIOJIb3OBaTb npoitecc IUHPOKOOXBaTHbIX KOHCyJIbTa]Hii B cjopMC rpaKTWICCKHX H TeOpeTHYCCKHX CeMHHapOB, TaKHM o6pa3oM o61eIHHSI pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe roCylaapCTBeHHmIe, iqaCTHMC H HeiIpaBHTeJIbCTBeHHble 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbie CTPYKTypEI B paMKaX CKOopAHHHpOBaHHOii H OTKplIToi4 nIporpaMMmI. TaKoil ripoLecc TaKxe HatenieH Ha IoBbLIIeHHe MHHOPMHpOBaHHOCTH ripOH13BOaHTejieA H roTpe6HTe.1eA, H rTOHHMaHI Mmm p4CKOB npHMeHCHHi S rieCTH1lHgOB JI 3,aOpOBb3I H oKpyxailOuei cpeaI, a TaioKe rioHCK 6o.IlBloro qHcJIa CTOPOHHHKOB 113P H Mo6Hmx3aumHo rOCy,aapCTBCHHEIX HeiTpaBHTejmEcTBeHHble
CpCeaCTB Ha nogepX)Ky BHmepeHHS
opraHH3aLmHH
MOryT
CTaTb
HHTerpHpoBaHHOI
<<eCTeCTBeHHbIMH>>
3awHT>I.
COO3HHKaMH
B
3TOM
npoUecce. HwsopMaixH,
aHJai3 H HpHOPHTeTbl
npeaycmaTpHBaiouas
inoaaepxcKy 143P, B ]LejiOM, yKperIH4T o6luecTBeHHoe 6narococTo,lHHe, HO B TO ;Ke BpeM5 B KpaTKOCpOqHOH nepCrieKTHBe MOxeT OKa3aTb OTpH1iaTeZJlHOe BJIHS3HHC Ha IPOQaYKTHBHOCTb ceiiEcKoro XO35iHCTBa H ,aOXOabIl HeKOTOpEIX rpynI HaceIieHHI4. TaK Zilbennan H4 gpyri4c aBTOpEI (1991 r.) flPH=lIJl K BbIBO,y, qTO I1pM OTCYTCTB4H 3q4eKTHBHbIx rIOJIHTHKa,
3aMeHHTCJIefi, 3aripeT Ha 4MHOPT I1eCTHUHfOB BJIe'qeT 3a co6otl
OBb1ifIueHHle UeH, cyweCTBeHHOe
coKpaWieHHe
rnaAeMe
ypOBHefi
IIpOH3BOARCTBa,
XAOXOlaOB affA noTpe6HTeJiefi H nepepacripeAeneHie ripi4611J1M B flOJlb3y Tex IIpOH3BO,HTeJIeIi, KOTOpEIe He HCIIOJlb3yIOT IIeCTHlIEHAI. T'ITo6bI AOCTHEb nrIaBHOrO iiepexoaa K MCTOay 3KOJIOrHqeeCKH yCTOTqHBOli HHTerpHpOBaHHoi 3aUWTEI paCTCH4i H COekiCTBoBaTbrnpoueccy 4OCTHXKCHHAI uHpOKOMacIITa6HmIx eieneH pocTa CeJIbCKOrO
xO3.iiCTBa,
H3MeHeHH5i
aHCKpeUHOHHNX
nOJIHTHx{eCKoro
Kypca
Heo6xogHMo
IIpOBO,HTh
uerieHanpaBJ1eHHo H nOCTeITeHHO. HHxKe nepe'HcJIaIoTcs Te c4epw, KOTOpE,Ie, nIO Bceii BCpOHTHOCTH, norpe6y1oT c6opa H aHlJlH3a NHHopMaUHHi. nepBOHaqaE,mHO Heo6xoaHMo onpe,aeIHTb COCToiHHze H HaiiH'He ripHeMJIeMMX TeXHOJIorHii 143P H nepcneKTrHBi> Ix BHegpeHHs depMepaMH. TaKoe peiueHrie 3aBHCHT OT KOHKpeTHOti CHCTeMbI CejibCKOX03SIACTBeHHOrO rIpOH3BOaCTBa H Tpe6yeT AOKaAlEHbIX
[aHHLIX, ITOJIYqHBUHX MHOrOripO¢HjuBHylO OUeHKy.
27
HHTerpHpoBaHHaa 3aUgTa pacTeHuAii
HanpHlMep, B HCKOTOpbIX BbICOK03aTpaTHbIX CH4CTeMaX npOBeLeHHe Mep, HCHocpeACTBeHHO HarlpaB3IeHHLIx Ha coKpaiueHHe fpHMCeHeHJ5 rHeCTHUHaOB qepe3 MexaHH3MU UeHoo6pa3OBaHa HmH BCTaBKa
4.1
HIHTerpHpoBaHHaA 3aaL4Ta paCTCHHI
B 4HHgoHe3HH
3apaxeHbI
B Haqanie 80-x rPAOB o6mHpHbie nfloHaOIu BO3felAblBaHHH pica B 14H1OHe3Hri 6Eur 3KOHoMH'ecKHti nopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH lugens). (Nilaparvata KOpH1'HeBOI4 6aOmKoi HeBO3MO)KHOCTH
npHMeHeHHH1 aKTHBHbIX Mep 3aMIITbl, HeCMOTpS
HccneAOBaTenbCKHH
HHCTHTyT
pica
?IOCTOSHHO
3aHHMaJICS
UCCTHHIHbl HHTeHCHBHO HcnOJTb3OBaJIHCb 4bepMepaMH. B 1986 r. yKa3OM npe3HIAeHTa H npH noatepxKee (DAO/2 14-HoHe3HH
HO
nOKa3aIiH,' ITO
BHJApeHHI10
143P.
Pe3y.IbTaTm
Ha
MexQyHapOAHblfl
'ITO
yCTOiPiHBbIX
BbLBeaeflHeM
6bma npOBO3rJIameHa
ripOBCeeHHbMX
riocnTe
HHceKTHUHAbl, He OKa3aB CyeCCTBeHHOrO Bo3geRCTBHS
pa3pyUIHnIn ronyflJIHH eCTeCTBeHHbLIX 3HTOMoI4aroB H
TO,
rOBOpHJ
9TOrO
COpTOB,
HaULHOHaJLbHa5 HayHbLIX
o
HayqHOH
flOJIHTHKa
HccJIeXOBBaHHH
Ha nOBbiieHNHe ypoxaHHOcTH pHca,
JaeCTa6HJnH3HpOBaJIH
CHCTeMy
IpOH3BOACTBa pHca.
MHorwe HHCCKTHUIHXbI 6bInH 3anpeIIeHbl, cy6CHJIpOBaHHe coKpaueHO HuH OTMeHeHO, 6bnoI npOBse)eHO yKpenIeHne CHCTCMbl 3aIHTbl paCTeHHr4 H CB$I3aHHbIX C 3THM HayqHO-HCCeiezoBaTeJIbcKHx H yMe6HbIX HHCTHTyTOB. Ha'ianocb ocyIUeCTBJIeHHe nporpamm o6y'eHI4Ha no lpuHMCHeHHlO 143P. K cepegHHe 1992 r. HaCeKOMbiX, 3000 npomuinH riofrOTOBKy 1000 crieuHhaIHCTOB no Ha6nhoaeHHIo H yqeTy nOnyYHqUI4H o6y4eHHe rio flpOlmITH CneuHaHIHCTOB no pacnpoCTpaHeHHIo 3HaHHf, H He MeHee 150 TbiC. q3epMepOB BparoB, a H e CeCTecTBeHHbIX 6IOIIKu pacTHTehibHoi BOnpocaM Ha6nioAeHn5 H noHHMaHMH 3KOJIOrHH BpeAoHOCHoCTH. 3KOHOMHmeCKOA H BpeaOHOCHOCTH nopora npaBHeri 3JIeMeHTapHbIx TaKKe co6unEOeHHl 3a nepHoa C 1987 -90 rr. o6ieM IHCIOJIb3OBaHHi neC1CTHIH4AOB COKpaTHJIC5 Ha 50%, a ypoxcaiiHocTb BbIpOcIa Ha 15%. 3a ce30H aOlOJIIHHTe3bHbC 'IHCTb`Ie aOXOabi cocTaBnuiu 18 aonn. CIlA Ha OgHoro cpepMepa, ripoiuegiero iIOArOTOBKY no H3P; npm STOM 3aTpaTbl Ha o6y'IeHHe B cpeJHeM COCTaBHJIH Bcero 4 goni.
CGIA
Ha OaHOrO cbepMepa. $eaepanbHoe npaBHTeJIbCTBo C9KOHOMH4IO 120 MH.nHo0n. CLIA 3a roa (85%) HaripaBHJIO 3TH cpeACTBa ua gajibHeUnIHe cy6cHAHpOBaHHR nIeCTHUHJIOB H
B pe3ynbTaTe COKpaIeHHf
143P. B 1993 r.ripaBHTenfbCTBO ZOJIJI. CLUA Ha peanl3auHHO npoeKTa no
HHHuHaTHBbI nO MuIH.
4H-aoHe3HH, BCeMHpHbl 6aHK H BHCapeHHIO H paCIpOcTpaHeHHIO
AMP CIUA BbaeJIHJIH 53 143P B MaCMTa6aX Bcea
CTpaHbI.
rIpoeCKT MaCTO IIPHBOQIHTC5 B KaYeCTBe nI01IOxcHTenbHorO ripHMepa, HO B 14HAHH 14HHoHe3nHicKH opouiaema5i SKOCHCTeMa BO3AeJbIBaHHR pHca BroJIHe npHcnoco6uieHa K eCTCcTBeHHbIM MeTOgaM 6opB6bl c BpeJJHTeJSiMH. KoMnieKcHbie noIaxoJIbI H3P B JpyIHX IlpOH3BOACTBeHHbIX H 3KOJIOrH'eCKHX CHCTeMax, nOaXOaOB. OnHaKO, IHOMHMO 60pb6bl C BeposTHo, nOTpe6yIOT 60oee fIOJIHOfi HHCbopMaLHH4 H JaPYFHX tepMepoB H CTaHi4HI, o6yIeHme yMe6Hbie BpegHTeJlSMH, IiOJIO)KHTefIbHOe 3HaMeHHe HMelOT roleBble KOHXieniLH5 nepenaaY oTBeTcTBeHHocTH.
Icmo[iHuK: Kenmore, 1991; aaHHbUe BceMH-pHoro 6aHKa. MoKeT paccmaTPHBaTbCA KaK CejHHCTBeHHo Ba)HbIr cnoco6 BO3aeeACTBRS Ha KaK rocyaapCTBeHHbIe, TaK H qaCTHMe H BHeapeH4e H3P. TeOpeTHweCIC rIpewIaraeMyIo HMH OTKOppCKTHpOBaTb goJKHbI ycuiyr CeJIICKOXO3f4CTBeHHBIX rIOCTaBULHKH HHcDopMagHIo H TeXHoJIorHH B COOTBeTCTBHe cO ciipocoM ckepMepOB Ha ajBTepHaTHBHwe MeTOabI. MHOOMHCJIeHHbie HeCOBepiIeHCTBa pLIHKa, TexHHqcCKHe H HHcjopMaUHOHHbiC Ha rpaKcrKe 143P. H103TOMY Heo6xogHMo pacnpocTpaHeHHs TeMIi MoryT 3aMe,ZJIHTb orpaHHiqeHHs3 pacripocTpaHeHHH HCCJieAoBaHHSIX, Ha HayqHbIx YCHJIHA cocpegOTOqHTb OAHoBpeMeHHO
perynIHpOBaHSX,
BbI6Op TeXHOJLorHlH
CeJIbCKOXO3SH{CTBeHHLIX 3HaHHH H o6yqeHHH.
rOMOmLH 4epMepaM B CornacOBaHHbie MeporipHATHR, HarlpaBJIeHHbie Ha OKa3aHHCe 13P C HCIOAL30BaHHeM HpHKIiZaHEIX rIOJeBMIX HCCJIegOBaHHA, AeMOHCTpaI.RXH HOBbDa MOryT CTaTh MOI4HbIM H 344eKTHBHbIM CpeACTBOM n7o0aepXK TeXHOJIOrHii H o6yqewHH rIPOBOIHMMIX 3KOHOMHqeCKHx H peryTYHpyYoWHx Mep. TaKOll floAxoJ onpaBAnji ce6A B opowaembx CHCTeMax rIpOH3BOACTBa pHca B HisoHe3HH H HCKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX A3HH/ 3. XOTS]HHTeHCHBHbIe nepexoge K
28
CTpaTerwH
BHeapeHHA
143P
MepbI 11o 6y6eHH1O 4)epMepOB HOBbIM TCXHojOorHAM MoryT 6bITb oporoCTOsAMH, 1OABjMeTCI BCe 6o0iine CBHaeTeJIbCTB B IIOJII3y HX BbICOKOIH 3KOHOMHIYeCKOi OTRaqH. (Pincus, 1994 r.) BCTaBKa 4.2
IlpaKTHKa
npHMeHeHHS
MHTerpHpOBaHHOH
3alUHTbI paCTeHHu Ha Ky6e
Ky6a B3aYIa Kypc Ha COKpaLeHHe 3aBHCHMOCTH ceimcKoro XO3.qHCTBa OT lIpHMeHeHHq XHMHKaToB B HaYianie 1982 rory Kypc Ha BHeJpeHHe 13P. KpaeyroJIbHblM KaMHeM 3TorO Kypca CTaiia pa3pa6oTKa MeTOgOB 6HonorHIecKoAi 3aMHTbI paCTeHH9, YTO fnpHBeJIO K pa3BepTbIBaHHIO KaMinaHHH no 3aMeHe neCCTHUHZOB Ha 6HIonorHMecKHe areHTbI II 143P. Pe3y.nbTaToM CTaJIo pe3KOe COKpameHHe HcnoJIb3oBaHIS neCTHLIHZoB, oAHaKO HeCMOTP,q Ha 3TO, B 1991 roly Ky6a HMnopTHpoBaiia rieCTHUMZOB Ha 80 MjiH. Aojin. CIlA. KaMriaHHfl BHOBb pa3BepHyaCb rIocne pa3Baaia CCCP H npHBenia K )aJIbHeguIleMy coKpaueHIno IMmiOpTa IICCTHJH2OB (¢ao 30 ,aoxi. CILIA). Fo oUeHKam MeTOabI 6HoJiorHMecKofi 3amHTbI ripHMeH5JHCb Ha 56% B03aeabIBaeMbiX niomaAeri. BonbluHM JaOCTOHHCTBOM ocymeCTB2qeMOHi Ha Ky6e nporpammbi 60pb6bi C BpeAHTenJIMH SIBjjqeTCg HajIWIHHe 218
80-x,
rIpHHAB B
MJIH.
1jeHTpOB BOCnpOH3BOaCTBa
3HTOMObarOB
H 3HTOMonaTOreHOB,
rde aeUeHTpanH30BaHo
BCeeTC5
HPOH3BOACTBO
6HoareHToB. foJ1ocnoTeJbHbIe PC3yJIbTaTbI npOBUHMOIi Ha Ky6e ripOfpaMMbI o61bslcHqnIoTc KaHHTaJiOBjoxceHHlMH B iloacKHe pecypCbI B 80-x rozax H CHJIbHO9 rioNaepxmKOHi Co CTOPOHbI MOnogibIX y'eCHbIx, KPHTHKOBaBmHX 3aBHCHMOCTb CeJIbCKoro X035iqICTBa Ha Ky6e OT 3apy6e)KHbiX CcpeZICTB Ce.IbCKoX03sliCTBeHHoro npOH3BOACTBa m HaHocHMbl4 HMH ymep6 oKpyxaioL.ei cpexe. OCTaeTcq OTKPbITbIM BOrIpOC, BbIDHBeT i aJbTepHaTHBHa5 Mm0oaJIb pa3BHT4Iq CeIbCKOrO X035PICTBa B xo0e COBpeMeHHOrO Kpl43Hca.
HcmotjUuK: Rosset H Benjamin,
1994 r.
