Report STUDY of POPULATION & CONSERVATION LESSER SULPHUR-CRESTED COCKATOO Cacatua sulphurea At Pasoso Island, Central Sulawesi, Komodo National Park, and Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara By Dudi Nandika1), Dwi Agustina1) and Mehd Halouate2) 1) Konservasi Kakatua Indonesia – The Indonesian Parrot Project 2) World Parrot Trust
Background The Lesser Sulphur-crested cockatoos or ‘Yellow-crested’ cockatoos (Cacatua sulphurea) are among the most endangered parrots in Indonesia. This bird was common species in Eastern Indonesia, but since 30 years ago, it was apparent that the decline of the species had been ‘dramatic’ and that it was ‘threatened throughout its range’ (Cahyadin et al, 1994). There are four generally accepted subspecies (three sub-species are endemic Indonesia and one sub-species shared with Timor Leste): 1). C. s. sulphurea, the nominate race, found in Sulawesi; 2). C. s. citronocristata (found solely on Sumba Island); 3). C. s. abbotti in Masalembu Islands (islands in center of Java sea); and 4). C. s. parvula (found across Nusa Tenggara, with the largest population on Komodo/Rinca Islands and also found in Timor Leste). Globally, the status of all sub-species Cacatua sulphurea with the lowest population classified this bird in the endangered category. The conservation status are: critically endangered (IUCN), Appendix I (CITES) and this species protected by low of Indonesia at Undang-undang No. 5 (1990) about conservation of natural resources and the ecosystem; PP No. 7 (1999) about animal and wild plant useful; Ministry of Forestry decision No. 350/KPTS-11/1997 and No. 522/KPTS-11/1997; and locally protected by Perda, Awig-awig (tribe rules) or Perdes. The urgent need for an intervention program was underscored by the BirdLife International-Indonesia Programme in work ending in 1999, and since then by CITES, IUCN, BirdLife, Parrots Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, 2000-2004. After 10 years pass, Koservasi Kakatua Indonesia - Indonesian Parrot Project in collaboration with World Parrot Trust, have inisiated pleliminary surveys of the Cacatua sulphurea to gain new information about the remaining wild population and to understand the current needs of this cockatoo to survive; and then to use this information to formulate and implement a fact-based conservation program. Time of Study This study was a collaborative project between KKI-IPP and WPT, and was conducted during March 26th – April 26th, 2012, with destinations: 1. Pasoso Island, Central Sulawesi; 2. Tasikoki Rehabilitation Center, North Sulawesi; 3. Komodo National Park, East Nusa Tenggara; 4. Way Lolos, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara; -- no founded cockatoo 5. Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park & Poronombu Forest at Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. Method Direct visualization could be carried out, employing a belt transect and point count method to construct a census. Survey were following transects, with long transects depending on the field conditions, with walking slowly and watching the cockatoos inside radius of 50 m in left and right of transects. Point counts in open space used in every point are much better and easier to monitoring cockatoo existance in hills area of study. The data were collected each day from early morning at 05.00 until – 10.00 and afternoon at 14.00 – 18.00.
Data Analyze 1. Density
D=
;L=
Note:
; or for point transect ;
L = π × r2
D = Density (Individual / km2) N = Total individual L = Large transect (km2) p = Long transect l = Wide transect
2. Relative Frequency and Density Relative
Fr =
Kr =
Ni = D
Note:
Fr = Relative frequency ( % ) Fn = Frequency of direct visualization each birds Ft = Total frequency direct visualization all birds Kr = Density relative ( % ) Dt = Total density
Raunkier (at Misra, 1973, at Ferianita, 2007) explained species frequency divided on five classes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Class A = 0 – 20 % Class B = 21 – 40 % Class C = 41 - 60 % Class D = 61 – 80 % Class E = 81 – 100 %
Frequency Law of Raunkier: Species with low frequency means the total individuals more than high frequency. 3. Diversity Index H = - ∑ pi ln pi Note:
pi =
∑ birs species i ∑ total bird
H = Diversity Index pi = Proportion index of species i ln = Natural Logaritma
The definition of Diversity Index by Shannon – Wiener (at Ferianita, 2007): a. Value of H’ > 3 means: the diversity index of species on a transect is high abundance b. Value of H’ 1 ≤ H’ ≤ 3 means: the diversity index of species on a transect is middle (enough) abundance c. Value of H’ < 1 means: the diversity index of species on a transect is rare or small.
