Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Thesis Book Studio 06 Forms of Enchantment
Ann Xinyue WU 752748
1
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
2
]
HYPOTHESIS
[ II ]
FABEL AND RELATED SOCIAL ISSUE
[ III ]
THESIS RESEARCH
[ IV ]
DESIGN EXAMINATION INSTALLATION
[V ]
DESIGN EXAMINATION PAVILION
[ VI ]
ACCA SITE MAPPING AND ANALYSIS
[ VII ]
PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT AND REFINED THESIS PROPOSAL
[ VIII]
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
[ IX ]
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 2.0
[X ]
FINAL OUTCOME
CONTENTS
[I
3
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
4
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
CHAPTER I HYPOTHESIS
5
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Ever since colonisation, Anglophone capitalism has pillaged natural environments and commoditised its resources in the interest of profit. The exploitation based on over-extraction of material has resulted in devastating consequences that have escalated over the decades. The current economic model relies heavily on mining and other resource-intensive fields, but the aftermath of this economic modus operandi is rapidly escalating out of control. The ethics of ridding such environmental ramifications for development and consumerism is interrogated by the thesis. The thesis investigates the possibility of architecture acting as an agent that prophecies a cautionary future tale. Through the implication of immersive space. The design of such space will be informed by elements that materialised the issues of Anthropocene through form, aesthetic, and material.
6
Chapter I / Hypothesis
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
[De]colonisation of the environment
The term ‘Environmental colonialism’, refers to the ‘various ways in which colonial practices have impacted the natural environments of Indigenous peoples.’ ( website, Duquette, 2020)The concept of colonisation in the modern context describes ‘situations of past, present and ongoing acts, institutions, decision-making processes, physical interventions, discourses, narratives and paradigms that continue to marginalise and exclude Indigenous peoples.’ (p6-7, Hartwig, Jackson, Markham & Osborne, 2021). The victims of environmental colonialism are not only the local residents but also relevant plant and fauna species.
European colonisation had dramatic environmental impacts. (Wood, 2015) Before colonisation, Aboriginal people were not ‘mere’ hunter-gatherers as how we conventionally misunderstand them. Indeed, they had a system of managing the landscape and that allowed them to live sustainably with the environment. (Pascoe, n.d.) The first impact colonialism has drawn on the environment was the introduction of cattle farming. The ten years of cattle farming from the 1840s - 1850s has changed the grass template and impact which furtherly impacted soil and groundwater content. As a result, the increasing cattle farming after 1788 has contributed to more ‘savage’ bushfires and resulted in controlled burns going out of control. (Gammage, 2014) The consequence of disregarding fire management still takes effect today.
Chapter I / Elaboration
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Environmental Colonialism
7
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
8
CHAPTER II
FABEL AND RELATED SOCIAL ISSUE
9
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind Miyazaki, 1984
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Through the lens of this mega/film, Miyazaki unfolds a discourse of what an escalating climatic crisis will bring. Reflecting on the current affair, it is a cautionary tale that reflects on the current affairs. Ever since technological progression is driven in favour of capital rather than sustainability, the relationship between humans and nature is becoming more ‘hostile.’ Figure1. Fan Art of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, Banzuela, 2017
10
Chapter II / FabelNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind
Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind is an animated film by Miyazaki. The story sets in a post-apocalyptic future, where the world is covered by the life-threatening Sea of Decay, occupied by mutant giant insects. Even within this dire situation, humans would still fight against each other for land and power. The clans even wanted to master the destructive power of the Decay to conquer the rest. Eventually, humankind cast doom upon themselves. At the end of the film, the main protagonist, Nausicaä found a plot of the land untouched by any corruption or human conflict and decided not to tell any human of its presence so the land can thrive.
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter II / FabelNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind
Figure 2-6. Manga pages, Miyazaki, Wong, Lewis, Smith & Kawasaki, n.d.
11
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Figure7. Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, Miyazaki, 1984
Miyazaki’s apocalyptic vision of the Sea of Decay derives from real-world scenarios.
Figure8. Minamata Bay mercury poisoning, (Smith, n.d.) Figure9. Rotten Sea polluted by heavy metal and pesticide in Ukraine, (“Rotten Sea by Sergey Anashkevych 4”, n.d.)
12
Chapter II / FabelNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind / Stoy Line in relation to hypothesis
The sea of decay
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The presence of Nausicaä illustrates a symbolism of coexistence and symbiosis. At the climax of the story, Nausicaä resolved the conflict between the arthropods, turning the bright red eye to a friendly blue colour.
Figure11. Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, Miyazaki, 1984
Figure10. Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, Miyazaki, 1984
Reflected in today’s world, the desire for expansion correlates to the idea of colonialism. The fact that nature is harmed and still overly exploited much resembles today’s situation. The film proposed an extreme vision of our future, as one day, the twisted nature will consume the world.
This unfolds the relationship between artificial environments and natural environments. The mutant insect is a personification of the disturbed environments. The escalation of climate change can be traced back to the frenzy unsustainable development of humankind. The film questioned if a more empathetic way of treating the environment can yield a better result.
At the end of the film, Nausicaä found a clean land untouched by pollution and stayed undiscovered by human civilization.
Figure11. Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind, Miyazaki, 1984
The open ending of the film indicates how nature can restore itself without human interference. In turn, nature can ‘reincarnate’ regardless of human presence, whether not humans become perished or chose to coexist.
Chapter II / FabelNausicaä of the Valley of the Wind / Stoy Line in relation to hypothesis
The two kingdoms waged war in excuse fighting against the Sea of Decay, a problematic form of nature. The weaponry of the war is manufactured on the resources from the Sea of Decay. Even though nature is twisted, the extraction of resources is still prioritised for the purpose of expansion and conquest.
13
Figure 12. Midas Painting II, n.d.
14
The story is about a King who had been granted the power to turn whatever he touched into gold upon his touch. He was happy at once until he turned his food and even his daughter into solid gold. He was then falling into deep regret with extreme hunger as well. At the end of the story, he begged God to dismiss his superpower, and everything that turned to gold returned to normal. The Midas Touch is still relevant in today’s context. With the power of technological advancement, humans are able to terraform the landscape. Just like how Midas was able to turn everything to gold and lost food and his loved ones, exploitation is a double-edged sword. On one hand, economic prosperity is brought to the world, on the other hand, the environment we lived in is also slowly destroyed by unsustainable overexploitation. Even the power of destruction is mastered, we still lack the power to undo the damage.
Chapter II / The Midas Touch/Stoy Line in relation to hypothesis
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The Midas Touch
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
After Midas was granted his wish, he was happy until he touched his food and his daughter, and both turned into gold.
In the story, Midas was lucky as he restored everything to normal upon asking Dionyssus to dismiss his ability. He then decided to share his fortune and became a generous and grateful person.
As in today, the zeal for capitalism and consumerism resembles strongly Midas’ obsession with gold. The ability of gold touch can be contextualised as the power to rapidly mass-manipulate and colonise the environment in favour of exploitation. Just like how Midas was short-sighted for the consequences of the gold touch, the operations of over-extraction and over-exploitation were conducted, at first, disregarding the potential/ ongoing devastation.
The food and Midas’ daughter can be translated to the elements of the environment. The ‘food’ can be related to essential needs that sustain the health and lives of our society. ‘Midas’ daughter’ on the other hand resembles the fine things we appreciated. Midas’ consequence can be cautious to what over-exploitation in the machine age can lead to irreversible destruction.
However the situation, in reality, is not the same. The destructive act towards nature still keeps ongoing.
Chapter II / The Midas Touch/Stoy Line in relation to hypothesis
In the story, Midas had an obsession with gold, and asked the god of wine and revelry, Dionyssus, to grant him the ability to turn things into gold upon his touch. Though Midas was warned to think well about the wish, he remained positive.
15
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
16
CHAPTER III THESIS RESEARCH
Timeline
These events are more or less a cause or direct consequence of overexploitation. Though floods and bushfires have caused great property damage and loss, they are a vital rejuvenation process of the natural environment. Flood and bushfires have actually recovered many species that have been threatened by us or invasive species. (McHugh, 2021)
Depicting as a narrative, colonialism has brought disruption to the environment. The use of land for the best interest of profit and settlement has had both short-term and long-term impacts on the environment. The long-term impacts are often delayed and can accumulate to a greater crisis across centuries. These impacts essentially articulate a counter-narrative.
Chapter III / Thesis research / Timeline
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The timeline maps colonial and artificial activities that have damaged the environment, and other direct events in regards to the natural environment.
17
1788
1799
1833
1841
1837
Figure1 .What to Know About the History Behind Australia Day, 2021
Figure5 ."How to build a city: Melbourne's early street plan -
Colonisaaon of Australia, First Fleet
FUSE - Department of Educaaon & Training", 2021
Hoddle Grid of Melbourne
Figure3 ."Queenstown", 2021
Coal mining commenced
from Carlton and the CBD and released it
in 1799. These early coal mining accviies made a Figure2 .Radulova, 2021
European Rabbits
Wheal Gawler mine The first metal mined in Australia was lead at Osmond in South Australia in 1841.
into the Yarra River, which is influenced by
significant contribuuon to the progress of European
Figure4 ."Modern Baloch Sheep farmers mullply incomes by
seelement in Australia (("Coal | Geoscience Australia",
80 percent", 2021
2021)).
Historical Society", 2021
underground drain has collected stormwater
in 1791 and coal mining and exports commenced
ON
Figure6 . "Visit Wheal Watkins Mine Glen Osmond, Sunday 5th J
and is built on top of what was historically a natural creek. Since 1884 the Elizabeth
In Australia, black coal was first discovered in Newcastle
COLONISATION
Elizabeth Street is the lowest point in the CBD
Over farming of sheep
the ocean de (("Local Flood Guide City of Melbourne" 2021)). Melbourne",
ENVIRONMENT 1780 CONSEQUENCE
1830
1840 AAer 1835, the millions of sheep which fed on Victoria’s lush natural grasslands during this me not only destroyed much of those grasslands, they also caused the near-exxnccon of the Myrniong Daisy – the staple plant food of the local Aboriginal people. The Myrniong, which has an edible, nutriious tuber all but vanished within three years following the introduccon of sheep(The Environmental Impacts of the Gold Rush, 2021).
