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INTERNATIONAL
Independence Day PA K I S TA N - A u g 1 4
ِ )ناتسis a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a Pakistan officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: کاپ ۂیروہمج یمالسا 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west,India in the east and China in the far northeast. Tajikistan also lies very close to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Strategically, Pakistan is located in a position between the important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the greater Middle East. The region forming modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures including the neolithic Mehrgarh and the bronze era Indus Valley Civilisation. Subsequently it was the recipient of Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, and Sikh cultures through several invasions and/or settlements. As a result the area has remained a part of numerous empires and dynasties including the Indian empires, Persian empires, Arab caliphates, Mongol, Mughal, Sikh and British Empire. Pakistan gained independence from the British Empire in 1947 after a struggle for independence, led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, that sought the partition of India and the creation of an independent state for the Muslim majority populations of the eastern and western regions of British India. With the adoption of its constitution in 1956, Pakistan became an Islamic republic. In 1971, an armed conflict in East Pakistan resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories. With over 170 million people, it is the sixth most populous country in the world and has the second largest Muslim population after Indonesia. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. With a semi-industrialized economy, it is the 27th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power. Since gaining independence, Pakistan's history has been characterised by periods of military rule,political instability and conflicts with neighbouring India. The country faces challenging problems including terrorism, poverty, illiteracy and corruption. Pakistan has the eighth largest standing armed force and is the only Muslim-majority nation to possess nuclear weapons. It is designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States and a strategic ally of China. It is a founding member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) and a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, Next Eleven economies and the G20 developing nations.
Etymology The name Pakistan means Land of (the) Pure in Urdu and Persian. It was coined in 1933 as Pakstan by Choudhary Rahmat Ali, a Pak-
istan movement activist, who published it in his pamphlet Now or Never. The name is an acronym representing the "thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN—by which we mean the five Northern units of India viz: Punjab,North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind, and Baluchistan". The letter 'i' was later added to ease pronunciation.
History
The Indus region, which covers a considerable amount of Pakistan, was the site of several ancient cultures including the Neolithic era's Mehrgarh and the bronze era Indus Valley Civilisation (2500–1500 BCE) at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Achaemenid Persian empire around 543 BCE, the Greek empire founded by Alexander the Great in 326 BCE and theMauryan empire founded by Chandragupta Maurya and extended by Ashoka the Great, The Minar-e-Pakistan fully until 185 BCE. The Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria includedGandhara and Punjab from 184 BCE, and reached its greatest lit to commemorate the inextent under Menander, establishing the Greco-Buddhist period with advances in trade and culture. The city of Taxila (Takshashila) be- dependence of Pakistan came a major centre of learning in ancient times—the remains of the city, located to the west of Islamabad, are one of the country's from the British Empire major archaeological sites. The Rai Dynasty (c.489–632) of Sindh, at its zenith, ruled this region and the surrounding territories. In 712 CE, the Arab generalMuhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and Multan in southernPunjab. The Pakistan government's official chronology states that "its foundation was laid" as a result of this conquest. This Arab and Islamic victory would set the stage for several successive Muslim empires in South Asia, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the GhoridKingdom, the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. During this period,Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting a majority of the regional Buddhist and Hindu population to Islam. The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early eighteenth century provided opportunities for the Afghans, Balochis and Sikhs to exercise control over large areas until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia. The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was the region's last major armed struggle against the British Raj, and it laid the foundations for the largely non-violent freedom struggle led by the Indian National Congress in the twentieth century. In the 1920s and 1930s, a movement led by Congress leader Mahatma Gandhi engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience. The All India Muslim League rose to popularity in the late 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of Muslims in politics. On 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal's presidential address called for an autonomous "state in northwestern India for Indian Muslims, within the body politic of India." Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah espoused the Two Nation Theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution. In early 1947, Britain announced the decision to end its rule in India. In June 1947, the nationalist leaders of British India—including Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah representing the Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh representing theSikhs—agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence. The modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27 Ramadan 1366 in theIslamic Calendar), carved out of the two Muslim-majority wings in the eastern and northwestern regions of British India and comprising the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab andSindh. The controversial, and ill-timed, division of the provinces of Punjab and Bengal caused communal riots across India and Pakistan—millions of Muslims moved to Pakistan and millions of Hindus and Sikhs moved to India. Disputes arose over several princely states including in the Muslim-majority Jammu and Kashmir, whose Hindu ruler had acceded to India following an invasion by Pashtun tribal militias, leading to the First Kashmir War in 1948. The Indus Priest/King From 1947 to 1956, Pakistan was a Dominion of Pakistan in the Commonwealth of Nations. It became a Republic in 1956, but the civilian rule was stalled by a coup d’état by General Ayub Khan, who was president during 1958–69, a period of internal instability and wearing a Sindhi Ajruk, a second war with India in 1965. His successor, Yahya Khan (1969–71) had to deal with a devastating cyclone—which caused 500,000 ca. 2500 BC. deaths in East Pakistan—and also face a civil war in 1971. Economic grievances and political dissent in East Pakistan led to violent political tension and military repression that escalated into a civil war. After nine months of guerrilla warfare between the Pakistan Army and the Indian backed Bengali Mukti Bahini militia, Indian intervention escalated into the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, and ultimately to the secession of East Pakistan as the independent state of Bangladesh.. Civilian rule resumed in Pakistan from 1972 to 1977 under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, until he was deposed and later sentenced to death in 1979 by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. Zia introduced the Islamic Sharia legal code, which increased religious influences on the civil service and the military. With the death of President Zia in a plane crash in 1988, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was elected as the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan. Over the next decade, she fought for power with Nawaz Sharif as the country's political and economic situation worsened. Pakistan got involved in the 1991 Gulf War and sent 5,000 troops as part of a U.S.-led coalition, specifically for the defence of Saudi Arabia. Military tensions in the Kargil conflict with India were followed by a Pakistani military coup d'état in 1999 in which General Pervez Musharraf assumed vast executive powers. In 2001, Musharraf became Presidentafter the controversial resignation of Rafiq Tarar. After the 2002 parliamentary elections, Musharraf transferred executive powers to the newly elected Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, who was succeeded in the 2004 prime-ministerial election by Shaukat Aziz. On 15 November 2007, the National Assembly, for the first time in Pakistan's history, completed its tenure and new elections were called. The exiled political leaders Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were permitted to return to Pakistan. However, the assassination of Benazir Bhuttoduring the election campaign in December led to postponement of elections and nationwide riots. Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the largest number of seats in the elections held in February 2008 and its member Yousaf Raza Gillaniwas sworn in as Prime Minister. On 18 August 2008, Pervez Musharraf resigned from the presidency when threatened with impeachment, and The 17th century Badshahi Masjid built was succeeded by current president Asif Ali Zardari. By the end of 2009, more than 3 million Pakistani civilians during Mughal rule. have been displaced by the on going conflict in North-West Pakistan between the government and Taliban militants.
Military The armed forces of Pakistan are the eighth-largest in the world. The three main services are the Army,Navy and
the Air Force, supported by a number ofparamilitary forces which carry out internal security roles and border patrols. The National Command Authority is responsible for exercising employment and development control of all strategic nuclear forces and organisations, and for Pakistan's nuclear doctrine. Pakistani defence forces has had close military relation with China and United States and predominantly imports military equipments from these two countries. The defence forces of China and Pakistan also organises joint military exercises. The Pakistan Army came into existence afterindependence in 1947 and is currently headed by General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani. The Pakistan Army is a professional fighting force. It has an active force of 612,000 personnel and 513,000 men in reserve. Conscription may be introduced in times of emergency, but it has never been imposed. Since independence, the Army has been involved in four wars with neighbouring India and several border skirmishes with Afghanistan. It maintained division and brigade strength presences in some of the Arab countries during the past Arab–Israeli Wars, and aided the Coalition in the first Gulf War. Other major operations undertaken by the Army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and Operation Rah-e-Nijat. Apart from conflicts, the Army has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions and played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers from Mogadishu, Somalia in 1993 in Operation Gothic Serpent. The Pakistan military first saw combat in the First Kashmir War, gaining control of what is now Pakistan-administered The JF-17 Thunder is built in Pakistan in Kashmir. In 1961, the army repelled a major Afghan incursion on Pakistan's western border. Pakistan and India cooperation with China. were at war again in 1965 and in 1971. In 1973, the military quelled a Baloch nationalist uprising. In the past, Pakistani personnel have volunteered to serve alongside Arab forces in conflicts with Israel. During the Six-Day War in 1967 andYom Kippur War in October 1973 PAF pilots volunteered to go to the Middle East to support Egypt and Syria in a state of war against Israel, Air Force pilots shot down ten Israeli planes in the SixDay War. During the Yom Kippur War 16 PAF pilots volunteered to leave for the Middle East in order to support Egypt and Syria but by the time they arrived Egypt had already agreed on a cease-fire. During the Soviet–Afghan war, Pakistan shot down several intruding pro-Soviet Afghan aircraft and provided covert support to the Afghan mujahideen through the Inter-Services Intelligence agency. In 1999, Pakistan was involved in the Kargil conflict with India. Currently, the military is engaged in an armed conflict with extremist Islamic militants in the north-west of the country. Since 2004, Pakistani armed forces are engaged in fighting against Pakistani Taliban groups. Militant groups have engaged in suicide bombings in Pakistani cities, killing more than 3,000 civilians and armed personnel in 2009 alone. Internationally the Pakistani armed forces contributed to United Nations peacekeeping efforts, with more than 10,700 personnel deployed in 2009, and are presently the largest contributor. Pakistan provided a military contingent to the UN-backed coalition in the first Gulf War.Pakistani troops were rushed to Makkah on the Saudi Government's request and Pakistani SSG commandos led the operation of the Grand Mosque Seizure.
Celebrations 14 August is a National holiday of Pakistan. In the capital Islamabad and in all major cities of Pakistan the Government Offices are
lit up as well as all the larger skyscrapers. Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programs take place in all the provincial capitals. In A nuclear capable Babur the cities around the country the Flag Hoisting Ceremony is done by the Nazim (Mayor) belonging to that constituency. In various cruise missile with a theoretprivate organisations the Flag Hoisting Ceremony is carried out by a Senior officer of that organisation. Schools and colleges around the country organise flag hosting ceremony and various cultural activities within their respective premises. Families and friends get ical range of 1000km together for lunch or dinner, or for an outing. Housing colonies, cultural centres, and societies hold entertainment programmes and competitions.
Acadian Day CANADA - Aug 15
The National Acadian Day is observed in Canada each year on August 15, celebrating the Assumption of Mary. It was during the first National Convention of the Acadians held at Memramcook, New Brunswick, in 1881 that the Acadian leaders received the mandate to set the date of this celebration. The choice of the date was the object of a debate at the convention between those wishing for Acadians to celebrate June 24, Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, and National Day of French Canadians since 1834 and National Holiday of Quebec since 1977, and others wishing the celebration to occur on August 15. The arguments put forth by those who favored June 24 were: -Acadians must unite with the other francophone Canadians in common objectives before the anglophone majority of Canada. -August 15 occurs during harvest, so it would be difficult for all to be free for the celebration. The arguments put forth by those who favored August 15 were: -The Acadians constitute a distinct nationality and must adopt their own national day. -The adoption of a national day distinct from that of French Canadians will not prevent unity between the two peoples. -June 24 occurs during seeds, so it would be equally difficult for all to be free for the celebration. -August 15 is Assumption Day, Catholic celebration of Virgin Mary, patron saint of the Acadians. During this period of time, a good number of people among the Acadian leaders were traditionalists wishing for the conservation of the values and customs of pre-revolutionary France. This did not however prevent the Acadians from adopting atricolor flag three years later at the Miscouche convention. Abbot Marcel-François Richard, who favored August 15, is believed to have had an influence on the decision with the speech he gave at the convention. His arguments were: ... In fact, it seems to me that a people who, for over a century of hardships and persecutions, was able to preserve its religion, language, customs and autonomy, must have acquired enough importance to affirm its existence in a solemn way; and this could not be accomplished better than by being able to celebrate its own national holiday... Allow me, at this time, to point out a few of the motives that will encourage you to choose Our Lady of Assumption as National Acadian Day instead of the Saint-JeanBaptiste. Since Canadians have chosen Saint-Jean-Baptiste as their patron, it seems to me that unless you wish to mistake our nationality with theirs, it is crucial that Acadians choose a particular holiday. It is important to stress that we are not descendants of Canada, but of France. Consequently, I see no reason why we should adopt the Saint-Jean-Baptiste as our national holiday... We must choose a holiday that reminds us of our origin. I am even going to go as far as to affirm that the Assumption has always been, and must always remain, National Acadian Day, since Acadians are descendants of the French race. Louis XIII vowed to give his empire to the Blessed Virgin and he wanted the Assumption to be the kingdom's national holiday. However, not long afterwards, he sent colonists to take over Acadia. They did, however, have to bring the customs of their homeland along, and if unfortunate circumstances prevented them from celebrating their national holiday in a regular manner, it is true that the national devotion of Celebration of National Acadian Day in Fredericton, the Acadians is their devotion to Mary. New Brunswick, with a traditional tintamarre and In the end, the members present at the convention decided on August 15. The Vatican ratified the choice of the Acadian convention many years later in a proclamation issued on Acadian flags January 19, 1938.
Anniversary of Liberation NORTH KOREA - Aug 15
North Korea occupies the northern half of the Korean peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Amnok and Tumen River forms the boarder between North Korea and China. In the history of North Korea, the date August 18, 1948 is very significant, as they got independence from Japan on this day. North Korea celebrates this day as The Liberation Day.
HISTORY A great leader of Korea, Kim IL Sung travelled to China in 1925 to start rebellion against Japan. Anti Japan-
ese forces were urbanized in China. This army consisted of Chinese, Korean and later Soviets. Guerrilla forces were assembled in Northeast part of China. Korean People’s Revolutionary Army (KPRA) was organized which took over Ponchobo, which was considered a great victory in North Korea. The Korean guerrilla attacked around the Chinese-Korean frontier. These frequent wars continued for years. After the defeat of Japan in World War II in 1945, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel in agreement with a United Nations arrangement. The north was to be administered by Soviet Union and the south by the United States. However, the Soviets and the Americans could not continue the treaty of sharing government over Korea. This led to the establishment of two separate governments and North Korea became a Democratic People’s Republic in 1948.
AND ACTIVITIES TRADITIONS In commemoration of North Korea’s liberation from the Japanese colonial rule, the local residents celebrate
a national holiday, the Liberation day, on August 18, every year. A two day rally is organized where participants perform various kinds of joint events including joint solidarity meeting, cultural performances and seminars. Hundreds of social and religious representatives take part in the festivals. Following the opening ceremony, the dance troupes and artists give their spectacular performances. The festival also includes photo exhibitions and religious preaching. They also recall the memoirs of the great leaders, who fought for their independence and lost their lives. In the recent years, North and South Korea celebrate their Liberation day together by organizing glamorous ceremonies at Seoul. These grand festivals for reunification will provide Korean nation with an opportunity to further accelerate the movement for independent reunification which started in 1925. The residents clearly convey the will of the North and South Korean people to achieve great national unity. This liberation day is held in high pride a it denounced Japan’s 40 year rule of Korea and is celebrated with rejoice. North Korea after so many years of liberation: After 61 years of Korean Liberation day, Korea has emerged as one of the first class nations in the world. It has fascinating cities and tourism has become an important part of the economy. Korean government stress more domestic firms and they have become an independent democratic country. Thus, Korea has at last made a place on the world platform of development and urbanization. The rebellion by Kim IL Sung started in 1925 at last brought independence to the country after lots of bloodshed. The Korea residents of today are really proud to be a Democratic Republic country.
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Grant recipients 2008
Fundac ón Xoch que za Fundas on Šus a N ca agua
2007
The good ch dhood A co abo a on be ween he No we mun c pa y n g an mun c pa y Ka as ok and Lovoze o Russ a
2006
The Chu ch C y M ss on A you h p o ec d ec ed by he deve opmen PMV Cen e o hea h d a ogue and Os o No way The A DS Cen e P o ec Bus Pe ozavodsk Repub c o Ka e a Russ a
2005
R gh o P ay A spo s and hea h p o ec Uganda
2004
Y ga A em Hosp a F s u a Un E h op a Rehab a on o ch d so d e s Democ a c Repub c o Congo
2003
No weg an Peop e s A d p o ec Fø gesvennen p ov d ng compan ons and p ov s ona gua d ans o asy um seeke s Aske No way No weg an Red C oss p o ec Lekseh e pen o e ng he p w h homewo k o pup s om m no y backg ounds Os o No way
2002
Na ona Commun y o Women L v ng w h A ds Uganda Educa on h ough Spo Zamb a
2001
The Va d Mode Haugesund No way Bas c educa on n A e a Takusa E h op a P even on o H V A DS Mozamb que
Patronages The No weg an Gu de and Scou Assoc a on
Titles
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Honours No way G and C oss o
he Roya No weg an O de o S O av No way The Roya House Cen ena y Meda No way O av Vs Cen ena y Meda No way Roya Fam y O de o K ng Ha a d V o No way Aus a G and C oss o he Deco a on o Honou o Me B az G and C oss o he O de o he Sou he n C oss Bu ga a G and C oss o he O de O The Ba kan Moun a ns Es on a 1s c ass o Te a Ma ana a y G and C oss o he a an O de o Me Japan G and C oss o he O de o he P ec ous C own Po and G and C oss o he O de o Me o he Repub c o Po and Po uga G and C oss w h Co a o he O de o n an e Dom Hen que Spa n G and C oss o he O de o sabe a he Ca ho c Sweden G and C oss o he O de o he Po a S a Luxembou g G and C oss o he O de o Ado phe o Nassau
Foundation of Asuncion
PA R A G U AY- A u g 1 5
Asunción (Spanish pronunciation: [asunˈsjon]; Guaraní: Paraguay) is the capital and largest city of Paraguay. The "Ciudad de Asunción" is an autonomous capital district not part of any department. The metropolitan area, called Gran Asunción, includes the cities of San Lorenzo, Fernando de la Mora, Lambaré, Luque,Mariano Roque Alonso, Ñemby, San Antonio, Limpio, Capiatá and Villa Elisa, which are part of the Central Department. The Asunción metropolitan area has more than 2 million inhabitants. Asunción is located at 25°16′S 57°40′W (-25.2667, 57.6667). The Municipality of Asunción is listed on the Asunción Stock Exchange, as BVPASA:MUA, a unique feature of any city. It is the home of the national government, principal port, and the chief industrial and cultural centre of the country. Local manufacturing production includes footwear, textiles, and tobacco products.
HISTORY Asunción is one of the oldest cities in South America and the longest
continually inhabited area in the River Plate Basin; for this reason that it is known as "Mother of Cities". It was from here that the colonial expeditions departed to found other cities, including the second foundation of Buenos Aires and of other important cities such as Villarrica, Corrientes, Santa Fe and Santa Cruz de la Sierra. The site of the city may have been first visited by Spanish conqueror Juan de Ayolas, on his way north, up the Paraguay River, looking for a passage to the mines of Alto Perú (present-day Bolivia). Later, Juan de Salazar y Espinosa and Gonzalo de Mendoza, relative of Pedro de Mendoza, were sent in search of Ayolas, but were unable to find him. On his way up and then down the river, de Salazar stopped briefly at a bay in the left bank to resupply his ships. He found the natives friendly, and decided to found a fort there, in August, 1537. As customary, he named it Asunción. In 1541, natives destroyed Buenos Aires, and the Spaniards fled to Asunción. Thus, the city became the center of a large Spanish colonial province comprising part of Brazil, present-day Paraguay and northeastern Argentina: the Giant Province of the Indies. In 1603 Asunción was the seat of the First Synod of Asunción, which set guidelines for the evangelization of the natives in their lingua franca, Guaraní. In 1731, an uprising under José de Antequera y Castro was one of the first rebellions pene against Spanish colonial rule. The uprising failed, but it was the first sign of the independent spirit that was growing among thecriollos, mestizos and natives of Paraguay. The event influenced the independence of Paraguay, which then materialised in 1811. The secret reunions between the independence leaders to plan an ambush against the Spanish Governor in Paraguay Bernardo de Velasco were held at the home of Juana María de Lara, in downtown Asunción. On the night of May 14 and May 15 the rebels succeeded and were able to force governor Velasco to surrender. Today, Lara's home is known as Casa de la Independencia (House of the Independence) and serves as a museum and historical building. After Paraguay became independent, there was significant change in Asunción. Under the presidency of Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia roads were built throughout the city and the streets were named. However, it was during the presidency of Carlos Antonio López that Asunción (and Paraguay) progressed, as the new president implemented new economic policies. More than 400 schools, metallurgic factories and the first railroad service in South America were built during the López presidency. After López died, his son Francisco Solano López became the new president and led the country through the disastrous War of the Triple Alliance that lasted for five years. After the War of the Triple Alliance (1865–70), Asunción was occupied by Brazilian troops until 1876. Many historians have claimed that this war provoked a steady downfall of the city and country, since it massacred two thirds of the country's population. Progress slowed down greatly afterwards, and the economy remained stagnated. After the War of the Triple Alliance, Asunción began a slow recovery attempt. Towards the end of the 19th Century and during the early years of the 20th Century, a flow of immigrants from Europe and the Ottoman Empire came to the city. This led to a change in the appearance of the city as many new buildings were built and Asunción went through an era more prosperous than any since the war.
Geography
Asunción is located between the parallels 25º 15' and 25º 20' of south latitude and between the meridians 57º 40' and 57º 30' of west longitude. The city sits on the left bank of the Paraguay River, almost at the confluence of this river with the River Pilcomayo. The Paraguay River and the Bay of Asunción in the northwest separate the city from the Occidental Region of Paraguay and Argentina in the south part of the city. The rest of the city is surrounded by the Central Department. With its location along the Paraguay River, the city offers many landscapes; it spreads out over gentle hills in a pattern of rectangular blocks. Places such as Cerro Lambaré, a hill located in Lambaré, offer a spectacular show in the springtime because of the blossoming lapacho trees in the area. Parks such as Parque Independencia and Parque Carlos Antonio López offer large areas of typical Paraguayan vegetation and are frequented by tourists. There are several small hills and slightly elevated areas throughout the city, including Cabará, Clavel, Tarumá, Cachinga, and Tacumbú, among others.