Result & Discussion I. Cacatua sulphurea sulphurea Cacatua sulphurea sulphurea is found in Sulawesi and satelite islands. Extant studies suggest that although some small populations may exist elsewhere, the remaining cockatoos are mostly confined to two locations in SE Sulawesi: Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park (RAWNP) and Buton Islands, and a single location in central Sulawesi (Pasoso Island – Marine Natural Reserve) (Nandika, 2005: 10-11). In Buton Island (Lambusango Wildlife Reserve and Kakenauwe Natural Reserve), the cockatoos are very rare. The estimated population is about 50 to 100 cockatoos, and our prediction that the numbers are in constant decrease due to the big pressure on this species in the form of trapping for the pet bird trade. After KKI’s survey in 2009, in 7 days no cockatoos were encountered in both regions. Singer (2008) explained that several interesting bird species like Yellow-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) has been lost in these forests. Trapping and trading are the reasons the cockatoo numbers have decreased in Kakenauwe and Labusango. One local trapper explained (in an interview) that in 1990’s; he sold cockatoos in Wakatobi Island for the value of a second-hand motorcycle (± Rp 2.000.000 – 4.000.000,-). Wakatobi Island is one of the major line of the illegal trading of parrot from Maluku and Buton (Nandika & Agustina, 2009). Cahyadin, (1994) explained that from a survey conducted in 11 locations in South Sulawesi (Amba, Ujung Lamuru, Sopeng, Singkang, Siwa, Palopo, Kalosi, Erekang, Taramanu, Budong-budong and Botobahari) in 1994 only in one location on Ujung Lamuru 7 cockatoos were recorded in a group. Trapping, trading for pemarkett and forest reduction are the main reasons of cockatoos population decreasing. The absence of suitable trees for foodstuff and nesting have a big impact on the decrease incockatoo numbers. Several communities believe that the cockatoos arepests and don’t need protection or conservation. 1. Pasoso Island, Central Sulawesi Pasoso is small Island, located on 130 km of North-west of Palu, central Sulawesi (119°36'55” - 119°37'26” E and 0°05'50” - 0°05'07” S); it’s about 3 hours by boat from Labean harbor, and the adminitrative on Desa Pomolulu, Kecamatan Balaesang, Kabupaten Donggala. Pososo Island has been Marine Natural Reserve since August 30, 1989 by Surat Keputusan Gubernur Kepala Daerah Tingkat I Sulawesi Tengah No. 188.44/3932/DINHUT/1989 with 5.000 ha (land and sea). But, the large of this Island is only 49 ha (Data of Angkatan Laut Belal 119 Reper DITTOP AD 842/CO 621 on Agista, et al., 2001:9).
Figure 1. Map of Pasoso Island In the center of the Island, the hill forest is still in good condition with plants of lowland forest, on the North side we found that several trees were cut (illegal logging probably). The land of this island is rocky (a coral Island) with a high elevation of about 126 m above sea level, and only one sandy beach located on the South-East side. Coconut palm trees (as cultivation) were planted on the South side and only one family living there (with 15 children) who has the duty of protecting this island and its Green and Hawksbill turtles feeding and breeding grounds, a decision awarded by the Marine Ministry. The sea around Pasoso Island is not only famous for being a good place for fishing, many of fishing clubs visit this island for this reason, but also as an important area for sea turtle, to lay their eggs and feed. It is very easy to see the sea turtles and swim with them. There are two species of sea turtles that visit Pasoso Island: Hawksbill Turtles, penyu sisik (Eretmochelys imbricata) and Green Turtles, penyu hijau (Chelonia mydas).
Figure 2. Illegal logging at North of Island (top-left); The shark just killed by local community to take the fin for export comodity to China (top-middle); Point observation on harbor of Island to cover and monitoring the cockatoo (top-right). Doc: Dudi Nandika The data collected from March 27th â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 31st, 2012, through the use of 3 line transects and combination with 1 point, by three teams (transect on hill forest and beach; and a look out from the bridge in the small harbor) for monitoring the Yellow-crested cockatoos around the island. A visual record of 14 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 17 cockatoos was achieved. 25 other bird species were recorded also. During a 6 days survey conducted in 1994 in Pasoso
Island, only 2 – 6 cockatoos were encountered per day (Nur Mallo and Setiawan, 1994) and in 1999 the cockatoo population was about 7-15 individuals per large of the island 49 ha (Agista, 2000). The biggest cockatoo group recently encountered was of 11 individuals, when a Spotted Harrier (Circus assimilis) flew over the cockatoos there was a lot of flying and screeching (count time: Mar 30, 15.10 -15.31 in the afternoon). The density is about 14 -17 individuals per 0.22 km square or 0.64 - 0.77 individuals per ha (large size of island = 49 ha = 0.49 km square, total transect of survey is 22 ha), Pasoso is a tiny island. No 1 2 3
Transect Habitat Type ∑ cockatoo Note Coastal area Sev 7 1 transect and 1 point Hill forest (west) Cuf 3 --- 4 1 transect Hill forest (east) Cuf 4 --- 6 1 transect ∑ cockatoo 14 --- 17 3 transects and 1 point Note: Sev = Sea vegetation, rock and sand; Cuf = Cultivation, hill forest and underwood Agista, et. al., explained on his last study (2001: 3), on Pulau Pasoso that the total population is thought to comprise only 7 – 15 individuals (the biggest group recently observed was 7 individuals), with these mostly distributed in the south and central parts of the island in mixed secondary forest, scrub anddry land agricultural plots. It means that the cockatoo population did not significantly increase in the last 10 years. The hill forest is dominated by a Ficus sp. and marang taipa Dehaasia sp., which are both suitable trees as cockatoo foodstuff sources. The only mangrove trees left are of a Sonneratia sp., in the south side of the island. “The dominant daily activities of cockatoos are playing and pearching on top of tree, for drying their feather after rain. Almost cockatoos love to play. Metz & Zimmermann (2006) observed juvenile Triton cockatoos breaking off the branches they were perched on, falling toward the ground and swooping up to play another round of this game, all to gleeful squawks of delight”.