The near-exxnccon of the Myrniong Daisy
Figure11 ."Yam Daisy - Green Olive at Red Hill - Farm the Good Life", 2021
1835
94
1848
1859
1883
1892
Figure8 . "Carp Background", 2021
June 2016 | Burnside
Figure7 . "Edward Roper: Gold diggings, Ararat - Google Arts & Culture", 2021
Gold Rush Glen
Gold rushes devastated the natural environment, created great confusion and disorder, and adversely affected Indigenous and other communiies whose lands the miners invaded.” As the historian David Goodman has pointed out, if you want to engineer an invasion, what beeer way to do it than to have a gold rush? In the Victorian goldfields it has been essmated that about one metre of top soil was removed by the miners. The soil was turned over, animals were hunted and waterways were polluted and diverted – all devastaang the land. Today, the Dja Dja Wurrung community ssll refer to the goldfields as ‘upside down
Common carpt were first introduced into Australia via Victoria
Figure9 . "Works | NGV | View Work", 2021
Figure10 . Nair, 2021
Broken Hill Seelement
Coal Burning, Power Generaaon in Victoria
At present, most electricity in Victoria is generated by brown coal fired thermal power staaons in the Latrobe
Impacts of carp include decreased water
Valley.
quality, algal blooms, river bank damage and destruccon of aquaac vegetaaon (("General informaaon about carp", 2021)).
country’”(("Turning points in history - the gold rush - Impact - Australian Catholic University", 2021)).
1850
1880
1890
“Ballarat Flat from the Black Hill” shows a vast, largely treeless plain with only small tuus of grass between the mounds of unearthed clay. The purpose-built cart in the background of “The Spliiers” suggests the considerable size of the mber industry by 1864 (("The Environmental Impacts of the Gold Rush", 2021)).
“Ballarat Flat from the Black Hill”
Figure12 ."The Environmental Impacts of the Gold Rush", 2021
1864
("Modern day mining contribuung to Broken Hill lead problem: research", 2021)
Lead contaminaaon, high blood-lead levels in children
Figure13 ."Modern day mining contribuung to Broken Hill lead problem: research", 2021
1883
95
1893
1900
Figure14 ."S.S. LOONGANA TO THE RESCUE", 2021
Figure15 ."1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2005", 2021
Mount Lyell Mining in Queenstown, Tasmania
Mining contribute to 10% of GDP
1924
1934
Figure16 ."The town that could poison children", 2021
Figure17 ."Smelters at Port Pirie", 2021
Mount Isa Mines
Port Pirie - biggest lead smelter in the world from Broken Hill By 1934 Port Pirie had become the biggest lead smelter in the world as
Copper mining, wastewater (Acid Drainage) was dumped into
COLONISATION
King River
a result of the presence of the Broken Hill Associated Smelters (BHAS). Originally established in 1915, the smelter processed lead and zinc ore
ON
from Broken Hill("Smelters at Port Pirie", 2021).
ENVIRONMENT 1890 CONSEQUENCE
1900
1920 Lead contaminaaon, high blood-lead levels in children
Lead contaminaaon, high blood-lead levels in children
("Two months in town and this toddler has too much lead
("Two months in town and this toddler has too much lead in her blood",
in her blood", 2021)
2021)
Mount Isa Mines
Port Pirie - lead contaminaaon
Figure19 ."Two months in town and this toddler has too much lead in her
Figure20 ."Two months in town and this toddler has too much lead in her
blood", 2021
blood", 2021
1924
96
1930
1925
1986
Figure18 ."COVID-19 Recovery: Victorian Greens suggests upgrading Portland Aluminium smelter to serve as “reverse baaery”", 2021)
Aluminium Smellng in Portland One of the major electricity consumers in Victoria is the aluminium smelter at Portland.
Following colonisaaon of the Murray River, and aided
Government officials had argued in the 1980s and
Carp draws significant negaave impact on environment,
The almost decade-long millennium drought, starrng around 2000, caused
by widespread flooding in 1974, carp populaaons
1990s that historical lead-smelter dust-emissions
wosen water quality and threat ecosystem("Impacts of
significant damage to ecosystems as well as to the economy. It ended with
rapidly spread throughout the Murray-Darling Basin and
held in the city’s soils and home environments were
Carp in Wetlands", 2021)
widespread flooding in 2010, resullng in inundaaon of many floodplains and
established populaaons in all states except the Northern
the primary cause of elevated blood lead in children
raising the Basin's water storages from 32% to 81% during 2010–11. The flooding
Territory.
(Body et al., 1991)("Lead poisoning of Port Pirie
enabled many species to recover from the effects of a long drought but also caused
children: a long history of looking the other way", 2021). This effect ssll impacts children today.
Brisbane Flood (Queensland Flood)
Port Pirie - lead contaminaaon
Figure21 . "Flood Engineering – G.M. McMahon Consultants",
Figure22 . "Lead poisoning of Port Pirie children: a long history
2021
of looking the other way", 2021
1974
1991
widespread damage to property("Murray-Darling Basin management – Parliament
Carp is listed as a "noxious aquaac of Australia", 2021). species" in Victoria under the Fisheries Millennium drought - Murray-Darling Basin Act
Figure23 . "Impacts of Carp in Wetlands", 2021
Figure24 . "Murray-Darling Basin management – Parliament of Australia", 2021
1995
2000
97
2016--
2010
Figure25 ."Tasmania, Australia Deforestaaon Rates & Staasscs | GFW", 2021
Forest Clearing - 3,784,400 Hectares/37844 Km2 of land ‘Agriculture was the reason for most of the clearing, with "grazing naave vegetaaon" accounnng for more than 1.8 million hectares of clearing. The next biggest contributor to the data was "grazing modified pastures" at around 125,000 hectares.’ In 8 years, about 37,844 km2 of land was cleared, the size equal
COLONISATION
to more than half of the area of Tasmania. Though Tree cover is increasing, “the issue is that a mature Thoug
ON
forest can be cleared in one place, and an equivalent area of 2-metre saplings may have regrown in another.”("Tasmania,
ENVIRONMENT
Australia Deforestaaon Rates & Staasscs | GFW", 2021)
2000
Figure26. "WEBINAR: Post-extraccvism: How do we move beyond mining? | A
Australia becomes the biggest coal exporter i
2010 “A coalmine has cracked the rock above it and
CONSEQUENCE
methane gas is now bubbling through one of Sydney’s key drinking water catchments. The mine, in the
Tasmania lost 755kha of land King River Polluuon causes deforestaaon
("Fact check: Does Australia have one of the 'highest
("Mt Lyell Acid Drainage Remediaaon -
("Lead poisoning of Port Pirie children: a long history of
loss of species anywhere in the world'?", 2021)
EPA Tasmania", 2021)
looking the other way", 2021)
Australia has one of the highest rates of animal exxnccon in the world.
King River - Most polluted river in Australia
2010 Flood (Queensland, NSW, VIC)
Waratah Rivulet, east of Campbelltown, is owned by a subsidiary of the world’s biggest coal company, Peabody.”("Murray-Darling Basin management – Parliament of Australia", 2021).
Coalmine cracks leaking methane gas into Sydney drinking water catchment
Figure29 ."Tasmania, Australia Deforestaaon Rates & Staasscs | GFW", 2021
Figure30 ."Fact check: Does Australia have one of the 'highest loss of
Figure31 ."Mt Lyell Acid Drainage Remediaaon - EPA
Figure32 ."Lead poisoning of Port Pirie children: a
species anywhere in the world'?", 2021
Tasmania", 2021
long history of looking the other way", 2021
Figure33 . "Murray-Darling Basin management – Parliament of
2001 to 2019
98
Australia", 2021
2002
2003
2010
2011
2017
2019
Figure27 . "Dark side of the boom | The Australia
Figure28 ."Mining is the largest contributor to
Insstute", 2021
Australian economy in 2019-20", 2021
Abandoned Mine in Australia
Mining contribute to 10.4% of GDP
It was essmated that around 60,000
("Mining is the largest contributor to
mines in Australia in different scales were
Australian economy in 2019-20", 2021)
abandoned and there had been nearly no rehabilitaave treatment at all.” There The has been no accurate essmaaon around the sum area of mining voids lee in Australia. However, refilling these holes will take centuries to complete.("Dark side
AID/WATCH", 2021
of the boom | The Australia Insstute", 2021)
in the world
‘There are at least 45 voids with a total of 6,050ha
Platypus
to be thought.
of voids (about 100m in depth)) either planned or
South Australia, and is vulnerable to local
approved, covering a total area greater than all of
exxnccon("Australia’s species exxnccon crisis in South32's legal Wollongong creek discharge 'exceeds numbers: 2019 | Ecological Society of Australia", safe levels' of heavy metals, sciennst says ("'Very dangerous levels' of heavy metals are being dumped 2021) into this creek and it's perfectly legal", 2021)
“It “I was not that the leaks themselves were dangerous, what shocked him was the number of them, and the evidence backed growing fears that far from reducing greenhouse gas
Sydney Harbour.”("The Hole Truth: The mess coal companies plan to leave in NSW", 2021)
emissions, the world's increasing enthusiasm for natural gas
has
been
listed
endangered
in Contaminaaon detected in a drain at Port Kembla (Fellner, 2021)
Natural gas is far less environmental friendly than it was used
could prove to be as toxic for climate change as the use of
Byarong Creek polluted by ceramic fines ("Rangers track perpetrator of latest Figtree creek polluuon incident",
coal.”(Malley, 2021)
Australia becomes the biggest coal exporter in the world
Total coal mine voids in NSW
Black Summer Australia Bushfire
Figure34 . Malley, 2021
Figure35. "The Hole Truth: The mess coal companies plan to leave in
Figure36 . Issues & Friday, 2021
NSW", 2021
2016
2019
Australia’s Species Exxnccon Crisis
Figure37 . "Australia’s species exxnccon crisis in numbers: 2019 |
Figure38 . "Rangers track perpetrator of latest Figtree creek polluuon
Ecological Society of Australia", 2021
incident", 2021
2020
2020
99
24
Mining is chosen for its persistency within the Australian context. Mining operation not only helped to expand the economic power of the colony but also became a driving force in establishing new settlements. To understand the system more deeply, one of the cases is pulled out from the timeline to demonstrate the chain reaction of cause and delayed effect and examine how environmental impact escalates.
