The Magazine for the Worldwide Shale Fracturing Industries
The new magazine dedicated to the world shale oil and gas industry
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Shale
Shale
The Magazine for the Worldwide Shale Fracturing Industries
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CONTENTS
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News Breitling Oil and Gas Worldwide Recycling Equipment Hydraulic Fracturing in the United Kingdom The Race for UK Shale Gas
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Navigant BLH Safety Solutions Harsco Infrastructure Arefco Special Products Breitling Oil and Gas LMS Engineering Produce Italy MCC Chemicals Inc AKD Engineering
Worldwide Business Media Ltd. World Shale Magazine Norwich Norfolk NR7 9NQ United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1603 470662 www.worldwidebusinessmedia.com www.worldshalemagazine.com Editor: vanessa@worldshalemagazine.com Sales: sales@worldshalemagazine.com World Shale Magazine 2013 World Shale Magazine is published by Worldwide Business Media Limited, Norwich, Norfolk, NR7 9NQ United Kingdom. Registered No. 6809417 England/ Wales. VAT No. 972 7492 76. All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or any part without written permission is strictly prohibited. Liability: while every care has been taken in the preperation of this magazine, the publishers cannot be held responsible for the accuracy of the information herein, or any consequence arising from it. All paper used in this production comes from well managed sources.
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NEWS
US to begin exporting ‘fracked’ gas from the BBC
US gas produced by the technique of “fracking” is due to be exported for the first time. A $20bn project to prepare an export terminal is under way in Louisiana. The huge facility on the Gulf of Mexico was originally designed to import natural gas to the US. But within two years of opening, the owners decided to reverse the process. In that time, American shale gas has become abundant and relatively cheap. One of the first contracts will see shale gas shipped to Britain under a contract with Centrica. The decision to sell gas abroad illustrates the extraordinary scale of the shale revolution in the United States with a further huge expansion forecast. A combination of new seismic imaging techniques, the ability to drill horizontally and the process of fracturing the shale rock itself has transformed the energy scene in the United States. The plant at Sabine Pass, owned by Cheniere Energy, was constructed to receive shipments of liquefied natural gas and a handful of deliveries was made. But now the company, banking on growing global demand for cheap American gas, is investing in four massive systems, known as “trains”, to liquefy gas ready for export. When completed, the terminal is planned to export nearly 20 million tonnes of LNG a year. The first shipments are scheduled for 2015. According to Shell, one of the major producers of shale gas in the US, prospects have gone through a surprisingly rapid transformation. Peter Brett, manager of Shell’s onshore well operations in the US, told BBC News that there is “massive potential”.
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NEWS “It’s huge - just five years ago we were talking about importing LNG and bringing that in from overseas and now we’re looking at self sufficiency for the next 100 years in natural gas. “We’re taking a long term view - there’s going to be an ever increasing energy demand, we’re going to need all energy sources and shale gas will be a big part of that.” For years, reservoirs of oil and gas in upper layers of rock have been extracted but the layer of shale below - the “source rock” in which the hydrocarbons were formed - was deemed too difficult to exploit. One major new prospect - or “play”, as the industry calls new fields - is the Eagle Ford shale in southern Texas. Near the Mexican border at Carrizo Springs, this arid scrubland is now the scene of frenetic activity as several major energy companies have moved in. At dozens of sites, drilling rigs are used to reach at least a mile deep into the shale, and then at least a mile horizontally through the rock formation. Typically, a dozen wells can be drilled from the same site. The fracking process involves a fleet of trucks carrying pumps to drive a combination of water, chemicals and “proppants” - tiny grains like sand - under high pressure into the rock. This fractures the shale, forcing open tiny fissures which the proppants then hold open, allowing the gas to flow out. The technique is controversial for several reasons. First, there are concerns about the risk of earth tremors but these have been extremely rare despite more than a million “frack jobs” in the US. Second, as the well passes through water-bearing layers of rock, there is a risk of the contamination of drinking water supplies. A double barrier - a cement lining of the well and a steel pipe - is designed to prevent any gas reaching aquifers.
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NEWS
John Bickley, who manages technology for Shell’s shale operations, said that if drilling and fracking are properly handled, the “possibility of contamination is very small”. If methane is found in drinking water, there are other explanations for how it might have got there, he said. “There could be old well bores that leaked in the past. You could have methane that naturally migrates up.” He conceded that the likelihood of shale gas being exploited in other countries beyond the US partly depends on public reaction. “Until we get people to understand that we’re doing this in an environmentally friendly manner that could delay or even cancel operations in different countries.” In the big country of south Texas, with a sparse population, the process is inevitably less controversial than in more crowded areas. In central California, near the town of Shafter, we found that fracking operations had taken place almost on the doorstep of a retired businessman, Walt Desatoff. “They drilled just across street - they had three giant generators, they just started up. There was lighting, 24/7 activity, a huge waste pit that was of concern “It was major inconvenience - the activity, the smells, the dust from the trucks and the noise. “They did allocate us some money for a hotel - we intermittently left for a few days when we couldn’t take it.” The fracking operation close to Mr Desatoff ’s home was to produce oil not gas but the technique is the same. We approached the company involved but it said it never commented on individual cases. For environmentalists, a major concern is the quality of regulation and the ability of the authorities to enforce it. Jen Powis of the Sierra Club said there was insufficient control over the dumping of “water laced with chemicals”, emissions from compressor stations and the impact of pipeline development. She also said that the plan to export US shale gas carried risks. “There are 17 proposals to export natural gas and no one has looked at them as a whole. “What about the pipelines and the wetlands and the ships coming in and out? What about the water with this increased traffic? And to get to that export, what about the risks upstream?” But for the moment, a shale gas boom, made possible by fracking, is under way in the US with every prospect of it growing for decades to come.
