Editor's Note From precolonial to colonial Philippines, this issue celebrates the history of the Philippines and a reminder of who we are as citizens of this country.
Who would've ever thought that history would be much more interesting than we thought to be? Creating this magazine and journeying through our country's history in the four walls of our classroom has taught each and everyone of us about why we are where we are at this moment. It also gave us the opportunity to realize the things that we should have, could have and would have done only if we knew what we know today. We have gone through too much suffering, too many years of being colonized and too many deaths, how many more before we fully understand and open our eyes to the world the colonizers left us with? This magazine aims to share with the readers what we have learned from our classroom sessions about the precolonial and colonial era of the Philippines. It also provides the readers with a few reflections from our team on how these lessons impacted our lives. Let the pages take you to the past and expose the reality of our history, as a country and as Filipinos.
ALEXANDRA CUARTERO Editor-in-Chief
REVIEW MAGAZINE | 1
Learnings about the history of the Philippines -- from pre-colonial, colonial and current Philippines. It studies in detail the aspects evolution especially in econimics, political, social, and cultural from the establishment of "Unang Republica" to the present. KASPIL2 discusses the conception, development and the problems faced by the Philippines at every stage of history from the precolonial period. This course will be able to impart knowledge on historical process as a discipline of social science and its essential role in understanding and providing solutions to the issues facing the country at present.
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PRECOLONIAL PHILIPPINES Our Precolonial Story A Summary of our Past The Coming of the Spaniards
07 09 13
SPANISH OCCUPATION When the spaniards took over
15
Spanish Laws imposed on the Philippines
17
The Forgotten Values
19
AMERICAN OCCUPATION
JAPANESE OCCUPATION Fall of the Philippine Industries
33
Japanese PSYOP during WWII
36
The 5 Year Timeline
37
The Other Face of America
23
So These Happened...
25
The Philippine-American War
29
OURÂ PRECOLONIAL STORY For 10 years, I have been taught that our ancestors were nomads and barbarians. But they were wrong! Our ancestors practiced trade, worshipped gods, had a form of government and community, and lived with their own culture. We were civilized, before we were colonized. It is only because our colonizers interpreted civilization another way. Back then, our ancestors worked to provide for themselves and their countrymen while they also provide goods for trade. This was who we once were. We knew that it was more important to divide the resources and use it to our advantage rather than put others first. We had money, but their lives did not evolve on it. The rajas and datus established peace among their baranggays through the rules they imposed. The people of each baranggay were cooperative in assuring their survival. Resources were well distributed and people were happy.
WHAT WOULD THE PHILIPPINES BE LIKE IF IT WASN'T COLONIZED?
We could have continued to live in our own bubble, but that is also risking the evolution of our lives, addition of our knowledge about the world, the essence of unity and the pride of being a country. Given this good side of our history, wouldn't you think it would have been better if we have fought for what we already had rather than just bow to people who claimed they could help us?
The chiefs played a big role in society way back. They were the ones who made sure that there was no conflict in trading and made sure their baranggay is at peace
There was no fair and equal way of computing how much the interest was when money was being borrowed. Having all your assets repossessed when you couldn’t make your payments eventually would make you a slave.
It can be concluded that the current Philippine culture and everything that encompasses it all came from the traditions and practices of the Spanish colonial period. Todays barangays are comparable to the tribes of yesterday. The settlements of the tribes were at the places near resources. THEY Keep their barangays small and manageable.
The practice of carving someone in stone, wood or ivory was a practice back then that signified their admiration and commemoration of someone who has departed.
It has also been a custom to believe in a supreme being to worship. Either it may be a supreme being God or an animal or a divine entity.
The number of superstitions today also was also similar to the earlier centuries of life in this territory. People believed in thousands of beliefs.
