3535 INTERLAKE AVE N.
SEATTLE, WA 98103 FALL 2018 ARCH 511 GRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO LIMIT
TEMP
+2°C
fall 2018 arch 511 GRADUATE Design studio
© 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has been a pleasure teaching the architecture graduate students in my graduate studio section from fall semester, 2018. This has been the most rewarding teaching experience in my academic career thus far. Hopefully, my interaction with the students in this studio has made clear to them the significant impact that the built environment imposes on our natural environment and has added useful tools to their toolkit which will assist them in making meaningful contributions to the built environment in the future. Of course, I would like to thank all the students in this course: Sean Anderson, Tobias Jimenez, Haley Ladenburg, Samantha Geibel, Taylor Chadwick, Hannah Mitchell, Akkarawin Valinluck, Ping Fai Sze, Fadil Zaky Ramadhan, Hamidreza Esmaeillou, Chu-Hsuan Kuang, Huiyuan Sun, Mckayla Holliday, Caitlin Smith, Mira Tihova, Da Guo, Irene Anderson, and Abagail Bellin. I have put fourth many significant challenges throughout the course of the semester and they were able to get through all of them at a high level. I would like to thank Da Guo for funding the construction of our concrete site model. I would like to thank Haley Ladenburg for coordinating between teams in the Precedents and Site Analysis Phases. Her contributions have been great to the cohesiveness and quality of work that resulted from this studio. Special thanks to Mike Jobes from Miller Hull Partnership who helped with selecting the studio project and provided the students with the opportunity of working on an actual project currently under design at Miller Hull. I would also like to thank all the professional practitioners who attended the studio midterm and final reviews. These were: Mike Jobes and Chris Hellstern from Miller Hull Partnership, Chris Griffes and Haruka Saito from ZGF Architects, Yasaman Esmaili from Studio Chahar, Matthias Olt from DLR Group, and James Juricevich from Olson Kundig. Thank you to client representative Jieun Shon for attending the studio mid-reviews. Many thanks to WSU faculty who reviewed the studio projects throughout the semester, namely: Gregory Kessler, Matthew Cohen, Paul Hirzel, and Taiji Miyasaka. Finally, I am thankful for the opportunity to cross paths with these bright and young aspiring architects and for being a building block in their ongoing growth. I truly believe that the future of our planet is in safe hands.
Omar Al-Hassawi Assistant Professor
Mike Jobes AIA, Principal
INTRODUCTION This book explains the outcomes from the Fall 2018 graduate architecture design studio at Washington State University School of Design and Construction. The main goal set for this graduate studio was to instill in the students a comprehensive approach to designing sustainable buildings that put the future of our planet at the foreground of the design process. To achieve this, students were required to submit thier design proposals to the 2019 AIA Committee on the Environment Top Ten for Students Design Competition. The class was asked to develop a proposal for a 100,000 ft2 mixed-use building in the Wallingford Neighborhood of Seattle that challenges the status quo of Seattle’s office building typology as well as address a variety of sustainability measures. This postindustrial neighborhood is undergoing a lot of change with industrial buildings being converted into office and retail space. The demographic is predominantly young adults, most of which have occupations in management and technology. The city of Seattle was selected because of the progressive measures it is taking to curb the negative impacts of climate change. This is manifested in the city’s Climate Action Strategy from April 2018 which commits Seattle to the Paris Agreement and makes it a goal to become a carbon neutral city by 2050. Seattle is leading the nation with many incentives related to reducing the impact of the built environment on the natural environment such as the Living Building Pilot (LBP) which uses the Living Building Challenge (LBC) as a basis for its requirements and provides incentives to building owners that meet more extensive green building criteria. This studio was developed in collaboration with the Seattle offices of the Miller Hull Partnership, one of the leading architecture practices in sustainable design at a national and international level. This collaboration provided a conduit between WSU students and the Seattle practitioners. It helped students establish ties with the industry as they prepare to commence their professional careers. For the practitioners, this was an opportunity to see what a design of a typical mixed-use building would be if constraints were limited to allow for creative design ideas to emerge. The Wallingford mixed-use development is an actual project currently in the early design phases at Miller Hull Partnership. In addition, the client, Evolution Projects, is highly interested in high performance buildings that meet/exceed current sustainability standards. This studio was comprised of eighteen students and was divided into teams of three for a total of six design teams that each developed a design proposal. The course was divided into three major phases. The Precedents Analysis phase spanned for three weeks of the semester and asked each team to analyze a contemporary and a vernacular building located in one of the four major climate regions. This phase helped students understand the operation cycles and processes of passive and active design strategies suitable for a specific climate region and identify strategies that can translate to multiple regions. The Site Analysis Phase spanned for three weeks of the semester and involved a site visit and documentation of findings related to zoning, code, environment, design guidelines, demographics, and other topics. This helped students develop a comprehensive understanding of the context. The Design Phase was the bulk of the semester and spanned for nine weeks. In this phase, teams developed proposals that addressed observations made during the previous two phases. The project site spans between 35th and 36th street and is bounded to the east by Interlake Avenue North and to the west by retail buildings, one of which belongs to the client. The site’s north-south axis is approximately 430 feet and an east-west axis is approximately 130 feet. An existing building is located along the northern edge of the site which was used as a stage fabrication space for the Pacific Northwest Ballet. In addition, there were a few small-scale buildings located along the southern edge of the site. The students were asked to maintain/repurpose the existing building to the north and consider the existing buildings to the south as demolished. The projects that resulted from this studio were the award winning project titled WallingfordW2E by Sean Anderson, Tobias Jimenez, and Haley Ladenburg which proposed solutions to the issue of waste management and centralized energy generation; GRO by Samantha Geibel, Taylor Chadwick, and Hannah Mitchell which addressed the issue of providing fresh food in urban environments; EVO2 by Akkarawin Valinluck, Ping Fai Sze, and Fadil Zaky Ramadhan which was inspired by the client and coupled office functions with extreme sport activities; Microworks Factory by Mckayla Holliday, Caitlin Smith and Mira Tihova which proposed bringing industrial programs back into the city; Flex Co. by Da Guo, Irene Anderson, and Abagail Bellin which provided adaptive spaces that respond to the users spatial requirements; and Momentum by Hamidreza Esmaeillou, Chu-Hsuan Kuang, and Huiyuan Sun which proposed a mixed-use development with the ramp being the main means of circulation.
Ta bl e o f c o nte n t s
Team Members precedents analysis continental/polar
arid/dry
temprate
tropical
site analysis photos
map
timeline
zoning
Students PROJECTS wallingford w2e microworks factory
gro flex co.
evo2 Momentum
Team members
Tobias Jimenez
Sean Anderson
Haley Ladenburg
Taylor Chadwick
Akkarawin Valinluck
Zaky Ramadhan
evo2
Irene Anderson
Da Guo
flex co.
Sam Geibel
GRO
Wallingford w2E
Ping fai Sze
Hannah Mitchell
Mckayla Holliday
Mira Tihova
Caitlin Smith
microworks factory
Abby Bellin
Hamidreza Esmaeillou
Huiyuan Sun
momentum
Chu-HSuan Kuang
PRECEDENTS ANALYSIS
Matterhorn Glacier Paradise Klein Matterhorn Peak, Switzerland 46.0207° n, 7.7491° E Matterhorn glacier paradise, design by peak architekten, is a 4,200 square foot mountain restaurant and lodge located on the Klein Matterhorn above the city zermatt. the building in an addition onto an already existing garage and workshop for the cable car. the building can host 40 people in the sleeping areas, and 120 people in the restaurant. The building has won 2 awards for its energy efficiency and use of renewable resources. The exterior solar panels modules use the sun for heat and energy. These layers leave a gap that is heated during the day a recycled throughout the building. Since the panels receive reflective ambient radiation from the snow it makes the modules 80% more efficient than plants at lower altitudes. The building has its own micro-biological sewage treatment plant, which utilizes wastewater from the kitchen and bathrooms, as well as greywater to flush the toilets. CONTINENTAL/Polar climate zone
psychrometric chart
strategies 8
9
sun exhaust/waste AIR HEAT SUPPLY/fresh AIR hot water 5
4 1
5
4
11
10
3
6
monocrystalline pv panel SYSTEM
7 2
2016-2017
Winter Solstice
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matterhon glacier
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a. Warm, waste air is drawn from the building b. Fresh, cold air from outside is drawn in c. Fresh, heated air is sent to the restaurant and guest rooms. d. Stale, cool waste air from inside is exhausted outside.