B ciiyae I1porpaMMi 143P aJUIi opoIuaemoro BmbpalLAHBaHm5I pHca B 14IHoHe3HH aJIBTepHaTHBHbIe MeTOUbI 3URHTMI paCTMHHm 6bJIH pa3pa6OTaHbI H rOTOBEI K BHCepeHHIO H, KPOMe Toro, 3j4eKTHBHO ACUrCTBOBaJ1H c.iyx'-6bI HCCiieCOBaHHi, pacnpocTpaHeHC A 3HaHHi H o6yqeHHA. O,aHOBpeMeHHO POCT 3aTpaT B qaCTHOM ceKTope Ha 6opb6y c Bpea4HTCJ1AM4 o6ecrietIm yBeIiHqeHRe qHcJia HpOH3BogHTeYIei4, xKceJa0oLIHx HcrlCITaTb aJIbTepHaTHBHwe MeTOabI. nOKa aHajiOrHqHbIX pC3yJIbTaTOB He 40CTHrHyTO 1pH rPOH3BOXCTBeHHbIX CHCTeMaX, KOTOpbIe MeHee HHTCHCHBHbI H MeHee OpHeHTHPOBaHbI Ha pbIHOK. 14 LaeACTBHTeJIbHO, CTpaHbI CTaB5IT nepeg co6oi cioXKHylo 3aga'qy riepexoZa OT OTHOCHTeJlbHO H143K03aTpaTHMIX TpaaIHUHoHHbIX CejlTCKOX035Lq'ICTBeHHbIX CHCTeM K 6o0iee HHTeHCIIBHbIM TexHoIor5mIM 6e3 H36BITOqHOfi 3aBHCH1MOCTH OT rIeCTHJfH,OB.
XOTS: MepbI nIo o6eCdneqeHHno HCHCKaxKeHHbIX 1eH Ha TeXHO3IrMHH 6opb6bI C BpezHTeCISIMH nlpo,AoJILKaIOT HlrpaTb Ba)KHyiO poJib, Cepbe3HIM CcAepK aBaiOLHM 4)aKTopOM Ha IIyTH BHeXapCHH5I 143P, Bepo5ITHO, CTaHeT HaJIWHqe 3cleKT1sHbIx H KOHKypeHTHEix aIibTepHaTHBHIIX (HexIHMH'eCKHx) MeTOaOB. HanpHMep, npogoaxaeT ouwaTbC31 ge4HUHT MaI03aTpaTHLIX TexHIonorHii H3P aJiA MHOrOOTpaCJIeBbIX c)epMepcKiHx CHCTeM, KOTopble MOrJIH 6bI HpHMCH51TC5A Ha 6o0Jbllei qaCTH Cy6-Caxapbl B A4pHKe (Kiss H Meerman, 1991r.). rlpH OTCYTCTBHH W3HCCIIOCo6HbIX aSJbTepHaTHB no6bie MepbI, BbI3bIBI0HC TIOBbIUeHHe 3aTpaT Ha neCTHUHabI, MOryT paCulHHBaTbCq KaK HeoripaBaaHHoe JIHMHTHpOBaHHC pOCTa rlpo0yKTHBHOCTH CeJrbCKoro XO33licTBa H 6narococTosHHA HaceCieHHA,
rHPH 3TOM B 3HaqHTeJIbHOij CTenieH He ooLteHHBaIOTCA go3IroCpO'IHbIe COUHJLxlbHbIe BbIrolbI KaK CO CTOpOHMI rHpOH3BOIHTeJIeA, TaK H rOCygapCTBeHHbIx JIHIL, I1PHHHMaiwiU x nOJ1HTHW:ecKHe peuIeHI43. Hap3gy C yJIyqIlleHleM ceJAbCKOXo3AjiCTBeHHoR HHclpacTpyKTypbI H cnyx6 Ba)KHO HaiipaBJIqTb 3Haq}ITeJIbHbIe HHBeCTHL4HH B HOBbIe H3MICKaHlHS H pa3pa6OTKy ipaKTHmecKKux MeTOaOB 143P. 3Ta 3aJaaa npe,ycmaTpHBaeT o6eCneIHTb 1oCTOSHHLIIi AOCTYII cbepMepoB K MeTogaM 3alIIHTbI paCTeHHi4 OT BpeaHTeJieVf C MHHHMaJIbHLIM HpHMeHeHHeM reCTHUHLLOB rlo mepe CTaHOBJICHDI4 HOBOA CHCTeMbI X03L11CTBOBaHHIs. OCHOBHbIM KPHTepHeM npH onpe,reJeeHHN
r1PHOpHTeTHOCTH
TeXHOjiOrHii H 3HaHH-i
HayIHbIX
H3MICKaHHii
H
,gXe5TeJlbHoCTH
CJIY)KI4T CIIPOC t3epMepOB Ha HOBbIC TCXHOJIOrHI.
29
no
pacripocTpaHeHHlO
14HTerpHpOBaHHasi 3augTa pacTeHHif
HI3P 11pHOPHTeTHbIX HaIIpaBjieHHi4 BHeapeHH5 CHCTeMbI, 6ITb AHHaMH,HbIM H 3BO umOUt10 MeTOAOB 60pL6bI C Bpe,HTejiAMH, KOTOpbIe Hepa3pLIBHO CB53aHM C YqHTIIBaTb XHTeHCHc4HKaIJHeA H aHHBepCHdHKa]iHeiA cenbcKoro xO3qlAtCTBa. 1TO6mI o6ecIetIQlT Heo6xogHMoe 5ACHo,
aHanJH3
qTO
nOTpe6HocTeiA
H
goJI)KeH ripegyCMaTpHBaTb KOHKpeTH>Ie npOH3BOACTBeHH>ie
paBHOBCcHe aKTHBHIX 3KOHoMH'ecKKHX, HOpMaTHBHI1X H TeXHHTieCKX Mep, cJie,yeT POJIb gpyrHX HHCTpyMeHTOB
OTHOcHTejibHyio
YEIHTUIBaTh
c
H CBA3aHHbie
riOjiHTHKH
ce3TbCKOXO3HfiCTBeHHOi
HHMH H39Cep)KK.
Mepbl 3KOHOMHmeCKorO H rOCyaapCTBeHHoro pery3RpoBaHHs nyTHlpeajIH3agHH 3KOHOMHWeCKOH H PerYJI5THBHORi IIOJIHTHKH nO 11o,agep)KKe BHeapeHHqI 13P Bo3HHKaeT psW cy3ieCTBseHHwx rlperpag. Bo
MHorIx
pa33BHB1aoWlXCS4
cTpaHaX
Ha
0630pT,I 1lOKa3bIBaIOT, qTO B gBaaUaTH ruT1 IIpOeIeHTaX pa3BHBaTOUIMXCq CTpaH a B BOCLMHAeC51TH npOueHTax OTCYTCTBYJOT pecypcm AIm H BbiIO3nHCeHHS TaKOrO 3aKOHoaTenIICTBa (QDAO, 1993 r.). TaKoe no3iosexHHe
rpOBe,zeHHbIe
3aKoHoaaTeJIbCTBo,
OTCYTCTByeT
pa3pa6OTKH
oco6eHHo xapaKTcpHo
Aui
AcjpMKaHcKHx cTpaH,
r,e
UeCCTH ITpogxeHTax
B ceMHeeC31TH
OTCYTCTBYIOT 3aKOHbI, KOHTpOJiHpyIOLuHe 11pHMCHeHHe HIeCTHllH,OB ((DAO, H cTporaS
TaKas1 CHTyalUsI o6IsIcHsIeTcz pagom cbaKTopOB. KoMmITeKCHaS 3aKOHOB,
C
H
HH4)paCTpyKTypbi 1OJIHT4KOR c6opbI
H HHcbOpMauHH
143P, 3a
3aHHMaiowHXc.1
CPCaCTB
OaHOBpeMeHHO
a HMeHHO, COKpaLLIeHHe cy6cHZHpoBaHHsi,
percTpaLuro
rieCTHLUIOB,
HaH6ojiee
HpOH3BOZCTBOM H TOprOBjeie
TOBapHMIM HpOR3BOACTBOM CeJThXO3KY3TbTyp
C
ae4H9lHTOM CBq3aHHble
acTIeKIbi,
Pa3pa6oTaTb
XOpOIlO
CKa3WBalOTcCS
Ha
1 Ha ()epMepax,
neCTHUgfLaMH,
CTpyKTypaX,
3aHHMaioulHXC5
60JAMUOe KOJIH'eCTBO neCTHgHAOB.
H TlpHMeHSflO1JX
opraHH3oBaHHYIO
C
Ha3Ioroo63ioJKeHHe, jIHueH3HPOBaHHe
T5LDe(Jo
pHHHMaSI BO qBJLISOTC31 MOIIHOi' CHJIOii. rpyInmI 9TH 3aHHTepecoBaHHi rlepe'lHcjieHHbIe C,cpbBaioie taKropbi, Heo6xoa4Mo 1npOBeCTH cneAyoWHe MepT,I: *
Io
rporpammamH
CBq3aHbI
4)HHaHCOBbIe
r.).
CHCTeMa perHcTpaLrnH,
OKa3bIBaeTc51 6o0nee AoporocTo3uieir4 3aTpaTmI
pe3yJIbTaTaMH.
CB13H.
cAyraeB
Tobin, 1994
r.,
rOCyapCTBeHHIMMH
KpaTKOCpOqHbIMmH
anJbTepHaTHBHbIMH HCiOCpeACTBeHHbIMM
Ol.YTlTHMbIMMH
H
KOHTpOJI5
HOpM, o6yqeHHL,
CpaBHCHHIO
1993
CHCTeMy
pery3IHpoBaHHA
BHHMaHHe
C
HH3KH{MH
(HaripHMep, B npouxecce perHcTpauHH MO)KHO a,aMHHHCTpaTHBHbIMH 3aTpaTaMx flOJIb3OBaTbC5I aaHHb,IMH 4pyrHx CTpaH, HMeioiIHx aHaJIOrlHMHbIe HI4H 6o0nee BlICoKHe CTaH,apThl).
*
YqpexgeHHl,
3aHHMaiouHecS1
pean3auRHei
AO31)KHbI HMeTB AOCTaToxiHbIe HOJIHOMOt{qH
3KOHOMHIecKHx
H1 peryJIHpy1o01Jx
Mep,
no HX <(rIpOTaAKHBaHHio>> Yepe3 pa3j11HLIC
HHCTaHUHH. *
H13bMCKaTb
riyTH
MepOnpHIHTHiI *
1OKpbITHI
pacxO,OB,
CB13aHHbIx
C rpaKTHxileCKHM
BbI11OJ1HeHHeM
(HanpHMep, 3a C'-eT B3HMaHH31 1ImaTbI 3a perHcTpaRiHo).
CoqeTaTb rpoBeAeHHe nOJIHTHKH c o6iuecTBeHHoi
HH4)OpMa1uHerei
H
pa3J>ICHeHHeM
ee
rIOJ1O)KHTe3IhHDIX pe3yJIbTaTOB. *
CTHMYJIHpOBaTb
JaCHEIR H OTKpbITLIii npoiuecc, B TOM iHcJIe ripoBezeHHe KOHCyJTbTa]9l4
C npeACTaBHTeJISMH rlpOMMbIwieHHOCTH H gpyrHMH 3aHHTepecoBaHHmm iLeJLqx BO3MOx(Horo pa3peiLeHH5I KOH4XTIHKTa HHTepeCOB.
30
rpyralmHM,
B
CrpaTerHsI BCTaBKa
4.3 Heo6xoLWMaR
HHdopMaalHA
ASnpoBeaeNHH
BHezpeiiHA
IOJIHTHKH HHTerpHpoBaHHOii
113P
3auHThl
pacTeHH9:
CenbcKoXo3alicmeeHeHbl( ceKmop u noeceKmop
* *
XapaKrepHcTHKa ce3ruXO3ceKTopa; HIpo6.neMLi H MeTOALi 6opb6gi C BpeaLTTeJI5IfH;
*
HeraTmBHLIe 344eKTLr,
BMI3BaHHLIe TIPHMeHeHHeM HlecTHfUlHL2oB;
]IoAumuKa, OKa3bieaiou4aR6JZUHue Ha 6opb6y c 6pedumeiMu * OrpacieBasI; . PeryjirpyioiasI; * MaKpo3KOHOMH1iecCKas; * 9KoJborwlecKas1 IHTexHoJIorHIecKasl; * HayrHas, o6pa3oBaTeJrbHas1, pacnpocTpaHeHHsl CeJIbXO3. 3HaHHii H TeXHojiorHHf;
CmpyKmypa c.x. npou3eodcm6a *
XapaKTepHcTlHKa
*
XapaicrepHcTHnKa paCTeHHeBOACTBa H )KHBoTHoBoaCTBa;
*
AHaJIH3 3aTpaT-Biroa
X03HifCTB;
ajiLTepHaTHBHEIX MeTOQOB 3alUHTLI pacTeHHIi;
ICMO'iHUK: Agne, Fleisher H Waibel, 1994 r.
IjejleBas1 HaIIpaBjieHHoCTh Hf oripeejrieHi4e ipfopEHTeTHOCTH 3KOHOMHCIeCKHX H PeryJIHPpy1OfHX Mep Tpe6yeT OInpceCJeHHbIX YCJIOBHfI. Bo-repBuIX, BBealeHHC B Uef4CTBHe H ripaKTrHwecKoe ocyIIeCTBJIeHHe rieperEcjieHiix mep Tpe6yeT MHHHMajibHbIX 3aTpaT, eCJIH yxe
CylueCTBYeT BcrIoMoraTejibHaq
HH4bpaCTpyKTypa (HanppHMep, ripOrpaMMbI KOHTpOAA KaIeCTBa,
MOHH4TOP14Hra
H o6y'eHHA 4)epMepOB). B TO xKe BpeMSI rpOH3BOAHTeJIH, ITo Bcef BCepOqTHOCTH, npIHMyT y'IaCTHe B HOBO1R CHCTeMe, Korga BOO'HIHK y6eRSTCS B rlOjiOxCTejibHMIX pe3yjibTaTax Mep, o6ecneqHBaioiui4x OrITHMaiBHme MCTOaLI iipHMeHeHHS iieCTHIU{HOB. Pen,B H,eT O TaKOM npHMepe, KaK TpoH3BOQHTeJIH-3KcnopTepbI, KOTOPbIM H3BecTHO 0 KOHKYPCHU4H Ha me plIHKaX PyHapogHNIx H 0 p14CKe, CB5l3aHHOM C ITOCTaBKaMH HH3KOKaqeCTBeHHbIX HAR He6e3OIrIaCHbix ipOyKTOB. rIo;wepxKa yKa3aHHMIX Mep TaKcKe YKPCITHTCI TaM, rge CyUleCTByeT TecHas CBSI3b MexQKy nPOH3BOaHTTeJIAMH H ioTpe6HTeISiMH (HanpUMep, Ha ceCicKHx pbIHKax) H OcyiLecTBjiAeTCq o6WeCTBeHHbIfl KOHTPOJTb 3a Ka'IeCTBOM H 6e3onaCHOCTmlO flpO,ryKUH4. flpH pa3pa6oTKe uejeBEIX Mep Heo6XoaHMo IIPHHHMaTb B pacueT TeXHHKO9KOHOMHUeCKHe oco6eHHOCTH pa3JIuliHbiX IpOH3BOaCTBeHHMIX CJCTeM. HailpHMep, B HHaOHe3HH 3anpeT Ha p5$A HeCTHU1ULOB, HpHMCHAeMMIX Ha pHce, XBHJIC51 3KOHOMH'IeCKH Ue.ecoo6pa3Hoi4 MepOU, nOCKOJIbKy HayqHO-o6oCHOBaHHbIe CBHizeTeJIBCTBa 4OKa313IBaJI4 3d44eKTrBHOCTB flpOH3Bo,aCTBa. CoKpaTHJIHCb 3aTpaTbI H ypoxKaRHOCTB CTa6MHi3HpOBaAacb. ajjq 3KOHOMH,qecKHx U perynKpYWUXLHx MCP B COOTBCTCTBHe C KOHKpeTHIMMH IIpOH3BOCTBeHHMMH CHCTeMaMH Tpe6yeTcsI TeCHoe B3aHMQOefICTB4e MexCry ceJIbCKOXO3RMCTBeHHbIMH HayqHO-
npllBHBeeHHS
HccieCOBaTenBICKHMH
HHCT1TyTaMR, cAyx6aMH
H0 pacnpocTpaHeHHIO 3HaHHMi H TexHojiorH$i, H
apyrHM4 BCaOMCTBaMH,
Ha4enjeHHIIMH o6si3aHHocTblo npaKTrHecKoro BbIIIOJIHCHHA 3TMX mep Ham pyKOBO,aCTBa 3TOM npOUeCCOM, HalipHMep, "KOMHCCHA no HleCTjuLHMam (wim II3P)" (CM. BCTaBKY
4.4). LjeHTpaAbHoe npaBHTeBJICTBO Heo6I3aTeJIbHO AOJXHO BMIiOJIHSATb peryJIHpYIOUIy1O pO.Im (XOTs rATT
I1PH3HaeT HaUHOHaNJbHbIe CTaHaapTbI). HCHJIIOIb3OBaHHM H KOHTpojieM neCTHUH4OB, MoryT
31
MHorHe
o653aHHoCTH,
6bITB nepeaaHbi Ha
CB53aHHbie
YpOBeHb
C
urraTa M1H
IIHTerpHpoBaHHasI 3anITa paCTeHHfi
rIPOBHHUHH,
BOIIpOC o6 HaCeJICHHS). / 4
npHqeM B HeKOTOpEIX iuTaTax Mo)KeT paCCMaTpHBaTbC5
CTporHx CTaHgapTOB (HanipHMep, uTaTBI C BbICOKOI rLJIOTHOCTbIO
)TeperyJiHpoBaHHe pbIHKa H YCTOk4HBOCTb
BCTaBKa 4.4.
