1^pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
pd e f w pf y G i f h rd k ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 59ESpfjynfh trSwfw& jrefrmtD;bkcf pmwnf;tzGJY pDpOfonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)^ 2
jrefrm tD;bkcf 1 2003?atmufwdkbm 9
o½kyfazmfykHrsm; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ykHwlyef;csDvuf&mrsm; (rarT; pm 30? vSxGef;atmif pm 56? rsKd;ñGefY pm 70? rkwfokef pm 122) ? 0w¬Ko½kyfazmfykHrsm; ( OD;udkav; pm 96? yef;csD ausmfaomif; 110) ? py,fjzK r*¾Zif; «rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) trSwfw&» rsufESmzkH; pm 124
3^pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
pDpOfolYtrSm rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) &JU 59ESpfajrmuf trSwfw&tjzpf azmftJAm; payhpfa'ghuGrf;&JU tGefvdkif; owif;pmapmif pmrsufESmrsm;ay:rSm atmufarhzG,f pmrsufESmtjzpf pDpOfwifqufzdkY aqG;aEG;MuwJh tcg jrefrm tD;bkcf pmzwfolrsm;eJY rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)&JU pmzwfy&dowftwGuf rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)trSwfw& tD;bkcfpmtkyfi,f wpftkyf oD;oefYpDpOf wifquf ay;jcif;tm;jzifh 0ufbfpmrsufESmrsm;&JU tuefYtowfudk ausmfvTm;NyD; pmzwfolrsm;rsm; tm;yg;w& zwfp&m jznfhqnf;ay;Edkif vdrfhr,fvdkY arQmfvifhNyD; pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)udk rl&if; 'pf*spfw,fpmtkyftaeeJY xkwfa0zdkY qkH;jzwfvdkufMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dpmtkyfi,frSm azmfjyxm;wJh pmrsm;tm;vkH; ykHESdyf xkwfa0NyD; rlrsm;rS a&G;cs,f aumufEIwfwifqufxm;jcif;om jzpfygw,f/ pmtkyftaeeJYom tD;rl&if;tjzpf pDpOfvdkufayr,fh pmrsm;&JU wu,fhrl&if; rsm;u ykHESdyfrD'D,may:rSmom jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmpmtkyfavmueJY pmzwfolrsm;twGuf oJwpfyGifhrQjzpfap jznfhqnf;yg0ifvdkwJhqE´eJY tck tD;bkcfudk pDpOf&jcif;yg/ tajctae tcGifhtvrf;ay: rlwnfNyD; jrefrmtD;bkcfpmzwfrsm;twGuf qufvuf BuKd;yrf;oGm;rSm jzpfNyD; a0zeftMuHjyKcsufrsm;udk ay;ydkYyg&ef zdwaf c:ygw,f/ jrefrmtD;bkcf pmwnf;tzGJY
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)^ 4
aus;Zl ; wif v T m 'DtD;bkcfpmtkyfi,frSm yg0ifwJh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJhwJh q&mewfEG,f? jrifhoef;? pdk;jrifhvwfwdkYudk vnf;aumif;? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if;jyKpkol raqGaqGrmudk vnf;aumif;? vGrf;pmacG u@yg aumufEIwfcsufrsm; &,lcJh&m aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJhwJh q&mrBuD; vlxk a':trm? py,fjzLpmwnf;tzGJY? cifESif;,k? [def;vwf? avhvmolwpfOD;? pmay a0zefa&;q&mwpfOD;? jrefrmpmausmif;ol *syeftrsKd;orD; rpE´m0if;wdkYudk vnf;aumif;? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) arG;aeY ESpfywfvnf trSwfw&pmudk oD;oefY a&;om;csD;jr§ifhay;aom q&mr (a':) cifaqGOD;tm; vnf;aumif;? pmtkyfi,ftwGif; tokH;jyKxm;aom rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)&JU ykHwlyef;csDrsm; a&;qGJcJhMuolrsm; jzpfwJh yef;csD rsKd;ñGefY? rkwfokef? rarT;? vSxGef;atmifwdkYtm; vnf;aumif;? vdktyfaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;tm; &SmazGulnDaom pmMunfhwdkufrSL; OD;pdk;jrifhoef; (aEGoifEdkif) tm; vnf;aumif;? vdktyforQ tultnDrsm;udk ay;tyfcJhwJh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)&JU cifyGef; udkrsKd;ñGefY(pmayavmu)udk vnf;aumif; aus;Zl;wif&SdygaMumif; rSwfwrf;jyKtyfygw,f/
5^pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rmwd u m rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf; 1 rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if; 3 rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if; 18 rdrdESifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) ewfEG,f 29 rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; tñTef; 55 pmzwfolwdkY ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rdk; (tif;vsm;) ESifh olY0w¬Krsm; pdk;jrifhvwf 71 rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif; jrifhoef; 79 tdrfeD;csif; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 97 odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 111 vGrf;pmacG 121
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)^ 6
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
1
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ txkyÜwådtusOf; rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) (c&pf 1944-1990)/ / trsKd;om; pmayqk av;Budrfwdkifwdkif &&SdcJhaom pma&;q&mr rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)udk yJcl;wdkif; 'dkufOD;NrdKUe,fwGif tz OD;xGef;? trd a':jr&SifwdkYu 1944ckESpf atmufwdk bmv 24 &ufü arG;zGm;onf/ trnf&if; a':pef;pef;jzpfonf/ 'du k Of ;D NrKd Utpd;k & txufwef;ausmif;wGif pwifynmoifMum;Ny;D 1956 ckEpS w f iG f pwkww ¬ ef; paumvm;&Spq f k &onf/ ckepfwef; ausmif;ol b0wGif uAsmrsm; pwif a&;pyfonf/ ausmif;pmMunhfwdkufESifh eH&Huyf pmapmif aumfrwDrsm;wGif trIaqmiftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ txuf wef; ausmif;olb0wGif c½dik t f vdu k f pmpDpmuH;k NyKd iyf rJG sm;ü qkrsm;&&Scd o hJ nf/ 1956 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek f 0dZmÆ ESio hf yd w ÜH uúov kd w f iG f ocsmF bmom t"dujzifh wufa&muf ynmoifMum;onf/ ynmoifMum;&if; aexdik &f m taqmiftrnfukd tpGjJ yKí rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;) [laom uavmiftrnfjzifh uAsm? aqmif;yg;rsm; pwifa&;om;onf/ yxrqH;k a&G;cs,f azmfjycH&aom 0w¬Kwrkd mS 1972 ckEpS f pufwifbmvxkwf aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;yg ]]tdref ;D csi;f }} 0w¬K jzpfonf/ xkd0w¬Kwdkudk jrefrmhtoHrS Zmwfvrf;yrm em;qifp&m tjzpfvnf; toHvTifhcJhonf/ 1974 ckESpfwGif yxrqHk; vHk;csif;0w¬K&Snf jzpfaom ]]aysmufaom vrf;rSm prf;w0g;}} 0w¬Kudk a&;om;onf/ xkdpOfrSpí 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&SnfESifh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk uG,fvGefcsdef txd tqufrjywf a&;cJ&h m 0w¬KwEkd iS hf r*¾Zif;0w¬K&n S f pkpak ygif; 101yk'?f vHk;csif;0w¬K 24 yk'fESifh aqmif;yg; 55 yk'fcefY &Sdonf/ a&;om;cJhaom 0w¬Kwdkrsm;udk pkaygif;í ]]r*¾Zif; 0w¬K&Snfrsm;}}? ]]0w¬Kwrkd sm;(1)}}? ]]jrefrmjynfrmS aeMuonf}}? ]]xkad eYu rD;rvmyg}}ESihf ]]rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;(2)}}ESifh ]]0w¬Kwdkrsm;(2)}} wdkYudk pmtkyf xkwaf 0cJo h nf/
2
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) onf ]]aysmufaom vrf;rSm prf;w0g;}} vH;k csi;f 0w¬K&Snfjzifh 1974 ckESpf trsKd;om; pmay 0w¬K&Snfqkudk vnf;aumif;? ]]r*¾Zif; 0w¬K&n S rf sm;}} jzifh 1980 jynfEh pS f trsK;d om;pmay 0w¬Kwakd ygif;csKyf qkudkvnf;aumif;? ]]0w¬Kwdkrsm;(1)}}jzifh 1982 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmay 0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyfqkudkvnf;aumif;? ]]0w¬Kwdkrsm;(2)}}jzifh 1986 ckESpf trsK;d om;pmay 0w¬Kwakd ygif;csKyf qkuv kd nf;aumif; trsK;d om; pmayqkukd av;Budrf wdkifwdkif qGwfcl;EdkifcJhol jzpfonf/ ol\ ]]aysmufaom vrf;rSm prf;w0g;}} 0w¬Kudk ½k&Sm;bmom? *syefbmom rsm;odkYvnf;aumif;? ]]b,folvmulyghr,f}} 0w¬Kudk ½k&Sm; bmomodkYvnf;aumif;? ]]rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD}} 0w¬Kudk *syefbmomodkY vnf;aumif; oufqdkif&m EdkifiHtoD;oD;rS bmomjyefqdk xkwfa0cJhMu onf/ xdkYtjyif 0w¬Kwdk trsm;tjym;udkvnf; t*FvdyfbmomodkY vnf;aumif;? tcsKUd udk *syefbmomodv Yk nf;aumif; jyefqx kd w k af 0cJo h nf/ rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) onf 1989 ckEpS f Mo*kwv f rS pí uG,v f eG cf sed f txd pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;wGif wm0efcHpmwnf;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) onf pmay wm0efudk xrf;aqmif&if; 1990 jynfEh pS f rwfv 13 &ufaeYwiG f &efuek Nf rKd Uü uG,v f eG o f nf/ uG,v f eG cf sed w f iG f cifyGef; OD;rsKd;ñGefYESifh om;ESpfa,muf? orD;wpfa,muf usef&pfonf/ (jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf; ESpfcsKyfpmtkyf 1991rS)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
3
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmpkpm&if;udk pmMunfhwdkufynm 'DyvdkrmbGJUtwGuf wifjyaom usrf;i,ftjzpf raqGaqGrmu jynfhpkHpGm jyKpkcJhygonf/ þpmtkyfi,fwGif pma&;q&m\ t"dupmayvuf&mrsm; jzpfonfh 0w¬KwEkd iS hf 0w¬K&n S rf sm; pm&if;ESihf rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if;rS aqmif;yg;rsm; pm&if;udkom xkwfEIwf wifjyvdkufygonf/
4
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
5
0w¬ K rsm; 1/ ]]uJ&D;tGef&if&if}} ? *Dwya'om ya'om? wGJ 1? rSwf 6 (Edk0ifbm 1980) pm 50-53? 59/ 2/ ]]uwfaMu;wpfvuf}} ? ra[oD? rSwf 58 (Mo*kwf 1989) pm 124127/ 3/ ]]udk,fa&;BuHKawmh}} ? ppfjyef? rSwf 2 (Zlvdkif 1977) pm 34-37/ 4/ ]]udk,fhudk,fudkzsuf}} ? armajr&ifaoG;r*¾Zif; (Zlvkdif 1984) pm 106-110/ 5/ ]]aus;Zl;wifyg&ap}} ? rl ; ,pf? rSwf 2 (atmufwdkbm 1984) pm 72-86/ 6/ ]]Mu,fuav;awGcspfp&m tjyma&mifaumif;uifrSm}} ? oajy oajy? rSwf 109 ('DZifbm 1983) pm 178-214/ 7/ ]]uGaJ MuoGm;aom rSepf rsm;}} ? 'dkufOD;NrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; aiG&wktBudKr*¾Zif; ('DZifbm 1980) pm 154-164/ 8/ ]]uRefromvQif r,m;tppfjzpfygaMumif;}} ? wkdif;&if;ar ar? wGJ 25? rSwf 6 (1 atmufwdkbm 1974) pm 41-43? 46-47/
6
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
9/ ]]cifpdk; uifyGef;pcef;rSmaeonf}} ? aiG w m& m&D? rSwf 240 (ZGef 1980) pm 136-149/ 10/ ]]csrf;omjcif;ESifh aysmf&Tifjcif;}} ? om;a&TO½kyfpHkr*¾Zif;? wGJ 1? rSwf 1 (1989) pm 88-91/ 11/ ]]cGeftm;}} ? uvsm uvsm? rSwf 59 (Zefe0g&D 1990) pm 76-79/ 12/ ]]*si*f smat;aomufcsiw f ,f}} ? ½I r 00? wGJ 40? rSwf 478 (rwf 1987) pm 45-49/ 13/ ]]idk&ifykvJ? &D&if&GJ}} ? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 13? (Zefe0g&D 1986) pm 6369/ 14/ ]]pum;rqdk0Hatmif}} ? wdkif;&if;ar ar? wGJ 24? rSwf 8 (1 Ekd0ifbm 1973) pm 26-29? 34/ 15/ ]]pdk;aMumufrdygonf}} ? obif? rSwf 14 ('DZifbm 1984) pm 7476? 78/ 16/ ]]pdkufwkef;uawmh rcspfpk}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 166 ({NyD 1947) pm 82-90/ 17/ ]]ppfom;r,m;}}? wdkif;&if;ar ar? wGJ 23? rSwf 16 (1 rwf 1973) pm 26-19? 32-34/ 18/ ]]pdwåZn}} ? ½kyf&SifatmifvH? rSwf 306 (azazmf0g&D 1982) pm 131-134/ 19/ ]]pdwfxm;wwfvQif}} ? wuúodkvf"r®m½Hk a&T&wkr*¾Zif; (ar 1985) pm 111-117/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
7
20/ ]]qefydk;}} ? rl;,pfr*¾Zif;? rSwf 5 (Mo*kwf 1989) pm 52-58/ 21/ ]]q,fESpfausmfumvrsm;}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 214 ({NyD 1978) pm 86-92/ 22/ ]]q,fjym;wef'óe}} ? yef½kyfpHkr*¾Zif;? wGJ 4? rSwf 12 ('DZifbm 1986) pm 29-33/ 23/ ]]w&m;opö m rS e f a omtcgum;}} ? pmayvk y f o m; m;? rS w f 30 (atmufwdkbm 1983) pm 136-148/ 24/ ]]wpfbufuMunfhawmht½kyf? wpfbufuMunfhawmhyef;}} ? uvsm uvsm? rSwf 37 (Zefe0g&D 1988) pm 87-90/ 25/ ]]wpfa,mufwnf;aevnf;jzpfygw,f}}? vH k r av; av;? wGJ 2? rSwf 1? (Zefe0g&D 1986) pm 49-54/ 26/ ]]Bwd}} ? ½kyf&Sifaw;uAsm w;uAsm? wGJ 9? rSwf 14 (Zefe0g&D 1990) pm 103107/ 27/ ]]xrif;qDqrf;? a&TvifAef;eJYay;yg}} ? ra[oD? rSwf 25 (Mo*kwfv 1986) pm 148-154/ 28/ ]]xkdaeYu rD;rvmyg}}? ½kyf&SifatmifvH? rSwf 328 ('DZifbm 1983) pm 98-113/ 29/ ]]xkdaeYu rD;vm\}} ? ra[oD? rSwf 38 (pufwifbm 1987) pm 106-109/ 30/ ]]xdkYaMumifh þuJhodkY}}? ppfjyef ? rSwf 5 (rwf 1978) pm 178-192/
8
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
31/ ]]axmifajy;}} ? ½I r 00? wGJ 49? rSwf 462 (Edk0ifbm 1985) pm 8487/ 32/ ]]'ku©udkyJ&Smae&w,f}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 32 (Mo*kwf 1987) pm 2434/ 33/ ]]aeol&JUajreDcif}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 226 ({NyD 1979) pm 152-169/ 34/ ]]aea&mifatmufrmS va&mufaysmuf&onf}} ? Ouúvmr*¾Zif; (rwf 1980) pm 46-49/ 35/ ]]ae&pfcJhyg}} ? ½k y f & S i f? wGJ rSwf 3 (ZGef 1980) pm 42-48/ 36/ ]]aEGudkrkef;onf}} ? yef;a0oD? rSwf 10 ({NyD 1989) pm 6-11/ 37/ ]]aEGrSmaysmufqHk;oGm;aom ESifhyGifhuav;rsm;}} ? wuúodkvfaiG&wk tBudKr*¾Zif;? (Zefe0g&D 1980) pm 114-121/ 38/ ]]aESmif;rdk;}} ? 0gPd Z Æ (Zlvkdif 1979) pm 48-56/ 39/ ]]ykpOf;jym awmifyHum;&,f}}? obif? rSwf 6 ({NyD 1948) pm 3041/ 40/ ]]ydpYk uwfav;wpfapmif}}? wdkif;&if;ar ar? wGJ 24? rSwf 14 (1 azazmf0g&D 1974) pm 2-26? 33/ 41/ ]]aygu©&0órdk;}}? {&m0wDr*¾Zif;? rSwf 1? (1989) pm 72-76/ 42/ ]]ydefcsifvdkYwJhawmfa&}} ? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 1 (Zefe0g&D 1985) pm 115119/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
9
43/ ]]ydefrSjzpfr,f}} ? ra[oD? rSwf 61 (Edk0ifbm 1985) pm 92-95/ 44/ ]]jynfAm&mrStpjyKí}} ? cs,f & D? rSwf 2 (pufwifbm 1984) pm 106-116/ 45/ ]]jynfhpHkjcif;ESifh rjynfhpHkjcif;}} ? jrpfi,fr*¾Zif; (azazmf0g&D 1979) pm 140-150/ 46/ ]]yGifhopfwdkY yifvHk;a0}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 255? (pufwifbm 1981) pm 126-151/ 47/ ]]jzwfpm;vQyfpm;}} ? wdkif;&if;ar ar? wGJ 37? rSwf 2 (Mo*kwf 1986) pm 28-33/ 48/ ]]b0wdu k yf pJG wifjcif;}} ? oHvGifOD;r*¾Zif;? rSwf 5 (azazmf0g&D 1979) pm 36-39/ 49/ ]]b0tarSmif}}? aiG w m&D? rSwf 155 (ar 1973) pm 119-123/ 50/ ]]bda&Smh[krf;ESifh a'0D}}? taumufcGefESpfvnfr*¾Zif; ('DZifbm 1986) pm 110-114/ 51/ ]]b,folvmulyghr,f}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 186 ('DZifbm 1975) pm 126-141/ 52/ ]]rñkdjym aumvd,acsmif;ab;rSmaeonf}} ? pmayvkyfom; m;? rSwf 1 (ar 1981) pm 26-39/ 53/ ]]rwm refusnf;&GmrSmaeonf}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 2500 ({NyD 1981) pm 146-166/
10
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
54/ ]]rzl;om}} ? jrpfBuD;em;r*¾Zif; (Zefe0g&D 1981) pm 97-102/ 55/ ]]rrt,f'DwmawG}} ? *Dwya'om ya'om? rSwf 90 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 44-48/ 56/ ]]rD;&xm;ESihf c&D;oGm;jcif;taMumif;}} ? pmayvkyfom; m;? rSwf 8 ('DZifbm 1981) pm 54-57/ 57/ ]]rkq;kd rwpfa,muf\ wrf;csi;f }}? vHkrav; (Zefe0g&D 1987) pm 132146/ 58/ ]]rk'dwm}} ? cs,f & D? rSwf 56 (atmufwdkbm 1989) pm 46-51/ 59/ ]]rd;k ausmf ausmufyef;awmif;rSmaeonf}} ? yckuúLr*¾Zif; (rwf 1981) pm 246-157/ 60/ ]]rdk;wdrfvGifhaomf rkefwdkif;Nidrfrnf}} ? jr0wD? wGJ 31? rSwf 1 (Edk0ifbm 1982) pm 142-158/ 61/ ]]rif;oDwm odkYr[kwf...}} ? rk d ; a0 a0? rSwf 163 (Mo*kwf 1981) pm 74-88/ 62/ ]]jrLarSmifa0uif;}} ? wkdif;&if;ar ar? wGJ 38? rSwf 8 (15 'DZifbm 1978) pm 66-72/ —? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 9 (1 Zefe0g&D 1988) pm 82-88/ —? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 10 (azazmf0g&D 1988) pm 82-85/ —? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 11 (rwf 1988) pm 68-72? 83-84/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
11
—? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 12 ({NyD 1988) pm 78-82/ —? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 13 (ar 1988) pm 98-104/ —?—? wGJ 38? rSwf 14 (ZGef 1988) pm 86-104/ —? —? wGJ 38? rSwf 15 (Zlvdkif 1988) pm 82-86/ 63/ ]]rQa0ray;om}}? ½kyf&SiftjrKaw jrKaw? wGJ 27? rSwf 10 (atmufwdkbm 1984) pm 96-97/ 64/ ]]arQmfvifhjcif;ESifhtwl}}? ½I r 00? wGJ 42? rSwf 502 (ar 1989) pm 96-97/ 65/ ]]NrH§K;xJu ig;ESpfaumif}}? aiG w m&D? rSwf 197 (Edk0ifbm 1976) pm 142-158)/ 66/ ]]&D&Drm q,fhESpfvHk;wef;rSmaeonf}} ? ½I r 00? wGJ 36? rSwf 412 (ZGef 1982) pm 138-158/ 67/ ]]a&pD;aMumif;}} ? ayzl;vTm? rSwf 94 (ZGef 1989) pm 52-55/ 68/ ]]a&rSmaysmfaomig; awmrSmaysmfaomqif}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 208 (atmufwdkbm 1977) pm 110-113/ 69/ ]]½kyf&SifwpfyGJavmufMunfhcsifw,f}} ? &ifckefyGifh? rSwf 2 (Edk0ifbm 1986) pm 120-125/ 70/ ]]a&Tvufjzifah c:ygonf}} ? tPÖ0gr*¾Zif;? rSwf 1 (azazmf0g&D 1989) pm 18-25/
12
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
71/ ]]va&mifvrG ;f vnf; urf;ESiahf 0;cJ}h } ? rl;,pfr*他Zif;? rSwf 3 ('DZifbm 1985) pm 52-65/ 72/ ]]vlYpdwf}} ? ppfjyef? rSwf 122 (Zefe0g&D 1989) pm 46-49/ 73/ ]]avqdyf}}? '*k e f? wGJ 3? rSwf 7 (Zlvdkif 1987) pm 67-72? 77/ 74/ ]]av;bufeH&H}} ? tdyfrufzl;? rSwf 2 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 18-28/ 75/ ]]avmuxJu xGuaf jy;csiw f ,f}} ? aiGwm&D? rSwf 189 (rwf 1976) pm 87-93/ 76/ ]]vufacRyGifh}} ? jr0wD? wGJ 28? rSwf 6 ({NyD 1980) pm 86-99/ 77/ ]]0HykavGrjzpfvdkaom odk;i,f}} ? pmayvkyfom; ('DZifbm 1980) pm 172-176/ 78/ ]]0if;az pmar;yGJus&onfhtaMumif;}} ? rtlyifr*他Zif; ('DZifbm 1980) pm 172-176/ 79/ ]]oZifawGzl;ygwJh}} ? ppf j yef? rSwf 113 (azazmf0g&D 1988) pm 102-105/ 80/ ]]oZifoHk;cuf}} ? vH k r av; av;? rSwf 5 (ar 1985) pm 122-127/ 81/ ]]om;orD;&JU tqHk;tr}} ? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 25 (Zefe0g&D 1987) pm 60-62/ 82/ ]]olt Y wGuv f m;? ud, k t hf wGuv f m;}} ? rS reufjzefESifh e0&wfudk;oG,f? &efukef? cs,f&Dyef;pmay? 1985/ pm 77-87/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
13
83/ ]]aoonf\ tjcm;rJhü}} ? aiG w m&D? rSwf 201 (rwf 1977) pm 98102/ 84/ ]]aomhwGJtyfcsifw,f}} ? &ifckefyGifh? rSwf 12 (pufwifbm 1987) pm 140-154/ 85/ ]]odu©m&SdwJh rkefY[if;cg;}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 52? (rwf 1990) pm5458/ 86/ ]]tudik ;f tcufwo Ykd nf twdt k &Sn&f MdS uuke\ f }}? csnfrQifESifhtxnf puf½Hk(ppfudkif;)r*¾Zif; (azazmf0g&D 1984) pm 164-176? 194/ 87/ ]]tcspfyGifhOD;}}? &ifckefyGifh? rSwf 26 (Zefe0g&D 1989) pm 146-156/ 88/ ]]tcspo f nf b0\ tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfc}k }? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 46 (pufwif bm 1989) pm 146-155/ 89/ ]]tajcrwlaom udef;*Pef;rsm;}}? cs,f & D? rSwf 25 (Mo*kwf 1986) pm 1700-174/ 90/ ]]tpdrf;eJY teD}}? ra[oD? rSwf 49 (Mo*kwf 1988) pm 136-140/ 91/ ]]tjyefwpf&mrkdufOD;rSm}}? pmayvkyfom; m;? rSwf 58 ('DZifbm 1985) pm 58-67/ 92/ ]]tjzLa&mifESvHk;om;}}? a&TbdkNrdKU trSwf(1) tpdk;& txufwef; ausmif; ausmufpdrf;&wkr*¾Zif;? (1945-1980) (Zefe0g&D 1980) pm 140-155/ 93/ ]]tarqkawmif;vdkufygonf}}? ppfjyef? rSwf 17 (azazmf0g&D 1980) pm 110-121/ 94/ ]]tarhpm}}? vIdif;bGJUr*¾Zif; (ar 1980) pm 86-91/
14
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
vkH;csif; pmtkyfrsm; 1/ a<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<u <u/ &efuek ?f yg&rDpmpOf? 1981/ 302 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf – 143) tro – 81^147/ 2/ a<u&iftwlwla<ur,f/ &efuek ?f ArmtrsKd ;orD;pmay? 1983/ 113232 pm? 16 pifwD/ 3/ cHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmh/ &efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif; vsm;) pmtkyf? 1987/ 224 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 164) &wp – 8761/ 4/ *sd K ;;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 404 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 139) wAp-283077 5/ iyvDZmwfvrf;/ &efukef? tifvsm;pmay? 1975/ 202 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 112) tro – 76^162 6/ Nidrf;udk&Sufygg/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1979/ 225 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 137) tro 79^897/ m; 7/ nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1981/ 315 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 145) wAp195523/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
15
8/ xdkaeYu rD;rvmygESifh r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm; sm;/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif; vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 441 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyf 158) wAp-324926/ 9/ emrusef;onf tdkESif;qD/ &efuek ?f rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f 1983/ 347 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 150) &wp-8762/ 10/ yef;½dkif;wpf&mm/ &efukef? ynm*kPfpmay? 1981/ 79-198 pm? 16 pifwD? wAp-294617/ 11/ aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g; w0g;/ &efukef? xGef;xGef; jrefrmpmay jr§ifhwifxkwfa0a&;Xme? 1974/ 222 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 92) wAp – 176242/ 12/ yGifhwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUU/ &efukef? qdk&S,fpmtkyfwdkuf? 1975/ 315 pm 16 pifwD/ wAp 250187/ 13/ b,folvmulyghr,f/ 16 pifwD? wAp251750/
&efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1977/ 218 pm?