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Being located in the Swiss alps, the glacier experiences very cold days with snow almost year round. In recent years, due to climate change, the glacier has been warmer than normal which is leading to destruction. The restaurant helps combat this by producing artificial snow to keep the area covered during warm temperatures.
mm
Filter
climate Su
A
Filter
1. Sun heats pv panels 2. fresh air is heated in facade cavity 3. fresh air is taken to air handling unit with heat recovery 4. air is then dispersed into the restaurant and guest rooms 5. waste air taken back to the air Indoors Outdoors handling unit with heat recovery Spacer 6. heat pumps recover heat Membrane contained in the waste air 7. Heat is transfer to heating energy storage tanks 8. waste air is exhausted outside SPACER: PET (POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) THICKNESS 0.002” 9. Water is collected MEMBRANE: PET (POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE) THICKNESS 0.0015” 10. water is treated and heated 11. water isthickness distributed Spacer: PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) 0.002” Membrane: PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) thickness 0.0015” Core System
rock wool insulation 20 in. rock wool air cavity
Photovoltaic panels
metal frame beyond metal framing
metal framing
pv panel connector panel frame Photovoltaic panel
a. Facade connection detail
0
3”
6”
a
1’
construction the building is made of prefabricated timber panels with a double facade system. The exterior of the building is cladded in sheet metal facing and 180 solar panels modules at a 70 degree angle, This allows for the use of pv panels while maintaining the insulating properties. THis also allows air to flow between the facades that then can be harnessed for the air system within the building.
window glass Interior finishing
air cavity
Bedrooms Bathrooms Circulation Kitchen Communal Rooms Dining
carpet joist to sheathing connector timber floor joist
window frame
first floor plan 1/10”-1’
timber column beyond
carpet underlay concrete flooring
monocrystalline pv panel
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ground floor plan 1/10”-1’
wall section
www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/matterhorn_switzerland_2659729 www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/shrinking-glaciers-matterhorn-community-responds www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/matterhorn-disintegrating-in-the-face-of-global-warming-7615558.html Sustainable Building Services (pg 116-117) www.matterhornparadise.ch/en/company/environment-sustainability/matterhorn-glacier-paradise
taylor chadwick, sam geibel, hannah mitchell
Log structures of finland kuopio, finland 62.8980° n, 27.6782° E Horizontal Log Construction is one of the earliest methods of building in Finland due to the abundance of forests in the country. The most recognizable detail from the Vernacular Finnish buildings is the corner blocking which consists of overlapping logs with notched joints. This method is still used in some buildings today both in Finland and in other countries including the united states. AN important log structure in Finnish culture is the sauna which is utilized for purposes ranging from relaxation to marriage rituals. Saunas are one of the first heated rooms used in Finland and utilize an oven to create heat and steam. Originally saunas were their own separate buildings but now are incorporated into many different facilities throughout Finland. For 5.3 million people in the country there are today over 3 million saunas. CONTINENTAL/Polar climate zone
psychrometric chart
finnish settler’s yard
Construction method 44'-5 3/4"
SAUNA x uino
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n d ay s
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HOUSE
Winter Solstice
mn Eq Autu
mm Su
17'-6 1/2"
55° F
in
1.8
Living/kitchen bedroom parlor circulation
TRADITIONAL sauna
9'-0"
6'-0"
9'-0"
corner blocking - Square notch
FLOOR PLAN
place wood in oven
light fire - Sauna fills with smoke
when fire is out Pour water on stones
corner blocking - Saddle notch
Roofing material roof sheathing Rafters
section
sauna is filled with steam - ready for use
Steam pushes smoke out
typical R00F TO WALL CONNECTION
TRADITIONAL home design
PUnamulta (“red earth”) paint
used to make buildings clean and beautiful, imitate brick facing
Copper Tailings red dye color
4'-0 1/2"
south elevation
Rye flower binder
Linseed oil
8'-0"
Binder
Water section www.timeanddate.com/weather/finland/kuopio/climate en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_sauna www.revolvy.com/page/Falu-red
www.sauna.fi/in-english/finnish-sauna-culture/ cabinporn-ca.tumblr.com/ www.miljalindberg.com/finnish-vernacular-housing/
Piesik, S., Habitat: Vernacular Architecture for a Changing Planet. London: Thames & Hudson, 2017. Neuenschwander, E., and C. Neuenschwander. Finnish Architecture and Alvar Aalto:. New York: Praeger, 1954. www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24328773
workability
taylor chadwick, sam geibel, hannah mitchell
SOLON SE HEADQUARTERS BERLIN, GERMANY 51.1657 ° N, 10.4515 ° E
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solon se headquarters, designed by schlute Frohlinde Architekten, is a solar panel manufacturing facility and office located in the polar climate region. The building contains many sustainable features. One of the most important systems in polar climate zones is one for regulating temperature. Energy for the building is provided from pv panels located along the perimeter of the roof. this energy is used to power the mechanical ventilation systems and combined heating and power system. in addition, the facade itself combines energy efficient glazing, motorized shading, and opaque panels to help minimize the use of automated systems when possible. One of the biggest features of this building is the green roof. The roof help with absorption of rain water, as well as providing a recreation area for the building occupants. there are also 5 atriums that allow for daylighting, and help with ventilation and heating.
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insulated opaque panels
skylights
triple-glazed windows
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roof access green roof
operable shades
SOLAR PANELS
roof plan scale: 1” = 120’ 0”
west elevation scale: 1” = 30’ 0”
OFFICES/ COURYARDS & PUBLIC SPACE
MANUFACTURING
GREEN ROOF
pv & energy
heating & cooling
rainwater absorption- evaporative cooling through rain
atriums - provide daylighting & ventilation
cooling - radiant heat is blocked during summer
rainwater collection- rainwater collected in cistern for greenroof watering
pv panels- collect energy & provide solar shading
heating - greenroof provides extra insulation & blocks winter winds
energy production
electric scooters
photovoltaic system
bio gas
photovoltaic system
energy consumption
electricity storage
ventilation w/ heat recovery chp plant
supply air space heating
absorption Chillers chllers electricity grid
domestic hot water electricity loads
off-site energy generation
green roof structure
electricity storage
compression cooling engine
generator space and water heating steam turbine generator combustion chamber
space cooling on-site energy generation
absorption chill heat recovery boiler
cold air
green roof construction material properties concrete: vegetation growing medium filter cloth drainage layer root barrier waterproof membrane
specific heat capacity: 1000 thermal conductivity: 1.13
drainage: preventing a waterlogged system or a significant increase in weight by providing excess drainage
vegetation:
soil:
keeps roof cool, provides oxygen, increases biodiversity.
specific heat capacity: 880 (dry) ; 1,480 (wet) thermal conductivity: 1.28
filter cloth: concrete structure
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electricity
gas turbine
exhaust air in from bio gas resource
site energy supply
combined heating & power renewable energy
out to grid
n
Prevents drains from becoming clogged with organic material and growing medium.
