TRIO Upward Bound Math Science Center 1845 Fairmount, Box 156 Wichita, KS 67260-0156 (316) 978-3316 (800) 531-4984
Journal of Research Projects Volume 17 ď‚&#x; Summer 2013
JRP The TRIO Upward Bound Math Science Center is funded with $310,800 by the U.S. Department of Education and hosted by Wichita State University. The Center also enjoys support from the Kansas Board of Regents in the amount of $105,110. The Center has been funded since 1991. NOTICE OF NONDISCRIMINATION: Wichita State University does not discriminate in its programs and activities on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, gender, age, sexual orientation, marital status, political affiliation, status as a veteran or disability. The following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding nondiscrimination policies: Director, Office of Equal Employment Opportunity, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita KS 67260-0205; Telephone (316) 978-6791. Page 88
A publication of the TRIO Upward Bound Math Science Center Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas
THANKS
SPECIAL THANKS TO: WSU Biology Department WSU Chemistry Department WSU Computer Science Department WSU Physics Department WSU NIAR Building WSU Office of Campus Recreation
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Miller, C.J. and Yoder, T.S., “Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Characterization of C-4 Explosive Threats”. Sensing and Imaging: An International Journal. June 2012, Volume 13, Is 2, pp. 89-100. 13 January 2012 http://www.firesandexplosions.ca/hazards/ignition_sources.php. Ju13 July 2013. Ono, Ryo, Masaharu Nifuku, Shuzo Fujiwara, Sadashige Horiguchi, Tetsuji Oda. "Minimum Ignition Energy of Hydrogen-Air Mixture: Effects of Humidity and Spark Duration.” Journal of Electrostatics. Volume 65, Issue 2. February 2007. Pages 87-93. Web. 6/30/13 “Oxidation-Reduction Reaction.” Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 24 June 2013. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/436636/ oxidation-reduction-reaction. Shapley, Patricia. “Oxidation States in Sugar Reaction.” University of Illinois. 2012. Web. 24 June 2013. http://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/ genchem2/b7/1.html. Simpson, Sarah. “Nitrogen Fertilizer: Agricultural Breakthrough—And Environmental Bane.” Scientific American. March 20, 2009. Web.24 June 2013. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=nitrogen-fertilizeranniversary. “WWW Digital Sound Level Meter.” Digital Recordings. 2003. Web. 7/8/13. http://www.digital-recordings.com/www-instruments/www-slm/ slm_help.html.
TRIO Upward Bound Math Science Center at Wichita State University
Journal of Research Projects Summer 2013 Volume 17 Consulting Editor V. Kaye Monk-Morgan, Director Project Editor Karen Rogers, Curriculum Coordinator Acknowledgments The editors wish to thank the students, instructors, and administrative staff of the TRIO Upward Bound Math Science Center for their hard work and dedication. Without their commitment to academic excellence, the creation of this journal would not have been possible. Publisher TRIO Upward Bound Math Science Center Wichita State University, 1845 N. Fairmount, Campus Box 156 Wichita, KS 67260-0156 The UBMS Journal of Research Projects was inspired by the Research Journal of the Morehouse College Summer Southwestern Regional Math & Science Upward Bound Program.
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a heated potassium chlorate solution, you could create a violent reaction. Alkali metals are more explosive than any other type of metals when placed in water. We know this by watching videos of these types of reactions as well as the knowledge from chemistry class that alkali metals, at the atomic level, are more reactive to water (H2O). By conducting our own experiment, the researchers also learned that gummy bears could be very explosive. Through our studies, we concluded that most oxidation-reduction reactions are negatively affected by the amount of humidity present in the environment in which the reaction occurs. It is known from practice that nearly all the metals, especially alkali metals under certain conditions, are capable of burning in atmospheric air. The moisture or humidity in the air can lead to ignition of especially alkali metals (Banky). However, with the exception of these alkali metals, the increase in humidity should decrease the reaction’s explosiveness. According to Miller and Yoder who wrote about environmental factors on explosiveness of C-4, “The air’s relative humidity can act as a suppressant to static electricity (one form of initial energy to start an explosive reaction) because higher moisture content allows static charges to dissipate more readily.” So, instead of having the energy gathering up to initiate a more intense explosiveness, it will dilute or dissipate that energy.
Works Cited: Banky, Tamas. “Sources of Fire Hazards”, Compiled by CIS (Centre of Information and Safety, SafeWork Programme ), International Labour Organization < http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf /english?content&nd=857170508> accessed July 13, 2013. C. M. Cooper, P. J. Wiezevich. "Effects of Temperature and Pressure on the Upper Explosive Limit of Methane-Oxygen Mixtures." Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Volume 21, Number 12. December 1929. Pages 12101214. Web. 6/30/13. “Fritz Haber – Biographical.” Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2013. Web. 24 June 2013. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/ haber-bio.html. Helmenstine, Anne Marie. “ How Do Sparklers Work?” About.com. Web. 24 June 2013. http http://chemistry.about.com/od/fireworkspyrotechnics/a/ sparklers.htm
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Length of light: Prediction – the humidity will somewhat douse the light if the humidity is increased. 2. Pressure environment predictions: Expansiveness: Prediction – if the pressure increases the expansive decreases because the force pressing down onto the experiment. Temperature of product: Prediction – if we increase the pressure, the temperature would remain the same because the pressure doesn’t have that much of a reaction towards the heat. Loudness: Prediction – if we increase the pressure the loudness of the popping noise would increase because of the force pressing out, causing it to have a more violent reaction. Length of light: It wouldn’t affect this. 3. Temperature environment predictions: Expansiveness: For the expansiveness and allows the temperature to increase. The researcher predicts that the expansiveness would increase. The reason being is because the particles are getting more and more excited that they move faster and faster in this case. Temperature of Product: none Loudness of Pop: The researchers predict that the sound of the popping noise coming from the experiment would be a maximum from the digital sound db meter software program. Because the experiment is made by exploding. Length of Light: The researchers predict that the light given off is very little, because the reaction happens as fast that you don’t really see the light. 4. Corrosive environment conditions: Expansiveness: Less expansiveness because some of the materials have corroded and materials would be less reactive. Temperature of Product: Less temperature because less of a reaction will occur. Loudness of Pop: Less noise because the reaction will not be as powerful and shouldn’t make more noise due to the loss of strength. Length of Light: Less light because less reactive substance, so less reaction and therefore then less light should occur from the reaction.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the researchers learned that by inserting a gummy bear into
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Preface The Upward Bound Math Science Center is federally funded and hosted by Wichita State University (WSU) in Wichita, Kansas. With the support of WSU and the cooperation of schools throughout Kansas, the program is designed to serve seventy-four disadvantaged high school students who have the potential to be the first in their family to attend college and earn a four year degree, preferably in a science or mathematics field. The curriculum of the “Galaxy Experience” is developed to provide students with the opportunity for academic enrichment in a college setting. While living on campus for six weeks, students attend a variety of classes located on the WSU campus, specifically designed to expand their knowledge and stimulate their interests. Classes simulate actual college courses that address topics that are not usually taught at their high schools. Some of the courses offered in 2013 included: Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Psychology, Physics, Anatomy & Physiology, Computer Programming, Statistics, Calculus, Arabic, Public Speaking and many more. Moreover, each student’s academic enrichment is supplemented with cultural awareness activities, field trips, academic and career counseling, guest speakers, and tutoring. UBMS students also have access to Wichita State University’s computer, chemistry, physics, and biological sciences labs, Ablah Library, and the Heskett Center for physical fitness activities. The crowning achievement of the students’ experience each summer is their production and presentation of research projects. The projects are a culmination of what each team has investigated, researched, experimented and/or discovered during the six-week summer session. This journal serves as a record and a celebration of the hard work and commitment put forth by the students of the 2013 summer experience. Each project was presented at the annual UBMS Research Symposium, and the written report is printed in this journal in its original form, therefore allowing the talent and achievement of our students to genuinely shine through.
TRIO UBMS Purpose Statement “The purpose of the Upward Bound Math Science Center, the “Galaxy Experience,” is to stimulate and advance interest in mathematics, science, and computer technology, challenge students to perform to the best of their ability, provide a unique residential, academic, exploratory, hands-on experience, and encourage high school students to realistically consider the attainment of a post-secondary degree in mathematics or the sciences.”
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TRIO UBMS Center Vision Statement:
We are a nationally recognized, intentionally-minded college access program that prepares students for purposeful lives and meaningful careers. We are a leader in empowering students to conscientiously impact the world in which they live.
Criterion
Expansive
Temperature of container where product is formed
Loudness of popping sound
Length of time/ Intensity that light is emitted 20 sec
5
50 g of goopy stuff coming out because mixed with dish soap and food coloring; 4x the size
60 or C, more degrees
Deafening
3
25 g goopy stuff; 2x size
30 or C to 60 degrees
Loud noise
10 sec
The following list of Principles (CD-DIP) were developed and adopted by the 2010 participants.
1
5 or less
Conscientious - I make informed decisions, and I accept responsibility for the decisions I make. Dedicated - I strive for excellence in all aspects of my life. Discerning - I use my imagination, creativity, and my cognitive skills to set and achieve my goals. Intentional - I use my given talents and skills to better my life and the lives of others. Purposeful - I continually pursue personal success and development.
1 to 30 C degrees
Little noise
More than 0 sec, but less and 10 sec
0
No goopy stuff; no change
No change
No noise
0 sec, Not any at all
TRIO UBMS Center Mission Statement: It is the mission of the TRIO Upward Bound Math Science Center to: Educate students with the propensity for study in STEM areas for postsecondary Stimulate and sustain interest in STEM careers, and Motivate low-income and potential first-generation college students to realistically consider the attainment of a post-secondary degree.
TRIO UBMS Center Guiding Principles:
TRIO UBMS Center Guiding Principles (Staff): UBMS staff members shall work to uphold and model the following principles: Staff will be conscientious with students and service provision, understanding that their work can be life-changing for students when done well. Staff will dedicate themselves to the concepts of continuous improvement and constant evolution. Staff will strive to be discerning when evaluating student behaviors and academic abilities, believing that every child can learn if we take the time to teach them. Staff will plan and implement program services with intention, focused on getting end results and meeting student needs. Staff will commit to helping each UBMS student and alumni find their ultimate purpose, including, but not limited, to vocation.
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Figure 1. Criteria and their Gradations, for indicating changes of measure as a result in the increases of Temperature, Humidity, Pressure and Corrosion of Reactants
Results: 1. Humidity Environment predictions: Expansiveness: Prediction – if humidity is increased, the reaction will be less expansive because the extra chemicals would cause less of a reaction. Temperature of product: Prediction – if you increase the humidity, the temperature of the product will be lower because the water will absorb the heat. Loudness: Prediction – if the humidity is increased, the reaction will be unaffected because the humidity has no relationship to sound.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Measuring the Dependent Variables Expansiveness:
Preface………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5
To measure the criteria of how much expansion is occurring as the reaction is going, the researchers will apply dish soap and food coloring to visualize. The researchers will weigh a container before the reaction begins for an initial mass. The expanding dish soap can be collected in that container. Weigh the container after the reaction has completed. The subtraction of the two weights will indicate the amount of expansion.
TRIO UBMS Purpose Statement………………………………………………………………….5 TRIO UBMS Center Vision Statement:………………………………………………………...6 TRIO UBMS Center Mission Statement:………………………………………………………6
Temperature of Product:
TRIO UBMS Center Guiding Principles……………………………………………………….6
To measure a change in a product temperature, have the reaction take place in one container and have a tube connecting that to another container. Be sure to measure the temperature of the second container before beginning the reaction. Also, once the reaction is taking place, record the temperature of the second container again. Subtract the two temperatures to get the amount increase.
TRIO UBMS Center Guiding Principles (Staff):…………………………………………...6
Loudness of Popping: Record the sounds of the full reaction then put the sounds through a decibel loudness meter via a free online program. The measurement is the highest peak rating. http://www.digital-recordings.com/www-instruments/www-slm/ slm_help.html
Length of time: Have a timer recording how long the light stays emitted from the product reaction.
