Emerging Nature_STL Curve_Design Thinking Fall 19_WUSTL by ChangJiang

[STL] Curve

Design Thinking Fall 2019 Student Name: Chang Jiang Professor: Julie Bauer FA: Alexander Ayres College and Graduate School of Architecture & Urban Design Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts Washington University in St.Louis

PREFACE [Emerging Nature]

Emerging Nature-[STL curve] THANKS TO: PROFESSOR JULIE BAUER WHO GUIDED ME THROUGH FACULTY ASSISTANT ALEXANDER ARRES WHO HELPED ME ALL THE WAY AND COACH JULIE CARTER FOR ACCEPTING MY INTERVIEW ABOUT PENROSE PARK VELODROME AND THE CYCLISTS GROUP IN ST.LOUIS

It’s time to sit down calmly and rethink the reasons for each design project. We’ve trapped in the alcohol of vast global success of making beauty and cuteness with advanced technology progress. It causes an illusion that anyone who knows how to draw with Autocad, Rhino or Revit can do architecture. The current situation is much more misleading when all the “-ism” accompany booms of forms. Classicalism, modernism, postmodernism, structuralism, functionalism, minimalism, futurism... every mixture of “-ism” with an unconscious building form can establish or apply for a project. Under the mess or even absence of theories and the hopeless of the construction market. The trajectories are fragmented, the outcome are directionless. It seems we were still in the low point of the Renaissance when structure and ornament are in the desperation of separation and try to figure out our style. Today, similarly, the division between digital construction between physical construction, separating form from the matter,from the program, opposing the artifice with the natural environment, technology with art, with life. and we don’t see the substance of their connections. Softwares are models of organizations essentially that are of the mind and matter simultaneously instead of merely tools or cold machines. Only mature architects with many years of training can harness the power of technology to maximize its potential and express his or her understanding of physical reality. Similarly, Architecture is for human engagement, Only through the continuities of “operating models” through scales, we can fill the gaps between form, matter, and program, between structure and ornament, between parts and whole, between our “computer “ to our “building”, between technique and life. and the solution of studying material to resolve the gap between structure and ornament is one of them. Otherwise, there is no need for “building”, ruins are another nature of this world. While architecture ultimately is a prosthesis, it constantly interacting with people, with their senses and conscious, the human body and architecture body are inseparable, all things related to the user group are projected to the architectural form. It becomes the second nature of our humanity that represented. Light, sight, breath, sounds, movement, feelings, context, value, aethethics... Thus the substance of the linkage between those divisions is a persistent continuous architectural body already interwined, merely, right now, without a form that narrating all of them consistently.

Jean Hélion, French,1904-1987

Composition, 1933

Semicircles, parabolas, and gently curved quadrilatevals adjoin and overlap against a white ground, as if the forms were floating through space. Jean Hélion was a leading figure in promoting abstraction in 1930s paris and a founder member of art concret, the first French avant-garde group devoted to pure abstraction. Hélion, who began his career as an architectural draftman, was a great admirer of artist Piet Mondrian but depart from the Dutch master by exploring the complexity of curved forms. St.Louis Art Museum

Cahokia Mound State Historic Site, Panorama Model Photo

Panorama,

This Photo took from Cahokia Mound Museum in the fall of 2017, which is a panorama model of those model located inside the boundary of Cahokia Mound State Historic Site. Cahokia Mound Museum Society

Premise

-Purpose -Primitive -Perspective -Precedent [STL curves]

[Other curves]

-Principle -Prototype -Prosthesis

program

-Proposition -Procedure -Precedent

Place

-Position -Placement -Particular

Possibility

-Prospective -Probability

[Proposed Framework]:

-Framework: b. In extended use: an essential or underlying structure; a provisional design, an outline; a conceptual scheme or system.

by Oxford English Dictionary

I am intented to construct this design thinking book through read/ draw with â&#x20AC;&#x153;curvesâ&#x20AC;? to discover the intended concept and its relationship of the design ideology.

[The Nature of Curve]

[The logical of curvilinearity]

The nature of the curve is curvilinearity---the expressions of dynamics. It is a deformation reaction to influences. It is an abstract gesture of forces. It can do multiple things and represent feelings of motions without real movement.

According to Deleuze in his text “the smooth and striated”, smoothness is “ a continuos development of form” and his another book, The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque, that people peceive through folds with no gaps between inside and outside.

A curve is both inside and outside. Externally, It signifies the relationship between the architectural body with urban bodies--- how the architecture participates in the formation of the urban body. Internally, It optimizes the performance of the architectural systems.

For instance, the Gehry house project, it is still a deconstructive project in common sense, however, slightly different because he represent the contradictions with materials and forms already within the neighborhoods instead of invent something rootless like Esienman to contradict with the existing violately. The exposed plywood, the chainlink fence , sheds, trailers revealed the hidden aspect of its context and mixed to expose the diversity.

It represent continuous active engagement back and forth within the extremes of open systems.

[The Incompleteness of Complexity and Contradiction] Robert Venturi’s Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture is primarily devoted to exploring the heterogeneous, discontinuous, fragmented and conflicting formal systems. His strategy is to juxtapose oppositions within the same site or program. For example, Sainsbury Wing of the National Gallery, he intends to found relationship between the new wing with the National Gallery without losing the new wing’s own identity. therefore he maintained the Italian manner through repeating the rythm and form of the main gallery’s facade, Ironically, with a steel-glass roof to advocate its modern conditions. Similarly, in Wexner Center for Art project, located at the eastern edge of the Ohio State University’s campus to accommodate a multidisciplinary space for contemporary art. Peter Esienman, though not fully disconnect with the context, boldly rejected orthodoxical reference both theoretically and formally. His deliberate apply discordant moment---the grid device with broken cylinder brick tower enlarged the differences at the intersection. From the deconstructism’s view, this autonomously uniqueness in methodology and vocabulary is a success of representing contradictions, however, in a violent formal conflicting manner. We have to realize that “ this project” has a shared site with the existings, furthermore, there are other free elements beyond the “frame box” of the site we took into consideration. Contradict to certain limited numbers of aspects within site as a closed system doesn’t fully obtain the heterogenity, in a larger setting, it ends up collapsing into the infinite chaos. thus, the desired is smooth mixture in an open system with continous variations that embracing differences and other potentials.

It is exactly this unforseen cohesion in contradiction that bond with the first curvilinearity logic of active smooth continuos involvement with external events in a folding, bending and curving of form.It is a process of internalization. Secondly, the style of curvilinearity through with pliancy and the ability to deform as response to particular contingencies is of the same importance as its logic to make responses. The external events are inner motivations, the inner form need externalization. thus, whether start from city or the most hidden interior, people experience the space smoothly with no gap and conflict. Then the remaining question is how can architecture find the effective form as a complex system into which external/internal particularities are already prepared.

Purpose-Premise

Premise

-Purpose -Primitive -Perspective -Precedent

“CURVE” ! I WANT TO BE “

WHAT DO YOU WANT TO BE ? IMMERSED IN OTHER CURVES ”

[STL curves]

[Other curves]

-Principle -Prototype -Prothesis

[Purpose]:

To Figure Out : When and where should apply curved form?

With which type of curved form? For what kind of interest? (visually? contextually? structurally? spatially? ......) To what kind of quality or meaning it can bring? (safety? fluidity? visibility? monumentality? celetial phenomena observation?......) How to build that curved form? Ultimately to develop a sound formal strategy to design “curved building” with “curvilinearity”

Premise-Primitive

Perspective-Premise

[Form] follows [Naure Force]

Louis Sullivan

[Form] follows [Function]

Oscar Niemeyer

[Form] follows [Beauty]

[Form] follows [Feminity]

Pier luigi nervi

Santiago Calatrava ... Robert Venturi [Form] Rowe&Koetter [Form] Wigley&Johnson ... Deconstructivist Topological geometry Morphology Morphgenesis Catastrophe theory ...

[Form] follows [Structure]

follows [Contradictions] follows [Difference/Heterogeneousity]

[Form] follows [...other reasons...]

ME: [Form] follows [Curvilinearity] Differential Gaudi, Zaha, Miralles&Pinos

Architectural design as a form-find process_Frei Otto

[Primitive- Curvilinearity]:

-Primitive: 3.The earliest stages; the beginnings.

4.A thing from which something else is derived; a foundation, a basis. -Curvilinearity: 1. The state or property of being curved or formed from one or more curves. 2. Statistic,In a relationship between two or more variables: the state or property of being best approximated by a curved line of best fit; (also) the curvature of such a line. by Oxford English Dictionary

Contradiction as a formal strategy promoted in the last two decades is not sufficient to embody the difference within and between diverse physical, cultural and social context, because of its incompleteness. A new formal strategy I am intented to celebrate is “curvilinearity”. This new continous, smooth, supple, pliant “form-space” described by the differentiated yet continous systems result from curilinear sensibilities that are capable of complex deformations in response to programmatic, structural,economic,aethetic, political and contextual influence.