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NEWS
US oil production in largest ever singleyear increase
A report has revealed that 2012 saw the largest single-year increase in US oil production ever recorded. US production grew due to an increase in techniques such as fracking, a method for extracting shale oil and gas, the report by oil giant BP said. Overall, global energy consumption grew by 1.8% in 2012, a smaller increase than in 2011. China and India accounted for almost 90% of that growth. China also now consumes the majority of the world’s coal for the first time. 2012 also saw the largest annual decline in world nuclear output. Japan, which has seen nuclear production almost completely end after 2011’s Fukushima disaster, saw an increase in imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). In Europe, which had higher gas prices than the US, power generators tended to favour burning coal over gas. The report also highlights how emerging economies have increased their share of world energy usage. They now account for 56% of global consumption, up from 42% in 1992. “For those of us in the energy industry, the challenges are about how we respond to the big shifts we are seeing - a shift in demand towards emerging economies and an shift in supply towards a greater diversity of energy sources,” said Bob Dudley, BP chief executive. “The data shows there is ample energy available. Our challenge as an industry is to make the best choices about where to invest,” added Mr Dudley.
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NEWS
UK shale gas resources ‘greater than thought’ UK shale gas resources may be far greater than previously thought, a report for the government says. The British Geological Survey estimates there may be 1,300 trillion cubic feet of shale gas present in the north of England - double previous estimates. Meanwhile the government has announced measures to enable shale gas drilling as part of its infrastructure plans. Energy Minister Michael Fallon described shale gas as “an exciting new energy resource”. The BGS said its estimate for shale gas resources in the Bowland Basin region, which stretches from Cheshire to Yorkshire, represented potential resources, but “not the gas that might be possible to extract”. “Shale gas clearly has potential in Britain but it will require geological and engineering expertise, investment and protection of the environment,” it said. Drilling companies have previously estimated that they may be able to extract around 10% of this gas - equivalent to around 130 trillion cubic feet.
‘Early days’
If the estimates are proved correct, that would still suggest recoverable reserves of shale gas far in excess of the three trillion cubic feet of gas currently consumed in the UK each year. Shale gas is extracted through “fracking” - the controversial process of freeing trapped gas by pumping in a mixture of water, sand and chemicals. The process has helped boost the domestic energy industry in the US in recent years, where oil production has risen and gas prices have plummeted. In a statement, the Department of Energy and Climate Change said: “Though it is early days for shale in the UK, it has the potential to contribute to the UK’s energy security, increase inward investment and growth.”
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NEWS The government has unveiled a package of reforms to encourage development in the industry. They include new planning guidelines to make the process of approving new drilling sites more streamlined, and a consultation on tax incentives to encourage exploration. Communities affected by shale gas drilling are also expected to receive £100,000 in “community benefits” and 1% of production revenues, should sites start producing gas. “Shale gas represents an exciting new potential energy resource for the UK, and could play an important part in our energy mix,” said Energy Minister Michael Fallon “Development must be done in partnership with local people. We welcome the commitments from industry on community benefits. “This will provide a welcome boost for communities who will host shale exploration and production as well as offering strong assurances that operators will engage with them and work to the highest health, safety and environmental standards.” He said communities hosting shale gas drilling could benefit from cheaper bills, regeneration schemes and new community facilities like playgrounds and sports halls. The incentives are designed to overcome significant scepticism surrounding the process of fracking, which has generated environmental concerns. Critics argue that it can cause earth tremors and pollute water supplies, and that shale gas wells could blight the countryside and affect house prices. They also want investment in green energy sources, rather than fossil fuels. Labour’s shadow energy minister, Tom Greatrex, conceded that gas would remain “an important part of our energy mix in the future”. But he dismissed the announcement of incentives as “a desperate attempt to draw attention away from the government’s cuts to infrastructure investment... and its abject failure to get the economy growing”.