Figure39. The northern group, Broken Hill Mines (Goodhart, 1920)
The settlement in Broken Hill was founded upon the discovery of lead and silver mineral content in 1883.
Figure40. The old Junction Mine lookout in Broken Hill. (Coote, 2017)
The most obvious consequence of lead mining operation is lead contamination.
High blood-lead content in blood testing of the local residents is still a significant problem today. Besides, the water used in mineral washing leads to huge consumption of water from the Darling River. After the termination of the mining license, an open-cut minefield will create a void that polluted the air with lead particles and traps rainwater, which affects the rate of evaporation of water and ultimately destabilises the volume of the Murray-Darling Basin. Potentially, this will affect the flourishment of local plant and animal species and further damages the local ecosystem.
Chapter III / Thesis research / The systematic issue from timeline
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The systematic issue from timeline
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Figure42. A man standing on the bed of the River Murray near Mildura during the 1901 drought. (Wilf, 1901)
The mining operations will also require corresponding refinery and smelting facilities to make use of the resources.
In other states of Australia, smelting consumes a significant amount of electricity generated.
This leads to further expansion. In 1934, Port Pirie becomes the biggest lead smelter in the world, with lead minerals supplied by Broken Hill mines. Whilst being a contributor to the economy, it results in more severe lead contamination problems and still taking effect today.
Since the majority of the energy is generated by brown coal burning, it means ore smelting contributes greatly to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions across Australia. Statistically, more demand for energy means more demand for coal and natural gas mining, which leads to even greater consumption of water and the tendency of drought in the Murray-Darling Basin. In addition, the economy’s reliance on the mining industry is also increased.
Chapter III / Thesis research / The systematic issue from timeline
Figure41. Smelters at Port Pirie. (Smelters at Port Pirie, 1919)
25
Mining - overexploitation as a form of Unlike how the Aboriginals lived symbiotically in the country, as the paradigm of economy and development of the colonies relied heavily on extracting and exporting mineral resources, the Australian landscape was rapidly transformed by mining. The environmental consequences of mineral extraction, however, were not considered. (Guerrero, 2016) ‘Long-term environmental impacts were pushed to the sides in an attempt to make profit out of the very expensive enterprise of controlling a significantly-sized colony.’ (p9, Wood, 2015) In states like Tasmania, though the Environmental Protection Act was passed in 1973, mining companies were granted exemptions to the ACT. (De Blas, 1994) As a result of today, ‘there are more than 50,000 legacy mines. These are former mining sites requiring remediation where no individual or company can be held responsible’ (website, Unger, 2014). The effect of mining legacy is not merely an open pit of land, but it affects the current of the creek since more water is trapped in the void. 26
(Johnson & Wright, 2003) Moreover, the water used for mineral washing and other means will be contaminated. For instance, the water dumped from the century-long continuous copper mining and processing at Mount Lyell has drawn significant environmental impact. Not only has the acidity of chemical content changed the colour of water, but it also caused deforestation which destroyed habitat for local animals and harmed local communities. (Davies, Mitchell & Barmuta, 1996) Mining does not only just impact the environment by its legacy. Even today, Australia still heavily relies on mining, for both its economy and power generation. In 2019, mining occupies 10.4% (Constable, 2020) of GDP, and coal mining contributes to 56% overall of power generation. (“Australian Energy Statistics”, 2020) It is also a huge consumer of water and power, contributing to about 77.3% of Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions.(“2019–20 published data highlights”, 2021)
Chapter III / Thesis research / Mining
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
colonialism
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The availability of technological progression in the past centuries has made mineral extraction more efficient, but little has improved in its sustainability. As more researchers start to study more comprehensively on those impacts, more issues have been linked to mining. Once a mining operation extracts the value of resources by occupying the landscape and marginalising the rights of local people and species, it becomes an act of colonialism. The vicious escalation of environmental destruction, if not intervened, projects a pessimistic vision of the future. This unfolds an interesting interrogation in structuring the narrative of the architectural journey.
Chapter III / Thesis research / Mining
Both the act of mining and the relevant industry has built a cycle of contamination generation. Besides, lead-related operations are still responsible for the high blood-lead contents of local residents and especially children. (Taylor, 2012)
27
This map indicates the density and scale of ‘problematic’ sites. The map describes the overarching idea of how Australia still relies too much on mining. (Moffat et al., 2017) The ‘problematic’ is defined by how much the operation can relate to direct environmental and health problems to the local and broader context. The highlighted sites are mainly toxic open-cut mines such as radioactive, coal, and lead mining, and any relevant facilities.
Geoscience Australia. (2018). AUSTRALIAN OPERATING MINES MAP 2017. Geoscience Australia. Lead | Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.ga.gov.au/education/classroom-resources/minerals-energy/australian-mineral-facts/lead Coal | Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.ga.gov.au/data-pubs/data-and-publications-search/publications/australian-minerals-resource-assessment/coal Moffat, K., Pert, P., McCrea, R., Boughen, N., Rodriguez, M., & Lacey, J. (2017). Australian attitudes toward mining. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://publications.csiro.au/rpr/ download?pid=csiro:EP178434&dsid=DS1
28
Chapter III / Thesis research / Mapping
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Mapping I
29
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
This map shows the tension between nature and the city, and the erasure of the natural by the artificial. The dirty spot on the Yarra River denotes poor water quality. The other ink spots denote the location of artificial water bores that indicates an artificial intervention of controlling and displacing water. The overlaying of The Great Flash Flood depicts a moment of what would happen if the Murray-Darling Basin and the sea level rise by several meters. Since Elizabeth St sits on a historical creek site, (White, 2020) when Melbourne is flooded, all the contamination would flush back to the city.
White, S. (2020). From the Archives, 1972: Chaos as floods batter Melbourne. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/from-the-archives-1972chaos-as-floods-batter-melbourne-20200213-p540oi.html MapShareVic. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://mapshare.vic.gov.au/MapshareVic/ Geocortex Viewer for HTML5. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://mapshare. vic.gov.au/vicplan/ Spatial Datamart Victoria. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from http://services.land.vic. gov.au/SpatialDatamart
30
Chapter III / Thesis research / Mapping
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Mapping II
31
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
This map collects colonial symbols in Melbourne. The historical map of the Hoddle grid is superimposed and highlighted to magnify how the Hoddle sets the nexus of expanding urbanisation in the norms created by settlers and regardless of natural systems. From the grid as a nexus, the city expands and creeps outwards. The chosen historical buildings and the two former brick and bluestone quarries were a display of colonial power. The Barak Building is a modern irony in using traditional imagery to advertise a profit-driven reality. The hand in the drawing is colonialism, strategically placing structure like chess, representing the power and authority we have to reshape the landscape.
MapShareVic. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://mapshare.vic.gov.au/MapshareVic/ Geocortex Viewer for HTML5. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://mapshare. vic.gov.au/vicplan/ Spatial Datamart Victoria. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from http://services.land.vic. gov.au/SpatialDatamart
32
Chapter III / Thesis research / Mapping
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Mapping III
33
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
34
CHAPTER IV
DESIGN EXAMINATION INSTALLATION
35
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
36
The location is chosen besides a water body in reference to the water study conduct through mappings and other tasks. As currently, the artificial lake inside the Royal Botanical Garden is experiencing an algal bloom which corresponds to the intention. In addition, the tall grass and rich vegetation of the location complement the post-apocalyptic theme of the artwork.
Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The Site
37
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
38
The material pallet of Buggenhout’s work is familiar and evokes a sense of post-apocalyptic-ness. Through carefully orchestrate chaos through abject material, (“Artist represented by Axel Vervoordt Gallery”, n.d.) the art piece conveys a sense of sorrow. The aesthetic of his work depicts an archeological finding from the Anthropocene epoch, remnants of a collapsed version of our civilization. Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Peter Buggenhout
Figure 1. “Peter Buggenhout - Artist - Saatchi Gallery”, n.d. Figure 2. Buggenhout, 2021
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3
Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Form Finding Process
Figure 4.
Figure 6.
Figure 5
Figure 1. Scaffolding structure. Figure 2. Unstable is created by sharpening the tip and tilting. Figure 3. The artificial is conflicting the Landscape. Figure 4. Weak tensile force from cable. Figure 5. The displacement and fragmentation of nature environment. Figure 6. Final sketch of all elements combined.
39
Chapter IV / Installation
Figure 7. Water Wheel, n.d.
Form Finding Process Model of a headframe and a wheel
Model of a steam tractor and a dumping truck
Model of drills and boring machine
Model of the imbalance frame
40
Figure 9. Dumping Truck, n.d.
Figure10. Boring Machine, n.d.
Figure 11. Bucket wheel excavators , 2020
Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Figure 8. Steam Tractor, n.d.
Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Form Finding Process
41
42 Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Iterations
Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Final Outcome
43
44 Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Final Outcome
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IV / Installation
45
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IV / Installation
46
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IV / Installation
47
The central core of the installation is composed of an upside-down steel frame to capture a sense of imbalance. The big wheel in the middle is an abstraction of steam tractors and other machines that rotates, a symbol of the technological progress of humankind. The other elements surrounding the steel frames are infrastructure relates to mining and industry. As the artificial cluster steers, stirs, and pierces through the natural, the land becomes fragile and collapsed in ephemeral. The dynamism of the floating swarms of fragments and shards, like debris or dust, captures the segregation of the natural landscape and resource displacement. At last, the force of the rehabilitation is like a week cable that is holding all the chaotic mass in place. The contrast of the mass and the cables speaks the urgency of the issue.
48
Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The installation captures the impression of fiercely imbalanced man-made structure in a post-apocalyptical and rustic aesthetic. The iron oxide used in the installation is a reflection of the metallic elements on site.
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IV / Installation
49
50 Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IV / Installation
Installation on site
From far, a scene is composed of foreground, middle, and background of water and plants. Aided by the algal bloom, the tension between the (artificially perfected) environment and the machine aesthetic is lost in the post-apocalyptic scenography. When approaching the installation, one must merge his/her feet in the tall grass and wandering through other vegetation.