14/ rok"r®pm&D/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1982/ 317 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 146) wAp-297550/ 15/ rD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQif/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 348 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 154) 16/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 11/ &ef u k e f ? rd k ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) pmtkyf? 1982/ 248 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 147) wAp-300745/
16
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
17/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 22/&efuek ?f rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f 1986/ 283 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 162) wAp364023/ 18/ rdk;rdk;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 33/ &efuek ?f wufvrf;pmay? 1993/ 323 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 198) 19/ rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 44/ &efukef? aomfupmay? 2003/ 295 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 332) 20/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm; sm;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ p? 305 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyf 141) wAp283859/ 21/ arwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyif / &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif; vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 279 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 156) wAp-323684/ 22/ jrLarSmifa0uif;/ &efukef? aomfupmay? 2003/ pm 88? 11 qifwD? (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf-328)/ 23/ jrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonf/ &efuek ?f rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f 1983/ 251 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 151) wAp311793/ 24/ rSwpfqifh/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1978/ 254 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 133) tro 78^1477/ 25/ rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD/ &efuek ?f yg&rDpmpOf? 1978/ 241 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 131) tro 78^989/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
17
26/ &GufvSyef;/ &efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1975/ 262 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 103) tro 75^ 1349/ 27/ a&Twd*HkudkjrifvQi Qif/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1979/ 395 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 135) wAp-278231/ 28/ a0'emMumeDyGifh/ &efuek ?f rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)pmtky?f 1982/ 291 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 148) wAp-303747/ 29/ ork'´&mckESpfpif; jrpfrif;wpfq,fhoHk;oG,f/&efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 370 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 142) wAp287385/ 30/ oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;;/ &efuek ?f rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)pmtky?f 1982/ 379 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 149) &wp-876 31/ oaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅK/ &efuek f yg&rDpmpOf 1983/ 251 pm 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 132) tro-78^1991/ 32/ tcspfqdkaomt&m omt&m/ &efuek ?f tif;vsm;pmay? 1976/ 308 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyt f rSwf 117) tro 76^1507/
18
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)taMumif; a&;om;onfh pmpkpm&if;
aqmif ; yg; 1/ udkudkudk/ ]]rok"r®pm&D^orD; roka0vm&D}}? pE´ m? rSwf 246 (ar 1990) pm 114-115/ 1990 ckESpf rwfv (31)&ufwGif rkd;rdk;\ om;ESifh orD;wkdYtm; udk&if? oDv&Sif0wfay;aom tvSLr*FvmyGJü rkd;rdk;ESifh wlvGef;vSaom orD; oG,frsKd;ñGefY (oDv&SifbGJUtrnf roka0vm&D) tm; olYtaruJhodkY pmayü xl;cRefí *kPfwifhapcsifaMumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/ 2/ ausmfpnfNidrf;/ ]]rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)trSwfw& pwkw¬ESpfywfvnfyGJ}} *sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;? rSwf 5 (ar 1994) pm 122-125/ rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;) trSww f & 4ESpaf jrmuf txdr;f trSwf tcrf;tem;wGif rk;d rk;d (tif;vsm;) trSww f &tzGUJ \ em,ursm; ajymMum; aom trSmpum;rsm;xJrS rSwfom;p&m pum;vHk;rsm;udk tusOf;csKH;í azmfjyxm;onf/ 3/ ausmfpGmxuf/ ]]rd k ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) od k Y r [k w f a&cJ y if v ,f x J u xdk;xGufaewJh a&cJawmif&JU xdyfpGef;ydkif;}}? rñd k j ym&J U ES i f ; qD c if ; pmpk? rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 103-108/ rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)aoqHk;rIowif;udk rarQmfvifhbJ Mum;&í tHMh o0rf;enf;&yHrk S olrESihf oduRr;f cJyh rkH sm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/ olr\ ½kyf&nfoGifjyif? pdwf"mwfa&;&m? olr\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 1-[k trnf ay;xm;yHkwdkYudk oabmusESpfoufaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ xdkrSwpfqifh pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; tifwmAsL;u@twGuf awGUqHMk uyHk q&mr uG,v f eG jf cif;
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
19
onf jrefrmpmayavmutwGuf tBu;D rm;qH;k aom qH;k ½I;H rIBu;D jzpfaMumif; udk vGrf;qGwfowd&jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ 4/ ausmf&ifjrifh/ ]]aoEkdifyg½dk;vm;}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 45-47/ rEÅav;pmaytzGJUESifh rdk;rdk;wdkYawGUqHkum pHy,fjzL r*¾Zif;twGuf aqG;aEG;tMuHay;Muí cspfcif&if;ESD;vkdY t&Sdefaumif; &aeMupOf rkd;rkd;aoqHk;oGm;onfhtwGuf 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ&um jynfol cspfaom tEkynmonfonf b,fawmhrS raoEkdifbJ jynfolvlxk\ &ifxJwGif xm0&wnf&Sdaevdrfhrnf[k a&;om;xm;onf/ 5/ Munfvifat;/]]tm;enf;olwdkYbufu}} rñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpk? rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 141-147/ rd k ; rd k ; \ tm;EG J U ol ? tm;enf ; ol ? rd e f ; rom;ud k em;vnfaxmufxm;pmemí rdef;rom;rsm;bufrS cHpm;a&;zGJUxm;aom rok"r®pm&D? avmutarSmif? yGifhwcsKdU a<uwcsKdU ponfh 0w¬Krsm;xJrS pmom;wcsKdUudk jyefvnfcHpm;azmfjy&if; q&mrtouf&Sifaexdkifvsuf pmawGqufa&;aernfOD;rnfqdkvQif tEkynmvufeufudk tm;udk;&if; tm;enf;olawGbufrS &yfwnfaeOD;rSyJ[k a&;om;xm;onf/ olr\ vuf&mopfrsm;udk rawGU&awmhbJ aernfjzpfí 0rf;enf;rdaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ 6/ cufrm/]]wrf;wjcif;wHqdyf}}? uvsm uvsm? rSwf 111 (ar 1994) pm8085/ ]]rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) twGuf (4) ESpfajrmuf trSwfw& tcrf;tem;wGif olYudkcspfaom pma&;q&mrsm;u olr\ yHk&dyfrsm;udk vGrf;qGwfowd&pGm ajymMum;MupOf pma&;ol&ifxJü cHpm;&aom tawG;rsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/
20
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
7/ cifaqGO;D / ]]pmaywGufwm? wpfoufvsm}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 6/ ,ck v xk w f pH y ,f j zLr*¾ Z if ; \ acgif ; BuD ; tjzpf a&;om;azmf j y&mwG i f r*¾ Z if ; wpf a pmif t wG u f wm0ef c H p mwnf ; t&nftcsi;f &S&d ef vdt k yfyEkH iS hf rk;d rd;k wGif xdt k &nftcsi;f rsm; jynfrh aD Mumif; r*¾Zif;wm0efxrf;aqmifpOftwGi;f pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif&u G o f mG ;cJah Mumif; rsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ 8/ —/ ]]yef;oD;wpfvHk;aysmufqHk;jcif;}} pHy,fjzL zL? wGJ 2? rSwf 3 (rwf 1990) pm 69-71/ rd k ; rd k ; ES i f h pma&;ol w d k Y pH y ,f j zLr*¾ Z if ; twG u f aysm&f iT w f uf<upGmtvkyv f yk Mf uyHu k kd vGr;f qGwo f wd&pGma&;om;xm;onf/ ESpfOD;om; txl;cifrifcspfcifyHk? rkd;rkd;uG,fvGefoGm;jcif;onf 0if;rSnfh arT;csKad om yef;oD;wpfv;kH aysmufq;kH jcif;ESiw hf al Mumif;udk aqmif;yg;xJüyif uAsmwpfyk'fjzifh a&;zGJU*kPfjyKxm;onf/ 9/ —? ]]orkdif;wGifvsuf xm;cJh&ufw,f}}? pH y ,f j zL zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 95-97/ rkd;rdk; ouf&Sdxif&Sm;&SdpOftcgu pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif; t,f'DwmtzGJUESifhtwlpmaytwGuf vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufMuyHkrsm;? rkd;rdk; ajymcJhaom pum;rsm;ESifhtwl olr\ aysmfaeaomrsufvHk;uav;rsm;? 0rf;enf;aeaom rsufvHk;uav;rsm;udk owd&atmufarhum bk&m; &Sdckd;wdkif; trQay; arwåmydkYaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ 10/ ckid af v;ud/k ]]emruse;f onftEkd iS ;f qD (odrYk [kw)f rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;) ESifholYpmrsm;}}? tysKdpif? wGJ 1? rSwf 3 (Ekd0ifbm 1993) pm 13-17/ rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ pmayt,ltq? pmayoabmxm; rsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;í olra&;om;cJhaom vHk;csif;0w¬K&Snf wpftkyfcsif;pD\ qkdvdkaomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk wpfckcsif; a&;om;í a0zefaqG;aEG; azmfjyxm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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11/ acwfxeG ;f ? armif/ ]] rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;) trSww f &}}? a&T0wfrIef? wGJ 4? rSwf (ar 1994) pm 29-33/ rk d ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) uG , f v G e f j cif ; (4)ES p f j ynf h atmufarhzG,f trSwfw&tcrf;tem;rS tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;om; azmfjyxm;onf/ rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&tzGJU\ em,ursm;u ajymMum;aom trSwfw&pum;rsm;udkvnf; azmfjyxm;onf/ 12/ —? ]]rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)trSwfw&a[majymyGJ}}? *sDtD;pD r*¾Zif;? rSwf 8 (Mo*kwfb 1994) pm 50/ 18? 6? 94 aeY 0dkiftrfpDatcef;rü jyKvkyfaom rk d ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) trS w f w &a[majymyG J ü q&m atmif o if ; \ a[majymcsuf r sm;ud k aumuf E k w f w if j yxm;í trS w f w &tzG J U \ tpDtpOfrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ 13/ cspfOD;ñdk/ ]]qGJqkwfypfcsifwJh jyu©'defwpf&Guf}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 54? (ar 1990) pm 123-125/ r*¾Zif;wpfapmif\ wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf twef toifh tawGUtMuHK&SdcJhzl;oltaejzifh pHy,fjzL r*¾Zif;udk rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) t,f'Dwmtjzpf vkyfudkifpOf r*¾Zif; tppt&m&m wkd;wuf aumif;rGefcJh aMumif; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ 14/ —? ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw& ½kyfyHkvTmrsm;}}? jrm;ewfarmif? wGJ 3? rSwf 9 (ar 1994) pm 105-107/ rdk;rdk;twGuf 4 ESpfajrmuf trSwfw&yGJü rkd;rdk;\ rde;f rom;wefrhJ zwfozD wfoD ajy;vTm;ae&aom ½kyyf ?kH iyvDü awGUcJah om vlYavmurS oif,lp&mrsm;udk rem;wrf; &SmazGaeaom ½kyfyHkESifh pma&; q&m wpfa,mufxrH S olvckd siaf om pmrlwpfy'k &f atmif zefw;D awmif;,l Edik af om t,f'w D maumif;wpfa,muf\ ½kyyf rkH sm;udk trSw&f pGm owd&pGm a&;om;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/
22
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
15/ pE´m? r/]]a<uaomfvnf;ra<u}}? &ifckefoH? rSwf 17 (ar 1991) pm 104-107/ rdk;rdk;onf rarhEdkifaumif;aom pmayzefwD;&Sif jzpfaMumif;? olronf yef;av;wpfyiG hf a<uovdk jzKwcf eJ a<uaomfvnf; ol r zef w D ; cJ h a om Zmwf a umif ; rsm;pG m onf ra<uEd k i f a om yef ; uav;rsm;tjzpf ol r ud k , f p m; pum;ajymaernf j zpf a Mumif ; a&;om;xm;onf/ 16/ pdefwif? r/ ]] rk d ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) uG , f v G e f j cif ; ES p f y wf v nf atmif;arhzG,faeY}}? &ifckefoH? rSwf 17 (ar 1991) pm 100-103/ ½k&Sm;trsKd;orD; rpdefwifu olrESifh rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) cifrif&if;ESD;yHk? pma&;q&mr\ 0w¬Kudk bmomjyefqdkyHk? rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefjcif;ESpfvnf tcrf;tem;wGif 0rf;enf;aMuuGJ&yHk ajymjycsufudk pma&;q&mr rpE´mESifh MuLMuLoif;u rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ 17/ pdrf;ol? armif(ykodrf-)/ ]]rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;)&JU yxraeYrsm; (yxrydik ;f )}}? &ifckefoH? rSwf 9 (pufwifbm 1990) pm 76-78/ rdk;rkd;\ taqmifaeausmif;olb0? tdrfaxmifonf b0ra&mufrDumvrsm;udk azmfjyxm;í udkrsKd;ñGefY\ oli,fcsif;wpfOD; tjrifjzifh rkd;rdk;tay: ol\ xifjrif,lqcsufrsm; a&;om;xm;onf/ 18/ —/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)&JU yxraeYrsm; ('kwd,ydkif;)}}? &ifckefoH? rSwf 14 (azazmf0g&D 1991) pm 60-63/ rdk;rdk;ESifh udkrsKd;ñGefYwdkY\ r*FvmaqmifyHk&dyfrsm;udk azmf j yxm;í ol w d k Y \ td r f a xmif O D ; rS om;OD ; uav; aersKd ; ñG e f Y arG;zGm;onfhtcsdefumvrsm;xJrS oltrSwf&aom rkd;rdk;\ yHk&dyfrsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
23
19/ —/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) yxraeYrsm; (wwd,ydkif;)? &ifckefoH? rSwf 27 (ar 1992) pm 118-120/ rk d ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;)wd k Y rd o m;pk prf ; acsmif ; Nrd K Ue,f ? [oFwvrf;ü aexkdifpOfumvrS NrdKUxJ 33 vrf;udk ajymif;onftxd aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g; 0w¬K a&;om;xkwaf 0jzpfaom tcsed rf sm;xJrS rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ yHk&dyfrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ 20/ pd;k jrifv h wf/ ]]pmzwfolwdkYESvHk;om;wGif xm0&wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ESifh olY0w¬Krsm;}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 107110/ rk;d rd;k \ vH;k csi;f 0w¬K&n S rf sm; vlaY bmifavmutwGuf tusK;d oufa&mufyu kH kd azmfjyxm;um olronf ½d;k ½d;k ukwu f w k f aexkid &f if; apwemygaom od u © m &S d a om pmrsm;ud k o m a&;om;cJ h N yD ; trsKd ; om;pmayqk u d k xk d u f x k d u f w ef w ef & &S d c J h o l w pf O D ; jzpf a Mumif ; a&;om;xm;í jrefrm0w¬Krsm;jzifh urÇmph maytodik ;f t0dik ;f xJoYkd ajccsr&d ef pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJholwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ 21/ pGrf;&nf? armif/]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ESifh b0o½kyfazmf0w¬K}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 48-52/ rkd;rkd;\ pmayoabmw&m;? pmayt,ltqwdkYudk a&;om;xm;í rkd;rkd;onf pum;enf;enf;yJ ajymí ajymonfhtwdkif; vkyfaqmifum olr\ 0w¬Krsm;onfvnf; acwfNydKif vlrIa&;b0? rsuf a rS m uf a cwf omref j ynf o l t rsm;pk \ b0ud k xif [ yf a om a&;om;csuf r sm;jzpf í jref r mpmayavmuwG i f awmuf y onf h Mu,fwpfyiG jhf zpfaMumif;udk todtrSwjf yK armfueG ;f a&;xk;d &rnfjzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ 22/ ñdx k eG ;f vl/ ]]a<uusESif;qD}}? rñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpk? rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 27-34/ rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) aoqHk;rIowif;udk Mum;&pOfrSmyif rdk;rdk;\ pmayrsm;udk pGJvrf;cJh&yHk? ZmwfaumifwdkY\ b0udk em;vnfcJh&yHk
24
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
wdt Yk jyif rEÅav;NrKd U&Sd vlxw k u kd rf mS olrESiq hf ckH &hJ yHu k kd wa&;a&; jrifa,mif um oHo&mtqufqufrmS olr a&;csiaf ompmrsm; a&;Ekid yf gap[k qkreG f aumif;awmif;aMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ 23/ ESi;f qDatmif/ ]]uRerf odaom rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;)}}? rñdkjym&JU ESif;qDcif; pmpk/ rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 27-34/ rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬K&Snfrsm;teufrS wcsKdUudk aumufEkwfwifjyxm;í xdk0w¬&SnfrS &&Sdaom tawG;tac:rsm;? ar;cGe;f rsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/ xk0d w¬K&n S rf sm;udk zwfNy;D aemuf pma&;ol\ &ifxrJ mS jzpfay:vmaom cHpm;csurf sm;udv k nf; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ 24/ ra[oDt,f'w D mtzGUJ / ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) twGuf aEGOD;eHeuf}}? ra[oD? rSwf 114 ({NyD 1994) pm 32-33/ rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefjcif; 4ESpfjynfh txdrf; trSwfyGJwGif uAsmq&m? pma&;q&mrsm;u trSwfw&pum; ajymMum; MuyHkESifh armifaoG;opf olrtwGuf trSwfw&*kPfjyK&Gwfqdkaom ]aqmif;aESmif;av;vD aEGOD;av;vSnfh} uAsmudk azmfjyxm;onf/ 25/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefjcif;...ESifh tif;vsm;pmay}}? [ef o pf? rSwf 46 ({NyD 1994) pm 32-33/ rk d ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) uG , f v G e f j cif ; av;ES p f a jrmuf txdrf;trSwfjyKvkyfaom tcrf;tem;taMumif; a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpf o nf / av;ES p f j ynf h txd r f ; trS w f u Asmud k armif a oG ; opf u a&;om;&Gwq f í kd rk;d rd;k \ ½kyyf v kH mT rsm;udk ud½k ;kd uGe?Yf rESi;f azG;? cspOf ;D ñdw k u Ykd trSwfw& ajymMujcif;udk a&;om;xm;onf/ 26/ jrwfcikd /f ]] rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;) ESpyf wfvnftrSww f &}}? &ifckefoH? rSwf 17 (ar 1991) pm 108-111/ qd k A D , uf E k d i f i H o l a':pd e f w if ? rk d ; rd k ; (tif ; vsm;) ESpyf wfvnftcrf;tem;okYd wufa&mufy?kH rk;d rd;k \ yef;yk ½kyx f yk w kH u l kd orD;
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
25
oG,frsKd;ñGefYrS wpfqifh a':pdefwiftm; vufaqmifay;onfh taMumif; t&mrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifazmfjyxm;onf/ 27/ jrwf[def;? armif/ ]pma&;q&mr rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefonfh pwkw¬ESpfavmufrSm? pHy,fjzL zL? wGJ 2? rSwf 5? (ar 1994) pm-125/ rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) \ uG,fvGefjcif; av;ESpfjynfhcJh aomfvnf; olrudk rarhaom pmayrdwfaqGrsm;u trSwfw&tpDtpOf jyKvyk jf cif;udk a&;om;xm;í pma&;q&mr rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;)onf *kPo f a& &SdpGmjzifh olYacwf olYtcgwGif atmifjrifausmfMum;cJhaom pma&;q&mr wpfOD;[k rSwfwrf;wif *kPfjyKa&;om;xm;onf/ 28/ ½d;k uGe?Yf ud/k ]]jrifuiG ;f us,t f oHa&mifp}kH }/ rñdkjym&JUESif;qDcif;pmpk? rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 75-86/ rdk;rkd;a&;cJhaom 0w¬KwcsKdUxJrS Zmwfaumifrsm; taMumif;udk a&;om;xm;onf/ edru hf s½ek ;f uef&aom b0rsK;d pHu k kd pmayjzifh a&;zGJUcJhaom olrtm; aorif;rS vGwfajrmuf&efqkawmif;rdaomfvnf; r&EkdifawmhaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ 29/ vlr;kd at;/ ]]aysmuf a omvrf ; rS m prf ; w0g; (od k Y r [k w f ) NrdKUjyrD;tdrf}}? ra[oD? rSwf 33 ({NyD 1987) pm 146-149/ aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;0w¬Kudk *syefbmom jyefqkdol,mqkudk'dkbm&SD\ a0zefcsuf? wdk½dkwmazmifa';&Sif;\ pmay a0zefcsuf? *syefpmzwfy&dowfwpfOD;\ tjrifrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjy xm;onf/ 30/ avhvmolwpfO;D / ]]pmayb0waphwapmif;}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 29-35/ rdk;rdk;onf pma&mvla&m cspfcifp&maumif;í ol\ b0ESifh tEkynm? wpfxyfwnf;usaom pmESifh pma&;q&maoG; trsKd; tpm; wlol[k csD;usL;*kPfjyK a&;om;xm;í rkd;rdk; ouf&Sdxif&Sm; &SdpOf
26
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