Independence Day of the Congo - Aug 15 Republic The Republic of the Congo
(French: République du Congo; Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó), also known as Congo Republic, Congo-Brazzaville, Little Congo, or simply the Congo, is a state in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly known as Zaire), the Angolan exclave province of Cabinda, and the Gulf of Guinea. The region was dominated by Bantu tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo Riverbasin. The republic is a former French colony. Upon independence in 1960, the former French region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congowas a Marxist-Leninist single-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multiparty elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997Republic of the Congo Civil War.
History The earliest inhabitants of the region were Pygmy people, who later
were largely displaced and absorbed by Bantu who found tribes during the Bantu expansions. The Bakongo are a Bantu ethnicity that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, forming the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. The inhabitants of the Congo river delta first came into contact with Europeans in the late 15th century with Portuguese expeditions charting the African coastline. Commercial relationships were quickly established between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and slaves captured from the hinterlands. For centuries, the Congo river delta was a major commercial hub for transatlantic trade. However, when direct European colonization of the African continent began in the late 19th century, the power of the Bantu societies in the region eroded. The area came under French sovereignty in the 1880s. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising its colonies of Middle Congo (modern Congo), Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (modern Central African Republic). Brazzaville was selected as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural resource extraction. The Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. Following independence as the Congo Republic on August 15, 1960, Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat. Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. The regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. MassambaDébat was unable to reconcile various institutional and ideological factions and his regime was ended abruptly with an August 1968 coup d'état. Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo to be Africa's first "people's republic" and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). On March 16, 1977, President Ngouabi was assassinated. An 11member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president. Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship. Pascal Lissouba, another socialist who followed Sassou as president, did not bring much change. He delayed economic reforms. Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight over power. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist regime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou to power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself President. Controversial elections in 2002 saw Sassou win with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election as well as the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the single-party state. Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003. The regime held the presidential election in July 2009. According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities." The regime announced Sassou as the winner.
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(Google News) AUGUST 10, 2011 President Barack Obama marked the Muslim holy month of Ramadan by looking ahead to the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks next month and reminding Americans that Muslims were both victims and heroes that day. The president made no mention of the men who hijacked four planes that day, or their religious beliefs. But his remarks at an Iftar dinner at the White House were meant to push back against any suggestion that because they were Muslims, other Muslims are tainted by their deadly actions. Muslims, Mr. Obama said, were passengers on those planes and were at the Pentagon and working in the twin towers when they were struck. “They were cooks and waiters, but also analysts and executives,” he said. “They were taken from us much too soon.” Muslims, he said, were among the first responders and, later, among those who volunteered for military service—part of what he called the “9/11 generation.” “Make no mistake, Muslim Americans help to keep us safe,” he said. He said the way to honor the nearly 3,000 people who died
nearly 10 years ago is to treat one another with respect and to honor, not just tolerate, differences. “This year and every year, we must ask ourselves: How do we honor these patriots — those who died and those who served? In this season of remembrance, the answer is the same as it was 10 Septembers ago. We must be the America they lived for and the America they
died for, the America they sacrificed for,” he said. “Here in the United States, there is no them or us; it’s just us.” This was the third Iftar dinner, which marks the end of the daily Ramadan fast, that Mr. Obama has hosted. He spoke at about 8:40 p.m., just after sunset, and promised to be brief as the observant at the dinner had been fasting since sunrise. The White House Iftar tradition was begun by President Bill Clinton and continued by President George W. Bush. Invited guests Wednesday included two Muslim members of Congress, Reps. Andre Carson (D., Ind.) and Keith Ellison (D., Minn.); a large number of ambassadors from the Muslim world and two professional football players. Mr. Obama’s remarks this year were far less controversial that they wound up being a year ago, when he appeared to endorse construction of a community center and mosque on property near Ground Zero in Manhattan. In that speech, he referred to the controversy and said Muslims have the same rights to practice their religion as anyone else.
Clinton Urges Syria Allies to Get on Right Side of History US Aug 13 Goog e News Sec e a y o S a e H a y C n on u ged na ons do ng bus ness w h ade and a ms Sy a o cu o sa es o he eg me o P es den Basha a Assad and ge on he gh s de o h s o y C ng a c escendo o condemna on aga ns ep ess on Assad s and v o ence aga ns C n on p o es e s used an appea ance w h epo e s a he S a e Depa men yes e day o make a pub c appea o nc eas ng he n e na ona p es su e bu d ng aga ns he Sy an gove n men We u ge hose coun es s buy ng Sy an o and gas hose coun es s send ng Assad weapons hose coun es whose po ca and econom c sup po g ve h m com o n h s b u a y o ge on he gh s de o h s o y C n on sa d A evo aga ns Assad s u e began n Ma ch a e he eade s o Tun s a and Egyp we e opp ed n up s ngs known as he A ab Sp ng Sy a whose o p oduc on s dec n ng p oduces abou 386 000 ba e s o c ude a day and has he n n h a ges o ese ves n he M dd e Eas acco d ng o da a om BP P c We a e consu ng c ose y w h pa ne s a ound he wo d and we expec o see ac on C n on sa d Wh e she dec ned o name any spec c coun es do ng bus ness w h Sy a du ng he p ess con e ence she s ng ed ou Ch na nd a and Russ a n an Aug 11 n e v ew w h CBS News Ch nese Ene gy nves men We wan o see Ch na ake s eps w h us C n on o d CBS acco d ng o a ansc p o he n e v ew We wan o see nd a because nd a and Ch na have a ge ene gy n ves men s ns de o Sy a We wan o see Russ a cease se ng a ms o he Assad eg me Sy an secu y o ces have k ed a eas 56 an gove nmen p o es e s n he pas week n he eas e n own o De a Zou he cen a p ov nce o Homs he no he n gove no a e o d b and n he sou he n pa o Da aa whe e he up s ng began sa d Amma Qu ab o he Na ona O
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ma ched sa d Mahmoud Me h head o he A ab O gan za on o Human R gh s A eas h ee peo p e d ed om n u es sus a ned n p o es s a e p aye s as n gh A A ab ya epo ed oday c ng ac v s s Two d ed n De A Zou sa d and one n A bu Kama Me h and Qu ab who comp e he names o he dead say Assad s o ces have k ed mo e han 2 400 p o es e s and de a ned housands s nce he evo began Sy an se cu y o ces have de a ned mo e han 30 000 peop e w h some n cages acco d ng o S a e Depa men spokesman V c o a Nu and Assad s Fu u e The Obama ad m n s a on may soon ca on Assad o s ep down acco d ng o a U S o c a who asked no o be den ed because he adm n s a on s s d scuss ng he ssue and cons de ng he m ng o any an nouncemen Wh e he U S s conce ned abou he poss b y o c v wa n Sy a s mo e ocused on he p ospec o sec a an v o ence p omo ed by he gove nmen and he chance ha he Sy an s ua on w spa k ns ab y n he M dd e Eas he o c a sa d Aug 11 The U S has sa d epea ed y ha he Sy an eade has os eg macy and he coun y wou d be be e o w hou h m n e na ona E o We a e y ng and succeed ng a pu ng oge he
an n e na ona e o so he e w be no emp a on on he pa o anyone ns de he Assad eg me o s on y he Un ed c a m ha S a es o maybe ha s on y he Wes C n on sa d yes e day n deed s he en e wo d We e mak ng he case o n e na ona ou pa ne s o n ens y he nanc a and po ca p essu e o ge he Sy an gov e nmen o cease s b u a y aga ns s own c zens Po n ng o he e cen Un ed Na ons s a emen aga ns he Sy an eg me and condemna ons om he A ab League and he Gu Coope a on Counc C n on sa d The e s a o o wo k go ng on and h nk ha wo k s pay ng o De ec ons n he a my a e n c eas ng we a e n he hund eds now and w be n he housands sho y Husse n Ha moush a eu enan co one who sp om he m a y n June and s he spokesman o he F ee A ab Sy an A my sa d n a phone n e v ew yes e day om Sy a nea he bo de w h Tu key Ha moush 39 who se ved n he a my s nce 1991 sa d he and o he de ec o s e when he m s s on changed om p o ec ng he s a e and p ese v ng o de o k ng nnocen peop e He sa d he de ec o o ces don ac ve y engage gove nmen oops n ba e and a e p esen a p o es s n a p o ec ve capac y o de end p o es e s Damascus A ack A eas wo membe s o he secu y o ces we e k ed by gunmen n he Dam ascus subu b o Douma he s a e un SANA news agency epo ed yes e day Mo e han 500 mem be s o he o ces have d ed s nce he s a o he un es acco d ng o he gove nmen Sy a s econom c g ow h s o e cas o s ow o 3 pe cen h s yea om 3 2 pe cen n 2010 he n e na ona Mone a y Fund sa d n Ap wh e he ns u e o n e na ona F nance es ma es he econ omy may con ac 3 pe cen n 2011
Islamist group had demanded confidential information about their work (Google News) Fri Aug 12, 2011. "USAID-funded partner organizations operating in Gaza are forced by Hamas's actions to suspend their assistance work. (They) were put on hold effective August 12," said the official, who is based in the region. He added that "through a series of measures (Hamas) has imposed over the past months, it has created an environment which jeopthe ability of ardizes nongovernmental organizations to provide assistance to Gaza's most vulnerable residents." The official, who declined to be named, said Hamas had demanded access to files and records of NGOs, which would reveal financial and administrative information, details of staff members and information on beneficiaries. He said that Hamas had shut down the International Medical Corps (IMC) an NGO and USAID
partner organization, after its officials objected to "unwarranted audits." "We are disappointed that Hamas has once again chosen to put its political agenda ahead of the welfare of the Palestinian people," the official said, calling on the group "to cease its interference ... so that we can resume our humanitarian and development activities in Gaza." Palestinian-based NGOs funded by the European Union have in the past also complained of Hamas meddling in their affairs. Hamas administration official Taher al-Nono said an understanding had been reached which would allow independent auditing teams to inspect the files of NGOs, but he added that Hamas had the right to monitor their work in the territory. The IMC will be allowed to reopen its offices on Saturday or Sunday, he added. Responding to the USAID decision
to suspend its partner organizations' work, Nono said "Such a decision sounds odd a day after the understanding was reached ... we reject any foreign intervention in Palestinian affairs." The U.S. official said some 600,000 Gazans -- about a third of the population of the coastal strip -- were receiving some $98 million worth of assistance from USAID projects in health, education, construction and infrastructure. has designated Washington Hamas as a terrorist group and it is shunned by the West for spurning permanent coexistence with Israel. The group seized control of the Gaza Strip from Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas's Fatah faction in 2007. Western-backed Abbas holds sway in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Palestinians want both territories for a future state with Arab East Jerusalem as its capital.
Cameron seeks U S adv ce on gangs a er r o s Goog e News Br sh Pr me M n s er Dav d Cameron under a ack over h s eadersh p dur ng he r o ng and oo ng ha swep Eng sh c es h s week has en s ed U S s ree cr me exper W am Bra on o adv se he govern men on hand ng gang v o ence
m be ng h ed by he B sh gov e nmen o consu w h hem on he ssue o gangs gang v o ence and gang n e ven on om he Ame can expe ence and o o e some adv ce and counse on he expe ence B a on o d Reu e s n New Yo k B sh po ce ooded he s ee s aga n on F day n gh o ensu e weekend d nk ng does no e gn e he o ng ha shocked B ons and su ed he coun y s mage a yea be o e hos s he O ymp c Games S eve Kavanagh depu y ass s an comm ss one o he Me opo an Po ce sa d 16 000 o ce s n s ead o he usua 2 500 wou d e ma n on du y n London n he b gges peace me dep oymen a measu e o he pe ce ved pub c o de cha enge O he o ces nc ud ng hose n No ngham B m ngham and L v e poo sa d hey wou d ma n a n a h gh eve o po c ng ove he weekend hough hey sa d hey d d no expec u he oub e a e a coup e o n gh s o qu e Even n no ma mes a coho u e ed s ee d so de s common ac oss u ban B a n a weekends Came on desc b ng he ou n gh s o oo ng a son and v o ence n wh ch ve peop e we e k ed as c m na y pu e and s mp e sa d he n a po ce e sponse had been nadequa e H s ema ks d ew a sha p eac on om he po ce se v ce wh ch s ac ng deep cu s n numbe s as pa o a gove nmen aus e y d ve a med a cu ng he a ge pub c deb The ac ha po c ans chose o come back s an e evance n e ms o he ac cs ha we e by hen deve op ng sa d Hugh O de head o he Assoc a on o Ch e Po ce O ce s e e ng o
Libyan rebels hold funeral for dead soldiers in fight for Brega:
BENGHAZI, Aug. 12 (Google News) -- Libyan rebels held a funeral on Friday in Liberation Square in Benghazi for those who died in the fight for
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begun Came on o d an eme gency sess on o pa amen on Thu sday ou n ng a ange o measu es a med a p even ng any epea o Eng and s wo s o s n decades Ta ge ng s ee gangs became a op p o y The oub e began n London a e po ce sho dead a b ack man and e used o g ve h s e a ves n o ma on abou he nc den bu hen degene a ed n o w desp ead oo ng and v o ence n many pa s o he cap a and o he ma o c es HARSH MEASURES The Con se va ve Pa y wh ch ked gh w ng suppo e s by go ng n o coa on w h he e ean ng L b e a Democ a s as yea s des pe a e o show s ough on c me A Conse va ve m n s e sa d on F day he wou d see he cou d make eas e o ev c peop e om o ng gove nmen hous ng o don h nk h s s a me o pussy oo a ound sa d commun es m n s e E c P ck es add ng ha h s p an wou d equ e ega changes These peop e have done he bes o make peop e gh ened on he s ee s whe e hey ve They ve done he bes o des oy ne ghbo hoods and ank y don ee e b y sympa he c owa d hem B sh med a epo ed ha one London counc was a eady y ng o ev c a enan om such hous ng a e he enan s son was cha ged w h o ences nked o he o s A 68 yea o d man who was a acked as he ed o pu ou a e se by o e s n London on Mon day n gh d ed o h s n u es o c a s sa d on F day Th ee men we e k ed n B m ng ham cen a Eng and when a ca d ove n o hem as hey ed o s op o e s and a man d ed a e be ng sho du ng o s n C oydon sou h London The sca e and e oc y o he o ng no on y n nne c y a eas bu a so n some m dd e c ass sub u bs has gene a ed a aw and o de deba e w h s a k y d e en v ews The e s go o be a cu ew pu n p ace wou d have pu n as many po ce as poss b e s a gh away hey d d ha even ua y p obab y wou d have used ea gas myse sa d G aham Sawye 46 a con s uc on s e p o ec manage om Rom o d eas o London
Brega. The rebels lost 11 men on the eastern front of Libya's war in the past day, fighting to capture the strategic oil terminal and refinery at Brega on the Mediterranean coast, Libyan TV quoted hospital sources as saying. Sources at a hospital in Ajdabiyah, northeast of Brega,
said about 50 were wounded Thursday and Friday, and one civilian in the all-but-deserted town was killed when a rocket fired by Muammar Gaddafi's forces hit a house. The wounded had been taken to the residential zone of New Brega, which is 15 km from the terminal and port area.
Po and tra n dera - Loca med a epo ha he a n was ave ng om ment k s 4: Wa saw o he sou he n c y BE J NG Aug 13 Goog e o Ka ow ce when de Up o ou peop e a ed on F day One o he News have been k ed and h y ou de a ed ca ages n u ed n a a n de a men ove u ned n cen a Po and 280 passenge s Abou
(Google News) CAIRO — After decades of hearing the West be-
they were bringing crowds of hooded young people together to
ment, which is trying to impose itself through force,” said Mr. Kaim, who
Visit to the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities State Secretary for Hungarian
Democrat-liberals to initiate negotiations in coalition on postal vote
moan the lawlessness of Arab societies, Egyptians watched this week with a mix of empathy, disgust and perhaps a measure of satisfaction as the British authorities struggled for four days to rein in arson and looting in London and other major cities. Six months after Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain recommended using the peaceful Egyptian revolution as a model lesson in his country’s schools, his words took on new relevance in the minds of many Egyptians as chaos gripped London, the capital of their country’s former colonial ruler. “I hope Egyptians will stop calling themselves ‘uncivilized’ now,” Yasmine Gado, an Egyptian-American human rights lawyer, wrote in a Twitter posting about the riots. Nour Ayman Nour, an activist and the son of an Egyptian presidential candidate, saluted the juxtaposition in a note on his Facebook page: “London Riots = beginning of the end to the sense of civil inferiority Egyptians have to the West :)” At a British club in the Maadi district of Cairo, a vestige of colonialism in a neighborhood still crowded with Westerners, Sameh Zackaria, 25, an Egyptian doorman, said he felt newly proud of Egypt. “In a rich society like Great Britain, they should do better,” he said. Many people could not decide which was more astonishing: the apparent avarice of the relatively affluent British rioters, or the uncanny familiarity of Mr. Cameron’s response. On Friday, he suggested restricting online social media like Twitter and Facebook, because
loot and set fires, just as Mr. Mubarak once shut down the Internet in Egypt to stop the wave of protests. “Mubarak didn’t come from an election box, but Mr. Cameron came from an election box,” Mr. Zackaria said. Poverty and inequality helped fuel the revolution this winter in Egypt, where about half the population lives on the equivalent of less than $2 a day. But after the Egyptian police withdrew, there was only a night or two of looting in Cairo before people organized their own neighborhood brigades of volunteers to keep the peace. In a torrent of Twitter postings, many Egyptians suggested the British should take a lesson. “Dear tweeps in London,” an Egyptian activist, Ahmed Al Ish, wrote in a message to the British, “you can start forming neighborhood patrols to protect yourselves instead of panic on Twitter!!” Another activist, Omar Barazi, wrote, “Egypt’s protesters are upholding democratic principles, while London’s rioters are holding-up plasma screens.” Leaders around the region took the opportunity to enjoy the role reversal. In Libya, where Britain is among the leaders of a Western bombing campaign against Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi, the deputy foreign minister, Khalid Kaim, appeared to mimic Western oratory when he told the state news agency that Mr. Cameron had “lost his legitimacy and must go.” “These demonstrations show that the British people reject this govern-
called for action by the United Nations Security Council. In Iran, criticized by British leaders for the brutal repression of protesters after a disputed election two years ago, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad sounded outraged at the conduct of the British police. “What kind of a treatment is this for the people who run out of patience because of poverty and discrimination?” he said to reporters, according to the Reuters news agency. “I advise them to correct their savage behavior.” Some in the streets of Cairo also seemed to enjoy a chance to patronize the British. “This is an uncivilized attitude, and we as the Egyptian people condemn it,” said Hany Bahana, 44, owner of an importing company who was attending a demonstration on Friday in Tahrir Square, the center of the protests that toppled Mr. Mubarak. “We hope that the English people go back to their senses and reject violence.” In both Tunis and Cairo, activists joked in Twitter postings that they should send teams of experienced revolutionaries to assist the British rioters. But others were more earnest. With their own struggles with riot police officers still fresh in their memory, many struggled to identify with the cause of the rioters in London and other cities, or even to claim it as one with their own. “Comparisons with our great #egypt uprising and kids looting at #londonriots bother me,” Simon Hanna, a British Egyptian journalist in Cairo wrote. “But you cant ignore that inequality fueled both.”