Bpe2HTe.ieH
K neCTHuHAaM B
YCTaHoBKe
KHTae
6o0iee
H 14HAHH
1pOX3BOaCTBa xnonKa B KHTae B nocJieCHi4e HeCKOJIbKO iieT BbI3BaHO TeM, MITO O4HH 143 Bblpa6oTana yCTO0P'14BOCTb KO MHOr1M armigera), COBKa (Heliothis XJIOrIKOBaA H4HceKT149,aaM, H{TO Bbl3BaHjo OrPOMHbIe 3KOHOMHiecKHe rIOTepi4. B HeKOTOpbIX ripOBHHUHqlX B AOJIHHe KbITOA peKH ypoKaIiHOCTb H3-3a BpeZ1Teiiei H 3acyxH yriaiia Ha 50- 60%. B XyHaHe, Xy63fke H flUaHbayHe o6m;ee CHHXeHHe ypoX(AZHOCTH ,jOCTHrjio 30-50%. K TOMY xKe qacToTa XHMH4CCKO1i o6pa6OTKH yBeniHtlHnacb C 8-10 pa3 go 15-25 14 3a KOPOTKoe BpeM5I ueHa Ha pacribIJITenii yfaBoHiiacb, a To H yTpoi4iacb. B HaK6oIee nocTpaaBIHHx OT BpeAHTeiq paMoHax npoH3BOACTBO XJIOnKa cTallo coBepmeHHo HeBbIroAHbIM. CornacHo
H Pe3Koe na,e,Me
rniaBHbIX BpeAHTefie1,
KOHTpojin 3a yCTOfilI4BOCTb1O BpeJu4TejieA K rieCTH141UHaM (IOPRM, MeZyHapoZHO9 opr-aHH3a4 PbIHOK ABJIseTcI HeperyjiHpyeMbIii pe3HCTeHTHOCTH (,OpMHpoBaHH1 CbaKTopOM r.) CaMbIM Ba)KHbIM
oKnia,y
1993
necTHUH,z4oB.
MMeJia MeCTO B 14HZI14. 3faecb epeIYPOBaHie ripHBejiO K yBenI4HTeHHIO qi4CIia Hozo65a1i CHTyaULti4 ieCTHUHNbI, rIpH He3q4eKT14BHoM KOHTPOJIe 3a HC6OJnILMHX KoMriaHIPi, npozaioii14x (cy6c&HapyeMbie) HHKrn cymeCTByeT 60iee 86 TbIC. peKoMeHaaI4i4 AAI (4)epMepOB. B KaH4eCTBoM npOayKTa 1 6e3 BepoRTHO, OqeHb TpyaHO 141H1 reCTH4UHAOB, rocpe,HHx-eCK14X (bHpM. B YCJIOBH4X 6eCKOHTpOJbHoi9 npoAaa)K4 HeBO3MO)KHO peajiH3oBaTb nOJIHTHTKY
13P. (Giliham el al.,1995r).
OpHeHTHPOBKa HayIHUX HccJ1eaOBaHH9, paCnpOCTpaHeHAs 3HaHHR H o6yIeHHs Ha 4fepMepOB MeCTHBIX 0 MCToaaX 3aWTbI, xapaicepHix I3 4aKTop, BaxKHbIH KaK paccmaTp4BaeTCq 3eM1eCeJi, CHCTeM KOHKPCTHbIX H YCJIOBH1H K 1pHMeHATb paBHO Mo0HO nogXoZ TaKOti oripe,aeY1oW1HH ycrIeUIHocTb mep 1o BHeapeHI40 H3P. po0H3BOaCTBsa H ynpaBJIeHH3I pecypcaM4. BHe,zpeHrHe 143P Ha fino6oki TCXHoJor0H yCTORxIHBoro KOHKpeTHMIX rlOj1eBbIX yYaCTKaX Tpe6yeT, YT06bI cjepMCpmI, pa6oTHHKH clyX6 pacrpocTpaHeH YYaCTHe
4)pMeepOB B c6ope HHcbopMagHi
cCJIBCKOXo33IfiCTBeHHbIX
3aWTbI paCTCHHii
3HaHH14
H
TeXHoJIorHH,
oripeaeAeHrie
riopora
TaKXe
TexHHiecKHe
pa6oTHHKH
B
o6AaCTm
o1H XKH3HeHHbii LRlKYI OCHOBHLIX BpeaHTeJeie
ripaKTxxecKH 11oHHMaJm 3KOKor3I0
Hx eCTeCTBeHHbIX BparOB, 1 3TH 3HaHHI3
(HanpliMep, BpeAHTeji5MH.
a
2,JL-KHbI OTpa3HThbC5
BpeaoHOCHOCTH)
H
H
B HHCTpyMeHTaX ripHHSiTHA peflIeHHH
TaKTHKe
IIpaKTHqeCKOi
60pb6bI
C
OTCboga cJieayeT, YTO OCHOBHbIM KoMnoHeHToM jIIo6oi HHUHaTTHBMI 1o BHeApCHHI0 HOBOiH TeXHOJlor4H AIBJi5eTCI o6y'eHHe 4epMepoB, pa6oTHHKoB CJ1yxc6i Ha6.iiogeHHI H y'eTa Bpe,LTeJIeii, ciCIeHaJIHCTOB 11o paciipOCTpaHeHHIO 3HaHHA (CM. BCTaBKY 4.5). TaKOe o6yleHIle AO1KHO OCYUWeCTBJIThC5I Ha MeCTax, 1IOCKOJIbKy OCHOBHaI HH4bopMauHA HOCHT MeCTHMIl xapaKrep H rIyo'lyeHa COBMeCTHO C c4epMepaMH B xoae IIOJIeBIX np4HKJ1a,HbIX HCCjieqoBaHHfi. TaKoro poga 4eueHTpajiH30BaHHLIM
ycnexom oripaBaaI ce6R B p3e
A3HaTCKHX
BCTaBKa 4.5
*
* *
Korga ojieBblIe yqaCTKH CTpaH (ADB, 1993 r.).
1o,aXoZ K o6y'leHHIo,
06yseHHe
CTaHOBITC5
H pacnpocTpaHeHHe 3HaHHf cpeAm
"IKoJI0ii",
C
4)epMepoB
XO3.qriCTBO 14 3KOJWormS BP211HTeISi (HaripMmep, r11y6oKoe nOH14MaHIH1e B3aHMOZeiiCTBI4fl Mex)zy KyJIbTypo9, BpeC1TenieM H oKpyKaioMefi cpeaog). Memoo. B OCHOBHOM, nyTeM pacnpOCTpaHeHH ceJlbXO33HaH141 MO)KHo nepeAaBaTb TeXHoJIorHH, opraHH43oBbIBaTb CeepMepoB 11ripocBeBiiaTb 4X (Heo6xogiiMo OTJIWaTb OT o6yIeH14R). Heo6xoauMas noa&dCpKa pacnpocmpaHeHUq 3HaHUU. CnegyeT npeo6pa3oBaTb npocTyIo nepeAa'y epMepoM H nOMO'ib 4pepmepam opraHH3OBaTbC5I. TeXHoJIorFHi s npocBeieHH
IpeaMem.
32
CTpaTerI BHeapeHHSI
H3P
YCIleulrHyiO p0Ib B HmHHi4aTHBHbIX MCporipHTH5X cbirpaJIH IIH3OTHbiC rpOeKTbi, CJIYKHBLUIe nJiaTc4OpMOi4 jis ,gaMoHCTpa1iHH H npoB1pIB MpeTo0oB 143P go iiX ulHpOKOMacduTa6Horo pacnpocTpaHeHRAs H o6y'eHI4 cjepMepoB. TaKoe o6yqeHHe AOJI)KHo nroKperUsTbCs peryJlLlpHOIR RHHOpMauHek, nioCTyrIaiolUeR OT pa6oTHHKOB cyx6ui y'eTa BpegHTeJIeii H 4cepMepoB K
a0JIKH0CTHbIM
JiiHIaM,
TIPHHHMaOi1iHM
o6pa3OBaTeJlbHO-, H HayKoeMKJiM.
pelueHHA,
H
rIOTOMY CIHTaeTCS
HH()opMaLtHOHHO-,
fHHiopMauHA Mo)KeT nepeAa3aTbca exegHeBHo (HanpHMep, B
CBoaKe norogiu) HIiH exeHeaenbHo (no pagHo, TeJIeBs,eHHIO, qepe3 ra3eTbl). BHeqpeHHe 143P He rIoJiyqaeT urHpOKOR noAAepxKcH, ecIiH npH nepe,aqe TeXHOJIOrmH HciOJIb3yeTCI riOgxOg Cr1yCKaHH5 HHHInHaTHBbI CBepXy. AIiTepHaTHBHaq MOaCeJb, KOTOpa5, HailpHMep, HCIInOjb3yCTCS B HHgOHe3HH, HOCHT Ha3BaHH4e
"LaganTHBHOfi
HJH npHmazHoA"
oTpa6oTaHHb>x TexHojiorMHf
H o6iuxx peKOMeH,AagIIH
B03MOJHOCTH
4jepMepoB,
o6yqeHHI
a,ganTHpoBaTm TexHoJIorHH pa3pa6oTKe
CBl3ek
nepegaalH
iaKeTOB
B 3TOR MOaejiH rOCTaBjIeHa 3aAa'a yBCeH4fqHTb HCIonJTb3OBaTL HX OnbIT H nO Heo6XOAHMoCTH
(Roling
HIHBeCTHjRJOHHbIX
HaJIa)KI{BaHHH
inrpe
4.6). BMeCTO
(CM. BCTaBKy
iHvan de Fliert, 1994 r.). Bce 3Tlt caKTopbI yqHTMIBaiOTCS rIpH CXCM H HHCTHTY9I1OHaJlHbIX CTpyKTyp, B IIoarOTOBKe KaapOB,
MexKgy
HayqHbIMMH
HCCJIeOBaHHAMH
H
pacepocTpaHeHIem
X03IHCTBeHHbIX 3HaHHr, BKJHIOqaI CBq3H C ueHTpaMH KoHCyjbTaTHBHofi Me)KyHap OQHbIM CeJILCKOX03SII'iCTBeHHbIM HCCJIieCOBaHJœM (CGIAR) MeKgyHapOZlHbIMH HayqHbIMH rpynriaMH.
ceZbCKO-
rpynribi
H
no
ApyrHMH
HpaBHTeJIbCTBO MO)KCT OKa3aTb COzgeiCTBme B C03aaHHH 6iaronpH]ITHbIx yCJIOBHIri aJS HHHIJHaTHB H aKTHBH3HpOBaTb yqaCTHe BCeX 3aMHTepecoBaHHBrX CTOpOH, KaK OTMeqaeTC5I B 4HHcbopMauHoHHOM crIpaBoqHHKC O po0iiH BceMHpHoro 6aHKa>> (1996b), HanpHMep, nyTeM geCIerHPOBaHH51 agMH4HHcTpaTHBHbIx H 4)HHaHCOBIXIX nOjIHOMoqHj no BHeapeHHIO 13P perHOHaJlbHbIM CTpyKTypaM Ha OCHOBe MeXaHH3Ma ripe,oCTaBJICHHA CrielIaJIbHbIX ipaHTOB gJH CTHMyJIHpOBaHHIA yEaCTHSI H14HHaHCOBoR norggepxcK CO CTOpOHbI 4epMepcKHX o6be;gHHeHHr4 H ,geeHTPaJH3aujM
HCripaBHTeJIbCTBeHHMIX opraHH3aLtRiA.
BCTaBKa
*
BHegpeHHe 113P
*
OCHOBHbIM BOnPOCOM o6yqeHiS npH4 BHeZpeHHH
4.6 OnLIT HIHA0He3aH
HeJIb3S cpaBHHTb C nepeaaqeCi TeXHojiorHi4 OT 3KcriepTa K He 3KCriepTy: 3IeCb Heo6xoXU4Mo aKTHBH3HPOBaTb npoUecc o6y"eHM51.
H3P zRu 3aw1HTbI pica OT
BpeLHTeJiei4 I 6onie3HeA
BnJIeTcsJ
rIOH1IMaHme 3KOJIOrHI4 pHCOBOrO nofI. *
O6yqeHHe MHCTPYKTOPOB no
1H3P
Tpe6yeT npoitecca nO3HaHH51 I Harip5Myio CBI3aHO C rOBCeeHeBHOfi npaKT14KOfi
c epMepcTBa. *
Pa6OTHHKH cjiy)K6 pacnpocTpaHeHHq ceCJIbCKOXO3sCTBeHHbUx 3HaHHIr HeH36eCKHO
o6yteHHIH *
|
$DepMepbI - i-iaH4lyqwHe KaHUH4aTbl AanIg UarOTOBKH HHCTPYKTOPOB no
Hc m o
'
IPlHHHMmaOT yIaCTme B
H13P. ii U K::van de Fliert, Roling, 1995
M3P.
r.
fpHMeqaHUH:
FrocyaapCTBCHHOMy KYPCY MO)KeT npeziuecTBoBaTb pa3pa6oTKa perHOHaJIbHO9 nOJIHTHKI4. HanpHMep, pa3pa6oTKa 3aKOHoZaTeCJbCTBa B KajrnbopHHHH
2.
npeauIecTBoBaia pa3pa6oTKe
nOI1THKH. OezepaJibHoA
14HHHiHaTI4BaM B HHaIOHe3HH H Zpyr4x CTpaHax qaCTHqHO OKa3aHa no4ZepXKa CO CTOpOHbI"MexroCyAapCTBeHHOf pa3pa6oTKM H npHMeHeHi-i 143P Ha KYfIbType pHca B IOACHOii H lOro- BOCTOsHOfi A3H",
nporpaMMbi
Koop,aHH1pyeMoi9 cDAO, CM. Kenmore(1991 r.) 3.