Make shift solutions back then such as drinking alcohol for stomach problems, handmade weapons for protections where present. These all acted as the solutions despite the inhabitants not understanding how these things worked (what the science was behind them)
PRECOLONIAL ERA
PAGE 12
10 REASONS LIFE DURING THE PRECOLONIAL PHILIPPINES IS BETTER by FILIPIKNOW
AN ADVANCED CIVILIZATION Our ancestors were not just some backwards, jungle-living savages. In reality, pre-colonial Philippines already possessed a very advanced civilization way before the coming of the Spanish. They possessed a complex working society and a culture replete with works of arts and literature.
HIGH LITERACY RATE Using the ancient system of writing called the baybayin, the pre-colonial Filipinos educated themselves very well, so much so that when the Spanish finally arrived, they were shocked to find out that the Filipinos possessed a literacy rate higher than that of Madrid!
WE HAD PROFESSIONS Aside from being farmers, hunters, weaponmakers, and seafarers, the pre-colonial Filipinos excelled in several other professions as well.To name a few, many became involved in such professions as mining, textiles, and smithing, even crafting pots, jewelries and clothes.
ADVANCED WEAPONRY Our ancestors were very proficient in the art of war. Aside from wielding swords and spears, they also knew how to make and fire guns and cannons. Rajah Sulayman, in particular, was said to have owned a huge 17-feet-long iron cannon.
For more details, visit http://www.filipiknow.net/life-inpre-colonial-philippines/
SMOOTHER FOREIGN RELATIONS Our ancestors had already established trading and diplomatic relations with Arabs, Indians, Chinese, and several other nationalities. Our ancestors exchanged precious minerals, manufactured goods, etc. Many foreigners permanently settled here after marvelling at the beauty of the country and its people.
NATIVES' SELF-SUFFICIENCY Forests, rivers, and seas yielded plentiful supplies of meat, fish, and other foodstuffs. Later on, their diet became more varied especially when they learned farming techniques that were quite advanced for their time. The Banaue Rice Terraces is one such proof of our ancestors’ ingenuity.
HIGHER STANDARD OF GOVERNMENT In return for the ruler's protection, the people pay tribute and serve him both in times of war and peace. If the ruler became corrupt or incompetent, then the people had a right to remove him and the existence of a social contract.
A TOLERABLE SOCIETY Sexuality was not as suppressed, and no premium was given to virginity before marriage. Although polygamy was practiced, men were expected to do so only if they could support and love each of his wives equally.
A WORKING JUDICIAL AND LEGISLATIVE SYSTEM.
MEN AND WOMEN WERE EQUAL
Life was governed by a set of statutes, both unwritten and written, and contained provisions with regards to civil and criminal laws The datu and the village elders promulgated such laws, which were then announced and explained to the people by a town crier.
They were allowed to divorce, own and inherit property, and even lead their respective barangays or territories. They could dictate the terms of their marriage and even retain their maiden names if they chose to do so.
THE COMING OF THE SPANIARDS
By Denzel Co
THE COMING OF THE SPANIARDS CAUSED A GREAT DESTRUCTION IN THE FILIPINOS CULTURE AND SPIRIT.
“THEN BEGAN A NEW ERA FOR THE FILIPINOS, THEY GRADUALLY LOST THEIR ANCIENT TRADITIONS, THEIR RECOLLECTIONS – THEY FORGOT THEIR WRITINGS, THEIR SONGS, THEIR POETRY, THEIR LAWS, IN ORDER TO LEARN BY HEART OTHER DOCTRINES, WHICH THEY DID NOT UNDERSTAND, OTHER ETHICS, OTHER TASTES, DIFFERENT FROM THOSE INSPIRED IN THEIR RACE BY THEIR CLIMATE AND THEIR WAY OF THINKING” BECAUSE OF THE NEW CULTURE THE SPANIARDS BROUGHT, THE SPANIARDS WERE ABLE TO WIELD GREAT INFLUENCE OVER THE FILIPINOS, AND SLOWLY MANY FILIPINOS HAD THOUGHT OF SPANISH CULTURE HIGHER THAN THEIR OWN
THE COMING OF THE SPANIARDS
“THEN THERE WAS A FALLING-OFF, THEY WERE LOWERED IN THEIR OWN EYES, THEY BECAME ASHAMED OF WHAT WAS DISTINCTIVELY THEIR OWN, IN ORDER TO ADMIRE AND PRAISE WHAT WAS FOREIGN AND INCOMPREHENSIBLE: THEIR SPIRIT WAS BROKEN AND THEY ACQUIESCED” IN THE SPANIARDS VIEW, THE FILIPINOS HAVE PROGRESSED A LOT DUE TO THEIR INFLUENCE. HOWEVER, IN THE SIGHT OF THE FILIPINOS, THE SPANIARDS DESTROYED THE CULTURE OF THE FILIPINOS.