tcgu pmayavmutwGuf yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhaom "mwfyHkrsm;udkyg azmfjyxm;onf/ 31/ 0ifh? r (jrpfi,f)/]]tvGrf;rsm;pD;wJh vGef;rsm;pnf;}}? rñdkjym&JU ESif;qDcif;pmpk? rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 8795/ ukeaf ps;EIe;f Bu;D jcif;xuf wjcm; a&;p&mxufaumif; aom odraf rGUeuf½idI ;f onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk a&;om;&ef tm;ay;aom rk d ; rk d ; twG u f rEÅ a v;Nrd K UteD ; &S d &G m i,f a v;rsm;rS xk w f v k y f a om tEkynmxGuu f ek yf pön;f topftqef;uav;rsm;taMumif; tao;pdwf a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ vGe;f rsm; pnf;&ufvyk af om vli,fw\ Ykd b0ESihf tm;rmefowdu å v kd nf; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ olr trnfay;xm;aom vGef;rsm;pnf; txnfuav;udkMunfh&if; pma&;ol&ifxJrS tvGrf;rsm; zdpD;vmygonf[k a&;om;xm;onf/ 32/ 0if;pnfo/l ]]yifxufaysmfoifh}}? rñk d j ym&J U ES i f ; qD d c if ; pmpk ? rEÅav;? BuD;yGm;a&; (atmufwdkbm 1990) pm 49-53/ aorif;u vlrmS ;jy;D ac:wwfw,faemf[k trSww f rJh ajymcJhol rkd;rkd; wu,fqHk;oGm;aomtcg olrudk vGrf;qGwfwrf;wvsuf r*¾Zif;t,f'w D mvkyo f l olru r*¾Zif;azmifyw d &f ufukd owfrw S Ef idk cf ahJ omf vnf; olrb0 azmifydwfoGm;cJhonfudk ajymrjycJhavygvm;[k a&;om; zGUJ qdx k m;onf/ 33/ 0if;rif;xGe;f / ]]qkawmif;vdkufonf tkdESif;qD}}? uvsm uvsm? rSwf 63 (ar 1990) pm 56-58/ rk;d rk;d onf omrefred ;f rom;r[kwb f J pmaye,ftwGuf wefzkd;&Sdaom rdef;rom;wpfOD;jzpfí olr uG,fvGefjcif;onf tpm;xkd; r&Ekdifaom tEkynm&SifwpfOD; qHk;½IH;jcif;jzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
27
34/ owif;t,f'Dwm/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&tpDtpOfrsm;rS}}? &ifckefoH (ar 1994) pm 28-33/ rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) uG,fvGefjcif; pwkw¬ESpfywfvnfyGJ tcrf;tem;usi;f yyH?k trSww f &tzGUJ zGUJ í ,if;tzGUJ \ a&SUvkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ 35/ ol&aZmf/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) trSwfw&}}? pHy,fjzL zL? wGJ 2? rSwf 5 (ar 1994) pm 120-124/ rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ yH&k yd rf sm;xJrS pma&;olowd&rdaom wdkif;&if;ar*sme,fü uavmifaoG;p umvrsm;? rkd;rkd;\ tdrfaxmifOD; b0yHk&dyfrsm;udk trSwfw& azmfjyxm;onf/ olr\ ZmwdNrdKUjzpfaom 'du k Of ;D NrKd UwGiv f nf; trSww f &wpfck vkyo f ifah Mumif; tMuaH y;xm;onf/ 36/ oQm;wJhatmif/ ]] rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) psmyerSwfwrf;}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 19-28/ rk;d rk;d aoqH;k onfah eYrpS í &ufvnfqrG ;f auR;onfah eY txd tpDtpOfrsm;? rD;oN*[ Ø o f nfah eYwiG f ol\ pmay&Jabmf&b J ufrsm;u *kPjf yKuAsm&Gwq f Mkd uyHrk sm;udk xGe;f xGe;f (pHy,fjzL)\ rSww f rf;"mwfyrkH sm; ESifhwuG rSwfwrf;jyKpkxm;onf/ 37/ [de;f vwf/ ]]rk;d rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ aojcif;tbd"r®m}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 126-130/ rdk;rkd;onf olr\ pmayrsm;aumif;Mumif;udk pma&; q&m tcsif;csif;u csD;usL;onfhtcg *kPf,lrmerwufbJ wnfNidrfaom rsufESmjzifh pmzwfolrsm;twGuf tusKd;&Sdrnfh pmayrsm;om a&;om; onf[k jyefajymavh&adS Mumif;? jyKH ;íomaewwfaMumif;? pHy,fjzLr*¾Zif;udk aumif;onfxufaumif;atmif aqmif&GufcJhaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/
28
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
38/ trm? a':(vlxk-)/ ]]rkd;rdk;(tif;vsm;) twGuf tarhvufaqmif}}? pHy,fjzL zL? rSwf 54 (ar 1990) pm 44/ rd;k rk;d onf jrefrmpmay o&zl\ pdew f pfyiG jhf zpfí olr\ pmayrsm;onf acwfwpfacwfukd azmfjyaeonfh pmayrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh t"GefY&Snf wnfwHhygap[k qkrGefaumif;awmif;xm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rdrdESifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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29
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
31
1 (u) tcgwdkif;vdkyJ ol ryGifhwyGifhuav; NyHK;aeonf/ olYrsufvHk;rsm;udk rSdwfxm;onf/ EIwfcrf;pHkudkvnf; rxdwxduav; aphxm;onf/ ol\ yg;jyifrsm; rdt Yk ad eMuonf/ odaYk omf olNyKH ;aeonf/ ol\ tNyKH ;udk rsucf rHG sm; ay:wGif awGYae&onf/ yg;jyifrsm;ay:wGif awGYae&onf/ EIwfcrf;rsm; ay:wGif awGaY e&onf/ olNyKH ;onfu 'gyJjzpfonf/ 'gavmufyjJ zpfonf/ onfhxufvnf; avsmhrNyHK;yg/ onfhxufvnf; ydkrNyHK;yg/tNrJwrf;yif jzpfonf/ ol\twGif;pdwfrsm;udk ESpfae&mwGifom xkwfazmfxif[yf wwfonf/ tenf;i,fpw d v f yI &f mS ;vQif yg;jyifrsm; eDjref;vmNy;D ? tenf;i,f pdwf½IyfaxG;vQif rsufarSmifukwfoGm;wwfonf/ onfrSwpfyg;um; ol NyKH ;aeonf/ xH;k pHtwdik ;f ryGiw hf yGiahf v; NyKH ;aewwfonf/ onftNyKH ;udk rdrd aumif;aumif;rSwfrdonf/ rdk;rdk;\ tNyHK;yifjzpfonf/ ,ckvnf; xHk;pHtwdkif; ol NyHK;aeonf/ (c) xdkaeYu eHeuf 10 em&DwdwdwGif MuHawm tat;wdkuf 0if;aygufodkY rdrd a&mufoGm;onf/ oN*ØKvfrnfhtcsdefu 11 em&D jzpfonf/ wrifyif wpfem&DapmNyD; vmcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf rdrd a&muf&SdoGm;csdefwGif 0if;xJrSma&m? {nfhcHcef;rxJrSa&m vlawG jynfhusyf aeMuNyD jzpfonf/ 0ifaygufoYkd ra&mufrw D iG f aemufbufrS vlwpfa,muf ygvm onfuo kd í d Munfv h u kd &f m yef;cs0D okef jzpfonf/ olvnf; rdrv d ykd if tdrrf S wdu k ½f u kd v f mol jzpfonf/ bwfpu f m;pD;Ny;D ajcusiaf vQmufvmol jzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYudk um;ESpfpD; jzwfausmfoGm;onf/ pmaye,frS todrdwfaqGrsm; jzpfonf/
32
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
0if;ayguf0odkY a&mufaomtcg tod pma&;q&mrsm;? uAsm q&mrsm;? yef;csDq&mrsm;? umwGef;q&mrsm;? xkwfa0olrsm;? ½kyf&SifESifh *Dwe,frS rdwfaqGrsm;udk awGY&onf/ ta0;wGifvnf; usufrSwfrdaom rsufESmrsm;udk vSrf;jrif&onf/ rdrdxHodkY vli,fpma&;q&mwpfOD; avQmufvmonf/ pmayESifh tEkynm rdwfaqGrsm; pDpOfaom trSwfw& pmtkyfuav;udk ay;onf/ wpfa,mufu ,yfawmifurf;onf/ Ny;D awmh trdejYf yefwrf; zwfrnfu h pd ö ajymonf/ todrdwfaqGrsm;udk jyHK;jyEIwfquf&if; {nfhcHcef;rqDodkY rdrd avQmufomG ;onf/ t0if0teD;wGif cspOf ;D ndKEiS ahf wGUonf/ ]]trdejYf yefwrf;}} udk jyonf/ rdrd zwfMunfhonf/ xdkYaemuf ]tpfudkzwfrvm;} [k olu ar;onf/ rdrdu olYudkyif zwf&ef ajymvdkufonf/ cef ; rBuD ; twG i f ; od k Y 0if o G m ;aomtcg rd r d u d k jrif o jzif h armifaoG;opf a&mufvmonf/ tpDtpOfrsm;udk ajymjyonf/ jyefwrf;udpö ar;onf/ rdrdu cspfOD;ndKESifh awGYNyD;jzpfaMumif; ajymvdkufonf/ jyefwrf; rdwåLxm;&ef ajymaomtcg azjrifhxHwGif &Sdonf[k qdkonf/ rdk;rdk;onf pmaytusdK;? pma&;q&mwdkY\ tusdK;? pmayjzifh jynfolwdkY tusdK;wdkYudk rdrdwdkYESifhtwl o,fydk;vkyfaqmifoGm;&ef us&m wm0efudk ,lxm;olwpfOD; jzpfonf/ ol\0dnmOf taMumifhtMuuif;pGm oGm;vdk&m oGm;Edkif&ef rdrdwdkYu xHk;wrf;pOfvm 0wå&m;t& trdefYjyefwrf; zwfMum;Mu&rnf jzpfonf/ rd k ; rd k ; vJ a vsmif ; ae&mod k Y rd r d a vQmuf o G m ;onf / rd r d o nf aemufydkif;wGif ESvHk;tm;enf;ojzifh tNyD;tydkif cGJcGmoGm;Muawmhrnfh rdwfaqGrsm;\ rsufESmrsm;udk Munfhum EIwfrqufjzpfonfrSm tawmf MumoGm;NyD/ odkYaomf rdk;rdk;ESifhrl rawGY&onfrSmvnf; umvtwefMumNyD/ aemufqHk;taeESifh awGYqHkEIwfquf&efvnf; wm0ef&Sdonf xifojzifh olvJavsmif;&mteD;odkY a&muf&SdoGm;onf/ rdrd a&muf&SdoGm;aom vuf0Jbufab;wGif vl ESpfa,muf? oHk;a,muf &Sdaeonfudk wdk;0ifNyD; rd;k rd;k \ rsuEf mS udk Munfv h u kd o f nf/ onfrmS ol NyKH ;aeonfukd awGU&onf/ rdk;rdk; NyHK;aeonf/ rdrd tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm awGYjrifcJh&zl;aom tNyHK;yif jzpfonf/ ,cifu awGUjrifcJh&onfrSmvnf; onftNyHK;yif jzpf
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
33
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34
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
,ck om;ti,fwGifrl araru wrvGefb0rS w&m;em&rnf jzpfygonf/ OD;jynf;acgif;wHk;ESifh oDv&Sifrav; oG,frsdK;nGefYudk awGU&aom tcg olt Y ar oDv&Sif 0wfco hJ nfukd vnf;aumif;? olt Y ar a&;om;cJah om rok"r®pm&Dudk vnf;aumif; trSwf&&Sd&awmhonf/ rdk;rdk;\ 0w¬K&Snfrsm;wGif rdrdtBudKufqHk;ESpfyk'fudk jyyg[kqdkvQif aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g; w0g;ESifh rok"r®pm&DwdkYyifjzpfonf/ rok " r® pm&Dukd zwfpOfu rdrrd su&f nfusc&hJ onft h jzpfukd rd;k rd;k tm; rdrd rajymvdu k f &yg/ trSeaf wmh rdrad &m? rd;k rd;k yg pum;enf;Muolrsm; jzpfojzifh rdrw d Ykd onf tESpfESpfq,frQ &if;ESD;cifrifcJhMuaomfvnf; pum;rsm;rsm; ajymzl; Mujcif;? ajymjzpfMujcif; r&Sdyg/ (C) trSefyifjzpfonf/ udkrsdK;nGefY? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) wdkYESifh rdrd cifrif&if;ESD;cJh& onfrSm tESpfESpfq,frQyif jzpfonf/ 1970 0ef;usifu 33 vrf;wGif rdrw d Ykd pcef;csonfh ae&mrSm pmayavmu jzpfonf/ olwYkd ESpaf ,mufu 1969 ckESpfwGif vufxyfcJhMuonf r[kwfvm;/ rdrdESifh yxrqHk; cifrif&if;ESD;&onfrSm udkrsdK;nGefY\zcif pmay avmu OD;cifnGefYyifjzpfonf/ rdrd &efukefa&mufp 1953 avmuf uwnf;uyif olu Y kd od&cdS &hJ onf/ pmayavmu pmayavmuudk b,fvpdk Ny;D odoenf;/ pmzwforl sm;? pmay0goem&Sirf sm;? pma&;q&mrsm;taeESihf pmayavmu udk ]]rodbJaeí r&Edkifojzifh}} odMu&jcif;jzpfonf/ ]]rodbaJ eí r&Edik o f jzif}h } [kq&kd jcif;rSm ]]pmayavmu pmtkyf qdkif}} onf pmayavmuwGif wpfrlxl;jcm;cJhaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ xdpk Ofu &efuek Nf rKd UwGif xif&mS ;aom jrefrmpmtkyq f ikd rf sm;[lík OD;b&DESifh orD;rsm;? udkwifatmif rpef;pmay? udkarmifarmif rEkpmay wdYk jzpfMuonf/ olwo Ykd nf wdu k cf ef;us,Bf u;D rsm; r[kwaf omfvnf; olwYkd ae&mESifh olwdkY &SdMuonf/ qdkifcef;r&Sdolrsm;um; yvufazmif;ay:wGif a&mif;Muonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
35
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36
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
]b,f[kwfrvJAs? pma&;q&mqDu pmrludk av;av;pm;pm; awmif;rSaygh} OD;cifnGefYu tav;teuf ajymonf/ ][kwfw,f? olu cifAsm;qDudk oGm;r,fqdkNyD; uRefawmfhudk ac: vmwm/ udkewfEG,f tqifajyatmif vkyfay;vdkufyg} OD;b0if;u 0ifajymonf/ ][m bmtqifrajyp&m &SdrvJ? 'gayr,fh rvdcu uRefawmf wpfa,mufwnf; r[kwfawmh udkrif;ausmfudk wdkifyif&OD;r,f/ reufjzef uReaf wmf taMumif;jyefr,fav? tm;vH;k tqifajyrSmyg/ reufjzefaeYcif; uRefawmf qdkif0ifvmcJhr,f} ]tJ'gqdk&if aumif;w,f/ uRefawmfvnf; qdkifrSm &Sdaer,f/ 'gayrJh yHEk ydS w f u kd ef YJ xkwaf 0a&;vkyif ef;awGukd uReaf wmfo h m; armifrsKd ;nGeYf udk vTJxm;w,f/ olu pmtkyfxkwfa0a&; vkyfcsifw,f/ uRefawmf olYudk vTMJ unfw h m rqd;k ygbl;? ol vkyw f wfygw,f/ olrY mS pdwu f ;l uav; &Sw d ,f/ vli,fqakd wmh acwftjrifvnf; &Sw d ,f/ olY oli,fcsi;f awGuvnf; olu Y kd 0dik ;f ulnMD uw,f/ olo Y il ,fcsi;f awG udek wfE, G o f rd mS aygh/ a'gufwmaiGp;kd wd?Yk armifazjrifhwdkY? armifaZ,swdkY} ]uRefawmfodygw,f? udkrsdK;nGefYudka&m? olY oli,fcsif;awGa&m uRefawmf odaewmyJ/ reufjzef uRefawmf vmcJhr,f} xdkaeYnaeu rif;ausmfudk tusdK;taMumif; ajymaomtcg rdrd BuKd uo f vdv k yk &f ef vTt J yfvu dk yf gonf/ odjYk zifh aemufwpfaeYwiG f pmay avmu avmuodkY rdrd a&muf&SdNyD; OD;cifnGefY? udkrsdK;nGefYwkdYESifh pmtkyfxkwfa0a&; tpDtpOfrsm; aqG;aEG;Muonf/ udkrsdK;nGefYu pmrlcudk pmtdwfuav; wpftdwfESifhxnfhNyD; csufcsif;yif ay;vdkufonf/ odkYjzifh rvdc\ jrefrm0w¬KtnTef; 1? 2 wpfwGJESifh 3? 4? 5 wpfwGJudk pmayavmu pmayavmurS oyf&yfcHhnm;pGm xGufvmonf/ wpfcsdefu armifae0if; pDpOfcJhaom jrefrm0w¬Kwdkrsm; pmtkyfudk jyefxkwfcsifonf qkí d vnf; rdrd pDpOfay;&onf/ xdaYk emuf pmayavmu pmtkyw f iG f pmrl a&;ay;&onf/ xdkYaemuf ]]aumvd,}} uavmiftrnfjzifh urÇmhordkif; tbd"mef udk rdrad &;ay;cJo h nf/ xdaYk emuf ewfE, G t f rnfjzifh teDESifhteuf udk bmomjyefay;&ef uwdjyKcJhonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
37
udkrsdK;nGefYESifh ol\ oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfMuaom a'gufwmaiGpdk;? udak zjrif?h udak Z,swo Ykd nf pm pa&;pjzpfNy;D ? pmayESihf pmayxkwaf 0a&;udk txl;pdw0f ifpm;Muum? urÇm*h E¦0ifpmayrsm;udk xkwaf 0&ef pdik ;f jyif;vsuf &SdMuonf/ xdkpOfu udkaiGpdk;wpfa,mufom q&m0efjzpfNyD; udkazjrifhESifh udak Z,swu Ykd aemufq;kH ESpf aq;ausmif;om;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ olwYkd txJ wGif jrefrmpmXmerS udkjrifhpdk;vdIifvnf; yg&Sdonf/ þodkYjzifh rdrdonf pmayavmu pmtkyfwdkuf? pmayavmu rdom;pk? pmayavmutodik ;f t0dik ;f ESihf &if;ED;DS cJo h nf/ pmayavmu rdom;pk wpfO;D jzpfaom rd;k rd;k ESiv hf nf; rdom;pkwpfO;D yrm &if;ES;D &onf/ onfwek ;f u rdk;rdk;uvnf; pma&;umpyJ &Sdao;onf/ olYudk olYrdom;pkrsm; ac:onfh twdkif; ]]rpef;}} [kyif rdrd ac:cJhonf/ rd;k rd;k \ 0w¬Kwakd v;rsm; aiGwm&DwiG f ygp jyKaeNyjD zpfaomfvnf; olYudk pma&;q&mtjzpf wtHhwMo awGY&Sdvdkuf&onfuawmh ol\ aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g; xGufaomtcgwGif jzpfygonf/ 2 rdk;rdk;\ vHk;csif;0w¬Kwpfyk'fudk yHkESdyfaeaMumif; od&aomtcg trSwf rxifyifjzpfonf/ ½dk;½dk;om;om; ajym&vQif txifrBuD;rdyg/ omrefrQ avmufomjzpfvrd rhf nf[k xifonf/ omrefxufyif avsmeh nf;vQiv f nf; avsmhenf;Edkifonf/ taMumif;rSm aysmuf a omvrf ; rS m prf ; w0g; xGufaomumvonf ,aeYpum;ESifhajym&vQif ]]a&TvHk;csif;acwf}} [k ajymEdkifaom 70 pkumv jzpfonf/ 1971 ckESpf avmufrSpNyD; vHk;csif; 0w¬KawG wpfacwf xvmonf/ tjywf jzefYcsdonfh pepf ay:vmonf/ ]]&mcdkifEIef;}} pepf ay:vmonf/ 20 &mcdkifEIef;? 30 &mcdkifEIef; ponfjzifh jzpfvmonf/ ta&mif;&xdkif;aom pma&;q&mrsm;yif apmifa& 2ç000 jywf Muonf/ pma&;q&mtopfrsm;vnf; 2ç000 jywfMuonf/odkYjzifh xkwfa0olawG wdk;vmovdk pma&;q&mawGvnf; wdk;vmonf/ ]]&SJ'dk;}} ESifh ]]trnfcH}} pma&;q&mrsm;vnf; wpfygwnf; jzpfay:vmMuonf/ emrnfBu;D pmaywdu k rf sm;rS ]]trnfc}H } pma&;q&mrsm; wpfNyKd iw f nf;vdyk if
38
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
39
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40
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
or®wrSm olutcef;iSm;xm;onf/ odaYk omf nrtdyyf g/ aeYbuf wGif pma&;½Ho k m oGm;ygonf/ reuf &Spef m&D? ud;k em&DavmufwiG f oGm;Ny;D naebuf av;em&D? ig;em&DavmufwGif jyefvmavh&Sdygonf/ rdrdwdkYu rdk;rdk;tjyefudk udkrsdK;nGefYESifhtwl oGm;BudKavh &Sdygonf/ trSefawmh ]]oGm;BudKonf}} qdkonfxuf ]]bD,moGm;aomuf onf}} qdkjcif;u rSefygonf/ tJ'Dwkef;u ]]bD,m}}&Sm;ygonf/ (tckayg raygrodyg/) [dkw,frsm;wGifvnf; tjyifrS vma&mufpm;oHk;olrsm;udk bD,m ra&mif;yg/ wnf;cdkolrsm;udkom a&mif;ygonf/ xdkodkYjzifh rdk;rdk;or®wrSm pmoGm;a&;onfrSm rdrdwdkY bD,maomufzdkY jzpfaeonf/ nae av;em&D? ig;em&DavmufwGif rdrdwdkYu pmayavmu pmayavmurSm pkNyD; or®w[kdw,fodkY csDwufoGm;Muygonf/ atmufxyf {nfhcef; aumifwmrS zkef;qufvdkufvQif rdk;rdk;onf ydkufqHtdwfuav;udkudkifNyD; qif;vmygonf/ rdrdwdkYrSm bD,mtwGufvnf; ryl&yg/ bD,mzdk;vnf; ryl&yg/ bD,m'g,dumrBuD; wrvGefb0rSm om,mcsrf;ajrUygap/ wpfcgwpfcgwGif rdrdwdkYonf av;em&D? ig;em&Dtxd rapmifhEdkif ojzifh nae oHk;em&DavmufrSmyif a&muf&SdoGm;wwfMuonf/ onftcg rdrdwdkYu– ]rd;k rd;k a& aqm&D;yJ? uaeY aeenf;enf;ylwmeJY apmapm xGuv f m Muwm} olu xHk;pHtwdkif; NyHK;vdkufNyD;]&ygw,f? uRerf uvnf; naebufq&kd if q&mwdyYk J arQmaf ewm} ]udkrsdK;nGefYudk arQmfaewmr[kwfvm;} onftcg vifr,m;ESpfa,muf &,fusJusJ/ odkYaomf wpfcgwGif rdrdu rdk;rdk; or®w[dkw,fwGif pma&;onfh taMumif; pmxJrS uvdvdkufrdonf/ onfvdk ..... ]]rdrdonf rdk;rdk;vdkvnf; or®w[dkw,frSmoGm;NyD; pm ra&;Edik /f rif;ausmv f v kd nf; uavmrSmoGm;Ny;D pmra&;Edik o f jzifh oefvsif rSmyif jcHuav;wpfjcH 0,f&onf/}} rdk;rdk; uRJNrD;wdkNyD; rdrdudk tawmfMumMum pum;rajymbJaecJh onf/ rif;ausmfESifh armifae0if;wdkYudkvnf; wdkifwef;cJhonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
41
]q&mewfEG,fu uRefrtxyfcdk;uav;rSm b,fvdkae&w,f qdkwmvJ odvsufom;eJU? bmjzpfvdkY or®wrSm oGm;ae&w,fqdkwmvJ odvsufom;eJY tckvdka&;vdkufawmh pmzwfolawGu uRefrudk wrif BuD;us,fwmvdkY xifroGm;Mubl;vm;} aqm&D;yg rdk;rdk;/ wpfcgwpf&w H iG f rdru d &if;ED;S onfo h abmjzifh [du k vd? onfuvd vkyfwwfovdk &Hzef&HcgwGifvnf; tuif;ryg; jzpfwwfonf/ wpfnaewGif twefi,fr;kd csKyo f nftxd pmayavmu xdik cf kH wpfckay:wGif xdkifaepOf udkrsdK;nGefYu– ]q&m b,foGm;rvdkYvJ} ]b,frSroGm;bl;? tdrfjyefrSmyJ/ 'Dtcsdef um;enf;enf;usyfvdkY xdik af ewm} ]uRefawmf vdkufydkYr,fav} xdkpOfu pmayavmu pmayavmuonf pudk'gqvGef;um; zGwfcsuf zGwcf suBf u;D udk 0,fNy;D cgp jzpfonf/ ]]zGwcf suf zGwcf su}f } [k ajym&onfrmS xdkum;udk 0,fpOfu oHk;aomif;ay;&onf[k ajymonf/ jyefa&mif;awmh oHk;aomif;½HI;onf[k ajymonf/ uJraumif;vm;/ rdrdu tm;emojzifh– ][maeygap? uRefawmfwdkYqDu ta0;BuD;} ]&ygw,f/ aeOD;? uRefawmf udkaiGpdk;udk ac:vdkufOD;r,f} udkrsdK;nGefY txyfcdk;ay: wufoGm;onf/ xdpk Ofu um;armif;rnfo h l r&Sad o;ojzifh q&m0ef pma&;q&m BuD; a'gufwmaiGpdk;u apwem'½dkifbm/ twefMumaomtcg udkrsdK;nGefYESifh a'gufwmaiGpdk;wdkY qif;vm Muonf/ rdk;rdk;vnf; ygvmonf/ ]rdk;rdk;u b,foGm;rvdkYvJ} rdrdu rdk;rdk; wpfae&moGm;rnf xifojzifh ar;vdkufonf/ ]olvnf; vdkufr,fwJh} udkrsdK;nGefYu ajzonf/ rdrdtdrfu vrf;rBuD;ay:wGif r[kwf? vrf;oG,fuav;wGif jzpfonf/ twGi;f odYk 0if&onf/ vrf;enf;enf;qd;k onf/ tcsKd U tiSm;um; rsm;qdkvQif vrf;xJr0ifcsif/
42
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rdrdu olwdkYudk tm;emojzifh vrf;xdyfrSmyJ qif;NyD; avQmufcJh onf/ olwu Ykd m;rSmvnf; vrf;xdyrf mS twefMum&yfaeNy;D aemuf jyefxu G f oGm;onf/ aemufwpfaeYwiG f rif;ausmEf iS hf w,fvzD ek ;f ajym&mwGif raeYu udkrsdK;nGefYwdkY vdkufydkYaMumif;? rdrdu olwdkYudk tm;emojzifh vrf;xdyfrSmyif qif;cJhaMumif;ajym&m rif;ausmfu– ]tJ'gawG cifAsm; cufwmyJ/ tJ'gaMumifh armifae0if;u cifAsm; udak jymwm? ajrmufOuúvmyieJ[m vnfrvdv k ekd YJ wpfcgwpfcg w,ftw l m yJw}hJ ]bmjzpfvv Ykd }J ]rd;k rd;k u cifAsm;tdru f kd a&mufz;l csiv f Ykd wrifvu kd v f mwm/ reuf u uRefawmfukdrsdK;nGefYeJY awGUNyD;NyD? cifAsm;u rac:awmh olwdkYvnf; vrf;xdyu f yJ vSnjhf yefc&hJ w,fw/hJ 'DvAkd s? rd;k rd;k u pma&;cgpqdak wmh pma&; q&mawGeUJ pum;ajymcsiw f ,f/ pma&;q&mawG&UJ ud, k yf ikd f pmMunfw h u kd f awG udkvnf; Munfhcsifw,f/ bmpmtkyfawG zwfovJaygh/ wpfaeYu uReaf wmft h rd u f kd vmoGm;MuNy;D uReaf wmfph mMunfch ef;udk tMumBu;D Munfh oGm;w,f} ][mAsm olwdkYu 'DvdkrS rajymbJ? uRefawmf b,fodyghrvJ} odkYjzifh oeyfyifa[majymyGJrS tjyefwGif? oeyfyifrS 'dkifemum; BuD;jzifh awmufavQmufjyefcJhMu&mwGif vrf;oifhaom rdrdudk tvsifqHk; 0ifydkYcJhMuaomtcg? rdrdu rdk;rdk;udk um;ay:rS twif;qif;apNyD; rdrd\ pmMunfhcef;udk Munfhapygonf/ aemufrS pOf;pm;rdonf/ ,if;tjzpfrsm;vnf; r[kwfao;yg/ vrf;uvnf; Murf;? um;uvnf; aqmifh? 'gavmufyifyef;vmwJh vl wpfa,mufukd nBu;D rd;k csKyrf mS um;ay:u twif;qif;apNy;D pmMunfch ef; udk MunfhaponfrSm (xdktcsdefwGif rdrdwdkYu ]]0rf;azmfonf½kwf'f}} qdkNyD; wpfyufpD armhaeMuonf/) .../ aqm&D;yg rdk;rdk;/ odkYaomf rdrd rdk;rdk;ESifh ydkrdk&if;ESD;&onfrSm pmqdkawmf c&D;rsm; aMumifhyif jzpfygonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
43
3 vlwpfa,muftaMumif;udk t&uftwlaomufaomtcg od&onf/ zJtwl ½dkufaomtcg od&onf/ omreftcsdefwGif rawGYjrifEdkifaom twGi;f pdwu f kd awGUjrif&onf/ tcsKd Uu oabmxm; jynf0h onf/ pdw&f n S f onf/ tepfemcHonf/ ulnDwwfonf/ ½dkif;yif;wwfonf/ tay;t,l &Sdonf/ tjyeftvSef av;pm;rI&Sdonf/ tcsdKUu... tcsdKUu... xm;ygawmh/ ykxZk Of vlom;awGy/J cRw, f iG ;f csuf uav;awG?G tm;enf;csuf uav;awG &SdwwfpjrJyJ/ 'DvdkyJ onf;cHEdkiforQawmh onf;cHMu&onf/ pmaya[majymyGJ oGm;Mu&aomtcgwGiv f nf; ,cifu omref rQom qufqHcJhMu&aom pma&;q&mrsm;\ twGif;p½dkufudk od&SdMu& onf/ tcGit hf a&; wpf&yfyifjzpfonf/ pdwcf sr;f om&onfh tcgrsm;vnf; &So d nf/ tenf;i,f pdwt f aESmift h ,Suf jzpf&onfh tcgrsm;vnf; &So d nf/ pma&;q&mrsm;vnf; vlxJu vlawGyif jzpfonf/ trsKd ;orD; pma&;q&mrsm;ESit hf wl oGm;&aomtcg tenf;i,f owdxm; &onf/ olwdkYrSm pma&;q&m0dnmOf yl;uyfaeovdk vufikwf vuf&if;jzpfaom trsdK;orD; 0dnmOfuvnf; &Sdaeonf/ tb,frQyif todÓPfynm xufjrufNyD; tawG;tjrif us,fjyefYonfjzpfap? tenf; ESit hf rsm; qdo k vdk trsKd ;orD;awGonf trsKd ;om;awGEiS hf rwlaom oD;jcm; t&nftcsif;awG &Sdaewwfonf/ ½kyfydkif;t&a&m? pdwfydkif;t&a&m jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ½kyyf ikd ;f ESihf ywfoufonfrsm;udk rnforl Q rjiif;qef Edkifay/ pdwfydkif; qdkonfrSmvnf; ½kyfydkif;rS xif[yfvmjcif;rsm;yif r[kwf vm;/ rdrt d aeESihf uHaumif;onf[yk if ajym&rnfvm;rod/ taMumif; tm;avsmfpGm trsdK;orD;pma&;q&m tawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh c&D;twlwl oGm;zl;onf/ wpfBudrfwpfcgrQ pdwftaESmifht,Suf jzpfcJh&onfr&Sdyg/ rdrd taMumufqHk;u ZDZmaMumifjcif;yif/ rdrdwdkYudk zdwfMum;xm;aom pmqdkawmf aumfrwDrsm;u tyif y ef ; cH u m? tqif ; &J c H u m? aiG u k e f a Mu;uscH u m? vd k t yf v Qif atmufusdKUwefonfhae&mwGif atmufusdKUum rdrdwdkY\ oGm;a&;vma&;?