KaK npaBHJIO, BHeapefHHe 143P J4qeKT1BHO B
rapaHTHPOBaHHbIX oponaeMbIx cHCTeMax 3eMjieAejiHs, KorAa HPPHr1AHOHHOf BOXOM yHOCHTCR MHO)KeCTBO BpCAOHOCHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB (wni H3o6JiHme OCaZKOB CJIY)KHT HCTOWHHKOM opomeHHIu), qero HeJIb3Jq CKa3aTb 0 6orapHOM 3eMflezeiuiH. 4. B 6oJbmHHcTBe cJIyqaeB ieHTpa.jbHbIe CTpyKTypbl HMeloT aenIocperHcTpauHeH, a MeCTHbIe BAaCTH C BOipocaMH, HarpMmep, npH BbIpaMHBaHBHl
pHca riazLAH,
KOTOpbIe MO)KHO peaTb HJIH KoHTpOJIHpoBaTb Ha MeCTHOM ypoBHe, HanpiMep, Tpe6OBaHHe K xpaHeHH1O H TpaHCnOpTHpOBKe, MeTORbl npHMeHeH4a neCTIUH4IoB H Mepbl 6e3onacHocTH gniq pa6OTHHKoB.
33
14HTerplIpOBaHHaa 3auxHTa paCTeHHi
5. IOpTejmb iipoeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa,
HHCTpyMeHTbl
H BapHaHTbl HOJIHTHKH
nI03HRIX3
BceMHpHoro 6aHKa B OTHOIIeHHH 3a}U.HTbI paCTeHHAiL C4OpMHp0BaiaCb Ha CMCIOqHTeJILBHo Ha XHMXIecKY]O 6opB6y c OCHOBe OrIITa BMIIOJIHCHH$L rlporpaMM, rIonaraBUIxcsC H 3KoJIorHweCKoAi 3HaxiMoCTH 3KOHoMHiqeCKoR I1PH3HaHHA Br[Oc11eCCTBHH H Bpe9HTeJiSMH, HeXHMH'qCCKHX MCTOaOB H TeXHOJOorH HHTerpHpOBaHHOl 3aHTI paCTeHHi (H3P). B 1982 r.
ripe3HgeHT BceMHpHoro 6aHKa A.B. 6aHK
6yaeT
He
d HHaHCHpOBaTb
6e3onacHoCTB HaCeJIeHHI4,
4JIH
K1Io3eH 3aaBHJ, qTO pyKOBOACTByqCb inpOBORHMbIM HM KypCOM, Ha 3,opOBBe HJIH BO3,aeACTByIO1I.He cepbe3HO npOeKTb,
HaHoCSmJH yiuep6 H BBM3LIBa1OIUHe HeO6paTHMbIe IiOCjeL4CTBHS
(HIlpO)
AJI51
oKpyxaioweii cpeabI. B 1984 r. ABCCTH HeripaBHTeIJCTBeHH,IX opraHH3agHi4 0 IoPHHATHI4 mep no YCTpaHeHH1O 3JI0ynoTpe6JieHHI'4 neCTUHgHaMH, KOTOpb>Ie BaHKy c neTTH14eH HMeiiH MeCTO IPH oCYUeCTBJIeHHH ipoeKTOB, CFHHaHCHpyeMbX BaHKOM. B TOM )Ke rogy ocjH1iiHajIbHaafnOYIHTHKa BaHKa B 3TOH o6JiacTH RIoJIy-HJIa oTpa)KeHHe B p31ge gOKyMeHTOB no BOnTpocaM oxpaHMi oKpyxaloweii cpezIbi, COCTaBJIeHHbIx no o6pa3uy 3aKOHoaTebCTBa CLUA. B o6paTAIH4cb K
1985 r.
BaHK BMIITYCTHJI PYKOBORCTBO no BmI6opy H I1PHMeHeHHio ITCTH1HAOB B 4)HHaHCHpyeMbx BaHKOM IpOeKTaX H HX 3aKyflKe" C H3MeHeHH5MH OT 1993 r. (World Bank, 1993b). B pyKOBOaCTBC OTMeqaeTCSI, qTO HCKJlHOqHTeJIbHOe iTpHMeHeHHe MCTOaOB xHMH'qeCKOit 3aLUHTbi paCTCHHi HaHOCHT IlOTeHuHajBHbIfI Bpea 30pOBb O JIiogeii H oKpyxaiolUei cpege H He HpHBOAHT K YCTOAIHBOCTH H YTO 1C.e1i TaloKe nogepKBaeTCI, pCHTa6eJTI,HoCT4 CCJII,CKOX035IiCTBeHHoro npo13BQflCTBa. BHegpeHHe npegycMaTpHBaeT Xo3ai4CTBa cenBCKoro pa3BHTHIO no BaHKOBCKOfi cTpaTerHH B gonojiHeHRe K BBIluCyKa3aHHOMY pyKOBOgCTBy 6buuH HHTerpHpOBaHHOi' 3aLJHTbI paCTeHH4. BbIIrUyeHbI aBe TCXHWIecKHe rOICHHTce,Hbie 3arIHCKM B rOMOlUb pyKOBOAHTeCi5iM npOeKToB: "CIHCOK
lieCTIUH.fOB,
He
pCKOMeHayeMCIX
K
HcnoEii>3oBaHHIo
PeKOMeHAYeMLIX K orpaHHqeHHOMy HCnoJIb3oBaHHIO" ogeHKe r1pOeKTOB H Ha,3o0 3a TipoCKTaMH, CB53aHHbIX
B
CeJIECKOM
(1985 r.) H "PYKOBOACTBO C IWCTHignaMH H
XO3aClCTBe,
HJH
110 3KcIIepTHofI
6opb6oR C BpeAHTehIMH"
(1987 r.). HOJIHTHKa BceMHpHoro 6aHKa B Bo1poce 6opE6EI C BpeHTeJS[MH H3jaraeTCq B orIepaUHOHHOi4 aHpeKTHBe 1993 r. no 6opE6e C CejuEKoXO3SlACTBeHHbIMH BpeAHTeji5MH (World Bank,1993c), BMeCTO KOTOpOA B mione 1993 r. BbInylueHa <<OnepauHoHHasrnpoueaypa 4.09> (World Bank, 1996a), H BnOCjieqCTBI4H PYKOBO,CTBO no 6opib6e C ceJIBCKOXO3SURCTBeHHbIM4 BpeC.HTeJSMM (World Bank, 1993a). B :3THX AoKyMeHTaX H3P onpeaensIeTcsi KaK npeARnoTHTeJIbHbI>I no0gxO, K 6opb6e C BpeaHTenJIMH B paMKaX onepaUHii BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, o6cyxflaeTcs OT6op npoeKrOB C yqeTOM HX BO3erRCTBHS1 Ha oKpyIKaOLgyio cpeAy, KOTOpoe YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCA B xoge 3KOYIorH'eCKOf4 OUeHKH; H3JIaralOTCS OCHOBHbIe HpHHUHMbi roarOTOBKH rIiaHOB no 6opb6e c BpeaiHTejSIMH; oT6op H ripmnHeHHe ieCTHHalOB B paMKaX onepaURHf' BaHKa. flOMHMO 3Toro, B <<C60pHHKe MaTepHanjOB no oueHKe oKpyxaiowuei cpeam>> (World Bank, 1991) coaepXG4TcA rnaBa o6 HHTerpHpOBaHHOf4
3aiURTe
paCTeHHii
peajiH3aU1IH
OT
BpeIHTeJieii
m
HcnoEJI3oBaHHm
arpOX4MHKaTOB.
TaKOH nIOJIHT4KH HCIIOJIb3Y1OTCI TPH OCHOBHbIX 4HCTPYMeHTa:
34
[JI
npaKTrHeCKorl
rIOpT4ejiib HpOeKTOB
BceMHpHoro 6aHKa
OTpacJIeBie HCcjeICOBaHH51
B opme aHajiora c IIpaBHTJIbCTBOM H cTpaTerHH rfoMouI cTpaHe. BbiejeHHe 3aMmoB HaTipaBJIeHHIx, B OCHOBHOM, Ha noggepXKy 17poeKTOB B o6nacTH ceJIbCKoro xo3AiACTBa H npHpO,aHbIX pecypCoB.
*
* *
BjHiHHHe BcCM1pHoro 6aHKa Ha TeMaTHKY MCCJIeRoBaTeJIbCKO0j
pa6oTbI HaLHoHajibHBIX H
MexzyHapO0aHbIX HHCTHTYTOB. 0630pbI COCTOSHHS 3KOHOMHKI4 KOHKpeTHOf' CTpaHbI H oTpaChICBme J4CCJIeaOBaHH1 iBJIAIOTC5I Ba)KHbiM 3ieMeHTOM r0MooUH BceMHlpHoro 6aHKa 3aeMWHKaM, H nipecCJe1yloT JLeJib "o6ecneqHTb r.ny6oKoe iioHHMaHHC ipo6IieM, IIPHCYUHX 3TaIIy pa3BHTHA (3aeMUxKa), rioTpe6HocTCRi H HCTOqHHKOB BHeCUHero (4HHaHCHpoBaHHA, aHaAITHTjeCKoro MeXaHH3Ma ,USB OiUeHKH CTpaTerlii pa3BHTHH H XeATeCJbHOCTH
JOHOPOB B OKa3aHHH liOMolR" (World
Bank 1989).
KoHKPeTHbie ixeiiH oTpaciieBoro aHajTH3a oiipeeJIAIoTcsC cTpaTerHeil IIOMOIJi CTpaHe, no,aroToBjieHHofa BCeMHpHNiM 6aHKOM, H Hao6opOT, oTpacneBoR aHajiH3 niomoraeT CbOPMYJInPOBaTb CTpaHOBYIO cTpaTerHlo. OaHaKO Hi2eaBHH4i o 6 30p ripH6JIH3HTeJbHo CTa 1ueCTHAeCC5TH HCCJIeaoBaHi4I ceJIbCKOX035lrCTBCHHoro ceKropa IlOKa3am, qTO B HHX peqKO paccmaTpHBaIOTC3 BOrIPOCbI HCHonJT3oBaHHS rCCTH1UHOB./1 XOTA 3TO H HeYZI4BHTejBHO, YIHThIBaq IlHpoKHIR cneKTp npo6riem CeJIbCKOX03%uACTBeHHoro CeKTOpa, CaM 4aKT rOBOpHT 0 MajO1io TLPHOPHTeTHOCTH BOrIpOCOB HCHOJIb3OBaHH5 fieCTH1R4goB. KaK npaBHJIO, noaXoa K npo6.ieMe CBO,HTCS1
K
COCTaBjieHHio
CflHCKa
TuiaTeJIbHoro aHaJIH3a UX Bo3,aeiiCTBHs Cpe,abI. 0 6 30p
IOpT4(eJIsi
Bcex
HCrIOJb3yeMbMX reCTHUWZOB HMH H4uH pHCKa ZnJIA 3LaOpOBbq floTpe6HTenIeii
ygo6peHHii
H
6e3
oKpyXaIoLueA
lpOeKTOB BceMmpHoro 6aHKa
O 6 3op 6a3
aaHHbIx BceMHpHoro 6aHKa noKa3aJI, YTO nOAIL3yICB TaKHM KPHTepHeM fll01CKa, KaK 143P, HeBO3MOXKHO HzeHTI44H1bHpOBaTb HH IIpOeKTbI, HH KOMIIOHeHTbI, CBI3aHHbIe c HHTerpHpOBaHHoii 3aUiHTOiA paCTeHHi4/2. Torga MH,eHTH4HLJHpoBaJIH Bce ripoeKTHbie aOKyMeHTi, B KOTOPbIX co0epXKajiHcb OaHO MRH HCCKOJIBKO KJIioqeBbIX CJIOB HJIH TepMHHOB. 3aTeM 6.uIH IpoaHaJIH3RpoBaHbI oTqeThI 3KCnepTHOJ' oUeHKH 6o0nee 150 ripoeKToB. H3 HHX 95 npoeKroB, no KOTOPbIM npOBoaHJIacB 3KCrIepTHa3I oUeHKa, ro,RroToBJICHHble B nepHog 1988-1995 rr., cogepxKaJlR KOMflOHCHTbI, ripCeyCMaTPHBaIOWHe 3aLLHTy paCTeHHA OT BpeaHTejieR (Ta6A. 5.1). I43 3THX 95 rIpOeKTOB 4I14 KOMIIOHeHTOB B 42 cuy'aAx npegycMaTpHBaiacb 3aKYrIKa rieCTH1U11HoB B ceJIbCKoxo3SIiCTBeHHLIX ue]IAX, a B 48 - cozaepxKaJIcA KOMrIOHeHT 143P. JIHI,I B 22 rnpoeKrax fIIJaHHpOBaJIOCb BHeap4HTb MeTOa 13P, npH 3TOM B paMKax 11 iTpoeKTOB nIpCaycMaTPHBajiOCb KaK cjHHaHCHpOBaHHe 3aKynIKH fIeCTHUtHOB, TaK H BHeapeHHe 143P. B OCHOBHOM, 3aKMbi HiH KpegKTm BblgejiAJIHCcj> glI CeJLbCKOX035liCTBeHHbIX OTpaCJICBbIX HI nogoTpaCJIeBbIX IlpOeKTOB, BK3Io'aSI 4Ba 3aKiMa Ha oTpacieBbie cipyKrypHbie Iipeo6pa3oBaHHS. 5IBHoe HCKJIIoCeHHe COCTaBJIHKH ripoeKTMI, CBSI3aHHbIC C pCKOHcTpyK1J;Heg (1), O3,aOPOBjieHHeM H pea6M14TaLuHef (6), CPOqHbIMH CHTyaLUHIMH (4) H HMnOPTOM KPHTH'ICCKH Heo6XoaHMLIX TOBapOB (1). floqTH nOJIOBHHa npoeKTOB (41) Tpe6oBaJiH ripOBeaCeHHS qaCTH'IHOj4 O1eHKH COCTOsqHHA oKpyXaIoU9e cpeuI (KaTeropHx "B"), a 30 He Hy)KxcgaHCb B 1IPOBeEeHHH o1ieHKH ("KaTeropHsl "C"). 20 npoeKTaM He fplPciBaHBajiac KaTeroplsl BO3eCiACTBHrI Ha oKpy)KaiOuxyio cpegy (CM. pHc. 5.1)/3. CpeqH IlpoeKTOB, B paMKax KOTOPbIX )j4HHaHCHpOBajiacb 3aKynIKa necTHLUHRoB, 20 KJIaccHcuj4LHpOBaiHCb KaK KaTeropSa "B", a 10 KaK KaTeropws "C". HpH6jiH3HTeJibHo 10 ripoeKTaM, noIaroToBjieHHLIM B nepRo, 1988-1989 rr., HC flPHCBsaxaBiaCb KaTeroplH3 BO3,aeACTBH3I Ha oKpy)KaJouyio cpeay.