CHAPTER ONE – Research Symposium Presentations……………………………..11 How Does Color Affect Heating Through Absorption of Light?………….12 Zerikhun Filatov, Vanessa Gonzalez and Katie Race-Boschman Mentor………………………………………………………………………...Haley Gordon, Physics Introductory Analysis of the Size and Strength of Muscle………………….15 William Wallace and Gabriel Palacio Mentor………………………………………………………..Emmanuel Des-Bordes, Statistics Hair Tensile Strength: Which Brands of Hair Dye are Better for Your Hair Strength?.......................................................................................................................19 Vy Lam, Jeney Do, and Dovie El Mentor…………….……………………………….Priya Fernandes, Anatomy & Physiology What’s Got Your Heart Racing?…………………………………………………………..29 Anthony Ruybal, Ron Lam, Sophavy Nhem and Shylee Johnson Mentor…………………………………………………………………….Angela Scott, Psychology Installing Linux and Gimp on a Laptop………………………………………………31 Lilia Marquez, Tam Ta and Christopher Childs Mentor…………………………………………………….Mark Arrasmith, Computer Science Are You Your Birthday?……………………………………………………………………...34 Jessica Griffin, Andie Burch, Nikki Allums and Payton Morgan Mentor…………………………………………………………………….Angela Scott, Psychology
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The Physics of Follow-Through in Sports…………………………………………..38 Loc Hoang, Charles Sayer, Zahara Ward and Jordan Winston Mentor………………………………………………………………………...Haley Gordon, Physics Testing Your Tastes: A Demonstration of Sensory Interaction in Flavor Recognition…………………………………………………………………………………………39 Tori Carlson, Mahalia Clemons and Solomon Carroll Mentor…………………………………………………………………….Angela Scott, Psychology The Power of Suggestibility………………………………………………………………..43 Fermina Orosco, Veronica Nichols and Glenda Mensah-Sarbah Mentor…………………………………………………………………….Angela Scott, Psychology The Left and Right Hemisphere. Which One Are You?………………………..47 Jerrica Allen, Nana Ekua E. Aggrey, Khaing Pyi and Brianna Willis Mentor…………………………………………………………………………Haley Gordon, Physics Hello, My Name Is _____: The Phenomenological Experience of Addiction…….49 Theodora Thach, Angelica Delgado and Cody Coonce Mentor…………………………………………………………………….Angela Scott, Psychology E-Waste Take Over!…………………………………………………………………………….52 Taylor Bishop, Michael Gladney II, Dursitu Hassen and Kiley Moose Mentor…………………………………………………Kyrah Brown, Environmental Science CHAPTER TWO – Science Fair/Poster Boards Display………………………………………..61 Facing Your Phobia: Phobic Conditioning and Desensitization Therapy……..62 Zainab Dafalla, Eduardo Ibarra, Tara Jackson and NaKayla Murff Mentor...............................................................................................Angela Scott, Psychology Music and Emotions……………………………………………………………………………65 Jonathan Perez, Steven Robertson, Jr. and Christopher Solis Mentor........................................................................................................Traci Baker, Biology Cloning………………………………………………………………………………………………...69 Shayla Bellamy, Do Len and Jayden Levine Mentor........................................................................................................Traci Baker, Biology The Legalizers……………………………………………………………………………………..73 Matthew Sen, Dylan Harmon and Sofia Leos Mentor........................................................................................................Traci Baker, Biology
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Materials: Here is a list of the materials for completing the reactions and ob-
servations: 5mL of 1M HCl, a beaker, test tubes, stirring rods Computer, internet access, digital microphone, website (digital sound level meter) Spray bottle, distilled water Dish soap - 22 oz. (clear), food coloring (yellow & red), container big enough to catch material, scale to measure mass Vacuum pump, pressure gauge, bell jar, connecting hose Timer, explosive qualities grading rubric Bunsen Burner, thermometer for reactant, striker, ring stand, gas valve to ignite Bunsen Burner, Pyrex Tube to connect product and reaction chambers, Pyrex glass chamber for product, Pyrex glass for reaction chamber, and thermometer for product
Procedures: 1. Decide on what the chemical reaction type will be (redox) 2. Decide on procedures for each of the four treatments. 3. Decide on a gradation and what quality is attributed to each of various levels of “grades” for each one of the criterion (each treatment type). The difference in the levels can be demonstrated in Figure 1 on page 83, criteria and their gradation. This is a tool developed by the researchers to indicate changes in the measure or result of increase in temperature, pressure, humidity, and corrosion. 4. Create the various environments that the reaction will be subjected to. To create a corrosive environment, you could drop 5 mL of an acidic solution (1 M HCl) into the experiment’s solution. To increase the humidity of an environment, you could use the mist-phase of the spray nozzle (sealing the spray bottle), to spray out distilled water. This could be sprayed over the reaction chamber in a controlled area. As for the increased temperature environment, you could use a Bunsen Burner to increase the temperature of the reaction chamber. The researchers suggest to increase the chamber by 10 degrees Celsius. For the final treatment of pressure, place the reaction chamber and reaction chemicals in a sealed, bell jar that has been connected to a vacuum pump. After setting up the environment, and turning on the vacuum motor, the pressure gauge can tell you the quantitative details of how much pressure is being applied. After setting up each environment, then begin the reaction and take notes on your observations.
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tion” covers many processes. These processes range from metabolic reactions to fire, and from rust to photosynthesis in plants. There have been several similar studies to our own. Ranging from the effects of humidity on the ignition of hydrogen (Ono, Pg. 87), to the relationships between temperature and pressure in methane-oxygen ignition (Cooper, Pg. 1210). The idea for this study, in our case, came from a group member's welding experiences. Redox reactions are a big part of today's world and like everything else, they are affected by natural factors. Temperature, pressure, humidity, and corrosion are common environmental factors that we thought could have a significant affect on these kinds of reactions. We hope to show how these factors could increase the violence of a redox reaction, which could result in overall awareness in everyday activities for people who work with these kinds of reactions every day.
Human Cloning — Creating An Understanding…………………………………..75 Ashley Adebiyi, Skyler Barnes, Isaac Fowler and Areonans Nelson Mentor........................................................................................................Traci Baker, Biology Redox Reactions…………………………………………………………………………………79 Ethan Caylor, Jacob Ice and Zane Storlie Mentor...............................................................................................Lara Gossage, Chemistry
Problem: What factors cause the most violent reactions?
Hypothesis: We actually have four hypotheses that test four different factors and how they affect the reaction: If more humidity is added, then the explosive force will decrease, with the exclusion of alkali metals. If there is a higher temperature after the ignition, then there will be a slight increase in force. If a corrosive acid solution corrodes the reactant, then there will be less explosive force. If we add pressure to the reaction, then there will be more explosive force.
Variables: (Note: form of measurement of the dependent variable changes
depending on the treatment or environmental condition the reaction is undergoing.) The independent variables: humidity, temperature, corrosion, and pressure. The dependent variables: explosive force of the reaction. The control variables: the reaction that is taking place, amount of the reactants, and the measuring method for each different independent variable.
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Redox Reactions
Ethan Caylor, Jacob Ice, Zane Storlie Mentor: Lara Gossage, Chemistry
Research Project Summer 2013 Introduction: The topic of our project is oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions. When crafting our hypothesis, curiosity arose about the effect of modified temperature, humidity and pressure on a redox reaction. The question of the presence of corrosion also occurred. An example of a redox reaction is the reaction between potassium chlorate and the sucrose found in gummy bears.
Literature Review: Can you make a gummy bear explode? By heating up potassium chlorate (KClO3) and dropping a gummy bear into the substance, it will make the gummy bear literally explode right out of the test tube! The reason for it is because of the glucose or sugar reacting with the oxygen; the electrons from the sugar are being lost to the oxygen. When dropped in, the gummy bear heats up, giving off light, steam, and fizziness. Finally, after waiting 3-5 seconds, you hear a popping noise. That noise is the gummy bear actually exploding. Who knew you could make something so simple explode? Fritz Haber, a war criminal, attempted to make bombs from nitrogen (“Fritz Haber – Biographical”), but instead of making bombs, he found that this was a good way to use helpful nitrogen in our crops as fertilizer. Naturally, we need nitrogen to survive, but cannot breathe in the nitrogen from the atmosphere. Instead, we consume nitrogen by eating plants that have a nitrogen base. This fertilizer allows us to get our necessary nitrogen. Instead of killing a bunch of people, Haber helped loads of them. He discovered technical aspects of the nitrogen cycle, which lead to an increase in the efficiency of crop growth from hundreds of thousands to billions. So, instead of a loss of crop because of bad soil, the fertilizer enhanced the soil allowing the crops to grow faster and healthier (Nitrogen Fertilizer). Oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions, are a form of chemical reactions that change the oxidation number of included atoms within a compound (“Oxidation-Reduction Reaction”). The oxidation number represents the amount of electrons transferred to or from an atom. The term “redox reac-
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future, showcasing that cloning of humans could indeed become a reality. The fact of cloning being ethical or unethical is still under debate. This paper was not to describe why cloning of humans is ethical or not, but to give you more detail and more of an understanding. Although we wanted to survey both high school students and scientists, we did not have the resources or time to do this, so instead we added more detail and depth to the current experiment, creating greater results than expected.
Chapter One:
Works Cited Burley, Justine and John Harris. “Human Cloning and Child Welfare.” University of Manchester: Journal of Medical Ethics, 1999. Web. McMahan, Jeff. “Cloning, Killing, and Identity.” Journal of Medical Ethics 25 (1999). 77-86. Web.
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Research Symposium
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How Does Color Affect Heating Through Absorption of Light? Zerikhun Filatov, Vanessa Gonzalez, Katie Race-Boschman Mentor: Haley Gordon, Physics
Question: How do various colors affect heat absorption through light? White = Reflects all light, absorbs the least heat Black = Absorbs all colors, absorbs the most heat The heat absorption of colors depends on what kind of light (basic light bulbs) emit much more red light than the other colors. The sun, on the other hand, emits more higher frequency waves, such as ultraviolet, purple, and blue light, despite the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s orange-red appearance. The type of heat absorption that would occur would depend on what kind of light was used. A purely white light would most likely provide optimal results. However, incandescent light would be more convenient. Water would be the best temperature acquirer to use mainly because of convenience. It doesn't really have too good of heat capacity, but it can still absorb heat to produce noticeable results. The best thing to use for an experiment like this would be something with high heat capacity, like metal, but preferably solid metal. Aluminum foil would radiate away too much heat and would therefore be inefficient. Hypothesis: The color applied to the jars will affect how much heat the jars will absorb from the lamp. Procedure: Place the heat lamp approx. one foot away from the jar. Fill the jar with water and cover the outside with various of colors of construction paper. -Drill a hole in the lid of the jar and insert a thermometer into the hole such that the heat receptacle on the thermometer is immersed in the water, to maximize accuracy of heat measurement. -Wrap the hole where the thermometer is inserted into with clay to prevent heat loss. The test will consist of placing two of the jars adjacent to each other, both equally spread from the lamp, to eliminate unnecessary variables. The lamps will have their initial temperature measured, and their temperature will be measured at the 10, 20 and 30 minute marks to increase accuracy and precision of data.
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When asked if you would clone a child, 12 said no, two said yes, and one said only if the original child was deformed or was ill. Many of the noâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s just said that cloning a child was peculiar or unusual, but a couple said that the child wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be useful, bringing us back to the point that clones may only be used then disposed of. When asked if they were for or against cloning, nine participants were against it, three participants were for it, and three were indifferent, but many of the participants that were against cloning said that it was immoral or unethical, although the people who said yes said that it could be useful for scientific purposes. When asked what they would use the clone for if they had one, every answer except for two said they would use it for things that they did not want to do, for example, laundry. This again brings us to the idea that the clones would be used as a modern slave, yet under better conditions, this may lead to dispute. Ironically, when asked if a clone should be treated like a human, 13 participants said yes, and two said no. The two who said no also said that they would use the clone for chores and classes. This means that the two people who would not use it for chores are intermixed with the 11 others who would. Despite this, the people who said yes said that clones are basically human, just a copy. For example, one said that clones still have DNA and emotions, which makes it human. But if we were to employ clones as our workers, would we be respecting those feelings? When asked if the population would be split if this were to become a usual thing, 12 said yes, and three said no. However, one answer stuck out to us. This person said that hopefully it would become a normal thing, and the people would evolve into nonjudgmental people. The example this person gave was homosexuality in our modern society. Homosexuality is becoming a normal topic that is becoming more widely accepted than in older times. This brings us back to the topic before of clones helping us specify whether or not sexuality is genetic.
Conclusions and Discussion The research and survey we conducted shows how spilt and complicated this topic will become if we plunge further into it. There is already confusion and contradictions being produced just by a simple survey of high school students. However, there are also bright ideas and optimism in the children of the
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vey, they had to sign the necessary consent form; before they were given the incentive, they had to complete the survey in full and hand it back to one of the instructors. The participants were not aware of the incentive value, or what it was comprised of, yet, the incentive was a goody bag of assorted candies in a plastic bag, tied with a decorative ribbon. Although the incentive could have caused the participants to be diligent and precise with their answers, or sped through in order to receive the incentive, it was necessary in order to receive proper answers that would benefit our research. Once the surveys were completed, we tallied up the results.
Results Before the results can be displayed, we must first agree on the “pros” and “cons” of cloning, in which we based our data on. We considered the cons to be: first, the clones will be harmed by the society we currently live in. Secondly, clones will be harmed by their own psychological awareness, meaning that they will know where they come from, that they were not born naturally, but in a lab. Lastly, clones would be harmed by the demands of society, considering they will be needed for other person’s needs. We also agreed on the pros of cloning, which are: firstly, lives could be saved with the medical advantages that the clones could provide. Secondly, the research into the human species could become more detailed. Secondly, we must go more in depth, addressing the concerns of cloning. For example, carrying capacity is the quantity of people and other living organisms that can live in an ecosystem. If we decide to clone and it becomes a usual thing, there’s a chance of global overpopulation. Once that happens, the ecosystem will weaken until humans are alone, leading to our death. Although, that’s drastic and unfortunate, there are concerns that are positive, for example, people with rare blood types in need of transplants could clone themselves and have a chance of survival. But with that, the clone would be at a disadvantage, considering that once they have completed their mission, they probably wouldn’t be needed. From that, the results showed less concern of the topic. When asked why a person would want to clone another human, many answers were along the lines of personal use or science purposes. However one answer struck us with curiosity. When asked the same question, one participant said that the clone could be used to see if sexuality is genetic. In our current society, sexuality and rights are a highly debated topic, so cloning for this reason could finally put a stop to this nationwide debate.