Premise-[STL]Curve-Precedent-category

Pre-history

Monks Mound

category-Precedent-[STL]Curve-Premise

Mid-Century Mordenism

Classicalism

Intake Tower1

Intake Tower2 1915

Famous-Barr Branch Store #1 1948

Mid-Century Mordenism

The Gateway Arch 1963

Post-Mordenism

St.Louis Abbe General American Life

Since 1990s

Car Melting Lodon

1977

Twin mound

St.Louis Abbey

Mound72

Death Ray of Las Vegas Hotel Building

1955 Grand Avenue Water Tower 1871

STL Arena. Pt.1(demolished) 1929 Dubai’s Lusail Katara Hotel

James S. McDonnell Planetarium

Stockade

1963

Lambert Field Main Terminal

Woodhenge

1898 Bissell Street Compton Hill Water Tower Water Tower 1886

1955

Regency Nursing Inn(demolished)

1898

Fortifications

Monumental Rotundas

Washington Terrace Entrance Gate 1894

Old Courthouse

[Prehistory_Gravity, Sun, Natural Phenomena Drive]: -woodhege and mound 72

[Classicalism_Program Based Symbolic Drive]:

Busch Stadium 2(demolished) 1964

Shell building

Climatron

Ellen S.Clark Hope Plaza At BJC Institute of Health

1960

2010

Dubai’s Rotating Towers

[Post-Modernism_Simple Gesture_Fludity]: -follow the street, Contemporary art musuem...

-a colossal Corinthian column with plinth, base, shaft and capital...

Formal Boom...

[Mid-Century Modernism_Mulitple Drive_Structural/Material... ]:

[Since 1990_Death Ray]:

-thin shell concrete structure... Buckminster Fuller...

Contemporary art musuem

Melting car, Bake people... Capital/labor/record breaking...

Premise-[STL]Curve-Precedent-Mounds

Mounds-Premise-[STL]Curve-Precedent

Palisade wall/Stockade [Flat-Top Mound]: Tumulus/Temple/Complex

Monks Mound

"Defensive structure" "Social barrier"

sugarloaf mound

Monumental Rotundas

[Conical Mound]: Residence/Tomb

mound 66

mound 5,6,7,8,9,11,13,14,15 twin mound

[Linear Ridge-Top Mound]: Boundary Mark

mound 56

mound72...

[Landfill]: Dump

Milam Recycling & Disposal Facility

Post-circle Mounuments ("woodhenges") "Observatory"

Bastioned Compounds "Fortifications"

Weldon Spring Site

Times Beach

[Toxic Mounds]: Nuclear waste

"construction method"

Mound72 [Quarry]: Ash

[Pile/pit]: Construction dirt or sand ...

[Mound Vissistudes]:

[Safety, View and Constructing method]:

A bank, embankment, or dam, usually forming a boundary or limit. An artificially constructed elevation or heap of earth, stones, debris by Oxford English Dictionary For material, Cahokia mounds today consist of at least two ingredients---the original earth dirt and the borrowed pit. For program, mounds, used to be tumulus, residence and territory markers can be mistaken as plastic bags, nuclear waste, quarry ash, construct sands “mountains”. That is to say, the form directed by nature force-gravity no longer serve for its program.

Framing corner space, for people who stay inside will get a sense of being protected; meanwhile reach broader view, that’s the reason why they build their defensive structure in circles.

-Mound: A hedge, a fence, esp. as forming a boundary to a field or garden.

Mound96

besides, for organizing the whole cahokia city, the sun shadows helped to locate each mound and establish relationships.

Premise-[STL]Curve-Precedent-Busch

Lambert Field Main Terminal-Precedent-[STL]Curve-Premise

Memorial Stadium2

the Gateway Arch Old Busch Stadium (Busch Stadium2) no longer existing

Martin Luther King bridge: cantilivered truss ,not curves EADS bridge: suspension cable

1960s’ destination: a revolving restaurant Millennium hotel or Stouffers Inn new Busch

image source: https://images.app.goo.gl/uxvLhUoGDg2Zhc9J8

[ Program Drive_Skyline-Busch Memorial Stadium2]:

Opened in 1966. It was mostly designed by Sverdrup-Parcel, but the top crown of arches were designed by Edward Durell Stone of Chicago.In addition to white painted poured concrete, curves and arches, there was a penchant for round buildings during the spaceage. Note the cylindrical hotel behind the stadium. It’s 30 floors were topped with one of those highly desired 1960’s destinations: a revolving restaurant. And of course, there is the Gateway Arch, the design inspiration for the row of arches atop the stadium.

image source: https://www.flystl.com/newsroom/stl-news/2018/terminal-1-honored-with-distinguished-building-award

[ Symbolic Drive_Sweeping Curve-Lambert Airport_1956_ Minoru Yamasale]:

... From his Memories of the space at Grand Central Station in New York; the hall echo Roman Baths of Caracalla; jet age... a series of three supremely elegant halls with 32-foot barrel-vaulted ceilings constructed of thin-shell concrete... This three-story design is the top-floor ticketing and waiting area...

image source: http://www.edkoehler.com/2016/06/sweeping-beauty/

Premise-[STL]Curve-Precedent-Arch

Arch-Precedent-[STL]Curve-Premise

Function: y= cosh(x) y= x^2

17’

54’

600

600 2.5

2.0

1.5

500

1.0

0.5 400

400 -1.5

300

-1.0

-0.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

300 X A

200

B Y

200 C

L=100meters 100

300

200

100

200

300

[Structural Interest_Weighted Catenary]:

[Differential Equation: Y=Cosh(x)]:

Equation of centroid:

The reason why the Arch is a Catenery curve instead of Parabola result from physics, for the stuctural interest. As the function indicated differential equation(calculus), it describe a shape directs it force of its own weight along its curve.If hanging, like a cable, it is pulled into that shape. if standing upright, like the arch, it can support itself. However “parabola” doesn’t have this property, that’ s why cables on suspension bridge are in parabola that pulled down by gravity.

y=-68.7672 cosh (0.0100333x)+693.8597, [-299.2239,299.2239] ft

Equation of the outside:

-68.7672cosh(0.0114x)≤y≤68.7672cosh(0.00955x)+698.8, [-315,315] ft. Critical points (-315,0);(-268,0);(268,0);(315,0);(0,615);(0,630)

Parabala approximation:

y=-2/315 x^2 +630, [-315,315]ft ; y=-0.0856 x^2+615, [-268,268] ft Source: Desmos-Graph 10

Source: The Math Forum_People learn math together

Premise-[STL]Curve-Precedent-millennuim

hotel

planetarium-Precedent-[STL]Curve-Premise

[Program Drive_Millennuim Hotel]: “Garden as the extension of architecture”_Dan Kiely, influenced by thought in this trend. they design the swimming pool as the center reference points(p2). though with all the geometric relationship in plan, what actually influenced the curve of highest hotel at that time are the Arch in front and the Busch stadium at the back. All for the sake of guest rooms’view.

[Program Drive_St.Louis Science Museum_Planetarium]:

In design processs, the construction of the hyperbolic curve didn’t relying on mathmatical functions initially though we can simulate it. It is through dividing the upper roof circle and bottom floor circle, connect each point in clockwise direction, then in front view, interpolate each intersects, thus in real construction , the beams are polyline, but beacuse of eye resolution, we are not able to detect it. actually , the observation deck for the constellation events ,which means the program shaped everything.

Premise-[STL]Curve-Precedent-gothic

church of St.louis Abbey-Precedent-[STL]Curve-Premise

church

Nave Elevation

vault weight

One phase

flying buttress

Pinnacle adds to vertical weight

nave pier Nave

Aisle

The flying buttress acts as arch in conducting thrust and it also buttersses nave pier

compression Plan

axon view

[Church Vissistudes_Gothic Cross-Vault]:

[Program Drive_St.Louis Abbey Church]:

In the Gothic, which is the architecture of continuity per se, all elements are in a constant state of transition, column becoming vault, vault becoming window, window tracery becoming wall, and on and on: all movement is passed on without ever dissipating. The relations have become external; it is the relations that create the whole, not the parts.

In the St.Louis Abbey Church project, the owner want to gather all the boys to the center, and to create a sense of equity, the architect Gyo Obata again applied thin shell structure, aslo due to the budget, the chapel shouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be too high. when compare this new church with the gothic church on the left, we can find that this design formed itself a continous whole of matter instead of merely the material in term.

Premise-[STL]Curve-Precedent-Climatron

[Research findings_Curvilinearity as formal strategy for St.Louis] Throughout the curved form application history of St.Louis, there are two types of supportive reasons for making curves. One is because of the exterior forces outside of those buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; envelopes. The other comes from interior forces that roots in the settings. For the exterior forces, for example, the Cahokia Mounds owe their shapes to natural forces such as gravity, erosion lacking advanced tools at prehistory time. The intake water towers are located amidst the Mississippi river, the water flow is a necessity to be taken into consideration though influenced by classicalism. Or the contemporary art museumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building plan intended to follow the gesture of street and maximumly occupy the property. Otherwise, there will generate a sequence of incompatible spaces along the street. However, Not all decisions made according to exterior forces such as urban flows are sensible. Along the highway 64, There are two complexes sit at the highland plaza which at the southside of the St.Louis Forest Park, One with a curved roof piece on the top, another with a curved curtain wall as the facade, neither of these curvatures relate to any needs of the buildings except for a simple reaction to being adjacent to the highway. Thus, Accommodating only to forces of the contexts is necessary but insufficient to shape the form.

Figure source: https://www.closedworlds.net/climatron

[Program Drive_Climatron]: Climatron is not the first time geodesic dome appeared in St.louis, it used in an auto body shop, besides, Fuller once proposed a metro station aside Mississippi river. But the success of climatron lies in it optimized the serve for the program---the tropical plants need for sunlight in full 360 degree.