Chapter IV / Installation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The intention of the image is to project in a future prophecy, where the installation is an artifact that has been carelessly left on the overgrown site.
51
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
52
CHAPTER V
DESIGN EXAMINATION PAVILION
53
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Parc de la Villette
Tschumi created a series of red structures using a strategy of point grid, where each pavilion corresponds to others in proximity. The concept is to make a park based on ‘culture’ rather than ‘nature’. The regular arrangement of the pavilion in a system of grid creates an outpost-like effect, which, in comparison to the site of Botanic Garden, glorifies the ‘non-natural’. As a reflection, despites Tchumi’s intention, the detachment of the nature and the act of formulating a self-referential framework that creates an interesting inteorgation of if the nature can be detached.
Figure 1. “Serpentine Gallery - The Red Sun Pavilion — Ateliers Jean Nouvel”, 2009
54
Chapter V / pavilion
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Bernard Tschumi Architects Paris, 1982-1998
Music Video Pavilion
The disjunction of frame and planes have merged/ disrupted different orders and elements into one unified structure. The openings of the pavilion are strategically placed creating a hide-and-seek effect. Since the internal circulation is only partially revealed, the act of opening enhances the concealment of the building. The alienation of the structure creates a sense of detachment from the site, which makes the building disregard the natural environment.
Chapter V / pavilion
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Groningen, Netherlands. 1990 Zaha Hadid
Figure 2. “Music Video Pavilion - Hidden Architecture”, 2016
55
Parc de la Villette
Tschumi created a series of red structures using a strategy of point grid, where each pavilion corresponds to others in proximity. The concept is to make a park based on ‘culture’ rather than ‘nature’. The regular arrangement of the pavilion in a system of grid creates an outpost-like effect, which, in comparison to the site of Botanic Garden, glorifies the ‘nonnatural’. As a reflection, despites Tchumi’s intention, the detachment of the nature and the act of formulating a self-referential framework that creates an interesting inteorgation of if the nature can be detached.
Figure 3. “Bernard Tschumi Architects”, 2021
56
Chapter V / pavilion
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Bernard Tschumi Architects Paris, 1982-1998
The location is chosen besides a water body in reference to the water study conduct through mappings and other tasks. As currently, the artificial lake inside the Royal Botanical Garden is experiencing an algal bloom which corresponds to the intention. In addition, the tall grass and rich vegetation of the location complement the post-apocalyptic theme of the artwork.
Chapter V / pavilion
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Pavilion Concept
57
Chapter V / Pavilion
The Slanted Pavilion
The overall disjunction of linear and planar elements creates an unstable feeling. The use of metal and polycarbonate material in such slender form creates a jiggling noise in a windy weather, and enhances its instability. On the ground level, a slender and slanted shelter space is created for resting or meditation. The space will be under disruptive noise when someone is using the metal staircase above.
IntersecƟng CirculaƟon
Unstable Plane + Shelter
The staircase goes through the slanted plane, where the planar elements create an interesting moment of in and out.
Fragment
58
Chapter V / pavilion
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The pavilion provides the visitors a sense of authority to overlook the garden and the Silo, an industrial legacy. A small lift is provided for ambulant visitors to reach the top.
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter V / pavilion
59
60 Chapter V / pavilion
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter V / Pavilion
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter V / pavilion
61
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter V / pavilion
62
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter V / pavilion
63
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter V / pavilion
64
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter V / pavilion
65
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
66
CHAPTER VI
ACCA SITE MAPPING AND ANALYSIS
67
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Historic wetlands Historic seasonal lake Historic water way Natural reserve ACCA
68
Chapter VI / ACCA site mapping and analysis
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Artificial park
When looking at it in a broader context with historic overlay, it demonstrates how the urban fabric is conquering the natural system. The natural reserve and the park becomes fragments of the natural environment as a result of urban expansion. The ACCA site is located on Sturt Street, near the Art Precinct. The analysis highlights the nearby public transport. The residential area on Dodds Street is highlighted for later community engagement or avoidance.The analysis highlights the surrounding commercial buildings to indicate the livelihood of the proximity.
Chapter VI / ACCA site mapping and analysis
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Site Analysis
69
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VI / ACCA site mapping and analysis/ Grid
70
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VI / ACCA site mapping and analysis/ Nature
71
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VI / ACCA site mapping and analysis/ Commercial
72
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VI / ACCA site mapping and analysis/ Residential and art
73
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
74
CHAPTER VII
PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT AND REFINED THESIS PROPOSAL
75
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
PUBLIC ENTRANCE I. Site Entrance II. Pedestrian Access (No private parking on purpose)
I. Indoor Exhibi�on Rooms--History II. Indoor Exhibi�on Rooms--Memory III. Indoor Exhibi�on Rooms--Present IV. Indoor Exhibi�on Rooms--Future V. Panorama Overlook VI. Interac�ve Exhibi�on Space VII. Immersive Auditorium VIII.Temporary Exhibi�on
MUSEUM ENTRANCE
I. Entry Foyer II. Recep�on-Informa�on Desk III. Cloaking Room IV. Ticket Office V. Atrium VI. Art Store/Storage VII.Cafe
COMMUNAL SPACE I. Restaurant (Service) II. Workshop III. Educa�ve space IV. Circula�on (Bridge/Corridor/Catwalk...) V. Amenity
76
EXHIBITION SPACE INDOOR
EXHIBITION SPACE OUTDOOR I. Temporary Exhibi�on II. Exhibi�on Space in garden III.Kiosk
PRIVATE SPACE I. Staff Ameni�es II. BOH Private Circula�on III. Goods Li�s IV. Storage V. Ar�st Residence VI. Office for Museum Staff VII. Mee�ng Rooms VIII.Mechanical Plant Room
Chapter VII / Program arrangement
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
III. Service Car Park IV. Loading Bay
PRIVATE
III. Service Car Park
IV. Loading Bay
ENTRANCE
EXHIBITION
VIII.Temporary Exhibi�on
II. Pedestrian Access
I. Entry Foyer
VI. Art Store
III. Educa�ve space
V. Atrium
EXHIBITION III. Indoor Exhibi�on Rooms--Present
II. Workshop
EXHIBITION
VI. Interac�ve Exhibi�on Space
VII. Immersive Auditorium
EXHIBITION
I. Indoor Exhibi�on Rooms--History
I. Restaurant
VII. Mee�ng Rooms
VIIII.Restaurant Service
EXHIBITION II. Exhibi�on Space in garden III.Kiosk
EXHIBITION
II. Indoor Exhibi�on Rooms--Memory
IV. Indoor Exhibi�on Rooms--Future
Chapter VII / Program arrangement
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
III. Cloaking Room IV. Ticket Office II. Recep�on-Informa�on Desk
VIII.Mechanical Plant Room
V. Ar�st Residence I. Staff Ameni�es
IV. Storage
VI. Office for Museum Staff II. BOH Private Circula�on
77
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VII / Program arrangement
Top. Bernard Tschumi. Screenplays, 1977. Excerpt. Bottom. : Bernard Tschumi.Screenplays, 1977. Excerpt Opposite. Bernard Tschumi.Le Fresnoy National Studio for the Contemporary Arts, 1991–1997. Cinematic catwalks.
78
79
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
HISTORY
PROLOGUE
Visualized Chronicles
Indoor ExhibiƟon
Recall Memory Resraurant
MEMORY
EXPOSITION
Temporary ExhibiƟon
Indoor ExhibiƟon
Indoor ExhibiƟon
EscalaƟng
InteracƟve ExhibiƟon
Indoor ExhibiƟon
Immersive Auditorium
WORKSHOP
EducaƟve Space
PRESENT
RISING ACTION The Booming
FUTURE
CLIMAX
The Great Collapse
OPEN END
ReincarnaƟon
80
Panorama Overlook
FALLING ACTION
Post Anthroprocene
Hall of ReincarnaƟon
Garden AŌer Calamity
Chapter VII / Program arrangement
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The ColonizaƟon
Upon studying Tschumi’s approach to using a film storyboard approach, I have attempted to take a similar approach by structuring the building’s program in accordance to how the plot of a story is structured. Inspired by the fables, the program is structured around a future tale of environmental destruction. From Pre-European colonisation to the probable future we are heading forward, the main programs are arranged according to the ‘tectonic’ of the development of plot. A series of experiences then articulate the chapters to map the full story. As the story goes on, ‘conflicts’ and ‘destruction’ would intensify a sense of disarrangement. And finally, when the visitor reaches the end, the story ends in a post-apocalyptic garden, an alternative futuristic vision taken from the ending of Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind.
Chapter VII / Program arrangement
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The Experiential Journey of Program
81
Locate Hoodle Gird + Street Grid
Use circulation as base of dynamism
82
Offset the boundary
Split by grid lines
Arrange the program according to their privacy and story line
Recombination
Chapter VII / Program arrangement
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VII / Parti
Initially, The arrangement starts from overlying the grid system on site. The city grid can be used to determine elements of critique whereas the street grid determines the orientation of the main massing. The circulation from the Tram stop to Dodds St then become an a starting point of dynamism, creating movement that is perpendicular to the initial axis.The program is then arranged according to privacy and the sequence of journey. Composition-wise, strategy of form finding is by locating the tower structructure and the garden space used for exhibition, and determined by experiential thresholds of the journey. The tests of massing are used to contextualize the program on site. For now, the massing is composed of both blocks and some taxonomy in regards to infrastructure and gianatic mining facilities.
Chapter VII / Program arrangement
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Strategy on Site
At this stage, The form finding and massing procedure lacks some rationale. To reconsider and admit the site and link the research/mapping task to the form finding process, I’m thinking of utilising` the tectonics and geometric elements existing in the mapping to articulate a series of taxonomy which helps to articulate the form.
83
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VII / Massing
84
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VII / Massing
85
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VII / Massing
86
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VII / Massing
87
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
88
CHAPTER VIII DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
89
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Timeline
Extract social issues from timeline
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
�x�osi�on The colonisa�on
�isin� ���on The booming
Lorem ipsum Figure. 1
Figure. 2
90
Figure. 7
Mount Lyell Mine Establishment, 1883
A�er the 6 rabbits brought by the First Fleet, in 1898, 24 breeding European rabbits were introduced by Thomas Aus�n for a shoo�ng party in South Australia. Thomas Aus�n was a member of the Acclima�sa�on Society of Victoria, and at the �me believed that the introduc�on of few rabbits ‘could do li�le harm and might provide a touch of home. (‘The State Barrier Fence of Western Australia’, n.d.)