gravel:
chp
capacity: 530 kW/m, 360 kw/m
biomass
USED FOR CHP SYSTEM
heating grid
heating consumption: 54 kwh/m²xa
solar energy PV CAPACITY: 230 kW
tech services “raumtalk” for room automation
devices
electric scooters
specific heat capacity: 710 thermal conductivity: 0.7
electric car
STATIONS FOR CHARGING FROM PV PANELS
Becker, Dyannar and Wang, Daisy. “Green Roof Heat Transfer and Thermal Performance Analysis.” Carnegie Mellon University (2011). M . Norbertfisch, Plesser & Langhein. “Pushing the Envelope” High Performance Buildings (2011). http://www.hpbmagazine.org/attachments/article/12021/11Sp-SOLON-SE-Headquarters-Berlin-Germany.pdf Voss, Karsten, and Eike Musall. Net Zero Energy Buildings: International Projects of Carbon Neutrality in Buildings. München: Institut Für Internationale Architektur-Dokumentation, 2013. https://www.bundesstiftung-baukultur.de/sites/default/files/medien/1/projekte/dokumente/plaene_solon_berlin_0.pdf CAITLIN SMITH, MCKAYLA HOLLIDAY, MIRA TIHOVA
TURF STRUCTURES NORWAY & ICELAND 60.4720 ° N, 8.4689 ° E & 64.9631 ° N, 19.0208 ° W
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timber wall & turf roof construction
15’ 0”
• common in norway • used where trees are more plentiful (forests) • uses wattle and daub for wall insulation and turf for roof insulation • can be elevated or built on stone foundation (each reduces rot) turf wall 25’ 0”
• common in iceland • used in places where terrain is flat (grassland) • air gap between turf walls and wood structure allows for an additional layer of insulation • Sometime dug into the ground (below the frost-line) for added warmth
timber structure timber walls
air gap
pantry/storage wood paneling
hearth timber structure sleeping benches
hearth
entrance w/ attic above
sleeping bench
plan scale: 1/8” = 1’ 0”
plan scale: 1/4” = 1’ 0”
turf wood truss
truss
Wall plate
tie-beam Wall plate wall board air cavity turf
air cavity wall board
bench central hearth
detail scale: 1” = 1’ 0”
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turf wall & roof construction
tie-beam
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TURF HOMEs, POPULAR IN POLAR CLIMATE ZONES, utilized natural materials, including the landscape itself, to create functional spaces. they consisted of a timber - framed post and beam structure (connected by pegs and notches) with turf roofs. turf is an abundant material in this climate zone. it is beneficial because it provides protection from the elements, including rain, snow, wind, and cold air. in most cases, the turf homes would have a centrally located hearth to provide warmth during the cold winters. turf creates a barrier of insulation to keep warm air circulating inside, and cold air out. two types of structures are addressed here: one with turf walls and one with wood planked wall. turf walls are common in iceland, where the terrain is flat, and forrested areas are less common. timber planked walls are common in norway, where there is an abundance of trees. more information about the specific benenfits and unique features of each is shown below.
turf wood truss wood planks
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10’ 0”
turf roof truss
wood fascia tie-beam wood panels wattle and daub wood panels wood planks & floor joist elevated log support
wood planks log tongue and groove wattle layer Daub layer wood column
section scale: 1/4” = 1’ 0”
section scale: 1/4” = 1’ 0”
detail scale: 1” = 1’ 0”
turf filters out smoke turf roof absorbs and directs water off structure
turf filters out smoke
Wattle and daub layer over wood helps retain heat
Thick turf walls and roof helps retain heat inside
structure deflects winds
structure deflects wind
structure deflects winds
embedded structure allows absorption of geothermal heat
Raised structure reduces risk of rot and water damage, but decreases amount of geothermal heat absorbed
axon - systems
axon - systems
turf roof structure
turf construction material properties upright sod
turf roof absorbs and directs water off structure
vegetation Soil with roots Lightly tamped soil
soil
grasses/THATCHING
specific heat capacity: 880 (dry) 1,480 (wet) thermal conductivity: 1.28
specific heat capacity: 180-645 thermal conductivity: 0.7 (wheat straw) 0.14 - 0.24 (straw bales) 0.046 (seagrass) 0.25 (compressed straw boards)
Soil with roots inverted sod wilted grass Overlapping birch bark sheets
wood structure
”Hurstwic: Turf Houses in the Viking Age.” Turf Houses in the Viking Age. 1999 - 2018. http://www.hurstwic.org/history/articles/daily_living/text/Turf_Houses.htm. Jim, C.Y. “An Archaeological and Historical Exploration of the Origins of Green Roofs.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening27 (October 2017): 32-42. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.06.014.
mosses
hardwood
specific heat capacity: 300 to 1,000 depending on moisture content thermal conductivity: 0.05 - 0.06 (dry moss) 0.08 - 0.14 (damp moss) 0.1 - 0.2 (saturated moss)
specific heat capacity: 1,380 - 2,810 thermal conductivity: 0.065 (at 12% MC LOOSE-FILL) 0.11 (AT 40% MC LOOSE-FILL)
”HurSigurðardóttir, Sigríður. “Traditional Building Methods.” Skagafjörður Heritage Museum Booklet no. XVI. (2011).
CAITLIN SMITH, MCKAYLA HOLLIDAY, MIRA TIHOVA
Great Mosque of Djenné, Mali
SOS sos children’sVillage, villageDjibouti SOSChildren's Children's Village, Djibouti tadjourah, djibouti Site history 11.8251° N, 42.5903° E Site history
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The Great Mosque of Djenné, in central Mali, is the world's largest mudbrick structure. It, like much Sahelian architecture, is built with a mudbrick called Banco, a recipe of mud and grain husks, fermented, and either formed into bricks or applied on surfaces as a plaster like paste in broad strokes. This plaster must be reapplied annually. 40%
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The sos Republic of Djibouti is located on the Horn of Africa andarchitects, suffers the children’s village designed urko The Republic of Djibouti is was located on thebyHorn ofsanchez Africa andthesuffers from from the persistent droughts and famines associated with and is approximately 28,000 sf. the persistent droughts and famines associated with the area. area.
deep research on the weather conditions.
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built date: 13th century
the republic of djibouti located on the horn of africa and suffers Architect: urko sanchezisarchitects Architect: urko27986 sanchez from persistent droughts and famines that are associated with the Area: 2,600 m2/ sf architects Area: 2,600 m2/ 27986 sf area.
located in tadjourah, across the bay from djibouti, the location Located across the bayfrom Djibouti, the development was of the site isTadjourah, known for having some offrom theDjibouti, hottest temperatures Located ininTadjourah, across the bay the development located on a site known for one of the hottest temperatures on earth. on earth. dueon to athe weather in djibouti, it was was located siteextreme known for one ofconditions the hottest temperatures essential to thoroughly research the weather conditions before on earth. even the concept ofconditions the project. Duediving to theinto extreme weather in Djibouti it was essential, even before getting into the concept of the project, ittowas do aessendeep research on Due to the extreme weather conditions in Djibouti the weather conditions. tial, even before getting into the concept of the project, to do a
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The mosque is built on a platform measuring about 75 m × 75 m (246 ft × 246 ft) that is raised by 3 meters (9.8 feet) above the level of the marketplace.
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Active Space Active Space First Floor First Floor Ground Floor Ground Floor Corridor Corridor Public Space Public Space
SOLID SOLID
COURTYARD COURTYARD
Introduction “Wast floodplains of Beni lack wood and stones – thus local people have no possibility to use these building materials. Due to the lack of wood they can not make baked bricks.” “Unique detail of large adobe buildings in Sahel are the "sticks" protruding from the walls. These are bundles of rodier palm (Borassus aethiopum) which are intentionally cut off some 60 cm from the wall.”
VOID VOID
P P 10am in dec.