44
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
aea&;xdkifa&;? pm;a&;aomufa&;wdkYudk twwfEdkifqHk; aumif;rGefatmif aqmif&Gufay;Muygonf/ odaYk omf tajctaeqdo k nfrmS tpd;k r&yg/ txufwef;vufrw S f BudKwif0,f,lxm;aomfvnf; tem;uyfNyD;rS z,fay;&jcif;? {nfh&dyfom wpfckwGif wnf;cdkae&if; wef;vef;rS z,fay;&jcif;? wcsdKUtpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfxm;NyD;rS y,fzsufvdkuf&jcif;/ wpfcgwpfcgwGif pma&;q&mqdo k nfrmS taumifaygufpuav; wpf a umif a vmuf r S wef z d k ; r&S d w wf y g/ pma&;q&mrsm;twG u f wnfcif;aom pmqdkawmf pm;aomufyGJrsm;[k qdkaomfvnf;? pma&;q&m onf ta0;qk;H wpfae&mwGif tnHq h ;kH ukvm;xdik w f pfv;kH ESihf xdik &f wwf onf/ pmqdak wmfa[majymyGcJ &D;rsm;wGif jzpfovdk oGm;&jcif;? jzpfovdk tdyf&jcif;? jzpfovdk pm;&jcif;rsm;onf BuHKawmifhBuHKcJrsm; r[kwfyg/ onftcgrSm ZDZmraMumifzdkY ta&;BuD;ygonf/ axmifvdkufusus? jym;vdkufusus cHEdkifzdkY ta&;BuD;ygonf/ rdrdwdkYonf pma&;q&mjzpfNyD; pmayvkyfief;rsm;udk vkyfaqmif aeayonf/ rdrdwdkY wm0efudk rdrdwdkY xrf;aqmifaeMujcif; jzpfonf/ wdkif;jynfwm0ef[kajymu BuD;us,f&ma&mufvQif pmaywm0ef[kawmh ajymEdkifygonf/ Ä wpfcgwke;f u rdrw d Ykd NrKd UwpfNrKd UodYk a[majymyGo J mG ;onf/ trsKd ;om; pma&; q&moHk;OD;? trsdK;orD; pma&;q&m wpfOD;/ tjyefc&D;wGif – rD;&xm;ESifh jyef&rnf/ xdkNrdKUu blwm&SdaomNrdKUESifh tvSrf;a0; onf/ um;wpfwefpD;&rnf/ odkYaomf um;r&Sdyg/ aps;um;u reuf tapmBu;D wpfacgufom&So d nf/ odjYk zifh rdrw d Ykd xGepf ufaemufwjJG zifh jyef& onf/ vrf;u zkefwaxmif;axmif; xaeaom vSnf;vrf;/ uJ . .. jyef M uNyD / rd r d w d k Y t m;vH k ; arsmuf j zLBuD ; awG v d k azG;aeonf/ q&mr wpfcsufuav; rnnf;yg/ rdrdu – ]r... wpfacgif;vHk; azG;ukefNyD}
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
45
]udek wfE, G u f aum} ]uRefawmfwdkYu a,musfm;awGyJ} ]a,mufsm;yJjzpfjzpf? rdef;ryJjzpfjzpf acgif;[macgif;? qHyif[m qHyifygyJ? bmrS rxl;ygbl;/ tm;vHk;jzLvdkY vdkufjzLwmyJ} [kwfygh? a':]]r 0g'D}} BuD;&,f/ rD;&xm;vrf;NrdKUodkYa&mufaomtcg n 7 em&DausmfaeNyD/ uJ...xrif;pm;Mur,f/ blwmteD;wGif tdE, d´ xrif;qdik f wpfqikd Ef iS hf w½kwaf cgufqq JG ikd f wpfqikd yf J &So d nf/ jrefrmqdik f r&Syd g/ odjYk zifh w½kwq f ikd u f kd a&G;vdu k Mf uonf/ qdkifxJodkY 0ifoGm;Muonf/ bd;k awmfb&k m; vufxufu acgufqq JG ikd yf /J txJrmS arSmifrnf; aeonf/ pm;yGJ oH;k av;vH;k &So d nf/ pm;yGw J ikd ;f rSmyif awmufwrkd ,f& ypön;f awG wifxm;onf/ rdrdwdkYtwGuf pm;yGJwpfvHk; &Sif;ay;onf/ odkYaomf pm;yGu J acs;uGuaf wGEiS hf jzpfonf/ tem;awG yJah eonf/ tv,frmS tpif; awG? csKd ichf u G af wGEiS hf jzpfonf/ ukvm;xdik af wGu eJaY eonf/ ayaeonf/ usdK;aeonf/ rwwfEdkifbl;? xdkifMur,f/ bmawG&rvJ/ tpdr;f aMumf? awmufawmufaMumf? 12 rsKd ;[if;csKd ? 0uftal csmif;? bk&m;pl; a&S;a[mif; acgufqGJqdkifygyJ/ ]uJ...&Sw d myJay;yg} vmNyD...yef;uefawGu jywdkufxJu yef;uefawG/ yJhaeMu onf/ tufaeMuonf/ ZGef;awGuaum? aMu;ZGef;awG aMu;n§dwufae onf/ aMu;apmf eHvu kd w f m/ tif;...aMu;apmfeH jyefvu kd Of ;D omqd&k ifawmh 'Dn xrif;pm;Mu&awmhrSm r[kwfbl;/ tJ'w D ek ;f u aqmif;wGi;f ? pmqdak wmfqw kd m ajrmufjyefavaoG;wJh a[rEÅ&moD/ csr;f w,f? tawmfuav; csr;f w,f/ Ny;D awmh v,fxeG pf uf 'PfaMumifh tawmfuav;vnf; yef;aeMuw,f/ 'geJY.../ ]aygufazmfBuD;? aomufp&m bm&SdvJ}
46
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
(tJ...aygufazmfBuD;yJ ac:rdovm;? axmifuJBuD;yJ ac:rd ovm;? 'grSt[kwf avmyef;Bu;D yJ ac:rdovm;awmh taotcsm rrSwrf d yg/) ]tm; &Sdp,f...&Sdp,f...&rf&Sdp,f} ][m &rf aumif;wmaygh? ,lcJhyg} w½kwfBuD;u rSefawGuGJaeaom AD½dkBuD;wpfvHk;twGif;rS ykvif; wpfvHk; ,lvmonf/ ykvif;wHqdyfwGif t*Fvdyfvdk (MANDALAY RUM) [k yHkESdyfxm;onf/ uJ ...zefcGuf,lcJh/ tm;yg;...b,fwek ;f u zefcu G af wGvrJ od/ tajrm§ if; tajrm§ if; awGEiS hf awmifqyk af vmuf&adS om zefcu G Bf u;D awG/ xH;k pHtwdik ;f EIwcf rf;awG yJhaeonf/ tv,faumifrSm tufaeonf/ zifrSm te,fawGxdkifNyD; t&ufcsdK;awG uyfaeonf/ ykvif;udk azmufvdkufawmh...bk&m;ocif u,fawmfrlyg/ teHYBuD;u pl;0g;vSonf/ t&omu qdk;&Gm;vSonf/ ]]&rf}} ppfrnfrxif? twkBuD;ESifh wlonf/ ]]&rf}} ppfvQif arT;arT; oif;oif;uav;? csdKcsdK&S&S uav;/ uJ...rwwfEikd b f ;l / ppfppf? rppfppf aomufvu kd Mf upd?Yk aq;cg; BuD; ESpfusyfcGJom;/ caemfceJY ukvm;xdik w f iG f ud, k [ f efxed ;f Ny;D xdik af e&aom q&mr udk rdrdu – ]tm;emvdu k w f m} ]bmtm;emwmvJ} ]qdkifuvnf; raumif;? yef;uef cGufa,mufawGuvnf; raumif;? tpm;taomufuvnf; raumif;} ]'g udkewfEG,f vkyfwmrS r[kwfbJ} ]aemufNyD;awmh t&ufapmfuvnf; eHaewmyJ} ]eHvnf; t&ufygyJ? arT;vnf; t&ufygyJ/ uRerf u a&arT;puf½kH rSm a[m&atmif vdkufvmwm r[kwfygbl;} ]aus;Zl;ygyJ q&mr}
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
47
xrif;pm;NyD;awmh wpfjyavmufa0;aom blwm½Hkudk oGm;Mu onf/ &xm;b,ftcsdef vmrvJ/ ½dkufwdkif;...wpfq,fhESpfem&D? 'gayrJh wpfcgwav ESpfem&D? oHk;em&DavmufrS vmwwfw,f/ aumif;ygayh/ odkYjzifh aqmif;avw[l;[l; wdkufcwfaeaom yvufazmif; ay:wGif rdrdwdkY usHKUusHKUuav;awG xdkifaeMu&awmhonf/ (pmzwfolrsm;cifAsm;? b,folYrS jyefrajymbl;qdk&if q&mr qdw k mu a':cifaqGO;D yg/ ypfwikd ;f axmif oH;k a,mufuawmh armifae0if; &,f? okarmif&,f? rdr&d ,f/ tJ 0#fa<u;ruif;vdYk vrf;ay:u pma&;q&m awGeJU tazmfygvmol wpfOD;uawmh q&mr&JUtar q&muawmf a':MunfMunf jzpfygaMumif; cifAsm;/) aemufwpfcgrSmvnf; rdrdwdkY NrdKUwpfNrdKUudk oGm;Muonf/ trsdK;om; ESpfa,muf? trsdK;orD; wpfa,muf/ tJ'ND rKd UrSmu ESpn f ESpyf JG Ncrd jhf crd o hf o J cJ ifAs/ rdrw d u Ykd 'kw, d nrSmrS ajym&rSm/ 'gayr,fh yxrnrSm cPvdkufem;axmifygOD;qdkvdkY vdkufoGm; Mu&w,f/ a[majymyGu J av[mjyifxrJ mS / awmfawmfukd at;w,f/ 'gayrJh y&dowfuawmh tjynhyf /J ajymvdu k w f hJ q&mrawGuvnf; wpfa,mufukd wpfem&D? ESpef m&D/ q,fem&Dvnf;rNy;D ao;? q,fw h pfem&Dvnf; rNy;D ao;/ rdrw d rYkd mS yGq J ufawGvnf; &Sx d m;ojzifh yef;aeonfu wpfaMumif;? 'Dq&m awG a[mwJhtaMumif;wGudk Mum;&zefrsm;vdkY em;awG tlaeonfu wpfaMumif;aMumifh {nf&h yd o f mrSm jyefem;yg&apvdYk aumfrwDukd awmif;yef &w,f/ tJ'Dawmh rdrdwdkYudk *spfum;wpfpD;eJY jyefydkYay;w,f/ NyD;awmh uReaf wmfwYkd ]jyefem;axmifvu kd Of ;D r,f} qdNk y;D jyefomG ;Muw,f/ {nf&h yd o f m rSm rdrdwdkYoHk;a,mufwnf; usef&pfw,f/ udpör&Sdyg/ rdrdwkdYrSm tazmfwpfa,muf &Sdonf/ trsdK;trnf rrSwfrdawmhaom ykvif;wpfvHk;/ &rfvm;? b&rf'Dvm;yJ/
48
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
q&mru tdyaf wmhrnfqNkd y;D oltcef;xJ 0ifomG ;onf/ aumif; onf/ rdrw d Ykd ESpaf ,mufwnf; at;at;aq;aq; aomuf&rnf/ ykvif;udk zGiMhf uonf/ tm;yg;? rvG,fyguvm;/ aqmif;wGif;BuD;rSm acR;NydKufNydKuf us vmonf/ wpfcgwpfcg ykvif;zGi&hf onfh tvkyrf mS vufeufu&d , d m r&Sv d Qif EGm;owf&onfxuf yifyef;ao;onf/ aemufqHk;wGif ykvif;tzHk; a<urGwGefYvdyfNyD; yGifhoGm;onf/ atmifNyD...atmifNyD uJ...aomufMur,f/ zefcGuf&Sdonf? taumif;pm; yef;yGifh uav;awGESifh/ vSvdkufwm? b,ftdrfu iSm;xm;ovJ rod/ a&&Sdonf/ a&tdk;BuD;ESifh tjynfhyJ? a&mcsifoavmuf a&m/ 'gayr,fhtjrnf;r&Sdyg/ bmtjrnf;rS r&Sdyg/ b,folrSvnf; r&Sdyg/ b,fvv kd yk f rvJ/ rdrw d u Ykd vnf; emrnfysuaf umif;½Hk taysmw f rf; t&uf orm;rsm; jzpfojzifh tjrnf;rygvQif vHk;0 raomufwwfyg/ rdrw d Ykd {nf&h yd o f mu NrKd Uv,fEiS hf ta0;Bu;D ? vlaetdraf jcrsm;ESihf ta0;BuD;/ a&SUbufwGif ½Hk;BuD;wpf½Hk;? acgif;&if;bufwGifvnf; ½Hk;wpf½Hk; [kyif xifonf/ ajc&if;bufwiG u f m; uGi;f Bu;D wpfuiG ;f ? abmvH;k uGi;f Bu;D vm;yJ/ aemufbufwiG f bm&So d vJawmh rodyg/ vlaetdraf jc r[kwo f nf uawmh aocsmonf/ tvmwkef;u vrf;auGYwpfae&mwGif uGrf;,mqdkifvdk qdkif uav; wpfqdkifjrifcJhonf/ rdkif0ufavmufawmh a0;rnf/ bmyJjzpfjzpf tanmif;ajy avQmufomG ;vQif yJBu;D avSmw f pfxyk ?f 'grSr[kwf ajryJavSmf wpfxkyfavmufawmh &Edkifygonf/ aumif;NyD? b,fol oGm;0,frvJ/ oGm;wmu b,foloGm;oGm; &onf/ rdrdwdkYtcsif;csif; ruwf owfyg/ tjrnf;&rnfqdkvQif t0DpdyJ oGm;& oGm;&/ odaYk omf wpfa,mufomG ;vQif wpfa,mufu trsKd ;orD; pma&; q&mrESifh ESpfa,mufwnf; usef&pfcJhrnf/ rdrdwdkYtaeESifh tb,frQ ½dk;om;onf qdkaomfvnf; y&dowf tjrifwGif roifhavsmfyg/ rdrdwkdY pma&;q&mawG 'DudpörsdK;ESifh ywfoufí emrnfysuf rcHEdkifyg/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
49
aumif;NyD? 'gjzifh ESpfa,mufpvHk;oGm;rnf/ 'gvnf; rjzpfEdkifyg/ rdrw d Ykd ESpaf ,mufpvH;k oGm;vQif 'DAv kd w f aJ [mif;Bu;D rSm? ntcsed rf awmfBu;D rSm trsKd ;orD;wpfa,mufwnf; use&f pfrnf/ vloal v;yg;ESiahf 0;í? atmfí ac:ívnf; rMum;Edkifyg/ wpfckck jzpfoGm;vQif rdrdwdkYrSm wm0ef&Sdonf/ aemufNyD; 'DAdkvfwJBuD;u wapäajcmufonf[kvnf; ajymMuonf/ 'gu tqef;r[kwyf g/ Adv k w f aJ [mif;rSev f sif wapäyjkH yifu &Spd jr/J rawmfwq olrY mS ESv;kH a&m*g&Sad eNy;D wpfpw kH pf&mudk xdwv f efu Y m aoqH;k cJhvQif .../ ]awmuf jyóemyJ} rdrdwdkYESpfa,muf awmufacgufum us,favmifpGm nnf;vdkuf Muonf/ t&ufyv k if;udk EGm;owfovdk zGiahf eMuonfh toHMum;íyJ tdyf raysmfovm;? 'grSr[kwf rdrdwdkY awmufacgufaomtoH us,favmif vGef;vSíyJ vefYEdk;ovm;rodyg/ q&mrtcef;xJrS xGufvmNyD;... ]q&mwdkY bmawG jyóem jzpfaeMuwmvJ} ]t&uf&SdNyD; bmtjrnf;rS r&Sdbl;} ]tvmwke;f u vrf;auGrY mS uGr;f ,mqdik w f pfqikd f uRerf jrifcw hJ ,f/ tJ'DrSm oGm;0,f&if wpfckck &rSmaygh} ]jyóemu 'gyJaygh/ uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,muf oGm;&if r... wpfa,mufwnf; usefcJhrSmpdk;vdkY} ]'grsm; tvG,af v;yg q&mwd&Yk ,f/ jyóem r[kww f m jyóem vkyfaeMuw,f/ q&mwdkYoGm;&if uRefrvnf; vdkufcJhrSmaygh} [kwfvdkufav? 'Dvdkawmhvnf; tvG,fuav;yJ/ ,if;odkYjzifh rdrdwdkYoHk;a,muf wdwfqdwfaom? Nidrfoufaom? at;jraom? om,mvSyaom ntv,fwGif at;aq;pGm vrf;avQmuf vsuf &SdMuawmhonf/ (pmzwforl sm; cifAsm;...b,forl S rMum;atmif wd;k wd;k uav; ajym&&if q&mru wuúodkvfjrpdrf;yg/ tjrnf;jyóem wufaeol taysmw f rf; t&uform;ESpOf ;D u armifae0if;ESihf rdryd g/ ,ck armifae0if; u aorSmaMumufí taysmfwrf;b0udkyif pGefYvTwfvdkufygNyD/) ,if;odkYjzifh pmaywm0efudk rdrdwdkY wwfpGrf;orQ xrf;aqmif&ef pmay nDtpfrrsm;ESihf pmayc&D;oGm;&onfrmS aysmaf rGUzG,&f m aumif;vSyg
50
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
onf/ armif&if;ESryrm cifrif&if;ESD; Mu&ygonf/ onftxJwGif rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) vnf; yg0ifygonf/ Ä rdk;rdk;ESifh rdrd yxrqHk;c&D;twl oGm;zl;onfrSm 1978 ckESpfu jzpfonf/ rdrw d Ykd tzGUJ wGif rif;ausm?f armifae0if;? ajrZmESihf rd;k rd;k \cifyeG ;f udrk sKd ;nGew Yf Ykd yg0ifonf/ ,if;c&D;u wpfauGUwpfywfBuD;jzpfonf/ yxrqHk; rJZvDukef;odkY oGm;onf/ ,if;yGJudk jrifhpdk;vdIifu pDpOf jcif;jzpfonf/ &efuek rf S rJZvDuek ;f odYk toGm;wGif jrifph ;kd vdiI w f Ykd ZeD;armifEHS vnf; yg&S&d m wpfpw k a0; waysmw f yg;Bu;D yif jzpfonf/ &efuek rf S rJZvDuek ;f udk &xm;ESpq f ifh pD;&onf/ rJZvDuek ;f rStjyef avmfu,f&xm;wGif ae&m r&&Sdojzifh tayguf0 Murf;jyifay:rSm xdkifMu&onf/ wHcg;r&Sdaom avmfu,f&xm; tv,faygufBuD;wGif ajcwGJavmif;csNyD; xdkifaeaom rd;k rd;k udk ½kww f &ufMunfv h u kd v f Qif a'ocH ukepf rd ;f onf wpfa,mufvm;[k xif&onf/ rdrw d w Ykd pfou kd u f awmh 12 yGv J u kd o f nfh zJo;kH csyo f rm;rsm;vdv k ?kd &xm;ayguf0rSm wdk;vdkYwGJavmif;/ tm;vHk; aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tifyif/ [oFmwwGif ZvGefpmqdkawmftzGJUu apmifhBudKaeMuonf/ [oFmwaomifBuD;udk aeylxJwGif jzwfMu&onf/ oJuylyl? aeuylyl? avuylyl? a&uylyl/ [oFmwrS ZvGeo f Ykd um;jzifh oGm;Muonf/ wm½d;k ay:rSm azmuf xm;aom ajrvrf;jzpfojzifh rnfonfhtrsdK;tpm;rSef; rodawmhaom um;Bu;D onf t½l;wpfa,mufvkd ,dr;f xd;k Ny;D oGm;aeonf/ ajreDreI rYf sm;u rdrdwdkYudk rdwfuyfjc,fay;Muonf/ rdk;rdk;u trdk;oHudkif;udk wtm;qkyf xm;onf/ odkYr[kwfvQif vGifhusNyD; usef&pfcJhEdkifonf/ ZvGefuae tazsmufudk armfawmfuav;jzifh oGm;&onf/ tazsmufuae rtlyifov Ykd nf; armfawmfuav;ESiyhf if/ aygif;rd;k armfawmf uav;/ tazsmufuae rtlyifukd wpfaeukef oGm;&onf/ ysi;f aeatmif pD;&onf/ armfawmfaygif;rdk;uav;atmufwGif arS;idkufaeMuonf/ aea&mifu a&jyifrS wpfqifh rdrdwdkYudk a&mifjyef[yfaeonf/ ysif;p&maumif;vdkufwm? zJxkyfygvm&if aumif;rSmyJ/ atmifr,f...wpfa,mufrSm zJxkyfygvmonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
51
uJ...'gjzifh upm;Mu&atmif/ uefYuGufol r&Sdyg/ rdk;rdk;aum ygOD;rvm;/ [kwu f &hJ iS /hf bmupm;MurvJ/ wpfcsyfarSmufyJ aumif;ygw,f/ yxrawmh rdrw d u Ykd rd;k rd;k udk nยงmupm;Muonf/ rdrw d u Ykd , kd f rdrw d Ykd wpfcsyfarSmuf yg&*lBuD;awG[k xifxm;Muonf/ aemufawmh b,f[kwfrvJ? ydkufqHawGtm;vHk; rdk;rdk;vufxJ a&mufomG ;onf/ taysmw f rf;rdYk awmfawmhonf/ aMu;Bu;D Bu;D rsm; upm;rd vQif rdrw d Ykd ykq;kd awG? wdu k yf akH wG aygif&ojzifh a[majymyGpJ ifay:udak wmif 0wfpHk iSm;wufMu&rnf/ ]rd;k rd;k u upm;wwfom;yJ} ]q&mwdyYk J ajymw,f/ pma&;q&mqdw k m pHak tmif avhvmxm;& w,fq}kd olu NyHK;aeonf/ rdk;rdk;\ tNyHK;/ aemufwpfyGJu oeyfyif? 1979 Edk0ifbm/ oeyfyifyGJudk rdk;rdk;\ tpfudk OD;jrifhodef;u pDpOfjcif; jzpfonf/ onfyrJG mS vnf; rdr?d rd;k rd;k ? ajrZm? rif;ausm?f armifae0if;/ 'D ig;a,mufyif/ udrk sKd ;nGev Yf nf; ygonf/ trSeaf wmh olvnf; a[mzdaYk umif;onf/ olvnf; pma&;q&myif/ OD;jrifhodef;u rdrdwdkYtwGuf a'otpm;tpmrsm; txl;pDpOf ay;onf/ zm;&,f? <uuf&,f.../ rdrdwdkYrSm rEdIuf&J EdIuf&J? rpm;&J pm;&J/ rdk;rdk;udk Munfhvdkufawmh wuRwfuRwfESifh/ ]rdk;rdk;u w,f[kwfygvm;} ]q&mwdkYyJ ajymw,f? pHk&r,fqdk} [kwyf gh/ aemufwpfyGJu ykodrf? omaygif;? 1979 'DZifbm/ onfc&D;rSmawmh rdr?d rd;k rd;k ? rif;ausm?f armifae0if; av;a,muf wnf;/ ajrZm rygawmh/ udkrsdK;nGefYvnf; rvdkuf/ rdk;rdk;\ oli,fcsif; wpfa,muf tazmfvdkufvmonf/
52
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
ykodrfAdkvfwJrSm wnf;&onf/ rdrd? rif;ausmf? armifae0if;u wpfcef;? rdk;rdk;ESifh olYoli,fcsif;u wpfcef;/ xdn k u rdrw d Ykd aumif;aumif;rtdy&f / wpfzufcef;u rde;f uav; ESpfa,muf wpfnvHk; pum;wGwfxdk;aeMuaomaMumifh.../ reufusawmh]b,fvjkd zpfMuwmvJ? wpfnvH;k rtdyyf J bmawGrsm;? 'gavmuf ajymaeMuwmvJ} ]q&mwdYk rodb;l vm;? 'DAv kd w f u J wapäajcmufw,fqv kd Ykd wpfn vHk; xdkifNyD; pum;ajymaeMuwm} ]aMumufvdkYvm;} ]raMumufygbl;? wapävmvdkY&Sd&if awGY&atmifyg} aumif;ygayh? wapäeJY ]]AsL;}} rvdkYeJY wlw,f/ omaygif; AdkvfwJrSmvnf; wpfnvHk; pum;ajymaeMuonf/ awmfawmfajymEdkifonfh ESpfa,mufyJ/ odkYaomf... rdk;rdk;onf a[majymyGJwGifawmh pum;odyfrajymyg/ em&D0uf avmufomajymonf/ trSeaf wmh olonf a[majymonft h vkyu f kd tm;oefvyS kH r&yg/ pma&;aumifaomfvnf; pum;ajymraumif;vSyg/ toHw;kd onf/ trlt&m vIyf&Sm;rIr&Sd/ NyHK;½Hkuav;rQom/ rdrdwdkYu a[majymyGJ tawGUtBuHK? e,fy&dowf tawGUtBuHK &Sdatmif wdkufwGef;ac:aqmifvGef;vSojzifhom vdkufygvmjcif; jzpf[ef &So d nf/ olonf 79 ckEpS f wpf&moDyJ [kww f yd wfwd vdu k zf ;l onf/ xdt Yk jyif rdrdwdkY oHk;a,mufavmufESifhom vdkufjzpfonf/ ykodrf? omaygif;rS tjyefwGif aZ,s0wDodkY oGm;Muonf/ rdrd? rd;k rd;k ? armifae0if;? armifprG ;f &nfjzpfonf/ udrk sKd ;nGev Yf nf; vdu k yf gvmonf/ aZ,s0wDpuf½u kH t&ufxu G o f nfqí kd avhvm&atmif vdu k yf gvmjcif; vnf; jzpfEikd o f nf/ rdrw d Ykd a&mufomG ;csed w f iG f puf½ykH w d x f m;onf/ odaYk omf rdrdwdkY vmrnfqdkojzifh puf½Hkrydwfcif rdrdwdkY jrnf;prf;Munfh&ef t&uf wpfpnf (wpfayyg) csufxm;onf[k qdkonf/ uJ...b,fhES,f&Sdp? bmtckrS aMumufygNyDvJ/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
53
aZ,s0wD r S tjyef w G i f &ef u k e f r S m wpf y G J a [mMuonf / vrf;rawmfrSm jzpfonf/ xHk;pHtwdkif;yif rdrd? rif;ausmf? armifae0if;? ajrZm? rdk;rdk;/ xdyk rJG mS tqdt k wD;awGvnf; ygonf/ q&mBu;D apmif;OD;boef; &,f? xm;&,f? at;0rf; wifwifvSu tcrf;tem;rSL;/ a[majymyGJ NyD;aomtcg aumfrwDu rdrdwdkYudk av,mOfysH pmtdwu f av;awG wpftw d pf aD y;onf/ zGiMhf unfv h u kd af wmh aiG ESp&f mpD/ [m...b,fvdkjzpfwmvJ/ rdrdwdkYudk vufaqmifypönf; ay;MuwmawG &Sdonf/ odkYaomf ,ckvdk wpfcgrQ ydkufqHray;zl;ygbl;/ ]'Dvdkygq&m? uRefawmfwdkYu tqdkawmfawGudk wpfyk'f ESpf&m ay;&w,f/ 'gaMumifh q&m? q&mrwdkYudkvnf; ESpf&mpD ay;wmyg/ ao[Jh edE´d,/ ]q&m&,f ydu k q f aH wmh ,lvrYkd aumif;bl;xifygw,f/ uRerf wdu Yk ajcaumufvdkufa[mwmrsKd; jzpfaeNyD} rdk;rdk; pdwf½IyfaxG;[efjzifh ajymonf/ onfhaemuf rdk;rdk;a[majymyGJrvdkufawmhyg/ (wpfcgyJ e,fpyfa'o wpfae&modkY vdkufoGm;onf[k Mum;& onf/) aemufy;fkd wGif rd;k rd;k ESihf rdrd tawGUuso J mG ;onf/ rdk;a0 r*¾Zif;udk 'kw, d tBurd f jyefvyk &f mwGif ta&SUydik ;f csif;wGif;wdkufEiS hf ausmufajrmif; a&Tjynfpdk;wdkurf sm;odYk a&muf&o dS mG ;&m t&ifuavmuf 33 vrf;odYk ra&muf awmh/ odaYk omf rdk;a0 a0twGuf pmrlawmif;vQif rd;k rd;k a&;ay;ygonf/ ]]rndKjym aumvd,acsmif; eHab;rSmaeonf}} rSm rdk;a0 r*¾Zif; 0w¬K&n S f jzpfonf/ Ä rdk;a0udk 'kwd,tBudrf vufvTwfjyefaomtcg rdrdu 37 vrf;odkY jyef a&mufvmonf/ odkYaomf rdk;rdk;u ausmufajrmif;odkY ajymif;oGm;onf/ ausmufajrmif;tdrfodkY rdrd wpfacgufyJa&mufzl;onf/ rdrdwdkY naebuf 0dkif;xdkif&ef ydkufqH r&Sdojzifh udkrsdK;nGefYu ausmufajrmif;tdrf 0ifNyD; ydkufqH,ljcif;jzpfonf/ rdk;rdk;u xHk;pHtwdkif; rdrdwdkYudk vJhvJhuav; NyKH ;um ydu k q f t H w d u f zkd iG Nhf y;D &So d rQ ydu k q f t H ukeaf y;vdu k o f nf/ wpf&mausmf ESp&f mvm;yJ/
54
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rd;k rd;k ESihf rdrd aemufq;kH awGUonfrmS 1988 ckEpS f atmufwb kd mv 20 &ufaeYu jzpfonf/ pmayESifh pma&;q&mtusdK; o,fydk;&ef aqG;aEG; ndEยง iId ;f MupOfu jzpfonf/ rd;k rd;k wuf<uvsu&f o dS nf/ olu pmayESihf pma&; q&mrsm; tusdK;twGuf us&mwm0ef xrf;aqmif&ef pdwftm;xufoef vsuf &Sdonf/ rdrdwdkYESifhtwl vufwGJaqmif&Guf&ef uwdjyKonf/ ,if;aMumifv h nf; olu, G v f eG af omtcg wm0ef0wรฅ&m;rsm; aESmifzUJG aejcif; r&Sb d ?J oGm;vd&k modYk vGwv f yfpmG oGm;a&mufeikd &f ef rdrw d u Ykd aMuuG0J rf;enf; pGmjzifh trdefYjyefwrf; jyefMum;cJh&jcif; jzpfonf/ oGm;vdk&modkY vGwfvyfpGm oGm;ygawmh rdk;rdk;/ rdrdwdkYuawmh &nfrSef;xm;aom pmay c&D;vrf;udk qufvuf csw D ufMu&ygOD;rnf/ wpfaeYwiG f rdrw d Ykd arQmv f ifx h m;aom pmayyef;wdik o f Ykd a&muf&dS rnfrSm ajrBuD;vufcwf rvGJyg rdk;rdk;/ rdk;rdk;udk rdrdwdkY rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygonf/ (cs,f&D? ar? ZGef? Zlvdkif? 1990)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ xkwfa0NyD; pmtkyfrsm; t単Tef;
55
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
57
1/ <u/ &efukef? a<urvdkeJUa0 a0rvdkeJYa<u yg&rD p mpOf ? 1981/ 302 pm? 16 qif w D (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf – 143) tro – 81^147/ tcspf a &;wG i f awG a 0 rjywf o m; jzpf w wf a om rd e f ; uav;wpf O D ; taMumif ; jzpfonf/ ESvHk;om;rS cspfoludk OD;aESmufESifh a&G;cs,fwwf&ef rdef;uav;rsm;tm; todynm ay;xm;onf/ rSwcf su/f / 'g½d k u f w mBuD ; jrif h u xk d t rnf E S i f h y if ½k y f & S i f o½kyfaqmif &efatmif? ausmf&Jatmif? aroef;EkwdkYESifh ½kyf&Sif ½du k u f ;l cJo h nf/ a<u&iftwlwla<ur,f/ 2/ &efukef? Arm trsdK;orD;pmay? 1983/ 113-232 pm? 16 qifw/D *DwtEkynm&Sirf sm;udk olw\ Ykd tdraf xmif zuf r sm;u txl ; em;vnf z d k Y vk d t yf a Mumif ; a&;om;xm;onf/ tdraf xmifpw k pfcw k iG f vifa&m? r,m;yg tqd k ; taumif ; ud k rQa0cH p m;zk d Y vkdtyfaMumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/ rSwcf su/f / rpE´m\ *sdef;*sdef;*sKwf*sKwf *sdef;*sKwf*sKwfESifh yl;wGJ xkwfa0onf/