Judicial veto on new Hungarian party PR Bucha es Me opo an Cou e ec ed he eg s a on o he new Hunga an pa y Hunga an Peop e s Pa y o T ansy van a – EMNP n s dec s on on 14 Ju y Rea sons o he udgemen w be pub shed n he com ng weeks Fo ow ng he cou s de c s on manag ng d ec o o he Hunga an Na ona Counc o T ansy van a and n a o o he p ospec ve pa y T bo To ó T sa d ha desp e he nega ve u ng he e was no eason o d sappo n men he o gan za ona ask wou d con nue and ha hey we e go ng o odge an appea w h u know edge o he easons Acco d ng o To ó he Hunga an name o he pa y cou d have been beh nd he e ec on s nce pub c p osecu o Came a D n ă had no ed ea e ha Roman an was he o c a anguage o he s a e n sp e o h s he e s p eceden o b ngua pa y name eg s a on name y n case o he Hunga an C v c Pa y MPP
Saudi leaders push forward with bolder policies amid turmoil across the Arab region August 2, 2011. (Google News) DUBAI, United Arab Emirates — Saudi Arabia is getting bolder in its strategy for dealing with the Middle East’s uprisings. No longer waiting for Washington’s cue, the kingdom is aggressively trying to influence the regional turmoil and boost its two goals — protect fellow royal houses and isolate its rival, Iran. The more decisive policies by King Abdullah were on full display this week as he took the lead among Arab nations by yanking his ambassador from Syria and demanding an “end to the killing machine” of President Bashar Assad’s regime in a startlingly strong condemnation of Damascus’ bloody suppression of protesters. It was the first time the predominantly Sunni kingdom has weighed in publicly on Syria’s upheaval — and demonstrated the Saudis’ willingness to shift gears dramatically as needed. Saudi Arabia has tried to snuff out or buy off dissent at home and around the Gulf, most notably sending troops to Bahrain to help its Sunni monarch crush a Shiite protest movement in a deadly crackdown. “It’s a big move for Saudi Arabia,” said Christopher Davidson, who studies Gulf affairs at Durham University in Britain. “Before, Saudi was seen as the main anti-Arab Spring power and interested mostly in preserving the status quo in the region. Now, you have the Saudis actively and openly against the Syrian regime.” “The reason, of course, is Iran,” he added. For the Saudis, the revolt in Syria is a chance to strike at one of the pillars of Iran’s influence. Assad’s ruling clique is dominated by his Alawite sect, a Shiite offshoot that comprises about 11 percent of the country and maintains close ties with Shiite power Iran. It’s unclear how much further the Iranian influence reaches in Syria, but the country’s Sunni majority looks more toward Western-allied neighbors in Lebanon and Turkey. “Saudi sees this as a golden opportunity to further chip away at Iran’s influence in the Arab Middle East and also ... to change the strategic map,” said Theodore Karasik, a regional affairs expert at
the Dubai-based Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis. “This is going to make your foreign policy more robust and aggressive.” But that doesn’t come without some potential complications for OPEC’s No. 1 producer. Stronger Saudi policies open the risks of friction with Washington, which is Saudi Arabia’s main arms supplier and had counted on Saudi support to push U.S. interests in the Arab world. There is virtually no chance of a serious rift, and U.S. and Saudi officials are on the same page on other pivotal showdowns, such as efforts to get Yemen’s President Ali Abdullah Saleh to step down after months of protest and bloodshed. Saleh is recovering in Saudi Arabia after being badly injured in a June attack on his palace compound. But even small rough patches between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia take on heightened significance in the tense Mideast climate. The Saudi statement on Syria followed White House urging for the Saudis and their Arab allies to take a sharper stance on Assad’s government. Days later, the U.S. imposed new sanctions on Syria, and presidential spokesman Jay Carney said Thursday that Syria “would be a much better place” without Assad in charge. In March, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton said Bahrain was on the “wrong track” to allow Saudi-led forces to help crush protests in the island kingdom — which is home to the Pentagon’s main military force in the region, the U.S. Navy’s 5th Fleet. Rights groups also have called on U.S. officials to take a sharper stance against Saudi Arabia’s crackdowns on internal dissent, including a proposed law that Amnesty International said would allow authorities to prosecute peaceful protests as a terrorist act. In Iraq, Saudi officials are deeply wary of the U.S.-backed government of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, a Shiite who owes his power to Iranian-allied political groups. Meanwhile, a higher regional profile invites uncomfortable scrutiny about Saudi royal succession with both King Abdullah and Crown Prince Sultan in their mid-80s and undergoing medical
treatment this year. Christopher Boucek, who follows Mideast security issues at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, believes Saudi leaders view U.S. policymakers as more preoccupied with “being on the right side of history instead of standing by its friends.” “Increasingly, it seems that Saudi Arabia looks out into the world and thinks that its foreign policy interests do not overlap with the United States and Washington’s security interests,” Boucek said. “Saudi Arabia is now in a position to pursue its own interests.” And that resonates throughout the Arab world. Saudi objections in April also led the Arab League to shelve plans to hold its summit in Baghdad despite hopes by Washington that it would be a showcase for Iraq’s regional bonds with the last U.S. troops possibly leaving in December. The snub was seen as payback for Iraqi support of Bahrain’s Shiite-led protests — which Saudi Arabia and others claim are aided by Iran. “The Saudi vision of the region is one where Iran is not welcome,” said Shadi Hamid, director of research at The Brookings Doha Center in Qatar. “The Arab Spring became a time for the Saudis to act.” Saudi Arabia also is leading plans to transform the Gulf’s once-sleepy political bloc, the Gulf Cooperation Council, into a kind of fortress for Middle East monarchs and sheiks. Jordan and Morocco — the region’s two nonGulf kingdoms — are in line for membership in a change that could have the council leapfrog over the Arab League as the region’s more dynamic political voice with a clear antiIran agenda. But even the possible end of Assad’s power in Syria does not necessarily mean that Iran’s regional influence would vanish, said Mohamad Chatah, a senior diplomatic adviser to former Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri. He said Iran still has deep ties with Hezbollah and Hamas and is widely viewed as a “defender of the Palestinians.” “If the Syrian regime goes, yes, Iran will be dealt a major blow,” he said. “But it won’t be a fatal blow. Iran will still be an influential player.”
Ahmet Davutoglu, met Assad in Damascus, the Syrian capital, Tuesday for talks that could be a prelude to pulling its envoy from the country. That could deliver even more of a blow than the Arab withdrawals. "Turkey has had far better relations with Damascus than most Arab governments," said Vali Nasr, a professor of international affairs at Tufts University and the author of several books on the Middle East and South Asia. "Turkey is a big army and a big economy next door. It has a stick to carry with the Syrians. Most Arab governments at best have a checkbook influence on Syria." Some current and former Western officials have already publicly stated that they believed the violence in Syria had risen to the level where Assad could be prosecuted in The Hague, the Dutch city that hosts the ICC. Nick Harvey, British minister of state for the armed forces, told lawmakers in May that the court was "highly likely to arrive at a similar conclusion" in Assad's case to the one it reached in the case of Kadafi. Former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and former Jordanian Foreign Minister Marwan Muasher called on the Security Council in June to authorize the ICC to investigate Assad on charges of crimes against humanity. "The charge: using lethal violence to repress peaceful demonstrations in support of democratic rule," they wrote in a piece published by the Financial Times. Syrians welcomed what appeared to be a decisive turn against the government in Damascus by the international community, especially Saudi King Abdullah's demand for an end to the "killing machine" targeting civilians. Syria, a strategic partner of Iran, and Saudi Arabia, which is close to the West, have long competed for influence in the region. "What Saudi Arabia has done is open a new and blank page with the Syrian people," said Kassem, a 23year-old Damascus university student who asked that his last name not be published. "After all of its financial support to the regime, which certainly prolonged the regime's life, Saudi Arabia is finally saying it is with the Syrian people."
Augus 13 2011 Goog e News
The UN Secu y Counc w d s cuss human gh s and a g ow ng human a an eme gency n Sy a a a spec a mee ng nex Thu sday d p oma s announced UN Human R gh s Comm ss one Nav P ay and UN unde sec e a y o human a an a a s Va e e Amos w b e he Augus 18 mee ng he F ench UN m ss on sa d n a Tw e s a emen
F ance and o he Eu opean coun es on he 15 membe counc asked o he new mee ng as pa o e o s o ma n a n p essu e o n e na ona ac on aga ns P es den Basha a Assad The Secu y Counc condemned he v o ence n Sy a on Augus 3 and was g ven a b e ng on Wednesday on even s s nce A op UN o c a o d he counc ha Assad had pu sued h s dead y c ackdown on oppos on p o es s n de ance o Secu y Counc ca s o an mmed a e end o v o ence
Augus 12 2011 Goog e News
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Augus 12 2011 Goog e News s amabad— es den As A Za da e e a ed he Gove nmen s com m men o p o ec m no es and o ensu e ha he cons u ona gh s a e sa egua ded a a cos and hey a e u y d awn n he ma ns eam o na ona e He sa d 11 h o eve y Augus s a day o ea m ou com m men o wo k o p omo ng n e a h ha mony n he coun y and o s ve o p og ess ve and o e an Pak s an as env s oned by Fa he o he Na on The P es den sa d h s wh e add ess ng he M no es Day unc on he d a A wan e Sad on Thu sday P es den Za da sa d ha was a so a day o ponde ove he p ob ems aced by he m no es and o wo k oge he o add ess hem P es den Za da sa d ha s am ays spec a emphas s on equa and us ea men o he d s advan aged and he m no es The Cons u on o Pak s an and he UN Dec a a on o Human R gh s p o ec he gh s o he m no es he sa d He sa d ha he Gove nmen was comm ed o ensu e equa gh s o a he m no es Recog n on o and espec o he m no es gh s was pa o he PPP man es o he con nued The P es den sa d ha he ve y ounda ons o ou coun y as a mode n o e an and p og ess ve s a e we e a d by none o he han he Qua d h mse du ng h s 11 h Augus speech n he Cons uen Assemb y The P es den quo ng he speech o Qua d Azam sa d ha he speech o Qua d ma ks he s a e po cy owa ds m no es oo ed n he eedom o eve y one o p o ess h s e g ous be e s ee y and w hou ea o n e e ence The P es den ex p essed he hope ha a e passage o 18 h Amendmen he P ov nc a Gove nmen s wou d con nue o en su e equa y eedom and secu y
PR The we known Hunga an House o To on o o gan zed a 3 day Hunga an es va a he beg n n ng o Ju y d sc os ng he a m o escu ng he cu u a ns u on be ng n an nhe ed heavy pecun a y p gh ecen y Mo e han a housand peop e even many non Hunga ans a ended he cu u a gas onom c and o k mus c p og ams o he weekend whose success es ded n he vo un a y wo k o abou 50 cooks a s o gan ze s and o he con bu o s P es den o he House K á Szőcs exp essed he g a ude o a who ook pa n he es va The conc us on o he even was ha co ope a on a ways g ves hope o he u u e
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Minorities’ rights to be protected: President, PM
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Ukrainian dual citizens to be listed
(PR) Ukrainian citizens holding dual citizenship may be enlisted in a national register based on the proposed plan of the Transcarpathian organization of the nationalist Ukrainian People’s Party. Transcarpathian party leader Gábor Iván stated that state police officers could carry on a more efficient fight against dual citizenship due to that sort of register. Iván added that should the diplomatic missions of foreign states or Ukrainian state authorities confirm the fact of a second citizenship, the state would automatically denationalize those people concerned.
PAKISTAN BULLETIN
Syrian forces kill 19 as protests erupt nationwide
August 9, 2011 (Google News) At least one Western government is bankrolling a project to gather evidence that could be used to indict Syria's President Bashar Assad at an international tribunal over his crackdown on the country's democracy movement, said a jurist leading the effort and a diplomat whose government is sponsoring it. The fact-finding mission mostly involves assembling testimony from Syrian refugees that conforms to standards of international law necessary to sustain a war crimes trial at the International Criminal Court, said the diplomat, who spoke on condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak publicly. The ICC, which answers to the United Nations Security Council, recently indicted Moammar Kadafi and his sons on charges related to their violent suppression of the rebellion in Libya. The Western official stressed that no decision had been made among diplomats to press the Security Council to refer Assad and his family to the court. As part of the effort, international legal experts also held a workshop in Turkey last month to train Syrian activists in how to document alleged crimes against humanity, said Nabil Halaby, a Lebanese-based human rights lawyer who is part of the project. A report detailing the unnamed group's findings is scheduled to be released to governments, human rights groups and the media by the end of the month. "We have interviewed Syrian refugees in Jordan, Turkey and northern Lebanon and have also met with Syrian activists," Halaby, who identified his backers as unspecified foreign governments, told the Los Angeles Times on Tuesday. "The witnesses testified to being victims of crimes against humanity," Halaby said. "For example, arbitrary kidnapping, arrest without warrants, unlawful killing, torture, torture until death, tanks in neighborhoods." An ICC indictment would add to the Syrian regime's growing isolation. Over the last week, the Security Council, the Arab League and the Gulf Cooperation Council all issued statements condemning the crackdown. Saudi Arabia and its Persian Gulf allies pulled their ambassadors from Syria. And the foreign minister of Turkey,
Go beyond European standards
(PR) Two Hungarian secondary schools of Vajdaság/Vojvodina were took up in a list of educational institutions, where the Hungarian National Council (MNT) will gain co-founder rights. The relevant contract was signed between the Prime Minister of Vajdaság Province Bojan Pajtić and the MNT President Tamás Korhecz. In the course of the process of taking over 41 Hungarian educational and cultural institutions, the scope of determining the function of these secondary and elementary schools is shared between the Serbian state and the Hungarian National Council. Moral, financial and political stability accompany the partial conferral of establishing rights, since these institutions will not be exposed to the permanent change of politics. Henceforward, without the consent of the MNT, the function, the profile, the official name and monolingualism of these institutions may not be subjects to change. According to Pajtić, the Vajdaság Province, with this act as well, demonstrates the common will of transcending European standards. The province premier added that he was proud of promoting the concept of multiculturalism being the only region of Europe with sixth official languages. Pajtić referred to the principle of subsidiarity: “ There is no doubt that the national community itself is capable of meeting its own needs by voicing the priorities.”
PR Adv so y Boa d P es den o he Be h en Gábo Fund Sz vesz e V z E o d MPs o he Na ona Cohes on Comm ee o he Pa amen ha ass s ance wou d be p ov ded o emos o b hp ace p og ams The Fund manages a o a amoun o HUF 12 b on €45 m on P o esso V z added ha Hunga ans v ng n d aspo as m gh app y o sepa a e ende s The p es den s eng hened he c e a o a we managed und ha we e anspa ency and a s c mon o ng mechan sm when spend ng a oca ed money We mus ende an accoun o a d s bu ed money – sa d V z The new Fund mus e m na e a o me sys em o ns gn can suppo and ocus on a eas whe e concen a ed ass s ance may be a ached
PR Bucha es Me opo an Cou e ec ed he eg s a on o he new Hun ga an pa y Hunga an Peop e s Pa y o T ansy van a – EMNP n s dec s on on 14 Ju y Reasons o he udgemen w be pub shed n he com ng weeks Fo ow ng he cou s dec s on manag ng d ec o o he Hunga an Na ona Counc o T ansy van a and n a o o he p ospec ve pa y T bo To ó T sa d ha desp e he nega ve u ng he e was no eason o d sappo n men he o gan za ona ask wou d con nue and ha hey we e go ng o odge an appea w h u know edge o he easons Acco d ng o To ó he Hunga an name o he pa y cou d have been beh nd he e ec on s nce pub c p osecu o Came a D n ă had no ed ea e ha Roman an was he o c a anguage o he s a e n sp e o h s he e s p eceden o b ngua pa y name eg s a on name y n case o he Hun ga an C v c Pa y MPP
fused the draft agreement on dual citizenship and criticized almost all its paraConditions for graphs. applying for another state’s citizenship included residency in that country for at least 12 months, or continuous studies, respectively, employment for at least 5 years with residency. The draft stipulated the mutual handover of a list containing dual citizens every year until May 31. After holding talks with the Slovak Foreign Minister Mikuláš Dzurinda in May, Hungary's Foreign Minister János Martonyi voiced scepticism, claiming that the agreement was fundamentally different from Hungary's philosophy, therefore it was unacceptable as a basis for negotiations. He pledged to be ready to proceed with further negotiations once the Slovak partner finalized its draft agreement. Fundamental differences mean that while Hungary recognises collective rights for national minorities, Slovakia does not. Most-Híd Party President Béla Bugár emphasized that the coalition had not even negotiated about the bilateral draft agreement, it was the material purely of the Slovak Interior Ministry. According to Bugár, those handling the debate as a national or minority issue are mistaken since it is a question of human rights. The plight of the issue regained attention as Poland took over the EU Presidency on 1 July.
(PR) Hungary continues to have a different opinion from Slovakia's when it comes to a proposal for a bilateral agreement that would handle the issue of dual citizenship between the two states. The issue already has a long history, marking the complicated and sensitive nature of the negotiation process. The partners settled to tackle the issue that problematic emerged from the modified Hungarian Citizenship Act in 2010 and from the response act by Slovakia that was enacted by the former radical rightwing-populist government led by Robert Fico. In terms of the Slovak response act, those who apply for another state’s citizenship will automatically be deprived of the Slovak one. The prime ministers of the two countries declared at the time of their meeting on 28 January that they would try to resolve the conflicting laws by a bilateral agreement. In mid-February, the State Secretary of the Slovak Interior Ministry Maros Zilinka handed over the draft version of a prospective treaty between Slovakia and Hungary. ”The purpose of the treaty is to regulate the conditions for requesting citizenship of the other country; the diplomatic protection of dual nationals and the handover of a list consisting of citizens of both country” – said the Slovak State Secretary at that time. The leader of the Hungarian Coalition Party (MKP) József Berényi said that his party entirely re-
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Hungary and Slovakia still in controversy on dual citizenship
(PR) communities abroad Zsuzsanna Répás made an official visit to the Hague on July 13 to hold talks with the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) High Commissioner on National Minorities Knut Vollebaek. The discussion addressed the Slovak Act on the Use of Languages of National Minorities. The State Secretary outlined the main concerns of Hungary pertaining to the modified Slovak act. Slovakia’s unchanged approach prompted the Hungarian government to take measures at European level as well. The Hungarian Government looked forward to the modification process of the Slovak Act on the Use of Minority Languages. The amendment adopted on 25 May 2011 gave cause for disappointment. Although, some aspects show a positive turn, the law henceforward maintains the atmosphere of fear and vagueness. Many provisions of the act are of an optional, not of a prescriptive nature. The act, on the one hand, consists of new elements that obviously show a setback compared to the existing practice. On the other hand, it upholds provisions, which place users of minority languages at a disadvantage. Inter alia, in offices, where nationalities on the grounds of their population quota are entitled to use their mother tongue, it is still not an obligation to employ staffs that speaks the language in question. Furthermore, the amendment to the act defines a timeframe for the administration procedure in minority language that is conceived of a serious setback increasing the exposure of minorities. Hungary assessed the obligation of subtitling minority language TV programmes on state language not just as discriminative but as an effort that was aimed at making minority commercial broadcasting impossible, which caused competitive economic disadvantage for minorities. As for the language use of the municipalities’ policemen, they are required to ask for permission from all persons present in a case, even from pedestrians, to use their native language in their personal conversations. This regulation may result absurd situations. Hungary deems clearly problematic that the amendment is ensuring only an optional right to use minority languages while expecting the concert of all attendants. Inspite of the 2010 Report of the Venice Commission and the 2009 Opinion of the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities and the evaluation reports of the Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Slovakia still upholds the incompatibility of internal and international laws. State Secretary Répás expressed her hope that the High Commissioner would continue to monitor the Slovak legislation with regard to linguistic rights of minorities and would succeed in reaching alleviations of the strict act concerned until the balance between strengthening the state language and protecting minority rights was achieved.
(PR) Foreign Minister Teodor Baconschi, backed by his party, initiated a bill proposing the introduction of mail vote. The new piece of legislation would modify the electoral law and would allow for absentee voting by post. Baconschi argued that the amendment would enable the nearly 3 million Romanian citizens living abroad to exercise their political rights. He further claimed that the solution of voting by mail was much anticipated by the diaspora, which deemed it as “an act of moral reparation”. “The mail voting system costs less than other extraterritorial voting methods and will allow us to get better acquainted with the situation and the number of Romanian citizens in the diaspora, especially now as an internal census of the population is to be organized” – added the Minister. In the course of elaborating the new legislation, the Foreign Ministry studied the legal practice of a number of European examples. About the moral nature of the bill, Baconschi stated that it would contribute to the Romanian democracy, fortify the nation’s civic identity and would make the participation of several million Romanians living abroad feasible in the public debate on the country’s future. Once the bill gets its political validation at government level, it can be remitted to parliament and adopted as soon as possible in the course of this year so that the alternative voting method can be implemented during the 2012 elections. When asked whether the government may take responsibility for the bill, Teodor Baconschi argued that he believed there was plenty of time for the bill to be debated in Parliament. While the coalition partner RMDSZ raised objections, such as the difficulty of ensuring security and correctness during absentee voting, the opposition accused the Democrat-liberals (PDL) of committing election fraud. According to opinion polls, the ruling PDL is more popular among Romanians of foreign countries than the left-liberal opposition alliance. It is also questioned by RMDSZ whether stimulating the willingness to vote of Romanians abroad is more important than that of citizens of Romania.
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Assumption Day- Aug 15
(ANDORRA, AUSTRIA, BELGIUM, BULGARIA, BURKINA FASO, BURUNDI, CAMEROON, CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, CHAD, CHILE, COSTA RICA, CROATIA, CYPRUS, EAST TIMOR, FRANCE, FRENCH GUIANA, FRENCH POLYNESIA, GABON GAMBIA, GERMANY, GREECE, GUADELOUPE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, ITALY, IVORY COAST, LEBANON, LUXEMBOURG, MALTA, MARTINIQUE, MONACO, NEW CALEDONIA, POLAND, PORTUGAL, RWANDA, SENEGAL, SEYCHELLES, St. MARTIN, SOLVENIA, SPAIN, St. PIERRE & MIQUELON, SWITZERLAND, VANUATU, VATICAN CITY STATE, VENEZUELA) According to the belief of Christians of the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and parts of the Anglican Communion and Continuing Anglicanism, the Assumption of Mary was the bodily taking up of the Virgin Mary into Heaven at the end of her life. The Roman Catholic Church teaches as dogma that the Virgin Mary "having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory." This doctrine was dogmatically and infallibly defined by Pope Pius XII on November 1, 1950, in his Apostolic Constitution Munificentissimus Deus. This belief is known as the Dormition of the Theotokos by the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches. In the churches which observe it, the Assumption is a major feast day, commonly celebrated on August 15. In many countries it is a Catholic Holy Day of Obligation. In his August 15, 2004, homily given at Lourdes, Pope John Paul II quoted John 14:3 as one of the scriptural bases for understanding the dogma of the Assumption of Mary. In this verse, Jesus tells his disciples at the Last Supper, "If I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again, and will receive you to myself; that where I am, you may be there also." According to Catholic theology, Mary is the pledge of the fulfillment of Christ's promise. The feast of the Assumption on August 15 is a public holiday in many countries, including Austria, Belgium, Chile, Ecuador, France, Greece, Lebanon, Italy, Malta, Poland, Portugal and Spain . In Eastern Orthodox churches following the Julian Calendar, the feast day of Assumption of Mary falls on August 28, and is a public holiday in the Republic of Macedonia. The capital city of Paraguay is named Asunción in honour of the Assumption of Mary. It was founded on August 15, 1537, by Juan de Salazar y Espinoza.
