BACK TO VILLAGE
YUJIAO WANG
TUTOR: MORTEN
BACKGROUND Introduction
Earth at Night 1990 - NASA
Night time images have a way of dramatically revealing the amount of land development in urban areas. The two photos shows the fast urbanization process in China since 1990.
BACKGROUND Introduction
Earth at Night 2012 - NASA
Night time images have a way of dramatically revealing the amount of land development in urban areas. The two photos shows the fast urbanization process in China since 1990.
BACKGROUND Introduction
Fast urbanization process has created more bright mega-cities in coastal area. However, vast rural areas remains in dark and relatively poor condition , particularly in middle and west area.
BACKGROUND Introduction
Berlin
Mid-Europe Night View
Wuhan
Mid-China Night View
Compared to EU, there are still vast dark area in China, suggesting poor infrastructure condition in rural China. Urbanization
process has only created more 'bright' mega-cities.
BACKGROUND Introduction
Berlin
Mid-Europe Night View
Wuhan
Mid-China Night View
Compared to EU, there are still vast dark area in China, suggesting poor infrastructure condition in rural China. Urbanization
process has only created more 'bright' mega-cities.
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Location in China
Yi County Historic Huizhou Region
Bishan village, a small village in southern Anhui province, is a part of historical Huizhou ,a region in southeastern China traditionally consists of six counties.
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Traffic / Tourism
m 50k ai 4 gh an Sh m To 50k ai 4 gh an Sh To
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NationalNational road road Provincinal Provincinal road road CountyCounty road road Rail station Rail station Tourist Tourist attraction attraction UnescoUnesco heritageheritage
It is 450 km from Bishan village to Shanghai, 38 km to the nearest airport, and 13 km to the nearest rail station. There are three UNESCO world heritages within 50 km to the village.
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Bishan in Huizhou
Huizhou is a mountainous region with relatively little arable land and famous scenic spot Huangshan Mountains. Bishan village located in a basin.
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Bishan in Huizhou
The merchants of Huizhou, collectively known in Chinese as Hui merchants, brought wealth back to Huizhou, where they built elegantly-furnished homes and grand ancestral halls. Some remote villages are well protected and become famous scenic spots, attracting lots of tourists to Huizhou.
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE 'Empty Villages' and New Hui Style Architecture
Large numbers of houses are empty and dilapidated when residents living there died. A co-existence of new and old houses are quite common in Bishan. Newly built houses are generally mixed with traditional Hui style elements, modernism elements and even western classic architecture elements.
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE
Bishan Village lies at the foot of mountains, and faces large plain area. It is about 4 km to the county town (Yixian).
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Land use
woodland normal farmland basic farmland protection zones construction land water area
SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE vs Holmen
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SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Farmland
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SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Rainflow
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SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Historic buildings
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SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE For public
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SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Vacant lands with soil ground
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SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Road
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SITE - BISHAN VILLAGE Artists in Bishan
Bishan attract more public attention since 2011, when Ouning, a Beijing based curator and editor founded Bishan project to experiment with a new approach of rural development. In 2011, they organized the Bishan Harvestival, three days of musical performances, discussions and poetry workshops, held in the local cinema and ancestor hall.
? Who are we design for ? What's the architects / planners' role in rural revitalization ? How
. Bishan Convertor - Sociological approach . Strategies - Architectural / Infrastructure approach . Implementation
Sociological approach Facts
Sociological approach Facts 24564
7916 4283 1577 1995
2012
Per Capita Annual Disposable Income of Urban/Rural Households (Units:Chinese Yuan)
The urban to rural income gap remains large and has been increasing in China. The ratio of nominal urban to rural income per person climb from 1.8 in 1985 to 3.1 in 2012 .
Sociological approach Facts
Rural Population
85947 74916
61866
Urban Population
35174 1995
2014
Urban and Rural Population (Units: ten thousands of people)
In recent years, China’s economic expansion, massive job creation in the cities and low unemployment rates in urban areas provided strong pull factors attracting rural migrants into cities and coastal provinces. The population of rural migrants is dominated by young, relatively well educated working age population.
Sociological approach Facts
Farmers
Bank
Government
Investors
Citiess acts like magnets and attract most people, money and various resources.
Designers
Visitors
Sociological approach Facts
Farmers
Bank
Government
Investors
Villages lacks the resources , money and manpower to develop..
Designers
Visitors
Sociological approach Concept
Bank
Government
Designers
Land bs idy
e
rtag
tes ,esta
Mo ck to s
d
an
tL
n ca
s of
Va
e ar sh
n
sig
e , D n a Pl
Su
Farmers
Land Coupons
Investors
Money
Consumption Bis h
an
Co
nv
ert
er
Visitors
Bishan converter is a community trying to unite resources from farmers , participate in the market and make profits.