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https://www.archilovers.com/projects/164304/SOS-Childrens-Village-In-Djibouti.html#drawings https://www.archilovers.com/projects/164304/SOS-Childrens-Village-In-Djibouti.html#drawings
http://themasjid.blogspot.com/2009/11/great-mosque-of-djenne.html
LONGNARROW NARROWopen openfloor floorPLAN PLAN LONG CROSSVENTILATION VENTILATION //CROSS
MASHRABIYA MASHRABIYA
Perforation Perforation
NARROWALLEY ALLEY NARROW
WIDEALLEY ALLEY WIDE
PANEL// PVPVPANEL powerGRID GRIDSYSTEM SYSTEM power
WINDCATCHer CATCHerTOWERs TOWERs WIND
shadowstudy studyononpathways pathways shadow 11:00am am//JUNE, JUNE,2121 11:00 http://archeyes.com/great-mud-architecture-mali-dogon-culture/ http://archeyes.com/great-mud-architecture-mali-dogon-culture/
2:00pm pm//JUNE, JUNE,2121 2:00
Great GreatMosque Mosqueof DjennéMali Great Mosque ofofDjenné, Djenné, Mali
Great Mosque of Djenné, Mali
Djenné, MALI
Site history 13.9054° N, 4.5560° W Site history
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built date: 13th century built BUILTdate: IN THE13th 13THcentury CENTURY, THE GREAT MOSQUE OF Djenné, IN CENRAL MALI, IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST MUDBRICK STRUCTURE. THE MOSQUE, LIKE MUCH TheSAHELIAN Great Mosque of Djenné,ISinBUILT central is the world's largestTHE ARCHITECTURE, WITHMali, AMali, MUBRICK BANCO. The Great Mosque ofIt,Djenné, in central is theCALLED world's largest mudbrick structure. likeAND much Sahelian architecture, is built RECIPE CONSISTS OF MUD GRAIN HUSKS THAT HAVE BEEN FERMENTED, mudbrick structure. It, like much Sahelian architecture, is built with called Banco,INTO a recipe of OR mudAPPLIED and grain husks, fer-AS A ANDa mudbrick THAT IS EITHER FORMED BRICKS ON SURFACES with a mudbrick called Banco, a recipe of mud and grain husks, mented, and either formed into bricks or applied on surfaces aferPLASTER-LIKE PASTE IN BROAD STROKES. THE PLASTER MUST BEasREAPPLIED mented, and either formed into bricks or applied on surfaces as ANNUALLY. plaster like paste in broad strokes. This plaster must be reapplieda plaster annually. like paste in broad strokes. This plaster must be reapplied annually. THE MOSQUE IS BUILT ON A PLATFORM MEASURING ABOUT 75 M X 75 M (246 FT X 246 FT) THAT IS RAISED BY 3 M (9.8 FT) ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE TheMARKETPLACE. mosque is built on a platform measuring about 75 m × 75 m (246 The mosque is built on a platform measuring m ×level 75 m of (246 ft × 246 ft) that is raised by 3 meters (9.8 feet)about above75the ft × 246 ft) that is raised by 3 meters (9.8 feet) above the level of the marketplace. the marketplace.
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The Great Mosque of Djenné, in central Mali, is the world's largest mudbrick structure. It, like much Sahelian architecture, is built with a mudbrick called Banco, a recipe of mud and grain husks, fermented, and either formed into bricks or applied on surfaces as a plaster like paste in broad strokes. This plaster must be reapplied annually. 80
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The mosque is built on a platform measuring about 75 m × 75 m (246 ft × 246 ft) that is raised by 3 meters (9.8 feet) above the level of the marketplace.
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Introduction Introduction “Wast floodplains of Beni lack wood and stones – thus local “Wasthave floodplains of Benitolack wood building and stones – thus local people no possibility use these materials. Due have possibility usemake thesebaked building materials. Due topeople the lack of no wood they cantonot bricks.” to the lack of wood they can not make baked bricks.”
Introduction “Wast floodplains of Beni lack wood and stones – thus local people have no possibility to use these building materials. Due to the lack of wood they can not make baked bricks.”
“Unique detail of large adobe buildings in Sahel are the "sticks" “Unique detail large adobe buildings in Sahel are thepalm "sticks" protruding fromofthe walls. These are bundles of rodier protruding from the walls. These are bundles of rodier (Borassus aethiopum) which are intentionally cut off somepalm 60 aethiopum) which are intentionally cut off some 60 cm(Borassus from the wall.” cm from the wall.”
“Unique detail of large adobe buildings in Sahel are the "sticks" protruding from the walls. These are bundles of rodier palm (Borassus aethiopum) which are intentionally cut off some 60 cm from the wall.”
palm wood to palm to help withwood shear with shear andhelp expantion expantion andand shrinkage and shrinkage 3’ thick adobe wall 3’ thick adobe wall mixture of mud mud nadmixture graine of husk nad graine husk
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http://themasjid.blogspot.com/2009/11/great-mosque-of-djenne.html http://themasjid.blogspot.com/2009/11/great-mosque-of-djenne.html
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http://themasjid.blogspot.com/2009/11/great-mosque-of-djenne.html hamid esmaeillou, ray kuang, huiyuan sun hamid esmaeillou, ray kuang, huiyuan sun
japanese minka Central Japan 36.1742° N, 138.2977° W
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Minka structures are vernacular houses that were primarily the homes of farmers and merchants in rural parts of japan. thier construction techniques and materials vary depending on regional building styles and climate conditions. the most important part of a minka house that are the various post and beam patterned structures; primary posts bear the structural load and secondary posts are arranged to suit the interior functions (i.e. walls, raised floors, stairs, built in furniture, etc.) other common traits include earthen floors, raised floors, steep sloping roofs (generally a thick layered thatched roof) and multifuctional interior spaces.
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cross vent. + stack effect
location + Strategies
thatch provides insulation warm air dries thatch and prevents mold
heat from the heath rises through ventilated attic floors
partition + beam + column
structure
operable wall panels
central hearth used for heating
rural vs. urban
floor plan
Types of minka structural frameworks
Program
primary structure
dining room
kitchen
creates footprint
storeroom bedroom
bedroom guest room
kitchen
jungle gym ridgepole ridgepole Support
secondary entrance
guest room/ living room
rafter
rising beams
guest room
earthen floor area
brace lintel beam floor beam
strut
rising beam
covered veranda living room
parallel crosses purlin
dining room
special guest entry
stable
box
roof supported by primary structure
family entrance
location + configuration
storeroom secondary entrance
umbrella
inverted u earthen floor
Work space
post beam foundation
cross
floor plan created by partitions
girder
creates program areas tatami mat raised floor
ladder
building strategies earthen floor
material + construction
living space
Work space
roof beam joints
joist thatched roof made of bamboo, reeds + straw layers
rafter beam approx. 2’
rafter beam thatch lattice rope lashing
secondary structure (non load-bearing) located according to plan
common post + beam joints
approx. 9’
beams are not milled square; dimensions vary
wood pillar wood pillar wood pillar corner stone
compressed earth
foundation beam
approx. 2’
foundation joints raised floor areas covered with tatami mats
corner stone
unmilled log https://kcp-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Gassho-zukuri.jpg https://i.redd.it/5sydvovcw9401.jpg http://factsanddetails.com/media/2/20090808-architecture%20JNTO%20a_03.gif
partition placement
according to secondary structure https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT90Dyr_xDPvru4kZt-7V6A0k6xZnggbHs3eOe6lG0tIereYs3q1g
nasa sustainability base
By: William McDonough + Partners
Moffett Field, California, usa 37.2431° N, -122.0232° W
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The nasa sustainabilty base was designed to exhibit and test cutting-edge energy-saving technologies, including water recycling, fuel cell energy, daylighting, solar panels, and a geothermal heat pump system. The architects, William Mcdonough + partners, describe it as “earth’s first high-performace space station.” the 50,0000 s.f. building was completed in 2011 with a budget of 20.6 million, a cost that is comparable to that of a conventional office building.