History Although the Assumption (Latin: assūmptiō, "taken up") was only relatively recently defined as infallible dogma by the Catholic
Church, and in spite of a statement by Saint Epiphanius of Salamis in AD 377 that no one knew whether Mary had died or not, apocryphal accounts of the assumption of Mary into heaven have circulated since at least the 4th century. The Catholic Church itself interprets chapter 12 of the Book of Revelation as referring to it. The earliest known narrative is the so-called Liber Requiei Mariae (The Book of Mary's Repose), which survives intact only in an Ethiopic translation. Probably composed by the 4th century, this Christian apocryphal narrative may be as early as the 3rd century. Also quite early are the very different traditions of the "Six Books" Dormition narratives. The earliest versions of this apocryphon are preserved by several Syriac manuscripts of the 5th and The Assumption of the Virgin Mary has been a subject of ven6th centuries, although the text itself probably belongs to the 4th century. Later apocrypha based on these earlier texts include the De Obitu S. Dominae, attributed to St. John, a work probably from around eration, doctrine and Catholic the turn of the 6th century that is a summary of the "Six Books" narrative. The story also appears in De Transitu Virginis, a late 5th Marian art for centuries. This century work ascribed to St. Melito of Sardis that presents a theologically redacted sum- painting is by Rubens, 1626. mary of the traditions in the Liber Requiei Mariae. The Transitus Mariae tells the story of the apostles being transported by white clouds to the deathbed of Mary, each from the town where he was preaching at the hour. The Decretum Gelasianum in the 490s declared some transitus Mariae literature apocryphal. An Armenian letter attributed to Dionysus the Areopagite also mentions the event, although this is a much later work, written sometime after the 6th century. John of Damascus, from this period, is the first church authority to advocate the doctrine under his own name; he had been brought up in an environment in which a corporeal ascent of Muhammed into heaven was official policy, since he, and his father before him, held the post of imperial chancellor of the Islamic empire of the Umayyads, and Muhammed's ascent into heaven is the subject of The Night Journey, a Surah in the Quran. His contemporaries, Gregory of Tours and Modestus of Jerusalem, helped promote the concept to the wider church. In some versions of the story the event is said to have taken place in Ephesus, in the House of the Virgin Mary, although this is a much more recent and localized tradition. The earliest traditions all locate the end of Mary's life in Jerusalem (see "Mary's Tomb"). By the 7th century a variation emerged, according to which one of the apostles, often identified as St Thomas, was not present at the death of Mary, but his late arrival precipitates a reopening of Mary's tomb, which is found to be empty except for her grave clothes. In a later tradition, Mary drops her girdle down to the apostle from heaven as testament to the event. This incident is depicted in many later paintings of the Assumption. The taking of Mary into Heaven became an established teaching across the Eastern, Western, Coptic and Oriental churches from at least the late 7th Century, the festival date settling at August 15. Theological debate about the Assumption continued, following the Reformation, climaxing in 1950 when Pope Pius XII defined it as dogma for the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church has not claimed that this doctrine is founded on the apocryphal accounts as having any authority, nor that the church bases its teaching about the Assumption on them, but rather on the historic teaching of the Church down the centuries, the scholastic arguments in favor of it, and its interpretations of biblical sources. However, Protestant theologians reject such arguments as semantics; that apocryphal accounts did in fact become the basis for such church teachings, which were then set forth as dogma. They cite the Coptic icon of the Dormition of fact that the idea did not gain acceptance in the church until the sixth century, after Gregory of Tours accepted the apocryphal work "Transitus Beatae Mariae". Catholic theologianLudwig Ott stated, "The idea of the bodily assumption of Mary is first expressed in Our Lady certain transitus-narratives of the fifth and sixth centuries.... The first Church author to speak of the bodily assumption of Mary, in association with an apocryphal transitus B.M.V., is St. Gregory of Tours." The Catholic writer Eamon Duffy goes further, conceding that "there is, clearly, no historical evidence whatever for it.". However, the Catholic Church has never asserted nor denied that its teaching is based on the apocryphal accounts. The Church documents are silent on this matter and instead rely upon other sources and arguments as the basis for the doctrine.
Catholic teaching
In this dogmatic statement, the phrase "having completed the course of her earthly life," leaves open the question of whether the Virgin Mary died before her assumption or whether she was assumed before death; both possibilities are allowed. Mary's assumption is said to have been a divine gift to her as the 'Mother of God'. Ludwig Ott's view is that, as Mary completed her life as a shining example to the human race, the perspective of the gift of assumption is offered to the whole human race. In Ludwig Ott's Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma he states that "the fact of her death is almost generally accepted by the Fathers and Theologians, and is expressly affirmed in the Liturgy of the Church", to which he adduces a number of helpful citations, and concludes that "for Mary, death, in consequence of her freedom from original sin and from personal sin, was not a consequence of punishment of sin. However, it seems fitting that Mary's body, which was by nature mortal, should be, in conformity with that of her Divine Son, subject to the general law of death". The point of her bodily death has not been infallibly defined, and many believe that she did not die at all, but was assumed directly into Heaven. The dogmatic definition within the Apostolic Constitution Munificentissimus Deus which, according to Roman Catholic dogma, infallibly proclaims the doctrine of the Assumption leaves open the question whether, in connection with her departure, Mary underwent bodily death; that is, it does not dogmatically define the point one way or the other, as shown by the words "having completed the course of her earthly life". On November 1, 1950, Pope Pius XII solemnly declared: By the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ, of the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own authority, we pronounce, declare, and define it to be a divinely revealed dogma: that the Immaculate Mother of God, the ever Virgin Mary, having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory Roman Catholic theologians consider this declaration by Pius XII to be an ex cathedra use of Papal Infallibility. Although Pope Pius XII deliberately left open the question of whether Mary died before her Assumption, the more common teaching of the early Fathers is that she did.
and Dormition (Eastern Christianity) compared Assumption The Catholic Feast of the Assumption is celebrated on August 15, and the Eastern Orthodox andEastern Catholics celebrate the
St Thomas receiving the Virgin Dormition of the Theotokos (the falling asleep of the Mother of God) on the same date, preceded by a 14-day fast period. Eastern Mary's girdle Orthodox Christians believe that Mary died a natural death, that her soul was received by Christ upon death, and that her body
was resurrected on the third day after her death and that she was taken up into heaven bodily in anticipation of the general resurrection. Her tomb was found empty on the third day. "...Orthodox tradition is clear and unwavering in regard to the central point [of the Dormition]: the Holy Virgin underwent, as did her Son, a physical death, but her body – like His – was afterwards raised from the dead and she was taken up into heaven, in her body as well as in her soul. She has passed beyond death and judgement, and lives wholly in the Age to Come. The Resurrection of the Body ... has in her case been anticipated and is already an accomplished fact. That does not mean, however, that she is dissociated from the rest of humanity and placed in a wholly different category: for we all hope to share one day in that same glory of the Resurrection of the Body which she enjoys even now." Many Catholics also believe that Mary first died before being assumed, but they add that she was miraculously resurrected before being assumed, while others believe she was assumed bodily into Heaven without first passing through death. As mentioned earlier, this aspect of the Assumption is not authoritatively defined in Catholic theology, and either understanding may be legitimately held by Catholics. Eastern Catholics observe the Feast as the Dormition. Many theologians note by way of comparison that in the Catholic Church, the Assumption is dogmatically defined, while in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, the Dormition is less dogmatically than liturgically and mystically defined. Such differences spring from a larger pattern in the two traditions, wherein Catholic teachings are often dogmatically and authoritatively defined – in part because of the more centralized structure of the Catholic Church– while in Eastern Orthodoxy, many doctrines are less authoritative.
Assumption in Protestantism The Protestant Reformer Heinrich Bullinger believed in the assumption of Mary. His 1539 polemical treatise against idolatry ex-
pressed his belief that Mary's "sacrosanctum corpus" ("sacrosanct body") had been assumed into heaven by angels: Hac causa credimus et Deiparae virginis Mariae purissimum thalamum et spiritus sancti templum, hoc est, sacrosanctum corpus ejus deportatum esse ab angelis in coelum. For this reason we believe that the Virgin Mary, Begetter of God, the most pure bed and temple of the Holy Spirit, that is, her most holy body, was carried to heaven by angels.
Assumption in Anglicanism
Although the Assumption of Mary is not an Anglican doctrine, 15 August is observed by some within Anglicanism as a feast day in honour of Mary. The Common Prayer Books of the Scottish Episcopal Church and the Anglican Church of Canada mark the date as the Falling Asleep of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, the day is observed as the Holy Day of Saint Mary the Virgin. In the Church of England the day is a Festival of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In some churches of the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican churches, many Anglo-Catholics often observe the feast day as the "Assumption of Mary". The Anglican-Roman Catholic agreed statement on the Virgin Mary assigns a place for both the Dormition and the Assumption in Anglican devotion.
The Cathedral of the AssumpScriptural sources tion of Our Lady in Vladimir, As mentioned, recent papal scholarship has cited John 14:3 as evidence of the Assumption in principle if not formally. Near the
end of a review of the doctrine's history – a review which serves as the bulk of Munificentissimus Deus – Pope Pius XII tells us: Russia. "All these proofs and considerations of the holy Fathers and the theologians are based upon the Sacred Writings as their ultimate foundation." Precedent to this, he cites many passages that have been offered in support of this teaching: 29. ...the holy writers...employed statements and various images and analogies of Sacred Scripture to Illustrate and to confirm the doctrine of the Assumption, which was piously believed... On the feast day of the Assumption, while explaining the prophet's words: "I will glorify the place of my feet," [Isaiah 60:13] he [i.e. St. Anthony of Padua] stated it as certain that the divine Redeemer had bedecked with supreme glory his most beloved Mother from whom he had received human flesh. He asserts that "you have here a clear statement that the Blessed Virgin has been assumed in her body, where was the place of the Lord's feet..." 30. ...St. Albert the Great... in a sermon which he delivered on the sacred day of the Blessed Virgin Mary's annunciation, explained the words "Hail, full of grace" [Luke 1:28]-words used by the angel who addressed her-the Universal Doctor, comparing the Blessed Virgin with Eve, stated clearly and incisively that she was exempted from the fourfold curse that had been laid upon Eve [cf. Genesis 3:16]... 32. Along with many others, the Seraphic Doctor held the same views. He considered it as entirely certain that...God...would never have permitted her body to have been resolved into dust and ashes. Explaining these words of Sacred Scripture: "Who is this that comes up from the desert, flowing with delights, leaning upon her beloved?" [Song of Songs 8:5] and applying them in a kind of accommodated sense to the Blessed Virgin, he reasons thus: "From this we can see that she is there bodily...her blessedness would not have been complete unless she were there as a person. The soul is not a person, but the soul, joined to the body, is a person. It is manifest that she is there in soul and in body. Otherwise she would not possess her complete beatitude. ... The Pope also cites, significantly in paragraph 39, 1st Corinthians 15, where we read (vv. 21–26): For by a man came death, and by a man the resurrection of the dead. And as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all shall be made alive. But every one in his own order: the firstfruits Christ, then they that are of Christ, who have believed in his coming. Afterwards the end, when he shall have delivered up the kingdom to God and the Father, when he shall have brought to nought all principality, and power, and virtue. For he must reign, until he hath put all his enemies under his feet. And the enemy death shall be destroyed last: For he hath put all things under his feet. In this passage Paul alludes to Genesis 3:15 (in addition to the primary reference of Psalms 8:6), where it is prophesied that the seed of the woman will crush Satan with his feet. Since, then, Jesus arose to Heaven to fulfill this prophecy, it follows that the woman would have a similar end, since she shared this enmity with Satan. The pope comments thus in paragraph 39: ...although subject to [Jesus, who is] the new Adam, [Mary, the new Eve] is most intimately associated with him in that struggle against Pius XII: The Immaculate the infernal foe which, as foretold in the protoevangelium [i.e. Genesis 3:15], would finally result in that most complete victory over the Mother of God, the ever sin and death which are always mentioned together in the writings of the Apostle of the Gentiles. Consequently, just as the glorious res- Virgin Mary, having comurrection of Jesus was an essential part and the final sign of this victory, so that struggle which was common to the Blessed Virgin and her divine Son should be brought to a close by the glorification of her virginal body, for the same Apostle says: "When this mortal thing pleted the course of her earthly life, was assumed hath put on immortality, then shall come to pass the saying that is written: Death is swallowed up in victory." The pope also mentions (in paragraph 26) Psalms 132, a liturgical psalm commemorating the return of the Ark of God to Jerusalem and body and soul into heavlamenting its subsequent loss. The second half of the psalm says that the loss will be recompensed in the New Covenant, and so it is enly glory. hopefully prayed, "Arise, O Lord, into thy resting place: thou and the ark, which thou hast sanctified" (v. 8). Since the Church sees this New Covenant ark in Mary, it understands that she was taken into Heaven in the same manner as the Lord – that is, body and soul. In the same paragraph, the pope mentions also Psalms 45:9–17 for support of a heavenly Queen present bodily with the heavenly King Jesus, and Song of Songs 3:6, 4:8, and 6:9, which speaks of David's lover "that goeth up by the desert, as a pillar of smoke of aromatical spices, of myrrh, and frankincense, and of all the powders of the perfumer". Regarding the Marian interpretations of those passages from Psalms 132 to Song of Songs 6:9 and those in between, the pope did, however, consider them "rather free in their use of events and expressions taken from Sacred Scripture" (paragraph 26). Finally, he mentions in the next paragraph "that woman clothed with the sun [Revelation 12:1–2] whom John the Apostle contemplated on the Island of Patmos" as support for the doctrine. The text seems to parallel this woman with the woman of the Genesis 3 prophecy (and hence Mary): for in verse 9 the passage recalls "that old serpent" of Genesis 3, and reflects the prophecy that God would place "enmities between thee [i.e. Satan] and the woman, and thy seed and her seed" when it says that Satan "was angry against the woman: and went to make war with the rest of her seed" (Rev. 12:17). All these passages – viz., John 14:3, Isaiah 60:13, Luke 1:28, Song of Songs 8:5, 1st Corinthians 15:21–26, Psalms 132:8, Psalms 45:9–17, Song of Songs 3:6, 4:8, 6:9, Genesis 3:15, and Revelation 12:1–2 – are drawn upon as Scriptural support of the Assumption both in that original document, and today by Catholic apologists. ce of the development of the Syrian Christian traditions, the very area where we later first find references to the such a similar translation of the Virgin Mary to the state of ultimate blessedness.
Judeo-Christian traditions Jean Danielou in his classical study of Jewish Christian theology noted in reference to state of the blessed dead before the resurrection
on the last day that "there is . . . and exception to this waiting of the just before they enter into blessedness; in some cases their entrance is put forward. This seems to be a strictly Jewish Christian teaching. In the Ascension of Isaiah the visionary sees 'holy Abel and Enoch" already in the seventh heaven (IX, 8-9), and with their raiment of glory (IX, 9), that is to say, they have been brought to life. Resurrection is in fact a necessary condition for entry into this place. II Enoch shows the ascension of Enoch as a final entry into the highest heaven, which is the place of ultimate blessedness (LXVII, 2), whereas I Enoch only knows of a temporary ascension. Irenaeus ascribes the former doctrine to the Elders. say that those who have been translated are taken to Paradise, and remain there until the final consummation of all things, being the first to enter upon incorruption' (Adv.Haer.V,5:1)." Danielou concludes "There is a clear distinction between the exceptional state of those who are already restored to life, and the common condition of the souls of the righteous, who wait in Sheol for the resurrection, but in a happy region of that place." Danielou also noted in his study that when the original Jewish Christian community Assumption statue, 1808 of Jerusalem was dispersed after 70 A.D., the majority of this community established itself in Syria, becoming a major influence of the by Mariano Gerada, development of the Syrian Christian traditions, the very area where we later first find references to the such a similar translation of the Ghaxaq,Malta Virgin Mary to the state of ultimate blessedness. According to some ancient Judeo-Christian traditions, 206 days (i.e., seven months) after Mary's death and burial, Jesus appeared in the Merkabah with the soul of his Mother and calls out to her body which leaves her tomb and ascends to embrace her own soul in the Merkabah. These accounts are closely associated with Mary's role as the intercessor for the souls of the dead (i.e., just as Christ entered the realm of the dead to redeem them from death, Mary entered the realm of the dead and then like him leaves it in order to become the heavenly intercessor for those still dead.)
Constitution Day EQUATORIAL GUINEA - Aug 15
Equatorial Guinea located on the western coast of Africa celebrates its constitution day on 15th august every year. This independent republic nation adopted the constitution on 15th august 1982. Since then 15th august is a public holiday for the nation to respect the constitution of the country.
History
Equatorial Guinea used to be a single party state under the 1982 constitution. In 1987, this state party was identified as the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea. However, in 1991 a fresh multiparty constitution was started after the approval from people referendum. House of Representative consisting of 80 members replaced the actual legislature of 41 members. Under this constitution, universal adult voters elect a president for a period of seven years and the legislators or Chamber of People’s Representatives members for a period of five years. The president appoints a cabinet. All elements of the government including the legislative and judiciary division are under the supervision of the president. A prime minister who is appointed and assigned powers by the president runs the government. The nation is separated into seven provinces administratively. The Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea currently serves as the only legal and commanding administrative organization. There has been no past record of democratic procedure in the country, the leadership being passed from colonial power to a domineering dictatorship. Under the 1982 constitution, the president is the most powerful person in the government. He can discard the members of the cabinet, dictate laws, dismiss the Chamber of Representatives, discuss and sign treaties and summon the legislative elections. The president maintains his post of the commander in chief of the armed forces and also supervises closely on the military movements. Recently in June 2004 the president reformed the cabinet by introducing two additional posts of Minister of National Security and Director of National Forces. The Fundamental Law of the State has been changed to the Constitutional Law under which Spanish and French were declared as the official language of the nation. Spanish law and the tribal system together form the basis of the constitutional system. Brutal crimes as well as minor theft occur much less in this country compared to other African nations. The rights of the civilians are limited and extensively controlled by the government. The convicts are severely tortured and are not entertained by the judicial system. There has been a long record of government’s intervention in privacy and family. There is strict regulation on activity and migration, press and religion among other assaults.
TRADITIONS AND ACTIVITIES
Equatorial Guinea was a Spain colony until August 12 1968. On august 17, 1968 the natives of Equatorial Guinea had accepted a Constitution under which they were asked for vote of approval soon after the referendum. On august 12, 1979 London was supposed to draft a constitution for the nation to separate the white minority continuing the political party. Equatorial Guinea is currently one of the honorable members of the United Nation, the African Union and the European Union and celebrates the national holiday of Constitution Day with joy and happiness.
Foundation of Old Panama PANAMA - Aug 15
Republic of Panama better known as Panama is present on the isthmus joining North and South America. A flourishing business economy Panama celebrates its Foundation Day on the 15th of august each year. Pedro Arias de Avila discovered Panama La Vieja or Old Panama in the year 1519. Actually, 15th august is the combined anniversary celebration of both foundation of Panama Veija and the opening of the Panama Canal. At one such ceremony on function day a photo exhibition of Panama City photos in the 40s, 50s and 60s was inaugurated at the Casa de Gobernacion. It is the office of the Panama provincial governor. The chief guests of the function were Governor Irina Brown and IPAT director Liriola Pittí de Cordoba.
History
The relics of Old Panama are about two miles away from the present capital of the state, Panama City. An open park flaunts the remnants of walls and vaults refreshing the pomp of the first camp of the Spaniard on the Pacific Ocean. The sumptuous amount of gold coming from Peru, Chile and California lured cunning pirates to Panama’s water. The city suffered the most when Henry Morgan plundered and raided the city in 1671. Panama’s governor soon commanded the power magazine burned and the entire city was lost in flames. Consequently, the capital had to be shifted to a new location leading to the foundation of Panama City in 1673. Among the leftovers in Old Panama are the cathedral with a huge bell-tower, Matadero Bridge, King’s Bridge and the Bishop’s House. These remains are World Heritage and their archaeological sites are being restored. An artisan’s bazaar filled with native’s handworks and a tiny restaurant is present just in front of the rubbles.
TRADITIONS AND ACTIVITIES The Panama Railroad Company was set up a year ahead of the discovery of the
gold coin. However it could not start before 1855.There had been a great advantage and boost to the infrastructure and economy when the Panama Canal was constructed. The most significant improvement was seen in health and sanitation. This was clearly visible since yellow fever and malaria were almost eradicated and a good quality water supply system was started. The benefits were however followed by disturbances. Since most of the workers were from West Indies, a sudden social and racial discrimination started growing in the city. Panama City was the hub of international banking in Late 1970’s and 1980s which made it the worldwide money laundering pivot. In 1989, after a year long problem between Panama and U.S., General Manuel Noriega, the leader of Panama was deposed by George Bush, president of United States. However Panama City still remains a banking hub though there is little flow of cash. Balboa earlier a part of the Panama Canal Zone was the Headquarter of the region. Nowadays tourism is considered as an important source of money collection in Panama. Panama is the fourth largest and also a rapidly flourishing economy in Central America. The scope of tourism is increasing at a rapid rate and as such it has become one of the most interesting and sought after tourist destinations in the world.
Independence Day INDIA-Aug 15 Independence Day of India is celebrated on Fifteenth of August (8/15/47) to commemorate its independence from British rule and its birth as a sovereign nation in 1947. The day is a national holiday in India. All over the country, flag-hoisting ceremonies are conducted by thel ocal administration in attendance. The main event takes place in New Delhi, the capital city ofIndia, where the Prime Minister hoists the national flag at the Red Fort and delivers a nationally televised speech from its ramparts. In his speech, he highlights the achievements of his government during the past year, raises important issues and gives a call for further development. The Prime Minister also pays his tribute to leaders of the freedom struggle.
Background In 1946, the Labour government in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II,
and conscious that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of native forces for continuing to control an increasingly restless India, decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948.
Celebrations The Prime Minister of India hoists the Indian flag on the ramparts of the historical site, Red Fort Delhi, on
August 15. This is telecasted live on the National Channel Doordarshan and many other News Channels all over India. Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programs take place in all the state capitals. In the cities around the country the national flag is hoisted by politicians in their constituencies. In various private organisations the flag hoisting is carried out by a senior official of that organisation. All over the country, flags are given out to citizens who wear them proudly to show their patriotism towards India. Schools and colleges around the country organise flag hoisting ceremonies and various cultural events within their premises, where younger children in costume represent their idols of the Independence era.
Flooding of the Nile EGYPT-Aug 15 The Flooding of the Nile (Arabic: لينلا ءافو ديع) has been an important natural cycle in Egypt since ancient times. It is celebrated by Egyptians as an annual holiday for two weeks starting August 15, known as Wafaa El-Nil. It is also celebrated in the Coptic Church by ceremonially throwing a martyr's relic into the river, hence the name, Esba` al-shahīd ('The Martyr's Finger'). Ancient Egyptians believed that the Nile flooded every year because of Isis's tears of sorrow for her dead husband, Osiris.