35
HHTerpHpOBaHHasl
3aigwTa
pacTeHuri
Ta6jnn.a 5.1 KpaTKas cBoaKa npoeKToB/KoMHoHeHTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa no 3anuNTe pacTeHail, 1988 -1995 rr. ro,a
3aKlynKa
HIicno nPOeKTOB
rieCTH-
UHXOB
Mepbl rocyaapCTBeHHOi nIOJIHTHKH
PlccJIeaoBa-
PerHcTpaumI
HZIf H pacnpOCTpaHeHme 3HaHHrl rIo
06pa3oBaHPIC H o6yqeHHe
no BHeape6opb6e C Hle 143P B rFjiaH
BpeAHTeJIRMH
X035ikCTBaX
I3P 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988
0 4 6 9 3 5 7 8
1 4 13 20 15 18 11 13
0 1 2 0 0 0 3 1
1 3 8 5 5 5 3 8
1 1 2 3 1 2 2 1
1 3 6 8 8 10 5 7
1 1 0 3 3 1 2 1
1 3 6 4 2 2 1 3
HCmo0iiUK: aaHHbIe BCeMHpHOrO 6aHKa ripoeKTOB, ipeycmaTpl4Baio4x cHHaHcHpoBaHHe lIecTHLtK,OB, B paMKaX 36 npoeKroB 3aKyTIKa reCTHUHOB rIpoBeaeHa Ha CyMMy 361 MjiH. aojiUi. CIIIA (Ta6ii. 5.2); H3 HHX B 1 npoeKrax Ha 3T1 LIejiH Bb,LeJL5elocb 10 MJIH. ,RoiJI. CIIA, qTO B o6iuef4 cyMMe COCTaBHmO 293 MrIH. B paMKax Tpex KpynHei4urnx ripoeKTOB, yTBCpx,eHHbIX B 1998 r., TaKaa cyMMa gojui. CIlIA. B paMKaX 3THX Tpex ripoeKrOB COCTasBHa 172,5 mIH. ,oviJI. CEIIA. KanHiTajiOBJIoKeHHr -pecjieaOBaJIH cieaylqOUHe Uiei: cnrioLuHoe OIIpbICKHBaHHe paCTeHlH1 KaKaO B KaMepyHe ripOTHB TaKHx 6ojie3Heki KaK "rIecTpal rHHJIb" H "ToqeqHaq rHHJIb" (62,7 MJIH. aOlJi. CIlIA ); 6opb6a c rioaaepzcpca opouluaeMoro CIIA); (59,8 MJIH. ,Oj3I. B Amacpe capaHIOlr4 IIyCTbIHHOR paCTeHKeB0,aCTBa B CyqaHe (50 MJIH. ZoIJI. CIIA). EI3 nmITH npoeKTOB, ogo6peHHbrx nocie 1990 r.,
42
143
,TpR 6bM1H CBq3aHbI C qpe3BbIakHbiMMH CHTyaUiMiH.
z14 KOMnIOHeHTa, 6aHK 4rHHaHCHpOBaJI 22 rpoeKra IZLns cpaBHeHHIS, BCeMi4pHIib Cs13aHHbIX c 143P, Ha o6luyio CyMMy 81 MJIH. zoau. CHIA; npH 3TOM CyMMa BbiaejieHHaS Ha lBa Bcero 5 Mn1H. aonn. CilA (6 1IpoUeHTOB) npoeKra COCTaBHJa 52 MAH. aoiui. CmA./ 4. HH3KHR ypOBeHb aOKa3bIBaS H43P, KOMnOHeHTOB Ha 4)HHaHCMp0BaHHe HCroIJb3OBaJIHCb HanpaB.ISeMbIX Ha 143P. B reorpa4HwecKoM nIiaHe npoeKibi pacnpeae3uIoTca HHBecT14UHRi, LIeC5ITb B BoCTOMHOR A3xH, riHYeM IIOJIOBHHa 143 HIIX B KJTae; ueCTB B o6pa3oM: cjie,ayiou.tM EBporne, CpegHeli A31HH, JlaTHHCKOii AMepHKe, pai4oHe Cy6caxapui B AcjpHKe; H rio jBa B A3nH 1HBeCTUMHH KapH6cKoM perHoHe, Ha BnliKcHeM BocToKe H B CeBepHoif AcpHKe. B lOiHoio oipaHHRHBJIH4Cb HayYHbIMM Hccjie4OBaHH5MH. 06.3aTenIbHoe npoBeaeHme oueHK4 B0o3,aef4cTTMA npoeKra Ha oKpyKCaoujYO cpe,ry BBseeHO corniacHo oriepaUHoHHoR al4peKTHBe 1989 r. (c H3MeHeHH3IMH OT 1991 r.). OaHaKO 3TOT HHCTpyMeHT He Bcerra 3MeKHKT10BHO HCrIOJTb3YCTCI B rioaxoAe K peuieHRio BOnPOCOB 3auI1TbI HaripHMep, IBa npoeKTa, coaep)IaUlHx KOMIIOHCHTbI rio cbHHaHCHPOBaHHIO 3aKyHKH paCTeHHII. necTi4i11,oB Ha 3HaqHTeJlbHYIO CyMMy 84,5 miH. iojm. CIA, coriacHo oijXeHKe Bo3AeRCTBHA Ha oKpyKaiowyio cpeAy roJIyIHJIH KaTeropno
OTHeCeHHbIX
K
"C".
KaTerOpHH "C", OTHOC$TC5
pacnpeIIeJISUOTC5I Ha KaTeropHH
"B" H "C"
CiieAyeT OTMeTHTb,
K nepIo4iy
ao 1991
6onee paBHoMepHo.
36
qTO 6ObLIUnHCTBO npoeKTOB,
roga,
nIocZie
3Toro npoeKrmi
rlopT4ejrnb npoeKrOB BceMHpHoro 6aHnKa PHCYHOK 5.1
PacnpeaeieHHe npoeKTOB no 3KOJIorH'eCKHM KaTerOpUHsM
(1988-95
rr.)
C=32%
|B=43%
I
ID=3 % 121 % 6e3 KaTeropiA
A%
flpuMesanue: BKJIioqaCT 95 ripoeKTOB BceMHipHoro 6aHKa 3a Bpe4HTejI51Mfl. HlcmoiHuKc: AaHHbIc BceMl4pHoro 6aHKa.
Ta6niHua
5.2
(UHaHCHpOBaHHe
1988-1995
rr., co)tepKaIiu4x KOMrIoHeHT rio 6opb6e c
nleCTHUH.OB B paMKaX KOMiiOHeHTOB/npoeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa
(1988 -1995 rr.). 06Wai cyMMa MHBeCTH UMIr
FlpoeKT HJuI KOMrOIHeHT
Bcero CpC,2CTB (MiuH. aojiui. CUIA)
)EDHHaHCHPoBaHi4e
BceMIIpHbIM 6aHKOM
(M.IH.,aOJIJI.
CIIA) > 0-1 MJIH. > 1-2 MJIH. > 2-5 MJIH.
10
> 5-IOMJIH. > 10-20 MAiH. 20 MJIH Bcero:
5.40
He aH.
2 7 6 8 3
3.70 21.37 37.55 120.50 172.50
He aH. He aH.
36
361.02
31.95 86.0 132.8 250.75
He aH.- He aHaOU3Upo6a,7UCb Hcmo[iHuK: zaHHbIe BceMlpHOro 6aHKa I4HCTpyMeHTbl m BapHaHTbl nOJIHTKH
ep)KKH
erppOBaHH
3aIUTbi paCTeHHU
reHepaJIbHa3i cTpaTerHq B o6JiaCTH CCJIbCKOrO X03HIiCTBa JgOJE(Ha IlpCejycMaTPHBaTb c6aJIaHcHpOBaHHOCTb pOCTa npO,yKTrHBHOCTH H npaKKTHKc{ 6opb6bI C BpeAgHTeJISMmH, HalIpaBJIeHHo$i Ha MHHHMaJIbHOe HCIOJIb3oBaHHe XHMHKaTOB H co6JmoeIeHHe npaBHlI 6e3onaCHOCTH IIpH o6pau.leHHH OTKpbITOIi
c
reCTHuIHaMH.
BaiKHyio
pbIHOQHOii 3KOHOMHKH,
pOZb
HrpaeT
HanpHMep,
npoomrDKeHHe
ycTpaHeHHe
riOiHTHKM
LeHOBbDx
cpeACTB CCeJIcCKOXo35iCTBeHHoro rPOH3BOaCTBa YBeJIUUHT rIePCfleKTHBbLI alJ
no
Co3gaHHIo
HCKaxKeHHiH Ha pIHKaX
BHCAPeHHSI 143P. TeM
He MeHee, Heo6xogHMo ripHMHpHTb KpaTKOCpo'HbIe 3aAa'H C aojiroCPO-HMMH geJiAMH, ipHHHHMwi B pacxCT COCTO5IHHe H BO3,e4CTBHe Ha 6a3y flPHPOAHbIX peCypCoB. B KOHeYHOM HTore, BHe1apeHHe 143P Tpe6yeT pa3peHTi npo6ieMy CC,PXBaiowfx 4taKropoB Ha MeCTax, a 3a,gaxa rOCy,aapCTBCHHOI IIOJIHTHKH H cTpaTeruH COCTOHT B pa3pa6oTKe MeXaHH3MOB TaKHX pelIeHHZi. JIoKaAbHbi xapaKrep 1I3P o61qCHS1eT 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTh BceMHpHoro 6aHKa H ApyrHx opraHH3aUMHIr 3KOHOM4eCCKOrO pa3BHTH31 B aeueHTpaiH3agHH BHe-pCHHA5 HHTerpHpOBaHHOi4 3aUTbI paCTeHHii H aKTHBHoro y'aCTHMs 4epMepoB, oco6eHHo, B TOM caJyae, Korga peCI HbAeT He TOJIbKO O nporpammax HayYHbIX 1CCJleaOBaHKR H pacH pocTpaHeHHA 3HaHHA H TeXHOhIOrHji, a O CyTH
37
14HTerpHPOBaHHaSI 3awHTa pacTeHHrl MeCTHOIi HO3IHTHKH, 6IoatKeTe H COOTBCTCTByIOUJMX HHCTHTyTax. B nocJiegyioux pa3AeJrax aoImnaaa o6cyxgaioTcsI HHCTpyMCHTbI H HanlpaBjieHH5 IIOJI4THKH, ripe,gjaraeMbie BceMHpHLIM 6aHKoM ripH
pa3pa6OTKe cTpaTerHm UMPOKOMacuxTa6HOrO BHCePeHH5 143P. 9KoHoMUliecKue u ompacaeebie uccjieao6aHUJq 3KOHoMHmIeCKHe H oTpacCieBbIe Hcciie,OBaHHSI SBJISHOTCq OCHOBHNIM HHCTpyMeHTOM BceMHpHoro 6aHKa ipH alHla)I3e H pa3pa6OTKe COOTBeTCTByiOieii oTpaciieBoii niojiHTHKK H CBR3aHHOAi C 3THM HOpMaTHBHOi4 H HHCTHTYIIHOHaJIbHoiI 6a3EJ. XOTm TaKHe HCCci,iaOBaHHq He BrIOJIHe npHroQaHLIl4 HHCTpyMeHT aJIR npOBegeHHw riorgpo6Horo aHamH3a CHTyalHH Ha MeCTaX (BKjIioqaS 3KOJIorHqecKHe, COUHa4lbHbIe H HHCTHTYIHOHaJBLHMie acileKrbI, KOTOpbIe Heo6XtoHMbI qjiS coriiacOBaHHa UeJieiri IOJIHTHKH 143P), OHH moryT HcriOJIb3OBaTBcS Y pa3pa6OTKH giL COCTOHT 3t4eKTHBHOCTH H yCTOuI'FHBOCTH B OTpaCJieBOl CTpaTermH. flpaKTHqeCKa5I pCKOMeHaagHA B TOM, qTO6lI BKJIIO'HTb B oTpaciieZBIe ceJTLCKOXO3.qriCTBeHHbIe HCCIieAOBaHH5 cIIegmHaAbHwIrl pa3,aei ce mcKoro XO3SPCTBa./5 O IOJ4HTHKe, npo6uieMax H ripaKTHKe yCTOliPWBOrO pa3BHT
MeHee, Ha CerO,RH51HHii aeHim 143P HuH IIOJIHTHKa B no,Aep'PJKY 3alUHTBI paCTeHlHi yHoMHH4aeTCA B OT,eCJILHwX OTpacJIeBIX HccJTe,OBaHHqX B pa3gele peKOMeHAauWHi4 gJIiJ npaBHTeJIhcTBa. 3KOHOMHqecK4c HccAeaOBaHHSI, B oco6eHHOCTH, cTpaTerHR rIOMOIH CTpaHC TaKlKe IgalOT B03MO)KHOCTb npoTaraHaHPOaTb HCIOJIB3oBaHHe cnoco6cTByIo0UHx yCTOi4ixHBOMy pa3BHTHIO ceuiBcKoro XO33JiiCTBa H MeTOQaOB, OCHOBHMIX TeM
He
HHTerpHpOBaHHOiL
ynpaBjieHm{o Mep,
ITp4pO,ZHIMMH pecypcaMH, BKj1IOYas
B UCHTP
CTaB311IHX
cbepMepOB.
BHHMaHH5J
3KoJIorRHYCKe
aHlaJ7IH3HpOTBCST
MexaHH3MbI -geeHTPaJIH3aIIHH H HHHUHaTHBHLIX
B 3THX
TaloKe
HccJIegOBaHH5IX
MOryT
H couHajibHEIe 3aTpaTLI/BbIrogbi Ha 3Tane 9KCIIepTHO:i oUeHKH,
flpHBOAHTBCS COOTBeTCTBY1OUHe nlOKa3aTejrH YCTo14HBOCTH H pa3pa6aTbIBaTbcs
39OPOBMie OCHOBbI
CHCTeMbI CTHMYJIHPOBaHHA H PeFY.IHpOBaHH5. ilaHbi 3KoAoeuOeCKUX Meponpuwmuu
BCeMi4pHbiM 6aHKOM rIpH OKa3aHHH riOMOWH H4HCTpyMCHT, HCnOJIb3yeMbI>i cTpaHaM-3aeM UHKaM B noarIIOTOBKe H PCaJIH3auHH TiaHOB ripHpOaOXpaHHMIX MepOTIPHATH,i MOXCeT CTaTb ,OIIOJIHHTeJIbHIM MCXaHH3MOM aTJIq BbIBJIeHHH npo6iieM, CBq3aHHMIX C 3aUHTOI paCTeHH1I OT fjiaH 3KOjiormqecKHX MepoiTpHATHmi AOJKCH Bpeg[HTeiiei1, H nyTefi HX peuleHHs. B 'aCTHOCTHI, npaBOBOi, H3MeHeHHS1 fhuaHbI npo6uieMuI; 3KOjIorH'leccKHe nplHOpHTeTHbIe Oripe,geJiSITb 3TOT
nOJITHTqeCKOH
H
HHCTHTyLHOHajibHO9
OCHOB,
CB53aHHbIX
C
3KOjioreH;
THriI
HHBeCTHgHil,
HaiipaB.ieHHbIe Ha o6ecneqeHHe YCTOIqHBOCTH oKpy)Kaiouuefi cpeaIm. Bce 3TH BOIPOCMI HaXOqsT oTpa)KeHHe B 3KOHOMHqeCKHX H OTpaCACBbIX HCCJICeOBaHHs1x, 3KOHOMHMeCKX MeMOpaH,YMaX, cTpaTerHH HOMOLiUH cTpaHe, HHBeCTH4HOHHbiX npoeKrax H 3aAMaX Ha 1uejiH CTpyKTYPHO1i riepecTpoiiKH BceMHpHoro 6aHKa. EaHK HaCTOqTeBJIHO pCKoMeH,yeT rIpaBHTeaJbCTBaM BCex cTpaH BKJHoqaTB IUTaH 3KOJIOrHlecKHx
MepOnpH5THA B flIaHMI pa3BHTHS
KOHKpeTHMIX OTpacJIefi. B OTHoIiiieHH
H3P
Heo6XoAHMO ITPOBeCTI
iTporpaMMy onepa1iHfH
HaUHOHajLBHOA 3KOHOMHKH H
cJieayolu]He Mepbl:
HHHUHaTHB6I, CBq3aHHie c
13P;
*
06.i3aTenBHo BKMlOwHTb B
*
Ha paHHefM CTagtHH BbSIBHTb IIy4qlUI Hii paKTHqecKKi4 noaXOA K TeXHOjOorH5M YCTOMH'BOrO HPO43BOACTBa B KOHKpeTHbIX YCJIOBHSIX H KOHKpeTHOMi CTpaHe, BKjioqas npoBe,geHHe oilpe,aejieHHbix Mep no 143P.