58
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
cHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmh/ 3/ &efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1987/ 224 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyt f rSwf 164) &wp – 8761/ ysO;f rem;aZ,s0wDoMum;pufukd trSjD yKí vkyfudkif&SmazGpm;aomuf aeMuaom 0efxrf; rd o m;pk r sm;taMumif ; ud k a&;zG J U xm;onf / avmuwGif qif;&J'Pfudk raMumufbJ b0udk yifyef;pGm wnfaqmufMuol? ynmwwf jzpfvdkol? at;aq;½d;k om;í t&Sut f aMumufBu;D ol? b0udk tvG,v f rf;rS vku d í f BuD ; yG m ;csrf ; omvd k o l ponf j zif h avmuD v l o m;wd k Y t aMumif ; ud k Zmwfaumifrsm;pGmjzifh o½kyfazmfa&;zGJUxm;onf/ 4/ &efuek ?f yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 404 *sd K ;;/ pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyt f rSwf 139) wAp-283077 rdrdb0\ tm;enf;csufudk rdrdbmom ½dk;r,fzGJUum avvGifhcJholwpfOD; taMumif;udk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ udk,hfb0udk,f aumif;atmif vkyfzdkYESifh avmu"Hudk owåd&SdpGm t"dyÜg,f&Sd&Sd &ifqdkifzdkYomvQif t"dujzpfaMumif; azmfñTef; a&;om;xm;aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfonf/
58
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
cHwufEkuav;awG ñdI;csdefwefawmh/ 3/ &efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1987/ 224 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmupmtkyt f rSwf 164) &wp – 8761/ ysO;f rem;aZ,s0wDoMum;pufukd trSjD yKí vkyfudkif&SmazGpm;aomuf aeMuaom 0efxrf; rd o m;pk r sm;taMumif ; ud k a&;zG J U xm;onf / avmuwGif qif;&J'Pfudk raMumufbJ b0udk yifyef;pGm wnfaqmufMuol? ynmwwf jzpfvdkol? at;aq;½d;k om;í t&Sut f aMumufBu;D ol? b0udk tvG,v f rf;rS vku d í f BuD ; yG m ;csrf ; omvd k o l ponf j zif h avmuD v l o m;wd k Y t aMumif ; ud k Zmwfaumifrsm;pGmjzifh o½kyfazmfa&;zGJUxm;onf/ 4/ &efuek ?f yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 404 *sd K ;;/ pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyt f rSwf 139) wAp-283077 rdrdb0\ tm;enf;csufudk rdrdbmom ½dk;r,fzGJUum avvGifhcJholwpfOD; taMumif;udk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ udk,hfb0udk,f aumif;atmif vkyfzdkYESifh avmu"Hudk owåd&SdpGm t"dyÜg,f&Sd&Sd &ifqdkifzdkYomvQif t"dujzpfaMumif; azmfñTef; a&;om;xm;aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
59
iyvDZmwfvrf;/ &ef u k e f ? tif v sm; 5/ pmay? 1975/ 202 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 112) tro – 76^162 Nrd K Uaevl w ef ; pm;tay: aus;awmol &cd k i f o l u av;wpf O D ; \ awG Y j rif c H p m;&yH k u d k a&;zGJUxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ½dk;om;oefYpifonfh iyvD urf ; ajc\ tvS t yud k tusnf ; wef n pf E G r f ; aponfh txufwef;pm;ESifh vlvwfwef;pm;wdkY\ azmufjyefrI rrSefuefrItaxGaxGudk yDjyifatmif a&;zGJUxm;aom 0w¬Kjzpfonf/ Nidrf;udk&Sufygg/ 6/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1979/ 225 pm? 16 qif w D (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 137) tro 79^897/ avmb a'go arm[rD;wdjYk zifh avmifNrKd uf vsu&f o dS nfh rdom;pk wpfpt k wGi;f ü aexdik &f aom 'ku©dwa0'emonf\ vlYoabm? vlYraemESifh &Suzf , G &f m p½du k v f u©Prsm;udk ½Ijrifo;kH oyfryd EkH iS hf pdwfcHpm;csufudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ 7/ nDrav;u tcspfudkudk;uG,fowJhvm; m;/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1981/ 315 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtk y f t rS w f 145) wAp195523/ b0&nf r S e f ; csuf rjynf h p H k b J tcspf u d k udk;uG,f qnf;uyfrdygu b0tem*wfrvSybJ pdwaf &mvlyg 'ku© a&mufwwfaMumif; rde;f uav; rsm;tm; oifcef;pmay; 0w¬Kwpfyk'fjzpfonf/ tcspf u d k ,H k M unf u d k ; pm;rd o nf h rd e f ; uav; wpfa,muf taMumif;udk a&;zGJUonf/ ---? 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1984/ 302 pm? pm 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyf 145 'k) wAp-315861/
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
8/ xdkaeYu rD;rvmygESifh r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snf rsm; rsm;/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif; vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 441 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyf 158) wAp-324926/ r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhaom 0w¬K&Snf (7) yk'fudk wpfaygif; wpfpnf;wnf; yHkESdyfazmfjy xm;onf/ yg0ifaom 0w¬Krsm;udk 0w¬Ktcef;u@ü wpfyk'fcsif;pD oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;Munfh tñTef;jzifh jyefñTef;xm;ygonf/ (131? 116? 101? 115? 78? 61? 83 udkvnf;Munfh) emrusef;onf tdkESif;qD/ 9/ &efukef? rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f 1983/ 347 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 150) &wp-8762/ ---/ 'kwd,wGJ/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1983/ 349-678 pm? 16 pifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 150-'k) &wp-8736/ pmay0goem&Sif rde;f uav;wpfa,muf\ b0ESifh BudK;yrf;rIudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ rnfodkYaom tajctaersd K ;rS m yif j zpf a p? rd r d , H k M unf & m pmayvrf;aMumif;ay:wGif r,drf;r,dkif razmuf rjyef &yfwnfEdkif&ef BudK;yrf; tm;xkwfaom pma&;q&mwd k Y \ b0ES i f h ,H k M unf c suf u d k a&;zGUJ xm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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10/ yef;½dkif;wpf&mm/ &ef u k e f ? ynm*k P f pmay? 1981/ 79-198 pm? 16 qifwD? wAp294617/ pm;aomufqdkifwGif pm;yGJxdk;vkyf&aom rde;f uav;wd\ Yk tEÅ&m,frsm;yHu k kd a&;zGUJ xm;onf/ tcuftcJtrsKd ;rsKd ;Mum;rS tusiphf m&dwå rysupf ;D bJ pm;aomufqikd w f iG f pm;yGx J ;kd vkyí f b0wufvrf;udk vrf;rSefrS BudK;pm;&SmazGaom rdef;uav;wpfOD;\ b0ESifh tm;rmefudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ rSwcf su/f / armifom&\ &Gmi,fZeyk'f rD;uav; rSdwfwkwfESifh yl;wGJxkwfa0onf/ 11/ aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g; w0g;/ &efuek ?f xGe;f xGe;f jrefrmpmay jri§ w hf if xkwaf 0a&; Xme? 1974/ 222 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 92) wAp – 176242/ td r f a xmif w pf c k u d k xl a xmif & mwG i f rd e f ; uav;ES i f h a,musf m ; av; ES p f O D ; pvH k ; tcuf t cJ u d k owå d & S d p G m &if q d k i f a jz&S i f ; &ef vd k t yf a Mumif ; ES i f h cuf c J u sOf ; ajrmif ; aom NrdKUjyvlaepepfudk a&;zGJUonf/ ---/ 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efuek ?f tif;vsm;pmpOf? 1975/ 222 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf-92 'k) tro 75^1302/ ---/ wwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? c&rf;a&mifpmpOf? 1994/ Z? 147 pm? 16 qifw/D rSwfcsuf / /wwd,tBurd x f w k üf pma&;ol\ trSmpmyg&So d nf/ 1974 ckESpf trsdK;om;pmayqk&pmtkyf jzpfonf/ 'g&dkufwm Munfp;kd xGe;f u xdt k rnfEiS yhf if &ky&f iS o f &kyaf qmif rif;OD;? ZifrmOD;wdEYk iS hf AD'G , D &kd u kd u f ;l cJo h nf/
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
12/ yGifhwcsdKU a<uwcsdKUU/ &efukef? qdk&S,fpmtkyfwdkuf? 1975/ 315 pm 16 pifwD/ wAp 250187/ b0tcuftcJtwGuf ½kef;uefvIyf&Sm; Mu&mrS m avS a vS m f & if ; wuf u sd K ;Mu&aom rdef;uav;wpfOD;taMumif;udk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ taMumif ; tqif r oif h í a&wd r f e pf M u&mwG i f qif;&Jom;rsufESmrGJ rdef;uav;rsm;u ydkíepfem wwfMuaMumif;udk a&;zGJUxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ---/ 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1977/ 315 pm? 16 qifwD/ wAp-257091 13/ b,folvmulyghr,f/ &efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1977/ 218 pm? 16 pifwD? wAp251750/ rdcifqHk;oGm;í tdrfaxmifwpfckvHk;udk wm0ef,l&aom rdef;u av;wpfOD;\ pGefYvTwf tepfemcHrEI iS hf wm0efow d wfru I kd a&;zGUJ xm;onf/ xdkrdef;uav;rsdK;wdkY\ pdwfcHpm;csufudk tdrfom; rsm;u em;vnf*½kpdkuf zdkYvdktyfaMumif;udkvnf; a&;om;xm;onf/ 14/ rok " r® p m&D/ &efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f 1982/ 317 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 146) wAp-297550/ avmuD v l o m;wd k Y \ avmb? a'go? arm[? rmeESihf tmCw w&m;wd\ Yk ylavmifrEI iS hf Ak'¨w&m;awmf&dyfatmufrS omoemjyKyk*¾dKvfwdkY\ arwå m ? u½k P m? rk ' d w m? Nid r f ; at;rI r sm;ud k EdIif;,SOfa&;zGJUxm;onf/ &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; &cJvSaom oDv&Siw f \ Ykd a,bk,saeYpOfb0udv k nf; a&;om; xm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
63
rSwcf su/f /'g½du k w f mMunfp;kd xGe;f u xdt k rnfEiS yhf if &kyf&Sif o&kyfaqmif rdkYrdkYjrifhatmif? ausmf&Jatmif? jrifhjrifhcdkif? ½Ir0prf;prf;at;? aZmfvif;wdkYjzifh ½kyf&Sif½dkuful;cJhonf/ 15/ rD;a&mifatmufudk0ifvQif/ &efukef? rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f 1985/ 348 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 154) ½k y f & S i f a vmu\ ½I y f a xG ; ayG v D a om vl r I a &;taMumif ; jzpf o nf / ½k y f & S i f a vmu wpfckwnf;ü usifvnfaeMuaom vlom;wdkY\ b0 tajctae pdwfcHpm;csuf? pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI twd k i f ; twm? atmif j rif r I twuf t usud k a&;zGUJ xm;onf/ 16/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 11/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1982/ 248 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 147) wAp-300745/ 1972 ck E S p f puf w if b mv aiG w m&D r*¾ Z if ; wG i f azmf j yyg&S d o nf h pma&;ol \ yxrqH;k 0w¬Kwkd tdref ;D csi;f trnf&0dS w¬KrS tpjyKí 1979 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 0gPdZÆr*¾Zif;rS aESmif;rdk; trnf & S d 0w¬ K wd k t xd 0w¬ K wd k (14) yk ' f u d k pkpnf;yHEk ydS af 0jcif;jzpfonf/ yg0if a om 0w¬ K wd k r sm;ud k 0w¬ K rsm;tcef ; u@ü wpf y k ' f c sif ; oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;MunfhtñTef;jzifh jyefñTef;xm;ygonf/ (154? 72? 104? 69? 71? 95? 63? 130? 153? 138? 58? 76? 103? 53 udkvnf;Munfh) rSwcf su/f / 1982 ckEpS f trsK;d om;pmay0w¬Kq&k pmtkyjf zpfonf/
64
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
17/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 22/ &efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1986/ 283 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 162) wAp-364023/ 1980? rwfvrS 1985 Edk0ifbmvtwGif; yH k E S d y f a zmf j yNyD ; aom 0w¬ K wd k w pf q ,f h i g;yk ' f u d k jyefvnfpkpnf;azmfjyxm;onf/ yg0ifaom 0w¬Kwdkrsm;udk 0w¬Krsm; tcef; u@ü wpfyk'fcsif; oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf; MunfhtñTef;jzifh jyefñTef;xm;ygonf/ (89? 149? 90? 92? 133? 109? 151? 111? 73? 118? 70? 97? 135? 86 udkvnf;Munfh) rSwfcsuf/ / 1986 ckESpf trsKd;om;pmay0w¬Kwdkqk&pmtkyf jzpfonf/ 18/ rdk;rdk;(tifvsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 33/ &efukef? wufvrf;pmay? 1993/ 323 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 198) r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhaom 0w¬Kwdktyk'f (30) ud k wpf a ygif ; wpf p nf ; wnf ; jyef v nf yHEk ydS af zmfjyxm;onf/ yg0ifaom 0w¬Kwdkrsm;udk 0w¬Krsm;tcef; u@ü wpfyk'fcsif; oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf; Munfh tñTef;jzifh jyefñTef;xm;ygonf/ (59? 86? 68? 80? 144? 82? 102? 124? 77? 136? 67? 128? 84? 79? 134? 145? 65? 127? 96? 125? 91? 122? 57? 113? 98? 66? 150? 81? 152? 140 udkvnf;Munfh)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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19/ rkd;rkd;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdkrsm; 44/ &efuek ?f aomf u pmay? 2003/ 295 pm? 16 qif w D (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 332) r*¾Zif;xJwGif azmfjycJhaom 0w¬Kwdk 15 yk'fudk wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf; jyefvnfyHkESdyf azmfjyxm;onf/
20/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm; sm;/ &efuek ?f yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ p? 305 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyf 141) wAp-283859/ r*¾Zif;rsm; azmfjycJhaom 0w¬K&Snfrsm; wpfaygif;wpfpnf;wnf; yHkESdyfazmfjyxm;onf/ pma&;ol\ trSmpm yg&Sdonf/ yg0ifaom0w¬Krsm;udk 0w¬Krsm;tcef;u@ü wpfyk'fcsif; udkvnf; MunfhtñTef;jzifh azmfjyxm; onf/ (148? 123? 120? 100? 88? 85 udkvnf;Munfh) rSwfcsuf/ / 1980 jynfhESpftwGuf trsdK;om;pmay 0w¬Kwdkqk &&Sdaompmtkyf jzpfonf/ 21/ arwåmurf;em;? tcspfopfyif/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1985/ 279 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 156) wAp-323684/ b0qdkonfrSm udk,farQmfvifhovdk rjzpf wwf o nf h oabmud k a&;zG J U onf / i,f & G , f acsmarmonfh rkqdk;rwpfOD;\ b0ESifh tcspf taMumif; jzpfonf/
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 22/ jrLarSmifa0uif;/ &efuek ?f aomfupmay? 2003/ pm 88? 11 qif w D ? (pmayavmu pmtkyt f rSw-f 328)/ wdkif;&if;ar*sme,f? tcef;quf0w¬K&Snf tjzpf azmfjyyg&SdNyD;onfudk vHk;csif;0w¬Ktjzpf jyefvnfxw k af 0/ aemuf t d r f a xmif j yKoG m ;aom zcif u d k rauseyfonfhpdwfjzifh qefYusifaom rdef;uav; wpfa,muftaMumif; jzpfonf/
23/ jrefrmjynfrSmaeMuonf/ &efukef? rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) pmtky?f 1983/ 251 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyt f rSwf 151) wAp-311793/ jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sd vli,frsm;\ vIyf&Sm; ½k e f ; uef a exd k i f M u&rI u d k xif [ yf a zmf j yEd k i f & ef BuKd ;yrf;a&;om;xm;onfh 0w¬Krsm;jzpfonf/ r*¾Zif; rsm;wGif azmfjyzl;aom 0w¬K&Snf 5yk'fudk wpfaygif; wpfpnf;wnf; azmfjy xm;onf/ yg0ifaom 0w¬Krsm;udk 0w¬Krsm;u@ü wpfyk'fcsif; oD;jcm; azmfjyxm;NyD; udkvnf;MunfhtñTef;jzifh jyefñTef;xm; ygonf/ (64? 107? 108? 114? 121 udkvnf;Munfh) 24/ rSwpfqifh/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1978/ 254 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 133) tro 78^1477/ olaX;orD;jzpfvsuEf iS hf b0ay; tajctae twdkif; oufaomifh oufomESifh b0udk orm; ½d;k ustwdik ;f roGm;vdb k J ud, k t hf BuKd uo f ;D jcm; b0 yHkpHwpf&yf wnfaqmufMunfhvdkaom rdef;uav; wpfO;D taMumif;jzpfonf/ tawG;tac: t,ltq
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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csi;f uGm[vsu&f adS om rdbESihf om;orD;wd\ Yk y#dyu©Mum;rS oHa,mZOfEiS hf cspfjcif;arwåmudk a&;zGJUxm; onf/ 25/ rSwyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD/ &efukef? yg&rD pmpOf? 1978/ 241 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtk y f t rS w f 131) tro 78^989/ om;orD;wdt Yk ay: rnfonfah rQmv f ifch surf Q rxm;bJ twdik ;f rod xm;&St d yfaom rdcifwpfO;D \ arwå m ES i f h rd o m;pk w pf p k t wG i f ; rS m yif pd w f oabmxm; t,ltqcsif; uGm[vsuf&Sdaom nDtpfudkarmifESrwpfpkwdkY \ tjzpftysufudk a&;zGUJ xm;onf/ rSwcf su/f / 'g½dkufwm cifarmifOD;? pdk;odrf;xG#fu xdt k rnfEiS yhf if ½ky&f iS ½f u kd u f ;l cJ&h m trsKd ;orD; Zmwfyq Ykd u k kd a':jrifjh rifh cif uvnf;aumif;? trsdK;om;ZmwfydkYqkudk armifpdrf;atmifu vnf;aumif; 1980 ckESpftwGuf tu,f'rD &&SdcJhonf/ 26/ &GufvSyef;/ &ef u k e f ? tif ; vsm; pmay? 1975/ 262 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 103) tro 75^ 1349/ vlb Y 0 tajymif;tvJ[o l nf jrefqefví S ? vlu b0udk rzefwD;Edkif? b0uom vludk zefwD; aewwfonfh oabmudk a&;zGJUxm;onf/ tcspf twGuf emusnf;jcif;? b0\ qHk;½HI;rIrsm; twGuf wkefvIyfawGa0jcif;udk Mum&Snf rcHpm;oifhbJ jzpfvmonfh tajctaerS tm;rmef tjynfEh iS hf b0 udk &ifqdkifBudK;pm;zdkYvdkaMumif; a&;zGJUxm;onf/ ---/ 'kwd,tBudrf/ &efuek ?f tif;vsm;pmay? 1995/ 256 pm? 16 qifw/D
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) 27/ a&Twd*HkudkjrifvQif/ &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1979/ 395 pm? 16 qif w D (pmayavmu pmtkyftrSwf 135) wAp-278231/ NrdKUjyvlaerIpepf\ usOf;ajrmif;Muyfwnf; ½I y f a xG ; rI ? Nrd K Ujyvl a erI jyóemrsm;Mum;wG i f Muyfwnf;rGef;epfpGm vIyf&Sm;½kef;uef aeMuonfh NrdKYjyae vlom;rsm;\ 'ku©a0'emrsm;udk pkpnf; a&;zGJUxm;onfh 0w¬K jzpfonf/
28/ a0'emMumeDyGifh/ &efukef? rdk;rdk;(tif; vsm;)pmtk y f ? 1982/ 291 pm? 16 qif w D (pmayavmupmtkyt f rSwf 148) wAp-303747/ rdef;uav;wpfa,muf\ b0udk ½kef;uef &ifqikd &f o J nfh owåEd iS hf qE´&r®uu f if;pGm cspw f wf aom pdwfudk cHpm;em;vnfwwf&ef a&;zGJUxm; onf / vl w d k Y o nf ud k , f a rG ; zG m ;usif v nf & m ywf0ef;usirf S ½ke;f xGuEf ikd &f ef BuKd ;pm;Muaomfvnf; ratmifjrifbJ us&mb0wGif tqifajyovdk ae oGm;Muonfh vlYb0avmutaMumif; jzpfonf/ h ;kH oG,/f 29/ ork'&´ mckEpS pf if; jrpfrif;wpfq,fo &efukef? yg&rDpmpOf? 1980/ 370 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyt f rSwf 142) wAp-287385/ rdrw d nfr&DS mavmuwGif ae&Jonfh owåu d kd t&if;wnf usifvnfaeMu&onfh rdef;rom;wdkY\ b0tawGUtMuHK? tjzLtrnf;? tvif;tarSmif? tH M o0rf ; ajrmuf z G , f & m? 0rf ; enf ; emusnf ; zG,f&mrsm;udk a&;zGJUxm;onf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
69
30/ oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;;/ &efukef? rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) pmtkyf? 1982/ 379 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 149) &wp-8764/ rsuaf rSmufacwf aus;vufawm&Gmuav; wpf&GmrS awmifolv,form;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,f v,f,m0efxrf;wcsdKU\ b0udk xyf[yfEdkif&ef a&;zGUJ xm;onf/
31/ oaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅK/ &efukef yg&rD pmpOf 1983/ 251 pm 16 qif w D (pmayavmupmtk y f t rS w f 132) tr178^1991/ avmu"HtcuftcJrsm;? b0tcuftcJrsm; Mum;wGif b0wpfck &yfwnfEdkif&ef ½dk;om;pGm &SmazGvkyfudkif pm;aomufMuaom qif;&Jom;wdkY ab;tEÅ&m,fukd a&Smif&mS ;wwf&ef a&;zGUJ xm;onf/
32/ tcspfqdkaomt&m omt&m/ &efukef? tif;vsm;pmay? 1976/ 308 pm? 16 qifwD (pmayavmupmtkyftrSwf 117) tro 76^1507/ i,f o l w d k Y a vmuwG i f jzpf w wf a om aysmf & T i f M unf E I ; jcif ; ? aMuuG J 0 rf ; enf ; jcif ; ? pdwyf sut f m;avsmjh cif;? &Tiv f ef;wuf<ujcif; ponfh vli,fwdkY\ pdwfcHpm;csufrsm;ESifh rjywfom;aom tcspfpdwftaMumif;udk a&;zGJUonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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pmzwfolwdkY ESvHk;om;wGif xm0& wnf&Sdaernfh rkd;rdk; (tif;vsm;) ESifh olY0w¬Krsm; pdk;jrifhvwf