The flooding cycle The three stages of the Egyptian flood cycle were Akhet, the time of the Nile
flood, Peret, the sowing time, and Shemu, the time of harvest. Without this cycle people would die from starvation.The flood cycle was so predictable that the Egyptians even based their ancient calendar on it. Akhet was the first season of the year, between the months of June and September. Peret or the Egyptian Autumn season marked the time when their crops grew in the fields and were harvested, running from October to midFebruary. Shemu was the third and last season of the Egyptian year which ran from mid-February until the end of May; it essentially signalled the spring season of the Egyptian calendar.
Importance for Egypt Were it not for the Nile River, Egyptian civilization could not have developed, as it is the only significant source
of water in this desert region. Its other importance was the fact that it was their gateway to the unknown world. The Nile flows from south to north, to its delta on the Mediterranean Sea. It would flood each year, bringing in silt-laden waters; when the waters receded the silt would stay behind, fertilizing the land,the silt would be helpful for growing crops. If a flood was too large it would wash over mud dykes protecting a village. A small flood or no flood at all would mean famine. A flood must be of just the right intensity for a good season. The ancient Egyptians did not realize that the flood in fact appeared due to rains on the mountains to the south, and it was seen as the annual coming of the god Hapi. The rains would swell the different tributaries and other rivers that joined to become the Nile River.
of the flooding End In 1970, with the completion of the High Dam at Aswan, the annual flooding cycle in Egypt came to an end.
Today, farmers must use fertilizers to keep their land productive, as the deposits of silt no longer occur each year.
Independence Day GABON-Aug 16 Gabon (French pronunciation: [ɡabɔ̃]), officially the Gabonese Republic (French:République Gabonaise) is a state in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, and with the Republic of the Congo curving around the east and south. The Gulf of Guinea, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean is to the west. It covers a land area of nearly 270,000 km² and has an estimated population of 1,500,000. Its capital and largest city is Libreville. Since its independence from France on August 17, 1960, Gabon has been ruled by three presidents. In the early 1990s, Gabon introduced a multiparty system and a new democratic constitution that allowed for a more transparent electoral process and reformed many governmental institutions. Gabon is also a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2010-2011 term. The small population density together with abundant natural resources and foreign private investment have helped make Gabon one of the most prosperous countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the highest HDI and the third highest GDP per capita (PPP) (after Equatorial Guinea and Botswana) in the region.
History The earliest inhabitants of the area were Pygmy peoples. They were largely replaced and absorbed by Bantu
tribes as they migrated. In the 15th century, the first Europeans arrived. The nation's present name originates from "Gabão", Portuguese for "cloak", which is roughly the shape of the estuary of the Komo River by Libreville. French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza led his first mission to the Gabon-Congo area in 1875. He founded the town of Franceville, and was later colonial governor. Several Bantu groups lived in the area that is now Gabon when France officially occupied it in 1885. In 1910, Gabon became one of the four territories of French Equatorial Africa, a federation that survived until 1959. These territories became independent on August 17, 1960. The first president of Gabon, elected in 1961, was Léon M’ba, with Omar Bongo Ondimba as his vice president. French interests were decisive in selecting the future leadership in Gabon after Independence; French logging interests poured funds into the successful election campaign of M'ba, an évolué from the coastal region. After M'ba's accession to power, the press was suppressed, political demonstrations banned, freedom of expression curtailed, other political parties gradually excluded from power and the Constitution changed along French lines to vest power in the Presidency, a post that M'ba assumed himself. However, when M'ba dissolved the National Assembly in January 1964 to institute one-party rule, an army coup sought to oust him from power and restore parliamentary democracy. The extent to which M'ba's dictatorial regime was synonymous with "French Interests" then became blatantly apparent when French paratroopers flew in within 24 hours to restore M'ba to power. After a few days of fighting, the coup was over and the opposition imprisoned, despite widespread protests and riots. The French government was unperturbed by international condemnation of the intervention, and paratroops still remain in the Camp de Gaulle on the outskirts of Gabon's capital. When M'Ba died in 1967, Bongo replaced him as president. In March 1968, Bongo declared Gabon a one-party state by dissolving the BDG and establishing a new party— the Parti Democratique Gabonais (PDG). He invited all Gabonese, regardless of previous political affiliation, to participate. Bongo sought to forge a single national movement in support of the government's development policies, using the PDG as a tool to submerge the regional and tribal rivalries that had divided Gabonese politics in the past. Bongo was elected President in February 1975; in April 1975, the position of vice president was abolished and replaced by the position of prime minister, who had no right to automatic succession. Bongo was re-elected President in both December 1979 and November 1986 to 7-year terms. Economic discontent and a desire for political liberalization provoked violent demonstrations and strikes by students and workers in early 1990. In response to grievances by workers, Bongo negotiated with them on a sector-by-sector basis, making significant wage concessions. In addition, he promised to open up the PDG and to organize a national political conference in March–April 1990 to discuss Gabon's future political system. The PDG and 74 political organizations attended the conference. Participants essentially divided into two loose coalitions, the ruling PDG and its allies, and the United Front of Opposition Associations and Parties, consisting of the breakaway Morena Fundamental and the Gabonese Progress Party. The April 1990 conference approved sweeping political reforms, including creation of a national Senate, decentralization of the budgetary process, freedom of assembly and press, and cancellation of an exit visa requirement. In an attempt to guide the political system's transformation to multiparty democracy, Bongo resigned as PDG chairman and created a transitional government headed by a new Prime Minister, Casimir Oye-Mba. The Gabonese Social Democratic Grouping (RSDG), as the resulting government was called, was smaller than the previous government and included representatives from several opposition parties in its cabinet. The RSDG drafted a provisional constitution in May 1990 that provided a basic bill of rights and an independent judiciary but retained strong executive powers for the president. After further review by a constitutional committee and the National Assembly, this document came into force in March 1991. Opposition to the PDG continued after the April 1990 conference, however, and in September 1990, two coup d'état attempts were uncovered and aborted. Despite anti-government demonstrations after the untimely death of an opposition leader, the first multiparty National Assembly elections in almost 30 years took place in September–October 1990, with the PDG garnering a large majority. Following President Omar Bongo's re-election in December 1993 with 51% of the vote, opposition candidates refused to validate the election results. Serious civil disturbances led to an agreement between the government and opposition factions to work toward a political settlement. These talks led to the Paris Accords in November 1994, under which several opposition figures were included in a government of national unity. This arrangement soon broke down, however, and the 1996 and 1997 legislative and municipal elections provided the background for renewed partisan politics. The PDG won a landslide victory in the legislative election, but several major cities, including Libreville, elected opposition mayors during the 1997 local election. Facing a divided opposition, President Omar Bongo coasted to easy re-election in December 1998, with large majorities of the vote. While Bongo's major opponents rejected the outcome as fraudulent, some international observers characterized the results as representative despite many perceived irregularities, and there were none of the civil disturbances that followed the 1993 election. Peaceful though flawed legislative elections held in 2001-2002, which were boycotted by a number of smaller opposition parties and were widely criticized for their administrative weaknesses, produced a National Assembly almost completely dominated by the PDG and allied independents. In November 2005, President Omar Bongo was elected for his sixth term. He won re-election easily, but opponents claim that the balloting process was marred by irregularities. There were some instances of violence following the announcement of Omar Bongo's win, but Gabon generally remained peaceful. National Assembly elections were held again in December 2006. Several seats contested because of voting irregularities were overturned by the Constitutional Court, but the subsequent run-off elections in early 2007 again yielded a PDG-controlled National Assembly. On June 8, 2009, President Omar Bongo died of cardiac arrest at a Spanish hospital in Barcelona, ushering in a new era in Gabonese politics. In accordance with the amended constitution, Rose Francine Rogombe, the President of the Senate, became Interim President on June 10, 2009. The first contested elections in Gabon’s history that did not include Omar Bongo as a candidate were held on August 30, 2009 with 18 candidates for president. The lead-up to the elections saw some isolated protests, but no significant disturbances. Omar Bongo’s son, ruling party leader Ali Bongo Ondimba, was formally declared the winner after a 3-week review by the Constitutional Court; his inauguration took place on October 16, 2009. The court's review had been prompted by claims of fraud by the many opposition candidates, with the initial announcement of election results sparking unprecedented violent protests in Port-Gentil, the country's second-largest city and a long-time bastion of opposition to PDG rule. The citizens of Port-Gentil took to the streets, and numerous shops and residences were burned, including the French Consulate and a local prison. Officially, only four deaths occurred during the riots, but opposition and local leaders claim many more. Gendarmes and the military were deployed to Port-Gentil to support the beleaguered police, and a curfew was in effect for more than 3 months. A partial legislative by-election was held in June 2010. A newly created coalition of parties, the Union Nationale (UN), participated for the first time. The UN is composed largely of PDG defectors who left the party after Omar Bongo’s death. Of the five hotly contested seats, the PDG won three and the UN won two; both sides claimed victory.
King's Death (Elvis) US-Aug 16 Elvis Aaron Presleya (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century. A cultural icon, he is widely known by the single nameElvis. He is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King". Born in Tupelo, Mississippi, Presley moved to Memphis, Tennessee, with his family at the age of 13. He began his career there in 1954 when Sun Records owner Sam Phillips, eager to bring the sound of African-American music to a wider audience, saw in Presley the means to realize his ambition. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was one of the originators of rockabilly, an uptempo, backbeat-driven fusion of country and rhythm and blues. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, who would manage the singer for over two decades. Presley's first RCA single, "Heartbreak Hotel", released in January 1956, was a number one hit. He became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll with a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. His energized interpretations of songs, many from African American sources, and his uninhibited performance style made him enormously popular—and controversial. In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender. Conscripted into military service in 1958, Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work. He staged few concerts, however, and, guided by Parker, proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood movies and soundtrack albums, most of them critically derided. In 1968, after seven years away from the stage, he returned to live performance in a celebrated comeback television special that led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of profitable tours. In 1973, Presley staged the first concert broadcast globally via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii, seen by approximately 1.5 billion viewers. Prescription drug abuse severely compromised his health, and he died suddenly in 1977 at the age of 42. Presley is regarded as one of the most important figures of 20th-century popular culture. He had a versatile voice and unusually wide success encompassing many genres, including country,pop ballads, gospel, and blues. He is the best-selling solo artist in the history of popular music. Nominated for 14 competitive Grammys, he won three, and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36. He has been inducted into four music halls of fame.
Health deterioration and death (1973–77) Medical crises and last studio sessions
Presley's divorce took effect on October 9, 1973. He was now becoming increasingly unwell. Twice during the year he overdosed on barbiturates, spending three days in a coma in his hotel suite after the first incident. Toward the end of 1973, he was hospitalized, semicomatose from the effects of Demerol addiction. According to his main physician, Dr. George C. Nichopoulos, Presley "felt that by getting [drugs] from a doctor, he wasn't the common everyday junkie getting something off the street." Since his comeback, he had staged more live shows with each passing year, and 1973 saw 168 concerts, his busiest schedule ever. Despite his failing health, in 1974 he undertook another intensive touring schedule. Presley's condition declined precipitously in September. Keyboardist Tony Brown remembers the singer's arrival at a University of Maryland concert: "He fell out of the limousine, to his knees. People jumped to help, and he pushed them away like, 'Don't help me.' He walked on stage and held onto the mike for the first thirty minutes like it was a post. Everybody's looking at each other like, Is the tour gonna happen?" Guitarist John Wilkinson recalled, "He was all gut. He was slurring. He was so fucked up. ... It was obvious he was drugged. It was obvious there was something terribly wrong with his body. It was so bad the words to the songs were barely intelligible. ... I remember crying. He could barely get through the introductions". Wilkinson recounted that a few nights later in Detroit, "I watched him in his dressing room, just draped over a chair, unable to move. So often I thought, 'Boss, why don't you just cancel this tour and take a year off...?' I mentioned something once in a guarded moment. He patted me on the back and said, 'It'll be all right. Don't you worry about it.'" Presley continued to play to sellout crowds. As cultural critic Marjorie Garber describes, he was now widely seen as a garish pop crooner: "in effect he had become Liberace. Even his fans were now middle-aged matrons and blue-haired grandmothers." On July 13, 1976, Vernon Presley—who had become deeply involved in his son's financial affairs—fired "Memphis Mafia" bodyguards Red West (Presley's friend since the 1950s), Sonny West, and David Hebler, citing the need to "cut back on expenses". Presley was in Palm Springs at the time, and some suggest the singer was too cowardly to face the three himself. Another associate of Presley's, John O'Grady, argued that the bodyguards were dropped because their rough treatment of fans had prompted too many lawsuits. However, Presley's stepbrother David Stanley has claimed that the bodyguards were fired because they were becoming more outspoken about Presley's drug dependency. Presley and Linda Thompson split in November, and he took up with a new girlfriend, Ginger Alden. He proposed to Alden and gave her an engagement ring two months later, though several of his friends later claimed that he had no serious intention of marrying again. RCA, which had enjoyed a steady stream of product from Presley for over a decade, grew anxious as his interest in spending time in the studio waned. After a December 1973 session that produced 18 songs, enough for almost two albums, he did not enter the studio in 1974. Parker sold RCA on another concert record, Elvis: As Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis. Recorded on March 20, it included a version of "How Great Thou Art" that would win Presley his third and final competitive Grammy Award. (All three of his competitive Grammy wins—out of 14 total nominations—were for gospel recordings.) Presley returned to the studio in Hollywood in March 1975, but Parker's attempts to arrange another session toward the end of the year were unsuccessful. In 1976, RCA sent a mobile studio to Graceland that made possible two full-scale recording sessions at Presley's home. Even in that comfortable context, the recording process was now a struggle for him. For all the concerns of his label and manager, in studio sessions between July 1973 and October 1976, Presley recorded virtually the entire contents of six albums. Though he was no longer a major presence on the pop charts, five of those albums entered the top five of the country chart, and three went to number one: Promised Land (1975), From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee (1976), and Moody Blue (1977). The story was similar with his singles—there were no major pop hits, but Presley was a significant force in not just the country market, but on adult contemporary radio as well. Eight studio singles from this period released during his lifetime were top ten hits on one or both charts, ou n 1974 a one My Boy was a numbe one AC h n 1975 and Moody B ue opped he coun y cha and eached he second spo on he AC n 1976 Pe haps h s mos c ca y acc a med eco d ng o he e a came ha yea w h wha G e Ma cus desc bed as h s apoca yp c a ack on he sou c ass c Hu he e he way he sounded Dave Ma sh w o e o P es ey s pe o mance he wonde sn ha he had on y a yea e o ve bu ha he managed o su v ve ha ong
Indonesian National Day INDONESIA - Aug 17
Restoration Day
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC - Aug 16 Spain controlled the Dominican Republic until 1863. The Dominicans started the war in Santiago to restore the independence from Spanish rule. On August 16, 1965, Spain ended its occupation and Dominican independence was established.
HISTORY Since the European countries had arrived in the Western Hemisphere
during the 1400-1500s, the Dominican Republic had been at a crossroads of commerce. Its capital, Santo Domingo, is the oldest city in the New World, it has the oldest university, the oldest cathedral and even the first hospital. The Dominican Republic is the perfect place for a relaxing vacation with beaches that stretch for about 1,000 miles.
TRADITIONS AND ACTIVITIES
August 16 is known as a day of great celebration. Although it is not as elaborate as Mardi Gras celebrations, costumed people are still part of the festivities. The laughter and joy is contagious and the costumes worn are magnificent. Male traditonal folk dancers and beautiful girls costume dress celebrate in the street parades.
