If Clams Could Speak.....Coiin wiicox

If clams could speak:

Colin Wilcox

l^magine a clam, nothing special, just your everyday Joe

Bivalve who happily spends his life burrowing into the mud and filtering food from seawater by pumping it through his innards.

Now imagine the bay where Joe lives. It’s studded with small, picturesque islands and lined with large, comfortable houses surrounded by well-kept lawns and towering Douglas firs — broken septic tanks that leak untreated sewage into the water sewage that Joe Bivalve pumps through his innards.

You don’t have to go far to make those images real. The place is Kiket Bay, a seemingly idyllic spot on the west side of the Swinomish Tribal Community near La Conner. The islands, homes, lawns and Douglas firs are all there. I watched children play on the beach and laughingly try to ride driftwood logs through the surf, oblivious to the filth in the water.

The filth is hard to escape, even ifraw sewage isn’t a problem. Bellingham Bay’s shellfish aren’t tainted with sewage; the city’s sewer system sees to that. But they are exposed to other types of gunk. The abandoned city dump that resurfaced on the beach at the foot of Cornwall Avenue this April is a good example of a mounting problem - namely that one of Washington’s most valuable and well knownresources, its shellfish, is fastbecoming too dirty to eat.

KiketBaymodels the contaminationproblem and the solutions to it. The bay was closed to shellfish harvesting in 1988, when testsbyDr. BertWebber,professoratHuxley CollegeofEnvironmental Studies, and the State Department of Health, showed unsafe levels of the bacteria found in human and animal waste — called fecal coliforms — in the digestive systemsofthe shellfish.

Broken septic systems are the biggest culprit in this case, but Webber also found that a concrete pipe discharges sewage directly onto the beach. It gave me the creeps to watch those kids play in the water knowing that pipe was there, even though the bacteria in the water were at safe levels.

To help remedy the problem, the Swinomish have now hired Webber to locate the contamination sources and measure their severity. The study’s results will be used to develop a cleanup plan. Results are expected by mid-summer and Webber hopes the actual cleanup will start in three to fouryears. The primary means of cleanup will be the construction of a sewage system that homeownerswill be required to use. Afterthe pollution stops, the shellfish will decontaminate in about six months. Meanwhile, a productive shellfish bedthat sawboth commercial andtraditional community uses remains closed.

But the Swinomish are not the only ones dealing with this problem - we all are. Sewage contamination renders more than 40percentoftheSound’scommercialshellfishbedsunharvestable. Skagit Bay is closed to shellfish harvesting entirely, as are numerous beaches in southern Puget Sound. Similk Bsy neighbors Kiket Bey end could soon be closed to shellfish her\'esting es well.

Recreational shellfishing also suffers. The Puget Sound Water Quality Authority (the Authority) says that 39 percent of the recreation shellfish beds in the Sound and Hood Canal are closed and an additional 24 percent will be if degraded any further.

This problem is nothing new, it’s been with us since the 1950s, but now in a different form. The Authority says contamination then occurred mainly in urban areas and came ^ from easily identifiable sources such as sewage treatment plants. That made cleanup relatively easy; the treatment plants were upgraded and their outfallswere routed away from affected beaches. Today the situation is different. Stuart Glasoe, environmental planner for the Authority, said rural bays and Inlets face the biggest threat. The culprit is nonpoint pollution: contamination from a large number of sources that are hard to pinpoint and time consuming to stop.

Primary sources of contamination include:

Clean up the bays and estuaries!

Family farms. Many families keep cows or horses as pets. Estimates are that one cow produces as much fecal coliform as 60 to 70 people. As more people move into rural areas, animals are expected to have an increasingly negative impact on shellfish beds. Failing septic tanks. In areas where shellfish harvests are restricted, as many as 40 percent of the nearby septic tanks have failed because of age or lack of maintenance. Raw sewagefromboats. Pleasureboats equippedwithtoilets are required to have holding tanks. But there are not enough tank pumping stations in the Puget Sound area andboaters continue to dump raw sewage into the water. Seals.TheAuthority’s 1991 Puget SoundWaterQuality Management Plan states that resident seal populations contribute large amounts of fecal coliforms to some bays and inlets.

Strangely enough, the bacteria themselves are not the real threat. “Coliform bacteria are quite common...andby themselves they’re not very toxic,” Webber said. The contamination doesn’t harm the shellfish, either, providing them insteadwith a bacteriarich environment. The danger comes from the disease-causing bacteria that often go along for the ride.

Bob Saunders, supervisorofthe Washington State Department of Ecology’s Shellfish Protection Unit, said the greatest risks from eating contaminated shellfish are hepatitis and “a general gastrointestinal illness, vomiting and what-not, caused by a variety ofmicroorganisms.” These “hitchhikers” are the reasons the health department shuts down harvesting.

Further restrictions will be costly. The Authority’s newsletter. Soundwaves, statesthatWashington’s 1989 commercialshellfish harvestwasworth$52millionwholesale. Recreationalshellfishers enjoy more than a million clamming trips per year, netting more than 3.3 million pounds of shellfish with an approximate retail value of $11.2 million. Based on the Authority’s information, cleaning and reopening the commercial beds could add $21 million to the state’s economy each year.

But restoration efforts will take time. Since 1987, the Department of Ecology has spent about $10 million on the timeconsuming, expensive task of cleaning up a large number of contaminationsources. Typicalsources arebrokensepticsystems and unsanitary cattle or dairy farms. Correcting the problems involves contacting each affected landowner and improving each piece of degraded land.

Increasing efforts to control this widespread problem are being made on state, county and federal levels. State-wide, a shellfish protection act requested by the Authority, SB 6132, was recently signed into law. According to Soundwaves, the bill enables counties with shellfish resources to establish protection districts by providing priority funding from a variety ofsources including the Centennial Clean Water Fund. The measure also forces counties with closed or downgraded shellfish beds to establish protection districts and implement cleanup measures.

On the county level. Soundwaves cites Thurston County’s new pollution control program, which is aimed at failing residential septic systems. Homeowners are issued four-year operating permits, systems are inspected in areas ofdegradedwater quality and inexpensive loans are offered to help low or moderate-income homeowners with expensive repairs.

The program’s initial results are encouraging. Inspections showed that 30 to 40 percent ofthe county’s septic systems were failing, and repairs are being made. Linda Hoffman, Thurston County’s assistant chief administrator, said the program is effectively reducing nonpoint pollution. However, the project may die for lack of long-term funds.

Recreationalboating is anotherbright spot. Tenyears ofsailing in the San Juans taught me that many boats either don’t have

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