Power warning
Currently the UK’s shale industry remains in its infancy, with relatively small energy companies such as IGas and Cuadrilla until recently the only firms with licences to explore share gas resources. Centrica, the owner of British Gas, announced its intention to buy a stake in one licence in the Bowland Basin owned by Cuadrilla earlier this month. The report for the government comes as energy regulator Ofgem warned that the risks of power blackouts has increased because excess capacity in the power industry has fallen in the UK. The watchdog has twice warned in recent months that the amount of spare power is shrinking, partly due to some gas generators being taken out of service. Centrica has already withdrawn two of its gas plants from operation. In April, SSE confirmed that it too would mothball gas plants and put off investments in new ones. Adam Scorer, of the lobby group Consumer Futures, said: “Projections of ever-tighter capacity margins understandably raise fears of higher electricity prices. “Government and regulator need to agree on the most realistic capacity scenarios, the leastcost ways of reducing demand and, where necessary, of incentivising new generation capacity.” Announcing further details of the government’s spending review to parliament, Treasury Secretary Danny Alexander said the government had agreed “strike prices” in an effort to boost investment in renewable forms of energy. The prices mean the government will guarantee to pay a certain price for energy generated through on-shore and off-shore wind, tidal, wave, bio-mass and solar power.
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NEWS Shale oil ‘adds 11% to world reserves’
LNG demand fall hits Milford Haven port profits
Estimated global reserves of shale oil could increase total world crude resources by 11%, according to a US government report. The Energy Information Administration estimated there were some 345 billion barrels of “technically recoverable” shale oil reserves in 41 countries. And some 7,299 trillion cubic feet of shale gas reserves could boost natural gas resources by 47%, the EIA said. But technically recoverable reserves are not a guaranteed supply. They are an estimate of how much oil or gas could be extracted using the latest technology and they do not take into account economic viability. “The reserves are one thing, but the ability to scale up the production for those reserves is another thing, which is not as straightforward in many parts of the world as it has proved to be in the US,” said Jan Stuart, head of energy research at Credit Suisse in New York.
Profits at Wales’ largest port have fallen by half after a big reduction in the number of liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankers docking there. Milford Haven Port in Pembrokeshire saw 2012 profits drop from £8.1m to £4.2m. The fall in the number of LNG shipments was blamed on steep increases in the cost of imported gas making coal cheaper for power generation. The port said it was diversifying into renewable energy sources to limit the risk from market fluctuations.
For instance, in Poland, which is believed to have much shale potential, several companies have given up shale drilling after early attempts indicated extraction would be difficult.
It said markets had been hit by a combination of factors including the 2011 Japanese tsunami and the USA’s interest in shale gas, which is extracted from shale rock using the controversial process of fracking.
Changing markets Shale oil and gas reserves are expected to have a huge impact on the world’s energy markets.
The port, the third largest in the UK, was also affected by the increasing cost of dealing with pension deficits.
A recent report by consultants PwC said that shale oil “has the potential to reshape the global economy, increasing energy security, independence and affordability in the long term”.
Port chairman David Benson said: “The port will always be susceptible to energy market fluctuations which is why we are continuing to diversify and make the most of opportunities for investment in activities more within our control.
Last month the International Energy Agency (IEA) said that a steeper-thanexpected rise in US shale oil reserves would mean the US would change from the world’s leading importer of oil to a net exporter over the next five years.
“During 2012 we focused primarily on investing in our sites at Pembroke Port and Milford Dock and actively pursued opportunities to be involved in the wind, hydro and biomass sectors of the renewable energy economy.”
The Energy Information Administration (EIA) is the independent statistics arm of the US Department of Energy.
Milford Haven has two terminals, South Hook and Dragon LNG, which have received giant tankers carrying LNG from the Middle East since 2009.
Its report marks the first time it has looked at global shale reserves. A previous report in 2011 only looked at shale oil resources in the US.
Last month a giant gas tanker was diverted to Milford Haven during a long cold snap which sparked fears that the UK would run out of stored gas.
According to its latest assessment, Russia has the most shale oil reserves with 75 billion barrels, ahead of the US and China.
The Zarga was carrying about 266,000 cubic metres of LNG, or six hours’ worth for the UK.
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US shale oil supply shock shifts global power balance A steeper-than-expected rise in US shale oil reserves is about to change the global balance of power between new and existing producers, a report says. Over the next five years, the US will account for a third of new oil supplies, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). The US will change from the world’s leading importer of oil to a net exporter.