(1) 1970-80 umvrsm;wGif jrefrmpmayavmuü trsdK;orD; pma&;q&mr ESpOf ;D wdYk wpfNyKd ief ufvkd xGuaf y:vmonfukd owdjyKro d nf/ olwEYkd pS Of ;D rSm rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)ESihf rpE´mjzpfMuNy;D olwYkd uavmifrsm;uvnf; ol[ Y efEiS o hf l xufjrpl;&SMuonf/ vHk;csif;wpftkyfpDESifhyif udk,hfuavmifudk pmzwf y&dowfMum; <um;<um;0ifh0ifh wifhw,fEdkifMuolcsnf; jzpfMuonf/ olwEYkd pS af ,mufonf jrefrmpmayavmu\ wu,fu h kd acwfNyKd if pmayol&aJ umif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ tm;aumif;armif;oef uavmifrsm;yDyD q,fpEk pS f ESpcf ek ;D yg;rQ t&Sed t f [kef aumif;aumif; cGmoHajzmif;ajzmif;jzifh csDwufvmMu&m ckcgwGifrl olwdkYESpfOD;xHrS rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) [laom uavmifwpfacsmif;onf rarQmv f ifb h J ½kww f &uf tm;vH;k udk EIwq f ufum vlYb0ESifh pmaye,frS tEdkifydkif;í xGufcGmoGm;cJhacsNyD/
72
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) (2)
ol\ yxrqHk;aom vHk;csif;0w¬KrSm ]aysmufaomvrf;rSm prf;w0g;} jzpfonf/ xdk0w¬KwGifolonf NrdKUjyrS acwfynmwwf vli,f tdrfaxmif onfw\ Ykd b0 tcuftcJukd a&;zGUJ onf/ NrKd Ujy vlrpI ;D yGm;'ku© 0J*,ufwiG f prf;w0g;0g;jzifh avQmufvSrf;&if; vrf; b,frjrif jzpfae&onfh acwfjy aMu;rHk wpfcsyftjzpf MunfMunfvifvif jrif&atmif a&;oGm;Edkifonf/ ]'DaeYacwf trsdK;orD;awGrSm bmjyóemawG&SdaevJ} [laom wpfpw kH pfa,mufaom ol\ ar;cGe;f rS tpjyKí tawG;pwdYk pD;qif;,Sujf zm um þ0w¬Kukd a&;zGUJ jzpfonf[al om 0w¬Kaemufu, G rf S toHukd Mum;od& zl;onf/ xdkyGJOD;xGuf 0w¬KESifhyif olonf 1974 ckESpftwGuf trsdK;om; pmay 0w¬K&Snfqkudk qGwfcl;&&SdoGm;onf/ xdk0w¬Kudk 1975 ckESpfwGif 'kw, d tBurd f jyef½u kd &f Ny;D aemifwiG f ½k&mS ;bmomjzifh jyefqjkd cif; cH&onf[k od&onf/ onfvEkd iS hf olonf 0w¬Kw?kd &SnEf iS hf vH;k csi;f 0w¬Krsm;udk qufwu kd f vdk a&;om;xkwaf 0vmcJo h nf/ txl;ojzifh olonf trsKd ;orD;wd\ Yk b0udk ydkí em;vnfovdk pdwf0ifwpm;} a&;zGJUvmonfudk awGU&onf/ ol\ 'kw, d 0w¬Kpmtkyjf zpfaom ]yGiw hf csKd U a<uwcsKd U} rSm acwf umv\ vlrIpD;yGm;vdIif;wHydk;rsm;Mum;wGif ul;cwf½kef;uef&if; b0udk wnfaqmufaeMu&ol trsdK;orD;i,frsm;\ b0udk zGifhqdkxm;onf/ xdk vdIif;wHydk;rsm;Mum;wGif wcsdKUum; vef;qef;vSypGm yGifhvsuf wcsdKUum; a<uvGifhvsuf/ olonf 0w¬Ka&; q&mrwpfO;D jzpfaomfvnf; ol, Y MkH unfrEI iS o hf l vrf;avQmufojl zpfonf/ wm0efoo d jd zifh pma&;olwpfO;D vnf; jzpfonf/ ol\ 0w¬Krsm;rSm a&mif;taumif;qH;k ? vlBuKd ut f rsm;qH;k [laom pm&if;wGif ryg0if/ olb Y 0 ywf0ef;usirf S ½du k cf wfvmaom a0'emESihf cHpm;csurf sm;udk pl;pl;epfepf azmfxkwfwifjyaom vlYb0 yef;csDum;rsm; jzpfaewwfonf/ pmzwfoltBudKufvdkufí atmifjrifrIay: arsmcdkpD;aeaom pma&;q&mrsdK; olrjzpfcsif/ ]]pmzwfoludk tav;xm;aom? pmzwfol
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
73
uvnf; av;pm;aom pma&;q&mrsdK;om oljzpfcsifonf}} þtcsufudk olpmaya[majymcsuf wpfckxJwGif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; zGifh[xm;onf/ ]jynfot l m;vH;k &JUb0? jynfot l m;vH;k &JU cHpm;rIukd azmfxw k Ef ikd rf S uRefrwdkY wm0efausrSmyg/ uRefrwdkYtm;vHk; pma&;olawG? pmzwfolawG tm;vH;k rSm wm0ef&ydS gw,f/ wcsKd Upma&;olawGuawmh pmzwfoal wGtay: vHk;vHk;vTJcswwfMuygw,f/ zwfwJholawGu 'gawGyJ zwfMuwm? 'gawGyJ a&;&wmayghwJh? 'g[m pmzwfoludk apmfum;wmygyJ? pmzwfoludk ckw;kH vkyw f mygyJ} uJ...olb,favmuf wm0efausovJ... ]a&Tw*d u kH jkd rifvQi}f wJ/h 1978 ckEpS w f iG f ol 0w¬Kwpfy'k f a&;xkwf vdkufonf/ &efukefNrdKUESifh teD;rS 0ef;usiftzHkzHk? vlwef;pm; tpHkpHkwdkY\ b0udk rSeu f u l u G o f zG,f a&;jc,fxm;onf/ a'gyHNk rKd Ue,f\ tedrq hf ;kH aom tvTmrS 0if'grD,mtxd vlwef;pm;aygif;pHk vkyif ef;aygif;pH?k p½du k af ygif;pHk wdkYudk olYynmjzifha&marTum ol jzwfoef;ae&aom ordkif;acwf\ yHk&dyfwdkYudk tvSyqHk;ESifh todrfarGUqHk; a&;zGJUoGm;onf/ pma&;ouf av;ESpfrQtMumwGifyif olYvuf&monf tHhMo& avmufatmif wd;k wufvmonf/ vlb Y 0ESihf vlpY ½du k w f u Ykd kd axmifah ygif;pHrk S Munfhwwfvmonf/ b0\ toGifuGJ trsdK;rsdK;udkvnf; vwfqwfaom a&;zGJUyHk twwfynmwdkYjzifh &uf,S,fvmonfudk awGU&onf/ 1978 ckESpfonf olYb0wGif a&;tm; taumif;qHk;? t&Sdeft& qH;k aom ESp[ f k ajymvQirf mS ;rnfrxif/ xdw k pfEpS w f nf;wGif olonf vH;k csi;f av;tkyfwdwd a&;om;xkwfa0EdkifcJhonf/ ]rSwpfyg;tjcm;r&SdNyD} ]oaAÁowåm ta0&ma[mEÅK} ]rSwpfqifh} ESifh ]a&Twd*HkudkjrifvQif} wdkYjzpfonf/ xdktxJwGif ]rSwpfyg;tjcm;r&SdNyD} 0w¬KrSmvnf; atmifjrifaom rdcifarwåmbGJU wpfyk'fjzpfonf/ p½dkuftrsdK;rsdK;? pdwf"gwftzHkzHkwdkUjzifhvmaom om;orD;rsm;\ aumif;usKd ; qd;k usKd ;trsKd ;rsKd ;udk ayGUydu k cf pH m;&aom rkq;kd rrdcifBu;D \ arwåm w&m;udk euf½iId ;f xda&mufpmG a&;oDzUJG jyoGm;onf/ ½ky&f iS t f jzpf ½du k u f ;l &m wGifvnf; rxifrSwfbJ atmifjrifoGm;onf/ aemifwGif ½k&Sm;bmomjzifh jyefqdkjcif;cH&aom 0w¬Kvnf;jzpfonf/
74
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
aemifESpf 1979 ckESpfwGifum;? olvufyef;usoGm;onfxifh/ ]Nird ;f ud&k u S yf g} [laom 0w¬Kav;wpftyk o f m xGuv f mawmhonf/ xd0k w¬K av;rSm pmtkyt f aejzifh yg;vSyv f yS af v;rQomjzpfovd?k Zmwfvrf;aMum½d;k taeESifhvnf; bmrS BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom taMumif;t&m r[kwfaomf vnf; ]ol0Y w¬Kxw J iG f tm;taumif;qH;k vlpY ½du k zf UJG 0w¬K[k qdck siyf gonf}} tarGupd t ö wGuf wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D rdom;pkcsi;f yif jzpfaomfvnf; oHo,? avmb? arm[? twåESifh rmewdkYjzifh wnD;nD; awmufavmifaeol rdom;pkrsm;udk bD;wyfvSnf;ay:rS xdkifMunfh&if; wpdrfhpdrfh&Sufaeonfh 'ku©dwrav; Nidrf;\ cHpm;csuf? a0'emwdkYudk a&;zGJUoGm;onfrSm MuufoD; arG;nif;xavmufonfh tEkynmvuf&m[kyif ajymcsifygonf/ 1980 ckEpS w f iG rf l r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif yg&Scd NhJ y;D aom ol\ 0w¬K&n S rf sm; udk pkaygif;í rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) \ ]r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm;} [k xkwfa0&m xdkESpftwGuf trsdK;om;pmayqkudk xyfrH&&SdcJhjyefygonf/ 1981 ckESpfwGifrl olonf ]a<urvdkeJUa0? a0rvdkeJYa<u} ESifh ]nDrav;u tcspu f kd ud;k uG,o f wJv h m;} 0w¬Kwu Ykd kd a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ ESpftkyfvHk;rSm tcspfa&;ESifh ywfoufí trsdK;orD;wdkY\ b0? cHpm;csuf? tcGit hf a&; wdt Yk ay:xm;onfh ol\ apwemudk azmfusL;aom pmtkyrf sm; jzpfMuygonf/ txl;ojzifh ]nDrav;u tcspfudk udk;uG,fowJhvm;} rSm nDrav;t&G,f rdef;rysdKav;wdkYtwGuf b0 oifcef;pm,lp&m Zmwfvrf; wpfyk'f jzpfovdk rSefuefaom apwemtavsmufvnf; atmifjrif&cJh jyefygonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif 1983 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,tBudrf jyefvnf xyfrH ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJh&onf r[kwfygvm;/ 1982 ckESpfwGifrl olonf tqifuGJ 0w¬KoHk;tkyfudk qufwdkuf a&;xkwv f u dk af vonf/ ]rok"r®pm&D} ]a0'em MumeDyiG }hf ESihf ]oH;k vGe;f wifrS BudK;} wdkYjzpfonf/ xl;jcm;onfrSm ]rok"r®pm&D} 0w¬Konf jrefrm0w¬K avmuwGif &Sm;yg;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfonfh oDv&ifw\ Ykd b0udk azmfusL;aom 0w¬Kjzpfonf/ udk,fwdkif oDv&if0wfí &&Sdonfh tawGUtBuHK cHpm;csufwdkYrS a&;aom0w¬Kjzpf&m o½kyfyDvGef;? pdkif;eif;vGef;ojzifh q&mOD;okcwdkYvdk pma&;q&mBu;D uyif cs;D usL;&aom 0w¬Kjzpfygonf/ ]a0'emMumeDyiG }hf rSmrl
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
75
vli,fav;rsm;\ b0ESifh tcspfvGef;xdk;&uf,SufrIudk zGJUonfh0w¬KjzpfNyD;? ]oHk;vGef;wifrSBudK;}rSmrl jrefrmEdkifiHrS v,form;wdkY\ b0o½kyfrSef0w¬K wpfyk'f jzpfygonf/ pifppf jrefrmpmaywGif v,form;0w¬KrSm &Sm;yg;vS ayonf/ v,forsm; trsm;pkaexdkif&m? pdkufysdK;a&;udk tm;jyKonfh EdkifiH wGif v,form;0w¬KrSm q&marmifxif\ ]ib}? rif;atmif\ ]rdk;atmuf ajrjyif} ESifh q&modef;azjrifh\ ]vrf;pay:NyD} wdkY avmufom&Sdonf/ vufcsKd ;a&í&onf/ aemufyikd ;f wGirf l wifq h ef;\ ]tiwfrcH} wdYk qifjzLuRe;f atmifodef;\ ]v,form;olykef} wdkYavmufom zwf&onf/ aemufNyD; q&mwuúodkvfbkef;Edkif\ ]OD;BuD;bxdkuf (odkY) rdk;ESifh ajrudkatmifEdkifjcif;}/ xm;ygawmhav? aocsma&MunfhrnfqdkvQifyif vufESpfzuf rjynfhwwf/ xdkvlenf;pkxJwGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)ygonf/ ordkif;acwfwpfck\ ta&;BuD;aom u@udk pma&;q&mu rarhravsmh wm0efausyGefpGmjzifh rSwfwrf;wifcJhjcif;yif r[kwfygvm;/ xdkESpfwGifyif ol\ yxrqHk;aom ]0w¬Kwdkaygif;csKyf pmtkyf} xGufvmonf/ 1982 ckESpftwGuf trsdK;om;pmay0w¬Kwdk qk&onf/ wwd,tBudrfajrmuf &jcif;jzpfonf/ xdktcgolonf atmifyGJESifhtwl BuD;rm;aom wm0efudk owdjyK tav;xm;rdonfxifh/ pma&;om;jcif;ESifhqdkifaom cdkifrmonfh ol\ qHk;jzwfcsufudk &J&J0Hh0Hh xkwfazmfvmonfudk awGU&ygonf/ ]... ... ... ... pma&;jcif;ESihf t&Sno f jzifh &yfwnfawmhr,fvYkd qH;k jzwfvu kd w f hJ tcgusawmh 'Dvu kd sO;f ajrmif;wJh rdryd wf0ef;usif uGuu f u G u f av;udyk J a&;aevdkY rjzpfawmhbl; emrnfav; rSefrSefyg½Hk? aiGpuav;&½HkuvGJvdkY tjcm;bm t"dyÜm,frsm; &SdygovJ... 'Dvdk t"dyÜm,fr&SdwJh tvkyfudk vufanmif;cHNyD; vkyfrvm;? 'grSr[kwf t"dymÜ ,f&&dS ?dS tusKd ;&S&d dS &yfwnfzYkd b,fvv kd yk rf vJ/ pOf;pm; vmrdw,f/ pmudk qufa&;&r,f/ BuKd ;pm;Ny;D a&;&r,f/
76
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usOf;ajrmif;ao;odrfwJh taMumif;awGudk z,fxkwfypfvdkuf &r,f/ yk*v ¾ u d cHpm;csuaf wGukd arhypf&r,f/ ud, k ef t YJ wlwl &yfwnf aewJh omref jynfolrsm;&mpk&JU cHpm;csufawG? tjzpftysufawG? emusifrIawGudk avhvmazmfxkwf&r,f? a&;zGJUwifjy&r,f/ 'DvdkyJ qHk;jzwfrdygw,f} (0w¬Kwdkrsm; (1) ausmzHk;trSmpmrS) 1983 ckrSmawmh vlYb0xJrSm tESpf (40) eD;yg;&SdvmNyD; pma&; oufq,fEpS af vmuf &vmwJo h v l m ]emruse;f onf tdEk iS ;f qD} qdNk y;D twGJ 2 wGJyg 0w¬Kpmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhygNyD/ rdcifEiS hf zcif&UJ tdraf xmifa&; y#dyu©Mum;xJu pmzwf pma&; 0goemygwJh pdwu f ;l ,OfwwfwhJ rde;f ri,fav; wpfa,muf&UJ b0upvdYk tao;pdwf a&;zGJUxm;onfh 0w¬Kjzpfygonf/ zwf&onfrSm wNidrfhNidrfhESifh t&om&SdvSygonf/ vlYb0c&D;\ twuftus tedrt hf jrifw h u Ykd kd yDjyifatmif a&;zGUJ oGm;cJo h nf/ tm;usp&m? aMuuGpJ &m? vGr;f qGwpf &mwdjYk zifh &oajrmufvo S nfh pGrJ ufz, G f 0w¬Kwpfy'k f jzpfygonf/ xdkESpfwGifyif olonf ]jrefrmjynfwGifaeMuonf} [laom acgif;pOfjzifh r*¾Zif;rsm;wGif a&;cJah om vli,fw\ Ykd b0toD;oD;rS ½ke;f uef vIyf&Sm;rIwdkYudk a&;zGJUonfh 0w¬Krsm;udk pkpnf;í xkwfa0cJhygonf/ xdk0w¬Kwdkrsm;onf ,aeYacwf\ vlrIpD;yGm;b0 taxGaxGudk vli,frsm;u ola&muf&&dS mae&m? tvTm? tqifw h rYkd aS eí toD;oD; &ifqikd f ½kef;uef aeMu&yHkudk um;csyfi,fav;jzifh pkpnf;azmfjyxm;onfh acwf\ ½kyfyHkvTmwpfcsyfyif jzpfygonf/ ynmudkoifcsifvSaomfvnf; oifzdkYtcGifhta&; r&onfh aumvd,acsmif; eHab;rS rndKjymawG&Sdovdk NrdKUawmf&efukef&JU tvkyf vufrhJ jyóemMum; acwfynmwwf vli,fawG&UJ qdeYk pfaMuuGrJ I a0'em awGudk udk,fpm;jyKwJh q,fhESpfvHk;wef;u &D&DrmawG ponf ponfjzifh jrefrmjynf t&yf&yfrSm aeMuwJh vli,fawG&JU b0eJU a0'emudk olrarh/ rarh½w kH ifru a&;&wm tm;r&bl;xifonf/ bD;vif; oMum; pufaemufcH vli,fav;awG\ b0a&mifpw kH jYkd zifh jc,freI ;f aom 0w¬Kwpfy'k f
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
77
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78
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
(3) ol o nf ol Y b 0wpf a vQmuf v H k ; od u © m &S d a ompmrsm;ud k a&;cJ h N yD ; ? odum© &S&d jdS zifyh if trsKd ;om;pmayqkukd av;Burd w f ikd w f ikd f xdu k x f u kd w f efwef &&So d w l pfO;D wnf;aom pma&;q&m jzpfayonf/ xdjYk yif jrefrm0w¬Krsm;udk urÇmhpmay t0ef;t0dkif;xJodkY ajccsrd&ef olY0w¬Krsm;u pGrf;aqmifcJhNyDyJ/ w½kw?f qdAk , D uf? *syefponfh Edik if t H oD;oD;ü ol\ 0w¬Krsm; bmomjyefNy;D jzpf&m tm&Se,fedrdwfwGif awmufypGm xGef;ajymifcJhayNyD/ xdrk Qomru tm&S tmz&du pma&;q&mrsm;toif;rS xkwaf 0 aom ]Mumyef;r*¾Zif;} (Lotus)trSwf (60) (1988) wGif ol\ 0w¬Kwdk wpfyk'fudk ]The price of peace in the family} [laom trnfjzifh jyefqdk xm;onfudk awGU&ygonf/ olonf ½d;k ½d;k ukwu f w k jf zifh aexdik &f if; apwemygaom pmzwfol ay: wm0efausaom pmayrsm;udk a&;om;&if; ½kwfw&uf vlYavmurS xGucf mG oGm;NyD jzpfaomfvnf; olpY mrsm;um; pmzwfojl ynfow l \ Ykd ESv;kH om; wGif xm0&&Sifoefwnf&Sdaernfum; trSefyifwnf;/ pdk;jrifhvwf
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
79
rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rrsm;taMumif; jrifhoef; rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)onf 0w¬Kwdk? 0w¬K&Snfrsm; a&;om;cJhNyD; vlYtzGJUtpnf; ESifh ynm&yfqdkif&m taqmufttHkrsm;uyg todtrSwfjyKcHcJh&ol jzpfonfomru ol\ ta&;tom; tawmfrsm;rsm;udk bmomjcm; pm^pum;rsm;tm;jzifh jyefvnfazmfxkwf wifjyjcif;cH&onf/ pma&;om; jcif;jzifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;) &&SdcJhaom atmifjrifrIESifh todtrSwfjyK cH&rI twGuf oHo,jzpf&ef jyufodumrQaom taMumif;r&Sd/ wpfenf;qdk& aomf pma&;om;jcif;jzifh rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) u azmfxw k w f ifjycJo h nfrsm;rSm pmayt&mrajrmuf[k qd&k efr&S/d odjYk zpf&um; rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ tm;xkwf rIrsm;udk avhvmMunfhoifhonf/ þwGif 1980 jynfEh pS Ef iS hf 1997 ckEpS w f w Ykd iG f jyefvnf yHEk ydS f xkwaf 0cJh aom rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&Snfrsm; 1 udk tajcwnfí ta&; tom;tcsKdUudk avhvmMunfhygrnf/ xdkpmtkyfrSm 1980 jynfhESpfwGif trsKd;om;pmayqk (0w¬Kwdk)qkvnf; &cJhaom? [l\/ þwGif axGjym;Edkif aom tcsufwpfckudk a&S;OD;pGm aqG;aEG;vdkygonf/ pmtkyf\trnfwGif ,wdjywf ]0w¬K&Snf} [k azmfxkwfwifjyxm;jcif;ESifh ]0w¬Kwdkqk &&Sdjcif;} wdkY\ tMum;rS axGjym;aeaom owfrSwfcsufjzpfonf/ uRefawmfhtjrif oufouft&aomf ]0w¬Kwdk} [laom owfrSwfcsufudk trSef,lygonf/ 0w¬K&Snf[k qdk&efrSm pmvHk;^pum;vHk;a& yrmPESifh pmvHk;^pum;vHk;\ twdkif;twm (tus,ft0ef;)rSm enf;vSygonf/ xdkYjyifru 0w¬K&Snf[k owfrw S &f ef oD;jcm;txl;jyKazmfxw k x f m;rIrsm;ryg/ qifyh mG ;azmfxw k af om taMumif;rsm; (qifyh mG ;Zmwfvrf;rsm;) ryg/ Context [laom pum;vH;k udk oHk;pGJíqdk&aomf Context is what the message is [líom qd&k ygrnf/ rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&n S rf sm; 1 wGif rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)u
80
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
oljyqdkvdkaom taMumif;wpfpHkwpf&mudk ta&;tom; wpfckvHk; (0w¬K wpfy'k pf t D wGi;f ü) twGi;f ü a&;om; azmfjycJo h nfrmS rSeaf omfvnf; qifu h J jzpfay:aom taMumif;(rsm;)udk xnfhoGif;rxm;cJh/ odkYtwGuf rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif; 0w¬K&n S rf sm; 1 wGif ]0w¬K&n S }f [k rsK;d wlpl jk yKxm;onf rSefaomfvnf; xdk0w¬K&Snf[k rsKd;wlpkudk xyfrHuefYowfxm;vdkufaom ]r*¾Zif;} [laom pmvHk;^pum;vHk;udkyg owdjyKoifhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif xkwaf 0aeMuaom r*¾Zif;wd\ Yk owfrw S cf su(f pH)t& ]0w¬K&n S }f [k rsK;d wl pkjyKxm;jcif;om jzpfz, G &f o dS nf[o k m qd&k ayrnf/ pmayta&;tom;t& 0w¬Kwdk[k a,bk,sowfrSwfEdkifaom *kPf&nfwpfpHkwpf&mjzifh wdkif;wm xm;jcif; r[kwf[k qdk&rnf xifonf/ rnfodkYyifjzpfap þta&;tom;awGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0w¬Kwdk ta&;tom;tjzpfom avhvmrnfjzpfaomfvnf; &|d trnf owfrSwf csufESifhywfoufí t"duxm; aqG;aEG;rnfr[kwfyg/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ 0g,r pdkufxkwfxm;aom ta&;tom;tay:wGif tav;ay; avhvm rnfjzpfygonf/ rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ r*¾Zif;0w¬K&n S rf sm; 1 yg ta&;tom; wcsKdUudk avhvm Munfhygrnf/ (1) ]va&mifvrT ;f vnf;urf;ESiahf 0;cJ}h udzk wf&if;? 'g pma&;wwfvYkd a&;wJh pmyJ[k uRefawmfhbmom rSwfcsufcsrdygonf/ þodkYjrifrdonfrSm taMumif; &Sdygonf/ pma&;jcif;udk vlwdkif;a&;Edkifaomfvnf; pmay ajrmufatmif odkYr[kwf pmayta&;tom;wpfck[k owfrSwfcH&Edkifaom ta&;tom; wpfcjk zpf&efrmS vlwikd ;f a&;Edik o f nf r[kwyf g/ pma&;wwf? pmzwfwwfwikd ;f pmta&;tom;wpfck jzpfrvmyg/ wdwdususqdk&aomf ]pmayt&m ajrmufjcif;} onf pmta&;tom;rsm;twGi;f rS oD;jcm; ay:xGuv f maom taMumif;wpfckomjzpfonf[k qdk&ygrnf/ t&yf pum;jzifhqdk&aomf vufrSwfxdk;wwfjcif;onf pmay wnfaqmufrIwpfck r[kwfEdkifyg/ þwGif &yf&iS pf epf (yHpk )H t"duxm;aom pmayynm&Sif (Russian Formalist) wdw Yk ifjycJah om ]pmayt&m ajrmufjcif;} taMumif; pOf;i,frQ wifjyvdyk gonf/ pmayESihf pmayr[kwo f nfrsm;tMum;rS t"duusaom
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
81
jcm;em;csufwpfckrSm ]pmayt&majrmufjcif;} om jzpfygonf/ tqdkyg pmayynm&Sirf sm;teufrS ½drk mef;,muGwq f if (Roman Jacobson)u rl ]pmayudk odyÜHynmwpf&yftaejzifh avhvmonf[kqdk&mwGif avhvm onfhtaMumif;rSm pmayr[kwf/ pmayt&majrmufjcif; (pmaywpf&yf jzpfjcif;) taMumif;om jzpfonf/ qdv k o kd nfrmS rnfoYdk pmayt&majrmuf aMumif; avhvmjcif;jzpfonf} [k qdkonf/ odkYjzpfí (pepf)yHkpH t"du xm;aom ynm&Sirf sm; taejzifh rnfonfukd a&;om;wifjyxm;jcif;xuf? rnfokdYa&;om;wifjyxm;jcif;udk ydkípdwf0ifpm;Muonf/ ta&;tom; wpfcw k iG f pmay[k ac:qdak vmufonfh odrYk [kwf pmaywpf&yfjzpfajrmuf avmufonfh p½du k v f u©Pmwdu Yk kd pdppfavhvmMuonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh pmay\ bmompum;ESihf pmayr[kwaf om aeYpOfo;kH bmom pum;wd\ Yk tMum;rS rwlnrD rI sm;udk avhvmpdppfMuonf/ &yf&iS pf epf(yHpk )H t"duxm; avhvmolrsm;tMum;ü ta&;ygaom toHk;tEIef;wpfck&Sdonf/ ¤if;udk jrefrmbmom pum;tm;jzifah omf ]&if;ES;D rIr&Sx d m;jcif;} [Defamiliarisation (ostranenie)] (pdr;f aeatmif jyKxm;jcif;/ qef;opfaeapjcif; [k vnf; rSwf,lEdkifonf) [k qdkEdkifonf/ xd k t oH k ; tEI e f ; ud k ynm&S i f Acf w m&S c avmh p uD ; (Victor Shklovsky) u wifjycJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 1917 ckESpf wGif xkwfa0aom ol\ta&;tom;wpfck ("Art as Device") wGif xdo k abmudk wifjycJh jcif;jzpfonf/ olu t"duxm; wifjyxm;aom tcsufwpf&yfrSm vl\ jrifodrIudk tEkynmu zefwD;rIenf;ynmt& tjrifopfjzpfay: vmap onfjzpf\/ zefwD;rIonf tpOftvmodjrifrI? jrif&mrS tvdktavsmuf odvmrI oabmrsm;udk tav;ray;[k qdck o hJ nf/ odjYk zpfí &SavmhpuD;\ tvdkt& tEkokckrynm&yftm;vHk;twGuf ta&;ygqHk;rSm wu,fwrf; jzpf&adS eaom taMumif;t&m tjzpftysuf ponfrsm;udk yHzk sujf yvdu k jf cif; [Deformation (Distortation r[kw)f ] omjzpfonf/ þae&mwGif ]yHkzsufonf} [k qdkojzifh teuf,l rvGJMuapcsifyg/ (Dismantle, distortion udk rqdv k ykd g/) olqv kd o kd nfrmS tEkynmtm;jzifh zefw;D xkwf vkyx f m;aom wpfpw kH pf&monf jrifoEd iS Nhf y;D om; wpfpw kH pf&m r[kwaf wmh jcif;jzpfonf/ topfwpfcu k o hJ Ykd jzpfNy;D opfqef;ae&rnf/ &if;ES;D aeNy;D om; wpfpHkwpf&m r[kwf&awmhacs/ aeYpOfb0xJwGif aeYpOfawGY-jrif-od