Figure 3. Cockatoos playing on top tree (top-left; (top-right); Cacatua sulphurea sulphurea with yellow check (top-middle and right). Doc: Dudi Nandika
II. Cacatua sulphurea parvula, at Komodo Island, East Nusa Tenggara C.s. parvula is the only sub-species which is not endemic to only Indonesia, widespread in Nusa Tenggara (except Sumba) and Timor Leste. KKI – IPP and WPT team conducted a short survey in Komodo National Park from April 5th – 7th, 2012. Komodo Island is about 336 km square. The Komodo National Park is one of the most touristic destinations in Indonesia; it is now considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The land on Komodo Island is dominated by savanna (59%), Monsoon forest (38%) and only 3% of tropical forest (wet) (Imansyah, et al., 2005). Agista and Rubyanto (2001:1) explained that in Komodo National Park the Yellow crested Cockatoo is still relatively common being most frequently recorded in dry tropical forest (at sea level to 350 m) which is dominated by Asem Jawa (Tamarindus indicus) and Kelompang (Sterculia foetida).
Figure 4. Map of Komodo National Park (Loh Liang area) The survey used 3 line transects combinations of Loh Liang area, to see the cockatoo in sulphurea hill (it is a good strategic point to monitoring and covering the places). Cockatoos were recorded from visual contact, the total was about 73 – 86 cockatoos and, about 24 other species of birds were recorded too. The biggest cockatoo group count was about 27 individuals, when a Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) came to cockatoo territory which caused the cockatoo flock to start flying with loud agitated calls (count time: Apr 4th, 08.52 - 09.13 in morning) and after that the Kite was also seen fighting with Slender-billed Crow (Corvus enca). Agista (2001) estimated the total population of cockatoo in Komodo NP to be about 500 individuals and 100 individuals on Rinca Island from 20 locations surveys, 134 cockatoos in Poreng and 56 in Banu Nggulung.
Figure 5. Komodo Island fro the air – very dry habitat (top-left); Point of observation on top of Sulphurea Hill (topmiddle); Cockatoo on Tamarin tree – the fruit and flower as foodstuff (top-right). Doc: Dudi Nandika Our survey did cover only 3 areas: Banu Nggulung, Palm grove and Poreng and in just three daysperiod. The total transect is about 1,12 km per square, with a density about 65.2 – 76.8 individuals per km square. No 1 2 3
Locations Banu Nggulung Palm grove Poreng
Habitat Type Savanna, dry tropical forest Savanna, dry tropical forest, palm grove Savanna, dry tropical forest ∑ cockatoo
∑ cockatoo 18 --- 31 12 43 73 --- 86
Note 1 transect 1 transect 1 transect 3 transects
Figure 6. Cockatoo perching on top of tree (top). Doc: Dudi Nandika Cockatoo foodstuffs are: fruits of Tamarind, Asam Jawa (Tamarindus indica), young leaf of Hazel Sterculia, Kelompang (Sterculia foetida), fruits of Lowveld chestnut, Nitax (Sterculia oblongata), fruits and flowers of Silk Cotton Tree, Kapuk (Ceiba pentandra), flowers of bamboo. We found one nest cavity in the top of a dead Agel or Gebang Palm (Corypha utan) about 7 m height. The nest tree is located near a small dry river, at a 2 m elevation above sea level. Imansyah J., et al. in his research in 2005 explained that almost all of cockatoo nesting trees were found in the monsoon forest, and not a single one in the savanna area. Commonly the nesting trees are under 50 m elevation.