Shale will free US from oil imports, says ex-BP boss
NEWS
Demand for oil from Middle-East oil producers is set to slow as a result. “North America has set off a supply shock that is sending ripples throughout the world,” said IEA executive director Maria van der Hoeven. Canadian oil sands production is also contributing to the “supply shock”, the IEA said. The surge in US production will reshape the whole industry, according to the IEA, which made the prediction in its closely-watched bi-annual report examining trends in oil supply and demand over the next five years. The IEA said it expected the US to overtake Russia as the world’s biggest gas producer by 2015 and to become “all but self-sufficient” in its energy needs by about 2035. The rise in US production means the world’s reliance on oil from traditional oil producing countries in the Middle East, which make up Opec (the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), would end soon, according to the report. Slower growth US production is set to grow to a level that is some 3.9 million barrels of oil per day (bpd) higher in 2018 than it was in 2012, accounting for some two thirds of the predicted growth in traditional non-Opec production, according to the IEA. Continue reading the main story “ Start Quote The regional fallout from the ‘Arab Spring’ is taking a toll on investment and capacity growth” IEA Meanwhile, global oil demand is set to increase by 8% which would be met mainly by non-Opec supplies, the report said The IEA still expects production capacity among traditional Opec suppliers in the Middle East to continue to grow over the next five years, but at a slower rate. Opec capacity, which counts for 35% of today’s global oil output, is expected to rise by 1.75 million bpd to 36.75 million bpd in 2018, about 750,000 bpd less than predicted in the IEA’s 2012 forecast. The IEA cites the “growing insecurity in North and Sub-Saharan Africa” in the wake of the Arab Spring uprisings as a key reason for the slowdown. “The regional fallout from the ‘Arab Spring’ is taking a toll on investment and capacity growth,” the IEA said. Fracking The sharp rise in US oil production is largely thanks to shale oil, a product many have hailed as the saviour of the US energy market. Fracking, the process of blasting water at high pressure into shale rock to release oil (or gas) held within it, has become widespread in the US. But critics of shale oil point to environmental concerns such as high water use and possible water contamination, the release of methane and, to a lesser extent, earth tremors caused by drilling. The process has been banned in France, while the UK recently lifted a moratorium on drilling for shale gas.
The big growth in oil extracted from shale rock means the US will not need to import any crude within two decades, the former boss of BP has said. Lord Browne told a conference in Oxford the US would be “completely independent of imported oil, probably by 2030”. He also said the amount of shale gas in the US was “effectively infinite”. Shale oil and gas is extracted using a method called fracking, but the process has been controversial because of the environmental risks associated with it. Lord Browne is a director of fracking firm Cuadrilla. He told the Resource 2012 forum on water, food and energy scarcity that the development of shale oil and gas was “quite extraordinary”, and that the world was now entering the “latest age of primary energy”.
Earthquakes
Under the process of fracking, oil or gas is extracted from shale rock by pumping a mixture of sand, water and chemicals into the rock at high pressure. In April this year, a panel of experts appointed by the UK government ruled that test fracking could continue, but under strict conditions. The report came after a Cuadrilla site in Lancashire had to stop test fracking in 2011 after two small earthquakes were felt at the surface. There are also concerns that fracking - which is banned in France and Switzerland - risks polluting water supplies. However, the practice is now widespread in the US. Lord Browne said the sector needed stronger government regulation to prevent any bad practice. He said: “Shale gas has a very bad reputation, as a result of the weak players cutting corners. “Regulation tightening would be welcome.”
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NEWS
NEWS
What is fracking and why is it controversial? Drilling companies suggest trillions of cubic feet of shale gas may be recoverable from underneath parts of northern England, through a process known as “fracking”. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a technique designed to recover gas and oil from shale rock. But how does it work and why is it controversial?
What is fracking? Fracking is the process of drilling down into the earth before a high-pressure water mixture is directed at the rock to release the gas inside. Water, sand and chemicals are injected into the rock at high pressure which allows the gas to flow out to the head of the well. The process is carried out vertically or, more commonly, by drilling horizontally to the rock layer. The process can create new pathways to release gas or can be used to extend existing channels.
Why is it called fracking? It is shorthand for hydraulic fracturing and refers to how the rock is fractured apart by the high pressure mixture. Experts also refer to a “frac job” and a “frac unit”.
Why is it controversial? The extensive use of fracking in the US, where it has revolutionised the energy industry, has prompted environmental concerns. The first is that fracking uses huge amounts of water that must be transported to the fracking site, at significant environmental cost. The second is the worry that potentially carcinogenic chemicals used may escape and contaminate groundwater around the fracking site. The industry suggests pollution incidents are the results of bad practice, rather than an inherently risky technique. There are also worries that the fracking process can cause small earth tremors. Two small earthquakes of 1.5 and 2.2 magnitude hit the Blackpool area in 2011 following fracking. “It’s always recognised as a potential hazard of the technique”, says Professor Ernie Rutter from the University of Manchester, “But they’re unlikely to be felt by many people and very unlikely to cause any damage.” Finally, environmental campaigners say that fracking is simply distracting energy firms and governments from investing in renewable sources of energy, and encouraging continued reliance on fossil fuels. “Shale gas is not the solution to the UK’s energy challenges,” said Friends of the Earth energy campaigner Tony Bosworth. “We need a 21st century energy revolution based on efficiency and renewables, not more fossil fuels that will add to climate change.”
What are the advantages of fracking? Fracking allows drilling firms to access difficult-to-reach resources of oil and gas. In the US it has significantly boosted domestic oil production and driven down gas prices. It is estimated to have offered gas security to the US and Canada for about 100 years, and has presented an opportunity to generate electricity at half the CO2 emissions of coal. The industry suggests fracking of shale gas could contribute significantly to the UK’s future energy needs. A report by the Energy and Climate Change Committee in April said shale gas in the UK may help to secure energy supplies, but may not bring down gas prices.
Where is fracking taking place? Reserves of shale gas have been identified across swathes of the the UK, particularly in the north of England. However no fracking is currently taking place, and drilling firms must apply for a fracking licence if they wish to do so in the future.