Mount Lyell Mine brought prosperity, popula�on and infrastructure to the towns in proximity.
Figure. 3
Figure. 8
Figure. 4
The Rabbit-Proof Fence 1901-1907
Mount Lyell Mine
‘The spread of rabbits over Britain took 700 years while the colonisa�on of two-thirds of Australia, an area 25 �mes the size of Britain, took only 50 years.’ (‘Rabbits introduced’, n.d.) In response to the rabbit migratory frenzy, Western Australia had issued to build a stretching fence across longitude, with 3 fences span a total of 3256KM, the longest fence ever built. ‘Between 1885 and 1890 demand for wire ne�ng increased from 1600 to 9600 kilometres per year.’ (‘Rabbits introduced’, n.d.)
‘The Mount Lyell copper mine used to be the country's oldest con�nually operating mining field and has also long been the lifeblood of Tasmania's west coast mining region. It is es�mated more than $4 billion worth of metal has been mined from the area. ’ (‘Mount Lyell copper mine’, 2014)
�m�a�t on �nimal �i�ra�on
Climax The Greate Collapse
Figure. 6
Introduc�on of Rabbits, 1788, 1898
�ater Contamina�on and �e�oresta�on
The State Barrier Fence
Figure. 5
Figure. 9
The Rabbit Problem
The Rabbit Problem
Coal Dust Contamina�on
Though the fence failed to be rabbit-proof, it is now used as a barrier to aid in the management of migratory feral animals from pastoral areas into agricultural land. Besides the huge ini�al cost and high maintenance cost of the fence, its presence has influenced the migra�on of animals, which might affect the ecosystem.
‘Rabbits have clearly contributed to the decline or loss of the greater bilby, yellow-footed rock-wallaby, southern and northern hairy-nosed wombats, the malleefowl and the plains-wanderer.’ (‘The Rabbit Problem’, n.d.) They also threaten the recruitment of local vegetarian and plant species.
As a legacy of unsustainable copper mining, the King’s River has been heavily polluted by the dumping of Sulphurous fumes, causing a drama�c deforesta�on that harms the ecosystem.
‘The ash waste from the power sta�ons in the Latrobe Valley is sent by pipe to areas including worked-out sec�ons of the brown coal mines near the sta�ons.’ (‘Coal ash dumps and community health’, n.d.)
Figure. 10
Figure. 11
Figure. 12
Figure. 13
Figure. 18
Figure. 19
Broken Hill Se�lemen, 1883
Yallourn North, discovered in 1879, became the loca�on for the first major development of brown coal in the Latrobe Valley. (Brown Coal, n.d.)
The se�lement in Broken Hill was founded upon the discovery of lead and silver mineral content in 1883
Figure. 14
Figure. 20
Figure. 21
Figure. 22
Yallourn Power Sta�on, 1921
The Largest Lead Smelter in the World, Port Pirie, 1934
Since the introduc�on of electricity in Australia from 1888, Majority of Australia’s power supply comes from coal-firing sta�ons.
In 1934, Port Pirie becomes the biggest lead smelter in the world, with lead minerals supplied by Broken Hill mines.
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Morwell Brown Coal Mine near Yallourn North, Latrobe Valley, 1873
The Yellourn Power Sta�on A was developed from the former State Electricity Commission of Victoria (SECV) built a temporary power sta�on fuelled by brown coal adjacent to the Brown Coal Mine adjacent to the power sta�on.
Untreated Voids
�ead Contamina�on
Figure. 15
Figure. 16
The open-cut void
The current mine
Flood in the void
The void resulted from coal mining not only affects the soil content, but in the short future, untreated voids in vast size will affect rain water cycle and ul�mately affect the river flows in proximity.
Photographs of Yallourn landslide which caused millions of litres of water to flood into the open cut. (‘Yallourn landslide in photographs’, 2007)
The open-cut void remains untreated. Not only the landscape has been damgamed
Figure. 17
‘It would be enough to fill nearly 24,000 Olympic swimming pools, or the MCG from turf to stadium roof 35 �mes.’ (Morton, 2012)
Figure. 23
Figure. 24
Lead Contamina�on in Broken Hill
Lead Contamina�on in Port Pirie
Broken Hill is Australia’s longest-lived mining city. (‘Discover Broken Hill’, n.d.) As a consequence of lead mining, the lead contamina�on remains as an on-going problem even today.
As a consequence of the booming lead smel�ng industry, like Broken Hill, the residents of Port Pirie has also become vic�ms of lead contamina�on long since the establishment of lead smel�ng ac�vi�es.
91
Hilla and Benrnd Becher
Chapter VIII / design development
Industrial Landscape from comtemporary insight
The industrial objects’ forms are strictly determined by function, which helps to set up a referential framework for further form exploration. The motive of documenting then becomes the starting point of the tectonic studies. I attempt to articulate some taxonomy studies by modeling the mining structures as well as the hoddle grid. Though the work appears to be a bit literal, I found that the industrial landscape can be translated more architecturally through a distillation of tectonics such as symmetry & asymmetry, disjunction & grafting, Linearity & Mass, etc.
Bernd and Hilla Becher Artworks (Becher, 2021)
92
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The photography by Hilla and Benrnd Becher set up matrices in documenting the artifacts of industrial landscape in regards to the 19-20th idea of industry. The lack of dialogue between these entities and the landscape is consciously ignored in the work.
Intersecting of Grid
Head frame (Mining)
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Grid
Tower (Mining)
93
繏 t.ir
韁
From Installation and Pavilion to final design
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
妻
韁 妻
繏 t.ir i
iii
i Ǜ
Ǜ
ii
iiiii ___ ƒiǜ
___
___ Éiǜ
Ǜ
iii ƒiǜ
94
i
繏 t.ir
ii
Both the art installation and the pavilion critique the act of over-exploitation. The installation captures the segregation of the fragile ecology through materialises the unbalanced tension between machine and nature. The pavilion on the other hand captures a sense of collapsing through the use of disjunction and slanted elements.
i
ti
Chapter VIII / design development
韁
Over-exploitation
Chapter VIII / design development
From Installation and Pavilion to final design
__
𩆜𩆜
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
谜 道__
7 𩆜𩆜 ⼝
可 谜
㠭
唱
fi
tonnsztrr.tn 意 nnirriirf.niirni
道 ⼝
可
㠭
唱
fi意
Currently, the act of built environments contributes greatly to the problem of over-exploitation. The act of construction on site is an interruptive overlay to the natural landscape. Besides, the cost-effective methodology of construction has made the process ever more unsustainable. Ever since the invention of Reinforced Concrete, the practice has improved little in sustainability
__
𩆜𩆜
To reflect the issue in the context of Melbourne’s built environment, both the material and the program should critique on the ‘over’. Not only should the program such as water treatment or waste treatment raise the awareness of the issue, but also the building materials can be sustainably sourced and fabricated, such as utilising upcycling, innovative technologies, etc.
谜
fi意
Chapter VIII / design development
i
Over-exploitation
7
tonnsztrr.tn nnirriirf.niirni 95
Form finding diagrams
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Narrate the prophecies on site
The majority of visitors traveling on foot would be coming from this direction. The Dodds St on the east provides an access for maintaining service and supply trucks.
96
The view to the west frames the highway and the city escapes. To the south, public space should be available in between the art gallery and the melthouse.
The primary grid of the building follows the same orientation as the Hoddle grid.
These three axes form the primary control line on site.
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VIII / design development
The central courtyard is the heart of the gallery.
Spaces are arranged according to the sequence of the narrative.
Other control lines sculpt and compose the overall form
97
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Prologue Recall Memory --Visualized Chronicles
(Safdie Architects, 2021) Flashback: Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum / Safdie Architects
98
Prologue Recall Memory --Indoor exhibition
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Elongated corridor of directionality Display the timeline
臖
ǜ
ǜ
(Safdie Architects, 2021) Flashback: Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum / Safdie Architects
99
Transition space
The intersection in between exhibition space
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Transition in between inside and outside Get the glimpse of the space with different atmosphere
(Safdie Architects, 2021) Flashback: Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum / Safdie Architects
100
建 1
Exposition The colonization --Tempoary exhibition
1
1 i
x
上
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
ǜ
(Safdie Architects, 2021) Flashback: Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum / Safdie Architects
101
102
Mona
(Architecture – Museum | Mona, 2021)
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Prologue Recall Memory --Indoor exhibition
left:Mona (Architecture – Museum | Mona, 2021) right:Canadian Museum for Human Rights (Architecture | CMHR, 2021)
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Prologue Recall Memory --Indoor exhibition
103
104
The ruhr museum in zollverein by OMA (ruhr Museum, 2021)
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Rising action The booming --Escalating
Chapter VIII / design development
Rising action The booming --Panorama Overlook
Horno 3 Steel Museum (Horno 3 Steel Museum / Grimshaw, 2021)
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Tear up the elements of industralization to break its original aesthetic and order In this way, to create instability and criticism
105
106
Horno 3 Steel Museum (Horno 3 Steel Museum / Grimshaw, 2021)
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Rising action The booming --Panorama Overlook
Climax The great collapse --Uncomfortable facilities
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
-- Laboratary
To imagine the difficult situation we will meet in the future To understand what sacrifices we have made in exchange of the comfort crossness-pumping station (Hats, 2021)
107
108
landschaftspark duisburg-nord (Do, Education and Park, 2021)
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Falling action Post Anthroprocene --Garden after calamity
Pierre Huyghe: After ALife Ahead (Pierre Huyghe: Indiscernible, Unpredictable, Irrational - ELEPHANT, 2021)
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Open End Recarnition --Hall of recarnition
109
110
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Form iteration 01
Form iteration 01
To make clear the stance, the idea of industrial complex should be used to critique the mechanism of pollution and emphasise the devastated ecology. This might be achieved through contrasting and juxtaposing the enrapturing environment with the interior, or potion natural environment in the transition spaces. The material aspects also should play a role in critiquing the status quo. The composition had lost some precarious value and delicacy of the pavilion and installation. The use of industrial elements in large scale was intended to create a sense of alienation between the visitors and the antiqued industrial landscape, to critique the sense of growth in the industrial landscape (e.g. Urban sprawl.) The current overlaying of elements was deemed overwhelming and the composition could be read as a literal retrofitting of the machines. The idea of a machine should be more dug into exploring the mechanism of an objective (algae, water treatment, pollution or CO2) rather than its physical and visual representation, and thus, to avoid using such an aesthetic as a trophy.