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The colors that will be tested include: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Cyan, Blue, Purple, Pink, Black and White. A clear jar will be tested as a control. Color and light have a very close relationship. In fact, one causes the other. Color through our eyes is our brain’s interpretation of the light that bounces off of objects and into our eyes. In reality, color is a manifestation Even gamma rays, infrared, ultraviolet, and all various light types technically have color, humans however can only see a very small portion of available light, raising from 780-390 mm in wave length. This raise of light falls in between infrared and ultraviolet. This range of colors is what this experiment focuses on. To be specific, how the various colors of surfaces affects the temperature of that surface when light hits it. We will be measuring the amount of heat accumulated from light alone. This is a basic principle of physics and is not too complicated, but is important none the less. Results:
Color
10 Minutes
20 Minutes
30 Minutes
Control
25°
28°
29.2°
White
24°
25°
26°
Black
24.1°
25.2°
26.3°
Red
24°
25°
26.2°
Orange
24°
25°
26.2°
Yellow
24°
25°
26.1°
Green
24°
25.2°
26.3°
Light Blue
24.1°
25.2°
26.5°
Blue
24.2 °
25.2 °
26.5°
Purple
24.2°
25.2°
26.5°
Pink
24°
25.1°
26.2°
Discussion of Results: As is evident by the graph, there was almost no variance between the different colors and their temperatures after a 30 minute exposure to a heat lamp. In fact, the standard deviation of the temperatures was 0.16, almost nonexistent. We think this is because of the methods we used, mainly the materials. The construction paper that was employed to color the jars acted more as
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an insulator than a variable color. A better procedure would have been to use some sort of direct color change to the jars than a indirect catalyst like paper. Paint would have likely been a better substitute. Also, the glass that composed the jars was quite thick, and therefore acted as an additional insulator. It didn't have as big of an impact as the paper however, as shown by the control test. We confirmed this by performing a separate test which consisted of exposing the black jar and white jar to direct exposure (2 inches away) to the heat lamp for an hour. While the exact temperatures that were to be expected were unknown, it is a given fact that the black jar should have absorbed substantially more heat than the white jar. The end result showed that the heat absorption was numerically identical; 25-41 degrees for the white and 26-42 for the black. The higher end temperature was likely due to the fact that the initial temperature was higher for the black jar than the white jar. The fact remains that the degree of change was identical for the two antipodes of color. This further supported the theory that the paper was too thick. Another problem was that the glass reflected a vast majority of the infrared light emitted by the lamp. A better substitute for glass would have been a plastic container. There were also many problems concerning the light that was used. Those issues make this experiment quite difficult to accurately perform no matter what method you decide to use. Some of these issues include the fact that infrared radiation, the type of light emitted by a heat lamp, is not really affected by color as much as visible light. Visible light is affected by it, obviously, but it is not capable of heating. This provides a challenge of determining and properly measuring the variability of the various temperatures, which majorly hampers the validity of this or any variation of this experiment. Resources: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/ Phys_p030.shtml http://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/light/u12l2b.cfm
Human Cloning – Creating An Understanding
Skyler Barnes, Ashley Adebiyi, Isaac Fowler, Areonans Nelson Mentor: Traci Baker, Biology
Team Shadow Ninja Abstract With this survey we aimed to create a base of understanding of the debate on cloning humans. We first handed out a nine-question survey to high school students, the future of society. Once that was completed, we collected the data and used the participants’ opinions to create a better understanding of human cloning. We found varying answers on many questions, and it seems that the participants didn’t go into deep thought, but still provided outstanding results. We decided that this meant that this was a very confusing topic, full of variables that could be changed and manipulated to get the desired results.
Introduction With current technology advancing, cloning has the potential of becoming a widely debated topic. Getting opinions of members of society could help us see a pathway into the future. The teen generation has the ability to develop the world in a way that could change it forever, cloning being one of the things that would have this effect. According to Bernard Rollin, when the concerns of ethics are analyzed, it’s not about ethics necessarily, but more about emotions, religious beliefs, or just misunderstanding of the topic. Rollin also says that there are three “ethical” concerns that are debated regularly: first being that cloning is just wrong, in and of itself, second being that cloning causes bad penalties, and thirdly, that the process of cloning hurts the source. Throughout this paper, we will discuss the answers to a survey we passed out to teens in a college preparatory camp. Considering the fact that they are the future, their opinions on the matter should be appreciated.
Methods and Procedures In order to properly collect data in a measurable way, we handed out a nine-question survey, in which we will discuss more in depth later in this article. In order to get more interest in the topic, we promised an incentive. We gathered 15 of the 75 teens in the camp in the room where the survey took place. We collected the students in a random, un-biased manner, making sure that the answers wouldn’t be compromised. Before they were given the sur-
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young adults use it during parties or raves. Most of them refer it as the date medicine. Gives the user a numbness in which they could not feel the body and they would forget anything that would happen after the after-use of the medicine. Also refer it as the rape medicine since the body is detached from the mind, making them unable to speak or think and will also sometimes let the user move without knowing what’s going on. Since it’s considered a street drug, more teens will try to join the hype and try to get ahold of it. Crime rates will start to increase more due to the depression rate rising. The con on the other hand, gives the user second thoughts on using the product. Examples of side effects are depersonalization, Euphoria, dizziness, motor retardation, gastrointestinal systems, increase in blood pressure and near-death effect. Drugs aren’t always good for the body and they can cause lots of damage, they can affect your life and isolate you from others and, worst, they can kill you. “Ketamine isn’t the best or worst drug but it could be one thing that can affect the world. It can solve a lot of the problems people have. Depression is a serious thing. Some might even say it’s a life or death sickness. It all comes down to in the future do you want your grandkids to suffer? I think not,” said Sophia. “Well, I honestly think that it’s just a drug that can be legalized but would only affect a small percentage. You don’t need a drug to lighten up. Why can’t you just chin up and smile? So just stop taking drugs and smile.” said Matthew.
Introductory Analysis of the Size and Strength of Muscle William Wallace1 and Gabriel Palacio2 Mentor: Emmanuel Des-Bordes, Statistics Upward Bound Math and Science1,2 Wichita State University Wichita, KS July 08, 2013
Abstract In this study, we present the relationship between the size and strength of a muscle. Intuitively, we have always thought that the size and strength of a particular muscle have some correlation and that is what we aim at proving. According to one of our sources, muscle strength and size do not have any direct relation, however there exists some form of connection between them and that is what this paper is about. We introduced an extensive statistical study which looked into data collection from our peers on their muscular strength and size. This data set produced remarkable results by considering the numerical methods - measures of central tendency, spread and relative position. In addition, we presented some important graphs including bar graph, box plot and shapes of our distribution. Our final results reveal that size and strength of a muscle has a positive correlation. Keywords: muscle; size; strength; data; numerical methods; graphs.
1.1 Introduction and Motivation
For our research study, we worked on the relationship between muscle size and strength. To better understand this relationship, we introduced some concepts and terms in Anatomy & Physiology (A&P). Muscles consist of connected bundles of muscle fibers, which has exactly two components to it. We have the slow and fast twitch fibers. Next, from one of our sources, strength training increases the size and quantity of several fibers and consequently increases the size of the respective muscle. This leads to change in muscles with time. Now that we have presented the introduction, it is interesting to focus on the original question of this project. How’s the size of a muscle related to its strength? We asked couple of people from young to old and we received a mixture of answers. The answers were yes and no.
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1.1 Statistical Analysis
In this sub-section, we study and present some statistical analysis which includes: descriptive statistics and graphical representations like box plot and histogram. For the descriptive statistics, we present the measures of central tendency, variation and relative position. These include: the mean and median; standard deviation and quartiles of our data set.
Rough Draft
1.2 Materials and Experimental Units
Our experimental units were humans, particularly we selected our colleagues training at the Heskett Center. This section describes how our data set was collected and the materials used in our collection of data. We used very simple items, consisting of several pounds of weights and a measuring tape basically was used to measure the size of experimental units’ muscle size. Another item we had used was a camera and a clip board to record our data-strength and size. We had used the camera to take pictures of our randomly selected participants. Strength was measured by the maximum weight the participant could carry.
1.2.1 Data Collection
In this section, we used the random sampling technique to collect our data and then presented the raw data in a tabular form. Next we treated this data as both categorical and numerical data for the purpose of explanation of our results.
1.2.2 Grouped Data Data of size and strength of a muscle
Size (inches)
Sum of Muscle Strength (pounds)
10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 15
510 1100 928 393 1606 780 1053 433
Ever had the thought of killing yourself? Ever felt so depressed and don’t know what to do about it? Have you ever gone to a therapist who had no idea what they were talking about? Don’t you just want the easy way out in just short doses? Then you should go check out the product Ketamine and see how it could help. Ketamine is a fast acting liquid medicine. This drug is used for making animals go numb before a treatment, but doctors have discovered using Ketamine in short doses helps depression patients. The uses of Ketamine (Vitamin K) have low pros. One of the pro uses of Vitamin K is that it has been tested before and the effects had been proven. Been tested on subjects with the signs of suicidal depression, most of them lost the thought of them killing themselves. Has a higher probability than a regular therapist, on losing the thought of doing something negative. It is also used to help do surgery on animals by tranquilizing them. Depression is a big part of the usage for this drug. If it were to be legalized then the depression rate would go down, leading the suicide rate down. This medicine is used to control depression. Therapy wouldn’t be a big help anyways. The person wants to remove the essences of depression from their mind. The therapist wouldn’t feel the same way as the patient because they haven’t been through the cause of this. The medication of this product is very little since most depression pills recommend constant consumption. After the usage, it only takes little time for the user to forget things.
Table1.1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The Legalizers
Matthew Sen, Dylan, and Sophia Leos Mentor: Traci Baker, Biology Research Project 06/24/13
Although some might say that they don’t want to take drugs, even if they are legalized, many who have taken depression medicine have said that it has helped fully. 78% of people who are depressed take medication for their condition. 68% of these people are fully satisfied with the effects of antidepression medicine and live happier lives. The rest of the percentage of people the drugs don’t help. Therefore it is a better effect of taking the medication than ending up worse without it.
The first column of Table 1.1 represents size of several muscle and column 2 defines the sum of muscle strength in each group.
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It’s also considered as a street drug since the abuse of teenagers and
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36-44. Web. June 23rd, 2013.
2. Results
Chung et al. “Nuclear-Cytoplasmic “Tug of War” During Cloning: Effects of Somatic Cell Nuclei on Culture Medium Preferences of Preimplantation Cloned Mouse Embryos.” Biology of Reproduction. 66.4(2002):1178-1184. Web. June 23rd, 2013. DeWoody. Rowe. Hipkins. Mock. ““Pando” Lives: Molecular Genetic Evidence of a Giant Aspen Clone in Central Utah.” Western North American Naturalist. 64.8(Dec 2008): 493-497. BioOne. Web. June 23rd, 2013 Wakayama, Teruhiko. “Mammalian Clone.” Journal of Mammalian Ova Research. 22.2 (2005): 49-58. BioOne. Web. June 23rd, 2013. Clonesafety, 2008, Web, June 23rd, 2013
We present descriptive statistics and graphical representations of our databox plot and histogram.
2.1 Descriptive Statistics Table 1.2 n Min Max Mean Q1 = Lower Quartile Q2 = Median Q3 = Upper Quartile S = Standard Deviation
8 393 1606 850.4 471.5 854 1076.5 411
According to our table, GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS Box Plot of Muscle Strength
Frequency Histogram of Muscle Strength
From the box plot, it is clear that
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3. Conclusions and Future Study 3.1 Conclusions Our conclusion came out to be that with the more weight the more your muscle had expanded or gotten greater in size, but also with the more weight the more your muscle had gotten fatigue. Which if you think about it that could play another role with the amount of weight. Our material weight was 10 pounds, 20 pounds, and also 30 pounds. With thirty pounds, the muscles had more of a circumference rather than the 10pounded weights.
3.2 Future Study Our future study can be widely based with the topic of muscles and strength. Muscles and strength can lead to many scenarios. You could test from how heaviness affects your muscles to how your muscles fatigue over time. But muscles and strength can also be difficult with your variables or choosing what is what, because with your muscles fatiguing it can lead to another factor of not have as much strength to lift or raise the heavier weight.
References
the average percent of cow clones that live, in good health, to adulthood, is around 24.25 percent. Next we determined, by survey, how much more complex a human body is to a cow's, in order to accurately decrease the percent of survival into an adult. We determined that humans are 63.6% more complex that cows. So, after dividing the complexity from the survival rate, we found that the chances of a human clone surviving into adulthood would be .38%.
Conclusion In conclusion, we have determined that human cloning would be possible. We have done this through extensive research, collecting data, a survey, and mathematics. This data supports our hypothesis because it is lower than the bovine success rate. Although we have done much research on this subject to come to this conclusion, we could continue this experiment even further by actually attempting to clone a human, or using more precise mathematics to figure out the correct percentages. Within our research, we could have found even more articles from those with better credentials. Conclusively, we have in fact, figured that human cloning is possible, but would have a very low success rate compared to their bovine counterparts.