Figure 7. Cockatoo at nest hole tree of Gebang (Corypha utan) (top-left); Cockatoo flying (top-right). Doc: Mehd Halouate III. Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata, at Sumba Island C. s. citrinocristata, having different morphology than the other subspecies, orange color on crest and cheek (the others have yellow). On Sumba, where the importance of tall trees (foundonly on ridge tops and in valley bottoms) to the species was noted in 1978 (Kendall 1979), This sub-species is heavily dependent on closedcanopy (primary) forest at low altitudes (mainly in valley bottoms), although it ranges out into open country (M. J. Jones et al. 1995) at IUCN, 2004: 1652. It was clearly very common in the last century, when Doherty (1891) wrote that â&#x20AC;&#x153;among birds cockatoos are so numerous that I have seen the trees white with them!â&#x20AC;? (IUCN, 2004: 1651).
Figure 8. Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata with orange crest (top). Doc: Dudi Nandika Riffel and Bekti (1991) reported on two internal anonymous studies in the 1980s intended to help determine capture quotas: the first, conducted in 1986, yielded an estimated total of 12,000 birds with a density of 8/km2 in appropriate habitat; the second, conducted in 1989, apparently yielded no total number but discovered that density had dropped to 1.8/km2, an apparent decline of 80% in three years (with prices rising concomitantly, from Rp 25,000 per bird in 1985 to Rp 100,000 in 1991(IUCN, 2004: 1651). The population decrease had been dramatic by trapping and habitat loss. Jones et al. in prep., BirdLife IP (at Shannaz et al, 1995), the trusted reason of bird population decrease are a combination between habitat loss and trapping (uninterrupted) for selling. On 1989, number of C. s. citrinocristata leaving Sumba estimated at 1,350-3,000 (Marsden, 1995 at Cahill et al., 2006). Then, on 1991-1992, CITES reported exports of C. s. citrinocristata averaged 1,600 per year (WCMC, unpub. data collected from CITES Annual Reports at Cahill et al., 2006). Over that, forest loss on Sumba has been acute in recent years and less than 10 % of the island is currently forested (Sujatnika et al., 2000 at Walker et al., 2005).
Figure 9. Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata pearching on top die branch (top). Doc: Mehd Halouate The study calculated 72 kind of other bird species, around Manurara, Watumbelar and Poronombu forests. The complete birds list is on a separate attached file. The study area was divided in 2 places: Manupeu Tanah Daru NP (Manurara & Watumbelar) and Poronombu Forest and the result is a combination between the two visits: January 25th â&#x20AC;&#x201C; February 27th (previous visit) and April 9th â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 25th, 2012 (the recent one).
Figure 10. Map of Sumba 1. Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park The National Park (119° 29' - 119° 53' E and 09° 35' - 09° 53' S) was officially declared in 1998 by the Ministry of Forestry, decision Number: 576/Kpts-II/1998, with a large area about ± 87.984,09 Ha, which is in central Sumba and a small area in East Sumba. Manupeu forest in Central-West Sumba (6,200 ha), it is one of the last lowland forest fragments on the Island (Cahill, et al, 2006), which is dominated by semi-deciduous monsoon vine forest. The topography of study area (175 – 460 m altitude) is lowland near river, until highland of uphill forest which is 40 – 600elevation. To get to several points of locations a river has to be crossed to get there. After heavy rain the river gets flooded and difficult to cross. The rainfall is about 500-3500 mm per year with 18oC - 31oC of temperature. On this site, the data was collected in two places: the forests and the gardens close to Manurara and Watumbelar Village. a. Manurara Village Habitat Type Locations ∑ cockatoo Note Lapopo Se 7 --- 12 1 transect & 1 point Hiliruga Sav 9 --- 11 3 transects Laihunga Smf 4 1 transect Umbukora Se 2 2 transects & 2 points Gua ular Se 4 1 transect Manurara Leileu Se 4 --- 8 1 transect Melaudana Se 16 1 point Gua dua muka Se 5 --- 6 1 transect & 1 point Matayangu Se 2 --- 4 1 transect Preiwiruk Se 2 1 transect Waymanu Se 2 --- 4 2 transects ∑ cockatoo 57 --- 73 14 transects and 4 points Note: Se = Semi-deciduous monsoon vine forest; Sav = Savanna; Smf = Savanna & monsoon forest; Cu = Cultivation No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
In the study area close to Manurara village 14 lines transects and 5 points were used for monitoring the cockatoos with a total long transects about 19.8 km square. The number of cockatoos recorded from visual contact around Manurara and Waymanu was about 57 – 73 cockatoos. The highest encounter rates were at Lapopo, Hiliruga, Leileu, Gua dua muka, and Melaudana (Manupeu forest). Overall cockatoo density estimates was significantly good enough, about 2,88 – 3,7 per km2 (at Manupeu). Of course, this data is still