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PRECOLONIAL ERA
“FOR THE LIBERAL SPANIARDS THE ETHICAL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE REMAINS THE SAME, THAT IS, THE NATIVE FILIPINOS HAVE NOT ADVANCED; FOR THE FRIARS AND THEIR FOLLOWERS THE PEOPLE HAVE BEEN REDEEMED FROM SAVAGERY, THAT IS, THEY HAVE PROGRESSED; FOR MANY FILIPINOS ETHICS, SPIRIT AND CUSTOMS HAVE DECAYED, AS DECAY ALL THE GOOD QUALITIES OF A PEOPLE THAT FALLS INTO SLAVERY THAT IS, THEY HAVE RETROGRADED.”
Spanish Laws and Programs Imposed in the Philippines Galleon Trade The Galleon Trade was used by the Spanish to prevent trade with the other countries leading to the decline in economy. As a result, it prevented the Philippines from becoming a center for trade in Asia
Tributes A large portion of the Filipino's earning go to the Spanish causing majority of the Filipinos to stay poor. Due to their poverty, they are also unable to receive proper education. Having simply lose their earning to the Spanish, many Filipinos rather die fighting the Spanish than work for them
Centralized Government
Under a centralized government, the Spanish was able to quell uprisings more easily. However, this also gave the Filipinos the idea that they have one enemy which are the Spaniards
Polo y Servicio Polo y Servicio, was imposed by the Spaniards which forced male Filipinos aged 1660 to offer their service for the development of public works.This was one of the reasons why the Filipinos during those times became angry at and rebelled against the Spaniards.
Tobacco Monopoly The tobacco monopoly was an economic program initiated by Governor General Basco in order for the Philippines during the Spanish Era to not rely heavily on the Galleon Trade for its economy
Bandala Bandala is is the foced selling of goods to the Spanish government. Filipinos were also enraged by this because the Spanish government did not actually pay them for the goods that they sold. Instead, they were only given promissory notes stating that they will be paid in a later time. However, these promissory notes were most often forgotten by the Spanish government which led to the Filipinos gaining nothing in return.
THE
FORGOTTEN VALUES DENZEL CO
THEY WERE CONTENTED WITH WHAT THEY HAVE Filipinos back in the days were not greedy. Many accounts have shown that they work toward what they only need. For instance, despite having many gold mines, they do not continuously extract them despite knowing their high value. The Spanish believed that the Filipinos were simply lazy. However, is that really the case? Is having a satisfied heart a bad thing?
19
THEY WERE HOSPITABLE Indeed hospitality can still be seen in Filipinos today. However, many Filipinos have forgotten or are simply not aware that Filipino hospitality can be traced as far back in our early forefathers. With their hospitability, the early Filipinos were able to have good trade relations with many traders such as with the Chinese.
THEY WERE ADAPTIVE Indeed hospitality can still be seen in Filipinos today. However, many Filipinos have forgotten or are simply not aware that Filipino hospitality can be traced as far back in our early forefathers. With their hospitability, the early Filipinos were able to have good trade relations with many traders such as with the Chinese.