Bibliography
http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/armmuscles/ menu/menu.html http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/muscular/arm-hand http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vsr1lULDE9Q
Watkins, Thayer. Gestation Periods and Animal Scale. San Jose State University. Web. June 23rd, 2013 Wells, D.N. “Animal Cloning: Problems and Prospects.” 24.1 (2005): 251-264. Microsoft Academic Research. Web. June 23rd, 2013. Lee et al. “Generation of Cloned Transgenic Cats Expressing Red Fluorescence Protein.” Biology of Reproduction. 78.3 (March 2008). 425-431. BioOne. Web. June 23rd, 2013. Tsunoda, Y. and Y. Kato. “Recent Progress and Problems in Animal Cloning.” Differentiation. 69.4 (2002): 158-161. Microsoft Academic Research. Web. June 23rd, 2013. Heyman et al. “Frequency and Occurrence of Late-Gestation Losses from Cattle Cloned Embryos.” Biology of Reproduction. 88.6 (January 1st, 2002):6-13. BioOne. Web. June 23rd, 2013. Hanada et al. “Chromosomal Instability in the Cattle Clones Derived by Somatic Cell Nuclear-Transfer.” Molecular Reproduction and Development. 71(2005):
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To find this, we compared cow cloning to a possible human cloning. Using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), would it be possible to clone a human being. It will be possible to clone a human being, but the success rate will decrease. The steps of the demonstration include asking questions such as, “What animal is closest to a human?”; “What is the success rate of cloning for it?”; “How big of a difference between them?”; “Is it possible?” Then a set of pictures representing the SCNT process. In conclusion, we learned that human cloning is possible. We know this because the results prove it. New thoughts or questions are about whether people will be cloned. The part that went wrong was the insufficient research. Last, the really cool thing or the “wow” factor is learning about the process of cloning.
hair tensile strength: which brands of hair dye are better for your hair strength? Vy Lam1, Jeney Do2, Dovie El3 Mentor: Priya Fernandes, Anatomy & Physiology 123Upward
Bound Math Science Program Wichita State University 1845 Fairmount Wichita, KS 67260–0133, USA, 2012 Tel: 316-978-6146, Fax: [316-978-3191]
Literature Review The articles and websites we used for research were comprised mostly of material on cow cloning. We looked for articles that contained information of bovine cloning is because we, as aforementioned, found cows have similarities to humans such as being a mammal, land animal, and gestation period. We also aimed to keep the gender of the animal being cloned the same. The other main topic we searched for was somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). We had SCNT as one of our control variables and only looked at cows cloned using this method. The research we did on SCNT was mostly to understand how that form of cloning works. All of the articles found were accessed through an academic database such as BioOne. Although most articles were about SCNT or cows, we also used some articles that were about the cloning of other animals such as cats, or even plants.
Data After analyzing the articles we used, we found many different useful statistics on the survival rates of cow clones. Studies show that 0.5 to 4% of cow cloning attempts are successful (Tsunoda). 15% of these clones die before weaning and the remaining 80% survive 24 hours birth. 64% are still alive after 3 months, still very young but quite successful compared to the number of clones that become adults before dying. Only 6% of the embryos result in healthy long-term surviving clones that reach adulthood. This means that only 6% of the cow clones were completely successful and lived a decently long life.
Analysis With this data, we can conclude that, by averaging the percentage of healthy cow clones that survived into adulthood, from multiple experiments,
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Abstract The purpose of this study was to discover the correlation between price and quality of hair dye because many people are purchasing hair dye in convenience stores because of hair salon’s escalating prices. This study tested four different over-the-counter brands of hair dye. To gather results, 100% human hair was dyed with each different hair dye. Using the BOSE ElectroForce Tensile machine, it applied a certain amount of force until failure. The hair dye that had the highest load is L’Oreal Paris. Hair dye is extremely relative in today’s society because hair dye is used more frequently than the past.
Introduction In today’s society, countless people are concerned about the health of their hair, and it is important to be familiar with the basic structure of the hair because the growth and strength of the hair depends upon the growth stages of the hair strands. The threadlike strands that cultivate on the head or the body are called hair. Hair consists of approximately 91 percent protein; the other 9 percent is made up of long chains of amino acids. Hair tensile strength can be affected by the width of the strand, and the width of the hair is never the equal. On the scalp, the sizes of the width of the hair can fluctuate since the hair width is influenced by its maturity. The three cycles of hair growth is the Anagen phase, Catagen phase and Telogen phase. Thinner hair will be more predominately in the Anagen phase, while the thicker hair will be in the Telogen phase. (“Hair Cycle Resting”) This flexible protein strand has a hair shaft that is created through a follicle, which is the growing root of the base of the hair. Some of the components that are part of the structure of the hair are the papilla and the sebaceous gland. The papilla supplies nutrients to the hair, while the sebaceous
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Cloning
gland helps keep the hair conditioned. The three layers of the hair are the inner medulla, the cortex and outer cuticle. The inner layer is the medulla, the middle layer is the cortex and the outermost layer is the outer cuticle. When dealing with the treated hair, it can change the cuticle. For example, if the hair is bleached it will disturb the scales on the cuticle and removes the color pigmentation and will cause the hair to become brittle. According to the article “How Hair Coloring Works” by Marshalls Brain, hair dying has been a serious and an immense industry for an extensive period; such as heroes of the ancient Greece would use harsh soaps and bleaches to alleviate and redden their hair color would help identify them as a person with honor and courage. Marshalls Brain also stated that first-century Romans preferred dark hair, which was made by a dye that was developed from boiled walnuts and leeks. (“How Hair Coloring Works”) Females in America who dye their hair had increased tremendously from only seven percent in 1950 to seventy-five percent in the year of 2013. “Men increasingly cover gray or, following the female lead, change their look. Men's home hair-color sales reached $113.5 million last year, a 50 percent increase in just five years.” (“How Hair Coloring Works”) According to the National Cancer Institute, over one-third of women over the age of 18 dye their hair, and about ten percent of men over the age of 40 uses hair dye. The two articles that were mentioned in this paragraph are one of the most important articles in this research due to the fact that it illustrates the increased of people who dye their hair in 1950 to 2013, and hair dye has become more communal within today’s civilization. This study was designed to determine if there is a correlation between price and quality of hair dye because many hair dye consumers believed that the more expensive the brand of the hair dye, then the quality of the hair dye would also be better than the one with the inexpensive brand. Based on this finding, the researchers hypothesize that if the consumers decided to use the more expensive hair dye, such as the John Frieda hair dye from John Frieda, then the hair dye will decreased the risk of damage to the hair compared to the inexpensive brands, such as the Garnier, L’Oreal, and Dark and Lovely. Studies have shown that the use of permanent hair dye increases a person’s risk of having bladder cancer, dermatitis, depigmentation, rheumatoid arthritis, and respiratory ailments. All permanent hair dyes consists of two components, which are the color and the developer. (“Hair to Dye For”) According to Cindy Mortimer, males and females who use permanent hair dye products have twice the risk of developing bladder cancer, and hairdressers or barbers who came in contact with permanent hair dye products everyday had five times the risk. Hair dyes also decreased the amount of nutrients that are in one’s hair, including hair extension. “Hair dyes and their ingredients have
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Shayla Bellamy, Do Len, Jayden Levine Mentor: Traci Baker, Biology 6/30/13
Introduction Could human cloning ever be possible? That's the question we attempt to answer in this paper. Animals, like sheep, cows, frogs, and sea urchins have all been cloned, but humans haven't. Some countries have banned human cloning for multiple ethical purposes. In our research, we searched for a land mammal with a gestation period similar to that of a human's, and found cows are a relatively decent match to compare to humans. We believe that if we cloned humans instead of cows, then it would be possible, but the success rate would be lower.
Process of Cloning Before we could begin researching cow cloning, we had to understand how it worked. Clone safety. org gives a simple explanation of somatic nuclear cell cloning. The first step is to remove a non-reproducing, or somatic, so from a donor animal. Next, the cell's nucleus is taking out so the DNA of the donor cell does not interfere with the DNA of the clone's cell. Then, the somatic cell is please stay inside an egg cell from the animal that is going to be cloned and cells are fused with electricity. The new cell is then "stimulated" so it will start to divide normally, or as if it had been fertilized. When it begins to divide, it is put into a "culture medium" and continues to divide. After a week, an "embryo transfer specialist" transfers the new blastocyst into the female surrogate. The clone goes through normal gestation and the surrogate gives birth to the clone. The cloning process is now complete.
Purpose of Demonstration and Experimental Study We chose to do our demonstration on complications in animal clones in order to find out if it would be possible to clone a human being. To do this, we would need to find an animal out of those which had recently been successfully cloned, that comes closest to a human being. We found that the cow is the fitting animal. So by using the information we gathered on cow clone success rates and comparing the complexity of a human and a cow, we would be able to calculate the approximate success rate of a human clone.
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moderate to low acute toxicity. Human poisoning accidents are rare and have only been reported following oral ingestion. Contact sensitization to hair dyes has been a safety issue, mainly as a consequence of unprotected professional exposure.” (“Toxicity and human health risk of hair dyes.”)
into the graph above.
Conclusion: Our hypothesis: “Rock, Classical, Electronic, and Pop assert different affects on emotions” is proven due to the emotions of the subjects changing with the change of music. Also, our general hypothesis, “Rock will give someone energetic emotions, Classical will generally have a sorrowful feel, and Electronic and Pop will increase the mood of our participants,” has been proven somewhat plausible because some of the participants’ emotions were what we expected, but not all were due to become the expected outcomes that they did become. In the end, our hypotheses were to be somewhat expected, due to the ever changing moods and feelings of a complex size of group. As we began our study, we significantly agreed that all of our results would be what we expected (Rock would give an energetic feeling, whereas Classical would give somewhat of a sorrowful/happy feeling), but seeing our results, we remembered that everyone would have a different opinion over what we chose/gave our participants to listen to. The correlation of our study to our original projected results was a correlatively positive one, having at least half of our results equaling that of our project.
Works Cited: Oxford University Press “Handbook of Music and Emotion” Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press Inc. 2010. Print. Gaidos, Susan. “More Than A Feeling.” Science News 178.4 (2010): 24-29. Academic Search Complete. Web. 10 July 2013
Experimental Design Materials 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)
Garnier Nutrisse Nourishing Color Foam Permanent Hair color L'Oreal Paris Excellence Richesse Creme Hair Color John Frieda Precision Foam Color Permanent Hair Color Dark and Lovely Go Intense! 100% Blonde Human Hair (10 inches) Black Premium Plastic Round Plates 5ct BOSE ElectroForce Tensile Machine Scotch WELD Superglue Nylon Paper
Variables Independent Variables: The independent variable of this experiment is the different brands of hair dye. Dependent Variables: The dependent variable was the tensile strength of the hair (in Newton, N). Constants: The constants that are in this experiment are the color of the hair dyes, method of testing the hair tensile strength, hair type and brand, and the type of hair dye (permanent). Control Group: The control group in this experiment is the sample of hair that did not receive any hair dye. Experimental Group: The experimental groups are the hair samples that have the applications of one of the four brands of hair dyes.
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Procedures
are universally understood, and if music is experienced as expressive as a result of its recalling these same appearances in its dynamic character, then cross-cultural appreciation of the music’s expressiveness should be possible.” – Handbook of Music and Emotion.
Dying the Hair First, take out the human hair from the original package and cut out five bundles of hair that each has a width of approximately one inch. Next, label the numbers 1-5 on each of the black plastic plate with a marker. The plate that was labeled number one will be used for the John Frieda hair dye; plate 2 will be the hair dye from Garnier; plate 3 will be the L’Oreal hair dye; plate 4 will be the hair dye from Dark and Lovely; plate 5 will be the control of the experiment that will not receive any hair dye. Open the box of hair dye by John Frieda, and read the instructions that are located inside the box .Then, put on the gloves that are included inside the box and mix the chemicals as instructed. After the chemicals of the hair dye are thoroughly mixed, quickly apply the mixture onto the one bundle of hair as evenly as possible, and place the hair sample onto its plate label 1. Repeat steps three through five for the hair dyes from Garnier, L’Oreal, and Dark and Lovely. Place the fifth bundle of hair and placed it onto the plate label #5 for the control group. Start the timer for twenty minutes. After the twenty minutes are finished, rinse and apply conditioner according to each of the hair dye instructions for samples 1 through 5.
Methods: To begin the methods we will tell you our procedures. First we will get our subjects from our sign up sheet. Next we will have them listen to music of four differing genres. Then we will give them a survey. Once they complete the survey they will turn it in and we will give them candy. Lastly we will get the data from the surveys and put it on a graph.
Survey: The survey questions we will give will be: 1. How did you feel before listening to this music? A) Happy B) Sad C) Energetic D) Indifferent 2. Do you feel different? If so explain did this music make you feel A) Happy B) Sad C) Energetic D) Indifferent
Preparing the Hair Samples for Testing First, obtain and ply off the two folded pieces of nylon papers, and place them approximately three-four inches apart from edge to edge. Pull off one strand of hair from the John Frieda hair dye (plate label #1), and place the hair strand vertically in the middle of the two pieces of nylon paper. Then, acquire and apply the Scotch Weld Superglue to the hair strand that was previously placed in the middle of the two pieces of nylon paper. Next, fold and push each of the pieces of the nylon paper over to make sure that the folded piece of the nylon paper will stick together. Acquire a marker to label the samples as 1-1 for the first trials of sample 1. Repeat steps one through five for the second and
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Results:
The results are as follows: Music and Emotions In order to find our results, the first thing we did was we made a sign-up sheet to get volunteers. Then we waited for at least 9 volunteers. We had them listen to four different types of music and in-between each song we had them answer a question on the survey we made. Once they had finished the survey we collected it and gave them candy. Lastly we collected the data and put it
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same ones we give off after listening to a song we view as astounding. “Whereas we use words to communicate facts, we use music to communicate and evoke emotions. The emotional effects are believed to synchronize the brain cells and nerve pathways. For instance it’s almost impossible not to tune your walking to the pace of your music you are listening,” Psychologist Dr. Mike Lowis of University College Northampton. The reason we made this is because our group loves music and wondered if emotions are affected by music. Susan Gaidos says, “Studies have shown that music stimulates multiple regions of the brain at once, including those responsible for emotion, memory, motor control, timing, and language. It activates multiple varieties of pleasure centers in your brain, giving music listening the same affect as eating chocolate. Our group chose to explore the effects of music on emotions. The reason why we chose this is because our group loves music, and wondered if everyone else would be affected as well.