not enough to cover all cockatoo density in Manupeu NP, which is dependent on long transect and also survey locations to become samples. Human activities at PLTM Lapopo project (electric power from rainfall) have contributed to overall wild animal population growth in Manupeu. On last study of Cahill et al, 2006, explained the cockatoo density estimates on Manupeu (1992) about 4.24 per km2 and 9.91 per km2 (2002). Two kinds of nesting tree were recorded and used by cockatoo: Marra tree (Tetrameles nudiflora) and Nggoka rara tree (Chinocheton sp). On Kamoto (2004) research, Sumba cockatoo used Marra (Tetrameles nudiflora), Nggoka rara (Chinocheton sp), Maha/Manera (Aglaia ensiderexylon) and Delo (Palaquium sp). Generally, Sumba cockatoo chosed a big large size trees criterion as nesthole, tallest tree and shed their leaves. Marra tree (Tetrameles nudiflora) and Nggoka rara tree (Chinocheton sp) are the most preferred nest tree then others. That is seems within Walker (2002: 8), cockatoos were found to have a strong preference for both T. nudiflora and Chisocheton sp., with T. nudiflora the most preferred nest tree species within trees of dbhâ&#x2030;Ľ 0.68m. This size criterion was used, as we did not observe cockatoos to display interest in smaller trees.
Figure 11. Map of Manurara The number of big trees in Sumba has decreased in comparison to a study conducted a year ago, the main reason for this habitat degradation is the illegal logging; the wood is used for building tribe houses. Karnoto (2004) said in his study that he often saw illegal logging happening every day when he was collecting data in the field. The local community used Marra tree as based elements in boat constructions. The wood of the Marra tree is very fluent and easy to curve as boat (Heyne, 1988). The habitat degradation will definitely have a bad impact on herbivore especially frugivorous as foodstuff and also nesting trees needs (decreasing kind and ideal size nest tree). b. Watumbelar Village Watumbelar Village is located on the East region of Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park. The survey was conducted in three places: Nangga, Kanggoruk and Preang Memang, with total transects about 1,48 km square. Only three cockatoo were recorded in this region, and the density is about 2 individuals per km square. The total density between Manurara and Watumbelar is not too far, which is still in same National Park (Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park area). Habitat type at Preang Memang is cultivation, such as Rice Oryza sativa, Papaya or Paw Paw Carica papaya, Corn Zea mays, and the communities try to cultivate the
forest tree of Injuwatu or Spondias saponaria.This species of tree will be a well sought after wood source for the locals as building material. No 12 13 14
Locations Nangga Kanggoruk Preang memang ∑ cockatoo
Habitat Type Smf Se Cu
∑ cockatoo 1 0 2 3
Note 1 transect and 1 point 1 transect and 1 point Watumbelar 1 transect and 1 point 3 transects and 3 points
Note: Smf = Savanna & monsoon forest; Se = Semi-deciduous monsoon vine forest; Cu = Cultivation In a previous trip to this area in 2011 more cockatoos were encountered in 3 different patches of forests, 3 to 4 cockatoos with a maximum of 7 one morning in a corn gardens overlooking some good forests. The cockatoos are getting bolder and raid the corn fields in the middle of the day (Mehd 2011). Watumbelar village is one of the poorest villages visited and, the farmers like in the whole of Sumba are turning the gardens into paddies and rice has become the staple diet replacing sweet potatoes and corn.
Figure 12. Map of Watumbelar 2. Poronombu Forest Poronombu is a small heavily disturbed block of forest in west Sumba which is about 2500 ha big and a 400806 m altitude or elevation. There are six villages (desa) insideor at the edge of the remaining forest: desa Umbu Raya, Doka Kaka, Tema Tanah, Bondotera tana, Karekanduku Tana, and Wanokasa. Poronombu is also a semi-deciduous monsoon forest with coordinate119 o 23'15”- 119 o 27'00” E & 9 o 31'45” - 9 o 34'30” S. The study in Poronombu used 3 line transects and 1 point for monitoring the cockatoos with a total long transects of about 1,86 km square. Cockatoos were recorded from visual contact around Dokakaka and Wanokasa, with a total of about 15 – 18 cockatoos. The cockatoo density estimated 8.06 – 9.7 per km2. Although samples in Poronombu are only from two locations (a small forest block) the population density in this area is very good. On last study of Cahill et al, 2006, explained the cockatoo density estimates at Poronombu about 0.87 km2 (1992) and 6.98 km2 (2002).