82
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
&onfrsm;onf xdktwdkif;om&SdaeMuojzifh xkdxkdaom t&mrsm;onf tEkynmypönf;rsm; r[kwfacs[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ ]va&mifvrT ;f vnf; urf;ESiahf 0;cJ}h wGif rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)u pmayt&m 0ifw,fqdkwm 'Dvdka&;&w,f[k ajymaeouhJodkYjzpfaMumif; uRefawmf owdxm;rdvu kd o f nf/ taMumif;rSm Zmwfvrf; odrYk [kwf pm\ twGi;f om; (Content [k qdv k akd omfqykd g) rSm ajymyavmufatmif tiftm;&So d nf r[kw/f aps;xJwiG ?f vufzuf&nfqikd w f iG ?f ,kwpf t G qH;k uaZmfqikd w f iG yf if Mum;&? od&Edik af om taMumif;wpfcjk zpfonf/ a&;csiv f Qif pmwpfaMumif; ESpfaMumif;ESifh NyD;EdkifaomtaMumif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ ajymcsifvQif wpfrdepf avmufjzifh Ny;D atmifajymjyEdik o f nf/ aMu;a&wwfro d m;pktxJrmS jzpfae Mu taMumif;wpfck/ t"duZmwfaumif rif;rif;rSm vrf;vGJvdkufrdí aemufq;kH aooGm;&onf[k a&;vdu k (f ajymvdu k )f vQif udpNö y;D avmufonf/ xdkodkYjzifh udpöNyD;Edkifonf rSefaomfvnf; pmay ta&;tom;wpfckum; jzpfrvmEdkif/ aeYpOfb0xJwGif jrifodyHkrsKd;udk jyefvnfazmfxkwfjyjcif;jzifh owif;wpfyk'f omjzpfvmrnf/ odkYjzpfí rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u &if;ESD;&if;pGJ&Sd onfh taMumif;t&mwpfckudk &if;ESD;rIr&Sdxm;aom taMumif;rsm;ozG,f wnfaqmufjyvdu k o f nf/ zefw;D rIonf tEkynmt&m ajrmufjcif;udk jzpf aponfom jzpfaMumif;udk ol\ ta&;tom;jzifh jyqdkcJhonf/ ]va&mifvrT ;f vnf;urf;ESiahf 0;cJ}h wGif pmaya&;om;jcif; twwfynm twGif;rS ta&;ygaom? ajymjyraeeJY/ jy½Hkomjyvdkuf (Show; don't tell) qdkonfudk tjynfht0 toHk;csoGm;cJhonf/ rif;rif; b0ysufoGm;& jcif;udk pmzwfolwdkYu odcJh&onfrSefaomfvnf; bmaMumifhqdkonfudk pma&;olu rajymjycJh/ þonfudk ol\uRrf;usifESHYpyfaomynm&yf (odrt I ajccHuRr;f usirf )I wpfc[ k k rqdí k rjzpf/ odjYk zpfí rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom; odkYr[kwf pmvHk;pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh jyefvnfwifjyxm;jcif; rsm;rSm wifjy½Hkoufoufr[kwfawmh/ ynm&yf (þwGif ta&;tom;) wpfcjk zifh pmayt&majrmufap&ef wnf aqmufxm;rIjzpfomG ;awmhonf/ ta&;tom; oufouf taejzifh wpfckrSwpfckodkY arsmygoGm;aom odkYr [kwf vGifhxGufoGm;aom a&m[efjzifh a&;om;xm;aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'frSm ]tudkif;tcufwdkYonfvnf; twdkt&Snf&SdMuukef\} jzpfonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
83
rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom;ESifhywfoufíaomf? oabmayguf avmufNy[ D k ,lqí rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) wnfaqmufjyxm;cJah om taMumif; t&mrsm;ESifh ESD;ET,faeaom tydkif;udk qufvufaqG;aEG;ygrnf (ta&; tom;udk vdktyfonfhae&mrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;ygrnf)/ (2) ]tcspo f nf b0\ tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfc}k onf rde;f r wpfa,muf\ odrw I iG f tajccHxm;aom ]cspfjcif;}\ teuft"dyÜm,fjzpfonf/ tvm;wl oabmaqmifaom ta&;tom; av;-ig;yk'yf gonf/ ]tcspo f nf b0\ tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfc}k ESihf eD;eD;pyfpyfwo l nfrmS ]av;zuf eH&}H jzpfonf/ vH;k 0 rwlaom taetxm;wpfckrSm ]av;zufeH&H} \ ed*Hk;jzpfonf/ rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)u ]tcspf onfb0\tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfc}k wGif ray;cJah omtajz odkYr[kwf ajzrcscJhaom Zmwfvrf;udk ]av;bufeH&H}wGif azmfxkwfjyvdkuf onf/ t"du wlnaD eaomtcsurf mS rde;f rwpfa,muftjzpf wnfaqmuf xm;jcif; cH&aom taetxm;rS a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif pma&;q&mESihf ola&;om;wifjyaom taetxm; ESpcf k pvHk;udk Munfh&efvdktyfaeonf/ rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;)rSm rdef;rpma&;q&m jzpfonf/ ]tcspfonf b0\ tpdwftydkif;wpfck} ESifh ]av;bufeH&H} wdkYrS t"du Zmwfaumifrsm;onf rdef;rrsm;yifjzpfMuonf/ t"du taMumif; &if;rSm rdef;rwpfa,muf\ ]cspfjcif;} tay: vufcHem;vnfxm;aom tjrifESifh xdktjrif\ ajymif;vJoGm;(Edkif)jcif; taMumif;jzpfonf/ odkYjzpf &um; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;Munfh&rnfh tcsufwpfckrSm rdef;rwpfa,muf\ tjrif vufcHxm;&SdrI ponfh wpfpHkwpf&mudk azmfxkwf&ef pma&;q&mu rde;f rpma&;q&mtjzpf a&;cJyh govm;[laom tcsuw f pf&yfjzpfaeonf/ þtcsufESifhpyfvsOf;í txdkuftavsmuf &Sif;jyyg&ap/ ,cifu uReaf wmf a&;om;cJah om ta&;tom;tcsKUd wGif ]vl-txD;}? ]vl-tr} ponfjzifh oH;k pGcJ zhJ ;l ygonf/ xdo k Ykd oH;k pG&J mwGif jrefrmbmompum; ESifh pm t&mwGif uRrf;usifESHYpyfMuaom bkef;BuD;? vljyefawmf? t&yfom; ynm&Sit f csKUd ESihf aqG;aEG;cJzh ;l ygonf/ xdaYk emufwiG rf S uReaf wmfu, kd w f ikd f vnf; oabmwlojzifh ]vl-txD;} [k oHk;pGJjcif;omjzpfygonf/ xdktoHk;
84
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
tEIef;rSm aus;vuftajccH jrefrmh,Ofaus;rIabmiftwGif;rS toHk;tpGJ jzpfygonf/ Oyrmqd&k aomf aus;vufrsm;wGif wpfO;D wpfavmufu rD;wGi;f 0ifíuav;arG;aomf ]bmav; arG;owke;f } [k ar;Muonft h cg ]txD;av; [J}h ]trav;[J}h [k ajzwwfMuygonf/ arG;zGm;vmaom ]vl}\ jzpfjcif;rSm txD;-tr [laom bmompum; toH;k tEIe;f jzifo h m qH;k jzwfMuygonf/ NrKd Ujyrsm;wGiaf omf ]bmav;arG;owke;f } [k ar;aomf ]a,musmf ;uav;[J?h rdef;uav;[Jh} [k ajzwwfMuonf/ vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; ydkrdk ,Ofaus; onf[laom rSef;q,HkMunfcsufjzifh oHk;pGJxm;aom toHk;tEIef;rQom jzpfonf/ ]a,musfm;uav;} jzpfonf[k qdkjcif;rSm ]txD;uav;} yJ [laomobmESifh xyfwljyKí ajymqdkMujcif;jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif bmompum;\ teufazmfxkwfrIudk ydkrdk wif;usyfpGm vufcí H oH;k pGaJ omf ]vl-txD;jzpfjcif;}ESihf ]a,musmf ;jzpfjcif;} wdrYk mS xyfwl oabmraqmifyg/ ]vl-txD;} rSm obm0\ jzpfay:rItwGi;f rS vdiu f jJG ym; rI udk tajccHum ay:aygufaejcif;jzpfNyD; ]a,musfm;} jzpfjcif;rSm vlYtzGJU tpnf;wpfc\ k ,Ofaus;rI tpOftvmESihf ,Ofaus;rI tajccH taetxm; rsm;t& wnfaqmufxm;jcif;om jzpfygonf/ vljzpfaejcif;twGif;ü obm0taetxm; t&m jzpf&Sdvmaom (jzpf&Sdaeaom) txD;jzpfjcif;? trjzpfjcif;onf rnfokdYrQ rwlnDEdkifaom taetxm; wpfckjzpfNyD; xdk rwlnDjcif;onf ]vl}tjzpf jzihf &Sdaejcif;twGif;rS 'GefwGJaeaom rwlnDrI wpfckomjzpfygonf/ xdkrwlnDrI\ &Sdaejcif;udk rnfolurQ rjiif;Edkifyg/ ]a,musmf ;} ]rde;f r} [k ac:qdo k wfrw S cf surf mS rl obm0\tjzpfysuf (odrYk [kw?f wdu k q f ikd rf aI Mumifh ay:aygufcjhJ cif;wpfpw kH pf&m) r[kwrf í l vufcí H jiif;qdkjcif;ESifh jiif;qdkí vufcHjcif; jyKEdkifaom taetxm;&Sdygonf/ t&yfpum;jzifq h akd omf orkwo d abmaqmifaom ynwfrsm;om jzpf ygonf / vl jzpf a e&jcif ; twG i f ; ü a,musf m ;-rd e f ; r ponf j zif h ynwf x m;jcif ; jzpf y gonf / xd k ynwf c suf r sm;rS m ,wd j ywf owfrSwfajymqdkí r&ojzifh orkwd oabmoufoufomjzpfygonf/ qdkvdk onfrSm a,musfm;-rdef;rrSm vlYtzGJUtpnf; rwlnDrItwGif; uGJjym;aeaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ rdef;r (rdef;uav;) qdk Adkif;aumif;? ausmuf z d xm;&w,f / rd e f ; r (rd e f ; uav;) qd k w m qifr,OfomavQmuf&w,f[k qdkaom t,ltqudk vufcHxm; aom
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
85
,Ofaus;rI (umv-a'oESifh qufpyfaeaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;) twGif;rS ]rde;f r} owfrw S af c:qdx k m;aom ]vl-tr} ESihf rde;f rqdw k m a,musmf ;vdyk /J a,musf m ;av;vk y f o rQ vk y f E d k i f w ,f [ k vuf c H x m;aom ,Ofaus;rItwGi;f rS ]vl-tr}wdrYk mS rwlMuyg/ xko d Ykd rwl&onfrmS ,Ofaus; rItajccH tqH;k tjzwfaMumifo h mjzpfygonf/ xdt k csurf mS todtrSwjf yK xm;&onfh tcsuv f nf; jzpfygonf/ odjYk zpfí ]rde;f r} [k owfrw S ñ f eT ;f qdk cH&jcif;rSeforQrSm ,Ofaus;rI? bmompum;ESifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;\ vlrI qufqaH &;yHpk w H u Ykd wnfaqmufxm;aom xkwu f ek w f pf&yfom jzpfygonf (Gender is a construct, a product of language, culture, and its institutions oabmjzpfygonf)/ þrQqakd omf oabmaygufMuvdrrhf nf[k ,lqí rlvOD;wnfcsuo f Ykd jyefomG ;yg&ap/ rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)udk rdef;rpma&;q&m[k ac:qdk owfrSwfa&;om; &mwGif vl+tr+pma&;q&m[k qdkvdkjcif;r[kwfbJ rdef;r+pma&;q&m oabmudo k m qdv k ykd gonf (tu,fí vl+tr+pma&;q&mudk &nfñeT ;f vdk onf&adS omf pma&;q&mrudk qdyk grnf/ pma&;q&mr=pma&;q&m+tr oabmjzpfygonf)/ wpfenf;qd&k jyefaomf rde;f rjzpfcNhJ y;D jzpfaom vlwpfO;D wpfa,mufu pma&;q&mjzpfaeonf[k ,wdjywf tcdik t f rmajymqdjk cif; odkYr[kwf ñTefjycH&Edkifoljzpfonf/ pma&;q&mr qdkonfrSm txD;? tr jzpfaejcif;u t"dur[kwfbJ rdef;rwpfOD;tjzpf a&;aeolomjzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm pma&;om;wifjyolrSm vl+tr tjzpf a&;om;aeaom a,musfm;aomfvnf;aumif;? rdef;r&Smaomfvnf;aumif; trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkif onf/ a&S;u&SdcJhaom? pma&;q&mr trnfcHxm;aom a,musfm;pma&; q&mBuD;rsm;udk jyefvnf owdxm;Munfhaomf qdkvdk&if;udk oabmayguf Murnf xifonf/ þodq Yk &kd onfrmS taMumif;&Syd gonf/ rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;) onf uefo Y wfxm;aom vlt Y zGUJ tpnf;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIrsm;twGi;f rde;f rwdYk \taetxm;udk rnfodkY jrifcJhonf/ azmfxkwfwifjyjcif;ESifh jyefvnf wifjyjcif;rsm;udk rnfokdYjyKcJhonfudk avhvmMunfhEdkif&efjzpfonf/
86
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
87
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88
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
csKyaf ESmifwm;qD;xm;&r,fwv hJ m;.../ pdw&f UJ vGwv f yfciG ahf v;udak wmif xGufaygufay;cGifhr&Sdbl;wJhvm;} (pm?181) ponfjzifh ar;cGef;rsm; xkwfcJh onf/ ]av;bufeH&H} ed*Hk;wGif rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)u tpOftvm? ,Ofaus;rI ponfwdkYtm;jzifh wnfaqmufxm;aom rdef;rudk rdef;rpma&;q&m \wpfa,mufae&mrSm todtrSwjf yK&if; oa&mfjycJo h nf/ tcsut f vuf tm;jzifo h m aumif;onfr[kwaf wmh/ a&SUwGif wifjycJah om ]ta&;tom;} tydkif;udkyif jyefí axmufjy&awmhrnf/ ]udk,fha,musfm;udk udk,fcspfvdkY ,lvmwm ckvnf; odycf spw f ,fa[h? odycf spw f ,f}[kajymzdYk 0efrav;awmh ygNyDwnf;/} [laom pmaMumif;udk aocsmpGm zwfMunfhaomf a':cifcif ouf\pum;onf pmzwfot l m; qefu Y sib f ufteuf oufa&mufapvdrk I rsm; rnfa&GUrnfrQ yg0ifaeaMumif; awGU&ayrnf/ wnfhwnfha&;NyD; qefYusifbuf teufudk jrifapcsifjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkta&;tom;rsKd;onf yif rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom;rsm;wGif awGU&wwfaom a&;om;wwf jcif; odrYk [kwf ½d;k ½d;k ta&;tom;wpfcrk S pmayjzpfatmif a&;Edik jf cif; ynm wpf&yf[k rjrifírjzpfEdkif/ xdktm;xkwfrIrsKd;udk todtrSwfjyK&rnfom jzpfonf/ (4) ]tjyefwpf&mrdkufOD;rSm}? ]tcspfyGifhOD;} ESifh ]jynfAm&mrStpjyKí} 0w¬K wdkrsm;onf rsKd;wlpk wpfckwnf;twGif;rS vlom;wdkY\ cspfjcif;ESifh vlYtzGJU tpnf;ESihf ,Ofaus;rI\ xkwu f ek w f pf&yfjzpfaom rde;f rwd\ Yk yH½k yk f azmfcjhJ yef onf/ ]tcspfyGifhOD;} rSmrl rsKd;qufESpfcktMum;rS tjrifjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif yxrrsK;d qufuOkd ;D wnfí aemufrsK;d qufwpfcu k jyefvnfppd pfMunfv h u kd f jcif;jzpfonf/ rd;k rd;k (tif;vsm;)\ ta&;tom;rsm;twGi;f rdr\ d yk*v ¾ u d cspjf cif;udk rdrb d mom csK;d ESrd yf pf&jcif;twGuf ya,m*wpfcck &k adS eonfcsn;f jzpfonf/ wpfqifhwufíqdk&aomf rdrd\cspfjcif;udk rdrdrSty jzpfaomtaMumif; wpfaMumif;aMumif;aMumifh taetxm;ajymif;vdkuf&olrsm;rSm rdef;rrsm; omjzpfMuonf/ qdkcJhNyD;onfhtwdkif; ,Ofaus;rIESifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;\
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
89
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90
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
91
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92
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
93
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
99
]]nDra&...? 'Du nDr&Sdovm;}} tdrfa&SUrS ac:oHMum;í xGufMunfhrd&m tdrfwGif ]a,mu©reJU rwJv h v Ykd m;} [k wdwu d sus ar;cJah om ta':Bu;D udk awGU&onf/ ta':Bu;D qdkaomfvnf; jyKjyKjyifjyif EkEkysdKysdKyifjzpf\/ olu NyHK;í tdrfay:wuf vm&if;... ]]bavmufpf tusyÐ q kH ef;av;rsm;&S&d if cPavmufu, G ?f tdru f orD;u csKyfcsifvdkYwJhav}} ]][kwfuJh &ygw,f a':a':? vmav xdkifygtHk;}} uRef r 0wf a us0wf u k e f o m ac:vd k u f a omf v nf ; ol u wu,f y if wuf v mNyD ; td r f a &S U cef ; wG i f y if r xd k i f ? uRef r 0if c J h & m tdyfcef;xJtxd vdkufvm awmhonf/ uRefru jrefjrefudpöNyD;ap&ef aowåmxJrS tusÐ 3-4 xnf xkwfay;vdkufonf/ olu tusÐrsm;udk a&G;[efjyK&if; tdycf ef;udk rsupf ad 0hí tuJcyf\/ uRerf wdrYk mS tdraf xmifopf xlaxmifprdkY tdrfaxmif y&dabm* r&Sdao;ay/ ckwiftyfxm;onfyif ra&G;&onfrdkY Murf;ay:cif;í tdyfMu onf/ olYtMunfhaMumifh uRefryif rd e f ; rNyD N yD &S u f o G m ;rd \ / bmrQawmh rajymrd a y/ ol E S p f o uf & m tusÐwpfxnfa&G;NyD; tdrfa&SUjyefxGufvmum xdkifvdkufao;onf/ jyefrnfhyHkray:ao;ojzifh uRefru tdrf&SifNyDNyD pum;&Sm ajym&jyefonf/ ]]a':a':wdkYtdrfu b,fem;rSmvJ}} ]]'Dacgif;&if; tdraf vuG,}f } onfawmhryS if reufr;kd vif;vQif uav;awGukd atmfaiguf qlyl aeonfrSm olyifjzpfrnf[k awG;vdkufrd\/ ]]uav;u b,fEpS v f &SNd yv D }J } uav;udk jr§L&if; olru ar;onf/ ]]4-vyg}} ]]tif;...xGm;om;bJ? olYtazu bmvkyfvJ}} vmacsNyD/ olYvrf;pOfjzifh olcsDwufvmacsNyD/ ]]pmyHEk ydS w f u kd rf mS vkyyf gw,f}} ]]aMomf...puform;vm;}} ]]r[kwfygbl;? pmjyifyg}} ]]bm&,f? pmpDorm;vm;}}
100
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
]]r[kwfygbl;? pmjyifyg}} ]pmjyif} qdo k nfukd olaumif;aumif;odykH ray:yg/ uRerf wdt Yk rd f tajctaeudk Munfhívnf; txifao;aeyHk&\/ wu,fawmh uRefrwdkY tdrfwGif armifht&nftjcif;udk odEdkifaom armifhpmtkyfpifBuD;u xD;xD; rm;rm; &Sdaeaomfvnf; olu pdwf0ifpm;yHkr&yg/ armifonf rdbydkif yHEk ydS w f u kd w f iG f yHEk ydS x f w k af 0tvkyu f kd OD;pD;vkyu f ikd af eonf[v k nf; uRerf u rajymrd/ ]]vkyif ef;[m rdbydik b f ?J ud, k w f eYkd YJ bmrSrqdik b f ;l ? ud, k u f omref tvkyform;bJ? 'gudk at;em;vnfxm;&r,f}} armifu onfodkYyif rMumcP ajymcJhonf/ NyD; <um;0gonfudk vnf; armifu rkef;onf/ rdef;rayr,fh rdef;reJYrwlap&[k armifu oif onf/ uRefru armifhr,m;wnf;/ ]]vliSm;u vcb,favmufay;&vJ}} uRerf u armifv h cudk wdu k ½f u kd af r;vmvdrrhf nf [kxifaomfvnf; jrm;OD;u wnfhwnfhrvm? wpfbufrS auGUvmonf/ ]]40-yg}} ]]tif;...ay;&wmayghav? ud, k cf rJG &Sad wmhvJ xm;&rSmaygh? 'geJU tJ...nDremrnfu b,fol}} ]]at;at;yg...}} ]]at;at; a,musfm;u 0ifaiGawmh taumif;om;rdkYvm;}} ]][kwu f ?hJ rqd;k vSygbl;}} ]]olu pma&;q&mvm;}} apmapmu pum;udk b0ifusyHkray:/ olodvdkonfudk xyfar; jyefonf/ ]][kwfuJh? pmvJ eJeJyg;yg;a&;ygw,f}} olonf qufar;&rnfudk raumif;awmhrSef; odvmyHk&\/ uav;udo k m jrL§ aeonf/ cPMumvQif wpfrsKd ;wpfzkH pvmOD;rnfukd uRerf odaeonf/ pdwfvJysuf? &,fvJ&,fcsifaerd\/ xdktcdkuf rD;zdkaqmifrS a':i,fu ]]at;at;a&? ig;u 'Dtwdkif;csufrSmvm;? aMumfNyD;rS csurf mS vm;}} [k vSr;f ar;ojzifh ]]cPaemf}} [k qdu k m rD;zdx k J 0ifvmcJo h nf/ uRefr awmfawmfESifh jyefxGufroGm;bJ aerS ]]jyeftHk;r,fa[h}}[kqdkum
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
101
oljyefoGm;\/ rD;zdkxJ 0ifvdkufrvmonfrSm awmfao;&JU[k oufjyif;csrd onf/ ]]arsmufvufeJY aomhcavmufav; 0,fcJhygtHk; armifa&}} ]]bmvkyzf v Ykd J at;&JU}} ]]tdrfa&SU zdeyfcRwf wHcg;cwfzdkYav}} ]]at;u &efukefNrdKUv,fu wdkufcef;vdk aomhtjrJ cwfxm; rvdv Yk m;? 'Dvakd e&mrSm 'Dvkd oD;oefBY u;D vkyaf evdYk b,faumif;rvJ at;&JU? tm;vH;k u 'Dvb kd J wHcg;zGiNhf y;D aeMuwmbJ? 'g&yfuu G af v? tvdu k t f xdu k f ae&r,f}} uRerf u a':pyfpBk u;D taMumif;ajymjyvQiv f nf; armifu 'Dvykd J tvdu k t f xdu k af e&r,f[k ajymtH;k rSmrdYk aemufxyfbmrS rajymrdawmhyg/ wwfEikd o f rQom cyfat;at;ESihf pum;enf;enf;aecJrh o d nf/ tdref ;D em;csi;f rSeforQ NyHK;wefNyHK;? ajymwefajymí armifajymovdk tvdkuftxdkuf aevdkuf\/ odkYaomf tvdkuftxdkufae&onfrSmvnf; rvG,fygay/ ]]at;at;a&...aps;udv k m;}} ]][kwu f hJ rrEk}} aps;jcif;awmif;qGJí xGufcJhNyD; ESpftdrfausmf ta&mufwGif a':EkEu k EIwq f uf\/ a':EkEq k akd omfvnf; ½kyu f olaY vmufrEk[k wzuf rS a':pyfpkajymjyí emrnfodxm;&onf/ a':pyfpkrSm uRefruay;aom emrnfjzpfí olYtrnfu r,Ofjrifhjzpfonf/ olYudk,fol rrjrifh[k ajymí ,ckawmh uRefruvnf; rrjrifh[k EIwfusdK;ae&ayNyD/ ]]aps;roGm;EdkifvdkY at;&,f? EkEkbdkY Muufwjcrf;avmuf 0,fcJh prf;yg}} uRefru acgif;ndwfjyNyD; tdrfbufjyefvSnfh&jyefonf/ uRefr aps;oGm;vQif ydu k q f u H kd 0,favmuf½o kH m uefo Y wfí xnfo h mG ;avh&o dS jzifh tydrk ygay/ ydu k q f aH y;vdu k rf nfyh v kH nf;ray:? awmif;&rSmvnf; raumif; wwfí ydkufqHjyef,l&jyefonf/ uRefru rrEkac:aomfvnf; olYudk,fol EkEk[komajymaom a':EkEo k nf Muufwjcrf;udo k m apmif, h í l ydu k q f aH y;&efurkd l owd&yHrk &/ aemufaeYrsm;wGifvnf;ray;/ xyfyifrSmvdkufao;onf/ aemifMumrS
102
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
]]aMomf...arYvdkY? at;udk aps;bdk;ay;&OD;r,f}} [k qkdum 5d wefw&Guf xkwfay;\/ olrSmonfu 5d zkd;ruawmhaomfvnf; uRefru tm;emí bmrQrajymrd/ oluvnf; b,fa&GUb,frQusonfvJ[k rar;acs/ aemufxyf aps;rSmonfhtcgwGifrl ]]r&cJhbl;EkEka&}}? ]]a[mawmh arhvm cJNh y}D }ponfjzifh uRerf u ajAmifvrd af wmhonf/ ,ckawmh uRerf onf trl t&myif aumif;aumif;vkyfwwfayNyD/ ]]at;a&...bm[if;awGrsm;csuaf evJ}} ajymajymqdkqdkESifh aemufaz;xd0ifvmaom rjroef;udk awGU& onf/ olu uRerf ESihf &G,w f jl zpfí onfem;w0du k w f iG af wmh oli,fcsi;f vdk aygif;ae&onf/ qefomG ;xkwv f nf; twlw?l EdrYk eI o Yf mG ;xkwv f nf;twlwl tazmfjyKae&oljzpfonf/ uRerf ESi&hf , G w f l qdak omfvnf; olrY mS u uav; ig;a,muftarjzpf\/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; olvmvQif olYaemufu uav; awG wNyHKwrBuD; ygvmwwfonf/ aqmholuaqmh? uRefrom;av;udk cso D u l cs?D pmtkyaf wGzo G u l zGjzifh olwv Ykd mvQif wpfrsK;d pdwn f pf&jyefonf/ ]]bmrSrcsufygbl;? a':i,f vkyfaewmyg? vmvm tdrfa&SU oGm;r,f}} uRefru olYuav;awGyg ygatmif odrf;usKH;ac:&if; tdrfa&SU odjYk refjrefxu G cf rhJ \ d / ]]c&pfpwpfp olrsm;vmjyvd?Yk at;udv k mpyf&wmav? wpf*u kd pf qdkawmh tukefvJr,lcsifygbl;? a&mif;wJholuvJ wpf*dkufvHk;,lrSwJh? at;eJYudk,feJY vufjywfwpfxnfpD pyfcsKyf&atmif}} olu c&pfvdkif;BuD; tpdrf;&ifhav;udkxkwfjy\/ ]]aps;u 37d –wJh? v[mjyifrSm 40d-r[kwfvm;}} ]]b,favmufrsm;uGmvdv Yk J rjroef;&,f? Ny;D at;eJY 'Dta&mifev YJ J rvdu k yf gbl;? vufjywfvJ at;r0wfwwfygbl;? vuf&n S q f &kd ifvJ r0,fEikd f ao;ygbl;uG,}f } ]]td.k .. ud, k w f Ukd uawmh vku d v f u dk f rvdu k v f u kd f 0wfvu dk w f mbJ? uRwfuswmrSwfvdkY? NyD; udk,fu tusÐqdk a&mifpHkrS? ta&mifpHk&Sdxm;rS pdwfxJu auseyfwm}}
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
103