Music and emotions
Rock
Pop Electr onic
the third trials for sample 1. Repeat steps one through six for the second, third, fourth, and fifth samples.
Testing the Hair Samples First, acquire one of the hair samples that are ready for testing, and place it between the two grips on the BOSE ElectroForce Tensile Machine. Make sure that the grips are tight to prevent from obtaining inaccurate data, and adjust the length between the two grips to make sure that the hair samples are not too stretch or loose before testing. Then, press “Run” and rename the file according to the label on the hair samples on the program on the computer. Observe as the load (force in Newton) increases and as the hair is elongated. Press “Stop” when the hair has stretched to the point of failure, or when the hair sample is broken in the middle. Open up the data that was gathered from the program of the testing machine to Excel, and make sure the file name match up accordingly to the label of the hair samples. Repeat steps one through five to acquire the complete data for the rest of the remaining hair samples.
Classi cal 0
1
2 Indifferent
3 Energetic
4 Sorrow
5
6
Happiness
In the book Handbook of Music and Emotion it says Music is not a sentient and neither is its relation to concurrent emotions such that it could express them. In this book it is stated that problem two (there are three problems but our study is focused around problem two) concerns the listener’s response, where this mirrors the music’s expressive character. The book also says music is a “universal language of emotions.” “Some psychologists have claimed (Ekman, 1980, 2003) certain emotions have characteristic appearances that
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Results
Music and Emotions
Jonathan Perez, Steven Robertson Jr., Christopher Solis Mentor: Traci Baker
Data and Graphs John Frieda Garnier L'Oreal Dark and Lovely Control Specimen Max Load (N) Specimen Max Load (N) Specimen Max Load (N) Specimen Max Load (N) Specimen Max Load (N) 1-1 1.01 2-1 0.91 3-1 0.59 4-1 0.23 5-1 0.45 1-2 0.62 2-2 0.92 3-2 0.93 4-2 1.13 5-2 1.33 1-3 0.69 2-3 0.82 3-3 1.43 4-3 0.81 5-3 0.42 Average 0.773 Average 0.883 Average 0.983 Average 0.723 Average 0.733 Std Dev* 0.208 Std Dev* 0.055 Std Dev* 0.423 Std Dev* 0.456 Std Dev* 0.517
Table 1-1 The Tensile Loads at Failure (N).
Abstract: The purpose of our article was to find a correlation between musical genres (Classical, Rock, Electronic, and Pop) and their affects on certain emotions. We conducted our experiment using survey research on 8 participants (with their consent). After our experiment, we found that there was a plausibly positive correlation between the type of music listened to, and the emotions displayed. Due to people having different feelings about multiple music types, it’s not entirely possible for non-bias to affect our participants’ minds, thus being the reason we chose four general music types. Using this information, we can use emotional correlation to help the psychological conditions of certain patients.
Introduction : Music is one of the founding points of our humanity. We’re brought up from so many places with the factor of music always being there around us, being with us, so as a result, the tone and type of the music listened to affects how we view our world around us. It’s simply brilliant, it is something that brings us all together, and as a proven fact, everyone on the planet has listened to something at one point in time, and what the individual listens to somewhat either describes or affects what we’re feeling at that point in time. Listening to aggressive music will make someone more aggressive, while listening to classical music will actively open the brain and calm oneself at the same time. The purpose of our experiment is to find out how different people feel about four all-around generic music types: Rock, Classical, Electronic, and Pop and try to find out the correlation to four different types of emotions: Happiness, Sorrow, Energetic, and Indifference. This research project will test whether or not the hypothesis “Rock, Classical, Electronic, and Pop music affects people’s emotions in different ways” will either be proven truthful or false.
Graph 1-1 The Standard Deviation of the Tensile Loads at Failure (N).
Literature Review: This study was created to find a correlation between the affects that music and emotions share on the listeners of it. Our study group decided that we chose to do this subject because we wanted to see how others react to the music that we listen to everyday, and wanted to see if their emotions match the
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SKIT Therapist (Zainab) –– I have been treating Patient A for the past 13 months for Equinophobia. Patient A is a 16 year old, white female who has been exhibiting phobic symptoms since the passing of her father, a horse trainer who taught her to ride horses. Since his passing, Patient A has not had contact with her horses or any others. Her symptoms include dizziness, sweating, shortness of breath, trembling and acute anxiety. She also experiences obsessive thoughts and fainting. During our first visit, Patient A was unwilling to talk about or her father’s passing away. Her father taught her how to ride and train horses and his death seemed to have triggered her phobic condition. I began working with Patient A twice a month, using Desensitization therapy. The first step was to help Patient A become relaxed in the office. She was very uncomfortable at first, but on the third visit we began talking about her fear of horses. Graph 1-2 The Average of the Tensile Loads at Failure (N).
Results-narrative According to Table 1-1, the maximum load of the John Frieda hair dye is approximately 0.773 Newton (N). The average maximum load for the Garnier hair dye is approximately 0.883 N, which is 0.11 N stronger compared to the John Frieda hair dye. The average maximum load for the hair dye from L’Oreal is approximately 0.983 N, the Dark and Lovely hair dye is 0.723 N, and the average maximum load for the control (hair samples that did not receive any hair treatments) is 0.733 N. The hair dye from Dark and Lovely has the lowest average maximum load, which compared to the average maximum load for the control has only a decrease of 0.11 N. Table 1-1 shows that the hair dye from L’Oreal has the highest average maximum load of 0.983 N, which is 0.11 N stronger compared to the Garnier hair dye. The table also shows that there is a pattern of the increase or decrease of 0.11 N of the average maximum load of each brands of hair dye. Graph 1-1 represents the Standard Deviation of the maximum load or the tensile loads at failure (N) of each of the hair dye. The Standard Deviation graph of the tensile loads at failure also included the representation of an error bar for each of the hair sample. As illustrated in Graph 1-1, the hair sample without receiving any hair dye (control) is the longest while the error bar for the Garnier hair dye is extremely short.
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Discussion and conclusion The data in this experiment does not corroborate the researchers’ hypothesis because the hair dye from John Frieda, which was the most expensive brand of hair dye among the four brands of hair dye that were chosen, does not have the highest tensile strength. However, the brand of hair dye that has the highest tensile loads at failures is the L’Oreal hair dye because the hair dye from L’Oreal also has an extra protector lotion that was applied to the hair samples before applying the actual mixture of the hair dye, which could affect the tensile load at failure of the hair samples. The most common chemicals that were found in all of the four brands of hair dye were the Cetearyl Alcohol, Ethanolamine, and Ammonium Hydroxide. The four Amino py’razone sulfate, and ammoniun thiolactate are the chemicals that were found in the hair dye from Garnier, L’Oreal, and Dark and Lovely, except for the John Frieda hair dye. The cetearyl alcohol is in the form flakes which are white, waxy, and solid material. It is an emulsifier that supports the main emulsion system, and it also helps give the product more texture. Cetearyl alcohol combine with other ingredients, such as triethanolamine and stearic acid, maintain the combination of oil and water. (“Cetearyl Alcohol”) Ethanolamine was used in cosmetics to help form emulsions by decreasing the surface tension of the substance to be mixed which would aid the water-soluble and the oil-soluble ingredients to be unified. (“Ethanolamine”) Ammonium hyrdoxide is the pH adjusters, it was used in hair dye to help formulate the hair so that the dye can diffuse into the hair shaft. It can also be a denaturant. (“Ammonium Hydroxide”)
Desensitization Therapy (DST), a form of counterconditioning, is a process in which those with phobias are gradually exposed to the fearful stimuli. In desensitization therapy, a therapist helps the phobic individual confront the feared object or idea. Given the symptoms involved in phobia, this must be done carefully, as exposing an individual to the feared object too soon could result in extremely negative outcomes. The basis for DST is found in the research conducted decades earlier by Watson and Jones. DST is the unlearning of a phobia by slowly introducing the object or idea to the patient over a course of time, much like Jones did with Little Peter in the counterconditioning study. DST works by creating a calm environment in which the individual can comfortably talk with the therapist about the fear. This includes creating a hierarchy of fear which prioritizes fear responses generalized to stimuli associated with the feared object. DST usually takes a series of months or years depending on the severity and how often therapy sessions occur. However, one never truly extinguishes the phobia, but learns to manage or diminish the symptoms associated with the phobic response.
References Melinda Smith, M.A., Robert Segal, M.A., and Jeanne Segal, Ph.D. Last updated: June 2013 Craighead, W. Edward. Behavior Modification: Principles, Issues, and Applications. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1976 Wolpe, Joseph. The Practice of Behavior Therapy. Tarrytown, NY: Pergamon Press, 1990.\
The three graphs above is known as the Stress-Strain Curve, and the stressstrain curve is the graph that is most common when testing the tensile strength of an object. The first part of the stress-strain curve is called the Modulus of Elasticity (E). It is the measurement of the stiffness of a material, and it is the ability of a material to resist stretching when loading. If the load was to be removed from the material during the modulus of elasticity, then the test sample would return to the original length. The second part of the stressstrain curve is known as the plastic deformation, which would include the deformation and the tensile strength. When the load was removed from the testing sample during the plastic deformation, only the elastic deformation will be
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Read more: http://www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Systematicdesensitization.html#b#ixzz2YhX0oahV Group therapy of phobic disorders by systematic desensitization. Lazarus, A. A. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Ps
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Facing Your Phobia: Phobic Conditioning and Desensitization Therapy
recovered, and it is the point that also represents failures. At the deformation or the elongation of the testing sample, the cross-sectional area will decrease, the load bearing ability will increase, and the material is getting stronger. At the point of the tensile strength, the load bearing ability peaks, and it is the weakest point in the sample or the necking of the curve. The last section of the stress-strain curve is the point of failures.
Zainab Defalla, Eduardo Ibarra, Tara Jackson, NaKayla Murff Mentor: Angela Scott, Psychology Upward Bound Math and Science 2013 Phobias impact 15 million people in the United States (Need Source: Medical News Today.com) According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), phobia is defined as an intense, irrational fear of an object or idea that an individual tries to avoid. There are several different types of phobia and each phobia has different symptoms. Some phobias cause intense fear or panic, anxiety or stress, and may result in physical impairments. For example, claustrophobia is the fear of being in an enclosed area and symptoms can include panic, dizziness or fainting as well as shortness of breath. No matter the type, individuals suffering from phobias have a more difficult time living everyday life. There are several reasons we fear. One reason is for survival. Fear helps keep us safe. For instance, a fear of spiders and snakes keeps us aware of things that could potentially kill us. We also learn fear. Early psychologist showed that pairing one event with another over time results in a permanent change in current or future behavior; this is called learning. Research by early psychologist showed that we also learn fear through classical conditioning; conditioned fear can persist over time and can be generalized to other similar objects (Watson, & Raynor, 1921). Further research found that you could counter condition an emotional response, meaning an individual can unlearn an emotional response such as fear (Jones, 1924). This research has been pivotal to our understanding of fear and how to behaviorally treat fear-related conditions such as post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) and phobias. Both PTSD and phobias are psychological disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), which provides the common language and classification criteria for treatment of mental disorders. How does one go from a normal fear response to having a mental disorder? According to the American Psychiatric Association, a phobia is an abnormal fearful response to some perceived danger, imagined or otherwise. Individuals acquire phobias for different reasons. Individuals who have phobic condition suffer from a number of physical and emotional symptoms, including feelings of dread or horror, rapid heart rate, automatic and uncontrollable reactions which control oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body, and avoidance of the object or situation. While not all fear is a phobia, any fear response which interferes with daily living, resulting in impaired ability should be treated.
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The limitations of this study were due to human errors. Depending on the single strand of hair, it caused the data to be not consistent. Hair is naturally elastic and will elongate depending on its elasticity. Each strand of hair has a different elasticity which could cause the data to be skewed. The width of the strands of hair could also skew the data because of its thickness. For example, if the strand of hair is thicker than the other strands it will fail at a higher load than a thinner strand of hair. Another limitation from the experiment is the processed hair. Although, the study uses 100% human hair extension, there are many chemicals or components that are used to process the hair and produce the hair extension. However, there is no way to avoid the issue of the processed hair because there was no way to gather virgin hair. Some difficulties that occurred during this study were if the hair was secure on the Nylon paper. There could be a chance that the hair was loose between the two Nylon papers which would cause the data to be skewed. Another difficulty was the tensile machine. The tensile machine could skew the data because the function was not made for something as tiny as a hair strand. The strands of hair were not the exact same size when attached to the sample. The length of hair could be something that could cause the data to be inaccurate. Also, the specimens were put together by a group of people. Each person could have created the sample a little differently. Some questions that are open for further study is a study on the correlation of the width of hair and tensile strength. This should be further studied because it could answer questions that were created through this study. Another question that could be open for further study is segregating the different chemicals in hair dye and discovering their effects on tensile strength.
