The Age of Enlightenment or The Age of Reason
18th Century
18th Century : The Age of Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment (or simply the Enlightenment or Age of Reason) was an elite cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe that sought to mobilize the power of reason in order to reform society and advance knowledge. It promoted intellectual interchange and opposed intolerance and abuses in church and state. Originating about 1650$1700, it was sparked by philosophers Baruch Spinoza (1632$ 1677), John Locke (1632$1704), mathematician Isaac Newton (1643$1727) and Voltaire (1694$1778). The Enlightenment flourished until about 1790$1800, after which the emphasis on reason gave way to Romanticism's emphasis on emotion and a CounterEnlightenment gained force. The centre of the Enlightenment was France, where it was based in the salons and culminated in the great EncyclopĂŠdie (1751$72) edited by Denis Diderot (1713$1784) with contributions by hundreds of leading philosophers (intellectuals) such as Voltaire (1694$1778), Rousseau (1712$1778) and Montesquieu (1689$1755). Some 25,000 copies of the 35 volume set were sold, half of them outside France. The new intellectual forces spread to urban centers across Europe, then jumped the Atlantic into the European colonies, where it influenced Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson, among many others, and played a major role in the American Revolution. The political ideals influenced the American Declaration of Independence, the United States Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Polish$Lithuanian Constitution of May 3, 1791.
17-18th Century : Period of Revolution and Restoration
- Neoclassicism - Romanticism - Realism
Age of Enlightenment : Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. One such movement was dominant in Europe from the mid-18th to the 19th centuries. 18th-century Neoclassical art responded to the perceived excesses of the contemporary Rococo style with a greater restraint in composition and severity of line. Neoclassical architecture, emulated both classical and Renaissance structures, emphasizing order and simplicity. The subject-matter of Neoclassical art and literature was inspired by the emphasis on martial courage seen in the Greek and Latin epics.
Neoclassicism Artists • Jacques Louis David • Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
Jacques Louis David Jacques-Louis David (French pronunciation: [Ę’ak lwi david]) (30 August 1748 $ 29 December 1825) was an influential French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. In the 1780s his cerebral brand of history painting marked a change in taste away from Rococo frivolity toward a classical austerity and severity, heightened feeling chiming with the moral climate of the final years of the Ancien RĂŠgime. David later became an active supporter of the French Revolution and friend of Maximilien Robespierre (1758$1794), and was effectively a dictator of the arts under the French Republic. Imprisoned after Robespierre's fall from power, he aligned himself with yet another political regime upon his release, that of Napoleon I. It was at this time that he developed his Empire style, notable for its use of warm Venetian colours. David had a huge number of pupils, making him the strongest influence in French art of the early 19th century, especially academic Salon painting.
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Sketch by Jacques-Louis David of the Tennis Court Oath. David later became a deputy in the National Convention in 1792
“Cupid and Psyche” (1817)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
“Andromache mourns Hector” (1783) Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
“The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons” (1789)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
“Paris and Helen” (1788)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
“Mars Being Disarmed by Venus and the Three Graces” David's last great work (1824)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
“Leonidas at Thermopylae” (1814)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
“The Death of Socrates” (1787)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
“The Coronation of Napoleon” (1806).
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
The Intervention of the Sabine Women (1799)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
“Oath of the Horatii” (1784)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
“The Death of Marat” (1793) Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jacques Louis David (30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825)
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
Self-portrait at age 24,1804 (revised ca. 1850)
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ ogyst dɔminik ɛɡʁ]; 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter. Although he considered himself to be a painter of history in the tradition of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis David, by the end of his life it was Ingres's portraits, both painted and drawn, that were recognized as his greatest legacy.
A man profoundly respectful of the past, he assumed the role of a guardian of academic orthodoxy against the ascendant Romantic style represented by his nemesis Eugène Delacroix. His exemplars, he once explained, were "the great masters which flourished in that century of glorious memory when Raphael set the eternal and incontestable bounds of the sublime in art ... I am thus a conservator of good doctrine, and not an innovator”. Nevertheless, modern opinion has tended to regard Ingres and the other Neoclassicists of his era as embodying the Romantic spirit of his time, while his expressive distortions of form and space make him an important precursor of modern art.
“Jupiter and Thetis” 1811
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
“Roger Freeing Angelica” 1819
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
“Oedipus and the Sphinx” 1808
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
“Joan of Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII” 1854
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
“The Envoys of Agammemnon” 1801
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
“The Turkish Bath” 1862
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
“The Turkish Bath” 1862 (detail)
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
“The Turkish Bath” 1862 (detail)
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
“The Valpinçon Bather” 1808
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
“Odalisque with a Slave” 1842
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
“La Grande Odalisque”1814
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
“Madame Riviere” 1805
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
“Mme. Moitessier” 1856
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
“Mme. Moitessier” 1856 (detail)
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
“Madame d'Haussonville” 1845
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Raphael and the Fornarina, 1814
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
“Madame Riviere” 1806
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
“Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne” 1806
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Portraiture
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Drawing
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
Drawing
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867
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Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867