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Maximize Daylight
Form
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initial building mass
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building mass split into two narrow sections for optimal daylighting
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buildings offset to maximize natural ventilation and daylight access
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buildings curved to further maximize daylight; curved shapes are reminiscent of the moon
Passive & Active
Strategies
SkyLight
Solar Panels
Radiant Cooling Ceiling Panels
Structural Exo-Skeleton
Hot Water Radiant Wall Heating Panels
Photosythetic Envelope
Operable Glazing
Extensive Geothermal System
Radiant Cooling Ceiling Panels
Hot Water Radiant Wall Heating Panels
Heating
Cooling Heat Pump
Heat Pump Compressor
Expansion Valve
Increased pressure raises temperature
Reduced pressure lowers temperature
Evaporator
Condenser
Heat Exchanger
Heat Exchanger
Geothermal Piping Set-up options
Absorbing Heat
Vertical
Slinky
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https://ascelibrary.org/cms/attachment/07853594-b85e-4db9-bead-540bf3379034/figure5.gif http://www.daviddarling.info/images/geothermal_heat_pump.jpg
Horizontal
Releasing Heat
Pond
Abby Bellin, Da Guo, Irene Anderson
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NASA Sustainability forwardBase osmosis and reverse osmosis hybrid system 95%
Allows for
Purifi
lighter , smaller
“Spiral Wound” Membrane Layers
W ste
per gallon processed.
Wa
less energy
ater
ed W
recycling of waste water.
Higher volume of treatment, and requires
Water put
ate
er In
r
Wat
Water Flow
The Future Antiscale Supply Tank
pH Adjust Tank
Prevents scale by transforming minerals into harmless, inactive crystal particles, to protect equipments.
Basic or acidic water can be harmful in many ways, and it can cause potential unwanted chemical reaction in the system. The optimal pH value would be ~7.
Filter
Filter Forward Osmosis Module
Feed Tank 2
Feed Tank 1
Forward osmosis uses saltwater as the drawing solution, then reverse osmosis is used to remove the salt in the treatment process. By applying pressure to the Semi-Permeable Membrane
concentrated solution, only water molecules can pass back through the membrane thus cleansing water.
Water naturally flows from less concentrated solution to higher concentrated solution
Reverse Osmosis Module
Product Tank Contains water that can be used in number of ways including hand-washing and laundry,
Through controlled chemical reactions, NaCl (salt) water is used as a drawing solution in a membrane-aerated bioreactor to destroy organic contaminate (urine, for example).
Draw solution
Feed water
Draw solution
Feed water
Draw solution
Equilibrium
Osmotic Agent Tank
NaCl tank
Pressure
Feed water
How does it work?
Waste Water Tank
“NASA’s next step may take inspiration from living systems, according to Flynn. Biomimicry is a form of engineering that imitates living systems. For example, in the human body, the small intestine is a highly efficient water absorption and filtering system that works reliably for many decades. It is also self-repairing. NASA is looking towards designing a system that emulates the positive qualities of the small intestine.”
Forward Osmosis System
Reverse Osmo.
Forward Osmo.
Electricity
NASA Sustainability BaseSolid Oxide Fuel Cell Produce about 200kW of electrical power No combustion, reduce CO2 emissions by 40%
Three Layers Cathode
Fuel Cell’s efficiency at 55%, roughly 2x that of a conventional gas-fired power plant
LaMnO3
The ceramic anode layer must be very porous to allow the fuel to flow towards the electrolyte. Consequently, granular matter is often selected for anode fabrication procedures.
Electrolyte
YSZ electrolyte
The electrolyte is a dense layer of ceramic that conducts oxygen ions. Its electronic conductivity must be kept as low as possible to prevent losses from leakage currents.
Anode
Fuel Cell
Stack
Each cell generates about 1V of power, thus they need to be in stack for practical use
Ni-ZrO2 Cermet
The cathode, or air electrode, is a thin porous layer on the electrolyte where oxygen reduction takes place.
Air Flow
Fuel Flow
Overview
Reactions Anode
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H
+
E-
H2
H+
E-
H+
E-
CO + O2-
CO2 + 2E-
H2 + O2-
H20 + 2E-
H2O H2O
O2
Cathode ½ O2 + 2e-
O2-
“Solid oxide fuel cells are a class of fuel cells characterized by the use of a solid oxide material as the electrolyte. SOFCs use a solid oxide electrolyte to conduct negative oxygen ions from the cathode to the anode. The electrochemical oxidation of the oxygen ions with hydrogen or carbon monoxide thus occurs on the anode side.” “They operate at very high temperatures, typically between 500 and 1,000 °C.”
Energy Server
Server Module
Power System
Electric Current
https://media.giphy.com/media/fgII5Yg8Yyys0/giphy.gif https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RDA_B_dRQ0 https://www.nasa.gov/ames/facilities/sustainabilitybase/energydieting https://www.bloomenergy.com/
Abby Bellin, Da Guo, Irene Anderson
ch2 - melbourne city council house 2 Melbourne VIC, Australia 37.8136° S, 144.9631° E The Council House 2 (CH2) office building was designed in collaboration with City of Melbourne to be a holistic system with its occupants as participants. The design follows a model that promotes a more interactive role between the city and nature, in which all parties depend on each other. The City of Melbourne aims to achieve zero emissions for the municipality by 2020. A major contribution to this strategy is the reduction in energy consumption of commercial buildings by 50%. CH2 was piloted in an effort to provide a working example for the local development market.
temperate climate zone
site surroundings
Location: Architects: Area:
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218-240 Little Collins St, Melbourne VIC, Australia Designinc. [2006] 12500.0 sqm
psychrometric chart
Fujian circular tulou fujian, china 26.4837° N, 117.9249° E Tulou (Earth Building) is a traditional architecture style fROM the hakka tribe in fujing, south china. THE ATTACK FROM THEFTS AND PIRATES WAS THE MAJOR CONCREN FOR HAKKA IN 17TH CENTURY. AS A RESULT, HAKKA ADOPTS THE IDEA OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE COURTYARD HOUSE AND REINNOVATE INTO A NEW VERNACULAR STYLE. the thick exterior wall not only CREATES DEFENSIVE STRENGTH, BUT ALSO ALLOWS HGIH THERMAL RESISTANCE. THE EARTHERN MATERIAL WAS CONCEIVED FOR ITS ABILITY FOR MOISTURE ABSOPTION AND EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE. tHERE ARE THREE MAJOR TYPES OF HAKKA TULOUS, WHICH ARE WUFENG, RECTANGULAR, AND CIRCULAR TULOUS. BESIDES THOSE, OTHER APPEARANCES ALSO EXIST, SUCH AS ELLISPE AND CONCAVE TULOUS. THE TULOUS ATTRACT MILLIONS OF TOURISTS EACH YEAR.
Bird eye view
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temprate climate zone
psychrometric chart
interior courtyard
residential space
spokane waste to energy plant spokane, washington 47.6588° N, 117.4260° W
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since 1991, spokane’s waste to energy facility (wte) is part of the spokane community’s overall comprehensive solid waste system. the wte facility encourages recycling and waste reduction, along with the recovery of energy. the facility burns municipal solid waste to recover energy in the form of electricity. the facility is regulated by spokane regional clean air agency, the washington state department of ecology, and the spokane regional health district.
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the facility can handle up to 800 tons of municipal solid waste a day, and can generate 22 megawatts of electricity that powers 13,000 homes. The power is sold to spokane’s avista utilities and earns about 5 million dollars in sales annually. the process burns the solid waste at 2500 degrees and reduces the solid waste by 90% by volume, and 70% by weight. the resulting byproduct is biologically as is biologically inert and inert anda landfill sent to ainlandfill klickitat for final disposal. sent to klickitatin county forcounty final disposal.