Despite what our colonizers seem to say, precolonial Philippines were already highly civilized. With their coming, they twisted Filipino civilization into their own. Even today, our values are based on our colonizers and the values of our forefathers forgotten.. 20
SARILI O BAYAN, ANO NGA BA ANG MAS MATIMBANG?
HAIL, AMERICA! The Other Face of America
So These Happened...
THE OTHER FACE OF AMERICA
SO THESE HAPPENED... Patricia Sol Gamilla
Agoncillo, Teodoro A. History of the Philippines: Before the conquest. Quezon City: Garotech, 1990. Alfad, F., Alviar, T., et al.. The American Period. May 2009. http://tabonwoman.blogspot.com/2009/05/americanperiod_22.html
Government
The greatest contribution of the Americans was their introduction of a democratic government which centered on human rights. They recognized the equality of men before the law and the right to all freedom; from religion to speech, to the freedom of press, changing one’s domicile, etc. There were three branches in the government: executive (president), legislative (senate and congress) and judiciary (department of justice).
Politics They introduced Partisan politics where there are political parties the issues were outlined, platforms were prepared, speeches were delivered, political chest funds accumulated, etc. After the creation of bicameral legislature in 1916, the politics began to be corrupted. The candidates were willing to spend a fortune in order to win the elections and think of their own personal welfare instead of the community. Despite the negative effects, Filipinos learned the intricate machinery of the government. The political consciousness of the Filipinos was deepened through the control of the law making body and the Filipinization policy of Gov-Gen Harrison (Agoncillo, 1998, pp. 379-380).
Economics The economic development of the Philippines under the United States may be attributed to the free trade relations that they imposed upon the country. At first the American congress refused to admit Philippine products into the U.S. free of duty until the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act was passed. Under this act, all Philippine exports, except rice, were allowed to enter American markets free of duty but with certain quota limits.
Education
Schools were built all over the country with English as the medium of instruction. The first teachers were volunteer Filipino soldiers then followed by the American teachers called Thomasites because they came on board the SS Thomas. The focus of American education was on the formation of good citizens, including the rights and responsibilities of the people. There were three levels of education: The “elementary” level consisting four primary years and three intermediate years; the “secondary” or high school level consisting of four years; and the “tertiary” or college level. Some of the colleges built were the Philippine Normal School, Siliman University and University of the Philippines. They also introduced the public school system which increased the number of Filipinos who knew how to read and write.
26
Religion The coming of the Americans introduced a new religion called Protestantism wherein in 1918, more or less than 300,000 Filipinos became Protestants. Missionaries of the Jehova’s Witnesses arrived and their religion was also adopted in the Philippines. They have been involved in several controversies because of their stand on flag-saluting and blood transfusions. Another is, the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines declared the separation of the church and state (government) followed by the practice of the freedom of religion.
Arts, Culture and Traditions The Filipinos began using English in writing literature and in speaking and the vocabulary of the Filipinos were influenced by the English language. They began wearing westernized clothes such as dresses, high-heeled shoes, hand bags, suits, polo shirts, ties and jeans. There were changes in their entertainment wherein sports were introduced and they began watching Hollywood movies and new kinds of music and dances were also introduced.
Social
The social structure of the Americans was adapted. This was what they so-called simple threeclass model. On top of this is the ‘rich’, the term applied to the elite groups; ‘middle class’; and ‘poor’ or those who lack goods and services that are commonly taken for granted by the society. 27
And behind all these things and our admiration, their fellowmen condemned them for their abuse of power ...