For the interior forces, To gain better vision and obtain a sense of security, The fortification and observatory built by Cahokia people adopted curvatures. Besides, they made use of a circular wood hedge to build relationships between different types of Cahokia mounds meanwhile correspond to the celestial events, which turn curve as a spatial construction and design method. Later on, Although heavily impacted by Classicialism, the grand avenue water tower was built as a Corinthian column for its symbolic meanings. Ultimate, the cylinder shape is due to the need to protect the standpipe inside from froze and guarantee the usage of the spiral staircase to the top. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s is the reason why Compton water tower only has a cylinder part, the other half is square. Then during the 1960s, the invention of thin-shell concrete structure contributed to the trends of pursuing curved buildings, which is a regional architectural period in St.Louis particularly called mid-century modernism. During this time, there are three main drives as interior forces, namely, structural interest, program interest, and iconic symbols. The Jefferson National Memorial Expansion project---Gateway Arch as a famous example for its adoption of a catenary curve that can direct the force along the curve so that to standing upwards itself. It is essentially different from the suspension cable which is parabola for the Eads Bridge. Program drive, for instance, The Busch Stadium 2 was built in a round to accommodate both football and baseball progarm. But it proved to be a suboptimal compromise poorly suited to either sport and then that configuration has been essentialy abandoned. Another example for the form must serve its program is the application of

geodesic dome by Fuller, In st.louis, the first geodesic dome was merely a roof shell for an autobody to repair cars. While for Climatron, the geodesic dome optimized its simulation to the sunlight condition for tropical plant. Therefore, form is critical for serving its program and intentions. The James S. Mcdonnell Planetarium, At night, the exterior lighting makes the building glow like an alabaster lamp, Inside is the star bridge, a domed space where various views of the nightime sky are projected onto the ceiling, that’s is the reason why it is a dome with circular observation deck dwell inside a hypoblic curve. symbolic drive, for instance, in the Lambert field main terminal’s design. Minoru Yamasaki search in his memories of the space at Grand Central Station in New York and the hall echo Roman Baths of Caracalla at jet age, although it is not a tangible feeling to link those three. And the “atmosphere” hasn’t come into the architectural grid as a keyword for “phenomenology”. but the inspiration in the motor system magically touch the public heart and inspired Eero Saarinen’s futurist design of the TWA terminal. Nevertheless those successful examples within its historical background, Nor interior forces along can sufficiently shape the building form. There are a lot other curved forms that can’t be ascribed to any of the reason I identified above, for example, The St.Louis Department of Motor Vehicle and St.Charles church at Lindell blvd shared the same facade that can’t be told apart while one in the plan is a circle and the other is an oval, the curvature has little to do with their program, structure or urban transportation...What’s worse outside of St.Louis, for example, Las Vegas Hotel’s bending facade focuses the sunlight at one point to bake the users in the swimming pool underneath or the hotel in London exaggerates the “death ray” effect by melting cars at certain spots. None of these design considers the interior or exterior forces I alluded above, even they deny that they do think about program, structure and urban context, they don’t understand environment systems as a whole.

tectural design need to unify its exterior and interior forces. We have to realize that the urban flow, the program, or the structure as one of the supportive reasons is one thread of the whole “tree”. The body of architecture requires a deep ecology that integrates all related elements---context, structure(ornament), program, matter( material), environment (energy) into operation. An operation that will make the unspecified exterior forces such as the water flow, the transportation, the evolutionary phase of the site becomes inner information when passing through the architectural body and then transform them structurally in action, not merely in program sense. As I wrote in the start, the exterior is the outside of those precedents’ building envelopes, but the boundary of the architecture never stops at its skins. The world’s relationship to the architectural body is continuous and can be differentiated, which simply means the physical boundary may stop at the property line, stop at the building skin, but the daylight and the ventilation or the urban flows it got involved in is from a farther away place, which also simply means that optically we perceive the space within the limit of naked eyes but haptically we feel the space in our motor systems. These are of two different levels, and I persist that all reasons whatever terms used finally should reveal the substance, the intrinsic nature of “this building body”. Thus it is supposed to identify the significant interior forces from the user group--human being’s flesh body and mind as well as the exterior forces from the microenvironment to the large aspect of the climate to the globe. Ultimately, What I want to express is the nature of architectural design is the exposure of humanity. therefore, the next revolution in the end of post digital era is not machine revolution but humanity revolution.

Form finding is not for the sake of making forms. In our post-digital era, tragedies happen even often, in Dubai, They adopt one grasshopper script to build their turning tower series regardless of building types, functions, labor costs. Then these are not the curve form I am celebrating. when conceptualizing curved form or curvilinearity as my design tools, I am neither going toward what we know as “paper architecture” that contributes to film modeling largely nor “streamlining and futurism” which contributes to industrial design mainly. Although both of them reason optimizing the form to its intention. After the study of the interior and exterior reasons for making curves inside and outside St.Louis as well as comparison of form-making theories since modernism and postmodernism to contemporary. The sufficient reasons to make “curve” as “a must” for an archi-

Principle-Premise

Premise

-Purpose -Primitive -Perspective -Precedent

interior Force dominant

[STL curves]

[Other curves]

-Principle -Prototype -Prothesis

exterior Force dominant

[Principle_interior&exterior force_critical and sufficient reasons ]: Throughout the research, two catalogs of reasons can be found from the exterior or interior. To identify these significant reasons that shaped a project will allow us to see the substance lies behind, and if a project loses this reason, which means future actions can erase its physical form and re-pursue to continue the same reason and fulfill it. Sensible curved forms always have features that preserve and reveal those critical reasons.

Premise-Principle-Interior force-wheels

wheels-Interior

Skateboarding

Typology Evolution

50-53mm

48mm

Inline Skate

Small slower wheels, stable for trick riding and smaller riders skating street, skate parks and bowls

54-59mm

Average wheel size for beginners and bigger riders skating street, skate parks, bowls and vert ramps

60mm+ Speed up, for racing

traditional 36-spoke

16-spoke

Quad-bladespoke

12-spoke

72-80mm Hockey

70-90mm Recreational

90-110mm Fitness

110+ mm Race

High-to-low inline skate setup with no rocker

29inch

29inch 27.5inch 26inch

27.5inch

26inch

Roll over Acceleration

30.1°

Tire Depth Comparison 25mm

Scooter Skate

DISC wheel

Cornering(turning radiu)

29.3° Flat inline skate setup with no rocker

Tri-bladespoke

Dimension Comparison Angle

55-59mm Aggressive

Flat inline skate setup with no rocker

force-Principle-Premise

35mm

30.6°

50mm

Weight

65mm

DISC

Weight Beginer: up to 4.5ft

Intermidiate:4ft to 5.5ft

Advanced:6.5ft

[Wheels as the interior force]: “I=M(R1^2+R2^2)/2”, R1as the inner radiu, R2 as the outter radiu for the annular cylinder The motion of wheels require continuos slopes, ramps, spaces without many barriers, partitions. The vertical circulation is specificly important to get users to every space of the building.

Aero

Comfort

[Reduce the drag of the wheel]:

Reduce drag and side force coefficients:

1. 6 types of wheels---a conventional spoked wheel, a low-spoked count wheel, a bladed spoke wheel, two wheels with a small number of structural bladed carbon spokes and a disc wheel. 2. with the exception of the conventional spoked wheel, all of the remaining spoked wheels featured deep rim profiles, nomially intended to reduce the week behind the rim, thus the drag of the wheel. for non-yawed conditions, the disc showed a 70% reduction in the drag coefficient over the conventional wheels.

Premise-Principle-Exterior Forces-wind

water-Exterior

Forces-Principle-Premise

Relative Drag force Flat Plate(broadside length d)

Cylinder diameter d

Low Pressure Streamline body thickness d

Boundary Layer

High Pressure

Accelerating

Decelerating

Same Total Drag Cylinder diameter d/10

Cylinder diameter 100d

Skin friction-drag Pressure-drag

[Norman Bel Geddes _Steamlining_Aero-Dynamics]: Streamline:

1. a teardrop line of contour offering the least possible resistance to a current of air, water, etc. 2. the path of a particle that is flowing steadily and without turbulence in a fluid past an object. Streamline reduce drag by reducing FD,pressure, at the cost of increasing wetted surface areaand FD,fric-

[Norman Bel Geddes _Steamlining_Hydro-Dynamics]: “Bird Body” “Fish Body” “Swimming Body”

goal is to eliminate flow seperation and minimize total dragFD. Also improves structural acoustics since seperationand vortex shedding can excite structural mode. tion.

Premise-Principle-gesture adjustment

gesture adjustment-Principle-Premise

cwA* 0.346

Vmax** 56/68km/h

cwA* 0.324

Vmax** 58/71km/h

cwA* 0.300

Vmax** 61/73km/h

cwA* 0.284

Vmax** 62/75km/h

cwA* 0.302

Vmax** 60/73km/h

cwA* 0.249

Vmax** 67/80km/h

cwA* 0.258

Vmax** 65/79km/h

cwA* 0.220

Vmax** 71/86km/h

cwA* 0.225

Vmax** 70/85km/h

cwA* 0.244

Vmax** 67/81km/h

cwA* 0.218

Vmax** 71/86km/h

cwA* 0.200

Vmax** 73/86km/h

[Gesture and Drag]:

cyclist gestures, handbar, handbar grip, helmet, jersey suit, all influenced by air dynamics

Premise-Prototype-airplane&car&boat

airplane&car&boat-Prototype-Premise

V-Shaped Hulls_shear Plan 1977 Chrysler Lebaron

VPS best curve angle

Flat-Bottomed Hulls

Stable for fishing and other uses on calm,small water bodies

Stern is extended backward 2.9% of LWL

1993 Dodge Neon

Round-Bottomed Hulls

Straight

typical displacement hulls, designed to move smoothly through water with little effort. capsize more easile

Keel curves up at 55% of LWL forward of transom

VWC best curve angle

Stern is extended backward 2.9% of LWL

Keel curves up at 80% of LWL forward of transom

Curvier V-Shaped Hulls

Planning hulls for powerboats, deep v are designed on the top of higher speed or choppy water bodies.