Acknowledgements The Hair Tensile Strength Research Group would like to acknowledge Mrs. Kaye-Monk Morgan, Mrs. Lydia Santiago, and Mrs. Traniece Bruce for providing us with the necessary materials to perform this research. The research group would also like to thank them for providing us with the opportunity to make this research possible. We would also like to thank our science mentor,
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Ms. Priya Fernandes for always being there to provide us with the help that we seek during the time for research project. The Hair Tensile Strength Research group would also like to give a big thank you towards Mr. Joel White, who is an engineer at the NIAR building for letting us use the BOSE ElectroForce machine to test the hair tensile strength. Mr. White had been an excellent help during our research project from helping us to prepare the samples, testing the samples, and helping us to create and have a better understanding of the results and the graphs.
Chapter Two:
Works Cited 1) "Ammonium Hydroxide." COSMETICSINFO.ORG - Your Source for Safety Information about Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 July 2013. <http://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient_details.php? ingredient_id=631>.
SCIENCE FAIR
2) Brain, Marshall. "How Hair Coloring Works." HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, Inc., n.d. Web. 13 July 2013. <http:// science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/everyday-innovations/haircoloring.htm>. 3) "Cetearyl Alcohol." Lush Fresh Handmade Cosmetics. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 July 2013. <https://www.lush.co.uk/ingredient/detail/id/89/name/Cetearyl Alcohol>. 4) Cumming, Geoff, Fiona Fidler, and David L. Vaux. "Error Bars in Experimental Biology." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 09 Apr. 2007. Web. 13 July 2013. <http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2064100/>. 5) "Ethanolamine." COSMETICSINFO.ORG - Your Source for Safety Information about Cosmetics and Personal Care Products. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 July 2013. <http://cosmeticsinfo.org/ingredient_details.php?ingredient_id=621>. 6) "Hair." Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2013. Literary Reference Center. Web. 13 July 2013. 7) Kimura-Ueki, Miho, Yuko Oda, Junko Oki, Akiko Komi-Kuramochi, Emi Honda, Masahiro Asada, Masashi Suzuki, and Toru Imamura. "Hair Cycle Resting Phase Is Regulated by Cyclic Epithelial FGF18 Signaling." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 132.5 (2012): 1338-345. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 July 2013.
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Survey
What's Got Your Heart Racing?
Anthony Ruybal, Ron Lam, Sophavy Nhem, Shylee Johnson Mentor: Angela Scott, Psychology
E-Waste Survey
Upward Bound Math and Science 2013
1. Do you know what E-Waste is?
Introduction
⎕ No (skip to question 3) ⎕ Yes (go to question 2)
2. If yes, briefly explain: _________________________________________________________ 2. What do you (or your family members) do with your old, worn out or broken electronics? (check all that apply) ⎕ Keep at home ⎕ Throw away in trash ⎕ Drop off/Send to a recycling center ⎕ Donate to a charity ⎕ Sold/traded for new ⎕ Give to a family/friend ⎕ Other: (Explain) ___________________________________________________________
4. What electronics do you get rid of/throw away the most? (check all that apply) ⎕ Televisions ⎕ Radios ⎕ Cell Phones
⎕ I-Pods ⎕ I-Pads/Tablets ⎕ Laptop/Desktop Computers
⎕ Computer Accessories (e.g., keyboards, monitors, mice) ⎕ Appliances (e.g. microwaves, refrigerators) ⎕ Game Consoles (e.g., Wii, PlayStation) ⎕ Office Electronics (e.g., Printers/Scanners/Fax machines)
Do you ever look back on a frightening experience and feel the fear all over again? What’s going on in your body when you’re feeling this? That’s what we wanted to find out. For our experiment we randomly selected two students from freshmen in high school to college freshmen, one female and one male. First before we began, we took each participant’s pulse to find their base heart rate. We then asked them to think about one of their most frightening experiences, and then we had them write it down and then they read to us what they wrote, then we took their heart rate again. Then we compared their base heart rate to their new heart rate to see whether bringing up a fearful experience would increase their heart rate or not. In order to begin our experiment we needed more knowledge on fear. What is fear? Where does the fear reaction take place in the brain? What happens to the body when we’re afraid? These are the questions we needed to answer first. So what is fear? Fear is an emotion caused by the belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat. But what happens when we’re afraid? There are things going on that we can see. Our palms get sweaty. Our body tenses up. We start shaking and sweating. But what’s going on with the body that we can’t see? We have acceleration of our heart and lungs, increased blood flow and muscle tension and a lot more functions throughout the whole body. This process is called Fight or Flight. This response occurs to increase our strength and speed in order to prepare us to fight or to run. It is a physiological reaction to a harmful attack or if your life is in danger, discovered by Walter Bradford Cannon.
Methods For our experiment, we are going to replicate an experiment previously done by Allan L. Lavoie. Which he did to test the reactions of the autonomic nervous system, and the Fight or Flight response. We then had to get background information on what the autonomic nervous system is, and what the Fight or Flight response is and how both of these functions affect the body.
5. How old are you? ________ 6. What is your gender? ⎕ Female ⎕ Male 7. Are you a college student? ⎕ Yes ⎕ No
To begin our experiment we took one male and one female student from each grade level, starting from high school freshman up to college freshman. First we took their heart rate before starting the experience. We then asked
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME!!
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them to recall one of their most frightening experiences and to write it down. Next we had them read it out loud to us. While they were reading their experiences we took their heart rate again, testing to see if looking back on a fearful experience will trigger that fear response, which in our case was to test their heart rate to see if it increased.
Appendix INFORMED CONSENT FORM E-Waste Project (Our Copy) Hello, This survey was designed by a team of high school students for their scientific research project. This research project is being completed for the Upward Bound Math and Science program at Wichita State University. The purpose of this study is to help us gain knowledge about what people know about e-waste and what kinds of e-waste they get rid of the most. We plan to analyze the data and present our results at our research day. E-waste is a topic that needs to be recognized and researched for better understanding and a better environment. We greatly appreciate your input. Your responses will not be linked to you in any way. This project is for educational purposes only and has not been submitted to the WSU institutional review board. There are no risks associated with participating in this study- no identifying information will be recorded. You have the right to withdraw from taking this survey at any point. If you have any questions regarding this project, please contact Ms. Kyrah Brown at ky.brown36@gmail.com.
Do you agree to participate in this survey? â&#x17D;&#x2022; Yes â&#x17D;&#x2022; No
Signature:_____________________________ Date:___________________ Thank you!
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References
Installing Linux and Gimp on a Laptop
Zhang, Kai, Jerald L. Schnoor, and Eddy Y. Zeng. "E-Waste Recycling: Where Does It Go from Here?" Environmental Science & Technology (2012): n. page. Web. Murugesan, San. "Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices." Green Computing (2008): 24-33. Web. Luther, Linda. "Managing Electronic Waste: Issues with Exporting E-Waste." Congressional Research Service (2010): 1-13. Web. Tanskanen, Pia. "Management and Recycling of Electronic Waste." SciVerse ScienceDirect (2012): n. page. Web. Tang, Xianjin, Chaofeng Shen, Lei Chen, Xi Xiao, Jingyan Wu, Muhammad I. Khan, Changming Dou, and Yingxu Chen. "Inorganic and Organic Pollution in Agricultural Soil From an Emerging E-waste Recycling Town in Taizhou Area, China." J Soils Sediments (2010): 895-906. Web. Janagam, D., and M. Jeyamani. "E-waste: A Major Threat to Environment and Health." Indian Journal of Science and Technology (2011): 313-16. Web.
Lilia Marquez, Tam Ta, Chris Childs Mentor: Mark Arrasmith
Introduction The Main goal of our research was to figure out how easy and cheap it is to install a chain of Linux called Fedora onto a blank laptop with no current running Operating System (OS) and add on Gimp (Graphic Image Manipulation Program), a photo manipulation program. Also we decided to look through Gimp source codes and give minor changes to the program.
Purpose The purpose of research was that we basically are technology fanatics. Another reason is that we wanted to do something new to us. The usage of new to us, meant that none of us has ever worked with things like programming and photo manipulation. Along with this we wanted to see what we could create. It will be later explained what we created. Even though the points said are true, we mainly did this out of curiosity.
History of Linux The founder of Linux is Linus Torvalds. Hence the reason Linux is named Linux (Linusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Unix). Linus developed this OS in 1991. He made it so that it would be freely distributed for any given personal computer (PC). Linux is an open source which means that anyone online can use the program and for free. Because this program is an open source many companies have taken part and made their own chain of Linux, such as Fedora, Ubuntu, Red Hat etc.
History of Gimp Gimp is an image manipulation program made by Peter Kimball and Peter Mattis who decided to write this program for their university teacher. The very first released version of Gimp is version 0.54. This version was released in 1996. Also Gimp is an open source. Which again means it is available online for the community.
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Question
Results: Supporting Evidence for Hypothesis
How cheap would it be to install Fedora (Linux) and Gimp on a blank laptop without a running OS?
Hypothesis We believe that we can install Linux and run an image manipulation program (Gimp) on a laptop for less than $200.
We hypothesized that cell phones would be the most commonly discarded electronic. This hypothesis was not fully supported. We found that computer accessories (mice, keyboards, etc.) were actually disposed of the most often. This is useful information because now that we are able to indicate what is thrown out the most, we can find better alternatives for discarding them. Computer accessories are very easy to recycle, because they're usually just small parts that may only need a tune up.
Conclusion and Future Research
Materials and Methods Blank laptop with no running OS Linux CD (Fedora or any kind) Gimp source codes We used the official websites of the programs to figure out how to work some of the things. Also another one of our major contributors was from our Computer programming teacher, Mr. Arrasmith.
Our research hopefully gave some insight on the harms of e-waste. However, future research can go one step further. Our group has not only researched the positive effects e-waste recycling has on the environment, but we also came across data that showed many economic benefits. With this in mind, more companies would be more likely to recycle or use greener products (Murugesan, 2008). Not only could we protect our planet and reverse the damage, but we can also help strengthen the world's economy. In order to do that, we must start now.
Procedures for Linux We acquired a Linux CD from the internet, and proceeded with installation. The program, it needs specific code so prior knowledge of programming is needed.
Procedures for Gimp Go to Gimp.org and simply download it to a computer, then you would have to use some sort of command term in order to control the operating system. After that’s done, simply finish the installation.
Results We managed to manipulate an image and add on different layers towards our project and were able to create a new image out of something old.
Linux Laptop Linux was successfully installed on the laptop while also having all three users on it as well. Gimp was also installed and is known to work if not better than
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Windows.
Figure 2.
Current Linux Distribution Stats Linux usage has decreased by 1.7% over the years, Windows has surpassed Gimp because of gaming, etc.
Conclusion Since Linux and Gimp are free, we got both for no cost. We managed to run and install Gimp and also managed to run Linux more efficiently than Windows.
Further Research You can simply install Linux and Gimp from anywhere and any computer, Gimp has various versions so itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important to know the command terms.
Figure 3.
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Are You Your Birthday?
most commonly thrown away electronic (11 out of 16). (see Figure 2)
Jessica Griffin, Andie Burch, Nikki Allums, Payton Morgan Mentor: Angela Scott, Psychology
When our group discussed e-waste, we believed that most people would not know what e-waste was. After analyzing the results, we found we were correct in our prediction. Seventy-three percent of participants responded “no” (see Figure 1). However, we expected to see a higher percentage of participants to be able to define e-waste, than the actual percentage of people who could. Only 25% (4 out of the 16) of our participants could accurately explain e -waste. This confirms that people aren’t well-informed on the topic, adding to the importance of our research.
Abstract Horoscopes are important in our culture; we use them in everyday life. There are many songs that incorporate horoscopes into our lives and make us believe that just because we are a certain sign we have to act a certain way. Our research group developed two questions: do people’s personalities come through conscious influence of zodiac signs or unconscious traits? And do individuals’ self-depictions match their horoscopes? So we developed an experimental design in order to test our question. We used a pre-written survey tool, which identified how people felt about their personality by asking them to rate a description on a scale of 1-5 with 5 being “extremely like me” and 1 being “not at all like me”. Results were consistent with research. 61% of subjects gave high accuracy ratings to incorrect horoscope descriptions. When asked to identify the description which best described them, 92% of subjects chose the inaccurate descriptions. Implications are discussed.
The final question we had for our survey participants was what they did with their old electronics. The most common response was “keep at home” and “donate” (see Figure 3). This is better than throwing them in landfills, but eventually those electronics will get thrown away. A better alternative would be to send the electronics to a recycling center so they can be taken apart so that certain parts can be reused. Figure 1.
Introduction “Hey Baby, What’s Your Sign?” is a commonly used example of how not to start a conversation with anyone you are seriously interested in getting to know. Still horoscopes have maintained popularity among people since first appearing in newspapers over 80 years ago. People use horoscope descriptions to determine whom to date, to describe themselves to others, even to determine the day’s activities. According to research, almost 25 percent of people believe in astrology and a slightly smaller percentage take horoscopes serious enough to receive one-on-one readings (Roberts, 2011). For an astrological prediction not based on the scientific method, horoscopes seem to carry a lot of weight in our society. Our research team wondered why? The Forer Effect, also called the Barnum Effect, may explain some of the reasons for the wide-ranging acceptance of horoscopes. Forer’s 1949 study found that individuals will give high accuracy ratings to personality descriptions (such as horoscope descriptions) they believe to be unique to them, but are in fact vague statements applicable to a wide range of people (Forer, 1949). Further studies showed that individuals who believe the descriptions apply to him or her alone, give high accuracy ratings as well.