"The good Lord in heaven only knows the number of Filipinos that were put underground. Our soldiers took no prisoners, they kept no records; they simply swept the country, and wherever or whenever they could get hold of a Filipino they killed him." US Republican Congressman
1909
The PhilippineAmerican War After 333 years of Spanish occupation, America followed next in colonizing the country
On March 31, 1899, Malolos, the revolutionary capital, was captured by the Americans. Aguinaldo along with his government, managed to escape and had established a new capital in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. The situations became worse after the news came informing that Aguinaldo's most skilled and knowledgeable military general, Antonio Luna was murdered. With the american troops steadily winning more battles against the Filipino troops, as well as the controversial death of Luna, Aguinaldo's most capable commander, Aguinaldo continued to flee up north but was eventually caught and surrendered to American General Frederick Funston in 1901 in Palanan, Isabela. Thus ending the war and the United States having able to successfully take over the country. Pacification and cooptation was the tactic used by the United States to exploit the Philippines. Pacification allowed them to suppress the feelings of Philippine nationalism while cooptation enabled them to form their political and educational agendas. William Howard Taft was recognized as the first American governor general of the Philippines as the American civil government was established. Six hundred American teachers were imported and English became the country's official language. The Catholic Church was also put into an end while a considerable fraction of the land of the church was sold and redistributed.
Battle of Manila, Feb 1899
THE STORY In Feb., 1899, Aguinaldo led a new battle, previously from the Spanish colonizers, but this time against the American rulers. Knowing that they would be outnumbered and be defeated on the battlefield, the Filipinos relied to the use of guerrilla tactics. The war began on February 4 1899, after the American privates that were on patrol in San Juan killed two Filipino soldiers. It was said that around 126,000 American soldiers were part of the war;
and among these numbers, 4,234 American and 16,000 Filipino soldiers died. The number of civilian casualties, however, were far more higher in number compared to this. It was said that the number of civilians that died during this war was around one million, largely caused by numerous diseases and by famine. This was a very large percentage of the Philippine population given that there were only a few million Filipinos during that time.
The United States allowed the establishment of a Filipino-elected legislature in 1907, which was called the Philippine Assembly. Even though given the case, elite democracy was still prominent due to the terms/qualifications laid out to them during the election period. Qualifications in the Philippine Assembly election states the person must be male, at least twenty-one (21) years old, is literate in the English or Spanish language, has/had a position in either the U.S., Malolos, or Spanish government, and should have properties that worth for at least five-hundred pesos.
DID YOU KNOW?
SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.PHILIPPINECOUNTRY.COM/PHILIPPINE_HISTORY/AMERICAN_PERIOD.HTML
AUGUST 13, 1898 US ARMY VS. SPANISH-FILIPINO TROOPS
HEAD COUNT FILIPINO AMERICAN SPANISH FILIPINO HAD 30,000 PEOPLE WHILE THE SPANISH HAD 8,300 WHICH IS TRIPLE THE 10,700 OF THE AMERICAN ARMY.
1st Brigade 2nd Brigade BRIGADIER GEN.ARTHUR MCARTHUR
BRIGADIER GEN. F.V. GREENE
BROKEN PROMISES Alexandra Cuartero Leaders on their seats governing their country, colonizers behind them dictating how to run it. Is this the kind of government they promised? A government under their wings. Freedom of expression in our own language, but please make sure to make us look good Is this the kind of freedom they promised? A freedom with conditions. All because they had to prove they were strong enough. All because of the greed that housed their minds. All because of the hatred for the Westerns. We were affected by the war, devastated and torn. We became slaves and puppets in our own home. United Asia is what they promised, all they needed were resources for their benefit. Covering up their flaws with good deeds, yet their broken promises led to a united force to take down the liars and free the slaves.
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1941 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 12/07 Bombing of Pearl Harbor and attack on the Philippines
12/08 Bombing of Camp John Hay in Baguio City, Clark Air Base in Pampanga, and, Nichols Field outside of Manila.
12/10 Landed in Aparri, Cagayan, and, Vigan, Ilocos Sur
12/23 General Douglas MacArthur withdrew from Manila and relocated to Bataan.
12/27
Japanese bombed Manila.
12/22 Landed in Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, and continued to advance to Manila
12/26
General MacArthur declared Manila an Open City on the advice of Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon to avoid further destruction.
1942 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 01/02 Japanese captured Manila and U.S. Naval Base in Cavite. Japanese Military Administration activated bringing Philippines firmly under Japanese control. Postal service under U.S. Commonwealth was temporarily suspended.