VWS best curve angle

Car travel at low speed Stern is extended backward 4.3% of LWL

Multi---Hulled Car travel at high speed Turbulence occur

most stable on the water,require more room to steer and turn,eg. catamarans,pontoon boats.

Drawing based on study

[Windlets/ Autobody_Aero-Dynamics]:

Keel curves up at 85% of LWL forward of transom

design of high-speed planning hulls for the improvement of resistance and seakeeping performance

[Hull_Hydro-Dynamics]: Search for good resistance performance

Economic Drive

factors: deadrise angle section shape lenght-to-beam ratio

Premise-Prothesis

animal body

Air resistance_ Drag Natural/mechanical ventilation of the velodrome

human body

Air resistance_ Drag Friction

Friction

Slope of the velodrome track material of the velodrome track

human body’s prosthesis_”wing”

[Prosthesis_Haptic body]:

The architectural body is no different from all the tools, machines such as the airplane or cars that invented for the human body, they need to stay as one to function smoothly. This simply means, like by training, the prosthesis can become like the second nature of the human flesh body, the architectural body not only sensasually infect the user through its atmosphere and the users’ engagements but also it makes the users capable of recognizing and reorganizing the context which initiated them.

Gravity

Premise-Program

[Movement---the innernation of external influences] Users’ bodies and the architectural body are always tied together, It is similar to all the living bodies we have, a flying bird, a swimming fish that will adapt to its condition--- the metabolism inside, the adopted structure such as winglet, and then the configuration as a symptom revealed everything. or even the unliving bodies, I define them as prosthesis. When I am driving a car or flying with an airplane, I can’t park or make turns if I don’t merge with the car body. Because the car stops me to touch by my own skin in the tactile sense. Only being haptic, all the “prosthesis” such as tools like a car or building machine will be internalized with the action. It starts from action, goes to sensation and perception, ends up with the reflection unify senses, feelings and conscious. The action of track cycling emphasis on the precautious of the environment, from the track bike’s solid wheel to the helmet, the jersey suit, and handlebar, or the 3d curved track, those pieces of equipment are or prosthesis that we adopted to enjoy this event and they are all dealing with air resistance and friction resistance. The circular track bike wheel with super high speed determined that the velodrome track needs to be an oval-like 3d curve to resist centrifugal force. This is the nature of the “action of track bike cycling”. It is the essential interior force. then for the speculators, the seat layout is heavily impacted by the track, to have the best view, the seats have to stay parallel with the two straight banks because the slope at the turns is steep enough to hide cyclists from the view. Besides, as alluded before, this race event will generate a large amount of heat inside and require stable temperature and air conditions. Which means ventilations are especially critical for cyclists as well speculators. To optimize natural ventilation and stay environmentally friendly, the roof structure has not only a big deal about large spans or minimum surface material but also about ventilation, daylight, and rain collections. then it must dwell in a curved envelope to achieve all mentioned above. Last but not least, with a track configuration of an oval, if the layout of the envelope in a box, it will produce negative spaces that can’t be occupied. Exteriorly speaking, the track bike is one type of bike among the many other bicycles, a velodrome can have its role to serve for the whole city’s bikes and cyclists. It can become a renting spot with food and services externally open to the community. Besides, with necessary consideration for different usage between competition season and public use, the infield space and other accompany space has its capacity to hold other sports as well, for example, the gym, the speedskating or a non-optimized gathering space for rehearsal or film.

program

-Proposition -Procedure -Precedent

Program-Proposition1_Sport_Velodrome

Velodrome_Sport_Proposition2-Program

River(air) Flow Train Flow Bicycle Flow Bus Flow Metro Flow

[A Velodrome as “Terminal hub”_a node of the network] Curve as the synthetic symptom of exterior and interior forces/flows “A Velodrome curve loop that gathers exterior&interior forces/flows”

Exterior forces/flows Urban system:Train terminal Metro terminal Bus terminal Bicycle terminal Ecosystem: River(ventilation) terminal

Program-Proposition3_Sport_Velodrome

Velodrome_Sport_Proposition4-Program

1818 draisine 1869 two-wheel velocipede

1860 pedal-bicycle

Indoor: Atmosphere rendering ---exhibition & collections

1870 high-wheel bicycle

can be installed on ceiling of shops and other public spaces

1890 safety bicycle

1960s racing bicycle

mid 1970s mountain bicycle

hand bar hand bar grip

Track cycling Bicycle

Indoor: Velodrome race events

solid rear wheel-disk

Indoor: can happen at infield Outdoor: in site planning

BMX Bicycle

Road Cycling Bicycle

Outdoor: passing by

Mountain Bicyle Image source: Transport Museum in Gkasgow, Zaha Hadid Architects,London. Detail magzine 2011.10

Bicycle evolution source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bicycle_evolution-en.

[4. Bicycle Type_Its Evolution and program distribution]

[Cycling Atmosphere]

A velodrome as a bicycle hub, it gathers all types of bicycles in the history, and there are four strains: the bicycle for decorational exhibition, which shows in all the building, especially in the collection shop and bicycle shops. the track bicycle that locate inside the velodrome track field. the BMX bicycle that locate outdoor site fields the road/mountain cycling bicycle for rent.

Velodrome as the realm of bicycles, the atmosphere of this building can be rendered in motion, when I say “in motion” it doesn’t means the whole building is labled with a strip---” I can move”, but the postions of the bicycle and the seasonal events as well as other sport activities together shape “feelings” of movement in human motor system, then its haptic. Everyone passing by/through or cycling inside can get it.

Program-Proposition5_Sport_Velodrome

Velodrome_Sport_Proposition6-Program

BE TU

I M R

I T

Install replace crankset Crankarm

Change better tire

S p o k e

T I R E I M

WN DO L DA PE

e S p o k

T I R

M T

Br E

eak

T I R E

AT R

SE I

R I

T I R E

k e S p o

I E

M T

R I

I R

l he a fo ds rk et

I M

S p o k e

2.Cyclists food shop (* finding1 from interview with coach Carter,Julie)

Maintanence Repair&replace Parts assembly and shopping

1.Bicycle repair shop

Install Cassette/ freewheel

T I R E

[1. A velodrome as “Bicycle Repair Service Corral”]

Locker change

R I

[A Veldrome as “Cyclists’ Re-fuel Station”]

S p o k e

d S POT

T I R E

foo

ts’

lis

l S PO

R E

Cyc

too

ts’

lis

Ta Pat In p&He ch s In sta li mal In st ll coi l h In st all th l cr ole s an st al pr rea k d al l bi ess ed l fi B t B tu ke BB bu t la ube / r ti tir e re

re ti ss le be ip s tu bar str l m al oad ri st r t In pe pec Ta ns I

Cyc

o dr

to buy

SWEEP

to get

l r/ ke leu n a A ai Br ail ch ain e ll Der / l a h e st ab ac /c l In al r pl ace l c t e e s r pl rna In ift ll re sh te ta l s l in In ta l s al In st In

Urban Fabric

PRESS

e in

T M

S p o k e

l ai

CHAIN

LE E

I A L L E U

ORK E F

DERAILL I N

T I R E

Break

CHAIN ST AY S p

UB D T

UBE T T

Check tire pressure

T I R E

TUBE

SEA

HEA

STS

TOP

LEVEL

EA EM H A N D BR

TPO

SEA

Bleed Disc Brake/ea Install brake/der cable

Ov e Ov rhu al e Ov rhu fr er al on Ov hu t re er al hu a r b hu h hu ea al b ds he et ad se t

b ke

hu ac

t, br

T S POT

E R EN

YCL

BIC

Air Pump Rent

torent

Pro bike build from frame

Tune up single spped bike

SCAN

3.Cyclist’s equipment shop_jersey_shoes_helmet... 4.Bicycle sale shop_bicycle types

Program-Procedure_Sport_Velodrome_track Outdoor:those

track_Velodrome

_Sport_Procedure-Program

35 R=

R=37 R=45

R=63

can still be indoor, but in most cases are outdoor 45.65

38° 55

28° 128°

38°

36° 21°

16°

322 meter track 65.15 meter straigtline

333.33x3=1000meter 333.33meter track 45.65/60..varies meter straigtline

Case: STL Penrose Park velodrome,1962

Case: Northeast velodrome,2017 Washington Park Velodrome,1927

Indoor:

those can still be outdoor, but in most cases are indoor Starter

166.666x6=1000meter 166m track 50-150 seat

Training

International

Competition

200x5=1000meter 200m track 150-500 seat

250x4=1000meter 250m track 1500-3000 seat

250m track 3000-5000 seat

Case: London velodrome, 2012

Informal

d an

100m track

Case: Bike Pavilion,SanYa,China In general there are no fixed standards for the length of a track. The track has to be individually designed in order to suit the demands of the respective project. The choice of the track length and it’s form will be influenced by the intended use, the category of track desired and economical aspects. In practical tetrm, The length of velodrome track usually range from 133meters to 500meters. The choice of a track length should be such, that the multiplication of half -or preferably- full laps, will result in a round figure of 1’000 meters. Explaination from: http://www.velodromes.com/techinf1.htm

[Track Conceptual Geometry] Velodrome track design requires rich expereinces and heavy research and experiments. Even share the same track length,for example 333.333meters ourdoor,250mters indoor, the configuration of each velodrome track varied. why it is not all the same is because nobody really found the “best configuration” for certain length with situation changed everytime.