38
fIOpT4ieji
rpoeeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa
3Koioweu,iecKai2 omewca
B HaCTOaiiree
BpeMq 3KOJIorH'eCKHI
aHlam3 H
oueHKa B03IeirfCTBRSI Ha oKPY)KXa10UoA
cpegy ABJIJSIOTCS OCHOBHbIM HHCTpyMeHToM BceMHpHoro 6aHKa ilpH onpe,gejieHHH 3KO0orH-ecKHx pHCKOB KpeCHTHbIX onepaL1Hni. lpocKTaM iIpHCBaHBaeTCa KaTeropH$1 3KOJIorWqeCKOIi oUeHKH, '4TO
onpereiiAeT CTerIeHB BHHMaHHA H Heo6xoaHMocTL KOHTPOJIJ1 3a COCTOSHHeM oKpy)KalOWeii cpeglI. O.gHaKo 3KojiorHweCKas oileHKa B CBoeM COBpeMeHHoM BHte HrpaeT orpaHHqeHHYIO POJIb B pacrpocTpaHeHHH yCTORqHBbIX MeTOaOB 3aLUIHTbI paCTeHmH
*
11 chieayjIoLUHM IIpH'HHaM:
3TOT npouecc, nO CyTH, 3IBjiqeTCS peaKTHBHbIM. OnpeaeneHHe KaTeropHH npoeKTa Ha OCHOBe ero 3KOJIorH4qeCKOH oieHKH (A, B, C) H CB53aHHa5 C 3THM pa6oTa i1o KOHTPOJIO 3a COCTOqHHeM oKpyxaiougeii cpegbI 3aBHC5T OT I0porHO3HPOBaHHS
*
B paMKax
3KoJiorHqeCKoii oJveHKH pe,aKo aHaJul3HpyeTC31
HopMaTHBHbIe
OTJIHeHC
OT
OCHOBLI,
aHaJIH3a
CBq3aHHBIe
IIOJIHTHKH
C yCTOWlHBIMM
H HOpMaTHBHOR
npo6ieMbi.
HaUHoHaJiBHaq riOJIHTHKa H
MCmeToaMH 3auWTbi paCTCHH$i
6a3bI
B KOHTeKCTe
(B
KOHKPeTHOrO
npoeKTa). *
EiaHK HMeeT orpaHHieHHbie TCXHH'IeCKHe Bo3MO)CHOCTH B TaKHx o63iacTTx 3HaHHA, KaK 3aLUllTa paCTeHH4i OT BpeZHTeJieRi, o6paUfeHme c neCTHiXKHaMH, oLueHKa 3aKOHozaTCbCTBa O neCTHIax.
*
PYKOBOZCTBO BceMHpHoro 6aHKa no npMHmeHCHHIO 9KOJIorHlfeCKOii OLeCHKH B ccbepe 3aWLLTbI paCTeHWi OT BpeaHTejieA npeJOCTaBji3ieT aBTopaM IlpOeKTOB CBo60Ay ae14CTBHfl.
Bo MHorHX BaHK He
cyqaqIx IIpOCTOii
OCYLUeCTBJI5eT
npouecc
,raJoKHorO
OT6opa rleCTH{HLOB
KOHTPOJIJS
CqHTaeTCSI
3a TpaHCnOpTHpOBKOi4,
aOCTaTOYHbIM. XpaHeHHeM
H
HCrIOJ1B3OBaHHeM 1IeCTHH,LOB npH HX 3aKyT1Ke B paMKaX 4)HHaHCHpyCMbiX HM ilpoeKToB.
HOBbfil MeXaHH3M 4JHHaHCHPOBaHHSI H3P (CM. HH)Ke) MOXKeT crioco6cTBoBaTL H3P B nporpaMMy KpeaHToBaHH5 BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, WTO He cHH)KaeT Heo6xfaHMocTH COBCpUIieHCTBoBaTb J1y'11IiR OnbIT H 3HaHH5 aiJi BbIpa6OTKH4 y0iop0iZo0eHHoro H rlOcJIe,AOBaTe3ibHoro nioaxoaa K 3TOMY BOnpocy. OUHIHM H3 pe3YJlBTaTOB HpHMeHseMoii B HaCTOqLCee BKMIO'eH1O
BpeMS
CHCTeMbI
ripe,oCTaBneHHe
OT6opa
npoeKTOB,
npCayCMaTpHBaiOLUHX
pyKOBO4HTCJIqM ripoeKTOB BO3MO)KHOCTH
3aKynKy nCCTHLJaOB, qBjI5CTC5 BKj1IOqaTE, B HHX KOM11OHeHTbI 143P H
TaKHM o6pa3oM <<KOMneHCKpOBaTb>> r1pHMeHeHHe nCCTHUHLOB H 436eraTb HH3KOrO pefiTHHra ipiH oaieHKe npoeKia. TaKoro poza peaKTHBHYIO IIPHB53KY K npoeKTy, XOTS H riojie3HY10, HCo6Xo0HMO 3aMeHHTb Ha ripoaKTHHBHYIO IOJIHTHKY H npHMeHCHH5 143P BO BCeX Cjiyqa5X, Korga CTaBHTBC5 BOIIpOC 6opb6b C BpeLIHTei5IMH.
lHodaepdlcKa HaylfHbIX ucciieaoeaHUuu ci1iyyc6pacnpocmpaHeHUw 3HaHUU U mexHoIoeuu B uLeJiix
3c4eKTHBHorO BHCapeHHSI
Hay'HbIX HCCJIneOBaHHRI 1teHTp BHHMaHHAs
143P Heo6xoAHMo o6ecne'IHTb nioAuepxKy TeM HanpaBJieHHqM
H pacrIpOCTpaHeH4,
peuieHHe ripaKimHecKIx
cejibCKOXO3.1fiCTBeHHbIx
3HaHHI4, KOTOpLie CTaB5T B
H OKa3aHHe riOMOWH depmepaM B BLipa6OTKe peIiieHHi4 B npHB5I3KC K MeCTHbIM yCJIOBH4IM. TaKoe TpeGOBaHHe HHKORM o6pa3oM He orpaHHi'HBaeTCJI 143P H paccMaTpHBaeTCSI KaK o6wii4 IIPHH1xri YCTOHMHBOrO npo6J¶eM,
CTOSLuHX
rieper bepmepam
YriPaBJICHHA peCypCaMH. B CBsI3H C 3THM ripH pa3pa6OTKe KOMnIOHeHTOB Hay'Hbix mCcJie,OBaHHi4 H pacripocTpaHeHH{s ceeBLCKOXO3.nMiCTBeHHJAX 3HaHHA Heo6xogHMo Y'HTMIBaTB cJIe,y1oigee: *
HpH
pa3pa6OTKe
HayqHoaii IOJIHT4KH, HanpaBJIeHHii McBe.LeAOMCTBeHHoro COTpyzHH'IeCTBa H aHanjH3e KpaTKOCpOqHMIX H AoJirOCpO'qHbIX IpHOpHTeTOB HCo6XOar4MO
OKa3aTb
noaepxKKy
d)epmepaM
B
npHMCHeHmH
39
1/3P
H
co6nuoaaTE
ripHHLHIT
paCTeHHA
H4HTerpHpOBaHHaa 3alTa
c6aJiaHCHpOBaHHoCTH MeexLy IiojiHTHTecKHMm, HHCTKTyIJHOHaJHL>HIMH H TeXHHqeCKHMH
MepaMH. Heo6xoaiiMo pa3pa6oTaTb TaKH4e CXeMbI ¢HHaHCHpOBaHHq HayYHNX HCCJLelOBaHHii H KOTOpbiC CO3AaAyT CTHMYJIL H CeeJbCKOX033IflCTBeHHLIX 3HaHHrI, pacripocipaHeHH5i bepMepcKHX o6teARHeHH2 H xHcJIe TOM B CTPYKTyp, MeCTHbIX B03MO)HOCTH AJSI HeripaBBHTejhCTBeHHLIX opraHH3aLliH, Ai onpeAejieHH3 H COBMeCTHorO BMI1OjHeHHI
HHH1HaTHBHLIX MepbI no BHeCXpeHHHIo 13P, Hccj1egoBaTeJIbcKHx
y-IpexzeHH11,
H
BKJ1IOqa3i
CO3AaHH3 ueIHTPbI
cripoca Ha ycJyrH
Hayt1HoclIyxt6uI
KOHCyJTLTaTHBHIO1I
MeXyHapO,RHbIX CeJIbCKOX03APCTBeHHbIx HCcJ1eaoBaHHfI./6
Ha 3Tane 3KcrIepTHoR o1leHKH npoeKra Heo6xogHMo 3KOJ1OrHLeCKHIX 3aTpaT H B1droA, flO51y1aeMbiX OT
*
pacqeT coLxaEHEim-Hx H B HCCiieaOBaHHA HHBeCTHUH1
ripOBeCTH
aJbTepHaTHBHb>IX MeTOaOB. Heo6xo,4Ma noinepxKa no pa3pa6oTKe MeTOOB 143P H o6ecne'eHmo 344eKrHBHoro
*
paMKaX
B
coTpyzHiYeCTBa
MexzHc)L(HrLTiHHapHoro
CHCTCM
HalHOHaOH,HbIX
CejIbCKOX03AIi4CTBeHHbIX HCC1eXgOBaHHR. Heo6xoaHMo i1ogKpenHTb HayKoeMKHe H H4)opMa1MHoHHO HacmILleHHbIC MeTOZbI AeATCebHoCTbIO rpHKJiaXHOi4 HayKoil, CHCTeMofi o6pa3oBaHH5 H o6yqeHHA.
*
I3P
3aKynKa necmui4ueoe
rlpaBwla
BceMHpHoro 6aHKa rio 3aKyHKe i1eCTH1MH,OB H31iaralITCS1 B oiTepa1HoHHOil i4peKTHBe "PYKOBOaCTBO no BbI60py H 1ipHMeHeHRHO 1eCTHUJHOB" (World Bank, 1993b). 1jOr1OJIHHTeCjTHLie MaTepHaRjiI coAepXKaTCq B AOKyMeHTe DAO "BpeMeHHoe PYKOBOACTBO 0 nopsgAKe npoBe,aeHHA TeH,aCpOB Ha 3aKy1Ky r1eCTHUHflOB" HeteTKOii IIO3HLJHH
B
Boripoce
BHHMaHH3I Ha 1iecTRUHLHax, OLeHKy noTpe6HocTeft 6aHK
BceMHpHMIJ
KaqecTBa,
o6wasi
OTCTaHBaeTC31
CTapaeTcsi
y6ea1HTb
COCTOHT
HesI
PYKOBOZCTBa B
rieCTHgHlHAOB,
KOHyeHTpa1iHH
KaYecTBa H perHCTpa4AHH
a He Ha CHCTeMe 3ai4HTbI OT BPCeIHTeJIeR,
B XHMHKaTaX }H
Iy6JIiHKauHH
yKa3aHHORl
KOHTpOJI13
(FAO 1994). CJia6oCTb 3Toro
HeXeJIaHH4e
HCnOJ1b3OBaTET
Hx ripaBIHMIHbIM npHIMeHeHHeM. XOTAI B neCTH]LHfOB, H perHcTpauHi HzeSL rOCyaapCTBeHHOi KOHTpOJIb 3a
CTpaHbI-xueHbI
IipHHSqTL
MexAyHapo,alHbIe
ieHe
(CM.
6aHKa
O
TaKaSr
BCTaBKy 5.1).
KaYeCTBeHHMIX IIPO,YKTOB no camMOi H43KO1 rOJIHTHKa 3aTpyaHAIeT npoyecc BbIpa6oTKH 31CHOR cTpaTerHH, HafipaBJieHHOil Ha rpH 3TOM BO3HHKaIOT c1IeIyioluHe KOHKPeTHMC BoiipOCbI: ntpHo6peTeHHH4
CTaHgapTbI
BceMHpHoro
3aKyrIOK
B co6JIoaeHH4 1IOJIHTHKH
no;gepxKy
H3P.
Peeucmpa4u,u npoayamK06. XOTsi pericTpailsi 3IBJISieTC5I OCHOBHIAM HHCTpyMCHToM 0 KOHTPOJML KaqeCTBa, B pa3HbIX CTpaHax 3TOT HHCTpyMeHT 11pHMeHAIeTCA IIo-pa3HoMy H CyuiecTByeT pHCK rIOTOMY He Bcer,Aa o6ecneeHBaeT Ha,gexKHbie CTaH,aapTbI KaqeCTBa. HX IIpoH3BOAcTBa, HOPM HaPYlIICHHAI 3aKyiiKH IlIPOaYKTOB HH3KOrO KaqeCTBa 110o IpHqHHe HJIH Co,LepKaHHA B HHX TOKCHqeCKDHX HJIH KaHeporeHHIX BeJeCTB. XpaHeHHS, npOH3BOAHTeJIH,
c6IIBaioIUHe
CBOIO 11pO2aYKJHIO
110
HH3KOfI
iXeHe,
TaK)Ke,
no
BCer
BAHHMOCTH, HMe1OT HH3KHeC npOH3BOACTBeHHbie CTaHAapTLI, B pe3yZETaTe Yero XHMHKaTEMI coAepXcaT TOKCHxlecKHe BeLLeCTBa. KpoMe Toro, riogo6Hme 11PoH3Bo0CTBeHHbie 4CHpMw TCXHHqCeCKoe HJIH I1pOyKLIHH 3aMeHy Tpe6yeMylo o6ecneqHTm Hecn1oco6HLI o6CJIyXMBaHHC, B oco6eHHOCTH, 11pH BHeApeH4H
*
HOBEIX flpo0yKroB.
H0pRaOK 3aKynoK BcemupHoeo 6aHKa HMeeT TeHqeHURIO He,AooyeHHBaTb 3HaqeHHe
perHcTpaUH1
XHMHMKaTOB
rieCTHIXHLOB
HeCKOJ1bKHX
H
oTaaBaTE
ripeLiRnoMTeHHe
HaHMeHOBaHHti.
10pH3BeCTH 3aKyriKy H coriJacyeTcsi
C CHCTeMaMH
40
3aKyrrKe
H4CIOJII>3yeMbIji
KpyiiHLLx riop3iAOK
LieHTPanJH3OBaHHbIX
11apTHlH
riomoraeT
o6,J3aTen bHEuX
flopT4eAL UpOeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa rocy,aapCTBeHHLIX 3aKyiToK, KOTOpLIC a0 CHX flOp cyleCTBYIOT Bo MHOrHX cTpaHax3aeMigHKax. 3aKynKa KpyInHbIX riapTHin fleCTHgIOB MOXKeT IIpHBeCTH K cepbe3HLIM ripo6neMaM, CBq3aHH6IM C HCTeIeHHeM cpoKa aeHCTBH5, B pe3ynJLTaTe qero norpe6yeTcA n1POBeCTH
goporocToHWHe
TexHoflorHa o6feMbI
qTo6bi H36aBHThCSL OT XMMHKaTOB. /7 6onee rm6Koro no.axoga, BKnioqaa He6oJIblnHe
MepOIpHSHTHS,
H13P Tpe6yeT ropa3,go
3aKyflOK
rleCTHgMAOB
EeiLeHTpaJIH30BaHHLIMH
cTpyKTypaMH,
cnoco6HIMfH
o6ecneq'M Hx HatnexaiIee xpaHeHHe H HIcIOJIb3OBaHHe. BcTaBKa *
5.1
rpHHSTb HauHoHanibHyIo nOJIHTHKY B o6nacTH 13P, YqHTbIBaA cnejywmio e acneKTbi: COTpyUHH4eCTBO H o6miHe 3afla4H; CHCTeMbI CTHMyJIHpoBaHHl; CHCTeMa perynjpHOBaHn HanpaBJIeHHbIe
Ha
o6ecne4eHHe
yCTONHQBOCTH
ceJbCKorO
Me)KBefOMCTBeHHoe 1HHcopMaUlHH, H
H ioBbmefflHHe JegeHTpaJIH3aL4Hs HHHWHaTHB H o6yteHne QJepMepOB; pa3pa6oTKa H pacrnpocTpaHeHHe CoOTBeTCTByIOmIHX TeXHOIOIOHH . Co3AaTb paBHbie yCJIOBHq fJqA paCripOCTpaHeHHSI pa3JIHHHbIX CHCTeM 6opb6bl C BpeCHTeJIMH, HpH 3TOM JIHKBHAHpOBaTb 3KOHOMHM4CCKH HeOnpaBfaHHylO TCHzeHIHIoH npeo6nagaiowero npHMCHeHHS riecTHgHfIOB (Ha OCHOBe aHaaH3a cooTBeTCTByTOmeCH nOJHTHKH B o6nacTH CeJIbCKOrO xo3AHcTBa, TexHoJIorHH, 3KoJIorHH, o6nqecTBeHHoro
*
OCHoBHime noAiHTHeCKHe MepEI no BHeApcHHI0 HHTerpHpoBaHHOH 3aMUTEm paCTeHUfi
xo03H4cTBa;
KOHCYJIbTatIHH
co3HaHH5I;
ToproBJIH, npoMbIlJIeHHOCTH, HaytIHbIX HcCfCeaOBaHHH
ItHbopMHpoBaTb noTpe6HTcneH o6 no KatIeCTBy, *
*
*
H paCnpOCTpaHeHHH cCJIbCKOX03AIHCTBCHHbIX 3HaHHi). OTHOCHTenbHOH IleHHOCTH CHCTCMbl COpTOBOH KJIaCCHE)HKagjHH ripo)yIKToB
nOCKOYbKy npH 3TOM peKnaMHpyeTCH He 6e3onacHocTb ARA 3f0pOBb5I qenoBeKa, a BHemHHIH BHXa.