Sociological approach
This poster showing an ideal peoples' commune. Such commune pursues larger size and public ownership (than the cooperatives). People’s commune movement ended up with a 3-years great famine between 1959-1961.
Sociological approach No lands, but land use rights NO LANDS , BUT LURS (LAND USE RIGHTS) related / owned money flow lurs flow
central gov’t
owning
farming lands & old city lands
Sociological approach No lands, but land use rights NO LANDS , BUT LURS (LAND USE RIGHTS) related / owned money flow lurs flow
central gov’t
owning
farming lands & old city lands citizens rent to citizens
rent to farmers
suburban farmers
rural farmers
Sociological approach Dual land tenure system DUAL LAND TENURE SYSTEM IN CHINA
farming lands only for agriculture use and homesteads
Urban lands
Chinese villagers are granted the right to rent the state-owned lands. However the land can only be used for agricultural purpose or as homesteads.
After the reformation in 1982, Chinese villagers are granted the right to rent the state-owned lands. However the land can only be used for agricultural purpose or as homesteads.
Sociological approach Land-based finance & urbanization LAND-BASED FINANCE & URBANIZATION related / owned money flow lurs flow
central gov’t
provincial gov’t
local gov’t
municipal gov’t countylevel city urban district county
county
county
peripheral cities & rural townships villages,hamlets neighbourhood committees statutory towns
urban district
suburban district
suburban district
central city
Rural
central city
Urban
peripheral cities & rural
Sociological approach Land-based finance & urbanization LAND-BASED FINANCE & URBANIZATION related / owned money flow lurs flow
central gov’t
provincial gov’t
local gov’t
municipal gov’t
real estate developer
countylevel city urban district county
county
county
peripheral cities & rural townships villages,hamlets neighbourhood committees statutory towns
urban district
suburban district
suburban district
central city
Rural
central city
Urban
peripheral cities & rural
new city & housing
Sociological approach Land-based finance & urbanization
urban development other
agricultural subsidies land compensation
revenue on LURS sales
total government revenue
INCOME AND OUTCOME OF REVENUE ON LURS SALES
More than 50 percent of local government's revenue comes from LURs sales, and only very small portions are used for agricultural subsides.
Sociological approach First phase development FIRST PHASE DEVELOPMENT related / owned money flow lurs flow
land bank
local gov’t
real estate developer
urban investament company
farming lands & old city lands
construction land citizens
suburban farmers
二次开发
Sociological approach Second phase development SECOND PHASE DEVELOPMENT related / owned money flow lurs flow
investor
real estate developer house consumer
construction land
new city
Sociological approach Finacial inequality FINACIAL INEQUALITY related / owned money flow lurs flow restrictions
bank
shadow bank
central gov’t
investor
real estate developer house consumer
Sociological approach Simplified land use rights & money flow SIMPLIFIED LAND USE RIGHTS & MONEY FLOW house price 2000 -13 money flow land use rights flow
investor
suburban farmers
local gov’t
real estate developer
house consumer
For the sake of town expansion, government has brought enormous lands from farmers and auctioned them to developers The ones who lost the lands will receive subsidy. The government, developers and property buyers make profit when property prices rise. Yet, the farmers earn nothing.
For the sake of town expansion, government has brought enormous lands from farmers and auctioned them to developers The ones who lost the lands will receive subsidy. The government, developers and property buyers make profit when property prices rise. Yet, the farmers earn nothing.