[Track Length/Configuration Variation] Basically, in plan view, the geometry of the track is composed of two circles, the shape varied by its total length. the straight line can be enlengthed, and the diameter of the circle can be different.Though draw symetrically, the track can be not symetric, for example, the London Olympic paralympic velodrome 2012 ‘s track is not symetric, when bend back in the axis, the two part won’t overlap exactly.

Another reason is that every architect want to design unique track and tacke the chance to test.

Program-Procedure_Sport_Velodrome_track Safty zone: A band of 2,50 m to 4,50 m width inside the “Côte d’azur”, which has to be kept free of all obstacles. Serving as a “safety room” in case of accidents. Track Length (250m): The circumference of a track on the measuring line

track_Velodrome

curve / bend,The curved elements of a cycle track.There are two bends covering each a 180 degree turn in direction. The are no -(or at least should not be)- “corners” in a track.

_Sport_Procedure-Program

3.6m

sit

tran

The stayer line will located at the 1/3 of the total track width Stayers line

warm up area, other possible sport field for the velodrome’s sustainability pursuit

Sprinters line Measuring line

40m

Pursuit line

around 63m

infield

2.5m-4.5m

Finish line Safty zone

above 2.5m 90cm Track width 7.1-7.5m Maxmium 42/45 degree

Minimal 12 degree 200m line

The two straight elements of a “cycle track”.Home straight = straight, where the “finish line” is situated.Back straight = straight opposite the “home straight”

200 m-line A white line all across the track width indicating the distance of 200 m until the “finish line”

Draw based on and Explaination from: http://www.velodromes.com/

72m around 109m

Image from: https://faulknerbrowns.com/stories/velodromes

[Track Technical Information_London 2012 Velodrome_250m as the noum case study]

[Track Construction Diagram_ London 2012 Velodrome_250m as the noum case study]

Velodrome Cycle track, the cycling surface itself, including it’s subconstructions, the “Côte d’azur” and the balustrade.. From the inside of the “Côte d’azur” to the outside of the “balustrade”

How the Velodrome Track find the right geometery is critical for its performance. Look closely, there is a reach of transit bewteen the “circle” to the “straight” (Plan view), the quality of “bending reach” , the “transit” will determine how successful the track is, because it is here where the cyclist start to speed up.

Côte d’azur (French=blue coast, pronouce maybe: “Code da ssur”, also called “blue band”= “safty zone”) A light blue painted area inside the cycle track serving to access the real track surface. Not a part of the official cycling surface. Balustrade:The outer limit of the track, consisting of a solid, closed low wall and a railing.

Program-Proposition_infield sustainalbility

Infield sustainability_Proposition-Program

? Badmiton

[Infield Space_Other Sport Program] Velodrome race is held seasonally. To make full use of this expensive sport facility, the infield space can be considered to contain other sports, too. The rest pages are a documentation based on B+Hâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Panam velodromeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s study of the alternative program can happen in infield space.

Basketball-FIBA work cite:B+H, panam velodrome

Program-Proposition_infield sustainalbility

Infield sustainability_Proposition-Program

Box Lacrosse

Basketball recreational work cite:B+H, panam velodrome

Futsal-International

Futsal-Non-International work cite:B+H, panam velodrome

Program-Proposition_infield sustainalbility

Infield sustainability_Proposition-Program

Gymnastics

Hockey-full size work cite:B+H, panam velodrome

Hockey

Soccer Mini

work cite:B+H, panam velodrome

Program-Proposition_infield sustainalbility

Infield sustainability_Proposition-Program

Tennis

Volleyball international

Tennis

Volleyball recreational

work cite:B+H, panam velodrome

Precedent01: Bike Pavilion Architect: NL Architects Location: Sanya, China Project year: 2012 Category: Sport centers, pavilion Source cited: https://archello.com/project/bike-pavilion#stories

Program-Precedent_Sport_Velodrome_Track_Bike Pavilion Case

structure_Track_Velodrome_Sport_Precedent-Program

21.48° 15.10°

30.49°

Beam E R9952.2cm

Maximum 42°

Beam F R14217.6cm

Beam D R6912.7cm

Track Bike Dimension

37.36°

Beam C R5571.8cm

B A

12.78° F

40.91° Beam G R16823.9cm

Beam B R5051.6cm

Maxium42°

12.78° Minimum12°

27000cm

Beam A R4908.1cm

Beam H R17925.5cm

Minimum 42°

43500cm

Drawing based on study https://archello.com/project/bike-pavilion#stories

[Case Study_NL Architects_Bike Pavilion_ Track Geometry]: Basically, in plan view, this velodrome is composed of two circles, the shape varied by its total track length

Drawing based on study https://archello.com/project/bike-pavilion#stories

[Case Study_NL Architects_Bike Pavilion_ Track Structure]: Range: 12 degree to 45 degree One standard regulation: the maxium angle is 42degree the minimum angle is 12 degree Basic rule: the smaller the total length,the steeper the banking

ventilation_Velodrome_Sport_Proposition7-Program

[A Velodrome as “Thermal flow Center”] Curve as the synthetic symptom of exterior and interior forces/flows “A Velodrome curve loop that gathers exterior&interior forces/flows”

Summer flow_natural flow similar to velodrome track that intrisically to have 3d curve banks, the ventilation condition essentially determined that the velodrome track has to dwell in a “curved” envelope.

Program-Proposition7_Sport_Velodrome_ventilation

Precedent02: London 2012 Velodrome Architect: Hopkins Architects Location: London, United Kingdom Project year: 2012 Category: Olympic sport center Source cited: https://www.archdaily.com/252812/london-2012-velodrome-hopkins-architects

[A Velodrome as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Thermal flow Centerâ&#x20AC;?] Winter flow_mechanical flow

18mm oriented -strand board PVC sealing layer, heat-sealed

day

lig

18mm western red cedar tonguedand grooved boarding mineral-wool thermal insulation between 39mm CNC milled laminated wood veneer eaves fins

l ra

a il

prefabricated facade element with ventilation louvres 18mm western red cedar tonguedand grooved boarding. with 3mm aluminium seperating sections at butt joints

20mm rear-ventilated cavity/wood battens neoprene sealing layer audiencesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; view

60mm by 300mm laminated timber edge beams

audiencesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; view angle

Vapour-retarding layer Air handling unit Steel I beam 350mm deep

London 2012 velodrome_redraw based on Detail Magzine 2011/10

a ur

Ventilation entrances in the balcony of the upper pier

a il

400

600

800

Program-Precedent_London 2012 Velodrome_ventilation

ventilation_London

2012 Velodrome_Precedent-Program

28C

Under seat heating grilles beneath seats provide heat when competions are held (20d during a year)

18C

Natural Ventilation Make use of stack effect: where cool air enters at bottom, hot air out at top natural ventilation exhaust

28C

Under seat cooling grilles beneath seats provide cooling air when competions are held in summer(20d during a year) cooling air

Underseat floor heating From the infield to keep the track at daily use temperature

18C-28C

Jet powered heating nozzles installed in upper tier base shoot. burst of air to alternate temperature quickly cooling air warm air

[2012 London Olympic/Paralympic Velodrome_natural ventilation]

[2012 London Olympic/Paralympic Velodrome_mechanical ventilation]

The cycling race will generate massive heat, but at the same time, it also requires stable air condition, thus the roof geometry is not only a big deal for large span structure or minimum material usage, it is critical about natural vetilation control. through making use of stack effect, the roof is a concave curve. In my interview with Coach Julie Carter, she also mentioned that there are 3 doors for the entrance with 2 always shut down in order to keep the interior air condition stable.

In my interview with Coach Julie Carter, she mentioned that the 28C is the most desired temperature for elite level cyclist, because the air is thinner and will make the cyclist more aerodynamic. which coincide with the research findings from London2012 velodrome. but the issue is the speculators only want 18C. It violate the physics to keep the lower portion warm and upper portion cool when it also fulfill the natural ventilation schema.The legacy of the London velodrome then applied three main heating method to resolve the problem: under seat heating, under floor heating and jet powered heating.

Program-Precedent_London 2012 Velodrome_light

sight_London

minimum

2012 Velodrome_Precedent-Program

distance from step 130mm

natural light 300 lux setting for the majority of the year public use natural light

3 module width=1430mm

365 artificial light 2000 lux setting for TV use competition use

2 module width=970mm

maximum spacing=150mm minimum spacing=65mm

artificial light

[2012 London Olympic/Paralympic Velodrome_ light]

[2012 London Olympic/Paralympic Velodrome_sight&seat]

The cicumustance needs to be adjusted depending on competition or public use. For the most time of the year, the velodrome is luminated by natural light through a series of double glazing panel strips on the roof, which is also easy to accommodate for the cable net structures. The use of environmental light keep the energy consuming at 300lux level. Only during those day when hold competitions, it will change into 2000 lux by the accompanied 356 artificial light for TV use.

Placing the seats along the two straights can provide spectators with the best viewing angles. beacuse the turns has steep slopes that will hide cyclists from the view. Besides, the seat type is also critical, In the case, they applied a moveable seating type---fastlatch so that to allow temporary use and layout change.