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to visit an e-waste recycling center in Wichita to ask questions and strengthen our knowledge on e-waste. We took many photos of the experience and increased our knowledge on the matter of e-waste which greatly helped us in our research. Next, we were able to make our prediction that cell phones would be the most commonly discarded electronic. We then had to decide what would be the best way to go about getting this information effectively. Distributing a survey seemed like the quickest and most effective method. Soon, we put together an informed consent form and created a set of questions for our survey. After completing the task of creating the surveys, we began administering them at WSU’s RSC building to willing participants. They signed the consent form (and received a copy of their own), filled out their survey, and were offered candy as a “thank-you” for participating. We were able to collect 16 surveys. Our final step was analyzing the data. Using Microsoft Excel, we were able to calculate our data efficiently. We also double checked our information by hand to make sure we were accurate. We went through each survey and tallied results, organizing it by age and gender to see if that would be a variable in our study. We designed a Power Point presentation including our methods, results and conclusions. Materials Our study simply consisted of the use of pen, paper, camera (to take photos of our trip to the e-waste recycling center in Wichita), computer programs (Power Point, Excel, and Word) and the internet. Our project didn’t require a great deal of materials. See appendix for informed consent form and survey.
Results For our survey, we were looking for three main points of clarification. First, we wanted to know what electronics were thrown away the most. This question was what we based our predictions on. Second, we wanted to know how many people knew what e-waste was. Finally, we wanted to know what our participants did with their electronics when they were no longer in use. Participants were able to check all answers that applied to them. We predicted that cell phones would be the electronic thrown away the most. However, computer accessories were thrown away the most often. Eighty-eight percent (14 out of 16) of participants indicated that they discard computer accessories. Cell phones were not far behind, they were the second
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Illusionary Correlation refers to a perceived relationship between two variables when no relationship actually exists. Individuals may believe there are correlations between a person’s personality traits and horoscope, even when no such relationship exists; for instance, dating people with certain zodiac signs only because people in those groups are better at relationships. Instances in which the expectation is upheld are seen as evidence of the perceived correlation’s existence and the other instances are ignored. Research has shown that previous expectations can lead people to form illusionary correlations and that these can persist even in the face of information which shows the perceived relationship is nonexistent (Kunda, 1999). To further explore these psychological concepts, we decided to see how accurately students in Upward Bound Math and Science rated vague descriptions they believed to be horoscope descriptions.
Methods The Upward Bound Math and Science Research Team administered a survey containing a list of twelve personality descriptors from each of the twelve zodiac signs to 49 students in the Upward Bound Math and Science summer program at Wichita State University, Hubbard Hall. Participants were asked to read and sign a consent form informing them of the goals of study and any possible risks. They were also informed that they could opt out of the survey at any time without penalty. Once signed, the informed consent was collected; afterwards, the facilitator read the survey instructions out loud while participants followed along. When completed with the survey, participants raised their hands and the research team collected their survey. Both the informed consent and survey measure were placed in envelopes and stored in the office. The survey tool directed participants to read the profile and to circle on the scale the number which best reflected how much the profile sounded like them. The scale contained numbers 1 through 5 with 1 representing “Not like me at all” and 5 representing “Extremely like me”. A rating of 4 or 5 was the cut off to be considered “high”. The survey also asked participants to circle the letter representing the profile that is overall the most like them and to explain why they chose that particular profile. Survey results were input into a data base and analyzed to determine response frequencies and level of accuracy.
Results Frequencies were analyzed to determine results. Findings from the study indicate that overall, students in the UBMS program rated vague horoscope descriptions highly, which is consistent with research. 61% of subjects gave
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high accuracy ratings to incorrect horoscope descriptions. When asked to identify the description which best described them, 92% of subject chose the inaccurate descriptions. Only 8% of participants chose the exact description.
Discussion The results of this data have implications in a number of fields. First, it shows that individuals are prone to accepting inaccurate descriptions of themselves, despite the fact that such information has not otherwise been validated. In the case of horoscopes, individuals who have more superstitious beliefs may be more inclined to accept such descriptions. Vague descriptions such as horoscopes, reflect general characteristics about a large group of people and are not likely to reflect individual differences. Further, this phenomena shows how people form illusionary correlations. When individuals make judgments about traits within groups of people based upon correlations that may not exist they are prone to forming stereotypes about those individuals. For instance, you have a negative experience in a relationship with an individual who is a Gemini and now, all individuals with that Zodiac Sign come to represent that negative trait. In the real world, this occurs with a number of groups, particularly race and gender (for instance, African Americans can sing, Asian Americans are good at math, Baggy clothes are criminal). Instances where these stereotypes are confirmed serve only to heighten our belief, much like instances in which horoscope descriptions accurately reflect our perceived feelings or beliefs.
Conclusion Much like Forer (1948) found in his study, vague even fictitious trait descriptions can easily deceive individuals into inaccurate expectations and beliefs about self and others. Given the prevalence of this phenomena we should make efforts to get to know individuals before we judge them based on limited experience.
References Horoscopes: A sign of the times By Genevieve Robert. Retrieved 7/8/2013 from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/horoscopes-a-sign-of-thetimes-2189608.html Kunda, Z., (1999). Social Cognition: Making Sense of People. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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In order to repair the damage we’ve done to our planet, we need to address the issue of e-waste and find better alternative methods of producing, using, and discarding our electronic equipment. Without educating others on this topic, we cannot thoroughly resolve the problems we face and are currently facing.
Purpose of Research Study “How can understanding e-waste be helpful to us? Why is it so important to know what it is?” Those are questions many people ask when they are introduced to the topic “e-waste.” It definitely was the first question my group asked. Many people have heard about e-waste, but don’t really understand how much it impacts our lives. The goal of our study was to: determine how many people knew what e-waste really was, indicate how they discard electronics, and which electronics they throw away the most. We believed that if we could calculate this information, we’d be able to gain an understanding on whether or not people knew what we were doing to our environment.
Hypothesis As a group, we predicted that the majority of participants would claim they discarded cell phones the most. We came to this prediction because it’s very common for college students to have cell phones. When the “latest and greatest” phones are released, everyone wants to upgrade and replace their current phones, meaning out with their old mobile devices. We also hypothesized that many of the participants would not know what e-waste was, or not know the accurate definition of “e-waste.”
Methods Participants A total of 16 people participated in this study. Fifteen participants were college students (the other participant worked on WSU Campus). Their ages ranged from 18-34. The mean age was 23 and the mode age was 20. Ten participants were males and the other 6 were females. All participants signed an informed consent form. Procedure Our first step was to form a question. We wanted to know if people actually understood e-waste, and we were curious to what electronics they disposed of the most. We wanted to gain some background information first. Not only did we find many articles relating to our topic, but we also had the opportunity
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Forer, B. R., (1949). The Fallacy of Personality Descriptions: A classroom demonstration on gullibility
E-Waste Takeover! Taylor Bishop, Michael Gladney II, Dursitu Hassan, Kiley Moose Research Mentor: Ms. Kyrah Brown, Environmental Science
Literature Review “It was estimated that the rate of e-waste generation globally was approximately 40 million tons a year.” (Schnoor, Zeng, & Zhang, 2012). This startling number should motivate people to make a change. However, the reason we can’t make a significant change, is simply because many people do not know what e-waste really is. “E-waste” is defined as electronic waste, such as worn out/broken laptops, desktops, cell phones, appliances, televisions, and more. Anything electric that is being thrown away to be sent to landfills is classified as e-waste. This topic is important for many reasons, mainly because of the risks we’re putting our environment and health at. To make matters worse, the amount of e-waste generated is significantly increasing every year and will continue to do so unless something is done soon (Tanskanen, 2012). On average, each PC in use around the globe generates about a ton of carbon dioxide a year (Murugesan, 2008). This causes “global warming.” Carbon dioxide, along with many other harmful gases, is a “greenhouse gas.” Basically, greenhouse gases are gases that are stuck inside the Earth’s atmosphere, trapping sunlight, thus causing the Earth to heat up (A.K.A. global warming). Global temperatures are rising, which is problematic for numerous reasons. For example, the top 10 warmest years have all occurred since the year 1980. This is the reason that storms, droughts, and other weather-related disasters have been occurring at a higher intensity and frequency (Murugesan, 2008). So, how do broken/old, thrown-away electronics harm us? If they’re no longer in use, they aren’t generating carbon dioxide or other dangerous gases, so what is so bad about throwing them in landfills? The issue is that computers contain hazardous toxic materials, and when dumped in landfills, pollute the earth and contaminate our water. These toxins can have very harmful effects on a person’s health (Luther, 2010). For example, damage to both male and female reproductive systems is just one major impact of the dangerous toxins (Janagam & Jeyamani, 2011).
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lation experienced is indicative of addiction. Further, we found ourselves lying to our teachers and peers, keeping secrets and breaking rules in order to supply our habit.
The Physics of Follow-through in Sports
Loc Hoang, Charles Sayer, Zahara Ward, Jordan Winston Mentor: Haley Gordon, Physics One of the best (and most fun) ways to explore physics and how it relates to real-world is through sports. Every sport always has physics. The research we chose to do is how far can we kick, throw, or hit a ball. So, today we are going to present about the Physics of follow-through motions. Hope you guys enjoy the presentation. We chose this topic because we know how to do the regular actions with the balls, but we wanted to go farther into detail and learn if the balls go farther with or without the follow-through motion. We also love sports. We thought it would be interesting and a fun opportunity to learn more about the physics involved in the sports we love so much. So, here we go, kicking a soccer ball involves transferring energy (movement) from your leg to the ball. Another thing that happens to the ball when you kick it is the ball actually deforms. In basketball, what we did with the basketball was a follow-through jump shot motion to see how much force is being pushed through the air to reach its main intended goal. During the tennis ball experience, we used a ping pong paddle to hit the ball. The ball was tossed up in the air which gravity came in to effect. The gravity pulls it back down then we hit the ball with the paddle with force of push. Acceleration now comes into play. Then, the ball goes into the air. Again the gravity pulls it back to the ground because the force of gravity is stronger than the force of the air. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why the ball deports on the ground. The volleyball was similar to the tennis ball but instead we used our bare hands to hit the ball. Most of the same reactions that happened to the tennis ball happened to the volleyball.
Conclusion Drug addiction is one of the most prevalent health conditions in the Unites States. Addiction has adverse effects not only on the psychology of the addict, but the larger environment as well. Research has shown the processes involved in addiction are biological, psychological and sociological. Our simulation reflected this research. It also reflects that in order to effectively treat addiction, one must address all aspects which influence the addicted individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behavior. This model is often found in treatment centers, however addicts unable to access such facilities often find themselves criminalized by society, demonized by family and friends, and eventually deceased.
References Doweiko, H.E. (1990) Concepts of chemical dependency. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. American Psychological Association (2000). www.apa.org. Retrieved June 13, 2013. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2010). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. Retrieved from http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/ NSDUH/2k10NSDUH/2k10Results.htm June 15, 2013.
In conclusion, we think that if we use the follow-through motion, then the ball will go farther. We learned that follow-through motion has to have force of friction, force of a push or pull, force of acceleration, and force of gravity to make any movements.
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Methods Our research team is interested in exploring the effects of addiction in hopes to better understand and treat addictive behavior. To do this safely and ethically, we participated in an active learning simulation exploring the biological, psychological and sociological processes of addiction. This is known as the bio-psycho-social model of drug addiction (Doweiko, 1990). We collected qualitative information through journaling and categorized our results thematically for analysis. For this simulation we were to become “Ice Cube Addicts”, meaning our drug of choice was ice cubes. Ice cubes represented the processed form of water, just as crack cocaine is the processed form of powder cocaine. Our thirst represented the craving commonly associated with addiction. Every time we took a drink, no matter the substance, an ice cube had to be in it. Ice cubes in this simulation are a drug and therefore illegal and socially unacceptable. As addicts, we were not permitted to show others our ice cubes or be seen eating them as this would be analogous to “getting high” in public. We also wore bracelets which represented track marks from long term drug use. The sight of the bracelets to others was also socially unacceptable and a sign of our attempt to hide our drug addiction. In addition, we kept an hourly log in which we journal our experience and answered to three questions: 1. How thirsty are you now? 2. Where is your next ice cube coming from? What is your plan to satisfy your cravings? We conducted this simulation for two days and recorded our findings.
Results Dominant themes which emerged from the simulation were isolation, pressure, embarrassment, and disruption of daily activities. Addict 1: “I feel as if I’m going crazy, I didn’t know that craving for ice could become an addiction.” Addict 2: “I feel pressure, I have to put ice in everything I drink, even my coffee!” Addict 3: “I don’t like this experiment, I’m starting to feel like a real substance abuser.” We uncovered that being an addict can be extremely stressful which in turn can promote further addictive behaviors. The lack of control and manipu-
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Testing Your Tastes: A Demonstration of Sensory Interaction in Flavor Recognition Tori Carlson, Mahalia Clemons, Solomon Carroll Mentor: Angela Scott, Psychology Upward Bound Math and Science 2013
Introduction Throughout man-kind, our knowledge of the human body has increased dramatically. But yet, scientists are still puzzled on some aspects. For example, the taste and smell connection. What they have figured out is that we have five basic senses: salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami, which means “pleasant savory taste” in Japanese. When we eat a food, the odor molecules go to the back of the mouth and into the throat, where the nasal cavity is connected. So now the scent reaches the olfactory receptors and can evoke a smell perception. Still, not everyone experiences taste the same way. Further study on senses and perception has identified differences in taste perception among cultures and gender. This body of research identified women as having stronger taste perception than men. Our research group decided to explore the interaction between what we can smell and what we can taste using jelly beans. We chose jelly beans because the color, which is our subjective perception; most of the time matches the flavor. So we chose a flavor in which the color is unusual with most of our participants, thus giving us a better and more accurate response from them. After further research we created the hypothesis stating: If our participants plug their nose, more females will be able to decipher the flavor of the food we provide them in both groups.