The massing still contained unresolved clunky moments of tension. These moments had the potential to create distorted and slanted spaces with detailing to the disjunction and grafting moment of intersections. Besides, the eye-level elevation was not attractive and intriguing to the street as the building envelope appeared plain and boxy. The linkage between the building and the vent tower could be advertised. The vent tower could also be used to count emission or degrees of pollution to make real what has often been hidden.
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The iteration of the form was derived from composing different elements of mining legacy with volumes. The intention was to use the form as a critique of the machine age and the damage caused by over exploitation. The clarity of the message at the moment is not as convincing since the form could be easily read as fantasizing industrial progression.
111
ITERATION 03
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VIII / design development
112 ITERATION 02
The gesture of the entrance split the overall composition, and should be reduced in length wise. The addition of curved elements and bent columns were unsuccessful as the design language became a visual mess. The use of mining elements did not express the formal idea in the contemporary settings. Instead, it should be made perverse. The experiment of the curved ramp was a bit out of place, and the portal frames looked heavy at the moment. The form needed to be simplified by stripping away the purposeless elements. Detailing of structural elements such as slab and column could be made interesting to give character and identity of space. The use of pipes in combination with the water or waste management system of the building can be used to contrast between industrial consumption versus eclogies. The composition had lost some precarious value and delicacy of the pavilion and installation. The use of industrial elements in large scale was intended to create a sense of alienation between the visitors and the antiqued industrial landscape, to critique the sense of growth in the industrial landscape (e.g. Urban sprawl.) The current overlaying of elements was deemed overwhelming and the composition could be read as a literal retrofitting of the machines. The idea of a machine should be more dug into exploring the mechanism of an objective (algae, water treatment, pollution or CO2) rather than its physical and visual representation, and thus, to avoid using such an aesthetic as a trophy.
The massing still contained unresolved clunky moments of tension. These moments had the potential to create distorted and slanted spaces with detailing to the disjunction and grafting moment of intersections. Besides, the eye-level elevation was not attractive and intriguing to the street as the building envelope appeared plain and boxy. The linkage between the building and the vent tower could be advertised. The vent tower could also be used to count emission or degrees of pollution to make real what has often been hidden. The gesture of the entrance split the overall composition, and should be reduced in length wise. The addition of curved elements and bent columns were unsuccessful as the design language became a visual mess. The use of mining elements did not express the formal idea in the contemporary settings. Instead, it should be made perverse. The experiment of the curved ramp was a bit out of place, and the portal frames looked heavy at the moment. The form needed to be simplified by stripping away the purposeless elements.
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Form iteration 02 + 03
Detailing of structural elements such as slab and column could be made interesting to give character and identity of space. The use of pipes in combination with the water or waste management system of the building can be used to contrast between industrial consumption versus eclogies.
113
Form iteration 02 + 03
114
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Testing on plan
Form iteration 02 + 03
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Testing on section
115
Form iteration 04
116
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Testing on perspective
Form iteration 04
Chapter VIII / design development
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Testing on plan
117
118
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Form iteration 04
Form iteration 04 Composition-wise, the entrance did not sit harmoniously with the rest of the form. The canopy of the entrance was the only moment of a roof to be read independently.
In the plan, the design of back of house service and delivery bady to storage circulation had not been fully determined yet. The circulation was too dominated by the linear approach of the narrative and lacked flexibility. Short cuts and alternative opening should be added to aid a better circulation. Besides, the general size of the exhibition space needed to be bigger. Program-wise, The Atrium space should be engaged more, and become a buffer and transitional space amongst other exhibition space. It should provide a place for waiting for friends or simply lounging.
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The entry stayed relatively hidden in comparison with the red shard elements, otherwise it could be mistaken as the entry.
Other programs should be introduced in the building to let people move beyond this industrial age, to keep people coming to the site more than once. The expose service could be a laboratory that tests water from the yarra, or showcase water treatment by algae, etc. The art store might feature jewelry made out of refuse, pottery made of half clay half slug of yarra.
119
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VIII / design development
120
Form iteration 05
The centre tower and the elongated garden space projects view to the vent Tower. The slit of green externally is integrated as a part of the internal program. When inside the exhibition room, small openings will be cut to juxtapose the vegetation with the internal chaotic experience. The contrast is used to amplify both the horror and the hope. When using the escalator, the visitor’s view will be squeezed by the narrow green corridor, and see the vent tower directly. On The western side, the blade frames the view of the Highway and the cityscape, whereas the internal space contains disorienting elements. On the Northern side, a massive tunnel marks the threshold of entry.
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The central frame of the form is in the same direction as the hoddle grid. The moments of disjunction and grafting creates a tension both externally and internally.
121
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VIII / design development
122
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VIII / design development
123
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VIII / design development
124
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter VIII / design development
125
Form iteration 05 circulation following the prophecies
First Floor
Entry
Ground Floor
Basement
126
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Second floor
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Form iteration 05 section
127
Form iteration 05
128
The chaos of the exhibition space in between the intermediate condition sets up the struggling feel. Slanted and tilted elements create moments of disorientation and oppression. The use of scale and height of disjoining elements amplify the narrative’s mise en scene, both magnificent and destructive, when everything just starts to fall apart.
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
interior
The huge entrance is located at the northwest side of the site. The jagged out wall of the entry makes it visible from the tram stop on Sturt St. This way. The visual of the red blade to the western side is weakened so it won’t be read as the entry of the art gallery.
The garden of calamity enshrines pipe works extruded from the basement water lab. The pipes will showcase the water quality and the treatment process as a part of the experience. The analogy of penetration of pipes resembles somewhat a fragile system. However, the theme of calamity is not yet presented. One way to engage with the calamity can be using obstacles and linear elements (like the installation) to populate the space. The grass won’t be a vibrant green colour, but tall orange and brownish tone (artificial grass or specific species) to give the sense of rustic and pathos.
Chapter VIII / design development
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The bridge connecting the panorama overlook and the red blade articulate a circulative experience of escape/(re)entering by the analogy of pass through chaos. It provides an opportunity for the visitor to see the tectonics of the frame up close.
129
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
130
CHAPTER IX DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 2.0
131
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Over exploitaƟon
Putting back
132
Chapter IX / design development 2.0
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Over exploitatiion
+
+
Section
Chapter IX / design development 2.0
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Section testing the Idea about over exploitatiion
133
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Plan 1.0
134
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Plan 1.0
135
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Plan 1.0
136
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Plan 1.0
137
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Plan 2.0
138
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Plan 2.0
139
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Plan 2.0
140
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Plan 2.0
141
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ External perspectove
142
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ External perspectove
143
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Internal perspectove
144
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Internal perspectove
145
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Render testing
146
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Chapter IX / design development 2.0/ Render testing
147
148
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
CHAPTER X FINAL OUTCOME
149
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
150
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
151
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
152
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Second Floor
First Floor
Ground Floor
Basement
153
Basement plan
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
1. Auditorium 2. AV room 3. Back stage 4. Temporary exhibiƟon 5 .Atrium and event space
6
11
4
2
14
5
1
10 9 13 12 8
154
7
10
10
3
6. ConservaƟon lab 7. Plant room 8. Goods liŌ 9. Visitor liŌ 10. Staircase to upper level 11. Staircase to lower level 12. Fire staircase 13. Toilet 14. Storage
Ground oor plan Grou Gro
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
1. Exhibi�on 01 : recall the memory 2. Exhibi�on 02: the coloniza�on 3 .Exhibi�on 03: garden a�er calamity( dark garden of fern and fungus 4. Mist system in the garden 5 .Exhibi�on 04: lab of reincarna�on
6
7
16
14
10
2 4
21
12
9 15
11
3
18
5 17
19
6. Entrance 7. Store 8. Cafe 9. Informa�on desk 10. Clock room 11. Atrium and event space 12. Staff office 13. Goods li� 14. Visitor li� 15. Staircase to upper level 16. Staircase to lower level 17. Fire staircase 18. Toilet 19. Storage 20. Loading bay 21. Water pond 22. Vent tower
1
14
8
22
12
13
20
155
First oor plan
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
9
5. Library 6. Atrium and event space 7. Staff office 8. Goods li� 9. Visitor li� 10. Staircase to upper level 11. Staircase to lower level 12. Fire staircase 13. Toilet 14. Storage
1 3 10
5
4
6 9 13
14
12 8
156
7
1. Exhibi�on 05 : the booming (Black-box theater) 2. Exhibi�on 06: the booming (Archive) 3 .Exhibi�on 07: the great collapse 4. Bridge over the garden
2
Second oor plan
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
1. Exhibi�on 08 : the booming 2. Bridge over the garden 3. Atrium over the exhibi�on 4. Tower 5. Staff office 6. Goods li� 7. Visitor li� 8. Staircase to upper level 9. Staircase to lower level 10. Fire staircase 11. Toilet 12. Storage
1
3
7
2 9 8 7
3 11 10
12
157
158
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
HISTORY
PROLOGUE
Visualized Chronicles
Indoor ExhibiƟon
Recall Memory Cafe
MEMORY
EXPOSITION
Temporary ExhibiƟon
Indoor ExhibiƟon
Immersive Auditorium
WORKSHOP
EducaƟve Space
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The ColonizaƟon The Over exploitaƟon
PRESENT
RISING ACTION
Indoor ExhibiƟon
EscalaƟng
FUTURE
CLIMAX
InteracƟve ExhibiƟon
Indoor ExhibiƟon
OPEN END
Hall of ReincarnaƟon
Panorama Overlook
The Booming
The Great Collapse
FALLING ACTION
Garden AŌer Calamity
Post Anthroprocene
ReincarnaƟon
159
160
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
The Colonisation
The Overexploitation
Industrial Booming
The Great Collapse
Garden After Calamity
Garden After Calamity
Hall of Reincarnation
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
A recall of the Memory
161
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis A recall of the Memory - A memorial of lost flora and fauna
162
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis The Colonisation - The repetitive and slanted elements remarks the begin of the machine age
163
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis The Overexploitation - A fortress being built over the cost of natural disturbance and destruction
164
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis Industrial Booming - The gabion tower announces the authority of development, until the nature retaliates
165
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis The Great Collapse - The intensifying fragility and unstable disjunction captures the turmoil moment of a great collapse
166
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis Garden After Calamity - Ferns and fungi would thrive over the former glory of anthropocene age
167
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis Garden After Calamity - The misting carries a subtle odour of mud and fungi
168
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis Hall of Reincarnation - A laboratory in serenity that monitors the water quality of Yarra River
169
Bibliography
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Duquette, K. (2021). Environmental Colonialism – Postcolonial Studies. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://scholarblogs. e m o r y. e d u / p o s t c o l o n i a l s t u d i e s / 2 0 2 0 / 0 1 / 2 1 / e n v i r o n m e n t a l colonialism/#:~:text=Environmental%20colonialism%20refers%20to%20 the,able%20to%20alter%20native%20ecosystems. Hartwig, L., Jackson, S., Markham, F., & Osborne, N. (2021). Water colonialism and Indigenous water justice in south-eastern Australia. International Journal Of Water Resources Development, 6. doi: 10.1080/07900627.2020.1868980 Guerrero S (2016) The history of silver refining in New Spain, 16c to 18c: back to the basics. History and Technology 32(1): 2–32. De Blas A (1994) The environmental effects of mount lyell operations on macquarie harbour and strahan. Honors Thesis. University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW. Australia. Unger C (2014) What should we do with Australia’s 50,000 abandoned mines? Available at: http://theconversation.com/what-should-we-do-with-australias-50000-abandoned-mines-18197 (accessed 13 May 2019). Johnson, S., & Wright, A. (2003). Mine void water resource issues in Western Australia. East Perth, W.A.: Water and Rivers Commission. Gammage, B. (2014). Biggest Estate on Earth (pp. 339-341). Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Constable, T. (2021). Mining is the largest contributor to Australian economy in 2019-20. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://minerals.org.au/news/mininglargest-contributor-australian-economy-2019-20#:~:text=Despite%20the%20 overall%20economy%20contracting,cent%20share%20of%20the%20economy. Davies, P., Mitchell, N., & Barmuta, L. (1996). Mount Lyell remediation. Barton, ACT: Supervising Scientist. Pascoe, B. Young dark emu.