Figure 13. Map of Poronombu The cockatoos direct visualizationsweredependent on timing, climate and also plant phenology. Alikodra (2002: 99) explained that the activities of the species were fixed in relation with individuals characteristic and environment conditions (like: foodstuff, facility for breeding, predator, climate, water supply also habitat loss. The difficulties encountered when monitoring cockatoos were that the birds stayed in the canopy inside the forest and the heavy rainfall. Mornings and afternoons are the best times of day to monitor cockatoo activities when flying and looking for food in top of trees in open space. Habitat ∑ Type cockatoo Locations Note Dokakaka Se 11 --- 13 2 transects and 1 point Wanokasa Cuf 4 --- 5 1 transect ∑ cockatoo 15 --- 18 3 transects and 1 point Note: Se = Semi-deciduous monsoon vine forest; Cuf = Cultivation & monsoon forest
No 1 2
Two kinds of nesting trees were recorded being used by cockatoos: Marra tree (Tetrameles nudiflora) and Nggoka rara tree (Chinocheton sp). Some of Sumba cockatoos preferred foodstuff are: fruits of Delo (Palaquium sp), fruits of Taleho, fruits of Kihi (Canarium sp), flowers of Dadap (Erythrina fisca), fruits of Kemagol, fruits of Nggai (Timonius timon), fruits of Swindi, fruits and flowers of Marra (Tetrameles nudiflora) and also fruits and flowers of Nggoka rara (Chinocheton sp). In the dry season, Sumba cockatoos usually visit cultivation to eat corn (Zea mays), Papaya (Carica papaya), Banana (Musa paradisiaca), and coconut (Cocos nucifera). Competition of Sumba Cockatoo at Manupeu NP and Poronombu Forest Several bird species are competitors for foodstuff and nesting treeswith Sumba cockatoo, such as: Nuri bayan - Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus), Betet kelapa paruh besar – Great-billed parrot (Tanygnathus megalorynchos), Perkici pelangi – Rainbow lorikeet (Trychoglossus haematodus), Nuri pipi merah – Red cheeked parrot (Geoffroyus geoffroyi), Julang sumba – Sumba hornbill (Rhyticeros everetti) and Perling kecil – Short tailed starling (Aplonis minor). Sumba cockatoo have been recorded competing for foodstuff with many other frugivorous bird families such as Colombidae, Picnonotidae and Oriolidae, species like: Walik rawamanu – Red naped fruit-doves (Ptilinopus dohertyi), Pergam hijau - Green imperial pigeons (Ducula aenea), and Punai sumba - Sumba green pigeons (Treron teysmannii).
In three areas the study recorded visual competition of two species for in nesting cavities the same tree species (Nggoka rara, Chinocheton sp) at Umbukora and Preiwiruk – Sumba cockatoos and Eclectus parrots having different nesting cavities in the same tree and Great billed parrots nesting in the same tree as Sumba cockatoos in Dokakaka. Karnoto (2004) studied Sumba cockatoos in nesting tree 903, having competition with Eclectus parrots, Sumba hornbills, Short tailed starlings and Common Dollarbirds (Eurystomus orientalis). In nesting tree 942, the competitors are Great billed parrots, Eclectus parrots, and rainbow lorikeets. Parrots Abundance at Manupeu NP and Poronombu Forest The study recorded 5 kinds of parrots in Manupeu Tanah Daru NP and Poronombu forest; 4 of them are endemic in Sumba: Sumba cockatoo (C.s. citrinocristata), Nuri bayan - Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus cornelia), Perkici pelangi - Rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus fortis) and Betet kelapa paruh besar - Great billed parrot (Tanygnathus megalorynchos sumbensis); and Nuri pipi merah – Red cheeked parrot (Geoffroyus geoffroyi floresianus) distribued in Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Besar and Sumba. Kinds of Parrot
∑ frequency direct visualizatition
1
A
14
22.58
57
2.88
2
B
15
24.19
30
1.52
C
19
30.65
101
5.10
4
D
7
11.29
28
5
E
7
11.29
No.