Benn ngton Batt e Day (Vermont)
US - Aug 16
The Ba e o Benn ng on was a ba e o he Ame can Revo u ona y Wa ha ook p ace on Augus 16 1777 n Wa oomsac New Yo k abou 10 m es 16 km om s name sake Benn ng on Ve mon A ebe o ce o p ma y 2 000 men composed o New Hamp sh e and Massachuse s m amen ed by Gen e a John S a k and e n o ced by men ed by Co one Se h Wa ne and membe s o he G een Moun a n Boys dec s ve y de ea ed a de achmen o Gene a John Bu goyne s a my ed by L eu enan Co one F ed ch Baum and suppo ed by add ona men unde L eu enan Co one He n ch von B eymann Baum s de achmen was a m xed o ce o 700 composed o d s moun ed B unsw ck d agoons Canad ans Loya s s and nd ans He was sen by Bu goyne o a dBenn ng on n he d spu ed New Hamp sh e G an s a ea o ho ses d a an ma s and o he supp es Be ev ng he own o be on y gh y de ended Bu goyne and Baum we e unawa e ha S a k and 1 500 m a men we e s a oned he e A e a a n caused s ando S a k s men enve oped Baum s pos on ak ng many p sone s and k ng Baum Re n o cemen s o bo h s des a ved as S a k and h s men we e mopp ng up and he ba e es a ed w h Wa ne and S a k d v ng away B eymann s e n o ce men s w h heavy casua es The ba e was an mpo an v c o y o he ebe cause as educed Bu goyne s a my n s ze by a mos 1 000 men ed h s nd an suppo o a ge y abandon h m and de p ved h m o needed supp es a ac o s ha con bu ed o Bu goyne s even ua su A monumen ha ende a Sa a oga The v c o y a so ga va symbo zes Ben n zed co on a suppo o he ndependence Ba e movemen and p ayed a o e n b ng ng n ng on F ance n o he wa on he ebe s de The Day s one o Ver ba e ann ve sa y s ce eb a ed n he s a e mon s mos o Ve mon as Benn ng on Ba e Day
memorab e cons Background A e he B sh v c o es a Hubba d on Fo T conde oga and Fo
Anne Gene a John Bu goyne s p an o he 1777 Sa a oga campa gn was o cap u e A bany and ga n con o o he Hudson R ve Va ey d v d ng he Ame can co on es n ha Th s was pa o a g and p an o sepa a e he ebe ous New Eng and co on es om he be eved mo e oya sou he n co on es v a a h ee way p nce movemen The wes e n p nce unde he command o Ba y S Lege was epu sed when he S ege o Fo S anw x a ed and he sou he n p nce wh ch was o p og ess up he Hudson va ey om New Yo k C y neve s a ed s nce Gene a W am Howe dec ded ns ead o cap u e Ph ade ph a
The ndones an Na ona Revo u on o ndones an Wa o ndependence was an a med con c and d p oma c s ugg e be ween ndones a and he Du ch Emp e and an n e na soc a evo u on ook p ace be ween ndones a s dec a a on o ndependence n 1945 and he Ne he ands ecogn on o ndones a s ndependence n 1949 One o he a ges evo u ons o he wen e h cen u y he s ugg e as ed o ove ou yea s and nvo ved spo ad c bu b oody a med con c n e na ndones an po ca and communa upheava s and wo ma o n e na ona d p oma c n e ven ons Du ch o ces we e no ab e o p eva ove he ndones ans bu we e s ong enough o es s be ng expe ed A hough Du ch o ces cou d con o he owns and c es n Repub can hea ands on Java and Suma a hey cou d no con o v ages and he coun ys de Thus he Repub c o ndones a u ma e y p eva ed as much h ough n e na ona d p omacy as d d h ough ndones an de e m na on n he a med con c s on Java and o he s ands The Revo u on des oyed he co on a adm n s a on o he Du ch Eas nd es wh ch had u ed om he o he s de o he wo d a so d d no s gn can y mp ove he s gn can y changed ac a cas es as we as educ ng he powe o many o he oca u e s a a econom c o po ca o une o he ma o y o he popu a on hough a ew ndones ans we e ab e o ga n a a ge o e n comme ce
Background ndones an na ona sm and movemen s suppo
ng ndependence om Du ch co on a sm such as Bud U omo he ndones an Na ona Pa y PN Sa eka s am and he ndones an Commun s Pa y PK g ew ap d y n he s ha o he wen e h cen u y Bud U omo Sa eka s am and o he s pu sued s a eg es o co ope a on by o n ng he Du ch n a ed Vo ks aad Peop e s Counc n he hope ha ndones a wou d be g an ed se u e O he s chose a non coope a ve s a egy demand ng he eedom o se gove nmen om he Du ch Eas nd es co ony The mos no ab e o hese eade s we e Suka no andMohammad Ha a wo s uden s and na ona s eade s who had bene ed om he educa ona e o ms o he Du ch E h ca Po cy occupa on o ndones a was a c uc a ac o n he subsequen Revo u on Unde Ge man occupa on se he Ne he ands Japan s h ee and a ha yea Wo d Wa e ab y o de end s co ony aga ns he Japanese a my and w h n on y h ee mon hs o he n a a acks he Japanese had occup ed he Du ch Eas nd es n had Java and o a esse ex en n Suma a ndones a s wo dom nan s ands he Japanese sp ead and encou aged na ona s sen men A hough h s was done mo e o Japanese po ca advan age han om a u s c suppo o ndones an ndependence h s suppo c ea ed new ndones an ns u ons nc ud ng oca ne ghbou hood o gan sa ons and e eva ed po ca eade s ke Suka no Jus as s gn can y o he subsequen Revo u on he Japanese des oyed and ep aced much o he Du ch c ea ed econom c adm n s a ve and po ca n as uc u e W h he Japanese on he b nk o os ng he wa he Du ch sough o e es ab sh he au ho y n ndones a and eques ed he Japanese a my p ese ve aw and o de n ndones a The Japanese howeve we e n avou o he p ng ndones an na ona s s p epa e o se gove nmen On 7 Sep embe 1944 w h he wa go ng bad y o he Japanese P me M n s e Ko so p om sed ndependence o ndones a a hough no da e was se Fo suppo e s o Suka no h s announcemen was seen as v nd ca on o h s appa en co abo a on w h he Japanese
Independence declared
Unde p essu e om ad ca and po c sed pemuda you h g oups Suka no and Ha a p oc a med ndones an ndependence on 17 Augus 1945 wo days a e he Japanese Empe o s su ende n he Pac c The o ow ng day he Cen a ndones an Na ona Comm ee K NP e ec ed Suka no as P es den and Ha a as V ce P es den
Euphoria of revolution was m d Sep embe be o e news o he dec a a on o
ndependence sp ead o he ou e s ands and many ndones ans a om he cap a Jaka a d d no be eve As he news sp ead mos ndones ans came o ega d hemse ves as p o Repub can and a mood o evo u on swep ac oss he coun y Ex e na powe had sh ed wou d be weeks be o e A ed Fo ces en e ed ndones a and he Du ch we e oo weakened by Wo d Wa Two The Japanese on he o he hand we e equ ed by he e ms o he su ende o bo h ay down he a ms and ma n a n o de a con ad c on ha some eso ved by hand ng weapons o Japan ese a ned ndones ans The esu ng powe vacuums n he weeks o ow ng he Japanese su ende c ea ed an a mosphe e o unce a n y bu a so one A de an Bung Tomo one o he o oppo un y o he Repub cans Many pemuda o ned p o Repub c s ugg e g oups badan pe uangan The mos d sc p ned mos eve ed evo u ona y ead we e so d e s om he Japanese o med bu d sbanded G yugun PETA and He ho g oups Many g oups we e und sc p ned e s Th s amous pho o ep e due o bo h he c cums ances o he o ma on and wha hey pe ce ved as evo u ona y sp n he s weeks Japanese sen s o many who ook pa oops o en w hd ew om u ban a eas o avo d con on a ons bo h Du ch and ndones an he By Sep embe 1945 con o o ma o n as uc u e ns a a ons nc ud ng a way s a ons and ams n Java s a ges c es had been aken ove by Repub can pemuda who encoun e ed e Japanese es s ance To sp ead he Revo u on message pemuda ve y sou o he evo u ona y se up he own ad o s a ons and newspape s and g a p oc a med he na ona s sen men On mos s ands s ugg e com s ugg e m ees and m a we e se up Repub can newspape s and ou na s we e common n Jaka a Yogyaka a and Su aka a wh ch os e ed a gene a on o w e s known asangka an 45 gene a on o 45 many o whom be eved he wo k cou d be pa o he Revo u on Repub can eade s s ugg ed o come o e ms w h popu a sen men some wan ed pass ona e a med s ugg e o he s a mo e easoned app oach Some eade s such as he e s Tan Ma aka sp ead he dea ha h s was a evo u ona y s ugg e o be ed and won by he ndones an pemuda Suka no and Ha a n con as we e mo e n e es ed n p ann ng ou a gove nmen and ns u ons o ach eve ndependence h ough d p omacy P o Revo u on demons a ons ook p ace n a ge c es nc ud ng one ed by Tan Ma aka n Jaka a w h ove 200 000 peop e wh ch Suka no and Ha a ea ng v o ence success u y que ed By Sep embe 1945 many o he se p oc a med pemuda who we e eady o d e o 100% eedom we e ge ng mpa en was common o e hn c ou g oups – Du ch n e nees Eu as an Ambonese and Ch nese – and anyone cons de ed o be a spy o be sub ec ed o n m da on k dnap obbe y and some mes mu de even o gan sed massac es Such a acks wou d con nue o some ex en o he cou se o he Revo u on As he eve o v o ence nc eased ac oss he coun y he Suka no and Ha a ed Repub can gove nmen n Jaka a u ged ca m Howeve pemuda n avou o a med s ugg e saw he o de eade sh p as d he ng and be ay ng he Rev o u on wh ch o en ed o con c amongs ndones ans
of the Republican government Formation By he end o Augus a cen a Repub can gove nmen had been es ab shed n Jaka a adop ed a cons
u on d a ed du ng he Japanese occupa on by he P epa a o y Comm ee o ndones an ndependence W h gene a e ec ons ye o be he d a Cen a ndones an Na ona Comm ee K NP was appo n ed o ass s he P es den S m a comm ees we e es ab shed a p ov nc a and egency eve s Ques ons o a eg ance mmed a e y a ose amongs nd genous u e s Cen a Javanese p nc pa es o examp e mmed a e y dec a ed hemse ves Repub can wh e many a a u e s o he ou e s ands who had been en ched om he suppo o he Du ch we e ess en hus as c Such e uc ance among many ou e s ands was sha pened by he ad ca non a s oc a c and some mes s am c na u e o he Java cen c Repub can eade sh p Suppo d d howeve come om Sou h Su awes n eca ed ba es aga ns he Du ch om ea y n he cen u y and om Makassa ese and Bug s a a who suppo ed he Repub can Gov c ud ng he K ng o Bone who s e no o Jaka a a Menadonese Ch s an Many Ba nese a a accep ed Repub can au ho y Fea ng he Du ch wou d a emp o e es ab sh he au ho y ove ndones a he new Repub can Gove nmen and s eade s moved qu ck y o s eng hen he edg ng was a e y and oose y n adm n s a on W h n ndones a he new y o med gove nmen a hough en hus as c was ag e and ocused n Java whe e ocused a a con ac w h he ou e s ands wh ch had mo e Japanese oops pa cu a y nJapanese navy a eas ess sympa he c Japanese commande s and ewe Repub can eade s and ac v s s n Novembe 1945 a pa amen a y o m o gove nmen was es ab shed and S ah was appo n ed P me M n s e n he week o ow ng he Japanese su ende he G yugun PETA and He ho g oups we e d sbanded by he Japanese Command s uc u es and membe sh p v a o a na ona a my we e consequen y d sman ed Thus a he han be ng o med om a a ned a med and o gan sed a my he Repub can a med o ces began o g ow n Sep embe om usua y younge ess a ned g oups bu a ound cha sma c eade s C ea ng a a ona m a y s uc u e ha was obed en o cen a au ho y om such d so gan sa on was one o he ma o p ob ems o he evo u on a p ob em ha ema ns h ough o con empo a y mes n he se c ea ed ndones an a my Japan ese a ned ndones an o ce s p eva ed ove hose a ned by he Du ch A h y yea o d o me schoo eache Sud man was e ec ed commande n ch e a he s mee ng o D v s on Commande s n Yogyaka a on 12 Novembe 1945
Day of the Failed August, 1991 Coup RUSSIA - Aug 19
British forces
Bu goyne s p og ess owa ds A bany had n a y me w h g ea suc cess nc ud ng he sca e ng o Se h Wa ne s men n he Ba e o Hubba d on Howeve h s advance had s owed o a c aw by a e Ju y due o og s ca d cu es exace ba ed by he Ame can des uc on o a key oad and he a my s supp es began o dw nd e Bu goyne s conce n ove supp es was magn ed n ea y Augus when he e ce ved wo d om Howe ha he was go ng o Ph ade ph a and was no n ac go ng o advance up he Hudson R ve va ey n esponse o a p oposa s made on Ju y 22 by he commande o h s Ge man oops Ba on R edese Bu goyne sen a de achmen o abou 800 oops unde he command o L eu enan Co one F ed ch Baum om Fo M e on a o ag ng m ss on o acqu e ho ses o he Ge man d agoons d a an ma s o ass s n mov ng he a my and o ha ass he enemy Baum s de achmen was p ma y made up o d smoun edB unsw ck d agoons o he P nz Ludw g eg men A ong he way was o ned by oca compan es o Loya s s some Canad ans and abou 100 nd ans and a company o B sh sha pshoo e s Baum was o g na y o de ed o p oceed o he Connec cu R ve va ey whe e hey be eved ho ses cou d be p ocu ed o he d agoons Howeve as Baum was p epa ng o eave Bu goyne ve ba y changed he goa o be a supp y depo a Benn ng on wh ch was be eved o be gua ded by he emnan s o Wa ne s b gade abou 400 co on a m a
American forces Unknown o Bu goyne he c zens o
he New Hampsh e G an s e o y wh ch was hen d spu ed be ween New Yo k and he Ve mon Repub c had appea ed o he s a es o New Hampsh e and Massa chuse s o p o ec on om he nvad ng a my o ow ng he B sh cap u e o T conde oga New Hampsh e esponded on Ju y 18 by au ho z ng John S a k o a se a m a o he de ense o he peop e o he annoyance o he enemy Us ng unds p ov ded by John Lang don S a k a sed 1 500 New Hampsh e m amen n he space o s x days mo e han en pe cen o New Hampsh e s ma e popu a on ove he age o s x een They we e s ma ched o he Fo a Num be 4 mode n Cha es own New Hampsh e hen c ossed he ve bo de n o he G an s and s opped a Manches e whe e S a k con e ed w h Wa ne Wh e n Manches e Gene a Ben am n L nco n whose p omo on n p e e ence o S a k had been he cause o S a k s es gna on om he Con nen a A my a emp ed o asse A my au ho y ove S a k and h s men S a k e used s a ng ha he was so e y espons b e o he New Hampsh e au ho es S a k hen wen on o Benn ng on w h Wa ne as a gu de wh e Wa ne s men ema ned n Manches e L nco n e u ned o he Ame can camp a S wa e whe e he and Gene a Ph p Schuy e ha ched a p an o L nco n w h 500 men o o n w h S a k and Wa ne n ac ons o ha ass Bu goyne s commun ca ons and supp y nes a Skenesbo o Baum s movemen s s gn can y a e ed hese p ans
Prelude Baum s Ge mans e
Bu goyne s camp a Fo Edwa d on Augus 9 and ma ched o Fo M e whe e hey wa ed un hey we e o ned by he nd ans and a company o B sh ma ksmen The company ma ched o owa d Benn ng on on Augus 11 n m no sk m shes a ong he way hey ea ned om p sone s aken ha a s zab e o ce was n p ace a Benn ng on On Augus 14 Baum s men encoun e ed a de achmen o S a k s men ha had been sen ou o nves ga e e po s o nd ans n he a ea S a k s men e ea ed des oy ng a b dge o de ay Baum s advance S a k on ece v ng wo d o he app oach ng o ce sen a eques o Manches e o suppo and hen moved h s oops ou o Benn ng on owa d Baum s o ce se ng up a de ens ve ne Baum sen a message o Bu goyne o ow ng he s con ac n d ca ng ha he Ame can o ce was a ge han expec ed bu ha was ke y o e ea be o e h m He hen advanced a ew m es u he un he nea ed S a k s pos on He hen ea zed ha a eas pa o h s s message was nco ec so he sen a second message o Bu goyne eques ng e n o cemen s a ned o he nex day and a ha p even ng ba e Du ng h s me Baum s men cons uc ed a sma edoub a he c es o he h and hoped ha he wea he wou d p even he Ame cans om a ack ng be o e e n o cemen s a ved S a k sen ou sk m she s o p obe he Ge man nes and managed o k h y nd ans n sp e o he d cu es o keep ng he gunpowde d y Re n o cemen s o bo h s des ma ched ou on he 15 h ave was qu e d cu due o he heavy a ns Bu goyne sen 550 men unde He n ch von B ey mann wh e Wa ne s company o abou 350G een Moun a n Boys came sou h om Manches e unde L eu enan Samue Sa o d s command La e on he n gh o Augus 15 S a k was awakened by he a va o Pa son Thomas A en and a band o Massachuse s m amen om nea by Be ksh e Coun y who ns s ed on o n ng h s o ce n e sponse o he m n s e s e y h ea ha h s men wou d neve come ou aga n hey we e no a owed o pa c pa e S a k s epo ed o have sa d Wou d you go now on h s da k and a ny n gh ? Go back o you peop e and e hem o ge some es hey can and he Lo d g ves us sunsh ne o mo ow and do no g ve you gh ng enough w neve ca on you o come aga n S a k s o ces aga n swe ed he nex day w h he a va o some S ockb dge nd ans b ng ng h s o ce exc ud ng Wa ne s men o nea y 2 000 men S a k was no he on y bene c a y o unexpec ed e n o cemen s Baum s o ce g ew by a mos 100 when a g oup o oca Loya s s a ved n h s camp on he mo n ng o Augus 16
Battle On he a e noon o Augus
16 he wea he c ea ed and S a k o de ed h s men o be eady o a ack S a k s epu ed o have a ed h s oops by say ng The e a e you enem es he Red Coa s and he To es They a e ou s o h s n gh Mo y S a k s eeps a w dow Upon hea ng ha he m a had me ed away n o he woods Baum assumed ha he Ame cans we e e ea ng o edep oy ng Howeve S a k had dec ded o cap a ze on weaknesses n he Ge man s w de y d s bu ed pos on and had sen s zab e ank ng pa es o e he s de o h s nes These movemen s we e ass s ed by a use em p oyed by S a k s men ha enab ed hem o sa e y ge c ose w hou a a m ng he oppos ng o ces The Ge mans mos o whom spoke no Eng sh had been o d ha so d e s w h b s o wh e pape n he ha we e Loya s s and shou d no be ed on S a k s men had a so hea d h s and many o hem had su ab y ado ned he ha s When he gh ng b oke ou a ound 3 00 PM he Ge man pos on was mmed a e y su ounded by gun e wh ch S a k desc bed as he ho es engagemen have eve w nessed esemb ng a con nua c ap o hunde The Loya s s and nd an pos ons we e ove un caus ng many o hem o ee o su ende Th s e Baum and h s B unsw ck d agoons apped a one on he h gh g ound The Ge mans ough va an y even a e unn ng ow on powde and he des uc on o he ammun on wagon n despe a on he d agoons ed a sab e cha ge n an a emp o b eak h ough he enve op ng o ces Baum was mo a y wounded n h s na cha ge and he ema n ng Ge mans su ende ed A e he ba e ended wh e S a k s m amen we e busy d sa m ng he p sone s and oo ng he supp es B eymann a ved w h h s e n o cemen s See ng he Ame cans n d sa ay hey mmed a e y p essed he a ack A e has y eg oup ng S a k s o ces ed o ho d he g ound aga ns he new Ge man ons augh bu began o a back Be o e he nes co apsed Wa ne s men a ved on he scene o e n o ce S a k s oops P ched ba e con nued un da k when bo h s des d sengaged B eymann began a has y e ea he had os one qua e o h s o ce and a o h s a e y p eces
Aftermath
To a Ge man and B sh osses a Benn ng on we e eco ded a 207 dead and 700 cap u ed Ame can osses nc uded 30 Ame cans dead and 40 wounded The ba e was a mes pa cu a y b u a when Loy a s s me Pa o s as n some cases hey came om he same com mun es The p sone s who we e s kep n Benn ng on we e even ua y ma ched o Bos on Bu goyne s a my was eady ng o c oss he Hudson a Fo Edwa d on Augus 17 when he s wo d o he ba e a ved Be ev ng ha e n o cemen s m gh be necessa y Bu goyne ma ched he a my o wa d Benn ng on un u he wo d a ved ha B eymann and he emnan s o h s o ce we e e u n ng S agg e s con nued o a ve h oughou he day and n gh wh e wo d o he d sas e sp ead w h n he camp The e ec on Bu goyne s campa gn was s gn can No on y had he os nea y 1 000 men o wh ch ha we e egu a s bu he a so os he c uc a nd an suppo n a counc o ow ng he ba e many o he nd ans who had ave ed w h h m om Quebec dec ded o go home Th s oss seve e y hampe ed Bu goyne s econna ssance e o s n he days o come The a u e o b ng n nea by supp es mean ha he had o e y on supp y nes ha we e a eady dange ous y ong and ha he even ua y b oke n Sep embe The sho age o supp es was a s gn can ac o n h s dec s on o su ende a Sa a oga o ow ng wh ch F ance en e ed he wa Ame can Pa o s eac ed o news o he ba e w h op m sm Espe c a y a e Bu goyne s nd an sc een e h m sma g oups o oca Pa o s began o eme ge o ha ass he nges o B sh pos ons n e es ng y a s gn can po on o S a k s o ce e u ned home and d d no aga n become n uen a n he campa gn un appea ng a Sa a oga on Oc obe 13 o comp e e he enc c emen o Bu goyne s a my John S a k s ewa d om he New Hampsh e Gene a Assemb y o he Memo ab e Ba e o Benn ng on was a comp ea su o C o hes becom ng h s Rank A ewa d ha S a k ke y va ued he h ghes was a message o hanks om John Hancock p es den o heCon nen a Cong ess wh ch nc uded a comm ss on as b gad e n he a my o he Un ed S a es
Commemoration
Augus 16 s a ega ho day n Ve mon known as Benn ng on Ba e Day The ba e e d now a New Yo k s a e h s o c s e was des g na ed a Na ona H s o c Landma k on Janua y 20 1961 and added o he Na ona Reg s e o H s o c P aces on Oc obe 15 1966 n he 1870s he oca h s o c soc e y n Benn ng on comm ss oned he des gn and cons uc on o heBenn ng on Ba e Monumen wh ch was comp e e n 1889 and ded ca ed n 1891 w h ce emon es a ended by P es den Ben am n Ha son The Monumen an obe sk 306 ee 93 m h gh s a so s ed on he Na ona Reg s e o H s o c P aces A hough he monumen was no eady n me o ma k he cen enn a o he ba e he 100 h ann ve sa y o he ba e was ma ked by speeches a ended by P es den Ru he o d B Hayes
Order of battle The ba e o ces a e gene a y desc bed as n Mo