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NEWS
NEWS Oil prices dipped back slightly on Thursday after Egypt’s army ousted President Mohammed Morsi, having risen 3%-5% over the previous two days. US light sweet crude fell two cents to below $101 a barrel, and Brent crude dropped 36 cents to $105.40. But the gap between the US and European oil benchmarks continued to narrow. The price of US crude had hit a 14-month high on Wednesday on concerns over political turmoil in Egypt, as well as rising US oil demand.
Suez Canal Shale gas company Cuadrilla is to apply for planning consent to carry out more test drilling in Lancashire. It intends to apply for planning consent to hydraulically fracture and test the shale gas at its existing exploration well at Grange Hill.
Traders have been worried that the volatile political situation in Egypt could interrupt oil flows through the Suez Canal and the wider Middle East, which account for about 25% of the world’s oil output. The Egyptian president, Mohammed Morsi, has been removed by the army and placed under house arrest.
Cuadrilla also hopes with its partner Centrica to apply for consent to test drill at up to six new Fylde sites.
The Islamist leader has faced four days of vast protests against his rule, as well as large demonstrations in his support from followers of his Muslim Brotherhood movement.
Opponents claim water used in the fracking process will be contaminated and could enter domestic supplies.
The army has promised new elections, but fears remain that the dispute between Mr Morsi’s opponents and supporters could descend into serious violence.
Francis Egan, Cuadrilla’s chief executive, said: “We want to let everyone know what is happening over the next couple of years.
The Suez Canal sees just over 2% of world oil needs pass through it daily.
“There is a lot of gas in the ground in Lancashire and we need to drill a few more wells to answer the question that everyone keeps asking which is ‘how much gas is there?’ That’s the purpose of the programme.”
The Suez Canal Authority, which operates the waterway, said it “has all the authorities needed for running the Canal without being limited by the laws and the systems of the [Egyptian] government”.
A recent survey by the British Geological Survey (BGS) said shale gas resources in Bowland Basin, which stretches under Cheshire, Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and Yorkshire, may be double previous estimates.
Narrowing spread
The BGS report, published for the government, on 27 June estimates there may be 1,300 trillion cubic feet of shale gas present.
That was the biggest fall in 13 years and more than three times the drop that had been expected.
Tina Rothery, from anti-fracking group Residents Action on Fylde Fracking, she was “deeply concerned” at the expansion plans.
It was partly due to a temporary reduction in supplies from Canada as well as increased demand from a refinery in Indiana that has just restarted work.
She said: “There is no way that this can be done safely.
US crude has traded at a significantly cheaper price than the European Brent benchmark - typically $15-$25 per barrel - since the start of 2011.
“We have researched this for the last a year and a half and have found no assurance of safety.
On Wednesday, the US Energy Department said that weekly US crude supplies fell by 10.3 million barrels.
She added: “This is a huge risk for financial gain.”
In large part this has been due to a renewed US oil boom, as technological advances such as fracking have made it possible to exploit previously unrecoverable shale oil reserves.
The future on the firm’s Anna’s Road site in St Annes is yet to be decided. A spokesman for the firm said drilling was suspended in September at the site when a tool got stuck.
However, the price “spread” between WTI and Brent has almost disappeared over the last three months, due to rising US demand, and new pipelines and rail freight capacity enabling overseas exports of US shale oil.
Birds issue However, Mr Egan said the problem was restrictions imposed to protect wintering birds. He said: “There is a well-known wintering bird issue close to the Anna’s Road site which restricts the period we can work. “Pretty much six months of the year there is a restriction on being able to work on the site which limits your operational flexibility somewhat.” He added: “We prefer to start at sites that don’t have an issue like that.” The government announced shale gas drilling areas will get £100,000 in “community benefits” and 1% of revenues last month. Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, involves the injection of highly pressurised fluids into shale to extract gas. It was temporarily banned in the UK after it was blamed for two earth tremors in Blackpool in 2011. A government review has now concluded fracking is safe if adequately monitored.
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Traders have been worried that the situation in Egypt could interrupt oil flows through the Suez Canal
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Beitling Oil and Gas
Chris Faulkner, CEO , talks to us about a well managed supply chain Breitling Oil and Gas is one of the largest independent oil and natural gas companies in the U.S. with proved reserves throughout most major basins in North America, with the balance in Canada. The company’s geographic focus areas include Texas, Oklahoma and Louisiana. The company was founded in Irving, Texas in 2004, on the fundamental principles of applying state-of-the-art petroleum and natural gas exploration and extraction technology to the development of onshore oil and natural gas projects. Its production operations supply liquid hydrocarbons and natural gas to the growing world energy markets and its founder and CEO is Chris Faulkner. In this article Chris talks about the importance of a well managed supply chain. “Looking at how we got to where we are today the upstream phase of our supply chain and logistics structure was characterised by a resource intensive process. Back then, data had to be manually acquired and we had to spend more money on research and development, so managing our supply chain effectively was critical. Today, we estimate that 18 per cent of our total operational costs are logistics and supply chain processes. Investing at this level is vital so that we can remain competitive�.