lepecMoTpeTb H, B cnyqae Heo6xofHMoCTH, yKpeCIHTb CHCTCMy peryJI4poBaHH4
ipHMmeHeHHH neCTHaHfOB, HHCTHTYTOB H CHCTCM HHcFopMauHH, 3aHHMalonIHxCa KoHTpoAeM sa co6rnoxeHHeM HOpMaTHBOB, B 4aCTHOCTH, 3aKoHoaaTeJIbcTBo, MCXaHH3Mbl H pecypCbi perHcTpaiLHi H 1KOHTpOJIH XHMHKaTOB. flpOBeCTH aHJaiH3 KOHKpeTHbIX rpoH3BoaCTBeHHbIX CHCTCM H nPHOPHTCTHbMX MepOnpH5ITHi Ha OCHOBC COBpeMeHHOH npaKTHKH H TeHzeHJ4H9 B o6nacTH 6opbGbl C BpeJtHTeCJIMH; npoaHaJIH3HpoBaTb 3aTpaTbI H BbiOrMbi npHMCHeHHq pa3IIHMHLIX TeXHonIOrHH 3aMHTg a paCTeHHii, COCTOHHHC MCCTHbIX HHCTHTyTOB H noTpe6HoCTH 4epMepOB.
noziepKHyTb HCo6XOaHMOCTb npHo6peTeHHa HOBblIX 3HaHHH C yqeTOM HaKoriieHHoro OrIbITa Ha MeCTaX, orIpefeJIHTb HpHopHTeTHbie HanpaBheICHHH H BbUIneHTb CpeACTBa Ha rOCyJapCTBCHHbMe HCCIeIOBaHHS 143P, paCnpocTpaHeHHe CeJIbCKOXO3IHCTBeHHbIX 3HaHHri H o6yqeHHe, npH 3TOM CO3faB CHCTeMy CTHMYJIOB H opraHH3OBaB npoc)ecCHoHaibHyIo nOJrOTOBKY B UeCARx aKTHBH3aBfHH MeXKHCLJHrIJHapHbLIX H rIpHKIJIaHblX HayqHbiX H3MLCKaHHH H pacnpocTpaHeHni, 3HaHHH.
*
*
flpOBecTH OLJeHKy geAeBOH HanpaBhCHHOCTH cneufCaHIbHbIX MCporpHHTHI4, BKjiioMaH BO3Harpa)KfeHHe "flHoHepoB" ripHMeHeHH5 I3P (HanpHMep, npeaoCTaBJIeHHe rpaHTOB Agq BHeCpeHHH I-3P HAlH OCBoGoxCaeHHC OT HaAorOB, HnH BpeMeHHaq5 3apnnaTa fAi <<«HcrbITaTeHe>>, HIH 3apriaTa Af1 Tex HCLbITaTeIieH 143P, KOTOpblC flpOBORT o6pa3oBaTeAbHylO pa60Ty cpeuH noTpe6HTeJelH). flofroToBHTb H paCnpOcTpaHWTb o6pa3oBaTenbHbne H yqe6Hbie MaTepHaAMb; nepecMoTpeTb COOTBCTCTByIOHJHe B y'e6HbIX 3aBefeHHgx.
nporpaMMbl *
lpoaHranH3upoBaTb HHHuHBTHBMl
no
HI-iCTpyMCHTbl, BHefpeHHIO
HCcnOJb3yeMbLie a12 HozaCpxKH HnHInOOmPCHHH JeLCHTeApH3amuHH 143P, B MaCTHOCTH, (iJHHaHCHpoBaHHe 1COHKpeTHbiX nHYOTHbMX H nepegaaa nOIHOMOMH41 MeCTHbM opraHaM yipaBACeHHS, HanpHMep, 'epe3
(3KCcnepHMeHTanbHbuX) ripOeKTOB npefoCTaBuleHHe PpaHTOB Ha BHeCpeHHCe Apyrle HOBble 4lOpMb aCCOuHauHiMHm.
COTPYAHPCeCTBa
13P,
KaK CTHMYA Aun y'aCTHqI MeCTHOrO xacTHorO ceKTopa, HAH C HenpaBHTCJlbCTBeHHbIMH OpraHH3aimH5lMH H 4epMepCKHMH
41
H4HTerpHpOBaHHaSI 3aIHTa pacTeHHir
HaHHe BKJOiaS iToTpe6HocTeA, Cyyu.eCTByIOUMX a TaicKe ripaBHj KOHTpOjn H HaA3opa 3a XpaHeHHCM 1TWCTRU}HOB H lX lIpHMeHeHHeM, HeJib351 6ftub yBepeHHbIM B TOM, 'TO 3aKynKa iIeCTH1H.OB B paMKaX 4)XHaHCHpyeMbIX BceMHpHUiM 6aHKOM ripOeKTOB COOTBeTCTByeT ffyqLjeji BHeapeHMIA H3P. B KaYeCTBe iipaKTHKe H rOTOMY LmpoKoMacLmTa6HOA iAeaX noAroepxiCx i1o Ha,gIeeX(aweMy 11pHMeHeHHiO o6sl3aTenBCTBa BbIIOJIHSIOT AOKa3aTCZhCTBa Toro, qTO 3aeMUHKM rieCTHAiHoB, HHorAa HC110oju3yeTC5 ilolioXKeHHe 0 coriiacHH Ha r1OCTaBKY XHMHKaTOB C nonyqeHHA npe,BapHTeCJbHo1a 4HHbopMaauHH. B HacTORsIee BpeMSI BeaeTcA pa6oTa no1 nepecmoTpy PYKOBO4CTBa BaHKa 0 3aKYnKe XH4MHKaTOB C yqeTOM noj¶oXKeHHk npOBepKH KaYeCTBa, TpaHCnOpTHUpOBKH,
B
OTCYTCTBHHI
OgCHKM
aJTTepHaTHBHMIX CpeaCTB 3aI.RTTI OT Bpe)RTeIieRi,
XpaHeHH5 H yaaJIleHH
KOHKpCTHbIX XHMHxieCKIIX BelleCTB.
Yqe6Hbie KYPCbl aiv COMpy3HUKoe BceMUpHoZo 6aHKa
B
BceMHpHoro 6aHKa rIO 3a1lUTe COOTBeTCTBHe C HOBOiU onepaUHoHHoi ITOJIHTHKORi 143P onpeAenieeTcs KaK KOMrLTieKCHa3i CHCTeMa, paCTCHirl OT BpeaHTej1ei, B KOTOpOJ 6opb6b C BpCeaTeJIMmH HIH BrIHAI01Oue Ha C npaKTHKOR CBI3aHHbIe onepauHiH, o6rbe,HHAioiu.as KypCOB rio 3aWvHTe paCTeHlui H 143P aUsi y-ie6Hbix Hee, rPOBO,HTC5I pa3pa6oTKa lporpaMMbi pyKoBoX]HTeJiefi npoeKToB, KOTOPbIC pa6oTaloT B oTaeuax cenbcKoro XO3qiRCTBa H rpHpOprHbix peCypcOB. YKa3aHHbie KypCbI BOtzYT B o6uyio y"e6Hy1o nporpammy no noiaroToBKe, 3KcniepTHofi OL]CHKe IIpOeKTOB H Haa3Opy 3a onepaJH5IMH, B KOTOpbIX IIpHMeHqOTCS TCXHOJIOrIHI yCTOT4'IBOro RJIA B HzeajiiHoM cniy'ae TaKoe o6yqeHHe AouixcHo CTaTb o6sI3aTeITHBIM npoH3BO,aCTBa.
ripoeiToB,
PYKOBO,aHTenieu
3aHHMaIoiu]Hxcs
pa3pa6oTKO'i
rIpoeKTOB
H
HHBeCTH1ULfHi
B ccjepe
CeJIbCKoro X035IHCTBa, 3apaBOOXpaHCHH4I HJH XHAMH4CCKOrO npOH43BOaCTBa.
POHa tpuHaHcupoeaHUw uHmeepupo6aHHwo 3aUUm blpacmeHUU
B 1995
roay BCeMHpHbii 6aHK BMeCTeC c (IAO, rIPOOH H
IOHErl
XraIHi
coruacHe CTaTb
Cr1OHcopaMH celTIHaj1bHoirl CTpyKTypbi no npoiTaraH,ge CHCTeMjM 143P, KOTOpaq npecuie,yeT JxenjH 344ceKTHBHO H UIIHpOKOMaCIIITa6HO BbIqBJMSTb, pa3pa6aTbiBaTb, 4UHaHCHPOBaTb, RpaKTrH'ecKH IA HHTCrPHpOBaHHOIi 3aWUHThI paCTeHHi4, nlpeaHa3HaeHHbie BHeAp3lTb ]H OeCHHBaTb rp]HMem cIŽOHA TaKOIr pa3BHTHS. areHTCTB cTOMOnbiO C cbepMepa, B paMKaX HaiHOHWIbHbiX rpOprpaMM H B pe3yJfhTTaTe 1oarOTOBKH AoK1inaa o Tpe6yeMbix mepax H HHCTHTyuHoHaALHofi npe,nioxKeH Do)H cTpyKType no riponaraH,ae BHeApeHH5I 143P B ruo6au6HoM MacInTa6e (CM. BCTaBKy 5.2). pa3riHiHbIx C HCI1OJIb3OBaHHeM 13P BHeCApeHHIo H HH4)OpMauHiH coge:CTBYCT pacnlpocTpaHeHHIO H H pa3pa6OTKy HHBCCTHUHOHHbIX ripoeKTOB, n1CpC1ieKTHBHbiX MexaHH3MoB, B TOM xnHcIie: BIaBeHHe TOxIKH 3peHHI CrioHCopoB; aKTHBH3aUHSI AHaniora H y'aCTHe B HeM 1UHpOKoro Kpyra C "x eACTBYIoWHX JIHU", BKJIIo'aa HeripaBHTCJbCTBeHHbIeC opraHH3auHH. CeKpeTapHaT HOBoro 4boH,a pa6oTaeT B COCTaBe (DAO B PHMe. (DAO nony'aeT nOMOIIT 1Io 6iopo CogpyxecTBa (BenHKo6pHTaHrA) CeJIbCKOXO3sJiCTBeHHOrO OT MewayHapogHoro CneuHaJ1bHbIX 3HaHHA no 143P H BseeHHio 6a3MA zaHHbIx. B iueirx aHaJiH3a yrAiy6ileHio ajiS CrIOHCOPOB OTHOCHTeCJTHO pa3pa6OTKH ,ae,TeJIbHOCTH 4)OHaa H BbIpa6oTKH peKOMeH,zaUHfl ITaHHpyeTC5 C03gaTb He3aBHCHMbMlj H CTpaTerTHH HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOii H HauHOHajIbHOii IIOJIHTHKH KOHCyJuBTa1iHOHHOoR COBeT. COBeT 6yaeT OKa3MIBaTl IIOMOlUf B OIIpeAeCeHiHH ripHOpZiTCTHbIX periHoHOB BHeapeHHS 143P m 4OpMyJIHpOBaTb KOHKpCTHYIO CTpaTerUio (CM. BCTaBKy 5.3), aaBaTb ouleHKy AOCTHrHyTbiM pe3yjibTaTaM H HeCOCTaTKaM riporpaMM
143P.
Hpe,yCMaTpHBaeTCR yKOMi-JieKTOBaTb (DOHA He6oJIbuloH rpynnoii ripo4jeccHoHaJIIbHLIx COTpyZAHHKOB,
HMeCOioiX
6oraTbIAi
MeXyHapOAHbIii
42
OrIbIT,
TexHHwecKHe
3HaHHIA,
OribIT
no
fOopT4e peaiiMaunm
iTpOeKTOB
H
flOJIyIHBLUIHX
UMpOKOC
II6npoeKTOB BceMnpHoro 6aHKa mexAyHapOflHorO
IIpH3HaHHe
Hay4HO-
TexHrqeCKoro coo6iueCTBa H JIOHOpOB. COTPYaHHKM 3T0oro 4oHaa 6yayT OKa3EiBaTh fOMOJJTb pyKOBOAHTeJI5M npOeKrOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa B ripeOji(oSeHHH H pa3pa6OTKe npoeKTOB/KOMnOHeHTOB H3P. $OHa cNHHaHCHpyCTCS 3a cqeT CpegCTB, flOCTynaIOuIXH, B OCHOBHOM, OT CrIOHCOpOB, AOHOPOB HiaCTHLIX C3OH4OB. BCTaBKa 5.2 BHeApeHHe HHTerpMpOBaHHOi CHCTeMbI 3auWTbi pacTeHfui B paMKaX 41oH,aa 143P
*
OCHOBHMie JIieMeHTbI BHeapeHHI 143P B paMKax 4ioHrwa 143P BKcno4aIoT: YMacTHe 43epMepoB B pa3pa6oTKe 1H3P H rIpHKnaZHbIX HCCnIgOBaHHlx, H 06yqeHHe (cepMepOB M13P HeriOCpeACTBeHHo Ha rioieCBbIX y4acTKax. rocynapcTBeHHaa noIHTHKa nogaepKKIc H3P, Co03aionaa 6iiaronpHwTHbje ycIoBH ajus ee BHefpeHHl.
*
$)HHaHCHpoBaHHe I1HJIOTHbMX (onbITHbIX) npoCKTOB B
*
HnaHHpoBaHHe H pa3pa6oTKa HaI4HoHaJbHbLIX nporpaMM BHeapeHHa 4C11TeJIbHOCTH no P3P H iio0IepXKy MeCTHbIX 1HHUHTaTHB.
*
YKpelneHHe
*
YCOBepIeHCTBOBaHHbx nporpamm H3P. CBWIeTeiJICTBa peqjopMHpoBaHHa HaUIHoHaJIbHoHI nOJIIHTHKH B noaZep)KKy BHeapeHHH 143P. 3HaMHTenbbo B033pocILee yiaCTHe H 3aMeTHal PO0ib §CpMepOB B 4OpMyJIHpOBaHHH H peaIH3auHm
*
noxa3aTeni
*
pHOpHTeTHbLIX xo3aiicTBax.
H3P,
HiaipaBBeHHbIX Ha KOOPAHHaUHio
pe3yflbTaTHBHOCTH BKilloqalOT:
HaimOHa0BbHbIX
opraHH3aLUHoHHo-KaZpoBbIx
Bo3MoXCHocTeC
no pa3pa6oTKe
H
nIpOBeaeHHIO
cTpaTelm
P3P. *
Bo3poclnee MHCJO HHBeCTHUHOHHbLIX Bo3MMoxKHoCTeH.
*
CBHJeTeJIbCTBa
3(lJceKToB pacripOCTpaHeHMq P3P H CHHeprH3Ma (KOrIa
o6nHi pe3yflbTaT npeBocXoZHT CyMMy
OTZeJIbHbIX 3QFeKToB), Bblpa3HBmHxCH B yBeCH4eHHH rocygapCTBeHHbIx H MeCTHbIX HHBeCTHUHi B
HcmoziHUK: MeXBezoMcTBeHHaa pa6o4aa rpynna no Bonpocy
BCTaBKa
5.3 3Tanb6 aaeapeHuA
HHTerpHpoBaHHoi
$ODH-aOM npetnaraIoTC ceJIeaylonlHe 3TaflI BHezpeHHSI *
P3P, 1995
r.