170
Wood L (2015) The Environmental Impacts of Colonialism. Bridgewater, MA: Bridgewater State University, England. Australian Energy Statistics. (2020). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www. energy.gov.au/government-priorities/energy-data/australian-energy-statistics Taylor, M. (2012). Lead poisoning of Port Pirie children: a long history of looking the other way. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://theconversation.com/leadpoisoning-of-port-pirie-children-a-long-history-of-looking-the-other-way-8296 2019–20 published data highlights. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from http:// www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/NGER/National%20greenhouse%20and%20 energy%20reporting%20data/Data-highlights/2019-20-published-data-highlights Miyazaki, H. (1984). Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind [Film]. Japan: Toei Company. Geoscience Australia. (2018). AUSTRALIAN OPERATING MINES MAP 2017. Geoscience Australia. Lead | Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.ga.gov. au/education/classroom-resources/minerals-energy/australian-mineral-facts/ lead Coal | Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.ga.gov. au/data-pubs/data-and-publications-search/publications/australian-mineralsresource-assessment/coal Moffat, K., Pert, P., McCrea, R., Boughen, N., Rodriguez, M., & Lacey, J. (2017). Australian attitudes toward mining. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https:// publications.csiro.au/rpr/download?pid=csiro:EP178434&dsid=DS1 White, S. (2020). From the Archives, 1972: Chaos as floods batter Melbourne. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/ from-the-archives-1972-chaos-as-floods-batter-melbourne-20200213-p540oi. html MapShareVic. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://mapshare.vic.gov.au/ MapshareVic/ Geocortex Viewer for HTML5. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https:// mapshare.vic.gov.au/vicplan/
Spatial Datamart Victoria. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from http://services. land.vic.gov.au/SpatialDatamart - Artist represented by Axel Vervoordt Gallery. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.axel-vervoordt.com/gallery/artists/peter-buggenhout
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Coal | Geoscience Australia. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www. ga.gov.au/education/classroom-resources/minerals-energy/australian-energyfacts/coal#:~:text=In%20Australia%2C%20black%20coal%20was,Australia%20 lead%20to%20further%20discoveries. Local Flood Guide City of Melbourne. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.ses.vic.gov.au/documents/112015/134732/City+of+Melbourne+Loc al+Flood+Guide-pdf/cc1844d2-409b-4bfb-bb28-85d275529880 Turning points in history - the gold rush - Impact - Australian Catholic University. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.impact.acu.edu.au/ community/turning-points-in-history---the-gold-rush#:~:text=In%20the%20 Victorian%20goldfields%20it,diverted%20%E2%80%93%20all%20devastating%20 the%20land. General information about carp. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https:// www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/aquatic-biosecurity/pests-diseases/freshwaterpests/finfish-species/carp/general-information#:~:text=How%20did%20carp%20 get%20here,stocking%20attempts%20were%20not%20successful. The Environmental Impacts of the Gold Rush. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://sovereignhilledblog.com/2014/09/01/the-environmental-impact-ofthe-gold-rush/ Modern day mining contributing to Broken Hill lead problem: research. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-09/ mining-contributing-to-broken-hill-lead-problem-research-shows/8507160 Smelters at Port Pirie. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://digital. collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/nodes/view/301#:~:text=By%201934%20Port%20 Pirie%20had,are%20now%20operated%20by%20Nyrstar. Two months in town and this toddler has too much lead in her blood. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-17/ mount-isa-children-live-with-high-levels-of-lead/9865676
(2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://theconversation.com/leadpoisoning-of-port-pirie-children-a-long-history-of-looking-the-other-way-8296
Impacts of Carp in Wetlands. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://
www.water.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/61175/Impact-of-Carp-onWetlands-Fact-Sheet-4.pdf Murray-Darling Basin management – Parliament of Australia. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/ Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/ M u r r y D a r l i n g B a s i n # : ~ : t e x t = M a ny % 2 0 i s s u e s % 2 0 a f fe c t % 2 0 t h e % 2 0 water,surface%20water%20in%20the%20MDB. Tasmania, Australia Deforestation Rates & Statistics | GFW. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/ Broken Hill Mining | Discover Broken Hill. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https:// discoverbrokenhill.com.au/broken-hill-mining/#:~:text=Broken%20Hill%20is%20 where%20it,of%20silver%2C%20lead%20and%20zinc.&text=That%20same%20 ore%20body%20became,over%20%24100%20billion%20in%20wealth. 1.2.1.1.2 Brown coal | Bioregional Assessments. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.bioregionalassessments.gov.au/assessments/12-resourceassessment-gippsland-basin-bioregion/12112-brown-coal#:~:text=Yallourn%20 North%2C%20discovered%20in%201879,until%201963%20when%20it%20 closed. Coal ash dumps and community health - Environmental Justice Australia. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.envirojustice.org.au/our-work/ community/air-pollution/resources/coal-ash-dumps-and-community-health/ Yallourn landslide in photographs - ABC (none) - Australian Broadcasting Corporation. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.abc.net.au/local/ stories/2007/11/15/2092183.htm Rabbits introduced. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.nma.gov.au/ defining-moments/resources/rabbits-introduced The State Barrier Fence of Western Australia. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://web.archive.org/web/20050722133944/http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov. au/programs/app/barrier/history.htm
Lead poisoning of Port Pirie children: a long history of looking the other way.
171
Image reference
deadly virus. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ article-3048169/Rabbits-poisoned-carrots-laced-deadly-virus-government-trieseradicate-pest-causes-1-billion-damage-year.html
Fable
Figure 3.Queenstown. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.utas. edu.au/library/companion_to_tasmanian_history/Q/Queenstown.htm
Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Miyazaki, H., Wong, W., Lewis, D., Smith, T., & Kawasaki, E. Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. Banzuela, R. (2017). Nusicaa of the valley Fan Art [Digital Art]. Smith, W. Retrieved 17 April 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ Wastewater-discharge-from-the-Chisso-factory-in-Minamata-W-E-Smith_ fig2_235246572 Rotten Sea by Sergey Anashkevych 4. Retrieved 17 April 2021, from http://www. fubiz.net/2014/07/11/rotten-sea-by-sergey-anashkevych/rotten-sea-by-sergeyanashkevych-4/ Miyazaki, H. (1984). Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind [DVD]. Japan: Toei Company.