Program-Precedent_London 2012 Velodrome_rain

material_London

Birch-faced plywood

Western Red Cedar

2012 Velodrome_Precedent-Program

Siberian Pine

Glulam Pine

rain

500mm

redraw based on https://srolympicpark.tumblr.com/tagged/velodrome

[2012 London Olympic/Paralympic Velodrome_gutter&rain] Due to the double curved shape of the roof, large amounts of water are able to be collected through a gutter system which runs the perimeter of the building. Following this the water is then transferred through two internal downpipes, and stored underneath the building. The stored water is later used for facilities such as the toilets, and any other water based requirements. This system is said to save the Velodrome 75% in water demand.

Use: cladding Quantity:240m cubed Source: Canada Properties: Weatherable, stable, affordable and aethetically pleasing

Use: wall, roof cassettes Quantity:724.4m cubed Source: Scotland and Scandinavia Properties: lightweight, strong affordable, color is receive of light

Use: track Quantity:91.93m cubed Source: Siberia Properties: durable under vary conditions, affordable

Canada

Scandinavia

Siberia

Use: cycle track trusses Quantity:101m cubed Source: Scotland and Scandinavia Properties: strong, controlable weight and size, environmental friendly Scandinavia

Germany

Scotland

site

Precedent03: GSW Headquater Architect: SAUERBRUCH & HUTTON ARCHITEKTENLOUISA HUTTONMATTHIAS SAUERBRUCH Location: Berlin, Germany Project year: 1992-1999 Category: Office center Source cited: https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/gsw-headquarters/

ventilation_GSW headquater_Precedent-Program

[GSW headquater ventilation strategy study_ Two intelligence factor:]

1: the building is naturally ventilated for 70% of the year, and ventilation in low wind condition is induced by a thermal flue formed by a single glazed skin 1m from the inner double glazed facade. Airflow into the base of the flue, and out of the top, is regulated by dampers controlled by the building management system, which also controls airflow from the building into the flue: this can be overriden by occupants. 2: the occupant system controls the shading system. it comprises red and green lights in a control on the window transom in each office module,which recommends whether natural or mechanical ventilation should be used, with a rocker switch to open or close the blinds.

Image source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/111675265733351264/

Program-Precedent_GSW headquater_ventilation

ventilation_GSW headquater_Precedent-Program

cross ventilation

west

cross ventilation

east

redraw based on :https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/gsw-headquarters/

[GSW headquater ventilation strategy study]

[GSW headquater ventilation strategy study_floor/ceiling]

The outer glazing system of the west face provides the buffer needed to protect the interior,and also forms the solar flue which drives the ventilation when the wind speed is low. Mechanical ventilation provides air change during seaonal weather extremes, when the window have to be closed.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The slabs are scattered beams in the building, expanding established between columns from the facade. This opens a continuous space along the edge of the building for collecting the return air. The lights and sprinklers are recessed into slots created between 200 mm precast hollow nerve and with a width of 1.8m between beams, ducts were located within the spaces of the beams.â&#x20AC;?

Precedent04: BMX & skating park study for site design southern california skateparks, image source: https://www.adventuresportsnetwork.com/sport/bmx/

southern california skateparks, image source: https://www.adventuresportsnetwork.com/sport/bmx/

Program-Proposition_Sport_Velodrome

Velodrome_Sport_Proposition-Program

Jump Design

3 3:Coping

8:Mini Ramp ≤5ft

13:Bank/Wedge Ramp

10: Extension

17:Hip

18:Funbox

19:Pyramid

24: GRIND BOX/LEDGE

27:Flat Rail

28:Hand Rail

20:Volcano

21:Nessy

29:Rainbow Rail

25: Hubba

26: Stair

B 30:Mega Ramp

[Skatepark_elements/termilogy]:The complexity of curved forms:

1. TRANSITION:The name given to the curved vertical surface of the ramp. 2. VERT:This describes any transition that reaches vertical. 3. COPINGT:his comes in many forms: the round bar-style coping you find mostly on ramps; pool-style tiling found in bowls; and right-angled flashing on box sections. 4. DECK:The flat landing at the top of quarter pipes and half pipes.

5. FULL PIPE:This is the original and least common of all pipes. Generally not purpose built. Found in industrial ruins. This gives skaters the chance to go over-vert. 6. QUATER PIPE A single transition ramp (quarter of a full pipe). This can consist of any angle and size, all the way from mini to vert...

Main Jump Launch

A cylindrical cone

A combination of banks, flats, ledges, and rails.

Set-up Jump

23:Manual Pad

Rump bump

Table-Top

Double

Skatepark Composition

16:Cradle/Over-Vert

15:Bowl/Pool

22:Euro Gap

11: Spine

14:Roll in

Transportable 17

Roll-in

Step up

12:Kicker/Launch

9: Vert Ramp ≥8ft

Landing

Take off

7 7:Half pipe

5:Full pipe

4:Deck

Lip

6.75”

1:Transition 2:Vert

6 6:Quater pipe

16.125”

good dirt jump will be close together smooth,rounded transitions to help with pump and flow,but jump om a downhill course usually designed to be ridden at high speed.

6.5”

33.625”

[Skatepark_composition]: The complexity of organize and construct curved forms: Order, distance in between directly linked to the operational skill of the skateboard

Place

-Position -Placement -Particular

Place_Position

Position_Place1

[Site 1_ Penrose Park]

Penrose park velodrome is one of the 27 velodrome in The U.S. It is a outdoor velodrome

the existing Penrose Park velodrome located at the intesection of kingshighway and interstate70. adjacent to the train line. typically, the site is fragmented into four part, one is the velodrome, one is the park with basketball, tennis fields, one is the vollleyball field. It â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s not easy to discover until go on to the bridge.

[Site 2_ River Des Peres Park]

River Des Peres Park with is one of the 27 velodrome in The U.S. It is a outdoor velodrome

Penrose Park Velodrome

Photogrphy on site

Panorama on site

Place1_Placement

Placement_Place1

Source :bike share social equity and inclusion target neighborhood

Gather all the bicycle to site

[Penrose Park velodrome as the bike share terminal] Based on the bike share social equity and inclusion target neighborhood the penrose park velodrome has its potential to become a â&#x20AC;&#x153;bicycle hubâ&#x20AC;? Source :bike share social equity and inclusion target neighborhood

Place2_Particular

olin

tr y me burr

ws shre on i t sta tation s s u b

Urban system_Exterior_Position-Place2

res s pe r de

ve Ri

Rive

de s

pe ca l

nway

gree Site

Tri

Grocery store

Bicycle shop

Bicycle corral

[River des peres site_perfect location at the end of two “routes”] It is designated to become a “terminal”... The green land berm sit admist the river des peres driveway is the selected site. Next to the shrewsburry metrolink station, it functions as the “terminal extension but from metro to bicycle especially adjacent to the end part of the river des peres greenway.

greenway metro well decorated bike way shared bikeway

[River des peres site_in the whole city bicycle routes system] advantage: the site has good accessibility and food supply opportunity: to become a bike hub

Place2-Position_Exterior_Ecosystem_Greenway system

Exterior_Position-Place2

Greenway system_Ecosystem_

Mississippi Greenway Missouri Greenway

Boschert Greenway

Sunset Greenway

64 Centennial Greenway

Dardenne Greenway

2.2mi

Chouteau 64 Greenway

Site

Mississippi Greenway

furture greenway existing greenway

5.5m

N 55

Meramec greenway

mi es t nu

3.6m

Gravois Greenway

Meramec greenway

270

River des Peres Greenway

170

Western greenway

Deer creek Greenway

270

Centennial Greenway

St.Vincent Greenway

Busch Greenway

270

Maline Greenway

Fee Fee Greenway

Missouri Greenway

Mississippi Greenway

170

miles

20 40 60 80 100 minute

10 15 20 25 minute

[Great River greenway system]

river des peres greenway located along at the city limit. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s critical for the loop of bicycle route of the whole st.louis city as connected to multiple other greenways such as: gravois greenway, deer creek greenway, chouteau greenway.

Besides its landscape connection role, the north end of the River des peres greenway where the shrewsburry metrolink station, historic route 66, train intertwin and the river canal turns into underground is the selected site for the velodrome design that meet its multiple roles set up before that both has the opportunity of urban/ecocystem exterior force and ventilation, all types of bicyles etc interior force.

Place2-Placement_Exterior_Ecosystem_park system

system_ Exterior_Placement-Place2

river des peres_urban

Heman Park

Site

greenway

173’

100’ 30’ driveway

12’

16’

30’ driveway

vd bl rk r a 2 ke p in st sk ore f

125’

forest park parkway, first time intersect with metrolink

Forest Park

section6-6

river des peres blvd

Lindwood Park

knox ave, intersect with big box retail

s road

southwest ave, intersect with railroad yards

rock creek

road rganford

Willmore Park

Fultz baseball field

Carodelet Park

union

riv ppi

sis

mis

hampton ave, intersect with willmmore park

ve i ri

sipp

gravoi

Francis Park

is Miss

Francis R. Slay Park

forest park intersect with Jefferson lake forest park intersect with running path forest park intersect with Planetarium,by Obata oakland ave intersect with GROW,by Obata chippewa street, intersect with historic route 66

s ng

y wa

baliviere ave, intersect with history museum

e ox

southwest ave

lan chi sdow ne ppe ro wa str ad eet

lansdowne rd, second time intersect with metrolink

river des peres Park

Deer creek Park

vernon ave intersect with skinker blvd des peres ave, intersect with linden blvd

194’ 16’

lroad

140’

c rai

pacifi

section7-7 89’

25’9”

28’7.5” section1-1 2-2

historical flood line 15’

18’ section3-3

section4-4

94’ 18’

section5-5

source: river des peres plan: concerning largely the industrial and residential expansion and economic walfare of st.louis 1916 source: riverscape, intersecting

[River des peres Park]

[River des peres boulevard]

“It could profitably be made a part of the city’s park system,by incorporating it as a portion of a drive extending from kingshighway southwest by a circutous route to McCausland Ave.” “ ...the route and design of the driveway are shown on the accompanying plan. in gerneral it is proposed to have two 30 feet roadways.seperated by a planting strip 100 feet wide...”

river des peres boulevard parallels the edge of the river des peres drainage canal for much of its length.Planned as part of the park’s development in the 1916 or even early. In 1920s, it was called des peres drive from kingshighway southwest until 1928 when the name of the road was changed and the park land that runs its length was developed.