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1 CAR = 2 TONS ng
i tipp
or
flo
400 CARS = 800 TONS
100 CARS = 200 TONS site in seattle, washington 100,000 SF BY USING THE SITE ADJACENT TRANSFER STATION IN SEATTLE AS THE TIPPING FLOOR, WE CAN ELIMINATE 62,000 SF FROM THE TOTAL SPOKANE PLANT SQUARE FOOTAGE. THIS VALIDATES THAT A SMALL SCALE W2E PLANT WILL MORE THAN FIT ON OUR SITE.
SPACE REQUIRED FOR LARGE SCALE W2E PLANT: 152,000 SF TOTAL - 62,000 SF TIPPING FLOOR 90,000 SF THE SPOKANE W2E PLANT PROCESSES 800 TONS, OR 400 CARS,OF WASTE PER DAY!
spokane w2e plant 152,000 SF
sizing considerations
PLANT CAPACITY
GARBAGE SEATTLE
RECYCLING
W2E PLANT
HOME
HOME LANDFILL
linear economy
ROOSEVELT
circular economy
GARBAGE
ELECTRICITY
6 tubes within the boiler walls are filled with water and heated up, and the hot water turns to steam in the steam drum.
7 the steam drives a turbine, generating electricity.
5 heat and gases from the burning garbage rise and are sprayed with ammonia to remove nitrogen oxide.
10 the scrubbed and filtered air leaves through the stack.
3 an overhead crane drops the garbage mixture into the feed hopper.
9 Next, baghouses filter the air using gortex fabric.
1 trucks drop off garbage on the tipping floor, which is 62,000 sq ft. 2 garbage is pushed into the pit where it is mixed for better burning.
4 garbage is pushed onto moving grates in the boiler where it is burned at temperatures over 2,500°F.
8 gases from the fire pass through a cleaning system. first, an acid scrubber uses lime slurry to neutralize acid.
11 finally, ferrous metal is removed from the ash using magnets. the remaining ash is loaded onto a truck and taken to a landfill.
waste to energy systems diagram
https://my.spokanecity.org/solidwaste/waste-to-energy/ | https://www.spokanecounty.org/DocumentCenter/View/4871/Final-2015Plan-PDF?bidId= | https://www.kingcounty.gov/~/media/Lambert/documents/waste-to-
SEAN ANDERSON, TOBIAS JIMENEZ, HALEY LADENBURG
edu EDU headquarters HEADQUARTERS MEDELLíN, ANTIOQUIA, COLOMBIA 6°14’43.1”N, 75°34’08.7”W A NEW HEADQUARTERS FOR the Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano in MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA CHALLENGES THE CANONICAL “INTERNATIONAL A NEW HEADQUARTERS FOR the Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano inSTYLE” MEDELLÍN, OFFICE TOWER THROUGH THE BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN STRATEGIES STYLE” FOCUSEDOFFICE ON TOWER COLOMBIA CHALLENGES CANONICAL “INTERNATIONAL DAYLIGHT CONTROL, thermal absorption, ANDONTHERMAL THROUGH BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN mass STRATEGIES FOCUSED DAYLIGHTBuoyancy. CONTROL, addtionally, theabsorption, use of innovative strategies aims to revitalizethe theuse thermal mass AND THERMAL Buoyancy. addtionally, surrounding of innovativedowntown strategiesneighborhood. aims to revitalize the surrounding downtown neighborhood. typical office towers rely on air conditioning mechanisms to control interior environmental themechanisms design teamtouseD typical office towers rely on airconditions. conditioning thermodynamic to create a “building breathes,” where control interiorconcepts environmental conditions. thethat design team useD the transfer of concepts heat causes air to flow in and out the office,where thermodynamic to create a “building thatofbreathes”, creatING a stable, comfortable thisoffice, process is the transfer of heat causes airinterior to flowenvironment. in and out of the referred as thermal buoyancy and is FACILITATED THROUGH A LARGEis creatING atostable, comfortable interior environment. this process VENTILATION The buoyancy size of theand chimney was calculated on referred toCHIMNEY. as thermal is FACILITATED THROUGHbased A LARGE occupancy, HEIGHT, AND DESIREDwas TEMPERATURE VENTILATIONairflow, CHIMNEY.TOWER The size of the chimney calculatedCHANGE. based on occupancy, airflow, TOWER HEIGHT, AND DESIRED TEMPERATURE CHANGE.
10 LEVEL TOWER MASSING maximized for OCCUPANCY
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COMPRESSED GROUND LEVEL FOR PERMEABILITY + ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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A3
B5 A4 A5
LARGE OUTDOOR SPACES OPEN TO VIEWS + NORTHERLY BREEZES
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ADDITIONAL VIEWING DECKS ON EACH LEVEL
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B3
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B4
ISOMETRIC PLAN
THERMAL MASS WITHIN CHIMNEY ABSORBS SOLAR HEAT IN AFTERNOON TO INCREASE AIR MOVEMENT
HOT AIR FROM OFFICE EXITS THROUGH CHIMNEY
LOW PRESSURE AREA PULLS AIR THROUGH SKIN + ACROSS FLOOR PLATE
100% sDA + 41% ASE
DAYLIGHTING CONTROL THROUGH PERMEABLE SKIN
AIR IS HEATED BY OCCUPANTS + EQUIPMENT
MOVING AIR COOLS OCCUPANTS
AIRFLOW THROUGH PERMEABLE SKIN
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SHADOW STUDY + PREVAILING WIND
https://www.archdaily.com/872018/how-to-design-a-building-that-breathes-a-sustainable-case-study-of-colombias-edu-headquarters
THERMAL BOUANCY VENTILATION
SEAN ANDERSON, TOBIAS JIMENEZ, HALEY LADENBURG
sumbanese HOUSE SUMBANESE house sumba island, indonesia 9.6993° S, 119.9741° E
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the sumbanese belief system is known as “marapu,” which is the belief that their behaviors lead to a balanced and harmonious state between humans and the environment. they believe that behaving positively toward the environment will bring them happiness and prevent misfortune.
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based on this belief, the ecological knowledge contained in marapu emphasizes an appreciation and respect toward the island’s environment. THEREFORE, THE TRADITIONAL ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE IS ADAPTIVE TO AND SUSTAINABLE WITHIN SUMBA’S NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.