CHCTeMm
3asmwrTu
OT BpezHTeLIeri
P3P:
*
o6 yCTOgPIHBoi CHCTeMe 3aMnHTbI paCTeHHHl OT BpeDHTeJIeI% H Pa3pa6oTaTb H HcflriTaTb Ha npaKTHKe HHHuaTHBHbLie Mepbi H nHJIoTHble npoeKTbI.
*
YKpenHTb opraHH3aij4oHHo-KaapoBbie
YCHJIHTb noTOK HHCbopMaUHH
B03MO)KHOCTH,
13P. *
P3P.
P3P.
paciiiHpHTb aaAbHeflmee BHeapeHHHe H UpHMeHeHHe
CTHMYIHpOBaTb HHBecTHT4xHHU, O6&beHHHTb pecypcbuH co3zaTb oqHHlaTbHbie HHCTHTyTbI.
rIpHMeqaHHl
1.
lpHmepoB TaKHx
npHio)KeHHiA Maoi,
BCeMHpHorO 6aHKa:
0o1HO 113 HNIX MO)KHO HaHTH B riocJIeCHHX oTpacIieBbIX oTMeTax
<Pecny6nHKa feMeH. CTpaTerHI
yCToWIHBoro ceylbCKoXo35HiCTBeHHoro
(World Bank 1993 d);
npoH3BoACTBa»
<ApMeHHi. 3afaMa pecJopMbi CeelbCKoXo3aiiCTBeHHOrO CeKTopa> (World Bank 1995a); JIHTBa: 0630p ceJIbCKOXo39HiCTBeHHoro H4npOfOBOJIbCTBeHHOro CeKTOpa)> (World Bank 1995b). 2. HTo6b HaATH npoeKTbl Him KoMUOHeHTbI npoeCKToB, CBS3aHHLIe c 6opb6oii H 33aIHTO OT BpernITenefl, P3P, 3aKynKoH,
TpaHcnopTT4poBKoVf,
xpaHeHMeM, HCnoJIb3oBaHHeM reCTHUHRoB, 6bu
no ripoeKTaM pa3BHTH4
npOBeAeH rlOHCK B 6a3ax AaHHbix
HpHpOAHBIX pecypcoB, Kpe CJTHMM onepagHmM, H B 6a3eaaHHbIx 6x-x6nHorpa4nHH ro1OBbMX OT'-CTOB BCeMHpHOro 6aHKa. 3. TIPHCBOeHHCenpoeKTaM KaTeropuii no cTeneHH UX Bo3xzerCTBHg Ha OKpyxaIOtLJylo cpejy BBe,eHO B 1989 r.( c H3MeHeHHSMH OT 1991 r.). rlpoeiTbI KaTeropHH "A" npeanonaraloT nofIHylo OUeHKY Bo3fleitcTBHsl Ha oKpyxaEonyio cpexzy; npoeKTbI KaTeropHi "B" npeftnoniaraloT aHaIH COCTOIHHSI OKpyxcaIoiet Cpezbi, HO He
43
HiHTerpHpoBaHHaaq 3auwa paCTeHHIrl noJIHylo oaeHKy; H ripoCKTbl KaTeropuH "C" He HyxAaaIOTCS B aHaAH3e, fOCKOJTbKy He OKa3blBalOT BpeAHoro ao 1989-1991 IT cyUXeCTBOBaia KaTeropHa "D", nipHCBaHBaeMaA Bo3AegiCTBHH Ha oKpyxKaioIyIo cpeaiy. 3KOAOrH-IecKHM npoeKTaM. , B riepBY1O oMepenb, o6pawaloTcs K BaHKy ,van nonyCeHHR TBepao0 BanioTbI. 144pa 81 4. CTpaHbl-3aeMniHKw MJIH. aoinI. CIIIA He oTpa)KaeT Bcex MeponpHSiTHiR no 143P, IPOBeAeHHbIX neIpe4HcJIeHHbIMH cTpaHaMH. 5. CM. <<BceMHpHbIfi 6aHK. OTgen nCeJIbCKoro xO3sItCTBa H ripHpOfHMIX pecypCoB. TexHHIecKwe 3anHCKIH». cepHa
N92, 4eBpaib,1994 r. 6. flocne CaMMHTa OOH
no npo6neMaM nfIaHeTbl B Pno-Ae-XKagHepo B 1992 r. KoHcyJTbTaTHBHaS rpynna no MexQyHapo,aHbIM CeJTbCKOX03HflCTBeHHbLIM MCCIICaOBaHHI4M (CGIAR) opraHI4osaiia pa6oMyl rpynny, KOTopaa 143P nog PYKOBOACTBOM Mer.yHapoAHoro HHCTHTyTa TponflHeCKOro peKOmeHzoBaia B 1993 roxiy <(HHTeplUCHTp>
ceCbCKoro XO3SHiCTBa. B CnHCKe H4CCIeCAOBaHHI) 3TOrO HIHCTHTYTa C HaMaJia 80-x rO,AOB BaaHoe MeCTO 3aHHMaCT 143P. MeACylHaPOaHwbx LJCHTP 4)H3HojOrrHH H 3HTOMOJIOrHH HaCeKOMbIX aBJIHeTCq nH4OHePOM npHMeHeHHH 143P CO ,UHH OpraHH3algHH.
7.
B
Tex cuiyqai, KOraa He pa3pa6OTaHbi 6onee yCToiPIHBbie MCTOAbI 6opb6bl C BpeAHTeJISMH H HeO6XOAHMmb
6onbmufe
o6,eMb
BpeDHTenieli,
CpCpACTB 3aMlHTbI
aflbTepHaTfBHbIe
BH3o6HoB.uaeMbx
paCTeH4rl,
nOXOabI
HanpHMep,
BKliOMalOT
3arlacoB HiiH no3TanHOCTH
ripi
CO3faaHHe
rOCTaBOK C y,CTOM
44
MaccoBoM HaiieCTBHH
6aHKOB
rieCTHIJH/OB
npHMOrO cnpoca.
capaHMH
Ha OCHOBe
(CM. $DAO; 1995
wHA
gpyrux
perHOHanJbHbMX
r.)
EH6iHnorpadmx ADB (Asian Development Bank). 1993. IPM Guidelines. Manila. Agne, S., G. Fleischer, and H. Waibel, eds. 1994. Proceedingsof the Workshop on Pesticide Policies. Gottingen, Germany: Institut fur Agrarokonomie de Universitat Gottingen. Bentley, J., 1989. "What Farmers Don't Know Can't Help Them: The strengths and weaknesses of indigenous technical knowledge in Honduras". Agriculture and Human Values 6 (3): 25-3 1. Bonny, S. and Carles, R. 1993. "Perspectives d'evolution de 1'emploi des engrais et des phytosanitaires dans l'agriculture francaise". Cahiersd'Economie et Sociologie rurale 26, 29-62. Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press CSPI (Center for Science in the Public Interest). 1995. FundingforSafer Farming: Taxing Pesticidesand Fertilizers. Washington DC. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). 1990. InternationalCode of Conduct on the Distributionand Use of Pesticides, Amended version, Rome . 1993. Safe and efficient use ofpesticides in Africa. Rome
. 1994. ProvisionalGuidelines on the Tender Proceduresforthe Procurement ofPesticides. Rome. . 1995. Prevention ofAccumulation of Obsolete Pesticide Stocks: ProvisionalGuidelines. Rome. Farah, J. 1994. Pesticidepolicies in Developing Countries:Do they Encourage excessive Use? Discussion Paper No. 238, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Farvar, M. T., and J. P. Milton, eds. 1972. The Careless Technology: Ecology and InternationalDevelopment. Garden City, New York: The Natural History Press. Feder, G. 1979. "Pesticides, Information, and Pest Management under Uncertainty." American Journalof Agricultural Economics 61: 97-103. Feder, G., and D. L. Urnali, 1993. "The Adoption of Agricultural Innovations, A Review." Technological Forecastingand Social Change 43: 215-239. Fleischer, G. 1994. "Pesticide Policies of Major International Donor Agencies". In: S. Agne, G. Fleischer and H. Waibel, eds., Proceedingsof the Workshop on PesticidePolices, Giuttingen, Germany: Institut fEr Agrarrxkonomie de Universitat Grttingen. Georghiou, G. P., and R. B. Mellon. 1983. "Pesticide Resistance in Time and Space". In G. P. Georghiou and T. Saito, eds., Pest Resistance to Pesticides. New York: Plenum Press. Gillham, F., T. Bell, T. Arin, G. Matthews, C. Le Rumeur, and A. B. Hearn, 1995. Cotton Production Prospects for the Next Decade. Technical Paper 287. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Harper, C. R. and D. Zilberman, 1989. "Pest Externalities fromAgricultural Inputs," American Journalof AgriculturalEconomics,. 71:692-702. Interagency Task Force on IPM.. 1995 ."Concept Paper for an Integrated Pest Management Facility." FAO, IBRD, UNDP, UNEP Interagency Task Force. World Bank, Washington, D.C. IOPRM (International Organization for Pesticide Resistance Management). 1993. "The Management of Resistant Cotton Pests in China". IOPRM, Paris. James, P. C. 1995. "Internalizing Externalities: Granular Carbofuran Use on Rapeseed in Canada". Ecological Economics 13, 181-184. Joffe, S. and L. Shaxson, L. 1994. Client Focus in IPM Research and Implementation. Chatham, U.K: Natural Resources Institute. Kenmore, P. E. 1991."Indonesia's Integrated Pest Management: Policy, Production and Environment." Paper presented at USAID-ARPE Environment and Agriculture Officer's Conference, September 11, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Kiss, A., and F. Meerrnan. 1991. IntegratedPest Management andAfrican Agriculture. Technical Paper 142. Washington, D.C: The World Bank. Murray, D.L, and E.L Nathan. 1994. "From Pesticides to Integrated Pest Management: Prospects for an Alternative Development Paradigm in central American Agriculture". Paper presented at the XVIII International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, March 10- 12, Atlanta, Georgia,
45
Norton, G.W., and J. Mullen. 1994. Economic Evaluation of Integrated Pest Management Programs:a literature review andpublications. Report 448-120, Blacksburg, Va.: Cooperative Extension NRC (National Research Council). 1989. Alternative Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. OAU (Organization of African Unity). 1991. Ban on the Import into Africa and Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes within Africa. (Bamako Convention). Nairobi. OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development). 1995. "No 6 Guidelines for Aid Agencies on Pest and Pesticide Management. In Guidelines on Environment and Aid. Paris. Pimentel, D., and H. Lehman. 1983. The Pesticide Question. New York: Chapman Hall. Pincus, J. 1994. "Farmer Field School Survey: Impact of IPM Training on Farmers." Pest Control Behavior. Internal Report. National IPM Program. Jakarta, Indonesia. Postel, S. 1987. Defusing the Toxics Threat: ControllingPesticidesand Industrial Waste. Worldwatch Paper 79. Washington D.C.: Worldwatch Institute. Poston, F. L., L. P. Pedigo and S. M. Welch. 1983. Economic Injury Levels: Reality and Practicality. Bulletin of the Entomological Society ofAmerica 29: 49-53. Rola, A.C. and P. L. Pingali. 1993. Pesticides, Rice Productivity, and Farmers'Health:An Economic Assessment. Manila: International Rice Research Institute. Roling, N. and E. van de Fliert.1994. "Transforming Extension for Sustainable Agriculture: The Case of Integrated Pest Management in Rice in Indonesia." Agriculture and Human Values 11: 97-108. Rosset, P., and M. Benjamin 1994. "Two steps back, one step forward: Cuba National Policy for Alternative Agriculture" Gatekeeper Series 46. London: International Institute for Environment and Development. Stern, V. M., 1973. "Economic Thresholds". Annual Review of Entomology 18: 259-280. Teng, P. S., and K. L. Heong, 1998."Pesticide Management and Integrated Pest Management in Southeast Asia. "Consortium for International Crop Protection, Beltsville, Maryland. Thrupp, L .A, 1990. "Inappropriate Incentives for Pesticide Use: Agricultural Credit Requirements in Developing Countries." Agriculture and Human Values 7: 62-69. Tobin, R. J. 1994. Bilateral Donor Agencies and the Environment: Pest and Pesticide Management. Arlington, VA: Winrock International Environmental Alliance. Umali, D. L., 1992. Public and Private Sector Roles in Agricultural Research: Theory and Experience. World Bank Discussion Paper 176, Washington, D.C.: World Bank. UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development). 1992. "Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development. In: Agenda 21, Geneva, Switzerland. UNEP (United Nations Environrment Programme). 1987. London Guidelinesfor the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in InternationalTrade. Nairobi. . 1990. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal. Nairobi. . 1994. Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer: 1994 Report of the Methylbromide
Technical Options Committee for the 1995Assessment of the UNEP. Nairobi. USDA/ARS (U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service). 1993."USDA programs Related to Integrated Pest Management". USDA Program Aid 1506, Beltsville, Maryland. van de Fliert, E., J. Pontius, and Ruling, N. 1995 "Searching for strategies to replicate a successful extension approach: training of IPM trainers in Indonesia." European JournalofAgriculturalEducation and Extension 1: 41-63. Vandeman, A., J. Fernandez-Cornejo, S. Jans, and L. Biing-Hwan. (1994). Adoption of IntegratedPest Management in U.S. Agriculture. Agriculture. Inforrnation Bulletin 707. Washington, D.C.: USDA Economic Research Service. Vijftigschild, R. A. N. 1996. "The Relationship between Pesticide Use and the Environment Burden for Arable Farmns in the Netherlands." In H. Waibel and J. C. Zadocks, eds Institutional Constraintsto IPM. Hanover, Germany: Institut fur Gartenbauokonomie (Pesticide Policy Project). Waage, J. K., 1993. "Making IPM Work: Developing Country Experience and Prospects". In: J. P. Srivastava and H. Aldeman, eds., Proceedingsof the World Bank AgriculturalSector Symposium. Washington, D.C.: World Bank..
46
Waibel, H. 1994 "Towards an Economic Framework of Pesticide Policy Studies". In S. Agne, G. Fleischer and H. Waibel, eds., Proceedings ofthe Workshop on PesticidePolicies, Grittingen, Germany: Institut fur Agrarokonomie der Universitat Gottingen.. WHO (World Health Organization), 1990.Public Health Impact ofPesticides Used in Agriculture. Geneva. . 1994. WHO recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard, and Guidelines to Classification 19941995. Geneva. Wiebers, U., 1993. Agricultural technology and environmental safety: integrated pest management and pesticide regulation in developingAsia. World Bank. Technical Paper 211. Washington, D.C. World Bank. 1989. Operational Directive 2.00, Country and Economic Sector Work." OperationalManual. Washington, D.C. . 1991. EnvironmentalAssessment Sourcebook. Technical Paper 140. Vol.2. Washington, D.C. . 1993a. "Good Practices 4.03. Agricultural Pest Management." OperationalManual. Washington, D.C. . 1993b. "Guidelines for the Selection and Use of Pesticides in Bank Financed Projects and their Procurement." Washington, D.C. . 1993c. "Operational Directive 4.03, Pest Management OperationalManual Washington, D.C. . 1993d. "Republic of Yemen: Strategy for Sustainable Agricultural production" Middle East and North Africa Region, Country Department II, Washington, D.C. . 1995a. Armenia: The Challenge of Reform in the Agricultural Sector. A World Bank Country Study. Washington, D.C. .1995b. "Lithuania: Agricultural and Food Sector Review." Europe and Central Asia Region, Country Department IV, Washington, D.C. . 1996a."Operational Procedure 4.09, Pest Management." OperationalManual. Washington, D.C. . 1996b. The World Bank ParticipationSourcebook. Washington, D.C. Zethner, O., ed. 1983. Pest management and the African Farmer. Nairobi: ICIPE (International Center for Insect Physiology and Entomology) Science Press. Zilberman, D. A., G. Schmitz, E. Casterline, E. Lichtenberg, and J.B. Siebert, 1991 "The Economics of Pesticide Use and Regulation," Science, 253: 518-522.
47
i i i I
I i I i
i
i I
i
I