Sociological approach Invisiable and abandoned Invisiable and abandoned restrictions
related / owned money flow
bank
lurs flow
shadow bank
land bank
central gov’t
provincial gov’t
owning
investor
local gov’t
municipal gov’t
urban district county
county
county
urban district
real estate developer
urban investament company
countylevel city
suburban district
house consumer
suburban district
farming lands & old city lands
construction land
new city citizens
peripheral cities & rural townships villages,hamlets neighbourhood committees statutory towns
rent to citizens
central city
Rural
central city
Urban
peripheral cities & rural
suburban farmers
rent to farmers
rural farmers
urban development other
agricultural subsidies land compensation
revenue on LURS sales
total government revenue farming lands only for agriculture use and homesteads
2000
2013
Urban lands DUAL SYSTEM OF FARMING LANDS AND URBAN LANDS
INCOME AND OUTCOME OF REVENUE ON LURS SALES
AVERAGE HOUSING PRICE IN CHINA FROM 2000 - 2013
Sociological approach Collectively owned land use rights COLLECTIVELY Land coupon system OWNED LAND USE RIGHTS related / owned money flow lurs flow
real estate developer
shares
Bis
ha
rural farmers
nC
on
ver
Renovation Rent income
Reclamation
Vacant Public/Historic Buildings
Land coupon income Landscape restoration Tourism income
Vacant Houses
Vacant lands
ter
Sociological approach Land coupon system Land coupon system related / owned money flow lurs flow
real estate developer
shares
Bis
ha
rural farmers
nC
on
ver
Renovation Rent income
Reclamation
Vacant Public/Historic Buildings
Land coupon income Landscape restoration Tourism income
Vacant Houses
Vacant lands
ter
Sociological approach Finacial equality
FINACIAL INEQUALITY /EQUALITY related / owned
Encourages
money flow lurs flow
central gov’t
shares
Bis
ha
rural farmers
nC
on
ver
Renovation Rent income
Reclamation
Land or land coupon as mortage
Vacant Public/Historic Buildings
Land coupon income Landscape restoration Tourism income
Vacant Houses
Vacant lands
ter
Sociological approach EXISTING LAND EXPLOTIATION PROGRESS restrictions
related / owned money flow
bank
lurs flow
shadow bank
land bank
central gov’t
provincial gov’t
owning
municipal gov’t municipal gov’t
countycountylevel city level
urban urban district district county county
county county
investor
local gov’t
county county
urban urban district district
urban investament company suburban suburban district district
real estate developer house consumer
suburban suburban district district
farming lands & old city lands
construction land
new city citizens
peripheral cities & rural townships villages,hamlets neighbourhood statutory towns
rent to citizens
central city
Rural
central city
Urban
peripheral cities & rural
suburban farmers
rent to farmers
rural farmers
BISHAN CONVERTER
Bis h
an
Renovation Rent income
Reclamation
Vacant Public/Historic Buildings
Land coupon income Landscape restoration
Vacant Houses
Tourism income Vacant houses
Co
nv
ert
er
Sociological approach Concept
Bank
Government
Designers
Land bs idy
e
rtag
tes ,esta
Mo ck to s
d
an
tL
n ca
s of
Va
e ar sh
n
sig
e , D n a Pl
Su
Farmers
Land Coupons
Investors
Money
Consumption Bis h
an
Co
nv
ert
er
Visitors
Bishan converter is a community trying to unite resources from farmers , participate in the market and make profits.
. Bishan Convertor - Sociological approach . Strategies - Architectural / Infrastructure approach . Implementation
Architectural approach Historic building prototype
Architectural approach Historic building prototype
Huizhou is famous for its vernacular architecture, known as the Huizhou style. Most of the dwellings are small, two-story courtyard houses and symmetrical in design.
Architectural approach Current building prototype
Most of the village architecture are formulated and fabricated by construction team. Concrete structure and brick are adopted in most of the cases. Reinforced concrete remove soil on one hand and make alteration complicated on the other hand.
Architectural approach Future building prototype?
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?
Architectural approach Glu-Bamboo system
Glu-bamboo system
Material - production
use glulam/ glu-bamboo or light steel structure as key construction system to replace concrete
Architectural approach Light-steel system
Light-steel system
Material - typos
use glulam/ glu-bamboo or light steel structure as key construction system to replace concrete
Architectural approach Prefabrication
Design
Construction data
Glu-bamboo system
Designer
Light-steel system Material - production Prefabrication in factory
Prefabricated material
Glulam/ glu-bamboo or light steel structure are more suitable for prefabrication. Designers can easily adjust the design according to user needs.
Architectural approach Easy to assemble
Assemble wood frame
Glu-bamboo house
Assemble steel frame
Light-steel house
Glulam/ glu-bamboo or light steel structure are easy to assemble.
Architectural approach Replace concrete system
Design
Construction data
Glu-bamboo system
Assemble wood frame
Glu-bamboo house
Assemble steel frame
Light-steel house
Material - production Designer Current concrete building
Prefabrication in factory Light-steel system
Prefabricated material
Architectural approach Reuse concrete
ED
H LIS
MO
DE Current concrete building
demolished concrete building
Architectural approach Reuse concrete wastes
Construction waste
Reuse architectural residue as raw elements to compose micro-landscape .
Construction waste as land filling
Architectural approach Walls as landscape
Retain part of the walls
Existing-wall landscape
Retain part of the existing building stock as scenic icons and preserve traces of former use.
Architectural approach Walls as landscape
Architectural approach Reuse concrete
D
HE
IS OL
Retain part of the walls
Existing-wall landscape
M
DE Current concrete building
demolished concrete building
Construction waste
Construction waste as land filling
Architectural approach
Infrastructure approach Cement to soil
Due to the fact that remarkable amount of soil is covered with cement flooring, the procedures to reform the ground became extremely complex. My proposal is to implant a new water network system to cultivate the lands. Instead of buying new soils. Sediments in the ponds will fertilize the soil.