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SPIRITUAL REALM THATCHED ROOFING
PREVAILING WIND + STACK VENTILATION B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
SECONDARY ROOF SKELETON
A1
A2
HUMAN REALM
A3 PRIMARY ROOF SKELETON STORAGE SUPPORT
A4
A5 BEAMS
LONGITUDINAL FLOORING
FLOOR PLAN
SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE
B1
B2
B3
ANIMAL B4 REALM B5
A1 02
A2 LATERAL FLOORING 01
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01 BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION
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A4
02 TOWER TO BEAM CONNECTION
A5 FOUNDATION
ASSEMBLY SEQUENCE
ISOMETRIC SECTION
CONNECTION DETAILS
www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40035277.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A876ff30666e86360e6793ee61c99a54d | https://ntserver1.wsulibs.wsu.edu:3447/lib/wsu/reader.action?docID=1678893&query= | http://shelterpubcom.nationprotect.net/_wonderful_houses/WH_p10-13.html
03 FLOOR TO COLUMN CONNECTION
SEAN ANDERSON, TOBIAS JIMENEZ, HALEY LADENBURG
SITE ANALYSIS
wellness minded community wellness minded community
wellness minded community
wellness minded community
wellness minded community
HEALTH + play
HEALTH + play
ACCEPTANCE + ACTIVATION
wellness minded community
wellness minded community
wellness minded community
wellness minded community
art
HEALTH + play
participation
participation
art
wellness minded community
wellness minded community
self-sustaining
built environment
self-sustaining 23
built environment
ACCEPTANCE + ACTIVATION
WALLINGFORD
site
highway
Site Area
parks
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buildings
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bike score
wallingford timeline Wallingford Timeline
1886 - Seattle, Lakeshore & Eastern Railway Reached north lake union shore and spurred development along the line
Seattle Wallingford
1890 - Wallingford was established
Our site
1880 - Forests were harvested
Old-growth forest and small farms on 1890 - native American disappearance hill transformed into one of Seattle’s very little numbers or native americans are recorded in the wallingford area primary residential neighborhoods
during an expedition to the pacific northwest, the seattle area was charted
10,000 BC - native americans move into area
1850 - Seattle was established
1790
1850
Preparations for the World’s fair lead to community improvements including grading and curbing and sidewalk construction
1885
1925 - Area rezoned First two blocks north of lake union zoned for industry while the rest was residential
1909 - Alaska-Yukon-Pacific exposition
1891 - Trolley was built
Native american moved south into the seattle area after the glaciers started to recede
1949 - Sea-tac airport opens
1928 - Electric street lighting systems
Built on peninsula that was used as a gathering area; caused a lot of noise and spewed sparks and coal soot over the area
Purchased by John Wallingford, whom the area is later named after
1790 - Europeans discover the area
10,000 BC
1907 - Gas plant constructed
1910
1980 - Mount St. Helen erupts
1957 - Site building constructed
1974 - Environmental themed world’s fair The world’s first environmental themed expo was held in spokane, wa
A concrete building with a wood framed curved roof went up on site. The building originally functioned as a storage warehouse for a moving company
1937 - Gas plant changed to oil
1925 - Seattle Times Article
1950 - I-5 constructed
Described as “one of the most active and important component parts of the city of Seattle” by The Seattle Times; had a population of around 50,000 at the time
Solidified boundary between eastern Wallingford and the University District
1966 - Solid waste transfer station built 1956 - Gas Plant closed DUE TO INCREASE USE OF NATURAL GAS IN THE AREA
1935
Concerned Wallingford community because of size and smell; led to formation of Wallingford Planning Committee that conducted neighbor surveys to determine present and future needs
1960
1994 - “Towards sustainable seattle” City adopts “Toward a Sustainable Seattle,” a Comprehensive Plan for Growth Management
1986 - PNW Ballet occupies building
2020 - Living Building Projects
2014 - Stone 34 Opened one of the first buildings to participate in the living building pilot LEED platinum building
2006 - Living Building Challenge was created 2004 - #1 In Leed certification seattle becomes the city with the most leed certified buildings and leed accredited professionals in the U.S.
Currently there are 3 projects in Seattle that are Living Building Certified and 2 that are Net Zero Certified.
2019 - Ship Canal Water Quality Project design complete 2030 - Mixed use Developments 2.7-mile, 18'10"-diameter tunnel to capture and hold more than 29 million gallons of storm-water and sewage during heavy rains. flows will be sent to the West Point Wastewater Treatment Plant; part of project site located at parking lot adjacent to pnb ballet
2016 - North transfer waste station opened
2010 - First Living Building certification awarded
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2010
There will be 13 new mixed used developments within a mile of our site. 2 Locations will be office/retail and 10 will be residential/retail
2030 - Living Building Challenge Projects There will be an additional 3 projects with living Building challenge certification within a mile of our site
2035 - Light rail complete
2035
1975 - Ballet production shop opened 1975 - Opening of Gas Works Park City purchased site in 1962 and hired landscape architect Richard Haag in 1970 to remake it into a park
seattle zoning code zoning map
industrial commercial LR3 commercial LR2 LR3 multifamily housing RESIDENTIAL
additional height LR2 C1-40
15’ 0” additional height given by lBPP
LR2 LR2 RC C2-40
LR2
C1-30 SF 5000
LR1 NC3P-40
LR2 NC3P-65
LR2
C2-30
LR3
NC3P-65 C1-65
C2-30 C2-40 C2P-40
IC-45
IC-65
C2-30
45’ 0” max. height limit given by seattle zoning code
NC2P-65 C2-40
far calculations
far & additional area area = 32,000 sf
total SITE area = 45,500 sf
area = 32,000 sf
building
25% additional S.F. allowed by lbpp
area = 20,000 sf
area = 16,000 sf
32,000 sf x 2.5 far = 80,000 sf
area = 32,000 sf
25% additional area from living building pilot program (LBPP) 80,000 sf x .25 = 20,000 total area = 100,000 sf
height restrictions
15’ ADDITIONAL HEIGHT
45’ MAX HEIGHT
2.5 far build-up allowed by seattle zoning code
program areas for i.c. zones
site setbacks 10’ 0” setback for 12’ - 65’ height
animal shelters 75,000 s.f.
drinking eST. no limit
entertainment 75,000 s.f.
lodging uses 75,000 s.f.
medical services 75,000 s.f.
offices no limit
restaurants no limit
retail/ sales / services 75,000 s.f.
5’ 0” setback for under 12’ height at street trees
sources: mandatory housing affordability (mha) zoning map., https://www.theurbanist.org/2017/11/09/opcd-releases-final-mha-eis-zoning-maps/ ; seattle, Washington - Municipal Code Title 23 - LAND USE CODE Subtitle III - Land Use Regulations Chapter 23.50 - INDUSTRIAL. table a for 23.50.027. size of use limits in industrial zones. ; seattle, Washington - Municipal Code Title 23 - LAND USE CODE Subtitle III - Land Use Regulations Chapter 23.50 - INDUSTRIAL. table a for 23.50.028. Floor area ratios (far). ; Seattle Department of Construction & Inspections. living building & 2030 challenge pilots.
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STUDENTS PROJECTS
WINNERS!
OF THE 2019 AIA COTE TOP TEN FOR STUDENTS The city of Seattle, Washington lacks a sustainable solution for municipal waste management. With a population growth of over 18% since 2010 and a projected growth of 55,000 residents per year, the amount of waste produced by the city will only continue to increase. Seattle’s current method of managing municipal waste, which involves sending garbage by train everyday 300 miles south to a landfill in Arlington, Oregon, cannot handle such rapid increases in population and trash production, and it contributes greatly to GHG emissions. Landfills also are an unsustainable use of land, contribute greatly to greenhouse gas emissions, and have the potential to pollute vital groundwater sources. Additionally, centralized power production is unsustainable in its consumption of resources, as two-thirds of energy produced is lost to transmission through networks of powerlines and transformers. In creating a sustainable and reliable power supply, resources must be used more efficiently, and the supply chain should be able to match changes in power demand. The goal of WallingfordW2E is to provide a sustainable solution to municipal waste management in Seattle and provide a small-scale, localized means of generating clean energy for the surrounding neighborhood. To achieve this, we propose to locate a waste-to-energy powerplant adjacent to an existing waste management transfer station located in the neighborhood of Wallingford. The waste-to-energy powerplant will combust all post-recycled and sorted municipal waste from the transfer station to provide electricity for the community. 29
With a negative public perception of waste-to-energy technology in the United States, and a history of air pollution in the neighborhood due to a now-decommissioned gas manufacturing facility, the successful placement of a waste-to-energy powerplant into Wallingford is difficult to make palatable. Our approach involves a gentle integration of the powerplant by “humanizing” the machine to accommodate the urban context and the community. “Humanizing” the machine attempts to grapple with a shift in context. Typically located at the periphery of the city where people are not, industrial architecture has developed to satisfy efficiency and the needs of the machines which occupy it. As we propose to move the machine back into an urban context, it must accommodate a variety of human needs. By first coupling the powerplant with mixeduse urban program, we turn a piece of infrastructure into an urban amenity. These mixed-use programs include retail spaces, three levels of office spaces, a large park, and a visitor center for events and to showcase information about the powerplant. The powerplant is located centrally in the programmatic mass, and the mass is split horizontally to create a large public park, a viewing deck, and to lightly reveal the contents of the powerplant to the public. Secondly, we reduced the scale of the powerplant and the architecture to a human scale through split building masses and a human-scale heavy timber superstructure. Lastly, the utilitarian vocabulary of the machine is redefined for human use: for example, “pipes” are used to move people through the building and facilitate play in the public park.