ssey H s num be s a e gene a y cons s en w h o he sou ces on he B sh un s a hough he e s d sag eemen ac oss a w de a ay o sou ces on he numbe o oops unde B eymann wh ch a e gene a y s ed a e he app ox ma e y 550 o 650 Mo ssey s a so nco ec n den y ng some o he Ame can un s He den es W am G egg as hav ng a sepa a e command G egg appa en y ed seve a compan es n N cho s eg men Mo ssey a so a ed o nc ude he Massachuse s m a and m s den ed Langdon s company e oneous y be ev ng hey may have been om Wo ces e Massachuse s M a compa n es om he Wo ces e a ea ma ched on Benn ng on w h some compan es a v ng he day a e he ba e Langdon o g na y a sed h s company n 1776 bu d d no become a cava y un un 1778
The 1991 Sov e coup d é a a emp 19–21 Augus 1991 a so known as heAugus Pu sch o Augus Coup Russ an Ав ус овс ий пу ч T ans Avgus ovsky Pu ch was an a emp by a g oup o membe s o he Sov e Un on s gove nmen o ake con o o he coun y om Sov e p es den M kha Go bachev The coup eade s we e ha d ne membe s o he Commun s Pa y o he Sov e Un on CPSU who we e opposed o Go bachev s e o m p og am and he new un on ea y ha he had nego a ed wh ch decen a sed much o he cen a gove nmen s powe o he epub cs They we e opposed ma n y n Moscow by a sho bu e ec ve campa gn o c v es s ance A hough he coup co apsed n on y wo days and Go bachev e u ned o gove nmen he even des ab sed he Sov e Un on and s w de y cons de ed o have ed o bo h he dem se o he CPSU and he d sso u on o he Sov e Un on
Background S nce assum ng powe n 1985
Go bachev had emba ked on an amb ous p og am o e o m embod ed n he w n concep s o pe es o ka and g asnos mean ng econom c po ca es uc u ng and openness espec ve y These moves p omp ed es s ance and susp c on on he pa o ha d ne membe s o he es ab shmen The e o ms a so un eashed some o ces and movemen s ha Go bachev d d no expec Spec ca y na on a s ag a on on he pa o he Sov e Un on s non Russ an m no es g ew and he e we e ea s ha some o a o he un on epub cs m gh secede n 1991 he Sov e Un on was n a seve e econom c and po ca c s s The e we e sho ages o a mos a p oduc s and peop e had o s and n ong nes o buy even essen a goods Es on a La v a L huan a and Geo g a had a eady dec a ed he ndependence om Mass demons a on n Moscow aga ns he 1991 coup a emp he Sov e Un on n Janua y 1991 he e was an a emp o e u n L huan a o he Sov e Un on by o ce Abou a week a e he e was a s m a a emp by oca p o Sov e o ces o ove h ow he La v an au ho es The e we e con nu ng a med e hn c con c s n Nago ny Ka abakh and Sou h Osse a Russ a dec a ed s sove e gn y on 12 June 1990 and he ea e m ed he app ca on o Sov e aws n pa cu a he aws conce n ng nance and he economy on Russ an e o y The Sup eme Sov e o he Russ an SFSR adop ed aws wh ch con ad c ed Sov e aws he so ca ed wa o aws n he un onw de e e endum on 17 Ma ch 1991 boyco ed by he Ba c s a es A men a Geo g a and Mo dova he ma o y o he es den s o he es o he epub cs exp essed he des e o e a n he enewed Sov e Un on Fo ow ng nego a ons e gh o he n ne epub cs excep Uk a ne app oved he New Un on T ea y w h some cond ons The ea y wou d make he Sov e Un on a ede a on o ndependen epub cs w h a common p es den o e gn po cy and m a y The Russ an Fede a on Kazakhs an and Uzbek s an we e o s gn he T ea y n Moscow on 20 Augus 1991
The conspiracy
On 11 Decembe 1990 he Cha man o he KGB V ad m K yuchkov made a ca o o de ove Cen a e ev s on n Moscow Tha day he asked wo KGB o ce s o p epa e a p an o measu es ha cou d be aken n case a s a e o eme gency was dec a ed n he USSR La e K yuchkov nvo ved he USSR De ense M n s e Dm y Yazov he n e na A a s M n s e Bo s Pugo he P me M n s e Va en n Pav ov he V ce P es den Gen nady Yanayev he depu y Ch e o he USSR De ence Counc O eg Bak anov he head o Go bachev s sec e a a Va e y Bo d n and a CPSU Cen a Comm ee Sec e a y O eg Shen n n he consp acy The consp a o s hoped ha P es den M kha Go bachev cou d be pe suaded o dec a e he s a e o eme gency and o es o e o de On 23 Ju y 1991 a numbe o pa y unc ona es and e a pub shed n he ha d ne newspape Sove skaya Ross ya as a p me ac o o an an Pe es o ka man es o en ed A Wo d o he Peop e On 29 Ju y 1991 Go bachev Russ an P es den Bo s Ye s n and Kazakh P es den Nu su an Naza bayev d scussed he poss b y o ep ac ng such ha d ne s as Pav ov Yazov K yuchkov and Pugo w h mo e be a gu es Th s conve sa on was eavesd opped on by he KGB and became known o V ad m K yuchkov who had p aced Go bachev unde c ose su ve ance as Sub ec 110 seve a mon hs ea e On 4 Augus 1991 Go bachev wen on ho day o h s dacha n Fo os n he C mea He Mass demons a on n Moscow aga ns he 1991 coup a emp p anned o e u n o Moscow on 20 Augus 1991 when he un on ea y was o be s gned On 17 Augus he consp a o s me n a KGB gues house n Moscow The e hey ead abou he new un on ea y wh ch hey be eved wou d pave he way o he Sov e Un on s b eakup and dec ded ha was me o ac On 18 Augus Sunday O eg Bak anov Va e y Bo d n O eg Shen n and Depu y USSR De ense M n s e Gene a Va en n Va enn kov ew o he C mea o a mee ng w h Go bachev Bak anov Bo d n Shen n and Va enn kov demanded ha Go bachev e he dec a e a s a e o eme gency o es gn and name V ce P es den Gennady Yanayevas ac ng p es den so as o a ow he consp a o s o es o e o de n he coun y Go bachev has a ways c a med ha he e used po n b ank o accep he u ma um Va enn kov has ns s ed ha Go bachev sa d Do wha you h nk s needed damn you Howeve hose p esen a he dacha a he me es ed ha Bak anov Bo d n Shen n and Va enn kov had been c ea y d sappo n ed and ne vous a e he mee ng w h Go bachev W h Go bachev s e usa he consp a o s o de ed ha he ema n con ned o he Fo os dacha a he same me he dacha s commun ca on nes wh ch we e con o ed by he KGB we e shu down Add ona KGB secu y gua ds w h o de s no o a ow anybody o eave he dacha we e p aced a s ga es The consp a o s o de ed 250 000 pa s o handcu s om a ac o y n Pskov o be sen o Moscow and 300 000 a es o ms K uchkov doub ed he pay o a KGB pe sonne ca ed hem back om ho day and p aced hem on a e The Le o ovo p son was emp ed o ece ve p sone s
The August Coup
A e he e u n o Bak anov Bo d n Shen n and Va enn kov om he C mea he consp a o s me n he K em n Gennady Yanayev Va en n Pav ov and O eg Bak anov s gned he so ca ed Dec a a on o he Sov e Leade sh p n wh ch hey dec a ed he s a e o eme gency on some unspec ed e o es o he USSR and announced ha he S a e Comm ee o he S a e o Eme gency Государс венный Коми е по Чре вычайному Положению ГКЧП o Gosuda s venn y Kom e po Ch ezv chaynomu Po ozhen yu GKChP had been c ea ed o manage he coun y and o e ec ve y ma n a n he eg me o he s a e o eme gency The GKChP nc uded he o ow ng membe s Gennady Yanayev Va en n Pav ov V ad m K yuchkov Dm y Yazov Bo s Pugo O eg Bak anov Ye s n s ands on a ank o de y he Augus Coup n 1991 Vas y S a odub sev cha man o he USSR Peasan Un on A exande T zyakov p es den o he Assoc a on o he S a e En e p ses and Cong ome a es o ndus y T anspo and Commun ca ons Gennady Yanayev s gned he dec ee nam ng h mse as ac ng USSR p es den on he p e ex o Go bachev s nab y o pe o m p es den a du es due o ness These e gh co ec ve y became known as he Gang o E gh The GKChP banned a newspape s n Moscow excep o n ne commun s con o ed newspape s The GKChP a so ssued a popu s dec a a on wh ch s a ed ha he honou and d gn y o a Sov e man mus be es o ed p om sed ha he new un on ea y w be d scussed by a he peop e ha he s ee s o he c es w be pu ged o c me and ha he GKChP w ocus on so v ng he p ob em o ood sho ages A he same me he GKChP assu ed he c zens ha suppo ed genu ne democ a c p ocesses and e o ms and suppo ed ee en e p se
19 August
Dec a a on o he Sov e Leade sh p he dec ee o Yanayev and he GKChP documen s we e b oadcas by he s a e ad o and e ev s on s a ng om 7 a m Rad o Ross ad o s a on and Te ev den e Ross TV channe con o ed by he Russ an SFSR au ho es and Ekho Moskvy he on y ndependen po ca ad o s a on we e cu o he a Tanks FVs and APCs o Tamanskaya mo o zed n an y d v s onand Kan em ovskaya ank d v s on o ed n o Moscow Pa a oope s a so ook pa n he ope a on Fou Russ an SFSR peop e s depu es who we e cons de ed he mos dange ous we e de a ned by he KGB and he d on an a my base nea Moscow The consp a o s cons de ed de a n ng Russ an SFSR p es den Bo s Ye s n upon h s a va om a v s o Kazakhs an on 17 Augus o a e ha when he was on h s dacha nea Moscow bu o some eason hey d d no do so The a u e o a es Ye s n was o p ove a a o he p ans Bo s Ye s n a ved a he Wh e House Russ a s pa amen bu d ng on 19 Augus a 9 00 He oge he w h he Russ an SFSR P me M n s e van S ayev and he ac ng Cha man o Sup eme Sov e o he Russ an SFSR Rus an Khasbu a ov ssued a dec a a on n wh ch was s a ed ha a eac ona y an cons u ona coup had aken p ace The m a y was u ged no o ake pa n he coup The dec a a on ca ed o a gene a s ke w h he demand o e M kha Go bachev add ess he peop e Th s dec a a on was d s bu ed a ound Moscow n he o m o ye s n he a e noon he c zens o Moscow began o ga he a ound he Wh e House and o e ec ba cades a ound n esponse Gennady Yanayev dec a ed he s a e o eme gency n Moscow a 16 00 Yanayev dec a ed a he p ess con e ence a 17 00 ha Go bachev was es ng He sa d Ove hese yea s he has go ve y ed and needs some me o ge h s hea h back Yanayev sa d GKChP was comm ed o con nu ng he e o ms Howeve h s weak pos u ng emb ng hands and shaky ex p ess ons made h s wo ds unconv nc ng Meanwh e Ma o Evdok mov ch e o s a o a ank ba a on o he Tamanskaya mo o zed n an y d v s on who had o de s o gua d he Wh e House dec a ed h s oya y o he eade sh p o he Russ an SFSR Ye s n c mbed one o he anks and add essed he c owd Unexpec ed y h s ep sode was nc uded n he even ng news p og am b oadcas by he s a e TV
20 August A noon Gene a Ka n n
he commande o Moscow m a y d s c who had been appo n ed by Yanayev m a y commandan o Moscow dec a ed he cu ew n Moscow om 23 00 o 5 00 e ec ve om 20 Augus Th s was unde s ood as he s gn ha he a ack on he Wh e House was mm nen The de ende s o he Wh e House p epa ed hemse ves Some o hem we e a med bu mos o he vo un ee s we e una med The ank company wh ch had been unde command o Ma o Evdok mov who had dec a ed h s oya y o he eade sh p o he Russ an SFSR was moved om he Wh e House n he even ng The makesh Wh e House de ense headqua e s was headed by Gene a Kons an n Kobe s a Russ an SFSR peop e s depu y He had a h s d sposa a numbe o gene a s and sen o o ce s some o hem e ed who vo un ee ed o he de ense o he Wh e House n he a e noon o 20 Augus K yuchkov Yazov and Pugo na y dec ded o a ack he Wh e House Th s dec s on was suppo ed by o he GKChP membe s KGB gene a Ageyev he depu y o K yuchkov and A my gene a Acha ov he depu y o Yazov p anned Ope a on G om Thunde wh ch was o be ca ed ou by A pha G oup and Vympe G oup he KGB s spec a o ces w h he suppo o he pa a oope s Moscow OMON Dze zh nsky d v s on o n e na T oops h ee ank compan es and a he cop e squad on A pha G oup commande Gene a V k o Ka pukh n and o he sen o o ce s o A pha G oup oge he w h Gene a A exande Lebed depu y commande o he A bo ne T oops m ng ed h ough he c owds nea he Wh e House and assessed he poss b y o unde ak ng such an ope a on A e ha V k o Ka pukh n and Vympe G oup commande Co one Beskov ed o conv nce Ageyev ha he ope a on wou d become a a u e esu ng n b oodshed A exande Lebed w h he consen o Pave G achev he commande o he A bo ne T oops e u ned o he Wh e House and sec e y n o med he de ense headqua e s ha he a ack wou d beg n a 2 00
21 August
A abou 1 00 no a om he Wh e House a g oup o FVs o Tamanskaya mo o zed n an y d v s on was b ocked n a unne by ba cades made o o eybuses and s ee c ean ng mach nes Dm y Koma c mbed one FV and ed o b nd he obse va on s w h a p ece o a pau n bu e he e o h s dea h om he FV o was sho Then V ad m Usov who ed o he p h m was sho poss b y un n en ona y by a coche ng bu e A abou he same me a h d young man ya K chevsk y was a so sho unde unc ea c cums ances Seve a o he men we e wounded The FV was se on e by he c owd bu no so d e s we e k ed A pha G oup and Vympe G oup d d no move o he Wh e House as had been p anned When Yazov ea ned abou h s he o de ed he oops o pu ou om Moscow The oops began o move om Moscow a 8 00 The GKChP membe s me n he De ence M n s y and no know ng wha o do dec ded o send a de ega on o he C mea n o de o mee w h M kha Go bachev o nego a ons V ad m K yuchkov Dm y Yazov O eg Bak anov A exande T zyakov cha man o he USSR Sup eme Sov e Ana o y Luk anov and Depu y CPSU Gene a Sec e a y V ad m vashko ew o he C mea A 5 P M he de ega on a ved a he Fo os dacha bu M kha Go bachev e used o mee w h ns ead Go bachev a e commun ca on w h he dacha was es o ed dec a ed vo d a he dec s ons o GKChP and d sm ssed s membe s om he s a e o ces The USSR Gene a P osecu o s O ce s a ed he nves ga on o he coup a emp
Independence Day-----AFGHANISTAN - Aug 19
A ghan ndependence Day s ce eb a ed n A ghan s an on 19 Augus o commemo a e he T ea y o Rawa p nd n 1919 The ea y g an ed ndependence om B a n a hough A ghan s an was neve o c a y a pa o he B sh Emp e The B sh ough h ee wa s w h A ghan s an The F s Ang o A ghan Wa 1839–1842 ed o he massac e o he en e B sh nvad ng o ce by A ghan o ces n he c y Ja a abad Bu he new B sh o ces e nvaded sho y de ea ed he A ghan o ces escued he POWs and success u y w hd ew The Sec ond Ang o A ghan Wa 1878–80 ed o he B sh v c o y ove he A ghan a my n Kandaha b ng ng he A ghan ebe on o an end The wa e he B sh n con o o he e o es ceded by Yaqub Khan and ensu ng B sh con o o A ghan s an s o e gn po cy n exchange o p o ec on and a subs dy The Th d Ang o A ghan Wa 1919 ed he B sh o ach eve he ea ma on o Du and L ne and g ve up on he mpe a s amb on o conque A ghan s an and A ghan s an dec a ed s ndependence The even s ecogn zed h oughou A ghan s an and a so ce eb a es A ghan cu u e and na ona p de s ce eb a ed eve y yea n some A ghan D aspo a commun es whe e many o he wo d s m ons o A ghan e ugees ve A ghan ndependence Day s e e ed o and ce eb a ed as A ghan Re ugee Day On h s day A ghan e ugees exchange p esen s and pa c pa e n ad ona A ghan games and ac v es o ce eb a e bo h he A ghan he age and he e ugee expe ence
Revolution of 1945-----VIETNAM - Aug 19
On Augus 19 1945 he V ệ M nh unde Hồ Ch M nh began he Augus Gene a Up s ng Tổng Khở Ngh a wh ch was soon enamed heAugus Revo u on V e namese Cách mạng háng Tám Whe he o no h s se es o even s shou d be ca ed a evo u on s d s pu ab e wha s c ea s ha om Augus 19 onwa ds demons a ons and up s ngs aga ns F ench co on a u e b oke ou n c es and owns h oughou V e nam G ven ha Japan had su ende ed o he A es a he end o Wo d Wa he Japanese o ces n ndoch na s epped as de and a owed na ona s g oups o ake ove pub c bu d ngs n mos o he ma o c es Wh e he Japanese a owed he na ona s g oups ee un o he coun y hey kep o me F ench o c a s mp soned Th s up s ng s a so e e ed o as he up s ng by he ndoch nese Commun s Pa y G ven m no supp es by he Un ed S a es o Ame ca he V ệ M nh we e ac ca y a ed w h US o ces aga ns he Japanese
March to August
On Ma ch 9 1945 he mpe a Japan ove h ew he V chy F ench adm n s a on o Jean Decoux n F ench ndoch na F ench o c a s and so d e s we e a es ed The Japanese e ns a ed Bảo Đạ as Empe o and c ea ed a puppe gove nmen On Ap 30 1945 he co ope a on be ween US o c a s and he V e namese commun s s was demons a ed when Ma o A ch medes Pa o he US O ce o S a eg c Se v ces me w h Hồ Ch M nh and ece ved a message o wa m h and so da y om Hồ sh pmen s o a ms and ns uc o s we e nc eased On Augus 14 1945 he Japanese su ende ed o he A es n ndoch na he Japanese o c a s ook advan age o he s ua on o cause add ona p ob ems o he A es V o a ng he su ende ag eemen s hey he ped V e namese na ona s g oups nc ud ng he V ệ M nh o ake ove pub c bu d ngs n va ous c es On Augus 19 1945 V ệ M nh evo u ona es success u y se zed powe n Hano wh ch was a e made he cap a c y o he ndependen V e nam On Augus 25 1945 Bảo Ðạ was o ced o abd ca e n avou o Hồ and he V ệ M nh
Proclamation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Hồ Ch M nh p oc a med he Democ a c Repub c o V e nam on Sep embe 2 1945 Howeve on y a ew days a e Na ona s Ch nese o ces unde Gene a Lu Han began o occupy V ệ nam no h o he 16 h pa a e unde he p e ex o d sa m ng he Japanese The V ệ M nh d d no es s n V e nam sou h o he 16 h pa a e a B sh occupa on o ce a ved n Oc obe 1945 Bo h o ces o occupa on had been spec ed by he Po sdam Con e ence Hồ Ch M nh and he V ệ M nh began nego a ons w h he F ench n a e 1945 The V ệ M nh we e w ng a h s po n o nego a e o some h ng ess han ndependence Po ca y hey d s us ed he occupy ng Na ona s Ch nese bo h om deo og ca and h s o ca v ewpo n s n ea y 1946 he F ench a my e u ned o no he n V e nam w h he n a coope a on o he V ệ M nh and ap d y ees ab shed s au ho y Hav ng ach eved h s a m e a ons be ween Hồ Ch M nh and he F ench g adua y b oke down The V ệ M nh hen se abou aunch ng he u a nsu ec on ha began he F s ndoch na Wa known o mos V e namese as he F ench Res s ng Wa
Victory over Japan Day US - Aug 14
V c o y ove Japan Day a so known as V c o y n he Pac c Day V J Day o V P Day s a name chosen o he day on wh ch he Su ende o Japan occu ed e ec ve y end ng Wo d and subsequen ann ve sa es o ha even The e m Wa has been app ed o bo h he day on wh ch he n a announce men o Japan s su ende was made n he a e noon o Augus 15 1945 n Japan and because o me zone d e ences o Augus 14 1945 when was announced n he Un ed S a es Wes e n Eu ope he Ame cas he Pac c s ands and Aus a a New Zea and as we as o Sep embe 2 1945 when he s gn ng o he su ende documen occu ed Augus 15 s he o c a V J Day o he UK wh e he o c a US commemo a on s Sep embe 2 The name V J Day had been se ec ed by he A es a e hey named V E Day o he v c o y n Eu ope On Sep embe 2 1945 a o ma su ende ce emony was pe o med n Tokyo Bay Japan aboa d he ba esh p USS M ssou n Japan he day usua y s known as he memo a day o he end o he wa 終戦記念日 Shūsen k nenb ? he o c a name o he day howeve s he day o mou n ng o wa dead and p ay ng o peace 戦歿者を追悼し平和を祈念する日 Senbo susha wo su ōsh he wa wo k nennsu u h Th s o c a name was adop ed n 1982 by an o d nance ssued by he Japanese gove nmen Augus 15 s commemo a ed as L be a on Day n Ko ea
RUSSIA BULLETIN U.S. calls on Russia to freeze arms sales to Syria PR Augus 12 2011 U S Sec e a y o S a e H a y C n on has ca ed on Russ a o s op o se ng weapons
Assad o s ep down C n on sa d We h nk we ve been ve y c ea n wha we have sa d abou h s oss o e
Timeline -Ma ch 18 June 23 1945 Ba
e o Ok nawa 85 000+ US m a y casua es and 140 000+ o Japanese App ox ma e y one ou h o he Ok nawan c v an popu a on d ed o en n mass su c des o gan zed by he mpe a Japanese A my Ju y 26 Po sdam Dec a a on s ssued T uman e s Japan Su ende o su e p omp and u e des uc on A ed m a y pe sonne n Pa s ce -Ju y 29 Japan e ec s he Po sdam Dec a a on eb a ng he Japanese su ende -Augus 2 Po sdam con e ence ends -Augus 6 An a om c bomb L e Boy s d opped on H osh ma -Augus 9 USSR dec a es wa on Japan and s a s ope a on Augus S o m Ano he a om c bomb Fa Man s d opped on Nagasak -Augus 15 Japan su ende s Da e s desc bed as V J Day o V P Day and such n newspape s n he Un ed S a es Un ed K ngdom Aus a a New Zea and and Canada Tha even ng Gene a F ank Me announced oday s B Day he day on wh ch peace a ks wou d beg n and occupa on ope a ons wou d be n a ed -Sep embe 2 O c a su ende ce emony P es den T uman dec a es Sep embe 2 as he o c a V J Day -Novembe 1 Schedu ed commencemen o Ope a on O ymp c he a ed nvas on o Kyushu -Ma ch 1 1946 Schedu ed commencemen o Ope a on Co one he a ed nvas on o Honshu
Commemoration Ch na
Sep embe 3 s ecogn zed as V J Day n he Peop e s Repub c o Ch na As he na o c a su ende o Japan was accep ed aboa d he ba esh p USS M ssou n Tokyo Bay on Sep embe 2 1945 he Kuom n ang KMT gove nmen wh ch ep esen ed Ch na on he M ssou announced he h ee day ho days o ce eb a e V J Day s a ng Sep embe 3 The e a e s Sep embe 3 s ee s n Ch nese 九三街 and p ma y schoo s n Ch nese 九三小学 n a mos eve y ma o c y n Ch na
Korea
Gwangbok eo e a y Res o a on o L gh Day ce eb a ed annua y on Augus 15 s one o he Pub c ho days n Sou h Ko ea commemo a es V c o y ove Japan Day wh ch be a ed Ko ea om Japanese u e
V e nam
On he day o su ende o Japan Hồ Ch M nh dec a ed an ndependen Democ a c Repub c o V e nam
Un ed S a es S a e ho day n Rhode s and
A hough Sep embe 2 s he des gna ed V J Day n he en e Un ed S a es he even s ecogn zed as an o c a ho day on y n he U S s a e o Rhode s and whe e he ho day s o c a name s V c o y Day and s obse ved on he second Monday o Augus The e have been seve a a emp s n he 1980s and 1990s o e m na e o ename he ho day on he g ounds ha s d sc m na o y Wh e hose a a ed he s a e eg s a u e d d pass a eso u on n 1990 s a ng ha V c o y Day s no a day o exp ess sa s ac on n he de s uc on and dea h caused by nuc ea bombs a H osh ma and Nagasak
Aus a a
n Aus a a he e m VP Day s used n p e e ence o VJ Day
Ama eur rad o