Infrastructure approach Traditional farming model
Tradtional mulberry fish pond farming : Mulberry leaves are fed to the silkworms, whose excreta are used as fish food, and the fertile pond mud—consisting of fish excreta, organic matter, and chemical elements—is brought up from the bottom and used as manure for the mulberry trees
Infrastructure approach Raindrop simulation
Infrastructure approach New water system
New water system is designed according to terrain and raindrop simulation.
Infrastructure approach Water landscape
Water itself acts as new village feature and give shape to public space. It also attributes to the traditional water landscapes in Huizhou village.
Infrastructure approach Water landscape - historic street
Infrastructure approach Water landscape - farming
. Bishan Convertor - Sociological approach . Strategies - Architectural / Infrastructure approach . Implementation
Planning approach- Implementation Shrinking needs
Bishan faces the fact that rural area are losing their population since 80s, and such trend seems not going to stop in the near future. so Bishan village may shrink from existing size.
Planning approach- Implementation
Demolish old villages and build new multi-floor residences is a simple and efficent way for land reuse. Such strategies are not only exist in planner's collage , but already implemented in some Chinese villages.
Planning approach- Implementation GO metaphor
In the Chinese go game, black and white side tries to surrounded a larger area than their opponent. Instead of simply array the stones, the position of each move must be carefully considered.
Planning approach- Implementation Liner area
Historci area settle linearly along the street.
Planning approach- Implementation Liner area
Historic area settle linearly along the street. The extension process is mainly defined by the main street.
Planning approach- Implementation Courtyard area
Near the main street area, buildings encircle green area to form courtyard.
Planning approach- Implementation Courtyard area
Near the main street area, buildings encircle green area to form courtyard.
Planning approach- Implementation Stripes area
In the west part of the village, buildings array parallel to the topography.
Planning approach- Implementation Stripes area
In the west part of the village, buildings array parallel to the topography.
Planning approach- Implementation Group area
In the outskirt area, new buildings cluster to form few groups.
Planning approach- Implementation Group area
In the outskirt area, new buildings cluster to form few groups.
Planning approach- Implementation Phases
Liner
Courtyard
Stripe
Group
Liner
Courtyard
Stripe
Group
Generally, the development of Bishan village starts from central liner area , and with the expansion of the village, more logics of development appears and changes the morphology of the village.
Planning approach- Implementation Phases
Liner
Courtyard
Stripe
Group
Generally, the development of Bishan village starts from central liner area , and with the expansion of the village, more logics of development appears and changes the morphology of the village.
Planning approach- Implementation
These logics of development contributed to vibrant village geometry in the past. Instead of large scale demolition and construction in a brutal way. I prefer updating different village situation steadily according to their specificities.
Planning approach- Implementation Nature Strikes Back
settlement
nature
settlement
nature
The past growth of Bishan village has replaced large nature area by human settlements. As the village shrinks in the future, nature area may strike back.
Re sid en
Planning approach- Implementation Reallocation of lands 50% cal o l the or f s ce
Nature 40 %
50%
% 30
20 %
Tourism
n al atio c a v /
10
%
Since the outflow of local residents, local residence can be replaced by nature and tourism facilities.
Planning approach- Implementation Existing green lands
Existing green lands can be sources of future development and nature extension.
Planning approach- Implementation Liner area
Planning approach- Implementation Liner area - existing
Planning approach- Implementation Liner area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Liner area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Liner area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Liner area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Liner area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Courtyard area
Planning approach- Implementation Courtyard area - existing
Planning approach- Implementation Courtyard area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Courtyard area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Courtyard area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Courtyard area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Courtyard area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Stripes area
Planning approach- Implementation Stripes area - existing
Planning approach- Implementation Stripes area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Stripes area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Stripes area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Stripes area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Stripes area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Group area
Planning approach- Implementation Group area - existing
Planning approach- Implementation Group area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Group area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Group area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Group area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Group area - prospect
Planning approach- Implementation Phasing : Bottom-up
Liner
Courtyard
Stripe
Group
Infrastructure
The renovation of single buildings is a bottom-up process , which is always happening and leaded by property owners themselves.
Planning approach- Implementation Phasing : Top-down
Liner
Courtyard
Stripe
Group
Infrastructure
The infrastructure and tourism development , farming and landscape construction is more similar to traditional top-down planning, and will be leaded by Bishan converter.
Planning approach- Implementation Phasing

Liner
Courtyard
Stripe

Group
Infrastructure
Infrastructure construction is a long-term process and can be divided into few phases. Tourism development in liner-area and farming-tourism development in stripe area is relatively short-termed. Courtyard area and group area has more local residence , which results in a long-term and gradual development.
Planning approach- Implementation Site plan