The GRO (Gardening. Resources. Opportunities.) building site is located in the Wallingford neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. Within Seattle there has been an increase in population of 18.7% during the last decade. Due to this increase, the demand for food within the city is also growing while the available land space for farming is diminishing. This in turn means the access to local fresh produce for city residents is limited, especially during the cold seasons of the year. After research of the site and local community for the project, it was clear that the locals had interest in creating fresh produce in their community. Whether it be through pea patches or individual gardens, the community shared its resources with each other. While the GRO building program had to include both offices and retail space, the addition of food production creates a connection between the building and the community that will also help combat the urban food issue. To integrate food growth into the building, a vertical hydroponic farm was designed. Hydroponics is a type of farming using nutrient rich water and no soil. This type of farming can be done indoors with natural or artificial light. Control over the environment indoors allows for food to be grown year-round. Additionally, one system can grow the same amount of food in ninety percent less space with seventy percent less water than traditional farming. The west side of the building is used for the hydroponic farm creating a visual connection to the community. 35
There are three main systems that are being used within the building. The most notable system is the rotating NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) system that is featured on the southwest side of the building. The office and retail spaces have views of the vertical hydroponic farm. The basement of the building will also be used for food growth, taking advantage of space that would traditionally be used as an underground parking structure. An existing building onsite was converted into a grocery store to sell the food grown on site. We believe that this building can be used as a prototype for future mixed-use buildings within the city, buildings that function not only as generators of business but a way to help the local community.
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EVO2 is a mixed-use commercial project located in the Wallingford neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. EVO2 envisions a dynamic and vital living and working space for the neighborhood. This project is for an actual client – EVO – a fast-growing sports gear company and developer. This project is inspired by EVO’s core vision, to “make lives better”. The O2 represents both the energetic lifestyle activities and the green sustainable practices integrated into the design. The project involves approximately 92,000 ft2 of retail and office space coupled with a 17,000 ft2 semi-outdoor BMX bike and skateboarding arena, an indoor skateboard bowl, and an outdoor multipurpose square which doubles as a water harvesting strategy during raining periods. In addition, there is an 8,000 ft2 underground mechanical room with water treatment and material recycling. The skateboarding and biking, which also the two primary sports gear EVO advertise, are the two primary activities conceived at this project. The program in the new building is distributed in the same way the client has in their current building, where the large space activities and retail are on the lower levels and office spaces are on the upper level.droponic farm creating a visual connection to the community. Sitting at a very high walk score and bike score neighborhood, EVO2 promotes the walking and biking as the primary circulation at the site. The design involves a main stair atrium on the south side in which is exposed to street view. The twelve feet wide accessible slope allows bikers and visitors to circulate vertically; thus, minimizing the 41
use of elevators. Office workers can bike from their home directly to their office floor or to their own office table and park their bike at the bike racks in the office. On the other hand, visitors are able to use the slope to the upper floor retail spaces with an accessible deck facing Gas Works Park and Lake Union. EVO2 embraces the excitement of mass timber structure as a low rise. Crosslaminated timber (CLT) is supplied from Spokane, three hundred miles from the site with sustainable harvesting method. Within the approximation of 100% of rainwater is being captured and stored at the site to supply water use. Greywater waste will also be treated through multiple phases treatment to clean water for ventilation, wash basin, toilet, and irrigation. The green plants and vegetations at the site are selected native to the area. The green spaces produce eatable vegetation, such as holy basil and tomato for office workers and restaurants while the wire mesh trellis grows fruits and flowers attractive and eatable for both birds and visitors. In summary, we propose a design that reflects our client’s core values through EVO2 innovative spirit, cost-effectiveness, resource-efficiency, and technological rigor.
Seattle is experiencing a decline in industrial vacancy rates over the past decade, meaning there is a growing demand for industrial space. There is an opportunity to create these necessary spaces in industrial-commercial zones, but this trend is not developing. For the past few years, industrial-commercial zones have produced mainly large-scale office buildings instead of places for production. Industries cannot compete with commercial uses in paying the high rents in these areas. Land that is used for industrial purposes is rarely used for manufacturing, more so for storage and repair. There is a need for industrial businesses in general, not just industrial space. While industry is typically known to occupy large plots of land in newly-built one-story structures, there is a shift in the manufacturing world that is moving towards smaller, affordable spaces that allow for more flexible production processes and occupancy. The industrial-commercial zoned site of this project,provided us with the opportunity to reintroduce industry to Seattle at a local, affordable, and sustainable scale. We are proposing the creation of a microfactory in the Wallingford neighborhood. A microfactory is a small-scale factory that functions to produce small products. The building is designed for local businesses and individuals to have a space to be innovative, where they have access to the resources typically offered to only large corporations. The microfactory creates a healthy industrial environment using smaller machinery for lower carbon emissions and sustainable processes. The proximity to the North Transfer Station in Wallingford allows the factory to utilize recyclable and 47
non-recyclable materials to create products, reducing the waste going to landfills. The context typically produces only commercial programs, whereas we incorporate a predominantly industrial program with a commercial portion at a small scale to provide space that supports the local community. With a storage and retail component, businesses can take their products from raw materials to assembly to being sold, all in one building. Factory design has evolved over the years just as the processes happening inside them have. Styles have transitioned from classical architecture to mass produced design to digital production. Microworks introduces a new phase in factory design, where both architecture and machines are on display, showing the innovation happening inside. The factory portion functions as the atrium, where the space is transparent. The manipulated exterior panels allow pedestrians to see the production happening inside while allowing the workers to view the outside. The space is open and light, providing ample air circulation and natural daylight to create a healthy work environment, one that encourages creativity and innovation. The focus of the program is not on mass production or digital fabrication, but rather a mix of the two. The “fourth industrial revolution�, as it is called, focuses on mass customization, where workers have the tools to create a full range of products that can be tailored specifically to an individual’s preference. The ability to make small changes to one product rather than manufacturing large amounts of different products reduces waste and increases client satisfaction.
The goal of this project was to provide a space that catered to the needs of small businesses in Seattle. The site, totaling approximately 100,000 square feet, is located on the edge of residential neighborhood, which allows people living in the community to take advantage of a local workspace without needing to commute a great distance. Many commercial leases are intended for larger companies, and smaller businesses with less capital to spend on rent often struggle to find appropriate office spaces. In addition to spaces for small businesses, the building contains customizable daily co-working spaces and short-term incubator spaces. Spaces can be freely reconfigured at will using a mobile robotic system capable of carrying individual wall units to create a user-customized space. The existing warehouse on the site has been repurposed into a workshop with community access, and a gym is located on the ground floor, to encourage physical fitness and fill a need in the community; an existing gym on the site is slated for demolition to make room for the new building. The combination of an open floor plan with reconfigurable walls will ensure adaptability to a wide range of scenarios over a long period of time.
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The Momentum building proposal includes designing a mix-used building for shopping retails and offices with a ramp as the main circulation means. The ramp integrates all functions from external to internal, and opens up the outdoor space properly, allowing people to experience an everyday journey starting from ground level and merging on ramp and end on the top. Along this journey, there will be different landscapes, shops, sceneries and experiences in different places. The ramp slope is designed at ration of 1’:24’ (approximately 2.3° angle) to give people the chance to experience the whole building with peace of mind, gradually ascending and change level without even noticing any height change or fatigue. Traditionally, stairs , elevator and escalators are used in retail and office spaces which either are not useful for everyone or does not help people healthcare wise. Looking forward to 2030, the Momentum building proposal provides a new design for people’s health mentally and physically and minimize the adverse health effects of excessive calorie intake, to achieve the action of exercise is medicine.
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.3535 INTERLAKE AVE N.
WALLINGFORD
3SEATTLE, WA 98103 1FALL 2018 ARCH 511 OGRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO LIMIT EARTH (TEMP) TEMP
+2°C