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Breitling Oil and Gas Continued...
He continues:”We use software provided by Accenture. Technology now drives supply chain management. Breitling is applying new technology to access new reserves in ageing fields, which is our core area of business. For example, managing our operations from start to finish requires everyone at all stages of the process to access data from one central source. Having the technology to do this helps us in the tracking of materials, staff and machinery. It assists us in the managing of our costs. We can even look at the price of our machinery rentals, expiration dates, the cost to buy and so minimise our one off costs. And of course it saves us a lot of time”. “Our vendor profile varies from major corporations such as Schlumberger and Baker Hughes, to small and regional businesses and there are drawbacks and positives to both. The big global players are easily able to link up to us and provide the essential data we need to manage our supply chain and logistics effectively. On the other hand we cannot expect the same level of personal contact as with a local supplier. Despite a lot of our smaller partners doing everything manually, which is hugely labour intensive and inefficient, the personal touch is a big positive. These guys have a wealth of experience and expertise. Most have been partners since Breitling began and we have done business together based on a handshake – and still do. We have built up strong relations with these companies and they are willing to go the extra mile for us”.
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“There will always be a need to reduce costs as much as possible. Since 2003/4 we have seen costs increase by 45-50 per cent. We continue to face the prospect of increased regulations that could add $200K to the cost of each well we drill and that is a huge added burden on us. Breitling is striving to increase efficiency, reduce risk and reduce costs, so an effective supply chain is vital to the business�. Breitling’s success and continued growth is built around a core set of principles by which the company operates. These are to acquire oil and gas properties that give them a majority working interest and operational control or where they believe they can ultimately obtain it; to maximize the value of properties by increasing production and reserves while controlling cost; to maintain a highly competitive team of experienced and incentivized personnel and engineers; to remain focused in specific regions where they have a competitive advantage as a result of their ever expanding infrastructure, or where they believe they can ultimately obtain it; to acquire properties where they believe additional value can be created through secondary and tertiary recovery operations and a combination of other exploitation, development, exploration and marketing techniques. Chris Faulkner is an industry expert, a keynote speaker at many of the most important industry conferences and was recently honoured to receive for his company the award for 2011 Best Independent Oil and Gas Company, North America, from World Finance Magazine.
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The Magazine for the Worldwide Shale Fracturing Industries
POWER & THERMAL
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W
orldwide Recycling Equipment Sales, LLC (WWR) is dedicated to the recycling industry through its expertise in recycling equipment restoration and manufacturing, specializing in environmental thermal remediation equipment. WWR offers 25 years’ professional experience in the oil cleanup and reclamation industry. Its growth from equipment restoration and sales to manufacturing puts WWR in a unique position to find, refurbish and build equipment for the soil remediation industry that can tackle the toughest jobs at very competitive pricing. Recently introduced is the Vulcan® IDR 8440, WWR’s newest indirect thermal desorption unit (TDU). This TDU consists of a 40’ x 7’ CORETEN drum with combustion chamber and burners as the primary thermal desorption unit. It comes equipped with a material feed system, material discharge system and vapor recovery system. (More information on next page.) The three main uses for WWR’s Vulcan line are downstream processing to create useful commodities; drying material to save on disposal, storage and shipping costs; and soil remediation and cleanup from contaminants such as oil, mercury or pesticides. WWR first debuted the Vulcan® IDR to 90,000 attendees at the 2013 Offshore Technology Conference (OTC) in Houston, May 6-9, 2013. One notable group of visitors at the convention were members of the Nigerian Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), whom WWR has worked with on several past and upcoming projects. Next WWR showcased its soil remediation and drill cutting cleanup equipment at the Gas and Oil Expo in Calgary, Alberta, Canada June 11-13, 2013. WWR has the in-house knowledge and experience to provide customers with complete drying and remediation solutions to suit their specific needs. The engineering staff provides the capability to re-engineer and recondition any type of dryer to fully meet EPA, EU and BS standards. WWR’s indirect fired rotary kilns, electrically heated units and hot oil processors have been used to remove the hydrocarbons from drill cuttings and for drilling muds recovery at multiple sites worldwide. Continued on next page
A Division of Worldwide Recycling Equipment sales, LLC
At left: WWR’s new Vulcan® IDR 8440, the newest addition to the Vulcan line of dryers and desorption units.
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Global Reach and Recognition WWR’s dryers have been used in various industries including food, pharmaceutical, automobile shredded residue, plastics and bio solids, both nationally and around the world. With clientele reaching as far as Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Cyprus, Romania, Nigeria and the Middle East, WWR has become a world leader in soil remediation and drying solutions. On February 28, 2013, the Vulcan line was featured on FOX Business Network’s Manufacturing Marvels. Produced by award-winning producers Bob and Jerry May of Marvel Production Group, LLC. and narrated by acclaimed former FOX and ABC anchor John Criswell, the episode highlights WWR’s commitment to customer service and gives viewers an inside look into WWR’s manufacturing facilities.