3
Locations
Manupeu
∑ 1 2 3
Poronumbo
4 5
Relative Frequency (%)
Density (per km2)
Relative Density (%)
Pi
ln pi
Diversity Index
23.08
0.23
-1.51
1.51
12.15
0.12
-2.30
2.30
40.89
0.41
-0.82
0.82
1.41
11.34
0.11
-2.30
2.30
31
1.57
12.55
0.13
-2.04
2.04
∑
62
100.00
247
12.47
100.00
1.00
A
8
40.00
15
8.06
31.91
0.32
-1.14
1.14
8.97 1.35
B
5
25.00
12
6.45
25.53
0.26
-1.35
C
4
20.00
13
6.99
27.66
0.28
-1.35
1.35
D
1
5.00
2
1.08
4.26
0.04
-3.22
3.22
-2.21
E ∑
2
10.00
5
2.69
10.64
0.11
20
100.00
47
25.27
100.00
1.00
2.21 9.27
1
A
2
6.06
3
2.0
2.70
0.03
-3.51
2
B
3
9.09
12
8.1
10.81
0.11
-2.21
2.21
C
1
3.03
3
2.0
2.70
0.03
-3.51
3.51
4
D
22
66.67
81
54.7
72.97
0.73
-0.10
0.10
5
E
5
15.15
12
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10.81
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-2.21
33
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111
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Note: A = C. s. citrinocristata; B = Eclectus roratus; C = Tanygnathus megalorynchos; D = Trichoglossua haematodus; E = Geoffroyus geoffroyi In this study, we usually found Great-billed parrot with direct visualization to be the dominant species with the highest population than the others parrots; and the ones with the lowest frequency are Rainbow lorikeet around Manupeu NP. Different in Poronombu sites, the lorikeets were not in good numbers. Sumba cockatoos are more common than the others parrots, because the focus of the study were the cockatoos, and just gather data about other parrot species we encounter when we are looking for cockatoos. Rainbow lorikeets are much easier to found and more common in Watumbelar than in any of the other sites visited, even in front of our base camp in the village we often see 3 to 5 individuals in groups flying over frequently.
Figure 14. Nuri bayan - Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus cornelia) – (top-left); Betet kelapa paruh besar Great billed parrot (Tanygnathus megalorynchos sumbensis) – (top-midle); and Nuri pipi merah – Red cheeked parrot (Geoffroyus geoffroyi floresianus) – (top-left). Doc: Dudi Nandika
Figure 15. Perkici Pelangi - Rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus fortis) fly after eating the flowers of Turi (Sesbania grandiflora) - (top). Doc: Mehd Halouate
School Visit (Media Campange for conservation support) Conducting Conservation awareness and pride programs for the children (by school visits around the area of study and local community) was or is a vital part of the project. The information given is about interdiction of trapping and selling cockatoos, games, telling stories, using film or presentation with power point, also about law protection of the Cockatoos (international, national, and local). This include campaign media to grow the pride by: production of t-shirts for children; posters; stickers; coloring books, pins, and key chains, which are a good way to spread the knowledge about this unique species and help the work with cockatoo conservation efforts, the locals become more aware of the cockatoo existence in their habitat and hopefully will get involved in helping cease trapping the species. With this media, we hope that the communites will be proud of their own birds especially the cockatoo. This program employs simple, community-based techniques which are also enjoyable and interesting to the children, and appropriate for their age and level of education (Metz, 2008). No 1 2 3 4 5
Name of School SDN Paralel Manurara SDN Lapopu, near Manurara Paud Manurara SMPN 1 Loli, Poronumbo SDN Weekabete, Poronumbo
∑ Student With No questionaire questionaire 47 24 28 94 87
Date Visited 11-Apr-12 16-Apr-12 16-Apr-12 18-Apr-12 19-Apr-12
6
SD Masehi, Watumbelar Total Total All Students Visited
88 274
94
23-Apr-12
368
School visit has been done in six schools at Sumba: SD Paralel Manurara, SDN Lapopu, SDN Weekabete and SD Masehi for elementary schools; Paud Manurara for pre â&#x20AC;&#x201C; elementary school and SMPN 1 Loli for Junior high school --- with using questionnaire about 94 students. The tabulating of questionnaire result on attach file. The questionnaires only focus for Junior High School grade, as well as they can measure the matery; by interdiction of trapping, selling cockatoos and presentation (with using pictures printing, power point, story telling, watching DVD of conservation film) and also about law protection of the Sumba Cockatoo.
Figure 16. The students fill the questionnaires (top-left); Sosialization with power point in class (top-middle); The students was coloring book of cockatoo picture (top-right); Poster, sticker, t-shirt and key chain as gift for the student which is they can answer the question (bottom). Doc: Dudi Nandika
Conservation values are undercut by the historical trend to view birds as objects of wealth, prestige, and power in Indonesia. Even when the exportation of parrots was legal, about 80% remained in the county to fill the domestic market. Once smuggled birds reach the bird markets of the western Indonesian archipelago (e.g., Jakarta), interdiction and confiscation have failed dismally. Therefore, a long-term satisfactory solution to this problem must come at the local level-- where the birds are trapped, or exported by smugglers -through ecological research, and the promotion of education and conservation awareness. The latter extends to protection of habitat critical to these parrots (Metz, 2008).