Place2-Placement_Exterior_Ecosystem_River system

River system_Ecosystem_

Exterior_ placement-Place2

Site

Year 1875

Year 1893

Year 1926

Year 1947

now source: tracing the river des peres

[River des peres drainage history discourse] the river des peres driveway â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s geometery directly related to the shape the river, to study the canalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s evolution will show findings of the parallel relationship.

[River des peres historical map overlapping]

the red line above is the river des peres driveway, all other blue lines are river des peres canal in history from 1883 to now. we can see directly that the parallel relationship emerge at some points and then vanished with others. it is important for in the premise, I am seeking for sensible curved forms, if the driveway lose its parallel relationship with the river, it means lose the reason as curves, then it will help me strategically in design later on.

Place2-Placement_Exterior_Ecosystem_River system

River system_Ecosystem_

Exterior_ placement-Place2

No parallel found geometrically

[Overlap Map1883 with now]

[Overlap Map1893 with now]

Main Author: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor and Company Title/Description: Vicinity of St. Louis Publication Info: New York: Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor and Company,1883; from Handy Atlas of the World Date: 1883 Scale: 1:350,000 Original Source:University of Alabama Map Library

Main Author: Fisk & Company Title/Description: St. Louis Publication Info: New York: Hunt & Eaton, c.1893; from the Columbian Atlas of the World We Live In Date: 1893 Scale: 1:65,000 Original Source: Courtesy of Murray Hudson, Halls, Tennessee

Place2-Placement_Exterior_Ecosystem_River system

River system_Ecosystem_

Possible parallel found geometrically

Exterior_ placement-Place2

Largely parallel found geometrically

100

[Overlap Map1901 with now]

[Overlap Map1921 with now]

Main Author: Rand McNally and Company Title/Description: St. Louis Publication Info: Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1901; from Enlarged Business and Shippers Guide Date: 1901 Scale: 1:41,800 Original Source: Courtesy of Murray Hudson, Halls, Tennessee

Main Author: Rand McNally and Company Title/Description: St. Louis and Vinicity Publication Info: Chicago: Rand McNally and Company, 1921; from the Commercial Atlas of America Date: 1921 Scale: 1:89,654 Original Source: University of Alabama Map Library

101

Place2-Placement_Exterior_Ecosystem_River system

River system_Ecosystem_

Time

1883

1893

1901

Exterior_ placement-Place2

1921

1924

1947

2019

Driveway River

(Parallel)

with large

half

Parallel relationship study conclusion between river des peres driveway with river des peres river

North Part of parallel relationship maintained geometrically, south part lost it because they start straight river des peres

totally lost the parallel relationship again geometrically

102

[Overlap Map1924 with now]

[Overlap Map1947 with now]

Main Author: Reynolds, Francis J. Title/Description: St. Louis Publication Info: New York: P.F. Collier and Son Company, 1924; from The New World Atlas and Gazetteer Date: 1924 Scale: 1:63,000 Original Source: University of Alabama Map Library

Conclusion:

Since the Diverway totally lose its parallel relationship, which means the west side one that seperate the greenway from the river can be removed to bring the bicycle flows on the greenway into the site.

103

Place2-Particular_role

role_Particular-Place2

Forest Park

reek Deer c

Park

i nc

Car 9.4 mi

ode

let

Par

Site furture greenway existing greenway N

Metro-link Park system

104

105

Place2-Particular_identity

identity_Particular-Place2

shrewsbury Metro-train terminal

shrewsbury Metro-bus terminal

SITE

Lans d

riv

vew

dri es r e p des

Ave

owne

river des peres greenway near Mississippi river

wsbu

shre

lane

river des peres greenway north end

canal s peres river de

106

107

Place2-Particular_sun angles

Orientation_Particular-Place2

Summer sun angle 80 degree

winter sun angle 34 degree m

00p

20: m

17 t group

t group

Apartmen

80Â°

riv

pm es

per des

riv

can

11:0

0am

8:00am 5:00am

n de

n mu

y it

vew

dri

al can

e Av e Lans

des 14 :

es per

riv

down

lane ry

vew

dri

108

shre

Lans

per des

SITE

wsbu

down

ry wsbu shre

es per

des

riv

e Av e

lane

SITE

34Â°

[Sun Angles]

[Orientation and Sun Angles]

The winter sun angles of St.Louis is 34 degree and summer is 80 degree. to avoid direct strong radiant during summer days, the openings of the velodrome need to lower 10 degrees, and in the winter should be elevated 15 degrees, these also require the sophisticated design of the roof.

The site runs east-west with great eastern and western exposure during the day and of the whole year. It is energy consuming so that natural ventilation and make full use of daylight are critical aspects for saving energy and stay sustainable. It differs from the Penrose Park Velodrome in that the Penrose Park Velodrome runs south-north, it is one of the reasons why it can be outdoor, while the new Velodrome has the necessity for a roof.

109

Place2-Particular_wind rose

Natural ventilation_Particular-Place2

winter wind need to be blocked from the north west

summer wind and wind from the river need to be embraced WNW

W WS

group

ment

Apart

NNE

des

vew

ri s d

e per

SSE

Lans

down

ESE

m om

110

can

per des er riv

e Av e

riv

SITE

SSW

shre

wsbu

lane

[Wind Rose]

[Natural Ventilation]

The wind rose shows that, the dominant wind direction of St.Louis in Summer is from the south, and the dominant wind for winter is from the northwest.

The dominant summer wind direction is from the south, which will heavily determine the orientation of the track and roof as well as the entrance of the velodrome. and avoid to have any exit face toward the northwest, there will need trees for a wind block.

111

Place2-Particular_role

role_Particular-Place2

Site

South

North

Site

4 112

6 113

s lane des

riv

can

es per

2 1

e Av e

per

Lans

des er v i r

way

ve dri

Possibility

down

shre

wsbu

SITE

[Map of the pictures] The site is an long oval leaf shape berm between the river des peres drive, picture1, 2, 3 were taken at the other side of the river, which represent the view from the community along river side. Picture4 shows the sight from the apartment groups along the greenway.

114

-Prospective -Probability

Possibility-Prospective

[River des peres blvd diet and bridging] Erase one of the drive way so that to integrate the planned green way into site

Prospective-Possibility

[Cyclists’s Stores_repair shops, cafes_ “street”] coffee.

cyclists favored rice, and high protein food which are good for their stomach, 99% of them drink

cyclists need special suit and helmet and other tools. also emergency nusery. Lay all of those attracts along the interface between the green way and “veldrome building”, them all of them form a “professional cycling streetscape”.

116

117

Possibility-Prospective

Prospective-Possibility

Bicycle for atmosphere rendering

Indoor 250m Velodrome track for Track bicycle and hold

Running event can happen on site

Bicycle shop sell bike Bike for rent rehearsal

...

skating

118

BMX event can happen on site or in indoor infield space

119

Possibility-Probability

Probability-Possibility

sun radiant air flow from the river air flow from the driveway heat generated from the track exhaust

Case01: If the roof is with triple curvature folds, the exhaust will form a loop in the speculator chamber

Case02: If the roof is with single convex bubble, the exhaust will be trapped in the track field

Legend pores of program

greenway cyclists movement Car/bus movment

12’ greenway

30’ driveway

100’

Site

30’ driveway riverside

Case03: If the roof is with single concave bubble, the exhaust can be wiped out efficiently, this case is optimal.

Possibility study_Roof strategy for natural ventilation 120

program under or above

Possibility study_program arrangement influence on urban flow 121

Possibility-Probability

Legend pores of program

greenway cyclists movement Car/bus movment

program at both side

Possibility study_program arrangement influence on urban flow 122

Probability-Possibility

Legend pores of program

greenway cyclists movement Car/bus movment

program at greenway side

Possibility study_program arrangement influence on urban flow 123

Possibility-Probability_structure/material

124

structure/material_Probability-Possibility

[Self-supporting, self-updating tensile structure and material study]

[Compression and tension]

To simulate how the envelope works for the velodrome, I tried an approach that 3d print on stretching nylon fabric. It achieves a certain level of autonomous when the flexible filament with the fabric fold itself in a 3d curved shape

After printing one layer of flexible filament, stretch the fabric super tightly and clip on the 3d printerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hotbed, there are tensions hold within the fabric, then resume the printing job. when finished, detach the flat model, the compression will fold the surface back into an envelope.