The Midas Touch
Seeker, D. The Myth of King Midas and the Golden Touch - Nirvanic Insights. [Image]. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.nirvanicinsights.com/ golden-touch-king-midas/ Bertrand Russell - La storia di re Mida. [Image]. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.libriantichionline.com/divagazioni/bertrand_russell_storia_re_mida
Timeline Figure 1.What to Know About the History Behind Australia Day. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://time.com/4644497/australia-day-2017-historyorigins/ Figure 2.Radulova, L. (2021). Wild rabbits being poisoned by carrots laced with
172
Figure 4.Modern Baloch Sheep farmers multiply incomes by 80 percent. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://archive.pakistantoday.com. pk/2013/03/01/modern-baloch-sheep-farmers-multiply-incomes-by-80-percent/ Figure 5.How to build a city: Melbourne’s early street plan - FUSE - Department of Education & Training. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://fuse. education.vic.gov.au/Resource/LandingPage?ObjectId=98f0e074-3d1c-4f35a7c4-18669e9ec1b3 Figure 6.Visit Wheal Watkins Mine Glen Osmond, Sunday 5th June 2016 | Burnside Historical Society. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.burnsidehistory.org.au/news/visit-wheal-watkins-mine-glenosmond-sunday-5th-june-2016/ Figure 7.Edward Roper: Gold diggings, Ararat - Google Arts & Culture. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/ edward-roper-gold-diggings-ararat%C2%A0/ugJyYjv8bGFzKA Figure 8.Carp Background. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://vfa.vic. gov.au/operational-policy/pests-and-diseases/carp-plan/carp-background Figure 9.Works | NGV | View Work. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/work/28979/
Figure 10.Nair, A. (2021). Global CO2 emissions fall as power sector moves away from coal | Policy Circle. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.policycircle. org/economy/industry/global-co2-emissions-fall-as-power-sector-moves-awayfrom-coal/ Figure 11.Yam Daisy - Green Olive at Red Hill - Farm the Good Life. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.greenolive.com.au/blog/post/yam-daisy
Figure 12.The Environmental Impacts of the Gold Rush. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://sovereignhilledblog.com/2014/09/01/the-environmentalimpact-of-the-gold-rush/
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Figure 13.Modern day mining contributing to Broken Hill lead problem: research. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-0509/mining-contributing-to-broken-hill-lead-problem-research-shows/8507160
Figure 14.S.S. LOONGANA TO THE RESCUE. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://paulineconolly.com/2020/s-s-loongana-to-the-rescue/ Figure 15.1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2005. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ lookup/1301.0feature+article212005 Figure 16.The town that could poison children. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.news.com.au/national/queensland/news/report-into-mountisas-air-quality-finds-residents-need-to-do-their-bit/news-story/2ab4ba24b41784 4c2f1d5dd2ca7d6038 Figure 17.Smelters at Port Pirie. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https:// digital.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/nodes/view/301#:~:text=By%201934%20 Port%20Pirie%20had,are%20now%20operated%20by%20Nyrstar.
Figure 22.Lead poisoning of Port Pirie children: a long history of looking the other way. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://theconversation.com/leadpoisoning-of-port-pirie-children-a-long-history-of-looking-the-other-way-8296 Figure 23.Impacts of Carp in Wetlands. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.water.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/61175/Impact-ofCarp-on-Wetlands-Fact-Sheet-4.pdf Figure 24.Murray-Darling Basin management – Parliament of Australia. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/ Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/ M u r r y D a r l i n g B a s i n # : ~ : t e x t = M a ny % 2 0 i s s u e s % 2 0 a f fe c t % 2 0 t h e % 2 0 water,surface%20water%20in%20the%20MDB. Figure 25.Tasmania, Australia Deforestation Rates & Statistics | GFW. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/ country/ Goodhart, J. (1920). The northern group, Broken Hill Mines [Etching]. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria. Coote, G. (2017). The old Junction Mine lookout in Broken Hill, NSW. [Image]. Retrieved from http://Broken Hill mining operations contributing to lead contamination, research reveals
Figure 18.COVID-19 Recovery: Victorian Greens suggests upgrading Portland Aluminium smelter to serve as “reverse battery”. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://alcircle.blogspot.com/2020/07/covid-19-recovery-victoriangreens.html
Taylor, M., Kristensen, L., Rouillon, M., & Mould, S. (2014). Toxic playgrounds: Broken Hill kids exposed to poisonous dust. Retrieved 17 April 2021, from https:// theconversation.com/toxic-playgrounds-broken-hill-kids-exposed-to-poisonousdust-32325
Figure 19,20.Two months in town and this toddler has too much lead in her blood. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-0617/mount-isa-children-live-with-high-levels-of-lead/9865676
State Library of South Australia. (1919). Smelters at Port Pirie [Photography]. Adelaide. Wilf, H. (1901). A man standing on the bed of the River Murray near Mildura during the 1901 drought. [Photography]. Melbourne: State Library of Victoria.
Figure 21.Flood Engineering – G.M. McMahon Consultants. (2021). Retrieved 27 March 2021, from http://integratedprojectmanagement.com.au/floodengineering/
173
Form Finding Process
Water Wheel. [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.subbrit.org.uk/sites/ystrad-einonmine/ Steam Tractor. [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.indeonline.com/news/20170619/ whats-new-at-mu-learn-about-russell-steam-engines Dumping Truck. [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.rockymountainsteel.com/
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Boring Machine. n.d. [Image]. Retrieved from https://www.mining-technology.com/ news/ten-promising-mining-sustainability-projects-australia/ Bucket wheel excavators. (2020). [Image]. Retrieved from https://engforall.com/ bagger-288-a-giant-among-bucket-wheel-excavators/
Peter Buggenhout
Buggenhout, P. (2021). Peter Buggenhout - Untitled. [Image]. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://arthur.io/art/peter-buggenhout/2?crtr=1 Peter Buggenhout - Artist - Saatchi Gallery. [Image]. Retrieved 27 March 2021, from https://www.saatchigallery.com/artist/peter_buggenhout
Paviilion and Programming
Serpentine Gallery - The Red Sun Pavilion — Ateliers Jean Nouvel. (2009). Retrieved 17 April 2021, from http://www.jeannouvel.com/en/projects/serpentine-gallery-lepavillon-du-soleil-rouge/ Music Video Pavilion - Hidden Architecture. (2016). Retrieved 17 April 2021, from http://hiddenarchitecture.net/music-video-pavilion/ Bernard Tschumi Architects. (2021). Retrieved 17 April 2021, from http://www. tschumi.com/projects/3/ Bernard Tschumi. Screenplays, 1977. Excerpt. Bernard Tschumi.Screenplays, 1977. Excerpt Bernard Tschumi.Le Fresnoy National Studio for the Contemporary Arts, 1991–1997. Cinematic catwalks.
174
Design Development Figure. 1 Mako European Animals. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://parody. fandom.com/wiki/Mako_European_Animals?file=European_Rabbit.jpg Figure. 2 Stories, F., & invasion, G. Geelong and the rabbit invasion. Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://intown.com.au/feature/geelong-and-the-rabbit-invasion.htm Figure. 3 Feral Animals in Australia / Part 1. (2017). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from http:// onthegrapevine.blogspot.com/2017/05/feral-animals.html Figure. 4 The Rabbit Proof Fence of Australia. (2016). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.amusingplanet.com/2016/04/the-rabbit-proof-fence-of-australia.html Figure. 5 Pastoral fence push. (2012). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.abc. net.au/news/rural/2012-05-30/pastoral-fence-push/6037620 Figure. 6 Mt Lyell prospectors pictured on the Iron Blow in 1884. (2014). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-09/my-lyell-1884. jpg/5584320?nw=0 Figure. 7 CMT’s Mount Lyell mine to be given a new lease of life. (2015). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.australianresources.com.au/cmts-mount-lyell-mine-tobe-given-a-new-lease-of-life/ Figure. 8 Timeline: Look back at the Mount Lyell copper mine. (2014). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2014-07-09/mount-lyelltimeline/5581684 Figure. 9 Austrália libera vírus hemorrágico letal para acabar com a superpopulação de coelhos - MDig. (2017). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from Figure. 10 https://www.mdig.com.br/index.php?itemid=41356&fb_comment_id=128 2361615196535_1283057398460290 Figure. 11 Polluted King River Causes Deforestation by Simon Fraser/science Photo Library. Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://pixels.com/featured/polluted-king-rivercauses-deforestation-simon-fraserscience-photo-library.html Figure. 12 Coal ash dumps and community health - Environmental Justice Australia. Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.envirojustice.org.au/our-work/community/
air-pollution/resources/coal-ash-dumps-and-community-health/ Figure. 13 Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.energyaustralia.com.au/about-us/ energy-generation/yallourn-power-station/history Figure. 14 Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.energyaustralia.com.au/about-us/ energy-generation/yallourn-power-station/history
Xinyue Ann Wu/ Design thesis
Figure. 15 Yallourn Power Station, 1964 | Victorian Places. Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/node/64284 Figure. 16 (2003). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=showca se&pl=257763&pg=0&yr=0&u=DerrickJessop&or=1&sz=4&feat=y Figure. 17 (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.energyaustralia.com.au/ about-us/energy-generation/yallourn-power-station/mine Figure. 18 Retrieved 8 May 2021, stories/2007/11/15/2092183-gallery.xml
from
https://www.abc.net.au/local/
Figure. 19 GOODHART, J. (1920). The northern group, Broken Hill Mines [Etching]. Melbourne: National Gallery of Victoria. Figure. 20 Broken Hill: Australia’s mining heart - The Australian Mining Review. (2015). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://australianminingreview.com.au/legacy/historical/ broken-hill-australia%E2%80%99s-mining-heart/ Figure. 21 Port Pirie smelter c1920. (2015). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https:// portpiriesmelterhistory.org/33-1919-smelter-1-copy/
Architecture | CMHR. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://humanrights.ca/ about/architecture Architecture – Museum | Mona. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://mona. net.au/museum/architecture Becher, B. (2021). Bernd and Hilla Becher Artworks & Famous Photography. Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.theartstory.org/artist/bernd-hilla-becher/artworks/ Do, S., Education, N., & Park, N. (2021). Industrial heritage in NRW: North Duisburg Landscape Park. Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.nrw-tourism.com/northduisburg-landscape-park Flashback: Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum / Safdie Architects. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.archdaily.com/179679/yad-vashem-holocaustmuseum-safdie-architects Hats, G. (2021). Crossness Pumping Station. Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https:// picturethisuk.org/2016/10/16/crossness-pumping-station/ Horno 3 Steel Museum / Grimshaw. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https:// www.archdaily.com/115031/horno-3-steel-museum-grimshaw Museum, R. (2021). Museum. Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.ruhrmuseum. de/en/museum/ Safdie Architects. (2021). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.safdiearchitects. com/projects/yad-vashem-holocaust-history-museum
Figure. 22 Fire at the smelter 1921. (2015). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https:// portpiriesmelterhistory.org/39-1921-smelter-fire-copy/ Figure. 23 Furnace workers at Port Pirie smelter. (2015). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://portpiriesmelterhistory.org/12-1916-vol-6-dist-fnce-6-copy-2/ Figure. 24 Sparrows in Australian mining towns have evolved to avoid lead poisoning. (2018). Retrieved 8 May 2021, from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-24/ sparrows-in-australian-mining-towns-have-evolved-to-avoid-lead/10295892
175