Ama eu ad o ope a o s n Aus a a ho d he Rememb ance Day Con es on he weekend nea es VP Day Augus 15 emembe ng ama eu ad o ope a o s who d ed du ng Wo d Wa and o encou age end y pa c pa on and he p mp ove he ope a ng sk s o pa c pan s The con es uns o 24 hou s om 0800UTC on he Sa u day p eceded by a b oadcas nc ud ng a speech by a d gn a y o no ab e Aus a an such as he P me M n s e o Aus a a Gove no Gene a o Aus a a o a m a y eade and he ead ng o he names o ama eu ad o ope a o s who a e known o have d ed s o gan zed by he W e ess ns u e o Aus a a w h ope a o s n each Aus a an s a e con ac ng ope a o s n o he s a es New Zea and and Papua New Gu nea A ophy s awa ded o he s a e ha can boas he g ea es a e o pa c pa on based on a o mu a nc ud ng numbe o ope a o s numbe o con ac s made and ad o equency bands used
The King & People's Revolution MOROCO - Aug 20
Sy a whe e a c ack down on p o democ acy demons a o s by he eg me o P es den Basha a Assad has c a med some 2 000 ves We wan o see Russ a cease se ng a ms o he Assad eg me C n on sa d n an n e v ew w h CBS news on Thu sday Russ a o ned n ea y Augus he n e na ona g ow ng condemna on o he v o ence n Sy a a e se cu y o ces n ens ed he ackdown on p o es e s w h he beg n n ng o he ho y s am c mon h o Ramadan Dm y P es den Medvedev sa d Russ a may make some k nd o dec s ons aga ns he Sy an gove nmen a Assad does no es o e peace n he coun y and conduc e o ms Wo d powe s nc ud ng A ab s a es o ced he conce n abou he s ua on n Sy a ea e h s mon h a e mo e han 300 peop e we e k ed p o gove nmen by oops ma n y n he c es o Hama and De a Zo n us a week When he Un ed asked S a es ended o u ge
We a e g macy h nk bu d ng he cho us o n e na ona con demna on And a he han you know us say ng and nobody e se o ow ng we h nk s mpo an o ead and have o he s o ow as U S med a have we epo ed ha Wash ng on s p ann ng o ca on Assad o s ep down n he nex ew days a he hen us con demn h s c ackdown on p o es e s Wha we e a y need o do o pu he p essu e on Assad s o sanc on he o and gas ndus y C n on sa d add ng ha Eu ope as we as Ch na and nd a who have made a ge nves men s n Sy a s ene gy sphe e shou d suppo he sanc ons A a mee ng w h a de ega on o d p oma s om B az nd a and A ca on Sou h Wednesday Assad ad m ed ha h s secu y o ces had made some m s akes n que ng p o es s na onw de he as ve ove mon hs He a so p om sed o go a ong h e o ms and con nue d a ogue w h he oppo s on
HISTORY
Th s day makes one emembe abou he g ea s ugg e ha he A aou e Th one and he Mo occan peop e had unde gone o he eedom F ench au ho es ex ed he La e K ng Mohammed V and he Roya Fam y The eason he F ench Au ho es gave o ex ng he k ng was ha he k ng e used o s op he ac on o he na ona movemen and he a so den ed s gn ng he pac ha asked o F ench dom na on ove Mo occo The Mo occan peop e evo ed aga ns hese ac ons o he F ench Co on ze s n o de o save he home and They a s ood un ed w h he k ng and suppo ed h m who ehea ed y Th s was qu e su p s ng o he F ench co on ze s Augus 20 caused he s a o he end o co on a sm n Mo occo Th s s ugg e o ndependence con nued o a ong me and hey demanded he e u n o he ex ed k ng A hoough hey go he be a on he K ng was s no happy he e we e many p ob ems e a ng o econom c and soc a deve opmen A o o s ugg e was occu ng o ove come a o hese p ob ems Thus he s ugg e con nued o save he economy and soc a deve opmen o he coun y The K ng nsp ed he peop e and ed o he p og ess secu y and deve opmen o he coun y A hough he does no ex s anymo e he s s e membe ed o h s g ea con bu on o he be a on o Mo occo He was he one who ed he s epp ng s one o he be a on o Mo occo Th s b ough abou he evo u on and hus h s day came o be known as he K ng & Peop e s Revo u on day
TRADITIONS AND ACTIVITIES Mo occo ce eb a es The K ng & Peop e s Revo u on day w h g ea
oy and en hus asm Th s was he day ha hey go eedom om co on za on and was due o he e o o he K ng Mohammed V was he day when he k ng e u ned om h s ex e and a he peop e we e u o happ ness and oy when hey go he k ng back The e a e many even s wh ch ake p ace n h s ce eb a on Mus c can be hea d p ay ng a a ound The mus c has an n uence on he ad on and cu u e o A ab Amaz gh A can and Anda us an bes makes use o a numbe o ad ona ns umen s such as u e shawn e c Foods made n he Mo occo a e ve y sp cy and de c ous Danc ng eas ng and as ng a e a a pa o he Mo occo es va and ce eb a ons A he peop e come oge he on h s day o show he hono and espec o he K ng
National Aviation Day US-Aug 19 The Na ona Av a on Day Augus 19 s a Un ed S a es na ona obse va on ha ce eb a es he deve opmen o av a on The ho day was es ab shed n 1939 by F ank n De ano Rooseve who ssued a p es den a p oc ama on wh ch des g na ed he ann ve sa y o O v e W gh s b hday o be Na ona Av a on Day M W gh bo n n 1871 was s a ve when he p oc ama on was s ssued and wou d ve ano he n ne yea s The p oc ama on was cod ed USC 36 A 118 and a ows he s ng US P es den o p oc a m Augus 19 as Na ona Av a on Day each yea des ed H s he p oc ama on may d ec a ed e a bu d ngs and ns a a ons o y he US ag on ha day and may encou age c zens o obse ve he day w h ac v es ha p omo e n e es n av a on
Restoration of Independence Day
ESTONIA-Aug 20
The E on an So e e gn De a a on wa ued on No embe 16 1988 B 1989 he po a pe um had w dened and new pa e we e o med and e o med a mo da The epub Sup eme So e an o med n o an au hen eg ona aw ma ng bod Th e a e on e a e eg a u e pa ed an ea de a a on o o e e gn No em be 16 1988 a aw on e onom ndependen e Ma 1989 on med b he Sup eme So e o he So e Un on ha No embe a anguage aw ma ng E on an he o a anguage anua 1989 and o a and epub e e on aw pu a ng e den equ emen o o ng and and da Au gu No embe 1989 De p e he eme gen e o he Popu a F on and he Sup eme So e a a new awma ng bod n e 1989 he d e en egmen o he nd genou E on an popu a on had been po a mob ed b d e en and ompe ng a o The Popu a F on p opo a o de a e he ndependen e o E on a a a new o a ed h d epub who e en wou d be a ho e ng he e a he momen ound e and e uppo o e me A g a oo E on an C en Comm ee Mo emen aun hed n 1989 w h he ob e e o eg e ng a p e wa en o he Repub o E on a and he de endan n o de o on ene a Cong e o E on a The empha wa on he ega na u e o he So e em and ha hund ed o hou and o nhab an o E on a had no ea ed o be en o he E on an Repub wh h e ed de u e e ogn ed b he ma o o We e n na on De p e he ho o he ma n eam o a p e and n m da on b So e E on an au ho e do en o o a en omm ee we e e e ed b popu a n a e a o e he oun The e qu o gan ed n o a na on w de u u e and b he beg nn ng o 1990 o e 900 000 peop e had eg e ed hem e e a en o he Repub o E o na The p ng o 1990 aw wo ee e e on and wo a e na e eg a u e de e oped n E on a On 24 Feb ua 1990 he 464 membe Cong e o E on a n ud ng 35 de ega e o e ugee ommun e ab oad wa e e ed b he eg e ed en o he epub The Con g e o E on a on ened o he me n Ta nn Ma h 11–12 1990 pa ng 14 de a a on and e o u on A 70 membe and ng om m ee Ee Kom ee wa e e ed w h Tunne Ke am a ha man n Ma h 1991 a e e endum wa he d on he ue o ndependen e Th wa omewha on o e a a ho d ng a e e endum ou d be a en a gna ng ha E on an ndependen e wou d be e ab hed a he han e e ab hed The e wa ome d u on abou whe he wa app op a e o a ow he Ru an mm g an m no o oe o h de on hou d be e e ed e u e o en o E on a n he end a ma o po a pa e ba ed he e e endum on de ng mo mpo an o end a ong gna o he wo d To u he eg m e he o e a e den o E on a we e a owed o pa pa e The e u nd a ed he e de on a he e e endum p odu ed a ong endo emen o ndependen e Tu nou wa 82% and 64% o a po b e o e n he oun ba ed ndependen e w h on 17% aga n A hough he ma o o E on a a ge Ru an pea ng d a po a o So e e a mm g an d d no uppo u n dependen e he we e d ded n he goa o he epub n Ma h 1990 ome 18% o Ru an pea e uppo ed he dea o a u ndependen E on a up om 7% he p e ou au umn and b ea 1990 on a ma m no o e hn E on an we e oppo ed o u ndependen e n he Ma h 18 1990 e e on o he 105 membe Sup eme So e a e den o E on a we e e g b e o pa pa e n ud ng a So e e a mm g an om he U S S R and app o ma e 50 000 So e oop a oned he e The Popu a F on oa on ompo ed o e and en pa e and ed b o me Cen a P ann ng Comm ee o a Edga Sa aa ga ned a pa amen a ma o On Ma 8 1990 he Sup eme Coun o he Repub o E on a ea ed he p e ou da e o ed he Repub o E on a Th ough a non on on a ona po n pu u ng ndependen e E on a managed o a o d he o en e wh h La a and L huan a n u ed n he b ood anua 1991 a down and n he bo de u om po gua d mu de ha umme Du ng he Augu oup n he U S S R E on a wa ab e o ma n a n on an ope a on and on o o e e ommun a on a e he eb o e ng he We a ea ew n o he a e oup de e opmen and e ng a a ondu o w We e n uppo and e ogn on o E on a on ma on o ndependen e on Augu 20 1991 Augu 20 ema n a na ona ho da n E on a be au e o h Fo ow ng Eu ope ead he Un ed S a e o ma ee ab hed d p oma e a on w h E on a on Sep embe 2 and he U S S R Sup eme So e o e ed e ogn on on Sep embe 6 S n e he deba e abou whe he he u u e ndependen E on a wou d be e ab hed a a new epub o a on n ua on o he epub we e no e omp e e b he me o he Augu oup wh e he membe o he Sup eme So e gene a ag eed ha ndependen e hou d be de a ed ap d a omp om e wa ha hed be ween he wo ma n de n ead o de a ng ndependen e wh h wou d mp a new a o e p a e ng on nu he de a a on wou d on m E on a a a a e ndependen o he So e Un on and w ng o ee ab h d p oma e a on o own a o d The u e o he a emen a a ab e a A e mo e han 3 ea o nego a on on Augu 31 1994 he a med o e o Ru a w hd ew om E on a S n e u ega n ng ndependen e E on a ha had 12 go e nmen w h 8 p me m n e Ma Laa And e Ta and T Väh Ma S mann S m Ka a uhan Pa and And u An p The PM o he n e m go e nmen 1990–1992 we e Edga Sa aa andT Väh S n e he a Ru an oop e n 1994 E on a ha been ee o p omo e e onom and po a e w h We e n Eu ope E on a opened a e on nego a on w h he Eu opean Un on n 1998 and o ned n 2004 ho a e be om ng a membe o NATO
Coat of Arms
PR Augus 12 2011 Leade s o he Co ec ve Secu y T ea y O gan za on CSTO membe s a es w d scuss e g ona and n e na ona secu y ssues a an n o ma summ n Kazakhs an on F day he K em n epo ed The heads o s a e a e expec ed o ex change op n ons on u gen ssues o he mode n n e na ona s ua on n c ud ng n he M dd e Eas and No h A ca as we as n he CSTO espon s b y zone he K em n sa d The CSTO s a eg ona secu y o gan za on s seven membe s a es a e Rus s a A men a Be a us Kazakhs an Ky gyzs an Ta k s an and Uzbek s an
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PR Augus 12 2011 A cheo og s s n Kazakhs an have d scove ed a a ge auso eum da ng back o he 14 h cen u y he exped on eade sa d on F day The 20 me e h gh Go den Ho de e a mau so eum s one o he a ges h s o c u d ngs n he e o y o he Sa ya ka Ye ow Range s eppe n cen a azakhs an T mu Smagu ov sa d A ske e on o a man be eved o have been ep esen a ve o he oca u ng e e was ound ns de he mau so eum cheo og s s a so d scove ed go den and coppe co ns om Eas e n Eu ope and Ch na a numbe o med eva wo kshops and an ga on ne wo k a he s e One o he mos n e es ng h ngs s he deco a ve es on he mauso eum wa s Smagu ov sa d They a e deco a ed w h a geome c o namen cons s ng o mys e ous sym bo s wh ch have ye o be dec yp ed
PR Augus 12 2011 M G a c a co po a on s c ose o comp e ng nego a ons w h he Russ an De ense M n s y o supp y o M G29K KUB gh e s o Russ an Navy M G depu y head Se ge Ko o kov sa d on F day We a e n he na s ages o con ac nego a ons w h he Russ an De ense M n s y wh ch w buy M G29K KUB o nava av a on Ko o kov sa d The De ense M n s y s a so n e es ed n he new M G 35 mu o e gh e an dvanced de va ve o he M G 29 Ko o kov added Russ a so d up o 180 M G 29 gh e e s a ove he wo d om 1999 o 2010 acco d ng o he en e o Ana ys s o S a eg es and a Moscow Techno og es CAST based h nk ank nd a he aunch cus ome o he M G 29K s cu en y ak ng de ve es o he a c a o a e cond oned a c a ca e be ng e ed by Russ a s Sevmash sh pya d
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Augus 10 PR We have ece ved w h conce n he news abou ano he a ack on peacekeepe s o he Jo n Un ed Na ons A can Un on Ope a on n Da u UNAM D ha esu ed n he dea h o a so d e om S e a Leone Th s s he second ag c n c den w h UN peacekeepe s n Sudan h s mon h a e he dea hs o ou E h op an b ue he me s om he Un ed Na ons n e m Secu y Fo ce o Abye whose veh c es s uck and de ona ed a and m ne on Augus 2 We o e ou condo ences o he am es o he a en and o he Gove nmen s o S e a Leone and E h op a We un ese ved y condemn a v o ence aga ns UN peacekeepe s ha spa e no e o and some mes sk he ves n ca y ng ou he asks se o hem and we ca on a pa es n con c o p ov de cond ons o he unh nde ed exe c se o he manda e
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Augus 10 PR A Akba Sa eh M n s e o Fo e gn A a s o he s am c Repub c o an w make a wo k ng v s o Moscow on Augus 16 17 He s schedu ed o ho d a ks w h Russ an M n s e o Fo e gn A a s Se gey Lav ov o d scuss a w de ange o ssues pe a n ng o b a e a e a ons and an u gen eg ona and n e na ona agenda nc ud ng so v ng p ob ems assoc a ed w h an s nuc ea p og am
The e a e many pub c ho days wh ch a e ce eb a ed n Mo occo a h oughou he yea Du ng pub c ho days he o ces schoo s and o he wo k ng p aces ema n c osed and he popu a on en oys hese ho days by ce eb a ng he spe c a occas ons Augus 20 s he day ce eb a ed by he Mo occan n ememb ance o K ng Mohammad V s e u n o Mo occo a e a pe od o ex e n Madagasca H s e u n o Mo occo ma ks a g ea evo u on The w de sp ead nego a on esu ed n he Mo occo s ndependence Thus Augus 20 came o be popu a y known as he K ng & Peop e s Rev o u on day ma k ng a h s o ca andma k o he es den s o Mo occo
PR Augus 12 2011 F s Depu y M n s e o Fo e gn A a s o he Russ an Fede a on And ey Den sov ece ved on Augus 11 he Ambassado o Aus a a o Russ a Ma ga e Twomey a he eques Du ng he conve sa on hey d scussed some op ca ssues n b a e a e a ons and on he n e na ona agenda
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H oh o s announcemen o Japan s accep ance o he e ms o he Po sdam Dec a a on was b oadcas o he Japanese peop e ove he ad o Ea e he same day he Japanese gove nmen had b oadcas an announcemen ove Rad o Tokyo ha accep ance o he Po sdam P oc ama on wou d be com ng soon and had adv sed he A es o he su ende by send ng a cab e o U S P es den Ha y S T uman v a he Sw ss d p oma c m ss on n Wash ng on D C A na on w de b oadcas by P es den T uman was a ed a seven o c ock p m day gh me n Wash ng on D C on Augus 14 announc ng he commun ca on and ha he o ma even was schedu ed o Sep embe 2 n h s announcemen o Japan s su ende on Augus 14 P es den T uman sa d ha he p oc ama on o V J Day mus wa upon he o ma s gn ng o he su ende e ms by Japan The o ma Japanese s gn ng o he su en de e ms ook p ace on boa d he ba esh p USS M ssou n Tokyo Bay on Sep embe 2 1945 and a ha me T uman dec a ed Sep The Japanese ep esen a ves embe 2 o be he o c a V J Day aboa d he USS M ssou a he S nce he Eu opean Ax s Powe s had su ende ed h ee mon hs ea Su ende o Japanon Sep em e V E Day V J Day wou d be he o c a end o Wo d Wa n 2 1945 be Aus a a and mos o he a ed na ons he name V P Daywas used om he ou se The Canbe a T mes o Augus 14 1945 e e s o VP Day ce eb a ons and a pub c ho day o VP Day was gaze ed by he gove nmen n ha yea acco d ng o he Aus a an Wa Memo a On Augus 15 and 16 some Japanese so d e s devas a ed by he su ende comm ed su c de We ove 100 Ame can p s one s o wa a so we e execu ed n add on many Aus a an and B sh p sone s o wa we e execu ed n Bo neo a bo h Ranau and Sandakan by he mpe a Japanese A my A Ba u L n ang camp a so n Bo neo dea h o de s we e ound wh ch p oposed he execu on o some 2 000 POWs and c v an n e nees on Sep embe 15 1945
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Augus 10 PR Depu y M n s e o Fo e gn A a s o he Russ an Fede a on Se gey Ryabkov e ce ved on Augus 10 he Ambassado Ex ao d na y and P en po en a y o he Bo va an Repub c o Venezue a Hugo Jose Ga c a He nandez Du ng he conve sa on hey d scussed a schedu e o up com ng po ca con ac s be ween he wo coun es and ques ons o b a e a coope a on
Augus 10 PR Sou h Ko ea s m a y ed a e y owa ds No h Ko ea on Wednesday n esponse a e a e y she s om he No h anded nea he d spu ed sea bo de Yonhap news agency has epo ed A Sou h Ko ean De ense M n s y o c a sa d he ounds ed by he No h had anded o s Yeonpyeong s and s no c ea on wh ch s de o he bo de was The e we e no mmed a e epo s o damage o n u es Sou h Ko ea s YTN TV sa d he nc den was p ovoked by m a y exe c ses be ng he d by he No h nea he vo a e Ye ow Sea bo de The No h she ed Yeonpyeong as Novem be k ng ou peop e us mon hs a e he a eged No h Ko ean s nk ng o a Sou h Ko ean wa sh p The wo Ko eas who echn ca y ema n a wa o ow ng he 1950 53 Ko ean Wa ag eed as mon h o e u n o s x pa y a ks a med a end ng No h Ko ea s nu c ea p og am
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Augus 11 PR Uk a n an Russ an ade g ew 1 6 mes n he s s x h mon hs o h s yea Uk a n an P me M n s e N ko a Aza ov o d epo e s on Wednesday Russ an Uk a n an e a ons deve op dynam ca y h s yea T ade u nove g ew 1 6 mes n he s ha o he yea and be eve we can ach eve some 50 b on do a s by he end o he yea Th s s he eve o ade ha ou p es den s ag eed upon Aza ov sa d a a sess on o he Uk a n an Russ an o um Second Wave o G oba C s s and P ospec s o Uk a n an Russ an Eco nom c Re a ons Thus he p me m n s e con med he wo ds o Uk a n an P es den V k o Yanukov ch who sa d ea e ha ade be ween Uk a ne and Russ a wou d exceed 50 b on do a s n 2011 Aza ov a so emphas zed he mpo ance o econom c coope a on be ween Uk a ne and Russ a n connec on w h he h ea o a second wave o he g oba nanc a c s s He sa d he e a e op m s c o ecas s ha he wo d w no be h by a new wave o he c s s Howeve he e a e ce a n sks and doub s he added And n h s s ua on mu ua suppo and mu ua ass s ance o ou wo ma o econom es wou d be ex eme y mpo an he p me m n s e emphas zed Acco d ng o h m Uk a ne cou d c ose coope a e w h Russ a and o he coun es o he Cus oms Un on n ce a n econom c sec o s w h n he amewo k o a com mon econom c space Ou expo po en a s ap p ox ma e y 24 m on ons o g a n As a as known s some 35 m on ons n Russ a Kaza khs an has expo poss b es o 15 m on ons we sum h s up we w ge a ma o sha e o he wo d ma ke Th s sugges s he ques on how s eas e o ge o ha ma ke – oge he o sepa a e y he s essed Acco d ng o he p me m n s e Uk a n an Russ an e a ons have agg ava ed a b ove he ecen me s o a n connec on w h he se ng up o he Cus oms Un on and he o ma o Uk a ne s pa c pa on n Neve he ess ade and econom c e a ons be ween he coun es de ve oped a he pos ve y n he s ha o he yea he Uk a n an p me m n s e emphas zed
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Augus 11 PR Tu kmen P es den Gu bangu y Be dymukhamedov and Ch nese Fo e gn M n s e Yang J ech d scussed on Wednesday he s a e o and p ospec s o b a e a e a ons epo ed he p ess se v ce o he Tu kmen p es den Tu k men s an seeks o deve op he mu a e a n e s a e d a ogue w h Ch na ong s and ng and ad ona pa ne sa d Be dy mukhamedov Th s coope a on mee s no on y he n e es s o peop es o he wo coun es bu s a so a ac o o conso da ng peace and s ab y he p es den added The s des no ed a he mee ng ha he comm s s on ng o he wo d s onges ansna ona Tu k men s an Ch na gas p pe ne was a ve ab e b eak h ough n he deve opmen o Tu kmen Ch nese coope a on Apa om coope a on n he ue and ene gy comp ex he s des d scussed o n p o ec s n ene gy commun ca ons he chem ca bu d ng ex e and ood ndus es wh ch a e key segmen s o he na ona econom es o he wo coun es Ques ons o he com ng v s o Ch na by he Tu kmen p es den we e one o op cs unde d scuss on The Ch nese s de g ves spec a a en on o he com ng v s by he Tu kmen eade o he PRC nex Novembe n he con ex o deve op men o coope a on w h Tu kmen s an no ed he Ch nese m n s e The s des n end o s gn an ag eemen du ng he v s on add ona de ve es o gas o he une o 20 b on cub c me es n Ap Ch na app op a ed Tu kmen s an he second a ge c ed 4 1 b on US do a s o he deve opmen o he a ge gas depos Sou h o o an n 2010 ex po o Tu kmen gas o Ch na amoun ed on y o s x b on cub c me es and 17 b on cub c me es a e p anned o h s yea wh ch w make ha coun y he a ges consume o gas om Tu kmen s an Russ a and an a e o he cus ome s o Tu k men s an gas
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Augus 9 PR Russ an P me M n s e V ad m Pu n and h s F nn sh coun e pa Jy k Ka a nen w ho d a ks n he sou he n Russ an eso o Soch on Tuesday he Russ an gove nmen p ess se v ce epo ed Pu n and Ka a nen who w be on a wo k ng v s o Russ a on Augus 9 10 a e expec ed o d scuss b a e a coope a on n e ac on be ween Russ a and he Eu opean Un on as we as he g oba econom c s ua on B a e a ade as yea o a ed $16 75 b on wh ch s 27 7% mo e han n 2009 Ka a nen who was ea e F n and s nance m n s e assumed he p me m n s e s o ce n June and a ks w h Pu n w h s s on he new pos
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