125

Possibility-Probability_on site

Bibliography Premise Part:

STL Curved Building Research

1.Sharoff, Robert. American city: St.louis architecture:three centuries of design . Australis: The Image Publishing Group Oty Ltd, 2010. Kranzberg Art&Arch Library. 20 September 2019. URL: https://www.imagespublishing.com 2.McCue, George. The building Art In St.Louis; Two Centuries: A guide to architecture of the city and its metropolitan region. St. Louis, Mo. Knight,1981. Kranzberg Art&Arch Library. 7 September 2019. 3.Mumford, Eric. Modern Architecture In St.Louis: Washington University and postward American architecture,1948-1973. St.Louis, MO. Washington University In St.Louis, School Of Architecture. first edition 2004. Kranzberg Art&Arch Library. 7 September 2019.

Cahokia Mound Research

1.Stoltman, James B. New Perspectives on Cahokia: view from the periphery. James A.Knight, 1991. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Olin Library. 20 September 2019. 2. Pauketat, Timothy R and Emerson, Thomas. Cahokia: domination and ideology in the Mississippian world. University of Nebraska Press, 1997. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Olin Library. 20 September 2019. 3. Young , Biloine W and Fowler, Melvin L. Cahokia , the great Native American metropolis.University of Illinois Press, 2000. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Olin Library. 20 September 2019. 4.Skele Mikels. The Great Knob: Interpretations of Monks Mound, Palala Press, September 11, 2015. Olin Library. 20 September 2019.

Jefferson National Memorial Gateway Arch

URL: http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/65729.html.

Millennium Hotel St.Louis

URL:http://www.jug.net/wt/ncabana.htm

St.Louis Science Center Planetarium URL: http://www.jug.net/wt/slscp/slscpd.htm.

Gothic Church

URL:https://gothic-vaults-edinburgh-thesis.weebly.com/problem-statement.html

Church of St.Louis Abbey

URL: https://vimeo.com/121391502

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127

Climatron

Form Theory Investigation

2.URL: https://www.closedworlds.net/climatron

2. Lorenzo-Eiroa, Pablo and Sprecher, Aaron. Architecture In Formation: on the nature of information in digital architecture. New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis, 1 edition November 27, 2013. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Purchased 9 Octorber 2017

1.Publication of Climatron: A Celebration of 50 years.St.Louis, MO. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 2010. Purchase in Missouri Botanical Garden. September 2019.

Shell building

1.Lynn, Greg. Folds, Bodies & Blobs : Collected Essays. La Lettre volée, June 1, 1998. 14 June 2018.

URL:https://www.stltoday.com/business/local/historic-shell-building-in-downtown-st-louis-under-contract/ article_90a4088a-9d79-5f02-a0f6-b1be5742c457.html

3. Hensel, Michael, Hight,Christopher and Menges, Achim. Space Reader: Heterogeneous Space in Architecture. John Wiley& Sons Ltd; 1 edition May 18, 2009. Kranzberg Art&Arch Library, 9 Octorber 2017

Ellen S.Clark Hope Plaza

4. Sprecher, Aaron and Ahrens, Chandler. Instabilitites and Potentialities: Notes on the nature of knowledge in digital architecture. New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis, first edition 2019. Purchased 28 May 2019

URL: https://hopeplaza.wustl.edu/fountain/

Mid-Century Modernism & Legacy Of Gyo Obata

URL1:http://www.beltstl.com/tag/mid0-century-modern-preservation/ URL2: http://www.edkoehler.com/2016/06/sweeping-beauty/ URL3: https://www.ncptt.nps.gov/blog/adaptive-reuse-of-the-american-zinc-building-and-other-works-2/

Death Ray

Las Vegas Hotels URL: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1315978/Las-Vegas-hotel-death-ray-leaves-guests-severeburns.html Reflected light from London skyscraper melts car URL:http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/03/world/europe/uk-london-building-melts-car/index.html

5. Cohen, Preston Scott. Contested symmetries and other predicaments in architecture. New York:Princeton Architectural Press, 2001. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Kranzberg Art&Arch Library, 17 August 2019. 6.Hays, Michael K. Unprecedented realism: the archtiecture of Machado and Silvetti.New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1995. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Kranzberg Art&Arch Library, 17 August 2019.

Form Theory Underpin

1. Lars spuybroek. The Architecture of Continiuity: Essays and conversation.Rotterdam: V2_Publishing, 2008. Kranzberg Art&Arch Library, 17 Nov 2019.

Cycling Drag-resistance Research

1. Crouch, Timothy N, Burton, David, LaBry, Zach A, Blair, Kim B. “Riding against the wind: a review of competion cycling aerodynamics.” Sports Eng (4 May 2017). 2. Gesture and Drag URL: http://www.sohu.com/a/166528771_353396

Hydro/Aero-dynamics Research

1. McHenry, Matthew J. “The influence of viscous hydrodynamics on the fish lateral-line system.” ResearchGate (December 2009). 2.Dong Jim kim, Sun Young Kim, Young Jun You, Key Pyo Rhee, Seong Hwan Kim, Yeon Gyn kim. “Design of high-speed planing hulls for the improvement of resistance and seakeeping performance.” Ocean Eng(2013). 3. Berg, Angela M, Biewener, Andrew B. “Wing and body kinematics of takeoff and landing flight in the pigeon.” The journal of Experiemental Biology 213 (2010), 1651-1658.

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129

Bibliography Program Part: Velodrome Case Study & Research:

0.0. Velodrome Technical information URL http://www.velodromes.com/techinf1.htm

3.Symmetrical or not? URL3: https://bicycles.stackexchange.com/questions/45853/are-velodromes-symmetrical

1. NL Architect, Bike Pavilion, SanYa,China. URL: https://archello.com/project/bike-pavilion#stories

The 27 velodrome of The U.S

2. Schuermann Architects. The Evolution of Cycle Tracks and Velodromes since 1925 URL:http://www.velodromes.com/

URL1: http://legacy.usacycling.org/velodromes-in-the-us.htm URL2: https://www.velodrome.shop/index.php?p=page&page_id=trackkids-us URL3: usacycling.org

3. London 2012 Velodrome 3.1. Detail Magzine,2011/10

Local_Penrose Park Velodrome

3.2. “Delivering London 2012: the velodrome.” Civil Engineering I64 (November 2011), 51-58. 3.3. “London 2012 Olympic Velodrome: How the structure works.” (October 2013) 3.4. An amphitheatre for cycling: the design, analysis, and construction of the London 2012 velodrome URL: https://www.thestructuralengineer.org.

130

2. The Q&A from Track maker URL2: https://www.pezcyclingnews.com/interviews/track-designer-and-builder-peter-junek-gets-pezd/

1.Curious Louis: St. Louis has one of 27 velodrome cycling tracks in the U.S.—what’s happening there? URL1: https://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/curious-louis-st-louis-has-one-27-velodrome-cycling-tracks-uswhat-s-happening-there#stream/0 2.Penrose Park Velodrome URL2: https://www.localgymsandfitness.com/US/St.-Louis/486288888105579/Penrose-Park-Velodrome

Local_ Wildwood officials considering Olympic cycling velodrome in Town Center

3.5. Green Engineering Of Future Cities: Olympic Park URL: https://srolympicpark.tumblr.com/page/4

URL: https://westnewsmagazine.com/2017/05/01/79817/wildwood-officials-considering-olympic-cycling-velodrome-in-town-center

Track Size Study 1.Salem velodrome URL: https://bikeportland.org/2007/11/21/salem-velodrome-proposal-could-mean-track-events-by-summer-08-5987

GSW Headquater Study

2. https://www.nadovich.com/chris/track/

2.URL: http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/gsw

3. Velodrome Amsterdam URL: https://www.ascolympia.nl/faciliteiten/velodrome-amsterdam/

Bicycle Rent

Infield Space Study 1. B+H, Panam velodrome

Skatepark Case Study

2. Okc Net-Zero Velodrome URL: http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/gsw

Speedskating Case Study

Velodrome Cycling Study 1. why counter-clockwise URL1: https://www.uci.org/news/2018/track-cycling-a-question-of-direction---why-counter-clockwise--185416

Running Track Study

1.Wigginton, Michael, Harris,Jude. Intelligent Skins. Woburn,MA, A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd, first edition 2002. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data. Kranzberg Art&Arch Library, 17 Nov 2019.

URL1: https://www.stlbikeshare.org.

URL: https://cibcrew.com/blogs/tips/skatepark-terminology Inzell Speed Skating Stadium URL: https://architizer.com/projects/inzell-speed-skating-stadium/

URL: https://therunnereclectic.com/2014/07/30/know-your-oval-fun-facts-about-tracks/

131

Bibliography Place Part: Penrose Park

1. Bike Share Social Equity and Inclusion Target Neighborhoods.

Great River Greenway Study:

1. River des Peres Greenway Extension - Lansdowne/Shrewsbury Metrolink Station to Slay Park. URL: http://www.stlouiscitytalk.com/posts/2016/12/river-des-peres-greenway

River Des Peres Study:

1. River Des Peres Plan: concerning largely the industrial and residential expansion and economic walfare of st.louis 1916. Olin Library, University Archiven Storage. 2. Priest, Beth E. Riverscape/[inter]sections. Washington University in St.Louis, first published 2006. Olin Library, University Archive Storage. 3. Senne, Jessica. Tracing the river des peres.Washington University in St.Louis, first published 2008. Olin Library, University Archive Storage. 4. The civic league of Saint Louis. A city plan for st.louis: Reports of the serveral committees appointed by the excuetive board of the civic league to draft a city plan. Kranzberg Art&Arch Library, 17 Nov 2019. 5. River des Peres historical maps URL1: http://alabamamaps.ua.edu/historicalmaps/us_states/missouri/StLouis.html

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