LEADER IN SOIL RECOVERY Drill cuttings are considered a contaminated soil and should be treated as solid waste when they come into contact with contamination sources. Drill cuttings can be treated and beneficially reused once processed through a thermal desorption unit, such as the Vulcan® line of TDUs, that ensures the hydrocarbon content, moisture content, salinity and clay content of the cuttings are suitable for reuse. Through this process, the valuable drilling mud can also be recovered and reused. Thermal remediation is widely accepted and proven to be the most effective method of removing hydrocarbons and other contaminants from soil or drill cuttings. WWR’s thermal desorption technologies include indirect rotary kilns, hot oil processors, thermal phase separation, thermal distillation, thermal plasma volatilization and modular thermal processors. All offer various customizable options to meet customer needs and intended application.
state of the art technology Having a wide variety of direct fired and indirect fired rotary dryers, as well as proven technologies such as holo-flites, fluidized bed and retort systems, in inventory enables clients to clean contaminated sites to meet EPA, EU and BS environmental standards. WWR’s engineers and technicians have the capability to design and build a Vulcan® dryer for any drying application. The WWR technical team can design a system from scratch, as well as retrofit or troubleshoot existing equipment. The manufacturing division can custom build dryers and any component of a system, as well as refurbish used systems. Operators with 25 years’ industry experience are available to set up, install, commission, train or even operate these systems. The marketing and acquisitions departments are available to locate all necessary components. WWR is the only full-service company providing all of these services with both new and used equipment available on a worldwide basis WWR’s engineering, manufacturing, marketing and acquisitions staff pride themselves on working hard year-round to stay up to date on the latest industry and technology changes and advancements to ensure their customers the highest quality service and product available.
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The Vulcan® IDR 8440, WWR’s newest indirect thermal desorption unit, is used for the remediation of drilling mud and operates as a four-part process.
IDR 8440
How it works:
1
Material Feed System
The material is transferred through the feed hopper into a pugmill equipped with a weight controlled feed valve. From the pugmill, the material is transferred to the feed auger that conveys material into the Primary Thermal Desorption Unit. The feed auger forms a seal to prevent oxygen from entering the system.
2
Primary Thermal Desorption Unit The primary thermal desorption unit is composed of an indirect thermal desorption rotary kiln with combustion area, seals, tires, trunnions and burners. The rotary drum is a 40’ long x 7’ diameter CORETEN drum with flights and operates in an oxygen deficient atmosphere.
3
Material Discharge System
The clean, dried material is discharged to a water cooled discharge auger that rehydrates the soil to cool it down. The steam from this process is extracted through a quench stack that removes any particulates before discharging it into the atmosphere.
4
Vapor Recovery System The vapor from the primary unit is pulled into a high efficiency quench scrubber. Vapor not condensed is pulled through a shell and tube heat exchanger and into a knock-out pot to remove particulate. This fluid is pumped to an oil/water separator. The non-condensable gasses are circulated to a thermal oxidizer, where all remaining hydrocarbons are destroyed.
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Hydraulic Fracturing in the United Kingdom
The UK government recently lifted its moratorium on the controversial process known as hydraulic fracturing, or fracking. The technique involves pumping
fluids into a well to recover natural gas from shale rock. Hydraulic fracturing is widely used across the US to exploit reserves of oil and gas that were once believed to be inaccessible. But in the UK, the use of fracking was halted in 2011 after some minor earthquakes near Blackpool, in northwest England, were attributed to test wells being drilled by the energy company Cuadrilla. The company carried out its own report into the incident and found that it was “most likely” that the seismic events were caused by the direct injection of fluid into the fault zone. The Department for Energy and Climate Change (Decc) then asked three experts to make an independent assessment. Their report indicated that future earthquakes as a result of fracking could not be ruled out - but the risk from these tremors was low and structural damage extremely unlikely. The experts also made recommendations on how to minimise these risks. Another review, carried out by the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering, also gave fracking the green light - provided that strong regulations were in place. The lifting of the ban could now allow the UK to explore the potential of securing its energy supply, to stimulate jobs and the economy alongside reducing CO2 emissions when replacing higher-carbon-content fuels. In addition to this, Energy Secretary Ed Davey has made the case that shale gas could prove particularly valuable in replacing the UK’s dwindling North Sea supplies. However, fracking has been linked to some minor earthquakes, and there are concerns about its possible environmental impact. So what benefits could hydraulic fracturing bring, and how concerned should we be? The potential opportunity is substantial. As the British Geological Survey estimates, UK shale gas resources may be 50% larger than conventional gas resources. With exploratory drilling now going ahead, estimates will be more accurate and the British Geological Survey is due to release a more comprehensive estimate of the UK’s shale gas resources later this year.