Figure 17. Posters and stickers are printing for supported our conservation effort. Doc: Dudi Nandika
ACCESSIBILITY Name of Places Pasoso Island
Komodo Island
- Manupeu Tanah
Daru National Park
- Poronombu Forest
Access Rental car or public transportation from Palu (central Sulawesi) to Labean Harbor (Kecamatan Balaesang, Kabupaten Donggala) about 3 hours, then rent boat about 2 - 3 hours to Pasoso Island Rental boat from Labuan Bajo, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara about 4 hours to Komodo Island. Permits will be obtained, and porters and guides hired, at the National Park office Rental car directly to both Manurara -Anakalang (1 hour) and Watumbelar -Lewa (3 hours) from Waikabubak (the capital city on West Sumba) Rental car directly to Dokakaka Village, Kecamatan Loli, about 15 menit from Waikabubak (the capital city on West Sumba)
Accomodations Stay in the single family on Pasoso Island
Permits Permits are obtained in transit, from BKSDA Central Sulawesi (Palu)
Stay in resort (guess house) of National Park
Permits are obtained on-site from the Ministry of Forestry
Mostly stay in villages with local families
Permits: are obtained in transit, from Ministry of Forestry at Waikaubak
Mostly stay in villages with local families
Permits: are obtained on-site from Kepala Desa (Head of Village)
Conclusion: In some Islands the situation of the Yellow-crested cockatoos is more desperate than in others so prioriring which area to focus on first and which will come after is not an easy decision to make as in some places there so many factors that will make any work on the conservation of the species nearly impossible even though in those areas the cockatoos are more in desperate help than in others. In some Islands the situation is far more worst than what it is thought to be and the sincere and accurate way to formulate this is that it is probably too late for the time being to do anything that can change the status of these birds in their habitat. The best example for this is all these small numbers that have been recorded in mainland Sulawesi, they seem to have desappeared all together from the forests where they used to be recorded. This is the situation in those Islands from the last trip. 1. Pasoso Island This is by far the Island that can be protected with a small funding and not extremely hard work, the only factor to take in consideration to achieve this is to get the five families living on the Island to get involved in the conservation work. As in Komodo Island here too the cockatoos can benefit from the turtle conservation program already in place and the best thing here is the turtles donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t present any danger to the cockatoo population. A win win situation. 2. Komodo Island This is by far the Island where the highest density of the Yellow-crested cockatoos is still to be found. The short survey conducted on this Island is far for enough to establish a whole picture on the accurate density of this species on this Island as the only forest visited is the one close to the Komodo National Park. When looking on the satelite maps this is by far the side of the Island where the best forest is still to be found. The next step is to try to get to the remaining forest patches in the other ridges and hills to do a bird count so that the whole picture of the population of the species on Komodo Island gets clearer. The ironic thing about the cockatoo population on this Island is that it benifited from the protection and conservation of the Komodo Dragons but at the same time the birds or at least the chicks during the breeding
season are highly on the menue of the young dragons while they are avoiding to be eaten by the adult dragons they spend their whole young years on the trees. Nesting trees for many bird species are no exception. It is easy for a young dragon to just enter a nesting cavity and help its self to anything inside. 3. Sumba Island In some sights in Sumba the numbers are still good enough to proceed with the consevation fieldwork, implementing ways to boost the breeding and protection of the cockatoos is a high priority as it is clear that the numbers of suitable nesting trees are very few and the competition between different species on those remainig ones is hard. The forests close to Manurara village are a good example of this. In other sites such as the forest in Poronumbu the major problem is totally different, this forest is outside the National Park boundaries so eventhough the cockatoos are protected the trees for breeding and for foodstuff are not, some logging is still taking place not so much for export but for local use in building houses and such. This means just one thing, the numbers of the Yellow-crested cockatoos here or any other big parrots and hornbills species that rely on these big trees for breeding and diet will not increase and this will lead to the dissapearance of these birds all together from this region. The only solution to save the Poronumbu forests if this region is to be declared a Nature Reserve as it is too small to be considered for a National Park. The latest trip to the forest and gardens close to Watumbelar village was a worrying one as cockatoos sightings were very few, 3 in total and considering the immense good forst still existing in this part of the Island one can only wonder if the distribution of the remaining population is highly dependant on the seasonal changes in the abundance of foodstuff. To get a sens of this changing in density is to do a third survey in a different season and time to see if the numbers are still the same as in the first trip. Repitition of bird counts in a region in different seasons will allow us to track the changes in this species population. Another factor that will somehow effect the population of the Yellow-crested Cockatoo is the agricultural changes happening in the whole of Sumba, every single patch of land is turned to paddies and rice is become more and more the staple diet on the Island. The supplement in the diet of the species such as corn, papaya and other human food stuff that use to be a part of the cockatoos food will be in limitted supply and the birds will have to rely entierly on what the jungle produces.
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