Procedures Participants were divided into two groups of ten (10), an experimental and control group. First, we told the participants, in the control group, where to arrive at: Fairmount Towers’ 1st floor lounge at 8:10 pm. We thanked them for their participation and told them if they do not eat anything with glucose, that their willingness to participate was well appreciated, but that this is not the study for them because jelly beans contain glucose. Then we proceeded with the study. Tori handed them a sheet to record their answers on. On the far left, is a column that tells them to mark whether they are a female or male. In the middle will say “Your guess (by sight)”, the right side will say “Your
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guess (by taste)”. When they were sitting down, Tori gave them a jelly bean and they were asked what flavor it is by looking at it. Their responses were recorded on the left side of the paper. Then the participants ate the jelly bean and were asked the flavor again. Their answers were recorded on the right side of the paper. After the study, we thanked them again for their participation, and sent them on their way. For the experimental group, we told them to meet at Fairmount Towers’ 1st floor lounge at 8:20 pm. We thanked them for their participation and again told them if they do not eat anything with glucose, that their willingness to participate is well appreciated, but that this is not the study for them because jelly beans contain glucose. Then we proceeded with the study. Mahalia handed them a sheet to record their answers on. On the far left, is a column that tells them to mark whether they are a female or male. In the middle, it said “Your guess (by sight)”, the right side will say “Your guess (after plugging your nose)”. When they were sitting down, Mahalia gave them a jelly bean and they were asked what flavor it is by looking at it. Their responses were recorded on the left side of the paper. Then the participants plugged their nose, put the jelly bean in their mouth and chewed. After they had completely swallowed the jelly bean, they were told to unplug their nose, and record what they tasted on the right side of their paper. After the study, we thanked them again for their participation, and sent them on their way.
Results Our hypothesis was proven right, to a point. Yet, more people did guess the flavor wrong when their nose was plugged, at least three (3) people could still decipher the flavor. Our study’s responses may have been affected due to the timing of our materials and the timing in the experiment itself. Another fact we have determined is that we had a greater amount of females, in both Group A and in Group B, guessing the right flavor in the taste part of our experiment; which was buttered popcorn. In agreement with our studies, we found out that more females could guess the flavor more correctly than our male participants. Group A Before Tasting Right or Wrong
Percentage
Right
30%
Wrong
70%
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Hello, My Name is ______: The Phenomenological Experience of Addiction Theodora Thach, Angelica Delgado, Cody Coonce Mentor: Angela Scott, Psychology Upward Bound Math and Science 2013
Introduction Many people all around the world suffer from addiction; an addiction is repeatedly using a substance that can alter moods and behaviors. According to the American Psychological Association (2000), “An addiction is a condition in which the body must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms.” An addiction can occur for several reasons. Research has shown that one’s personality, biological makeup, and environment make some susceptible to forming an addiction. For example, some individuals may be risk takers by nature, and unable to “just say no” to an experience they have not tried or understand. For others, it may be in the genes. Studies have shown that individuals who have addiction in their family are more likely to form addictions throughout their lifetime. One’s environment may also predispose an individual to developing an addiction, particularly if one’s personality and genetic makeup are already predisposed to addictive behavior. There are many types of addictions and the most common one is alcohol addiction. Other addictions include but are not limited to, exercise addictions, internet addictions, food addictions, sex addictions, and drug addictions (U.S Department of Health, 2010) – basically anything one continues to engage in despite negative psychological or physiological effects. During an addiction you face cognitive, social, physical, and emotional problems. Drug addiction can alter cognitive activities like decision making. You can be socially affected by addiction in the sense that you completely isolate yourself from everyone around you because you don’t want anyone to find out what you’re doing. Your appearance can be highly affected if you’re using drugs, your teeth can rot, you can get acne on your skin, you’ll stink all the time and you’ll lose or gain weight. The emotions you try to get rid of as you do drugs can actually intensify those same emotions after time. The Upward Bound Math and Science Research Team wanted to gain insight about how to treat addiction as well as understand the phenomenological experience of addiction.
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of the participants didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t take the survey seriously. I wouldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve liked to give them a different survey such as, a survey dealing with emotion movement to see which side of the brain they were using the most.
Group A After Tasting (No Nose Plug) Right or Wrong
Percentage
Right
50%
Wrong
50%
Group B Before Tasting Right or Wrong
Percentage
Right
30%
Wrong
70%
Group B After Tasting (Nose Plug) Right or Wrong
Percentage
Right
30%
Wrong
70%
Female Participants Guessing Correctly by Taste (Group A&B) Right or Wrong
Percentage
Right
45%
Wrong
55%
Male Participants Guessing Correctly by Taste (Group A&B)
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Right or Wrong
Percentage
Right
33%
Wrong
67%
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Conclusion
The Left and Right Hemisphere. Which One Are You?
At the end of the day, after our research is gathered up and counted for, it shows that some of our participants have a high taste sense, and therefore should be known as “supertasters.” After calculation, we had a total of a 27% error in our experiment. As first timers, we believe that this is a good number, but there is always room to improve.
Resources Schweigert, W.A. (1988). Research Methods in Psychology. Long Grove, Illinois. Waveland Press, Inc. Gorman, W. L. (1964). Flavor, Taste, and the Psychology of Smell. Springfield, Illinois. Charles C Thomas, Inc. Hickman, F. B. (2009). Brain Sense: The Sciences of the Senses and How We Process the World Around Us. Springfield, Illinois. American Management Association. Frasnelli, J.P. (2009). The Perception of Retronasal Olfaction. The Odor Management Blog. 1-2. Stiles, F. G. (1976). Taste preferences, color preferences, and flower choice in hummingbirds. The Condor, 78(1), 10-26. Bartoshuk, L.et al. (2009 July 16). Sensation & Perception. Sinauer. June 24, 2013. http://sites.sinauer.com/wolfe3e/home/startF.htm Justine, R. (2012, April 1). Taste and Smell - BrainFacts.org. Retrieved from http://www.brainfacts.org/sensingthinking-behaving/senses-andperception/articles/2012/taste-and-smell/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Sensation_(psychology)
Jerrica Allen, Nana Aggrey, Khaing Pyi Mentor: Haley Gordon, Physics
The brain is vital to our existence. It can control our voluntary movements, and it regulates involuntary activities such as breathing and heartbeat. The brain serves as the seat of human consciousness. It stores our memories, enables us to feel emotions, and gives us our personalities. In short, the brain dictates the behaviors that allow us to survive and makes us who we are. The things we like to do and are good at are often because of how our brain works. Brains are divided by two sides, which are called “Hemispheres”. Each person’s brain is unique how exactly it is connected and patterned. Unlimitedly, this has the effect on how the body and brain works together. Our hypothesis was if the participants take the test, then it will affect the left or the right hemisphere of the brain. We picked twelve participants with different gender and different grades. We gave them the survey and recorded the data. After recording the data, we found out that most of the participants were both hemisphere brain. If you damaged the right side of the brain, your left side of the body lost movement, and if you damaged your left side of the brain, your right side of the body lost movement. The consequence of damaging the left side of the brain results in problems in the right side of the body, causing emotional and physical problems, difficulty in speaking and writing, and there might be problems with memory. The consequence of damaging the right side of the brain results in poor reasoning, results in impaired memory. Trauma throughout the whole brain reduced thinking speed, confusion, reduced attention and concentration, fatigue, and impairment. The learning style of both hemispheres: A right brain person prefers visualization, words mapping, and they’re creative. They’re more into math and numbers. They panic whenever they miss an appointment or other places to go. On the other side, a left brain person prefers to learn in a step by step sequential format, beginning with details leading to a conceptual understanding of skill. They like to lead on people. There no worry on them. They like to chill. Our project was about wanting to know if you’re right or left hemisphere of the brain. We gave the participants a survey and recorded the results. Most of our participants were both hemisphere brain. Females and males were different when it comes to the brain hemisphere. If we had more time, we would’ve liked to do more surveys on the participants because I felt like most
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daily. Such automatic responses suggest that a large amount of what we believe is our own choice and desire may really be planted through suggestion. These often subliminal messages direct and often determine what we do, in more situations than determining the color of soda. We suggest you think about that next time you make a purchase, recall events, or otherwise make decisions you believe to be independent of influence.
The Power of Suggestibility
Fermina Orosco, Veronica J. Nichols, Glenda Mensah-Sarbah Mentor: Angela Scott, Psychology Upward Bound Math and Science 2013
Abstract
References
Subjects in a summer program were tested to determine whether visual misinformation would influence response expectancies. Results showed that overall subjects were not able to accurately identify the flavor of cups containing visual misinformation (treated with food coloring).
Michael, R.B., Garry, M., & Kirsch, I. (2012). Suggestion, cognition, and behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2012 21: 151 Loftus, E.F., Miller, D.G., & Burns, H.J. (1978). Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 4, 19-31.
Introduction The power of suggestion is all around us - on television, in magazines, at the mall, in school and at work. In psychological terms, suggestion is the process by which something guides the thoughts, feelings, or behavior of an individual. Suggestions influence our expectations and can come from other people (a smile, a nod, a suit) or from the environment (setting) and may be on purpose or unintentional. Suggestibility is the quality of being inclined to accept and act on the suggestions of others. While science has not been able to define a particular trait for suggestibility, we do know that some people are more suggestible than others. The setting, a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s age, prior knowledge, and individual differences may affect oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s suggestibility. Research has shown suggestion to influence not only our behavior or responses, but our memory and our ability to learn. In memory, other information gets mixed up with what actually happened. For example, people were asked to remember a picture of a car stopped in front of a yield sign. After viewing the picture, they read a description of what they saw. For some, the description stated the car was stopped at a stop sign. They were then tested on what they saw. People who received misinformation in the description reported they had seen a stop sign in the picture (Loftus, et al, 1978). An example of suggestion in learning: a student who believes that her lucky rabbit foot will help her do well on the exam might believe more in her
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own abilities, have less anxiety and try to figure out the hard questions (Michael et al, 2012, p 151). The placebo effect is a well-known influence of suggestion. People who expect to become better from taking medication will report feeling better even if only given a sugar pill or placebo. The literature continues to point to instances in everyday life where suggestion has influenced one’s expectations and behavior. The Upward Bound Math and Science Psychology Research Team wanted to investigate response expectancies among students in a residence hall receiving visual misinformation. Response expectancies refer to the automatic responses we anticipate in a given situation (Michael, et al, 2012). We expect to see similar results as those found in previous studies. Students receiving soda treated with food coloring will report inaccurate flavors based upon the color of the soda (visual misinformation) instead of what they actually taste.
If suggestion has influenced the response expectancies of the test subjects, the flavors reported on the record sheets will reflect taste expectations of the treatment color. For instance, soda treated with purple food coloring will be identified as grape-flavored, the orange ones were orange -flavored, and the red ones as cherry-flavored.
Results Frequencies were ran to determine how accurately subjects identified the flavor contents of the cups. Overall subjects were not able to accurately identify the flavor of cups containing visual misinformation (treated with food coloring). For the red food coloring, 25% were correct in their flavor description; 35% were correct in identifying the cup with purple food coloring; 45% were correct for orange food coloring. 95% of subjects were able to identify Cup 4 containing visual misinformation. Table 1. Flavor Accuracy Cup Type
Methods In order to investigate the power of suggestion on response expectancies, we set up an experiment using lemon lime drinking soda, food coloring, and clear plastic cups. The 20 subjects were students in the Upward Bound Math and Science summer program and were solicited through an advertisement in the residence hall detailing the goals of the study as well as the location, day, and time the simulation would be conducted. Before the subjects began the study, small amounts of soda were poured into each cup along with the appropriate food coloring (red, purple, orange, no color) without them seeing. Three cups received the treatment (food coloring) and one cup remained without food coloring. Cup 1 was treated with red food coloring, Cup 2 was treated with purple food coloring, Cup 3 was treated with orange food coloring, and Cup 4 was not treated, contained only soda. Cup numbers refer to the order each cup was tasted. After cups were set up, subjects were invited into the Court Yard in Fairmont Towers during free time between 8:30 pm-8:45 pm on Tuesday, July 2, 2013. Subjects were asked to taste the contents of each cup and identify the flavor on the record sheet. Cups were presented to test subjects one at a time and they were allowed to smell the contents before drinking. All subjects received each cup with food color as well as the cup without food coloring. All subjects received and signed informed consents before participating.
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Percent Correct
Red
25
Purple
35
Orange Non Treated Cup
45 95
Discussion When we expect a particular outcome, we automatically set in motion a chain of mental processes and behaviors to produce that outcome - and misattribute its cause (Michael, et al, 2012). In reality, they were all lemon -lime flavored soda, but the presence of the food colors suggested other flavors to the minds of the participants. This study is an example of the power of suggestion in everyday life and how easily it influences our expectations and behaviors. A more common experience of suggestible behavior is “contagious yawning” – when multiple people begin to yawn after one person does it.
Conclusion Media and advertising, shopping malls and sales clerks, teachers and students, are everyday situations where suggestion influences behavior
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