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The potential opportunity is substantial. As the British Geological Survey estimates, UK shale gas resources may be 50% larger than conventional gas resources. With exploratory drilling now going ahead, estimates will be more accurate and the British Geological Survey is due to release a more comprehensive estimate of the UK’s shale gas resources later this year. Of thousands of shale gas wells drilled in the USA, very few have reported problems with leakage. During the recent debate on fracking technology in the UK, we may have been distracted from considering some of the real issues in developing our shale gas reserves. The much-popularised link between fracking and contamination of water supplies remains unproven and research at Durham University shows the chances of it ever happening can be dramatically reduced if the fracking is carried out at vertical distances greater than 600m below the drinking water aquifer. The research also found that fracking has only caused three reported examples of felt earthquakes (one of which was in Lancashire), but there have been hundreds of thousands of fracking operations. A real issue is that for the UK to produce enough gas for it to make a difference to indigenous supplies requires a lot of wells - many more than are typical for conventional gas reservoirs. The UK does not have an abundance of rigs and fracking equipment, so a rapid growth in shale gas production is unlikely. The long-term integrity of boreholes and the cement used to seal the boreholes and prevent leaks will be of critical importance. The UK government has conducted a thorough review of hydraulic fracturing and there is substantial scientific evidence to support its decision. In June 2012, the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering concluded that the health, safety and environmental risks associated with the technique can be effectively managed. What about the potential risks? Fracking is banned in France and Bulgaria, with moratoriums in place in large parts of Europe. A recent EU report warned that fracking poses high risks of water contamination and air pollution. Fracking also uses huge quantities of water and this could have major repercussions for precious supplies. Then there is the environmental impact. The Government’s official climate advisors warn that the nation’s power sector must be largely decarbonised by 2030 if the UK is to meet its climate targets. Will fracking leave the UK hooked on dirty gas for decades to come?
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The Race For UK Shale Gas The Great UK Shale Gas rush of 2013 has all the features of a modern gold rush – small players risking their investors’ money and hoping that they will be the ones to strike it rich. In October, the chancellor threw his weight behind the rush, saying he wanted to “[open] up the newly discovered shale gas reserves beneath our land” and promising that the government would consult “on a generous new tax regime for shale so that Britain is not left behind as gas prices tumble on the other side of the Atlantic”. The big oil and gas companies have been notably less enthusiastic about shale gas – at least in public. The British Gas boss Sam Laidlaw and Christof Ruhl, the chief economist of BP, have both separately played down the potential in the UK, describing it as not a “game-changer”. So far, the UK’s nascent shale gas industry has just one big player – Cuadrilla Resources, which was formed in 2007. In February 2010 it received some serious financial muscle from Riverstone Holdings through its Cayman Island joint private equity fund with Carlyle, the US asset management giant. The two investors both hold a little over 40% of Cuadrilla. This gave Cuadrilla access to the funds it needed to begin serious exploration in the Bowland Basin between Blackpool and Preston in Lancashire where it has drilled six wells. Cuadrilla used fracking to explore for shale gas. But the controversial technique, involving the hydraulic fracturing of rock, was blamed for causing two earthquakes in Blackpool and drilling was stopped. Cuadrilla has now been given government permission to start drilling again. There is no immediate sign that returns on Cuadrilla’s investments so far will be quick. Cuadrilla lost £8m in the year to December 2011 and about £12m a year earlier. The 2011 losses were three times bigger than the company’s revenue.
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With just one big beast in the shale gas jungle, it has been left to a collection of smaller and less well-known companies to make inroads. IGas Energy, which is listed on the Alternative Investment Market, raised £23m in January from a share placing to fund the £15m it needs to drill two wells to appraise its shale resources. But many of the other fringe players are much smaller. Take Gerwyn Williams, a serial Welsh energy entrepreneur based in Bridgend. Companies house shows he has 18 current directorships has resigned from a further 17 boards and been a director of seven companies which have been dissolved. One of his companies, Coastal Oil and Gas, is owned by Thistle Gas, which is owned by UK Onshore Gas. This company, in turn, owns UK Methane, which is looking to explore for shale gas in the Welsh valleys and near Bath. Some of Williams’s companies have offshore investors but one small investor is a company called Sigma Exploration. It has a director named John Killer, based in Beccles near Norwich. Killer has been around energy companies for many years. Indeed he and Williams both sat on the board of Seven Star Natural Gas until it was sold to the AIM-listed Alkane in 2011. Alkane insists it is not interested in shale gas. Whether it will be drawn into that arena remains to be seen. As a profitable listed company it is in a strong position to pick up smaller energy companies which do not have the resources to fund expensive development costs. Others who could potentially move into fracking in future are those currently focusing on extracting coalbed methane – the gas that is found combined with coal deposits that in traditional mining poses a risk of explosions that are dangerous for miners. Greenpark Energy for example is building a critical mass which would allow it to acquire smaller rivals. Dart Energy just about breaks even, while BCG energy is losing around £10,000 a year. Another company, Adamo Energy, has interests in both coalbed methane and shale gas but posted a net loss of £60,000 in the year to June 2011 and owes its parent company £800,000. But even if an energy company has no specific interest in shale gas there is always the chance that it may already have licences to explore land that may contain it. Some more conventional oil and gas companies are now wondering whether their hard pressed finances may be helped by pursuing shale rather than other forms or energy.
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