olY 0goemtwdkif; cyf<um;<um; ajym&if; tjzLwpfxnfwnf; ESiBhf uaJ eaom uRerf udv k nf;csw d v f u dk af o;\/ olaY ,musmf ;u vc 185d– cefY &onfqakd yrifh olrY mS wufx&Gev f ckH snf a&mifp?kH c&pfviId ;f Bu;D a&mifpkH 0wfEdkif\/ uRefrwdkYrSm armifhudkvctjzpf axmufyHhaom 250d–cefYudk tdrfvc? rD;c? owif;pmc? armifhpmtkyfzdk;? tdrfpm;p&dwf ponfwdkYjzifh tH0if*iG u f s wpfjym;rSrydak y/ uRerf rawmufwacguf a&;aom pmrlcav; rsm;jzifh a':i,fhvcay;onf/ wcgw&HydkvQif t0wftpm;0,fonf/ uRefrvnf; tazmf&atmif wpfa,mufwnf; uav;wzufESifhrdkY tdrftvkyfvnf; rEdkifreif;rjzpf&atmif armifu tdrfazmf iSm;ay;aomf vnf; xkdtwGuf p&dwfudkrl uRefrujyefjznfhay;&\/ ]]at;wdkYrsm; cav;wa,mufxJ&Sdao;? r0wfEdkif rpm;Edkif &Sdvdkufwm? udk,fwdkYrsm; ckrS cav;awGrsm;vmvdkY? t&if vifr,m; ESpaf ,mufxw J ek ;f uqdk topftqef;ay:NyaD [hqkd cg;ay:wif&rS? ckawmif vcxkwf&if azmhc&pf 0,f0wfrvdkY}} ]]t0wfomr0wfEikd &f &dS r,f rpm;Edik af wmhr&Syd gbl; rjroef;&,f? armifu t0wfxuf tpm;udk ydkrufw,f? aumif;aumif;pm;rS usef;rm rSmwJh? pmtkyfzdk;qdkvJ rESajrmbl;}} uRefru ydefvSDao;auG;vSaom olYuav;rsm;udk Munfh&if; jyefajymrdonf/ ajymrnfhom ajym&onf/ uRefrwdkYt,ltqu olwdkY 0g'ESifhudkufcsifrS udkufayrnf/ ,HkMunfcsufcsif;uvnf; wlonfr[kwf/ 0goemcsif;uvnf; bmrQrqdkif/ todcsif;uvnf; wrsKd;pD/ onf0ef;usiMf um;wGif tm;vH;k ESiw hf nfah tmif ae&onfh uRerf tcuftcJ/ 'gawGtm;vHk; armifhudk ajymjyvQifvnf;... ]]vlawGeJY ae&if'DvdkbJaygh? 'gtqef;r[kwfygbl;? at;&JU jyóemawG[m tao;tzGyJ ?J armifrh mS onfx h uf OD;aESmuf toH;k jyKp&m tvkyfawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f}} [k jyóemawGudk olYqD o,frvmap csif[ef wm;jrpfwwf\/ ]]armifajymwm [kwfom;bJ? 'gawG[m tao;tzGJawGbJ}} [k udk,fhudk,fudk owday;&onf/ Mumawmhvnf; onfvlawG Mum;xJrSm ud, k yf g ao;odrjf rKyu f , G o f mG ;rSm pd;k rdonf/ vlqo kd nfrmS cufonf/ Ny;D awmh rdef;rrdkY ydkqdk;onf/ olrsm;u twif;ajymvQif udk,fuyg 0ifajymcsif\/
104
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
oluNydKifvQif udk,fuyg jyefNydKifrdwwf\/ odkYaMumifhvnf; ]rdef;rayr,fh rde;f reYrJ wlap&} [k qH;k r&onf/ odq Yk ;kH raeonfh Mum;uyif tvGen f zHh si;f onfh tjyKtrlwckudk uRefrjyKrdonf/ uRefr tvGef&Suf&GHUcJhaom &efjzpfjcif; wnf;/ ajc&if;tdrfrS rwifvIdifudkawmh cyfat;at; aewwfojzifh uRefrucifonf/ olronf [dktdrfonftdrf ul;wm oef;wm rawGU&? atmfus,f[pfus,f pum;ajymwmvnf; wpfcgrQ rMum;rd? uRefrvdkyif uav;wpfa,mufESifh cyfat;at; aeoljzpf\/ olu uRefrwdkYtdrfrvmwwfaomfvnf; uRefru olYtdrfodkY ul;oGm; jcif;jzpf\/ olt Y rd w f iG f tyfcsKypf uf&adS omaMumifh jzpfonf/ uRerf csKyv f o kd rQ tuspÐ av;rsm;udk udu k n f y§ Nf y;D tyfcsnv f ;kH yg,lí olt Y rd w f iG f oGm;csKyf&onf/ oluvnf; MunfMunf jzLjzLvufcHygonf/ a':pyfpk tdrfwGif puf&Sdaomfvnf; olYtdrfodkYrlroGm;0Hh/ rwifwifvIdifudk at;onf[k ,lqcJhaom uRefronf eD;eD; uyfuyfqufqH&rS pum;tawmfajymaom rdef;rjzpfaMumif; tHhMopGm od&awmhonf/ olb,ftdrfrS rul;roef; aomfvnf; tdrftoD;oD;rS twGi;f a&;aygif;pHu k kd oload e\/ olrrSm t&yfxrJ S ykq;kd av;tp? uav; tusÐav;tp tyfcsKyfvufcHwwfojzifh xkdolwdkYxHrS owif;pHk pkaqmif; &rd[efwlonf/ oluvnf; jyefíar;wwf ajymwwfyHk&\/ ]][dk...rvIdifwdkY ajc&if;tdrfu rdef;racsmacsm[mav...} uRefru pufcsKyf&if;? olu uav;ykcufvTJ&if; pum;ajymrd Muonf/ ]]rrEkvm;...} ]]r[kwyf gbl;? oluwtdraf usm[ f mbJ? 'Dtrd ef u YJ yfvsuf ajc&if; tdrfu ydefao;ao;av;udk ajymwm}} uRerf u ajc&if;tdru f kd vSr;f Munfrh &d m jyLwif;aygufrS wdu k w f u kd f qdkifqdkif xdktrsKd;orD;udk vSrf;jrifvdkuf&í rvHkrvJ jzpfoGm;rdonf/ ]]olYa,musfm;u tdrfrSmr&Sdbl;}} rvIdifu qufajym\/ ]]e,frmS tvkyv f yk v f v Ykd m;}}
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
105
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106
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
tdraf y: wufvm\/ olrY suEf mS xm;u cyfwif;wif;rdYk uRerf pdwx f w J pfrsKd ; jzpfoGm; rdonf/ ]]xdik af v...rrEk}} ]]rxdik yf gbl;...ajymp&m&Sv d }Ykd } uRefru tHhtm;oifhaepOf oluyif qufajym\/ vufwzuf udkvnf; cg;wGif axmufxm;vdkufao;onf/ vufnd§K;waigufaiguf rxd;k ½Hw k r,f/ ]]'DrSm at;at;u ajymw,fqdk? EkEkudk wlavmuf om;avmuf t&G,f vifvkyfaewJh rdef;rvdkY}} ½kwfw&uf uRefr bmjyefajym&rnfrod/ ]]raeYwpfaeYurS &yfuu G x f J ajymif;vmNy;D 'Dvpkd mG vdaYk wmh b,f& rvJ? EkEkwdkYu'DrSm udk,fydkiftdrfeJYajreJY tajcwusaeMuwm? rvdkwrm oykyaf vvGirhf ajymygeJ?Y ud, k ef rYJ qdik w f m ud, k zhf mom at;at;aeayghath? EkEkwdkY taMumif; rodao;vkdY xifw,f [if;[if;}} ]]aeygtHk; rr? tJ...EkEk&JU? at;u EkEkwdkY taMumif; bmrS odwm r[kwfygbl;? rvIdifu ajymjy&if; pum;pyfrdvdkY wlvm;-om;vm; xifrdw,fvdkY ajymrdwm? at;xifxmudk trSeftwdkif; ajymwm bmjzpf ovJ}} yxru at;at;aq;aq;ajymrnf pdwu f ;l aomfvnf; ajym&if; a'gojzpfvmojzifh &efawGUovdyk if atmfajymrdonf/ rjroef;uavnf;rcH csif[efjzifh 0ifajym\/ ]tdk...ajym...ajym w,faygh? bmjzpfao;vJ? [kwfwm ajymwJOh pöm}} onfaemufwGif &efyGJonf a':EkEkESifhrjroef;wdkY\ &efyGJ jzpfoGm;awmhonf/ b,fwkef;u rsufrkef;usKd;aeMuonfrod? i,fusKd; i,femawG az:í atmfMu[pfMuawmhonf/ wpfzuftdrfrS rvIdifonf rsufaph tjyL;om;ESifhMunfhae\/ a':pyfpku vma&mufzsefajzonf/ olYa,musfm; r,m;i,f,lonfqdkaom trsKd;orD;u rsufaxmifheDeDjzifh tdraf &SUrS vm&yfMunfah eonfuv kd nf; awGUvku d &f onf/ aemufro S &d onf rS m xd k t rsKd ; orD ; u uRef r ES i f h rvI d i f a jymorQud k em;yg;yg;ES i f h acsmif;em;axmif NyD; wpfzufrS a':EkEkwdkYudk vTwfvdkufjcif;wnf;/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
107
]]&Suw f ,f...ody&f u S w f ,f? raecsib f ;l ? 'D&yfuu G rf mS raecsif awmhbl;? vlnHhawGMum;xJ ae&wm udk,fyg vlnHhjzpf&w,f? wpfoufeJY wpfudk,f &efjzpfbl;wm r[kwf? ckawmh &Sufp&m}} xdak eYrpS í armifjyefvmwdik ;f uRerf \ wwGww f w G f nnf;nLoH yif jzpfonf/ armif aemufaeYreuf tvkyfroGm;rDtxd uRefronf tdrf ajymif;&ef tdrf&SmzdkYtaMumif;udkvnf; tNrJ em;ylaerd\/ wpfcgwpf&H armif u pd w f r &S n f í jyef a tmf v Qif vif r ,m;uawmuf u q jzpf & ao;onf / ,ck wavm armif o nf naeaemuf u Ref r S jyef v mwwf a wmh í reuf t apmBuD ; jyef x G u f o G m ;avh &S d \ / uRefrem;ylem;qm vkyfí[k odaomfvnf; uRefru ravQmh/ tdrfxyf&Sm&ef armifhudk em;ylNrJ ylae\/ 'Dtdrfu tdrfvc aps;BuD;onf? aEGqdkvQif rD;aMumuf&onf ponfjzifhvnf; trsKd;rsKd; taMumif;jy\/ Mumawmh r,m;pum;ygíbJvm;? em;ylrcHEdkifíbJvm; rod/ tdrfajymif;rnf[k armifu ajymvmawmhonf/ ,ckajymif;&onft h rd u f NrKd Uv,faumifr[kwaf omfvnf; NrKd UESihf eD;aom ae&m? tdru f vnf; wdu k cf t H rd f oD;oefcY ef; jzpf\/ ud, k t fh rd w f cH g; ud, k yf w d í f oD;jcm;aeEdik \ f / bmbJjzpfjzpf tdraf jymif;&í uRerf aysmv f u kd f onfjh zpfjcif;/ ,cktdrfwGif armiftvkyfoGm;vQif tdrfwHcg;ydwfí uRefrwdkY om;trdEpS af ,mufwnf; aevdu k \ f / a':i,fuvnf; ajrmif;jr&Sd olo Y rD; xHwGif oGm;vnfaeonf/ om;uawmh tdrfvnf rxGuf&ojzifh ysif;ae [ef wlonf/ uRerf em;om tNrJ uyfae\/ ,ciftrd w f iG af wmh tdref ;D csi;f rsm;u (txl;ojzifh a':pyfp)k u ulnx D ed ;f ay;í om;\wm0ef uRerf rSm r&SdvS/ ,ckawmh uRefrrSm pma&;bkdY a0;pG? tdrftvkyfyif aumif;aumif; rvkyf&awmhacs/ aeYpOf armiftvkyfroGm;rD aps;odkY ajy;xm;ESifh &onf/ ,ck tdrfeD;csif;awGujzifh uav;tyfxm;cJhvdkYvnf; pdwfcs&rnfhyHk ray:acs/ uRerf wdu Yk v kd nf; vH;k 0pdw0f ifpm;yHk r&Sad cs/ 'Dwcgawmh cyfwnfwnfaernf [k uRefru MuHK;0g;xm;aomfvnf; olwdkYu uRefrxuf q,fq
108
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
wif;ESifhonf/ tdrfajymif;cgp o,fMucsMupOfuyif rnfolrQ jyLíyif rMunhf/ taeMum vmonfhwdkif rnfolESifhrQ EIwfrqufrdbl;acs/ vrf;awGUvQifvnf; cyfwnf wnf rodovkdomyif/ wpfaeY-aeUv,fbufuRerf rSm ½kww f &ufu, kd yf í l aeraumif; jzpfvmrdonf/ wpfa,mufwnf; uav;uvnf; wzufESifhrdkY armifhudk zkef;qufac:rS[k w,fvDzkef;&Sd&m pOf;pm;aomfvnf; trsm;oHk;zkef;u teD;tem;wGif r&Sdacs/ wpfzufcef;rSmawmh w,fvDzkef;&Sd[efwlonf/ uRefrwpfzufcef;udk vlac: bJvfav;ESdyfvdkufpOf txJrS acsmif;MunhfNyD; wHcg;awmh zGifhay;ygonf/ ta&;BuD ; vd k Y quf & onf h taMumif ; uRef r u awmif ; awmif ; yef y ef ajymvd k u f a omf v nf ; td r f & S i f ta':BuD ; u ½k w f w &uf p um;rjyef b J taMumif o m; jyef M unf h a e\/ uRef r u bmvkyf&rSef;rod? &Sufovdk jzpfoGm; rdonf/ twefMumrS ]]qufav}} [k pdwfryghwygajzonf/ a&mufrdvufprdkY zkef;udk jrefjrefajymNyD; vk d & r,f & ,l v maom rwf a ph w aph u d k v nf ; xm;cJ h & aumif ; Ed k ; Ed k ; jzpf r d a o;onf / aemuf q H k ; ]]aus;Zl ; wif y gw,f } } [l a om pum; wpfceG ;f udo k m cyf½Ukd ½daYk jymí jyefxu G v f m&m aemufrS oHwcH g;udk cyfaqmifh aqmifh qGJydwfvdkufoHudk pdwfrcsrf;ompGm Mum;vdkuf&ao;\/ onfae&ma&mufrS uRefr tvGefNiD;aiGUvmrdonf/ rjroef;udk vnf; atmufarhovkdvdk&Sdonf/ bmyJjzpfjzpf aeraumif;bl;qdkvQif ysmysmovJ vmjyKpkaz:&\/ a':pyfpkBuD;onfyif qefjyKwfwcGufawmh vmwdkufwwfao;onf/ ,ckawmh uRefrrSm taz:rJhae&acsNyD/ uav;wpfzufESifh tjyifvnf;rxGufwwfaom uRefrtzdkY tjcm; oG m ;p&mvrf ; r&S d / tvS L twef ; oma&;ema&;vnf ; rnf o l r Qvmrzd w f a cs/ wavmu tay:xyf w G i f {nf h c H y G J wpf c k c k v k y f [ ef w l \ / um;BuD ; um;i,f awG vmvd k u f M uonf r S m uRef r wd k Y t d r f a &S U yif jynf h u syf o G m ;\/ pm;Mu aomuf M u aysmf M uonf r S m vnf ; nOf h e uf o ef ; acgif w d k i f y if / rnf o nf h txdrf;trSwfyGJudk rnfolawGu usif;yonfudkyif uRefrwdkY rodacs/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
109
we*FaEGaeY armiftvkyrf oGm;&í uRerf wdYk om;trdo;kH a,muf at;at;vlvl xkdifaeMupOf vlac:bJvfudk wtm;ESdyfvdkufoHMum;&\/ wH c g;zG i f h v d k u f v Qif awmrS u Ref r \ a':BuD ; awmf o l a':Nid r f ; u olx Y ;kH pHtwdik ;f pum;udk atmfBu;D [pfus,f ajymqdv k suf 0ifvmawmhonf/ ]]wuwJawmf...nnf;wdkYtdrf&Sm&wmuvJ acwfysufBuD; vlaysmuf&mS &wm usaewmbJ? iguvJ tdref yH gwfarhomG ;vdYk atmifoajy pmtkyw f u kd u f OD;armifarmiftrd v f Ykd vku d af r;wm b,forl rS odb;l wJah t? igtHMh owmu nnf;wd[ Yk b dk ufcef;uawmif rodb;l wJ?h tHah &m... ar;wJh vludkawmif pm;awmh0g;awmhrvdk jyefMunfhvdkufao;w,f wuwJ}} a':Bu;D u olx Y ;kH pHtwdik ;f ]wuwJ}[laom pum;udo k ;kH í oH;k í ajymae\/ ]]aeygtHk;...'geJY t&iftdrfubmjzpfvdkYvJ}} ]]t&iftrd u f vm;...[d.k ..tif;...cktrd u f ydak umif;vdaYk ygh a':BuD;&JU? &yfuGufuvJ 'Duydkaumif;w,fav? [dkrSmu vlawGuvJ pyfpyfpkpk ½Iyf½Iyf&Suf&Suf &efjzpfMubmMueJY? pdwf½IyfvdkY raecsifwmeJY}} ]]tr,fav;awmf...wuwJ...'DvdkbJ aygh? wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf tcefrY oif&h if jzpfwmbJ/ Ny;D awmh &if;&if;ES;D ES;D ½dik ;f yif;ulnv D ?Ykd ta&;&S d & if tm;vJ u d k ; &ao;? ck a e&mujzif h wuwJ ? wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf [dkbuf'Dbuf tdrfcsif;uyfaewmawmif todvkyfaz:r&? 'grsKd;awGaygh? NrdKUv,facgif aeYcif;aMumifawmif vl o wf r I a wG ? 'jrwd k u f r I a wG jzpf v d k Y awmif b,f o l r S r od w m? aMumufp&mat...wuwJ}} a':BuD ; uajym&if ; armif h b uf o d k Y v nf ; vS n f h í uRef r ud k ar;aighjy um ajymvkdufao;onf/ ]]olujzifh 'Dvykd gbJ? [drk mS raecsib f ;l ? 'DrmS raecsib f ;l eJY tawmf *s;D xlwahJ umifr}} uRefru bmrQjyefrajymrd/ wu,fawmh aemufxyf b,fvdk ae&mrsKd;rSm aecsifygonf[k *sD;xl&rnfudkyif uRefrrodawmhygacs/ rdk;rdk; (tif;vsm;) (aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;? pufwifbm? 1972)
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
111
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112
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
odr;f qnf;qnf; aeonf/ nDrav;u jzpfuwwfqef; aeonf/ odaYk omf uRefrwdkYESpfa,muf wpfa,mufudk wpfa,muf cspfMuonfhtwGuf tqifawmh ajyygonf/ uRerf rdYk olrsm;u tEkid u f sichf &H NyD qdv k Qif nDrav;u odocd si;f oGm;NyD; &efawGUwwfonf/ olYudk aMumufojzifh uRefrudk rxd&JMu/ nDrav; olt Y cef;xJrmS zGxm;orQawGuakd wmh uRerf u arar rodatmif odr;f qnf;ay;&wwfygonf/ araruawmh uRefrwdkY ESpfa,mufudk b,favmuf a0;a0;u jrif&onfjzpfap b,f[m olZmyJ? b,f[m eE´myJ qdkwm t&dyfjrif½Hkjzifh odonf[k qdkygonf/ uRerf wdEYk pS af ,muf t&G,af &mufonft h cg toGio f P²mefcsi;f u ydkí uGJjym; jcm;em;vmonf/ nDrav;u tusÐ qifwl0wfzdkY jiif;qefwwfvmonf/ ausmif;udk olYoli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh ol oGm;onf/ ol BudKufonfh [if;udk olYbmom 0ifcsufNyD; wpfa,mufwnf; pm;av onf/ olYtcef;xJudk uRefr 0ifa&muf &Sif;vif;ay;wmudkvnf; rBudKuf awmh/ uRerf &Si;f vdu k v f Qif ol rSwo f m;xm;onfh ypön;f awG ae&m a&GUoGm; onf[k tqdk&Sdavonf/ ½ky&f iS Mf unhv f Qiv f nf; olEiS hf uRerf tBuKd ucf si;f rwl/ wDAGD Munfh vQifvnf; uRefr ESpfoufonfh Zmwfvrf;rsKd;udk olu NiD;aiGY oef;a0um xoGm;wwfonf/ uRefrwdkY nDtpfrESpfa,muf wpfpwpfp uif;uGm vmum wGJí rjzpfawmh/ odkYaomf tcspfawmh rjy,fMuyg/ azazu oGufvufNyD; pmawmfaom nDrav;udk cspfovdk araru pOf;pm; awG;ac:wwfaom uRefrudkom tm;udk;um tpp t&m&m wdkifyifygonf/ uRefr q,fwef;rSm wpfESpfusojzifh uRefrESifh nDrav; wuúov kd o f Ydk twlwl wuf&onf/ ,lonfh bmom&yfcsi;f awmh rwlMuyg/ uRerf wdYk nDtpfrudv k nf; tjrmT nDtpfr[k b,fou l rS rxifawmh/ uRerf ausmif;wufonfh ae&modYk nDrav; vmonft h cdu k f uRerf u oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESifh rdwfqufay;onf/ ]nDtpfr wpf0rf;uGJvm;}[k oli,fcsif;rsm;u ar;onf/ ]r[kwfygbl;? nDtpfr t&if;yg? ½kyfcsif; 'gavmuf wlwmudk}
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
113
]rwlygbl;} oli,fcsif;rsm;u NydKifwl atmfMuonf/ ]wjcm;pDy}J aemufwpfa,mufu jznfhpGufonf/ nDrav;ESifh twl ygvmaom oli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf; odyfrwl bl;[k rSwcf suaf y;Muonf/ uRerf wdYk nDtpfr NyKH ;aevdu k &f onf/ xkx Yd uf qdk;wmu uRefrESifh nDrav; toufwpfESpfom uGmygonf qdkwmudk vnf; b,folurS r,HkMu/ ]udk,fu odyf&ifhaew,f xifw,f} uRefruajymawmh ]r[kwfygbl;? wpfa,muf wpfrsKd;awmh vSwmygyJ}[k ESpfodrfhay;Muygonf/ ]rif;nDrav;u vSvJvSw,f? EkvJEkw,f? uav;av;vdkyJ? wuúodkvfausmif;olvdkYawmif rxif&bl;? 'gayr,fh rif;urS &ifhusufNyD; at;at;csrf;csrf;eJY vSwmyguGm} onfpum;udkawmh oli,fcsif;rsm;u nDrav; uG,f&musrS ajymjcif; jzpfygonf/ nDrav;&JU oli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf; uRefr uG,f&mrSm ajymMu onfw/hJ ]rif;tpfru rif;eJY wpfEpS yf u J mG w,fom qdw k ,f? rif;eJY ,SOv f u kd f awmh tbGm;BuD;av; usaewmyJ} wJhav/ ÄÄÄ uRerf ESihf nDrav; wpfEpS w f nf; twlwl bGUJ &Muonf/ uRerf u uRefr 0goemygaom ausmif;q&mrtvkyfudk 0ifvkyfygonf/ nDrav; udv k nf; azazESihf araru ½H;k wpf½;kH rSm 0ifvyk af pcsiyf gonf/ nDrav;u cg;onf;pGm jiif;qefonf/ ]vcpm;awmh rvkyyf g&apeJ?Y b,fawmhrS Bu;D yGm;rSm r[kwyf gbl;} ]'gqk&d if orD;u bmvkycf siv f v Ykd ?J azazwdrYk mS t&if;tES;D awmh rsm;rsm; r&Sdbl;uG,f}
114
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
azazuawmh 0efxrf;b0ESifh usifvnfvmcJh&olygyJ/ odkYaomf nDrav;u xufjrufol jzpfavawmh nDrav;\ tvkdqE´udk azazu uefYuGufvdkpdwf r&Sd/ ]orD;u ukeful;csifw,f azaz? t&if;tESD; odyfrvdkygbl;? armfvNrdKifrSm orD; oli,fcsif;awG &Sdw,f? olwdkYuvJ ac:aewm? orD; wpfacguf oGm;csifw,f} ]'gawmh rvkyyf geJY orD;&,f? tonf; wxdwx f w d ef YJ vky&f r,fh tvkyfrsKd;awmh rvkyfygeJY? orD; vkyfcsif&if qdkifzGifh&if zGifh twnfwus a&mif;0,fwmrsKd; vkyfyg? ararwdkY wwfEdkifoavmuf rwnfay;yghr,f} uRefrwdkY rdom;pktm;vHk;u nDrav;udk i,fi,f&G,f&G,f vSvS yyESihf [do k nf ul;oef;&aom tvkyu f kd vH;k 0 rvkyaf pcsiMf uyg/ 'gudak wmh azazuvnf; oabmrwl/ aemufqHk;awmh &Sd&SdorQ aygifESH a&mif;csum nDrav;twGuf tvSukefqdkifav; wpfqdkif zGifhay;Muygonf/ oGuo f u G v f ufvuf zswzf swv f wfvwf&adS om nDrav;\ qkid f uav;u wpfEpS t f wGi;f rSm om;om;em;em; jzpfvmonf/ uRerf uawmh jcif;av;wpfvHk; vufqGJum rlvwef;jy q&mrav; b0u rwufcJhyg/ odaYk omf oleY nf; ol[ Y efawmh uRerf wdYk ESpaf ,mufv;kH pdwcf sr;f omrI ud, k pf D &SMd uygonf/ uRerf u wynfw h yef; uav;i,fawGEiS hf axG;a&m,Suw f if jzpfum aysmfydkufaeouJhodkY nDrav;uvnf; olY tvSukef ypönf;awG? tjrwft½IH; pm&if;Z,m;awGESifh rtm;rvyfonfhMum;u wpfaeYwpfjcm; vSy pdkjynfí aeygonf/ b0qdkwm udk,fhb0udk,f auseyfESpfodrfhzdkY ta&;BuD;onf[k yxrqH;k taejzifh oH;k oyfro d nf/ uRerf uvnf; nDrav;udk bmrQ a0zef raeouJhodkY nDrav;uvnf; uRefrudk ESdrfcsjcif;rsKd; r&SdcJh/ wpfckawmh &S&d UJ / azazwdYk ararwdYk taeESiahf wmh nDrav;&JU 0ifaiGukd ydNk y;D tm;xm; vm&onfh tajctaerSm &SdcJh&avonf/ ÄÄÄ nDrav;onf uRefrxuf wpfESpfapmí vufxyfygonf/
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
115
azazESihf araronf orD;ESpaf ,muf\ tdraf xmifa&;udv k nf; pdwfwdkif;us jzpfapcJhygonf/ ]orD; ESpfa,mufu wpfa,muf wpfrsKd;pD vdr®mwmygyJ? 'Davmufqdk&if azazwdkY auseyfw,f}[k azazu zGifh[ onf/ odkYaomf nDrav; wpfa,muf tdrfaxmifjyKNyD; tdrfu cGJxGufoGm; onfhtwGufawmh uRefrwdkY rdom;pk pdwfraumif; jzpfcJh&onf/ eudkurS vlenf;&onfhtxJ nDrav; r&Sdawmh uRefrwdkY wpftrd v f ;kH ajcmufaoGUoGm;ygonf/ nDrav;ESihf pmvQif uRerf r&Sw d murS tdrfrSm odyfNyD; xl;jcm;rnf r[kwf/ txl;ojzifh nDrav;udk tcspfydkaom azazwpfa,muf Nidrfoufwdwfqdwfí oGm;onf/ nDrav;\ pwdk;qdkif av;vnf; r&Sdawmh/ nDrav;u cifyGef;avmif;udkvnf; pepfwus a&G;cs,w f wfonf/ olYcifyGef;u atmifjrifaom pD;yGm;a&;orm; wpfa,mufayyJ/ vifr,m; ESpfa,mufvHk; wufnDvufnD pD;yGm;&SmMuavonf/ wpfESpf twGif;rSm nDrav;u jcHESifh tdrfESifh um;ESifh wifhawmifhwifhw,f jzpfí aeonf/ nDrav;onf tdrfudk rMumrMumawmh a&mufí vmygonf/ azazESifh ararwkdY BudKufwwfaom tpm;taomuf t0wftxnfav; awG tNrJ ygvmonf/ vpOfvnf; axmufyHhygonf/ odkYaomf nDrav; onf tdrfrSm MumMum raeEdkif/ ]oGm;rS jzpfr,f azaz? olZm r&Sd&if rjzpfbl;? MumMumaevkdY rjzpfbl;? azaz vdkwm&Sd zkef;qufaemf? oGm;r,f rr? oGm;r,f arar} nD r av;onf uaomuarsm EI w f q uf u m jyef o G m ;&NrJ jzpfonf/ nDrav;wdkYu vrf;rBuD;wpfckay:rSm jynfy ypönf;tpHk&aom rDeDrm;uwf qdkifBuD;wpfqdkifvnf; zGifhxm;onf/ ½kyf&Sifvkyfief; wpfck rSmvnf; &S,, f mygonf/ wu,fh pD;yGm;a&;orm;Bu;D jzpfaeonf/ odaYk omf nDrav;udk Munf&h onfrmS ,cifvkd oufawmifo h ufom r&Sv d /S tvSty onfyif uydku½dk jzpfaeNyD/ ]wpfcgwav at;at;aq;aq; xrif;av;bmav; pm;oGm; prf;yg orD;&,f} araru ajymvQif rD;zdkxJ 0ifum uref;uwef; vSefavSm pm;oGm;onf/
116
pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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119
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pdefwpfyGifh rdk;rdk;(tif;vsm;)
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132
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134
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135
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