01/23 Establishment of Philippine Executive Commission with Jorge B. Vargas as Chairman.
03/04 Postal service in Manila re-opened under Japanese Administration.
01/03 Proclamation issued by the Imperial Japanese Government as to the immediate use of war notes (military pass money) issued by the Japanese.
02/22
U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered General MacArthur to leave the Philippines.
03/11
General MacArthur left Corregidor and was flown to Australia. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright became the new U.S. commander.
1942 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 03/18 President Roosevelt appointed General MacArthur commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater.
04/03 Japanese attacked American and Filipino troops in Bataan.
04/10 Death March began with 76,000 Allied Prisoners of War (POW) forced to walk 60 miles under blazing sun without food and water toward a new POW camp. An estimated 10,000 prisoners died.
03/24 Admiral Chester W. Nimitz appointed as Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Pacific Theater.
04/09
American and Filipino forces in Bataan surrendered to the Japanese.
05/06
Japanese took Corregidor as General Wainwright unconditionally surrenders all U.S. and Filipino forces in the Philippines.(Fall of Corregidor)
1942 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 05/12 The last U.S. Troops holding out in the Philippines surrendered in Mindanao.
08/29 The Red Cross announced Japan’s refusal to allow safe passage of ships containing supplies for U.S. prisoners of war.
1943 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 07/10
A new constitution was finalized as drawn by the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence. Ratified two months later by the Kalibapi.
09/20 Election of fifty-four (54) members to the National Assembly was held.
1943 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 10/14 Inauguration of Philippine Independence (Second Republic) with Jose P. Laurel as President.
1944
JAPANESE OCCUPATION 09/21 OCT.
American forces conducted air raids at Clark Air Base in October, continuing for four months and damaging over 1500 Japanese planes.
10/23-26 Battle of Leyte Gulf and U.S. Naval victory.Almost destroyed the entire Japanese fleet and signaled the beginning of the liberation of the Philippines.
U.S. Allied Forces started bombing Japanese controlled areas.
10/20 U.S. Allied Forces, headed by General Macarthur, triumphantly landed in Leyte.
1944 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 10/25 Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita , supreme commander of the Japanese troops in Manila, ordered the kamikazes (Japanese suicide bombers) only to fail miserably.
12/08
12/15
President Laurel and cabinet members moved to Baguio City upon orders from Yamashita.
U.S. troops invaded Mindoro.
1945 JAPANESE OCCUPATION JAN. 01/03 Gen. Douglas MacArthur placed in command of all U.S. ground forces and Adm. Chester Nimitz in command of all naval forces in preparation of planned assaults including Japan.
General Tomoyuki Yamashita moved his headquarters from Manila to Baguio in anticipation of the coming invasion of the allied forces.
1945 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 02/03 U.S. Sixth Army attacked Japanese Forces in Manila. The beginning of the Liberation of Manila by American and Filipinos soldiers. Last Day of postal service under Japanese Occupation.
03/02 U.S. airborne troops recaptured Corregidor.
03/10 U.S. Eight Army invaded Zamboanga Peninsula in Mindanao.
06/08 Gen. MacArthur's headquarters announced the end of all Japanese resistance in the Philippines.
02/16 U.S. Troops recaptured Bataan.
03/03
U.S. and Filipino troops took Manila.
06/18 Japanese resistance ends in Mindanao.
1945 JAPANESE OCCUPATION 07/05 Liberation of Philippines declared.
09/02
08/14 Unconditional surrender of Japan accepted.
Formal Japanese surrender ceremony on board U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay as 1,000 carrier based planes fly overhead. U.S. President Harry Truman declared VJ Day (Victory Japan).
09/03 Gen. Yamashita surrendered to Gen. Wainwright in Baguio City.
END JAPANESE OCCUPATION
The Philippines is for the Philippines. We can defend ourselves. BENIGNO AQUINO III
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Review Special Edition 2015